CK^GPKO ^PKITAI ICAOAI IB@ADKOKO PBKDAOL MRPOKC TBOTKOL ^BP@BDKKO BEBITAUATKX FKXXKLB BEECBRPKLB BEECBRPKLB DKO DKO IGF^PBX DAOLAO TBPJKDK^ OQBPA ^BPXKCAOKO DA ^RXIBXFKX IK@R^KTBO ^BIKCGOLKO EKXB KITAE ^BPXKCAOKO OGPFKC
TKJRO KIKDBFAI 0>0>/0>0;
Dasusuo Gcbj= JKCAFKJ XKPMAKTA 0>;>;>5>48
^PGLPKF XTRDA ^BODADAIKO ^PGEBXA @ADKO ^PGLPKF ^PGEBXA EKIRCTKX ACFR IBXBJKTKO ROAUBPXATKX ‚KAXQAQKJ QGLQKIKPTK 0>0>/0>0; a
JKCKFKO MRDRC CK^GPKO ^PKITAI ICAOAI IB@ADKOKO PBKDAOL MRPOKC TBOTKOL ^BP@BDKKO BEBITAUATKX FKXXKLB BEECBRPKLB BEECBRPKLB DKO DKO IGF^PBX DAOLAO TBPJKDK^ OQBPA ^BPXKCAOKO DA ^RXIBXFKX IK@R^KTBO ^BIKCGOLKO EKXB KITAE ^BPXKCAOKO OGPFKC TKJRO KIKDBFAI 0>0>/0>0;
Dasusuo Gcbj= JKCAFKJ XKPMAKTA 0>;>;>5>48
^PGLPKF XTRDA ^BODADAIKO ^PGEBXA @ADKO ^PGLPKF ^PGEBXA EKIRCTKX ACFR IBXBJKTKO ROAUBPXATKX ‚KAXQAQKJ QGLQKIKPTK 0>0>/0>0; aa
JKCKFKO ^BOLBXKJKO CK^GPKO ^PKITAI ICAOAI IB@ADKOKO
CK^GPKO ^PKITAI ICAOAI IB@ADKOKO PBKDAOL MRPOKC TBOTKOL ^BP@BDKKO BEBITAUATKX FKXXKLB BEECBRPKLB BEECBRPKLB DKO IGF^PBX DAOLAO TBPJKDK^ OQBPA ^BPXKCAOKO DA ^RXIBXFKX IK@R^KTBO ^BIKCGOLKO EKXB KITAE ^BPXKCAOKO OGPFKC
Tbfkolluol,, Tbfkolluol ^bf`af`aol ^bodadaiko
^rbhbptgr
^rktaik \. \.J X. X.Ib`
[email protected]^J.
Xraykota, Kf Kfd.Ib`
aaa
Eb`rukra Eb`rukr a 0>0;
Fkjksaswk
Jkcafkj Xkrmakta
av
IKTK ^BOLKOTKP
Ksskckfu‑kckaiuf \krgjfktuccgja \k`krgiktuj Kcjkfducacckjarg Kcjkfducac ckjarg``ac‑ ``ac‑kckfao kckfao,, dbolko dbolko fboluhkp fboluhkp syuiur syuiur ibjkdarkt ibjkdarkt Kcckj X\T, pboucas dkpkt fboybcbskaiko ckpgrko ^rkitai icaoai ib`adkoko dkckf `botui Pbkdaol Murokc Tbotkol ^br`bdkko Bebitavatks Fkssklb Bebitavatks Fkssklb Beecburklb dko Beecburklb dko Igfprbs Daolao tbrjkdkp Oybra ^brskcaoko da ^usibsfks Ik`upktbo ^bikcgolko . Tbrsusuooyk ckpgrko Pbkdaol Murokc aoa tadki cbpks dkra duiuolko dko ibrmk skfk dkra `br`klka pajki, gcbj ikrbok atu dkckf ibsbfpktko aoa dbolko pbouj ibrbodkjko jkta dko pbouj rksk jgrfkt, pboucas jkturiko uhkpko tbrafkiksaj ykol sbtucusoyk ibpkdk= ;. \krsa \krsata ta,, X, Ip., Ip., F. Ibp. Ibp.,, Xp. Xp. Fkt, Fkt, sbcki sbckiu u Pbit Pbitgr gr Roav Roavbr brsat satks ks ‚Kas ‚Kasya yayk ykj j Qglykikrtk 0. Fgj. Fgj. Kca Kca Afrg Afrgo, o, X. Xgs. Xgs.,, F. Eas, Eas, sb sbck ckiu iu Dbik Dbiko o Ek Ekiu iuct ctks ks Acf Acfu Ibsb Ibsbjk jktk tko o ‚Kasyaykj Qglykikrtk. 8. Jbrcao Jbrcao Eatrako Eatrakoa, a, I., X.XaT. X.XaT.,, F.Ibs, F.Ibs, sbckiu sbckiu Ibtuk Ibtuk ^rglrkf ^rglrkf Xtuda ^bodada ^bodadaiko iko ^rgebsa @adko ^rglrkf ^rgebsa. 4. ^rktaik ^rktaik \kjyu J., J., X. Ib`. Ib`. @d. @d. F^J, sbckiu sbckiu pbf`af`a pbf`af`aol ol kikdbfai kikdbfai ykol ykol tbckj fbcuko fbc ukolik liko o wkituo wkituoyk yk uotui uotui fbf`af fbf`af`ao `aol l dko fbf`ko fbf`kotu tu pbouca pboucass dkckf dkckf pboyusuoko Pbkdaol Murokc. 2. Xr Xray ayko kota ta,, Kfd. Kfd.ib ib` ` , sb sbck ckiu iu pbf` pbf`af af`a `aol ol ck ckjk jko o dk dko o pr prbh bhbp bptg tgrr yko kol l tb tbck ckj j fbcuko fbc ukolik liko o wkituo wkituoyk yk dkckf dkckf uotui uotui fbf`af fbf`af`ao `aol l dko fbf`ko fbf`kotu tu pbouca pboucass dkckf pboyusuoko Pbkdaol Murokc. 5. Xukfa. Xukfa. grkol tuk tuk sbrtk koki-kokii koki-kokiiu u ykol ykol tki jbota-jbo jbota-jbotaoyk taoyk fbf`br fbf`braiko aiko dg‑k, dg‑k, duiuolko dko fgtavksa. 0>0; 0; ^boucas
Jkcafkj Xkrmakta
v
DKETKP AXA
JKCKFKO MRDRC.................................... MRDRC.......................................................... ............................................ ................................................ .......................... aa JKCKFKO ^BOLBXKJKO.................................... ^BOLBXKJKO.......................................................... ............................................... ................................. ........ aaa IKTK ^BOLKOTKP................................................ ^BOLKOTKP...................................................................... ............................................... ................................. ........ av DKETKP AXA.................................. AXA........................................................ ............................................ .............................................................. ........................................ v DKETKP TK@BC ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .............................................. ........................ va DKETKP CKF^APKO.......................... CKF^APKO................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... vaa
........................................... ............................................ ................................................... ................................ ... ; @K@ A ^BODKJRCRKO..................... K. Fkskckj ........................................ .............................................................. ............................................ ............................................. ....................... ; @. Xikck ......................................... ............................................................... ...................................................................... .................................................. ; H. Irgogcgla ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ 0 D. Xgcusa ............................................ .................................................................. .................................................................. ............................................ 0 ............................................ ............................................ .......................................... .................... 8 @K@ AA TAOMKRKO ^RXTKIK...................... K. Ksujko Ib`adkoko Ib`adkoko (cgl`gg (cgl`ggi i dktk egius) .......... .............. ......... .......... .............. .................. ................... ............. ... 8 @. Tbckkj Murokc ........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................................ .................. ;1 H. Dbsi Dbsira rap psa sa Pbkdaol Pbkdaol Murokc ...............................................................................0> D. Tbgra ^gigi @kjksko ...................................... ............................................................ ................................................0> ..........................0> @K@ AAA IBXAF^RCKO DKO XKPKO .........................................................................00
K. Ibsafpucko ............................................ .................................................................. .........................................................00 ...................................00 @. Xkrko ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ .......................................... ..........................00 ......00 DKETKP ^RXTKIK .................................................. ........................................................................ ...................................... ............................... ............... 08 Ckfparko pkrtglrke....................................... pkrtglrke............................................................. ............................................................... ............................................. .... 04
va
DKETKP TK@BC
Tk`bc 0.; Ksujko Ib`adkoko ^brskcaoko .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 4 Tk`bc 0.; Kokcasas Murokc Dbolko ^AHGT ............................................................ ............................................................................. ................. 5
vaa
DKETKP CKF^APKO
Murokc ; ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ .................................... ..............
vaaa
@K@ A ^BODKJRCRKO
K. Fkskckj
^brskcaoko kdkckj suktu prgsbs pbolbcukrko jksac igosbpsa (`kya dko ^ckhbotk) sbhkrk sbhk rk kckfa, kckfa, ykol ykol dafuck dafuckaa dbolko dbolko kdkoyk kdkoyk igotrk igotrkisa isa ykol ykol kdbiuk kdbiuktt pkdk pkdk utbrus utbrus,, pbf`uikko dko pboapasko sbrvais (\adakstaoa 0>;2). Oybra pbrskcaoko fbrupkiko ig igod odasa asa easag easagcg cgla lass yk ykol ol sb sbhkr hkrkk ufuf ufuf dakc dakckf kfaa gc gcbj bj jk jkfp fpar ar sb sbfu fukk a` a`u u `b `brsk rskca cao o (Xupcaykoa 0>;;>). Pksk oybra pkdk pbrskcaoko fuohuc kia`kt rbspgos psaias dko rbecbis easai. Oybra kiko `brdkfpki pkdk pboaoliktko kitavatks sastbf skrke safpktai ykol dkpkt fbolkia`ktiko pbru`kjko tbikoko dkrkj, dboyut okda, pbrokekskko, dko wkrok iucat, fukc fuotkj, dko mulk ibraolkt `brcb`ajko. ^bru`kjko taolikj ckiu tbrtbotu kia`kt oybra oyb ra mulk mulk sbraol sbraol tbrcajk tbrcajktt sbpbrta sbpbrta pboaol pboaolikt iktko ko rksk hbfks hbfks dbolko dbolko pbfaia pbfaiarko rko ykol ykol fboybfpat, fbolbrkol, fbokolas, lbrkiko tkolko dko ibtblkolko gtgt ykol skolkt da sbcuruj tu`uj.
@. Xikck
Pksk oybra pkdk pbrskcaoko fbrupkiko fkoaebstksa dkra kdkoyk igotrkisa gtgt rkjaf rkj af.. Taol Taolik iktt oy oybr braa pb pbrsk rskca caok oko o dalk dalkf` f`kri kriko ko db dbol olko ko ao aotbo tbosat satks ks oy oybr braa yk ykol ol dapbrsbpsaiko gcbj a`u skkt prgsbs pbrskcaoko. Aotbosatks oybra tbrlkotuol dkra sbosksa ibpkrkjko oybra atu sbodara (\adakstaoa 0>;2). ^uskt Dktk ^brsktuko Pufkj Xkiat Xbcuruj Aodgobsak fbombcksiko `kjwk;2% a`u da Aodgob Aodgobsak sak fbolkc fbolkckfa kfa igfpca igfpcaiks iksaa pbrskca pbrskcaoko oko dko 0;% fboykt fboyktkik kiko o `kjwk `kjwk pbrskcaoko ykol dakckfa fbrupkiko pbrskcaoko ykol fboykiatiko ikrbok fbrkskiko oybra ykol skolkt, sbdkoliko 58% tadki fbfpbrgcbj aoegrfksa tbotkol pbrsakpko ykol jkrus dackiuiko luok fbolurkola oybra pkdk pbrskcaoko (Qucakskra bt kc. 0>;2)
;
H. Irgo Irgogc gcgl glaa
Igodas Igo dasaa oybra oybra pbrskca pbrskcaoko oko fbf`uk fbf`uktt sb`kla sb`klako ko `bskr `bskr a`u fbfaca fbfacaj j hkrk hkrk ykol ykol pkcaol hbpkt dko lkfpkol uotui fboljackoliko oybra. Ebogfbok Ebogfbok ykol tbrmkda skkt aoa ib`koykiko a`u cb`aj fbfacaj uotui fbckiuiko gpbrksa sbhtag hkbskrbk tkopk aodaiksa ykol mbcks dko mulk fbfaotk uotui dackiuiko bpadurkc kobstbsa. Xbfkiao `koyki a`u ykol aolao fbckjariko tkopk rksk oybra fboyb`k`iko `br`klka hkrk dackiuiko uotui fbouruoiko oybra pbrskcaoko dakotkrkoyk tbioai ekrfkigcgla dko ogo ekrfkigcgla. Taodkiko pbrbdkko oybra pbrskcaoko sbhkrk ogo ekrfkigcgla dakotkrkoyk dbolko hkrk dastrkisa, `agebbd`khi ktku ufpko `kcai jkykta, japogtas dara, fbolurkola pbrsbpsa oybra dko stafucksa iutkobus krtaoyk fkoda kar jkolkt, igfprbs jkolkt ktku daolao, stafucksa skrke bcbitrai trkosiutko, fksksb sbpbrta fkssklb beecburklb (^gttbr, beecburklb (^gttbr, 0>;2).
D. Xgcusa
Tbrkpa Tbrkpa fkssklb fkssklb/pa /pamktk mktko o sb`klk sb`klkaa upkyk upkyk uotui uotui fbolur fbolurkol kolaa rksk oybra oybra pkdk pkdk pbrskcaoko ykatu fkssk fkssklb lb beecburklb beecburklb.. Beecburklb kdk kdkckj ckj `botui `botui pamktko pamktko dbolko dbolko fbolluokiko tbckpki tkolko ykol dackiuiko dbolko tbikoko cbf`ut dkra krkj `kwkj fboumu ib ktks (mkotuol) dbolko krkj ykol fbfutkr `brkturko sbrtk dackiuiko sbhkrk `bruckol. Kdkoyk tbikoko ykol cbf`ut, lbrkiko aoa `brtumuko sb`klka rbckisksa dko fbolj fbo ljkol kolkti ktiko ko puollu puolluol ol dko k`dgfb k`dgfbo o pkdk pkdk a`u `brskca `brskcao. o. ^bobrkp ^bobrkpko ko fkssklb beecburklb beecbu rklb aoa fkfpu fbolurkola rksk oybra, sbckao atu tadki fboaf`uciko dkfpki pkdk a`u ktkupuo `kya, jkc aoa mustru fkfpu fbf`braiko bebi rbckisksa rbckisks a sbjaollk rksk oybra pkdk a`u dkpkt fbouruo.
0
@K@ AA TAOMKRKO ^RXTKIK K. Ksuj Ksujko ko Ib`adkoko Ib`adkoko (cgl`ggi (cgl`ggi dktk dktk egius) Tk`bc 0.; Ksujko Ib`adkoko ^brskcaoko Ksujko Ib`adkoko ^brskcaoko pkdk Oy. O usak 04 tkjuo L;^>K> usak jkfac 4> faollu easagcglas da ^usibsfks Tbfkolluol Dbsirapsa Iblaktko
Tlc < Ogvbf`br 0>0>
Pbspgosa ^bf`af`aol HA
Xu`mbitae =
;.
puiuc >8.0> \A@
TTD Fkjksaswk
Kcksk cksko oD Dkktkol tkol A`u dktkol uotui fbfkstaiko kpkikj sudkj fksui pbrskcaoko
Og PF =
ktku `bcuf. 0.
Adbotatks ^ksabo =
Jkcafkj X
Ibcuj bcujkko Rtk Rtkfk fk
Okfk = Oy. O
A`u dktkol fbolktkiko fbrksk ibohbol-ibohbol iukt dko
Rfur = 04 tkjuo
sbfkiao sbfk iao ckfk sbfkiao sbraol sbmki puiuc 08.8 08.8> > \A@.
Klkfk = Asckf
Ibohbol-ibohbol dkra puollkol, sudkj ibcukr cbodar
Xuiu = Mkwk
`brhkfpur dkrkj puiuc >8.>> \A@, `bcuf fbolbcukriko
^bodadaiko = XFK
hkarko hkar ko dkra mkcko ckjar ckjar.. A`u fbolktkiko fbolktkiko fksaj fbrk fbrkskiko skiko
^bibrmkko = APT
kdkoyk lbrkiko mkoao?;>x/;0mkf tbrkijar.
^bf`af`aol Icaoai
Kckfkt = A`u fbolktkiko aoa ibjkfacko ykol pbrtkfk dko `bcuf pbrokj
Tbfkolluol AA >4/>5
Xraykota, Kfd. Ib`
8
ibl iblulur ulurko, ko, tadki tadki sbd sbdkol kol/ta /tadki dki pbr pbrokj okj fbo fbodbr dbratk atk pbo pboyki ykiat at tbrtbotu (fbouckr/fbouruo). Pawkykt fbostruksa ogrfkc, tadki kdk ibcujko.
^bf`af`aol ^II
J^JT = 8;->;-0>0> J^C = 0> RI 4> faollu 8.
Tk Tkod odkk ‘ Tk Tkod odkk ^brs ^brskc kcao aoko ko ^rktaik \ X.ib`
[email protected]^J
Igotrkisa
=
a`u
fbolktkiko
ibohbol-ibohbol
sbfkiao iukt, tbrktur Cgiksa Cgi ksa ibt ibtadk adkioy ioykfk kfkoko oko = puo puolluo lluol l fbomkc fbomkckr kr jaollk jaollk pbrut G`mbitae = k. ^bfb ^bfbra rais iskko kko R Rfu fuf f
Ibkdk bkdkkko uf ufuf uf
Ib Ibsk skdk dkrk rko o =Hgf =Hgfpg pgsf sfbo bota tass Ok Okda da @@ = 5> il Xuju
T@
CA CACK CK = 04 hf
= ;2< hf
= @kai kai TD
=;>> =;>>/5 /5> > ffJ fJl l =:4 =:4 x/fb x/fboa oatt =85,8 ⁾H
PP = 0> x/fboat
Ibpkck = @botui fbsghbpkc, tadki kdk `b `bomgcko, omgcko, `brsaj, rkf`ut tadki fudkj rgotgi, dastra`usa rkf`ut fbrktk
4
Fuik = @br @brsaj, saj, ta tadki dki gbdbf, gbdbf, tadki tadki kdk cuik Fktk= @brsaj, safbtras, sicbrk putaj, igomuoltavk fbrkj fudk Jaduol = @brsaj, tadki kdk `bomgcko, tadki kdk sbirbt, tadki kdk pbf`bskrko pgcap, euolsa ogrfkc Fucut = @a`ar cbf` cbf`k`, k`, tadki puh puhkt, kt, tadki `br `brdkrkj dkrkj,, lala rkpa Tbcaolk Tbca olk = @brsaj, @brsaj, tadki kdk sbirbt, tadki kdk `bomgcko, euolsa ogrfkc, safbtras Cbjbrr = Tadki kd Cbjb kdkk pbf`bs pbf`bskrko krko ib ibcbomk cbomkrr cafeb / tjyr tjyrgad gad / vbok muluckras Ibtaki = Tadki kkdk dk pbf`bskrko ibcbomkr cafeb Dkdkk = Xafbt Dkd Xafbtras ras.. Tadki kdk rbtrki rbtrkisa sa daodaol daodaol dkdk dkdk,, tadki kdk rgohja / wjbbzaol ^brut = Xafbtra Xafbtras, s, ta tadki dki kdk kdk cuik cuik `biks `biks g gpbrk pbrksa sa Capktt pkjk= Tadki kdk ibfbrkjko, Capk ibfbrkjko, tadki kdk pbf`bskrko pbf`bskrko ibcbomkr Uucvk = Tadk Tadki i kdk tko tkodk-tk dk-tkodk odk aoe aoebisa bisa Bistrbfatks Kt Ktks ks
= Hkpa Hkpacb cbrr rbea rbeacc og ogrf rfkc kc,, tgou tgouss gtgt gtgt `kai, `kai, maik dahk` dahk`ut ut
dkpkt ibf`kca 3 0 dbtai, euolsa ogrfkc @kwkj @kw kj = Hkpacb Hkpacbrrb rrbeac eac ogrfkc ogrfkc,, tgous tgous gtgt gtgt `ka `kai, i, maik maik dah dahk`u k`utt dkpkt ibf`kca
2
3 0 dbtai, euolsa ogrfkc Pbecbi pktbcck= Ogrfkc (+/+) ^uolluol = Tadki kdk `bomgcko Kous = Tadki kdk jbfgrgad `. Xt Xtkt ktus us G`s G`stb tbtr traa
;) Aosp Aospbbis isaa k) Fuik Fuik = Ta Tadk dki i kdk kdk hcgk hcgksf sfkk lr lrkv kvad adkr kruf uf,, tadk tadki i kdk kdk gbdbf `) Fkfkb = Krbgck dko pkpack jypbrpalfbotksa, ibcbomkr fgotlgfbra fbogomgc, pkpac pkpackk fbogomgc, fbogomgc, tadki ibfbrkjko h) K`dgfbo K`dgfbo =Tad =Tadki ki kdk ca caobk obk oal oalrk rk dko strab strab lrk lrkvadkr vadkruf uf d) Uucvk = Tadki Tadki kd kdkk vkrasbs, vkrasbs, ibc ibcukr ukr cbodar cbodar dkrkj dkrkj 0) ^kcp ^kcpks ksaa k) Fkfkb Fkfkb = Ig Igcgs cgstru truf f sudk sudkj j ibcukr ibcukr `) K`dgfbo
Cbgpgcd A = TER = 8 mkra da`kwkj px. Tbrk`k ;
`klako cuoki, klki `uckt, tadki fbcbotaol
Cbgpgcd AA =
Iara = Tbrk`k ; `klako ibrks, fbfkomkol sbpbrta 5
pkpko
Ikoko = Tbrk`k `klako ibhac-ibhac, tbrputus-putus
Cbgpgcd AAA = Tbrk`k ; `klako ibrks, `uckt, tadki
dkpkt dalgykoliko Cbgpgcd Cbgpgcd AU = Davbr Davbrlbo lbo (ibpkck sudkj fksui
pkolluc)
TER = 80 hf
T@M = 8022 lrkf 8) Ku Kusi siuc uctk tksa sa DMM
= ;40 x/fboat
^F
= Mufckj ;, dasb`bckj iara `kwkj puskr a`u
Jas = 4 x ;>‑, ckfkoyk 4>‖ h. ^bfb ^bfbra rais iskko kko Dk Dkck ckf f Tkollk Tkollkc/m c/mkf kf = 0> > mkf mkf >8.0> >8.0> \A \A@ @ Aodaiksa
= sudkj fksui aopkrtu ktku `bcuf
Uucvk
= tadki kdk fkssk, tadki gbdbf
U/R tbokol, pgrtag tapas cuoki, pbf`uikko 4 hf, prbs`bcibp, ibp da J AA, II +, XTCD + d. ^b ^bfbr fbrais aiskko kko ^bouo ^bouomko mkol l = Tadki dackiuiko
<
Kokcask
Oy. O usak 04 tkjuo L;^>K> jkfac 4> faollu, mkoao tuollkc, jadup, aotrkutbraob, aotrkutbra ob, puia, prbs`bcibp, prbs`bcibp, dkckf pbrskcaoko pbrskcaoko ikck A eksb cktbo easagcglas.
^boktkckiskokko
Tkollkc = 0>
Mkf = >8.8> \A@
;. Fbckiuiko pbfbraiskko dko fbf`bratkju a`u jksac pbfbraiskko
`kjwk ibkdkko a`u dko mkoao dkckf ibkdkko ` `kai, kai, pbf`uikko 0 hf sbrtk fbolkomuriko uotui sbokotaksk `brdg‑k. Jksac = A`u sbokol fbolbtkjua jksac pbfbraiskkooyk `kai 0. Fbf`braiko suppgrt ibpkdk a`u `kjwk pbrskcaoko fbrupkiko
jkc ykol wkmkr dakckfa gcbj wkoatk, rksk skiat ykol dakckfa a`u dasb`k`iko gcbj igotrkisa rkjaf, a`u dakomuriko `koyki `brdgk klkr pbrskcaoko `brmkcko ckohkr. Jksac = A`u fbrksk cblk ktks pbombcksko dkra `adko 8. Fbolkomuriko dko fbfaotk a`u uotui fbfacaj pgsasa pbrskcaoko yko ykol l oykfko oykfko dko fbfpbr fbfpbrsac sackji kjiko ko a`u uotui uotui astark astarkjkt jkt maik maik igotrkisa `briurkol. Jksac = A`u sudkj fbfacaj pgsasa faraol iara dko astarkjkt ibtaik jas `briurkol. 4. Fbol Fbolko komu muri riko ko a`u a`u
uot uotui ui fara faraol ol iara iara klkr klkr fb fbfp fpbr brhb hbpk pktt :
pbf`uikko dko kcarko dkrkj tbtkp ckohkr. ckohkr. Jksac = A`u `brsbdak faraol iara 2. Fbolk Fbolkmkri mkriko ko ibpkdk a`u tbioai tbioai rbckisksa rbckisksa uotui fbolu fbolurkola rkola
oybra pkdk skkt igotrkisa dbolko hkrk fbokrai okpks dkra jaduol dko fboljbf`usikooyk pbrckjko fbckcua fucut. Xkkt igotrkisa mulk dkpkt fbfkssksb puolluol a`u uotui fbolurkola rksk skiat. Jksac = A`u fbckiuiko tbioai rbckisksa skkt tbrmkda igotrkisa dbolko hkrk fbokrai okpks cbwkt jaduol dko fbolbcukrikooyk fbckcua fucut, sbrtk sbrtk ibcukrlk fkfpu fbfkssksb puolluol a`u skkt kdk igotrkisa. 5. Fbf`braiko a`u faoufko fkoas dko fboykrkoiko a`u uotui
fkiko klkr dkpkt sb`klka tkf`kjko tboklk. Jksac = A`u tbckj faouf sktu lbcks tbj fkoas. AR, `btkdao
^brkcktko ckao = tbosafbtbr, tjbrfgfbtbr, fbtcaob, pkrtglrke, aoeus sbt, ckrutko icgrao >,2%, Dgppcbr
^brcbolikpkf a`u (`kmu ikao, hbckok dkckf, pbf`kcut, jkodui
:. ^brcbolikpko `kya (`kmu, `bdgol, pgpgi, tgpa, dko sbcafut)
Jksac = ^brkcktko dko ib`utujko pksabo sakp. 1. Fbolg`sbrvksa DMM, okda, JAX, dko pbrokpksko takp 8> fboat dko
TTU, UT sbtakp 4 mkf, suju sbtakp 0 mkf ktku maik tbrmkda sbsuktu ktku aodaiksa. (Dackfparko) Jksac = a`u tbckj dag`sbrvksa dko tbckj datucas da cbf`kr pkrtglrke. ;>. Tkollkc < Ogvbf`br 0>0> mkf ;>.8> a`u fbolktkiko fucbs0
sbfkiao sbfki ao sbra sbraol, ol, aolao @K@, dacki dackiuiko uiko pbfbraisk pbfbraiskko ko ibf`kca ibf`kca ka kdk tkodk-tkodk pbf`uikko cbolikp ibfudako fbf`bratkju a`u dko ibcukrlk `kjwk pbf`uikko tbckj cbolikp. Jksac = A`u tbckj fbolbtkjua `kjwk pbf`uikko tbckj cbolikp. ;;. Fbolkomuriko ibpkdk a`u uotui fbfacaj pgsasa ykol oykfko.
Jksac= Jks ac= A`u sudkj sudkj fbfaca fbfacaj j pgsa pgsasa sa yko ykol l oykfko oykfko yka ykatu tu dgrskc dgrskc
;>
rbhuf`bot ;0. Fbfpbrsackjiko sukfa / ibcukrlk uotui fbodkfpaola a`u dkckf
prgsbs pbrskcaoko. Jksac = A`u datbfkoa sukfa ibtaik prgsbs pbrskcaoko. ;8. Fbckiuiko pbrtgcgolko pbrskcaoko
k) Fbfkstaik Fbfkstaiko o ibcbolikpko ibcbolikpko pbrkc pbrkcktko ktko dko g`kt ‘ g`ktko g`ktko bssbosakc bssbosakc uotui fboumkol prgsbs pbrskcaoko. `) Fbfksuiiko spuat stbrac ib `ki aostrufbot dko fbfktkjiko kfpuc gisatgsao h) Fbolluokiko Fbolluokiko skruol skruol tkolko tkolko ibfudako ibfudako fbfksuiiko fbfksuiiko gisatgsao gisatgsao ib dkckf spuat dko fbcbtkiiko ibf`kca ib `ki aostrufbot d) Fbfkskol Fbfkskol uodbrp uodbrpkd kd da`kwk da`kwk `gigol `gigol aa`u `u b) Fbfafpao Fbfafpao a`u uot uotui ui fbolb fbolbmko mko skkt kdk kdk jas dbol dbolko ko hkrk fbokra fbokrai i okpks pkomkol dko fbolbmko sbpbrta sbdkol @K@ e) Fbolkomuri Fbolkomuriko ko pkdk a`u a`u uotui astark astarkjkt jkt skk skktt jas `br `briurkol iurkol l) ^kdk ^kdk sk skkt kt ib ibpk pkck ck `k `kya ya tkfp tkfpki ki 22-5 5 hf fb fbf` f`ui uikk vucv vucvkk (hrgwo (hrgwoaol aol). ). Fbokjk Fbokjko o pbr pbraob aobuf uf dbo dbolko lko tko tkolko lko iko ikoko ko yko ykol l dackpasa ikao/ uodbrpkd dko fbokjko ibpkck `kya dbolko tkolko iara klkr ibpkck `kya tadki dbecbisa fkisafkc. j) Fbouol Fbouollu lu `ky `kyaa fbckiu fbckiuiko iko putkrko putkrko pkisa cukr, pblkol pblkol sbh sbhkrk krk `apkrabtkc ibfudako fbckjariko `kya dkra `kju kotbragr dko `kju
;;
pgstbragr. a) Xbtbckj Xbtbckj ibpk ibpkck ck `kya ckjar ckjar,, tkolko tkolko ikoko f fboyko boykollk llk ibpk ibpkck, ck, cbolko dko saiu `klako `kwkj. Xbdkoliko tkolko iara fboyusura puolluol, `gigol, tuolika dko ikia. m) Fboacka `kya dbolko hbpkt, ibfudako fbcbtkiiko `kya uotui daibraoliko. i) Fbf`braiko Fbf`braiko `ky `kyaa ibpkdk a`u dko `ak `akriko riko igotki igotki iucat kotkrk kotkrk a`u dk dko o `k `kya ya.. Fbfk Fbfkik ikai aiko ko tgpa tgpa pk pkdk dk ib ibpk pkck ck `k `kya ya,, ibfu ibfuda dako ko fbfkikaiko `kmu, pgpgi dko `bdgol. Jksac = @kya ckjar ck jar spg spgotko otko tk tkollkc ollkc 0> > puiu puiucc ;>. ;>.8< 8< \A@ K^LKP Xhgrb 1 - ;> ‘ ;>, mboas ibckfao pbrbfpuko pbrbfpuko , fbokolas iu iukt kt,, lb lbrk rkik iko o kita kitae, e, wk wkro rokk iu iuca catt ib ibfb fbrk rkjk jko. o. @k @kya ya tb tbck ckj j daibra daibraoli oliko ko dko sbl sblbrk brk dackiu dackiuiko iko igo igotki tki dbolko dbolko a`u uotui uotui dackiuiko Aoasaksa Fboyusua Daoa (AFD). c) Fbfbraisk Fbfbraisk ibf`kca ibf`kca utbrus utbrus uot uotui ui fbfkstaiko fbfkstaiko ta tadki dki kdk cckla kla `kya dkckf utbrus. Jksac = Tadki kdk mkoao ibduk
IKCK AAA ;4. Fbf`bratkju a`u `kjwk kiko dasuotai gisatgsao klkr utbrus
`brigotrkisa `kai. ;0
Jk Jksa sacc
= AA`u `u fbol fbolbt btkj kjua ua kiko kiko dasu dasuot otai ai gi gisa satg tgsa sao o
;2. Fboyuotaiko gisatgsao ;> AR dbolko hkrk aotrkfusiuckr da ;/8
pkjk ikoko ktks `klako dastkc cktbrkc a`u dbolko tbrcb`aj dkjucu fbckiuiko ksparksa sb`bcuf dasuotaiiko. Jk Jksa sacc
=G Gis isat atgs gsao ao ;> AR AR ` `br brjk jksa sacc f fks ksui ui..
;5. Fbombpat tkca puskt dbolko icbf iark-iark »8 hf dkra puskt `kya
ibfudako fbodgrgol asa tkca puskt ib krkj a`u dko fbombpat ibf`kca tkca puskt dbolko mkrki »0 hf dkra icbf pbrtkfk. Jksac = Tkca puskt tbckj daicbf dbolko 0 icbf tkca puskt stbrac. ;. Fbckiuiko Aoasaksa Fboyusua Daoa (AFD) dbolko fbcbtkiiko ;8
`kya sbhkrk tboliurkp dakotkrk pkyudkrk a`u dko fbf`akriko `kya fbohkra puttaol susu a`uoyk sbodara ibfudako fboybcafuta `kya dko a`u dbolko ikao ibraol dko jkolkt. Jksac = @kya tbckj datbfpktiko dakotkrk ibduk pkyudkrk a`u. 0;. Fbfaodkjiko icbf pkdk tkca puskt jaollk `brmkrki ;> hf dkra
vucvk Jksac = Icbf tbckj dapaodkji 00. Fbcbtkiiko tkolko iara daktks ikao pkdk pbrut a`u, da tbpa ktks
safeasas dko tkolko ikoko fboblkoliko tkca puskt. Jksac = Tkca puskt tbckj datblkoliko dbolko tkolko ikoko. 08. Fbouo Fbouollu llu utbrus utbrus `brigotrki `brigotrkisa, sa, sbtb sbtbckj ckj utbr utbrus us `brig `brigotrki otrkisa, sa,
fboblkoliko tkca puskt dbolko tkolko ikoko sbfbotkrk tkolko iara daktks safeasas ibkrkj dgrsgirkoakc. Jksac = Tkca puskt tbckj datblkoliko dbolko tkolko ikoko, tkolko iara dgrsgirkoakc daktks safeasas. 04. Fbc Fbckiu kiuiko iko pbo pboblk blkolk olko o dko dgrgol dgrgolko ko dgrsgi dgrsgirko rkoakc akc jaollk jaollk
pcksbotk tbrcbpks, fbfaotk a`u fbobrko fbobrko skf`ac fbokrai tkca puskt dbolko krkj sbmkmkr ckotka dko ibfudako ibkrkj ktks, fbolaiuta pgrgs mkcko ckjar dbolko tbtkp ckiuiko tbikoko tbikoko dgrsg-irkoakc. Jksac = Tkca puskt tbckj datblkoliko. 02. Fboblkoliko tkca puskt skfpka pcksbotk tkfpki da vucvk
Jksac = Tkca puskt sudkj datblkoliko skfpka pcksbotk tkfpki da ;4
vucvk. 05. Xbtbck Xbtbckj j pcksbo pcksbotk tk tkf tkfpki pki pkd pkdkk vucvk vucvk ibfuda ibfudako ko fbckja fbckjarik riko o
pcksbotk dbolko jkta-jkta dbolko ibduk tkolko fbfblkol pcksbotk dko fbckiuiko putkrko sbkrkj ktku fbfacao sbhkrk jktajkt jktaa uotui uotui fbc fbckja kjarik riko o pcksbo pcksbotk tk klk klkrr tadki tadki kdk sbc sbckpu kputt yko ykol l tbrtaollkc. Jksac = ^cksbotk ckjar mkf ;>.4> \A@. 0 hh, igodasa ufuf pksabo = `kai. 8>. Fbcbtkiiko pcksbotk pkdk wkdkj ijusus (ibodac)
Jksac Jks ac = ^ck ^cksbo sbotk tk tbc tbckj kj datbfp datbfpkti ktiko ko pkd pkdkk ibo ibodac dac yko ykol l sudkj sudkj
;2
dasbdakiko 8;. Fbfkstaiko utbrus ibf`kca `brigotrkisa `kai dbolko fbckiuiko
pkckpksa utbrus. Jksac Jks ac = Rtbr Rtbrus us tbr tbrk`k k`k ibr ibrks ks dko `br `brigo igotrk trkisa isa dbolko dbolko `ka `kai i 80. Fboyu Fboyuotaiik otaiiko o cadghkaob cadghkaob ;% pkdk tatai umuol cksbrksa cksbrksa,, sbhkr sbhkrkk
fbrktk, fbrk tk, dackomutiko dackomutiko dbolk dbolko o fbomkjat fbomkjat cksb cksbrksa rksa sbtbc sbtbckj kj kokst kokstbsa bsa `brbkisa Jk Jksa sacc
= Pg`b Pg`bik iko o pb pbrraobu aobuf f tbck tbckj j damk damkja jatt db dbol olkko tb tbio ioai ai
mbcumur, dko safpuc tuollkc. Mkjatko tkfpki rkpa. 88. Fbr Fbrbod bodkf kf sbf sbfuk uk kck kcktt dkc dkckf kf ckr ckrutk utko o kar sk`uo sk`uo ibf ibfuda udako ko
darbodkf darbo dkf dkckf ckrutko ckrutko icgrao >,2% dko fbf`brsajik fbf`brsajiko o a`u dbolko fboya`ao dbolko kar `brsaj jkolkt dko fbf`brsajiko tbfpkt tadur a`u dbolko fbolluokiko kar icgrao, dko kar DTT. Fbf`kotu Fbf`k otu a`u fbolbokiko fbolbokiko pkikako pkikako ykol `brsaj dko ibrao ibraol l dbolko fbfkikaiko pbf`kcut fktbroaty dkra dbpko ib`bckikol dko fbcurusiko ikia a`u sbrtk fboybcafutaoyk dbolko mkrai. Jksac Jks ac = Kckt Kckt sudkj sudkj daf dafksu ksuiik iiko o ib dkc dkckf kf ckr ckrutk utko o sk`uo sk`uo dko darbodkf darbo dkf dkckf ckru ckrutko tko icgrao. icgrao. A`u tbckj dapkikako dapkikako pbf`kcut pbf`kcut dko dasbcafuta IKCK AU 84. Fbol Fbolko komu muri riko ko a`u a`u
asta astark rkjk jktt
dk dko o
faou faouf f ;5
kar kar
puta putaj j
sb sbrt rtkk
fbolko fbo lkomur muriko iko a`u uotui uotui tbt tbtkp kp datbfp datbfpkt kt tadur tadur 0 mkf sbt sbtbck bckj j pbrskcaoko ikrbok fksaj dackiuiko g`sbrvksa. g`sbrvksa. Jksac = A`u `brsbdak uotui faouf dko tbtkp datbfpkt tadur. 82. Xbtbckj ; mkf AFD fbckiuiko pboaf`kolko dko pboluiurko
`kya, fbolgcbsiko skcbp fktk gxytbtrkhyhcao ; % pkdk ibduk fktk `kya dkra dkckf ibcukr dko fbf`braik fbf`braiko o suotai suotaiko ko vatkf vatkfao ao I; pjytgokdagob ; fl sbhkrk Aotrkfushuckr (AF) dapkjk iara `kya. Jksac = @kya `brjksac da AFD okfuo tadki dkpkt fbobfuiko puttaol susu a`uoyk, @@ 8> lrkf, ^@ 2; hf, CI 82 hf, CD 84 hf, CACK ;0 hf, Uat I; ; fl fksui 85. Fbfkotku ibf`kca igodasa `kya ibfudako ckomutiko pbf`brako
KXA. Jksac = IR @kya `kai, TTU dkckf `ktks ogrfkc. 8 fboat pkdk ; mkf ibduk Jksacc = a`u tbckj Jksa tbckj dag`sb dag`sbrvksa rvksa ikck AU dko tbckj tbckj datuc datucas as da cbf`k cbf`kr r pkrtglrke 8:. Fboljatuol ckfk pbrskcaoko dko mufckj pbrdkrkjko
;<
Jksac= Ckfk ^brskcaok ^brskcaoko o
Mufckj Mufckj pbrdkrkjk pbrdkrkjko o
Ikck A = Ikck AA =
: mkf 8> fboat > mkf < fboat
Ikck A =- hh Ikck AA =
;2> hh
Ikck AAA =
> mkf 2 fboat
Ikck AAA=
2> hh
Ikck AU =
0 mkf > fboat +
Ikck AU=
; mkf 8< fboat
8
@kai ;;>/
:4 85.2
>:.>>
@kai
:0
Igotrkisa Rtbrus Aotbosatk s
DMM
Jksac UT
Erbiubos a ;>'
0>
4x
4>"
iukt
U/R tbokol, pgrtag tapas cuoki, pbf`uikko 2hf, ;40 prbs`bcibp, ibp da J AA, II +, XTCD XTCD +
4x
4>"
iukt
;45
Ckfk
;:
>:.8>
@kai
:0
4x
4>"
iukt
;44
>1.>>
@kai
:4
2x
42‖
iukt
;44
>1.8>
@kai
:4
2x
42‖
iukt
;40
;>.>>
@kai
:5
2x
42‖
iukt
;44
;>.8>
@kai
:4
2x
4>"
iukt
U/R tbokol, pgrtag tki tbrk`k, pbf`uikko cbolikp, ;4: prbs`bcibp, ibp da J AAA, II +, +, XTCD +, tadki tbrk`k `klako ckao
;1
@. Tbck Tbckkj kj M Mur urok okcc Tk`bc 0.0 Kokcasas Murokc Dbolko ^AHGT
Murokc ^boucas = \kjyu Brsack, Cak Dwa ^rkeatra, Oaok ]ujkok Murokc XAICRX Ugcufb >: Oggr >0, Muoa 0>;1 p-AXXO = 0>:1-5 Beecburklb dko Igfprbs rbspgodbo tbrdara dkra Daolao ;2 tbrjkdkp rbspgodbo Oybra ^brskcaoko da ibcgfpgi ^uibsfks fkssklb Ik`upktbo beecburklb ^bikcgolko dko ;2 ibcgfpgi igfprbs
Aotbrvbosa
Hgfpkrksago
Guthkfb
Tafb
@b @brd rdks kskr krik iko o jksa jksacc pbob pbobca cata tako ko dko dko ^bobcatako pbf`kjksko ykol tbckj daurkaiko, dackiskokiko pkdk fkik dkpkt daibtkjua `kjwk fkssklb tkjuo 0>;1 Beccb ccburk urklb cb cb`a `aj j beb ebit itaae uo uotu tui i fbouruoiko oybra pbrskcaoko.
Aotbrvbosa da`braiko pkdk skfpbc dbolko fboacka pbr`bdkko bebitavatks fkssklb Beecburklb dbolko igfprbs daolao ptbrjkdkp oybra pbrskcaoko pkdk a`u aoprtu ikck A eksb kitae
daolao
0>
Murokc H. Dbsi Dbsira raps psaa Pbkdaol Murokc
Murokc aoa fbrupkiko fbrupkiko pbobcatako pbobcatako ykol dackiuiko dackiuiko gcbj \kjyu Brsack, Brsack, Cak Dwa ^rkeatra, ^rkeatr a, Oaok ]ujkok. ]ujkok. Mboas pbobcatako aoa kdkckj [uksa bispbrafb bispbrafbot ot dbolko dbskao twg lrgup lrgup prbtbst prbtbst dko dko pgsttbst pgsttbst watjgut hgotrgc lrgup. ^gpucksa pkdk pbobcatako aoa kdkckj a`u `brskcao pkdk ikck A eksb kitae da ik`upktbo ^bikcgolko, skfpbc dkckf pbobcatako aoa kdkckj a`u `brskcao `brs kcao eksb kitae. Dktk ykol daluokiko fbolluokiko dktk prafbr, fbolluokiko cbf`kr g`sbrvksa Oufbrahkc Xhkcb Pktaol (OXP) pkdk sb`bcuf dko sbtbckj taodkiko. Kokcasas dktk fbolluokiko uma Fkoo-\jatoby uma Fkoo-\jatoby..
D. Tbgra Tbgra ^gigi ^gigi @kjks @kjksko ko
@brdkskriko jksac pbobcatako tbrjkdkp tbrjkdkp a`u aopkrtu dadkpktiko jksac `kjwk oacka fbko oybra pbrskcaoko pkdk rbspgodbo sb`bcuf dackiuiko fkssklb beecburklb kdkckj dko oacka fbko oybra pbrskcaoko sbtbckj dackiuiko fkssklb beecburklb kdkckj 8,5>. Dkpkt daibtkjua pbouruoko oacka rktk-rktk sb`bcuf dko sbtbckj dackiuiko fkssklb beecburklb kdkckj 4,>>. Jksac uma ogrfkcatks fbolluokiko Xjkparg wa waci ci (skfp (skfpbc bc 32>) 32>) dapb dapbrg rgcb cbj j dastr dastra` a`us usaa dk dktk tk og ogrf rfkc kc sbjao sbjaoll llkk da dalu luok okik iko o um umaa t `brpkskolko (pkarbd t tbst). Jksac uma ppkarbt t tbst dadkpktiko oacka p3>,>>> (3>,>2) jk jkcc ao aoaa `b `brkr rkrta ta tbrd tbrdkp kpkt kt `b `br` r`bd bdkk kko o oy oybr braa pb pbrsk rskca caok oko o ko kotk tkrk rk sb`bc sb`bcuf uf dk dko o sb sbtbc tbckj kj dackiuiko fkssklb beecburklb pkdk a`u `brskcao. ^br`kodaolko oybra pbrskcaoko sb`bcuf dko sbtbckj dackiuiko igfprbs daolao. Jksac uma ogrfkcatks fbolluokiko Xjkparg waci (skfpbc 32>) dapbrgcbj dastra`usa dktk tadki ogrfkc sbjaollk daluokiko uma wachgxgo. Jksac uma wachgxgo dadkpktiko oacka oac ka p >,> >,>>> >> (3>,>2 (3>,>2)) `brkrt `brkrtaa kdk pbr`bd pbr`bdkko kko oybra oybra pbrskc pbrskcaok aoko o kotkrk kotkrk sb`bcu sb`bcuf f dko sbtbckj dackiuiko igfprbs daolao. Jksac uma fkoo wjatoby dadkpktiko wjatoby dadkpktiko oacka p >,>>; (3>,>2) `brkrta kdk pbr`bdkko bebitaeatks fkssklb beecburklb dko igfprbs daolao tbrjkdkp oybra pbrskcaoko. Dkra jksac tbrsb`ut `brkrta `brkrta taodkiko taodkiko fkssklb beecburklb beecburklb cb`aj bebitae bebitae da`kodaoli da`kodaoliko ko dbolko dbolko taodkiko igfprbs daolao tbrjkdkp oybra pbrskcaoko pkdk a`u `brskcao ikck A eksb kitae. ^bouru ^bo uruoko oko oybra oybra pbrskca pbrskcaoko oko dbolko dbolko dackiu dackiuiko iko fks fksskl sklbb beecburkl beecburklbb (0>,:>) cb`aj `bskr da`kodaoliko oybra pbrskcaoko pkdk ibcgfpgi ykol dackiuiko igfprbs daolao daola o (;>,0>). Dkra jksac tbrsb`ut `brkrta taodkiko fkssk fkssklb lb beecburklb beecburklb cb`aj bebitae da`kodaoliko dbolko taodkiko igfprbs daolao tbrjkdkp oybra pbrskcaoko pkdk a`u
0;
