Reading Architecture A Visual Lexicon

 

Tbcmhgk Crljhtblturb C Yhs hsuco uco Obxhleg

Ewbg Jepahgs

Ocurbglb Ahgk ^udohsjhgk

 

  LJC^]BT 3 DRHOMHGK ]X^B\

9

]jb Locsshlco ]b`pob ]jb ]b`pob Iregt ]b`pob Iregt [hmtjs Hgtbrleou`ghctheg ]ypbs Hgtbrgco \pclbs

: : 3> 33 34 3<

]jb @bmhbvco Lctjbmrco [bst-Bgm ^ertco \eutj ]rcgsbpt ^ertco ^ocg   Ljurlj ^ocg \bltheg Iurghsjhgks

3= 3= 32 39 3; 3: 4>

]jb Tbgchsscglb Ljurlj  Ljurlj  Bxtbrher ^ocg Hgtbrher

44 44 4= 42

]jb Dcrequb Ljurlj  Ljurlj  Bxtbrher ^ocg Hgtbrher

49 49 4: 48

Ierthffibm Duhomhgks Abbp Lcstob Leglbgtrhl Lcstob Bxtbrher  

> 3>4 3>= 3>9

Teeis ]ypbs ]hohgk ]h ohgk cgm Teei-Locmmhgk ]ypbs ^htljbm cgm Kcdobm Teeis   Kcdob ]y ]ypbs pbs \phrbs cgm Lcstboocthegs   \phrb ]ypbs Me`bs   Bxtbrher   Hgtbrher   ]ypbs \trulturbs   ]russb russbs s   Ycuots   Thd Ycuot ]ypbs   \tchrs cgm Ohits \tchrlcsb Le`pegbgts \tchrlcsb ]ypbs Ohits cgm Bslcocters

3s Drhtchg, wjhlj peocrhzbm ephgheg wjbg ffirst duhot cgm legthgubs te me se temcy. Xbt mbsphtb tjb mhvbrkbglb hg ephgheg, ibw weuom meudt hts loch` te db crljhtblturb. Iurtjbr`erb, tjb mhsthgltheg ^bvsgbr mrcws dbtwbbg c duhomhgk “ wjhlj jb h`pohlhtoy ljcrcltbrhzbs cs dbhgk purboy iuglthegco, hts ier` cgm `ctbrhcos seoboy mbtbr`hgbm dy hts hgtbgmbm iugltheg “ cgm c wera ei crljhtblturb hs tee stcra hg rbcohty. Bvbg duhomhgks wjesb crljhtblts preloch` te db ieooewhgk bgthrboy iuglthegcohst pjhoesepjhbs pjhoesepjhbs “ lrystcoohz lrystcoohzbm bm hg tjb mhltu` ‚ier` ieooews iugltheg‘ iugltheg‘ “ crb mbshkgbm se tjct tjby le``ughlctb le``ughlc tb tjb iugltheg tjby crb hgtbgmbm te iuoffio tjreukj tjbhr cppbcrcglb. Coo `embs ei crljhtblturb jcvb tjb pewbr te trcgs`ht t rcgs`ht hmbcs cgm b`ethegs hrrbspblthvb ei wjbtjbr c duhomhgk hs

ier cotjeukj tjhs deea mebs get legier` te tjesb typbs, ht jcs hts reets hg tjesb prblursers “ ohb hg tjb sbvbgtbbgtj cgm bhkjtbbgtj lbgturhbs wjbg tjb crljhtblturco hgtbrbsts ei preibsshegcos preibsshegco s cgm c`ctburs cohab scw c sobw ei pudohlctheg pudohlcthegs s `bbthgk tjct mb`cgm. Eitbg (cgm tjhs hs sthoo tjb lcsb temcy) cg crljhtblturco mhlthegcry er koesscry wcs hgloumbm cs c ahgm ei cppbgmhx te c oegkbr wera. Bvbg wjbg bxhsthgk cs hgmbpbgmbgt weras, `est crljhtblturc crljhtblturcoo mhlthegcrhbs er koesscrhbs crb, ire` tjb vbry bcrohbst bxc`pobs, crrcgkbm copjcdbthlcooy, whtj hooustrcthegs c sblegmcry legshmbrctheg, hi prbsbgt ct coo. \e`b weras jcvb trhbm te khvb `erb prherhty te tjb vhsuco, `est getcdoy Fhoo Obvbr cgm Fejg Jcrrhs‘s Hooustrctbm Mhlthegcry ei Crljhtblturb, :>>“383=  (38831  (38831 ffirst pudohsjbm hg 3898 cs Hooustrctbm Koesscry ei Crljhtblturb Crljhtblturb,, :2>“3: ). Jewbvbr, bvbg hg c wera sulj cs tjhs, ier se`begb iclbm whtj cg ugic`hohcr crljhtblturco bob`bgt hg c duhomhgk er mrcwhgk, ht sthoo rb`chgs vbry mhiffiluot te ffigm eut hts gc`b cgm mbslrhptheg. @erbevbr, cs whtj Obvbr cgm Jcrrhs‘s deea, ibw sulj weras levbr twbgthbtj- cgm twbgty-ffirst lbgtury crljhtblturb er, hi tjby me, jcrmoy ct coo. ]jb rbcsegs ier tjhs mbffilhbgly crb get jcrm te ugmbrstcgm. [jhob Locsshlco cgm Ketjhl crljhtblturb, whtj tjbhr rbocthvboy lejbrbgt rbpbrtehrbs ei crljhtblturco mbtcho, obgm tjb`sbovbs te sulj locsshffilctery bxpeshthegs, bxpeshthegs, `ulj `embrg crljhtblturb, wjesb mbslrhpthvb tbr`s crb hg

mbshkgbm te bohlht ‚cbstjbthl cppbco‘. H weuom, tjbrbierb, sukkbst crljhtblturb‘s mbffighgk ljcrcltbrhsthl te db tjct ei le``ughlctheg, ei trcgs`htthgk `bcghgk1 hgmbbm, wb `hkjt scy tjct crljhtblturb hs ‚duhomhgk whtj `bcghgk‘. Icr ire` c ohtbrco crt, tjb wcys hg wjhlj `bcghgk hg crljhtblturb crb bglembm cgm trcgs`httbm crb ughqub cgm quhtb mhiibrbgt te, scy, jew egb `hkjt ‚rbcm‘ c pchgthgk. Crljhtblturco `bcghgk lcg db legstrultbm hg `cgy mhiibrbgt wcys6 tjreukj ier`, `ctbrhcos, slcob, ergc`bgtctheg er, `est bxpohlhtoy, shkgckb. ]jus, tjb `bcghgks tjct c duhomhgk lcg jeom hgbvhtcdoy tbgm te db cdstrclt6 ier bxc`pob, tjb mb`egstrctheg ei c pctreg‘ pctreg ‘s selhco cgm luoturco stctus tjreukj duhomhgk hg tjb octbst icsjhegcdob styob1 tjb `b`erhbs cgm csselhcthegs clthvctbm dy rbvhvhgk cg eombr crljhtblturco styob1 er tjb mhspocy ei wbcotj cgm pewbr hg c duhomhgk‘s duhomhgk‘ s slcob cgm tjb usb ei bxpbgshvb `ctbrhcos cgm estbgtctheus ergc`bgtctheg. @erbevbr, ct hts lerb, c wera

cgy lcsb sthoo hg le`pcrcthvb fflux, clthvboy rbiusbs er bvbg cttb`pts te gbkctb ergc`bgtcthe ergc`bgtctheg. g. [jhob hgbvhtcdoy jbcvhoy hgmbdtbm te bxhsthgk weras, tjhs deea ch`s te ke dbyegm tjbhr oh`htcthegs detj hg hts strulturb cgm bxtbgt. Bgle`pcsshgk [bstbrg crljhtblturb, ire` Locsshlco Krbblb rhkjt up te tjb prbsbgt mcy, tjhs deea hs hgtbgmbm te clt cs c vhsuco kuhmb te tjb vcrheus wcys hg wjhlj c duhomhgk lcg db crthluoctbm6 ire` wcoo rbgmbrhgks cgm reei strulturbs, te leou`g typbs cgm mblercthvb `euomhgks. Ht hs jbcvhoy hooustrctbm se tjct co`est bvbry bob`bgt hs rbprbsbgtbm hg cggetctbm pjetekrcpjs er ohgb mrcwhgks. Ire` tjb stcrt, tjb hgtbgtheg dbjhgm tjb deea jcs dbbg te trcgslbgm tjb predob`s hgjbrbgt hg trcmhthegco crljhtblturco mhlthegcrhbs er koesscrhbs crrcgkbm copjcdbthlcooy. Legsbqubgtoy, tjb deea prherhthzbs duhomhgks tjb`sbovbs tjreukj pjetekrcpjs cgm cggetcthegs cgm, hg hts strulturb, drbcas crljhtblturb mewg te hts iugmc`bgtco hmbcs cgm le`pegbgts.

=

 

  ]jb deea legshsts ei ieur jbcvhoy lress-rbibrbglbm ljcptbrs. ]jb ffirst ljcptbr ielusbs eg tbg Duhomhgk ]ypbs, wjhlj, cs tjb hgtremultheg te tjb ljcptbr getbs, rblur hg vcrheus ier`s tjreukjeut tjb jhstery ei crljhtblturb crljhtblturb.. Cotjeukj tjb bxc`pobs ei bclj typb vcry hg th`b cgm poclb, tjby jcvb dbbg ljesbg dblcusb tjby b`demy lbrtchg ljcrcltbrhsthls ljcrcltbrhs thls hgtbkrco te tjct pcrthluocr typb. Etjbr duhomhgk

locrhty cgm spclb. Ht hs cose h`pertcgt te getb tjct tjb deea leglbgtrctbs eg tjb [bstbrg crljhtblturco crljhtblturco trcmhtheg1 cotjeukj cs crljhtblturb jcs dble`b koedcohzbm hg tjb sblegm jcoi ei tjb twbgthbtj lbgtury, lbgtury, se`b `erb rblbgt bxc`pobs crb hgloumbm ire` eutshmb Burepb cgm hts spjbrbs ei hgfflubglb. Tbcmbrs mbcohgk whtj geg-[bstbrg duhomhgks lcg rbibr te `erb spblhcohzbm weras.

kreuphgks hgloumbm hg tjhs ljcptbr jcvb dbbg `cmb hg cllermcglb te ier`s er `erpjeoekhbs wjhlj jcvb dbbg mbb`bm bgmurhgk evbr th`b cgm dbbg hgfflubgthco eg `cgy mhiibrbgt duhomhgk typbs. Hg tjhs wcy, tjb ljcptbr hs hgtbgmbm te clt cs tjb rbcmbr‘s ‚ffirst pert ei lcoo‘, se tjct wjbg legiregtbm whtj, scy, scy, c pudohl duhomhgk, egb lcg turg te tjct sbltheg cgm ffigm tjb bxc`pob whtj tjb `est loesboy `ctljhgk crljhtblturcoo ljcrcltbrhsthls. Ire` tjbrb, egb lcg ieooew crljhtblturc tjb vcrheus ‚shkgpests‘ te ljcptbrs 4 cgm < wjhlj mbco whtj pcrthluocr bob`bgts hg `erb mbtcho. ]jb sblegm ljcptbr, \trulturbs, stb`s ire` tjb prb`hsb tjct co`est coo crljhtblturco ocgkuckbs crb hg se`b wcy mbrhvbm ire` tjb dcshl crthluoctheg ei c duhomhgk‘s strulturb. Cs sulj, ht trcgslbgms pcrthluocr crljhtblturco styobs te ielus eg sbvbrco dcshl strulturco bob`bgts “ Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs1 Crljbs1 cgm @embrg \trulturbs ei leglrbtb cgm stbbo “ wjhlj cppbcr hg vcrheus ier`s hg c vcrhbty ei duhomhgk typbs cs aby le`pegbgts ei mhiibrbgt crljhtblturco ocgkuckbs. ]jhs ljcptbr iuglthegs sh`hocroy sh`hocroy te tjb ffirst hg ‚shkgpesthgk‘ te etjbr ljcptbrs dut cose, dblcusb ei hts krbctbr mbtcho eg pcrthluocr bob`bgts, clts cs c ffigco mbsthgctheg hg hts ewg rhkjt. Ljcptbr < ielusbs eg Crljhtblturc Crljhtblturcoo Bob`bgts “ aby le`pegbgts prbsbgt hg coo duhomhgks hrrbspblthvb ei styob, slcob er ier`. ]jbsb crb [coos cgm \uriclbs, [hgmews cgm Meers, Teeis, cgm \tchrs cgm Ohits. Coegk whtj c

‚Crljhtblturb ch`s ct btbrghty‘, rb`crabm Ljrhstepjbr ‚Crljhtblturb [rbg, tjb krbct crljhtblt ei sbvbgtbbgtj- cgm bcroybhkjtbbgtj-lbgtury bhkjtbbgtj-lbgt ury Oegmeg. Ihtthgkoy Ihtthgkoy,, tjhs edsbrvcglb hs vhvhmoy cltbm eut dy jhs vbry ewg \t ^cuo‘s Lctjbmrco, wjhlj stcgms cs cg bgmurhgk b`dob` ei tjb lhty cgm gctheg. [jhob ibw duhomhgks crb legstrultbm whtj tjb sc`b krcgm csphrcthegs cgm estbgtctheg cs \t ^cuo‘s, tjb duhomhgks ei c poclb er stctb “ ire` tjesb ei tjb oewbst vbrgcluocr rhkjt up te egbs ei tjb jhkjbst krcgmheshty “ stcgm cs cg hgmbx ei jew tjbhr duhombrs sbb tjb`sbovbs. ]jus, tjb cdhohty te rbcm c duhomhgk cgm te mblemb hts `bcghgks “ wjbtjbr oeeahgk ct cg h`ckb er tjb rbco tjhgk “ hs iugmc`bgtco te ugmbrstcgmhgk ugmbrstcgmhgk jew selhbty cgm tjb werom creugm us hs legsthtutbm “ cgm hs egb wjhlj tjhs deea jepbs te `cab bcshbr.

duhomhgk‘s evbrcoo ier` cgm slcob, tjb wcy hg wjhlj pcrthluocr crljhtblturcoo bob`bgts crb usbm hs egb ei tjb ljhbi `bcgs crljhtblturc dy wjhlj c duhomhgk lcg db `cmb te legvby `bcghgk. Legsbqubgtoy, tjb crthluoctheg ei tjbsb bob`bgts, sulj cs hg tjb rbgmbrhgk ei c wcoo, tjb spclhgk cgm pcrthluocr styob ei whgmews er ljehlb ei reei locmmhgk `ctbrhco, lcg vcry mrc`cthlcooy cgm tjb ljcptbr ch`s te ljcrt cs `cgy ei tjbsb cs pesshdob. ]jb ieurtj cgm ffigco ljcptbr legshsts ei c stcgmcrm koesscry wjhlj hgloumbs lress-rbibrbglbs te wjbrb bclj tbr` hs hooustrctbm hg tjb rbst ei tjb deea. ]jb koesscry le`prhsbs egoy bob`bgts `bgthegbm `bgthegbm hg tjb ffirst tjrbb ljcptbrs, cgm, ohab tjb deea htsboi, wjhob le`prbjbgshvb, le`prbjbgshvb, ht hs get bglyloepcbmhl. [htj tjb deea‘s `chg ielus dbhgk eg vhshdob bob`bgts cgm ibcturbs, `cgy le`pegbgts pbrtchghgk te usucooy edslurbm duhomhgk strulturbs crb get rbprbsbgtbm. Cose, se`b evbroy crljchl tbr`s crb e`httbm e`httbm ier tjb scab ei 2

 

]jb Locsshlco ]b`pob

]jb Dcrequb Ljurlj

]jb Tbgchsscglb Ljurlj

Leugtry Jeusbs cgm Yhoocs

]jb @embrg Doela

Ierthffibm Duhomhgks

\trbbt-Iclhgk Duhomhgks

]jb @bmhbvco Lctjbmrco

^udohl Duhomhgks

Jhkj-Thsb Duhomhgks

 

 

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs ]jb getheg ei duhomhgk typb hs c iugmc`bgtco le`pegbgt ei tjb prclthlb, tjbery cgm stumy ei crljhtblturb. Duhomhgk typbs jcvb bxhstbm cs oegk cs twe sbpcrctb duhomhgks jcvb dbbg duhot te lcrry eut tjb sc`b iugltheg “ cgm leuom tjus db kreupbm cllermhgk te tjct le``eg iugltheg. Egb `hkjt scy tjct c duhomhgk lcg db mbffigbm cllermhgk te typb hgseicr cs hts iugltheg cgm purpesb lerrbspegm te c pcrthluocr typeoeky. ]jus, tjb duhomhgk typb ei, ier bxc`pob, tjb mbtcljbm jeusb hs legsthtutbm cs c sbrhbs ei hmbcs cgm leglbpthegs, hg lhrluoctheg ct cgy egb th`b, ei wjct c mbtcljbm jeusb sjeuom db hg tbr`s ei pocg, bobvctheg, slcob cgm bvbg `ctbrhcos. ]ypbs rcgkb ire` tjb vbry drecm, sulj cs jeusbs er ljurljbs, te tjb le`pcrcthvboy gcrrew “ ier bxc`pob, slhbglb ocdercterhbs er edsbrvcterhbs. Iurtjbr`erb, whtjhg pcrthluocr typeoekhbs tjbrb crb wjeob sbrhbs ei sudtypeoekhbs6 ier bxc`pob, wjhob duhomhgks usbm ier ju`cg jcdhtctheg crb locssbm cs jeusbs, tjbrb crb, ei leursb, `cgy mhiibrbgt typbs ei jeusb. Cotjeukj typeoekhbs lcg pbr`bctb tjreukj tjb lbgturhbs, duhomhgk typbs crb get h``utcdob dut crb mbpbgmbgt eg tjb peohthlco, blege`hl, rbohkheus cgm selhco legmhthegs ei c pcrthluocr pbrhem er oelctheg. Ier bxc`pob, cs tjb bllobshcsthlco bxc`pobs hgloumbm hg tjb `bmhbvco lctjbmrco, tjb Tbgchsscglb ljurlj cgm tjb Dcrequb ljurlj hooustrctb, ljcgkbs hg rbohkheus prclthlb cgm tjbery jcvb ct vcrheus th`bs evbr jhstery hgmulbm tjb bveoutheg er, hgmbbm, ier`ctheg ei gbw lctjbmrco cgm ljurlj typeoekhbs. @erbevbr, mbbp-sbctbm ljcgkbs hg selhbthbs jcvb prblhphtctbm tjb lrbctheg ei gbw duhomhgk

\bvbrco duhomhgk typbs “ tjb Locsshlco ]b`pob, tjb  @bmhbvco Lctjbmrco, tjb Tbgchsscglb Ljurlj cgm tjb  Dcrequb Ljurlj “ jcvb dbbg sbobltbm ier tjhs ljcptbr dblcusb tjby stcgm cs iugmc`bgtco `embos hg tjb jhstery ei crljhtblturb. Etjbr ‚`btctypbs‘, sulj cs Ierthffibm Duhomhgks, Leugtry Jeusbs cgm Yhoocs cgm ^udohl Duhomhgks, jcvb dbbg ljesbg dblcusb, wjhob tjbrb hs whmb vcrhbty whtjhg tjbsb drecm kreuphgks, tjbrb bxhst lbrtchg iugmc`bgtco ljcrcltbrhsthls tjct trcgslbgm styob cgm crb `erb te me whtj shthgk cgm iugltheg, wjhlj tjesb typbs ei duhomhgk hgbslcpcdoy b`demy. Cs duhomhgks‘ iuglthegs jcvb hglrbcsbm, mhvbrshffibm cgm dble`b `erb spblhcohzbm, se bxhsthgk duhomhgk typbs jcvb dbbg supbrsbmbm cgm, cs getbm cdevb, etjbrs jcvb b`brkbm. [jhob typb rb`chgs lbgtrco te tjb stumy ei c duhomhgk hg hts jhsterhlco legtbxt, tjb vcrheus typbs cgm sudtypbs crb tee gu`breus ier ht te db cg bgthrboy biiblthvb `bcgs ei lctbkerhzctheg cgm hmbgthffilctheg. ]jus, hg tjhs ljcptbr sbvbrco lctbkerhbs jcvb dbbg hgtremulbm, coegkshmb stcgmcrm duhomhgk typeoekhbs, wjhlj kreup cgm mhsthgkuhsj duhomhgks ct c obvbo ei cdstrcltheg cdevb tjct ei typb6 tjct hs, cllermhgk te crljbtypco ier`s er `erpjeoekhbs tjct jcvb bgmurbm evbr th`b. Hg tjbsb sblthegs, duhomhgks crb kreupbm cllermhgk te iugmc`bgtco sjcpbs er ibcturbs6 tjb @embrg Doela legshmbrs duhomhgks wjesb ludehmco ier` mbrhvbs ire` tjb pcrthluocr strulturco prepbrthbs ei `embrg `ctbrhcos1 Jhkj-Thsb Duhomhgks  sh`hocroy kreups duhomhgks cllermhgk te le``eg ier`co ljcrcltbrhsthls1 cgm \trbbt-Iclhgk Duhomhgks  trcgslbgms pcrthluocr th`b pbrhems te bgle`pcss

typbs. ]jb cmvbgt ei tjb `embrg ckb scw tjb rhsb ei gbw cgm eitbg rbveouthegcry “ detj hg strulturb cgm cbstjbthls “ duhomhgk typbs rboctbm te hgmustrhco `bcgs ei premultheg. Xbt tjb ier`ctheg ei gbw duhomhgk typbs hg tjhs wcy jcs get gblbsscrhoy prbloumbm cmcptctheg cgm cppreprhctheg ire` bxhsthgk typeoekhbs. C getcdob bxc`pob ei tjhs wcs tjb brbltheg hg tjb bhkjtbbgtj cgm ghgbtbbgtj lbgturhbs ei krbct pudohl duhomhgks wjhlj hgvcrhcdoy mrbw ire` c jest ei cglhbgt Te`cg seurlbs cgm typeoekhbs.

duhomhgks rbspegmhgk te tjb iugmc`bgtco legstrchgts ei c strbbt-iclhgk shtb. ]jbsb lctbkerhbs cgm bxc`pobs me, hgbvhtcdoy, prherhthzb bxtbrher bobvcthegs evbr hgtbrher spclbs. [jhob se`b hgtbrher bob`bgts jcvb dbbg hgloumbm hg se`b bxc`pobs, hg etjbrs tjbrb bxhsts tee `ulj mhspcrhty ier cgy pcrthluocr duhomhgk te clt cs c drecm-rcgkhgk bxc`pob. Tctjbr tjcg dbhgk wjeooy le`prbjbgshvb, tjbsb aby kreuphgks crb hgtbgmbm te jbop boulhmctb tjb bob`bgts ei tjb pcrthluocr typbs tjct icoo ugmbr tjb` cs wboo cs clthgk cs shkgpests te octbr sblthegs, ielusbm eg tjbhr vcrheus crljhtblturco le`pegbgts.

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Duhomhgk ]ypbs

]jb Locsshlco Locsshlco ]b`pob ]b`pob ‶ ]jb ]b`pob Iregt C `ulj b`uoctbm typb hg tjb jhstery ei crljhtblturb, tjb leoeggcmbm Krbba tb`pob, ire` wjhlj tjb Te`cg vcrhbty mbrhvbm, hs tjeukjt te jcvb b`brkbm dbtwbbg tjb tbgtj cgm sbvbgtj lbgturhbs DL. Bcroy tb`pobs wbrb legstrultbm ire` `um-drhlas te wjhlj wbrb octbr cmmbm weembg leou`gs cgm supbrstrulturbs, supbrstrulturb s, tjus ier`hgk tjb ic`hohcr dut jhkjoy cmcptcdob pretetypb. Dbtwbbg tjb shxtj cgm ieurtj lbgturhbs “ murhgk tjb jbhkjt ei Locsshlco lhvhohzctheg

^bmh`bgt C sjcooew-phtljbm trhcgkuocr kcdob bgm1 c aby bob`bgt ei c Locsshlco tb`pob iregt. \bb cose [hgmews cgm Meers, p. 343.

]y`pcgu` Hg Locsshlco crljhtblturb, tjb trhcgkuocr (er sbk`bgtco) spclb lrbctbm dy c pbmh`bgt , typhlcooy rblbssbm cgm mblerctbm, eitbg whtj ffikurcthvb sluopturb. \bb cose [hgmews cgm Meers, p. 343.

“ stegb dblc`b tjb `ctbrhco ei ljehlb cgm wcs usbm ier tjb krbct `cgy tb`pobs tjct wbrb duhot tjreukjeut tjb Krbba pbghgsuoc.

Crljhtrcvb ]jb oewbst pcrt ei tjb bgtcdocturb  legshsthgk  legshsthgk ei c ocrkb dbc` rbsthgk mhrbltoy eg tjb lcphtcos  dboew.  dboew. \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

Lcphtco ]jb spocybm cgm mblerctbm uppbr`est pcrt ei tjb leou`g eg wjhlj tjb bgtcdocturb  shts.  shts. \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

\jcit ]jb oegk, gcrrewbr sbltheg ei tjb leou`g dbtwbbg tjb dcsb   cgm lcphtco . \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

Dcsb ]jb oewbst pcrt ei tjb leou`g stcgmhgk eg c styoedctb , pbmbstco  erpohgtj  er pohgtj.. \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

Lrbphme`c ]jb tjrbb-stbppbm ieugmctheg obvbo eg wjhlj c tb`pob er tb`pob iregt hs brbltbm. Hg c Locsshlco tb`pob ht hgloumbs tjb butjygtbrhc , stbrbedctb  cgm  cgm styoedctb .

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\tbrbedctb ]jb ffirst twe stbps obcmhgk up ire` tjb butjygtbrhc  ier`hgk  ier`hgk c vhshdob dcsb ier tjb supbrstrulturb. Hg geg-tb`pob duhomhgks, tjb tbr` hs usbm te mbgetb tjb dcsb  er  er ieugmctheg obvbo eg wjhlj c duhomhgk hs brbltbm. \bb cose ]jb Tbgchsscglb Ljurlj, p. 4=.

\tyoedctb ]jb tep`est stbp ei tjb lrbphme`c  eg  eg wjhlj tjb leou`gs stcgm. Ht hs cose usbm te rbibr te cgy legthgueus dcsb   eg wjhlj c sbrhbs ei leou`gs stcgms.

Butjygtbrhc ]jb oewbst obvbo ei tjb stbrbedctb , pretrumhgk fust cdevb tjb kreugm obvbo.

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs ‶ ]jb Locsshlco Locs shlco ]b`pob ‶ ]jb ]b`pob Iregt

  Clretbrhc \luopturbs “ usucooy urgs , pco`bttbs  er  er stctubs “ poclbm eg fflct pbmbstcos  eg  eg tep ei c pbmh`bgt . Hi sluopturbs crb poclbm ct tjb eutbr cgkobs ei c pbmh`bgt rctjbr tjcg ct tjb cpbx, tjby crb lcoobm ‚clretbrhc cgkuocrhc‘.

@btepb ]jb eitbg mblerctbm spclb dbtwbbg tjb trhkoypjs . \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 92, 99 .

]rhkoypj C kreevbm rbltcgkuocr doela hg c Merhl  irhbzb  ljcrcltbrhzbm  ljcrcltbrhzbm dy hts tjrbb vbrthlco dcrs. \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 92, 99 .

Lerghlb ]jb jhkjbst obvbo ei tjb bgtcdocturb , wjhlj prefblts evbr tjb oewbr obvbos. \bb obvbos. \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

Irhbzb ]jb lbgtrco sbltheg ei tjb bgtcdocturb  dbtwbbg  dbtwbbg tjb crljhtrcvb  cgm lerghlb , eitbg mblerctbm hg rbohbi . \bb cose Leou`gs cgm ^hbrs, pp. 9=“98 .

8

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs

]jb Locsshlco Locsshlco ]b`pob ]b`pob ‶ ]b`pob Iregt [hmtjs Cs wboo cs hg tjb pcrthluocr Locsshlco ermbr b`poeybm, tb`pob iregts lcg mhiibr cllermhgk te tjb gu`dbr ei leou`gs usbm cgm tjb mhstcglb dbtwbbg tjb` (lcoobm ‚hgtbrleou`ghctheg‘). ]b`pob iregts whtj twe, ieur, shx, bhkjt er tbg leou`gs lcg db ieugm hg `cgy pbrhems ei crljhtblturb cgm, tjcgas te tjbhr hgjbrbgt cmcptcdhohty, eg c whmb vcrhbty ei duhomhgk typbs. Hg c Locsshlcooy lerrblt duhomhgk, egoy bvbg gu`dbrs ei leou`gs crb usbm se cs te bgsurb c vehm (cs eppesbm te c seohm leou`g) ct tjb lbgtrb ei tjb le`peshtheg.

Mhstyob ‶ C tb`pob iregt le`pesbm ei twe leou`gs (er phocstbrs ). \bb cose ^udohl Duhomhgks, pp. =;, 2> . ]btrcstyob ‶‶ Ieur leou`gs. \bb cose ^udohl Duhomhgks, p. =; .

Jbxcstyob ‶‶ \hx leou`gs. \bb cose Leugtry Jeusbs cgm Yhoocs, p.  .

Eltcstyob ‶ Bhkjt leou`gs.

Mblcstyob ‶ ]bg leou`gs. Lyloestyob ‶‶ Lhrluocr rcgkb ei leou`gs (whtjeut c gces  er  er lerb). \bb cose (pbrhptbrco) tjeoes, p. 34 .

3>

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs

Hgtbrleou`ghctheg theg  ]jb Locsshlco Locsshlco ]b`pob ]b`pob ‶ Hgtbrleou`ghc ]jb mhstcglb dbtwbbg twe cmfclbgt Locsshlco leou`gs “ ‚hgtbrleou`ghctheg‘ “ hs mbpbgmbgt get egoy eg tjb prbslrhpthegs ei tjb pcrthluocr Locsshlco ermbr dut cose eg tjb pcrc`btbrs ei c strhlt preperthegco systb`. ]jbsb wbrb mbffigbm `est ic`eusoy dy tjb Te`cg crljhtblt Yhtruvhus hg tjb ffirst lbgtury DL cgm wbrb sudsbqubgtoy tcabg up dy c wjeob jest ei Tbgchsscglb tjberhsts.

^ylgestyob 3° oewbr leou`g mhc`btbrs.

\ystyob 4 oewbr leou`g mhc`btbrs.

Bustyob 4¿ oewbr leou`g mhc`btbrs.

Mhcstyob < oewbr leou`g mhc`btbrs.

Crcbestyob  .

Mhptbrco C tb`pob surreugmbm eg coo ieur shmbs dy twe rews ei leou`gs “ c meudob pbrhstcshs  pbrhstcshs ..

^sbumemhptbrco C tb`pob hg wjhlj tjb pregces   hs crthluoctbm dy c meudob rew ei irbb-stcgmhgk leou`gs , tjb shmbs cgm rbcr jcvhgk c shgkob leoeggcmb (wjhlj `cy db `ctljbm dy bgkckbm leou`gs   er phocstbrs  eg  eg tjb gces ). ).

^brhstcshs ]jb shgkob er meudob rew ei leou`gs ier`hgk cg bgvboepb creugm c tb`pob cgm prevhmhgk strulturco suppert.

34

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs

]jb Locsshlco Locsshlco ]b`pob ]b`pob ‶ Hgtbrgco \pclbs Krbba tb`pobs wbrb legstrultbm te jeusb sclrbm luot stctubs ei mbhthbs, tjb `est ic`eus dbhgk ^jhmhcs‘s oegk-oest `egu`bgtco keom stctub ei Ctjbgc hg tjb ^crtjbgeg. ]b`pob pocgs wbrb ichroy legshstbgt, derg ire` c mhslrbtb gu`dbr ei spcthco bob`bgts. Cotjeukj tjb pocg b`brkbm hg cllermcglb whtj tjb spblhffil iuglthegs ei tjb typb, tjb thkjt hgtbkrctheg ei pocg cgm bobvctheg `bcgs tjct duhomhgks dcsbm eg tjb typb, bvbg

Gces ]jb lbgtrco strulturb ei tjb tb`pob bgloesbm dy tjb pbrhstcshs ,, usucooy sbpcrctbm hgte pbrhstcshs  sbvbrco le`pcrt`bgts.

hi tjbhr iuglthegs crb mhiibrbgt (ier bxc`pob, c ghgbtbbgtj-lbgtury pudohl duhomhgk) eitbg `chgtchg vbsthkhco pocgghgk le`pegbgts mbrhvbm ire` tjb tb`pob typeoeky. Lbooc ]jb lbgtrco ree` ei tjb tb`pob usucooy legtchghgk c luot stctub. ]jb ^crtjbgeg, ier bxc`pob, ic`eusoy legtchgbm c oegk-oest keombg stctub ei Ctjbgc.

^regces ]jb perlj-ohab spclb lrbctbm ct egb bgm ei tjb gces  dy  dy tjb bxtbgmhgk wcoos ei tjb lbooc   whtj c pchr ei leou`gs poclbm dbtwbbg tjb wcoos.

Cmyteg C rcrboy hgloumbm ree` ct tjb icr bgm ei tjb lbooc wjhlj, hi prbsbgt, hs usbm hgstbcm ei tjb lbooc te jeom tjb luot edfblt.

Ephstjeme`es ]jb se`bth`bs e`httbm spclb sh`hocr te tjb pregces, pregces, lrbctbm  lrbctbm ct tjb eppeshtb bgm ei tjb lbooc   dut whtj ge tjreukj wcy hgte ht.

DCLA

ITEG] 3<

 

Duhomhgk ]ypbs

^ertco ]jb @bmhbvco Lctjbmrco ‶ [bst-Bgm ^ertco Hgtbgmbm te h`prbss cgm hgsphrb, tjb `bmhbvco lctjbmrco‘s lctjbmrco‘ s wbst cgm trcgsbpt cr` iregts iregt s wbrb usucooy le`pesbm creugm c trhpcrthtb sbrhbs ei epbghgks wjesb ocrkb surreugms wbrb eitbg jbcvhoy mblerctbm. ]jb lctjbmrco ct Ljcrtrbs, hooustrctbm jbrb, hs legshmbrbm te db egb ei tjb ffigbst bxc`pobs ei c Ketjhl lctjbmrco. Hts wbst iregt cgm seutj tewbr mctb ire` tjb `hm twboitj lbgtury, wjhob

Ihghco ]jb lrewghgk ergc`bgt ei c phggclob , sphrb  er  er reei. \bb cose Teeis, p. 3