Reading 2
July 4, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Grammar Review
Special Passive Constructions
2nd Bachillerato
Activ ti tive v ve e and passiv passive I. I. La pasiva pasiva pasiva yy el el Complemento Com Compl plem emento Agente Agente
Enunafrase frasepasiv pasiva, avecesm menci encionamosel agente (l(la apersonaocosa cosaquereali realiza zalaacción). n). Incorporamosel compl plem emento agente a la oraci oración ón mediant nte e la preposi preposici ción ónB Y . . The cheque must be signed by by the manager. m mana anager ger.. by Nelson Mandela. Mandela.. Mandela The medals were presented by
PERO SÓLO MENCIONAMOS EL AGENTE CUANDO ES RELEVANTE. De lo contr contrari ario, o, no llo o hacemos. 1 N o mencionamos el agente si no añade nueva información. All our money and passp ssport rtss were sto stolen. A man was arre rreste sted last nigh ightt. Ej.- Al ( No No necesi necesitamos decir que el di dinero nero lo robó un ladrón, o queel hombre fuera arrestadopor la pol poliicí cía. a.)) 2 N o mencionamos el agente si no es importante. Ej.-The streets are cleaned every day. Oil has been discovered at the North Pole. ( El El que descubri descubrió ó el petróleo es meno enoss iim mportante que el hecho del descubrimiento.) 3 A veces, es difícil decir quién es el agente. This kind of jacket is considered very fashionable these days. A number of attempts have been made to find the Loch Ness mon onster. ster.
B Sujetos vacíos de significado (they, (they, people, etc)
Compara estas dos fras frases: es: PASIVA The streets are cleaned every day. clean the streets every day. ACTIVA They clean Lainform informaciónnuevaeiim mportante esconquéfrecuenci cia aselimpianllas asclases. clases.Noestamosiintere nteresadosenquién they es vaci las limpia.Enla oraciónactiva el “sujeto they acio” o”. Enalgunasconversaci ersaciones onesutitillizamosestesujeto sujetovací acío, o, en vez de la forma formapasi pasiva va. Podemos util utiliizar suj sujeto etoss vací acíos os como people, people, you, one an and so som som meone eone.. ACTIVA
PASIVA
People use this footpath all the time You/ Yo u/ On One e should check the details
This footpath is used all the time The details should be checked.
Som S omeo eone ne too tookk my purs purse e
My purs purse e was taken.
C ¿Cuándo uti utili lilizam zam za zamos mos la PAS PASII VA? VA?
La pasiv pasiva se utiliza tanto en el di discur scurso so hablado como enel escri escrito, to, pero e ess más común cuando redactamos. La encontram enco ntramos frecuentementeenlibros de texto y a artí rtícul culos os peri periodí odístiticos. cos. La usamos para ref referi erirnos rnos a activ actividade dadess realizada reali zadass en los ccam ampos dela industria, industria, ci ciencia encia y te tecnología, cnología, también para e ex xpresar la normativa oficial. oficial. Bananas are are exported to to Europe. The liquid is is heated to to boiling point. can be made at any post office. Payment can Cars left here will will be towed away. away.
En estas ocasiones o bien no es iim mportante decir cir qui quién én rea realliza la acci acción ón o lo desconoce desconocem mos. La pasi pasiv va e ess frecuenteen el leg leguaje peririodísti odístico: co: released. A num ber ofbe politic itheld ica al p i riso riinso ners hanext ve beweek. en released. Talks will will London
E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
1
Grammar Review
Special Passive Constructions
nd
2 Bachillerato
Special Speci cial al passive pa passi ssiv ve structures structures 1 La forma pasiva -ing
• Podemosutili lizar la la forma-ingd gde unverboenlapasiiv va.Utiilli llizamos being + el el participio pasado.
Ej.-
He hates be bei beii ng fed. (Acti be (Activ va: Heha hates tespe people oplefeedinghim.) of being told wha He''s tired of He what to do. (Activa: He'stitired redofpeopletelling
him hi mwhat to do. do.))
He rem emem embers be bei beii ng tr ea be eated ted li like this when he was a child. (Activa:He
remembers peop peoplle treating hi him mlike this.) .)
Bill Marsh is too old to look after himself. He's in an old people's home called Merrifield. A nurse has to feed him. him He hates being fed. fed. She tells he's very difficult. He doesn't like being criticised, so he gets angry. She tells him to stop shouting, but he's tired of being told what to do. He remembers being treated like this when he was a child.
Transforma est estas as oraciones:
He doesn't like……………………….. 'Billy' . 1 The nurses call him "Billy" He's tired of………………….... he's difficult . 2 They tell him he's difficult. ……………… ……………… ……………. ……....... 3 Adoctor examines hi him mevery month. He hates ……… 2 Verbo pasivo + infinitivo con TO Bill is said to be difficult, but he had a difficult childhood. His parents are thought to have died when he was 14. He went to work on a farm. He was expected to get up up at 5.30 a.m. and to work for twelve hours. He was considered to be a be a good worker. But when he was 16, he was found to have have poliomyelitis, and he's believed to have spent two spent two years in hospital.
• Usamos con frecuen enci cia a un infiniti infinitiv vo(to have) o uninfifinitiiv vo p perfecto erfecto (to hav have e had) enconst construc rucci ciones ones pasivas con verbos como: believe, consider, expect, fear, feel, find, intend, know, report, say, think, understand. Pasiva: Bill's said to be difficult.
(Activa: People say Bill is difficult.) Pasiva: He was considered to be a good worker. (Activa (Acti va: Theyconsidered considered he was a good worker. orker.)) to have spent two Pasiva: He's believed to two years in hospital. (Activ (Acti va: Theybeli believ eve hespent two years iin n hospital. al.) to have died when when he was 14. Pasiva: His parents are thought to (Activ (Acti va: They think hi hiss parents di died ed when he was 14. 14.))
• Observ bserva a la difere diferencia ncia entreel iinfi nfiniti nitiv vo yel infini infinitivo tivo perfe perfecto. cto. to have poliomyelitis. (= Compara: When he was 1 16, 6, he was ffound ound to (=Tuv Tuvo poliomyeli elitis tis a los 16.) have had poliomyelitis. (Tuvo la enferm When he was 1 16, 6, he was ffound ound to have enfermedad antes delos 16.) Transform Tran Transforma sforma a estas estas oracione oraci oraciones. ones. s.
1 Peopl People e kn know owth that at Bi Billl is very iind ndepen ependen dent.t. ……………………………………………………… 2 Peopl People e ssay ay that that Bi Billl has no br broth others ers or si sist sters ers… ………………………………………………….. 3 Peopl People thi think nk th that at Bil Bill had a di diffficu cullt chi childho dhood. od. ………………………………………………….
E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
2
Grammar Review
Special Passive Constructions
nd
2 Bachillerato
3 It' It'ss sa said id ... ... It't'ss known ... It's reported ...e ..etc tc.
• Pode Podem mos usar it +un +un verbo pasi pasivo vo+una oración subordinada subordinada sustanti sustantiv va deCD conectada con el nexo that para para hablar sobre lo que la gente e en n general di dice, ce, piensa o sien siente te e en n relación relación con una una situación. situación. Puede util utilizarse conlos siguientes verbos:
It's thought that there are over 1 million old people in Britain who can't look after themselves. It was reported that more than 200 old people died of cold last winter. It's feared that most of them died because they had nobody to look after them. It's often said that this is one of society's biggest problems. It's expected that more old people's homes will be built in the future.
agree, announce, decide, expect, fear, feel, f fin ind d, hope, iin ntend, kkn now, mention ion, rre egre gret, re report, rt, say say, sugg sugge est, st, thin inkk, underst rstand. •
I t' s tho though ught t (that) (that) there are over 1 million old people. (= (=Se Se pi piensa ensa quehaymas de un millon de
ancianos) •
I t 's often s sai said ai d (tha (that) this is oneof society society''s bi bigg ggest est p prob roble lem ms. (=Si =Siem empresedicequeesteesunodelos
problem probl emas más iim mportantes de la sociedad.) sociedad.)
•
It w was as r ep eported orted (that) more than 200 old people died of cold last winter.(=Se Seiinformóquehabían abíanmuerto
más de 200 ancianos de frío frío en el pasado invierno. rno.)) Escribe estas fras frases, es, Utilizando It’s + un un verbo pasivo pasivo
1 People People think that many ol old d people die die becaus cause e no-one looks after them. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… .………………… 2 Theauthoriti authorities es have announced that more old people's homes will be b bui uillt. … ……e…hop …… ……the ……si … …… ……e.………………………………………………………………….… .…………………… 3… Peopl e… that situati tuati o… n… wi… ll … im… prov ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… .………… 4 Be supposed to Merrifield is supposed to be a very a very good old people's home. The nurses are supposed to be well-trained be well-trained and kind. But Bill doesn't like them. If he gets out of bed at the wrong time, he's told: 'Billy, you're supposed to be in be in bed.' When he watches a late night film, they say: 'Billy, you aren't supposed to watch after 10.30.' Bill often gets television very angry. 'This is supposed to be a be a home, not a prison!'
• Be supposed to tiene dos dos signifi significado cadoss distintos. distintos. Puede si sign gnifificar car que al algoes la opiniion on general de la gente. i s ss up uppo posed sed to beagoodoldpeople' Me M errif rrifie ielld i ple'ss home. (= La gente dice que Merri rrififiel eld es una buena buena resi residenci dencia de ancianos.) • También pued puede e significar que algo deberíría a suceder porque la norm oto porque orque ha.si sido do plrírías aas nifestar icado. ses upposed upp upposed oseda tto op You're supposed be in bed. bed (Debe enlla acama porque esa es la la norma. a.)) iiss supposed s up uppo posed sed to This is to be a home, not a prison. (L (La aideaera que Merri Merrififiel eld fuera un hogar no una pri prisi sión.) ón.)
• Usamos lla a for form ma en negati ativ vo para mencionar algo que no se permite. You aren't aren't supposed to watch television after 10.30. (Esto no está permiti itido.) do.) 1 Bill Bill has to get up up at 6.30 a.m a.m.. - tha that't'ss the rule. …………………………………………………. 2 Bill som sometime ess smoke okes, s, but smoking isn' n'tt permitted. …………………………………………....
Last Thursday Bill was given a boiled egg for his breakfast. 'I've been given given a boiled egg three times this week. You know I don't like boiled eggs!' He got very angry. He was promised some toast and marmalade if he was quiet. He just got angrier, so he was given an injection to calm him down. The nurses
3 Peop le…say urses at…Me rri rrifi… fiel el… d… are …… …… ……the ……n… ……… …… … nice.
refused to look after him any more, so he's been offered a room at another home. He was shown his new room this morning but he refuses to move.
upp upposed osed to. to. Re Rew wri rite te the sentences, sentences, using usingbe ssupposed
E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
3
Grammar Review
Special Passive Constructions
nd
2 Bachillerato
5 He was given .../He's been offered ..., etc.
• Cuandoun verbo tieneDOS objetos (directo (directo e indirecto directo),es ),es posiblle e ob obtene tener DOS oraci oracione oness pasi pasiv vas. (Activ (Acti va: They gave Bill Bill a boil boiled ed egg.) 1 Bill was given a a bo b boiled oi led led e egg egg. gg .
2 A A boiled boi bo boii led eg eggg was given to to Bill. Bill.
Pero moente enffrase ingles1.se hace la tr transf ansform ormaci ación ón con el Compl plem emento IIndi ndirecto recto (que (que noexiste en español comonormal tal)com en la rase som some some ome e toas toastt and mar marmalade. malade. He was promised s He's been off offered ered a room room at another another hom home. e.
• Podemosusar estaconstrucci construcción ónconverboscomo:allow, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pay, promise, sell, send, sho sh ow, tte each, tte ell.
Tr Transforma estas frases: 1The Theau auth thor oriitities es ha have vese sent nt Bi Billl allet ette terr sayi aying nghemus musttleave leave…………………………………………………….……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 2They' They've veof offfer ered edB Biill ab bet ettter roo oom mat then new ewho home… me…………………………………………………………..…………………… … …… …y… …ey'l …… …… … …… … … …… …… …… …… …… …… …… … … ....… …… …… …… …… …… …...... 3They Th ey…sa say th they' ll give gi…ve hi him m… the ki kind nd…o of… f f… oo ood d… he lilikes kes. .… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… .… … … ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PASIVA-EJERCICIOS
The passive and the agent (A) Laura is writing to a friend. This is part of her letter.
Someone broke into our house at the weekend. T Th he burgl rglar took some je jew wellery. ry. B Bu ut luckily ily he didn idn't do any damage. A very nice young police officer interviewed me. Detectives found some fingerprints, and the police compute puterr iden identitifified ed the b burg urglar. lar. Poli Police ce ha have ve arrested arrested aman andare que quesstioni tioning him him. But theyhav haven' en'tt found the je jew wellery. ry. Nowco completethepassiv ivesentencesin inthiis s. ss. conversatio ion.Use seaphrasewithby o onllyiif ffiit taddsiin nformation
Laura: Our house HA HAS S BEEN broken into at the weekend. Melanie: Oh no no!! Laura: Some jewellery _________________(1) But luckily no damage______________ (2) Melanie: nie: Di Did d the police come and seeyou? La Lau ura: Yes, they did id.. I _____________________________(3) (3) Melani Me lanie: e: I don don''t suppo suppose se they know knoww who did it. it. La Lau ura: ra: Well, am amazin ing gly they do. So Som me________________ (4), (4), a an nd the the _____________(5) (5) A man ____ __ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___(6 _(6)) and ____ __ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ __((7) Melanie: Wonderful rful.. La Lau ura: ra: There's onlyone proble lem m. The ________ ____________________(8)
E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
4
Grammar Review
Special Passive Constructions
nd
2 Bachillerato
A Acctive ive or passiv ssive e sen sentence? Writ iteaparagraphfromt mthenotesabo outthefir irstmotorcar. Somesentencesareacti tiveandsomearepa asssi ssiiv ve..Use a phrase with by only only if it adds information.
a Belgian call called edEtienneLeno Lenoiir / make/ thefifirst rst moto otorr Th The first motor car was made by a Belgian called Etienne Lenoir. car but / Lenoir / not produce/ many car carss / for sa salle But Lenoi Lenoirr ……………………………………… …………………………………………………… a German calllled ed Karl Benz / start / commercial producti onca people / now/ see see / Benz / as tthe he father / of tthe he motor car
Commer ommerc ci… al… …… … …… …… …… …… …… …. … ………… …… … …… …… …… …… …… Benz nz…………………………………………….... ……………………………………………………
Empty subjects Reply Re ply to to what w what hat peop pe people oplle say. say. Use Use the the subj sub subject ject in iin n brackets.
Daniel: Dani el: The b bus us fares fares have been incr crease eased, d, (they (they) Vicky: What hat?? You mean they've increased the bus fares ag again! ain! 1 Melanie: Bi Bicycl cycles should be used for short jjourney ourneys, (people) Davi Da vid d: Ye Yess, I ag agrree, ee, ……………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Emma: A newsource source of energyhas been discovered, (s (som omeone) Dan Da niel el:: What at?? Di Did d yo you u ssay ay tth hat ……………………………………………………………………. 3 : Thi buio lne ding di ng isdgoi totbe b… e… kn ocke ocked (they) ViccRache Vi ky: lW ell ell,sno one tol told mengtha hat … ……d…dow ……n. …… ………………………………………... 4 Da Dav vid: Eggs shouldn' n'tt bekept kept in a fr free eezer, ((y you) To Tom: Really? I didn't know…………………………………………………………………..….. 5 Vicky: Why isn't sn't lilitter tter put in thebin? (pe (people) ople) Emma: Exact xactly. Whyd don on''t ………………………………………………………………………….. …..
Practice
The passive -ing form: form : / don't like being phot photog og raphe raphed. d. Passive verb + infinitive infinitive with to: George George is s aid to keep snakes in his bathroom. Passive verb + perfect infinitive: The police The police a the thieves. are re thoug ht tto o have caug caug ht the It + + a passive verb: verb: to be difficult to learn Chinese. was that the It It's 's s a id It announced Queen was ill. Two meanings of be supposed to: That restaurant is is s uppos upposed ed to be good. (general good. (general opinion) You're s hard. (the rule or the plan) supposed upposed tto o work hard. (the Verbs with two objects: objects: A A letter letter was was sent to to him. He was sent a a letter. letter. (The second constructi const ruction on is more more common. common.
1 Mireille Lavoisier was a famous French film star in the 1930s. These were her likes and dislikes. Make passive sentences. Example: Exam ple: She She liked people gi giving ving her flowers. rs. She lik liked ed being gi give ven n flowers.
1 She enjoyed people taki taking ng her to the cinem cinema to seeher fifillms. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 2 She didn't lilike ke people ask asking ing howold howold she was. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 3 She hated people seei seeing her when she wasn' asn'tt weari aring ng anymake-up. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 4 She was afr afrai aid d of people for forge getti tting ng her when she was dead. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
5
Grammar Review
2nd Bachillerato
Special Passive Constructions
2 Rewri rite te these sentences without changing changi chang changiing the meaning eaning.. Example: It's t's reported that an earthqu earthquake ake has hit the coast of Sumatra. An earthquake is reported to have hit the coast of Sumatra.
1 At At ffiirst it w was as said said that no no-one -onehad b bee een killed. killed. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 2 But now it's 's thought that 250 peop peoplle have died iin n the earthquake earthquake.. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 3 It's It's expected pected th that at the de death ath to tollll will rise. rise. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 4 It' It's______ reported that______ three coastal vil vill______ ag ages es______ hav______ e dis______ appeared com ple______ tel tely. y.______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 3 Rewrite the sentences, using be supposed to
1They say Bri 1They Brititish sh peo peopl ple are careful dri driv vers ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 2 When you dri driv ve in Bri Britai tain, n, you have to wear a seat belt. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 3 It's It's not ad adv visabl isable e to drink and dri driv ve. ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 4 You aren't aren't all allowed to park on the pavement ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ 4 Make Make these the these se sentences sentences passive passi passive. ve.. (Two (Two passive passi passives) ves) s)
1 We don' don'tt pay nur nurses ses much money. A B _______________________________________________________________________ 2 Thegovernment' ent'ss off offeri ering ng thema 1%pay rise. A _______________________________________________________________________ B _______________________________________________________________________ 3 The Minister ister has pr prom omised thema fur further ther ririse se next year. year. A _______________________________________________________________________ B _______________________________________________________________________ 2% %rise then. 4 She might give them a 2 A_______________________________________________________________________ B _______________________________________________________________________ 5 Thenurses have sent the Miniister ster a letter. A _______________________________________________________________________ B _______________________________________________________________________ 5.--II was was given given... ... Zedcomanagersarewrit itiin nga gareportsayingh ghowwell ll thecompanylooksafterit itsemplo loyees. Writ itesentencesfrom the notes. no notes. tes. Put the iimportant mportant underlined underlined iinformation nformation at the end of the sentence sentence.
1. use useful ful work skil skills ls / the they y are taught to our staff
Our stuff are taught useful work skills
2. pe people ople with ini inititiative ative/ the they y are give iven n op opportu portuniti nities es Opp pportunities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. special trai training ning / it is given to newemployees ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. staff who perform performw well / theyare given extra payments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 5. company shares shares / theyare off offered ered to most empl ploy oyees ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. six sixweeks' holi holiday day/ this is allow allowed to all Z Zed edco co staff ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 7. women who leave to have chil children dren / they are pa paiid a full full sal salary ary ……… …………… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… ……… ………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
6
Grammar Review nd
Special Passive Constructions
2 Bachillerato
is said that... that... / He is said that… 2 It is tha at ... Report these rumours. Instead o off the acti activ ve (e. (e.g. g. People say .. ...) use thepa passive ssive(e.g.It is said th ... and He is said that).
Peoplle say this Peop The quiz champion Claude ennings has lost his memory
Everyone expect thi thiss Thesoap o ope pera ra “Rou “Round nd thecorner will end next year
Jo J ournalists suppose so The footballer Wayne Johnson is earning $10 million a year
1.- It is sa said id …………………………………… ………………………………………… ………… ………… ………. …... ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
2.2.-Thequi quizzch cham ampi pion onCl Claude audeJJenni ennings ngs………………….. … …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… … …… …… …… …… …… …… . 1.- It …………………………………………………….………….. ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
2.-………………………………………………. ………………….... ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………. 1.- It …………………………………………………….………….. ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
2.-………………………………………………. ………………….... … …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… … …… …… …… …… …… …… .
Lots of peopl people be bellieve this The The Pri Prim me M Miiniste nisterr and his wife hav sep se parat rated
E ngli nglish sh D epartment of Alguad lguadaira High Scho School
1.- It …………………………………………………….………….. ………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………
2.-………………………………………………. ………………….... ………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………….
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