READING 1 & 2 English for Psychology-1.pdf

Reading 1. What is psychology What is psychology?

The basic question: question: What is psychology? If we look carefully, carefully, we can find clues to definition in the origin of the word itself. So let’s have a look at the two main parts; ‘psych’ and ‘ology’. The word word ‘psych’ comes from the Greek Greek word psyche meaning meaning "breath, "breath, spirit, soul", and word “ology’ comes from the Greek word ‘logos’ meaning ‘speech or theory’. So, ‘psychology’ literally means ‘ theory of the mind. As a matter of interest, the mind has several forms which are not particularly associated with with psychology; psychology; for example: example: mindless, mindful, minder. But in psychology, the adjective we use to refer to the mind is ‘mental’ which come from the latin word ‘mens’ meaning mind. There are several different branches of psychology. Broadly speaking, there are five main branches: neuropsychology, developmental psychology, personality psychology and clinical psychology. Social psychology studies the way people behave in groups. Neuropsychology concentrates on on the psychological processes that affect human behaviour. Developmental psychology studies how people minds develop throughout their lives. Personality psychology psychology is the branch that focuses on different different types of individual. An the last, clinical clinical psychology is the branch which which specialized specialized in diagnosing diagnosing and treating treating mental disorders. disorders. Within these branches branches there are other more specialized specialized fields. fields. Although these specialist fields focus on various aspects of psychology, they all involve the study of human mind. But psychology is not only about the mind, it is also about behaviour. Above all , these have established that psychology is not only about the mind, it is also about behaviour. All different specialist specialis t areas of psychology involve analysis. But how do we go about analyzing the mind? Well, we do this by analyzing behaviour. For example, forensic psychologist psychologist will draw up the mental profil profil of criminal by studying the traces that the leave at a crime scene. A neuropsychologist will establish the effect of different stimuli on an individual by observing how they respond during laboratory experiments. Whenever a psychologist studies people’s behaviour,there behaviour,there is always a scientific basis for their analysis. So to answer the question’ What is psychology?’ , we can say that it is ‘ the scientific analysis of human behaviour and the mind. Definitions of psychology 1.

Psychology is the study of the mind and of thought, feeling, and behaviour. It is an academic and applied discipline which involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviours.

2.

The simplest definition of psychology is is that it is the study of the mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychology include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, and many other areas affecting health and daily life.

3.

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychology Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

4.

Psychology is both bot h an applied and academic field f ield that studies the human min m ind d and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain how we think, act and feel. As most people already realize, a large part of psychology is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, but that's just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to applications for psychology. In addition to mental health, psychology can be applied to a variety of issues that impact health and daily life including performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, motivation, productivity, and much more.

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Psychology Terms psychology noun the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context. He studied Jungian and transpersonal psychology and took a special interest in allergic diseases . synonyms : study of the mind, science of the mind

parapsychology noun the study of mental phenomena that are excluded from or inexplicable by orthodox scientific psychology (such as hypnosis, telepathy, etc.). “Let us not trivialise this by saying that it is because of parapsychology or telepathy .”

mind noun the element of a person that enables them to be aware of the world and their experiences, to think, and to feel; the faculty of consciousness and thought. “as the thoughts ran through his mind, he came to a conclusion” synonyms: sanity, mental faculties, senses, wits, reason, reasoning, judgment, marbles verb be distressed, annoyed, or worried by. I don't mind the rain

faculty noun an inherent mental or physical power. “her critical faculties” synonyms: power, capability, capacity, facility, wherewithal, means, senses, wits, reason, intelligence

the teaching staff of a university or college, or of one of its departments or divisions, viewed as a body. “there were then no tenured women on the faculty” synonyms: staff, teachers, professors, instructors

mental adjective of or relating to the mind. “mental faculties” synonyms: intellectual, cerebral, brain, rational, cognitive

of or relating to disorders of the mind. a mental hospital synonyms : psychiatric, psychological, psychogenic

cognitive adjective of or relating to cognition. Wittgenstein sometimes appears to be committed to cognitive relativism as just described.

treatment noun the manner in which someone behaves toward or deals with someone or something. “the directive required equal treatment for men and women” synonyms : behavior toward, conduct toward, handling of, dealings with, management of

personality noun the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character. “she had a sunny personality that was very engaging” synonyms : character, nature, disposition, temperament, makeup, persona, psyche

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a famous person, especially in entertainment or sports. “an official opening by a famous personality”

forensic adjective of, relating to, or denoting the application of scientific methods and techniques to the investigation of crime. “forensic evidence” noun scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime. “The book detailed the advances in crime detection and forensics since the beginning of the century.”

vision noun the faculty or state of being able to see. she had defective vision synonyms: eyesight, sight, observation, (visual) perception, eyes, view, perspective an experience of seeing someone or something in a dream or trance, or as a supernatural apparition. the idea came to him in a vision synonyms: apparition, hallucination, illusion, mirage, specter, phantom, ghost, wraith, manifestation, phantasm,

verb imagine. The ‘mock ‘attempts of suicide may be a similar form of fantasy, where the loved ones are visioned as standing around the hospital bed and they are finally able to realize how unbearable the pain of life was for us.’

analysis noun detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation. “statistical analysis”

construct verb build or erect (something, typically a building, road, or machine). “a company that constructs oil rigs” synonyms: build, erect, put up, setup, raise, establish, assemble, manufacture, fabricate, create, make noun an idea or theory containing various conceptual elements, typically one considered to be subjective and not based on empirical evidence. “history is largely an ideological construct”

project noun an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and designed to achieve a particular aim. “a research project” “a government-subsidized housing development with relatively low rents.” her family still lives in the projects verb estimate or forecast (something) on the basis of present trends. “spending was projected at $72 million” synonyms: forecast, predict, expect, estimate, calculate, reckon

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stress noun pressure or tension exerted on a material object. “the distribution of stress is uniform across the bar” synonyms : pressure, tension, strain

a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances. “he's obviously under a lot of stress” synonyms: strain, pressure, (nervous) tension, worry, anxiety, trouble, difficulty, hassle verb give particular emphasis or importance to (a point, statement, or idea) made in speech or writing. “they stressed the need for reform” synonyms : emphasize, draw attention to, underline, underscore, point up, place emphasis on, lay stress on, highlight, accentuate, press home

stimulate verb raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in (the body or any biological system). “the women are given fertility drugs to stimulate their ovaries”

conscious adjective aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake. “He was admitted to the ICU conscious and alert, but with a very low blood pressure, and very marginal oxygenation .” synonyms : aware, awake, alert, responsive, sentient, compos mentis

condition noun the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order. “the wiring is in good condition” synonyms : state, shape, order

the circumstances affecting the way in which people live or work, especially with regard to their safety or well-being. “harsh working and living conditions” synonyms : circumstances, surroundings, environment, situation, setup, setting, habitat verb have a significant influence on or determine (the manner or outcome of something). “national choices are conditioned by the international political economy” synonyms: constrain

nervous adjective easily agitated or alarmed; tending to be anxious; highly strung. “a sensitive, nervous person” synonyms: high-strung, anxious, edgy, tense, excitable, jumpy, skittish, brittle, neurotic, timid, mousy, shy, fearful

relating to or affecting the nerves. “a nervous disorder” synonyms : neurological, neural

neurology noun the branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.

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“After training in neurology and ophthalmology he settled on a career in neurophysiology.”

neurobiology noun the biology of the nervous system. “As a result, N. vectensis is widely used to study developmental biology, neurobiology and physiology.”

phobia noun an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something. “he had a phobia about being under water” synonyms: fear, irrational fear, obsessive fear, dread, horror, terror, hatred, loathing, detes

neurosis noun a relatively mild mental illness that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress (depression, anxiety, obsessive behavior, hypochondria) but not a radical loss of touch with reality. . synonyms : mental illness, mental disorder, psychological disorder, psychoneurosis, psychopat

narcissism noun excessive or erotic interest in oneself and one's physical appearance. “But excessive self-love, or narcissism , could actually increase violence in schools.”

synonyms: vanity, self-love, self-admiration, self-absorption, self-obsession, conceit, self-cen

disordered adjective

untidy, dysfunctional, unordered, confused

emotional adjective of or relating to a person's emotions. children with emotional difficulties synonyms: spiritual, inner, psychological, psychic, of the heart

extrasensory adjective

paranormal

overstimulate verb stimulate physiologically or mentally to an excessive degree. “Caffeine produced by coffee trees overstimulates insects that munch their leaves”

emotional adjective of or relating to a person's emotions. children with emotional difficulties synonyms: spiritual, inner, psychological, psychic, of the heart

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EXERCISES A . Answer question from the texts

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Explain the origin of the word “psychology’ and what does it mean? What is the defintion of Psychology? What is branch of psychology that diagnose and treat mental disorders? What is developmental psychology? How are many main branches of psychology? Mention each branch and explain each of these branches.

B . Read the text. The underlined words are probably familiar to you in general English. But can you think of a different meaning for each word in the field of psychology? Change the form if necessary (e.g.,change a noun into a verb).

It takes both vision and analysis to construct a new building. On such a project, the architects will stress the way the structure stimulates the imagination, while the contractors will be more conscious of daily working conditions. vision analysis construct project stress stimulates conscious conditions

.................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................................. ................................... .................................. ...................................

C . Read these sentences from psychology texts. Complete each sentence with one of the underlined words from Exercise A. Change the form if necessary. 1 Freud’s experiments in psycho_____________ gave rise to his ‘dream theory’. 2 In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the conditioned _________ was a light. 3 Hallucinations, or __________, are a common symptom of mental disorder. 4 Overstimulation of the organism can lead to emotional tension or _________. 5 Kelly was an early proponent of Personal ___________ Theory. 6 Skinner’s experiments in operant ___________ were based on behaviourism. 7 Attributing your feelings to another person is known as ____________. 8 The ____________ mind is the most accessible level of mental activity.

D. Study the words in box a. Box a biochemistry extrasensory neurobiology overstimulate parapsychology psychoanalysis recycle subconscious transaction unfeeling

1. What is the connection between all the words? 2. What is the base word in each case? 3. What do we call the extra letters? 4. What is the meaning of each prefix? 5. Can you think of another word with each prefix?

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E. Study the words in box b. Box b Disordered emotional Identity inhibition narcissism Neurosis psychiatrist regressive Reinforcement treatable

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is the connection between all the words? What is the base word in each case? What do we call the extra letters? What effect do the extra letters have on the base word? Can you think of another word with each suffix?

F. Use the following prefixes and suffixes to form words used in psychology. Example: ~ology psychology, physiology, biology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

neur~ psych~ hypn~ sub~ para~ dis~ ~phobia trans~ ~therapy

G. How can you organize information in a lecture? Match the beginnings and endings.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

question and problem and classification and advantages and comparison and cause and sequence of stages of a theories or opinions then

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i.

Dra. Hariani, M.Pd. English for Psychology

contrast definition disadvantages effect events supporting information process solution answer

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H. How can you record information during a lecture? Match the illustrations with the words and phrases in the box.

tree diagram two columns

flow chart

headings and notes

spidergram

1

2

3

4

5

6

table

timeline

7

Answer: 1....................................

2. ...............................

3.....................................

4....................................

5. ..................................

6........ ...........................

7...................................

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Reading 2. Classifying Psychology Classifying Psychology

As psychology is such a wide discipline , it can be classified in a variety of ways. For example, it can be viewed either as pure science or as an applied science. It can also be classified according to to approach: process or person. Alternatively, psychology can be classed under several major theoretical principle: behaviourist, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic and sosial constructivist. In addition to these categories, psychology can be divided into specialist fields; for example: biopsychology, sosial, developmental, forensic and clinical psychology. When the main function is to research basic principles, psychology is regarded as pure science. The academic psychologist research as into theory, expands knowledge and lays the foundations for further research. Theoretical research is usually carried out under controlled conditions and is particularly relevant to the fields of biopsychology and neuropsychology. However, pure science can have wider, practical applications. Although psychology may be classed as a pure science, it can also be an applied science. When research in psychology is used for practical purposes, to solve a social or organizational problem for instance, it is called applied psychology. A psychologist working in this area either practises in a professional field, or carries out research in to the practical applications of a theory. An example of this would be research into the effect of sleep deprivation on human behaviour. As well as being classified as a science,psychology can also be divided into two main approaches: process and person. The process approach, as the same suggests, analyzes the processes,both biological and cognitive, that constitute human behaviour. This approach is closely connected with laboratory research and does not necessarily distinguish between human and animal behaviour. In contrast, the person approach focuses on the interaction between people and the ways in which they understand their experience. An alternative method of classifying psychology is by its major theories. Behaviourists claim that human behaviour is almost exclusively determined by environmental, or external influences,and reject the belief that subjective factors, such as feelings, are valid means of explaining it. Cognitive psychologists, on the other hand, recognize the validity of subjective reporting to explain behaviour but combine this with analyzing mental processes, such as reasoning and language. In contrast, Freud took the view that the unconscious drives human behaviour. According to Gross (2007), humanistic theory (popularized by Maslow during the 1960s) rejected determinism and asserted the importance of individual free will. In a further development ,Gergen ( 1973) evolved asocialconstructivist theory claiming that individual behaviour is affected by its socio-historic context. Psychology can also be divided into its applied fields. An example of this is the work of educational psychologists, whose professional role falls within the field of developmental psychology. Although this field is classed under the person approach, an educational psychologist may also apply techniques from the process approach. For instance, in the case of a child with learning difficulties, the psychologist may use cognitive tests to identify limitations in attention or perception. Alternatively, they may need to refer to the child's family background to investigate its affective development: the person approach. The fact is, that although research has provided the psychologist with a range of approaches and principles, the boundaries between them are neither fixed nor mutually exclusive.

A.

Read the text above and answer the following questions: 1. Write the topic sentence of each paragraph of the text. 2. Which ways of classifying psychology are described in the text? 3. In what ways can psychology be classified? 4. Find an example of a field of psychology that belong to more that one clasiffication. 5. Which fields of psychology are most commonly practiced in everyday life? 6. What kind of tests that cab be used to identify limitations in attention or perception in the case of a child with learning difficulties?

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B.

Vocabulary

behave

conditional

behave v  [I] 1. act in a specific way: Some chemicals behave unpredictably when they are subjected to heat. 2. act in a socially acceptable way: The children usually behave when they visit their grandmother. behaviour n  [U] 1. a way of acting: the children were on their best behaviour . 2. (Psych.) a response to a stimulus under controlled conditions: The behaviour of Pavlov’s dogs was conditioned in the laboratory experiments. behavioural adj . Relating to behaviour: behavioural psychology behaviourism n [U] (Psych.) the theory that human behaviour is detected by responses to external stimili: Behavioursm is a widely accepted theory in modern psychology . behaviourist n [C] someone who supports theory of behaviourism: B.F Skinner was an influential 20th-century behaviourst.

cognition n  [U] 1. the process of thinking. 2. the result of cognition. – cognative adj  relating to thought processes cognitivism n  [U] the theory that the brain acquires knowledge by processing information. condition n  [C] 1. A state: a mental condition 2.(pl) specific circumstances: sosial conditions may affect motivation. 3. a limitation on a situation that he could see the completed work. 4. [T] (Psych.) a treatment in an experiment conditioning (pengkondisian) n [U] 1. The process of modifying behaviour by stimulus and reiforcement. condition v [ T] ( Psycho.) to modify behaviour by stimulus and reinforcement: Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate when a light flased.conditional

 j depending on conditions conditional ad  -conditionally  adv.

Study the dictionary extract on the vocabolary (above box)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Why are two words (top left and top right) important? How many meanings does behaviou r level? Why does the word condition  appear twice in bold? What do we call someone who supports the theory of behaviourism? What part of speechis cognitivism?

C. Look up the words in the right column

1. How many meanings can you find for each word? 2. Which words are both a noun and a verb? What kind of verbs are they? 3. What kind of noun is is each one? 4. How are the words used in psychology?

Dra. Hariani, M.Pd. English for Psychology

theory process psychodynamic approach perception motivational constructivist

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