rc planes

From Wikipedia, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A radio control yer (holding a transmitter) guides his aircraft in for a landing A radio-controlled aircraft aircraft (often  (often called RC aircraft or RC plane) is a model aircraft that aircraft that is controlled remotely, remotely, typically with a hand-held transmitter and a receier receier within  within the craft! "he receier controls the corresponding seros that moe the control surfaces #ased surfaces #ased on the position of $oysticks of  $oysticks on the transmitter, transmitter, which in turn a%ect the orientation of the plane! Flying RC aircraft as a ho##y has #een growing worldwide with the adent of more e&cient motors (#oth electric electric and  and miniature internal com#ustion or com#ustion or $et  $et engines), engines), lighter and more powerful #atteries #atteries and  and less e'pensie radio systems! A wide ariety of models and styles is aaila#le! cientic, goernment and military organi*ations are also utili*ing RC aircraft for e'periments, gathering weather readings, aerodynamic modeling and testing, and een using them as drones dronesor or spy planes! "ypes

"here are many types of radio-controlled aircraft! For #eginning ho##yists, there are park yers andtrainers andtrainers!! For more adanced pilots there are glow plug engine, plug engine, electric powered and sailplane sailplaneaircraft! aircraft! For e'pert yers, $ets, pylon racers, helicopters helicopters,, autogyros autogyros,, + aircraft, and other high end competition aircraft proide adeuate challenge! ome models are made to look and operate like a #ird instead! Replicating historic and little known types and makes of full-si*e aircraft as .ying scale. models, which are also possi#le with control line and free ight types ight types of model aircraft, actually reach their ma'imum realism and #ehaior when #uilt for radio control ying! /edit edit0Radio 0Radio control scale aircraft modeling

"his 1yosho 1yosho .2hantom  .2hantom 34. #iplane is a semi-scale replica of a class winner and record holder from the 5443 Reno Air Races! Races! 6n this e'ample, the fuselage with its comple' cures as well as the engine cowl,

wheel pants and wing struts are rendered in #erglass! "he wings and hori*ontal sta#ili*er are traditional #alsa7plywood construction 2erhaps the most realistic form of aeromodeling, in its main purpose to replicate full-scale aircraft designs from aiation history, for testing of future aiation designs, or een to reali*e neer-#uilt .proposed. aircraft, is that of radio control scale aeromodeling! RC cale model aircraft can #e of any type of steera#le airship lighter-than-air (8"A) (8"A) aiation craft, or more normally, of the heaier-than-air 'ed wing glider7sailplane, 'ed-wing single or multi-engine aircraft, or rotary-wing aircraft such as autogyros or helicopters! Full-scale aircraft designs from eery era of aiation, from the .2ioneer 9ra. up toWorld to World War 6: 6:s start, through to the modern day in the 5;st century, hae #een modeled as radio control scale model aircraft! ?4s, and eerything from indoorya#le electric powered RC cale models, to enormous .giant scale. RC cale models, in scale si*e ranges that usually run from 54@ to 5@, and upwards to +4 to 4@ si*e of some smaller full scale aircraft designs, that can ama*ingly replicate some of the actual ight characteristics of the full scale aircraft they are #ased on, hae #een en$oyed, and continue to #e #uilt and own, in sanctioned competition and for personal pleasure, as part of the RC scale aeromodeling ho##y! ho##y! /edit edit0ailplanes 0ailplanes and gliders

F+A 2attern hip - Bline Alliance #y C28R

hinden #y , the toy class RC airplane typically has no eleator control! "his is to manage costs, #ut it also allows for simplicity of control #y unsophisticated users of all ages! "he down side of lack of eleator control is a tendency for the airplane to phugoid! "o damp the phugoid oscillation naturally, the planes are designed with high drag which reduces ight performance and ying time! "he lack of eleator control also preents the a#ility to .pull #ack. during turns to preent altitude loss and speed increase!

Costs range from 54 to K4 N! Crashes are common and inconseuential! "hrottle control and turning reersal (when ying toward the pilot) rapidly #ecome second-nature, giing a signicant adantage when learning to y a more costly ho##y class RC aircraft! /edit0+ ight

+ ight is a type of ying in which model aircraft hae a thrust-to-weight ratio of more than ;Q; (typically ;!Q; or more), large control surfaceswith e'treme throws, low weight compared to other models of same si*e and relatiely low wing loadings! "hese elements allow for spectacular aero#atics such as hoering, :harriers:, torue rolling, #lenders, rolling circles, and more, maneuers that are performed #elow the stall speed of the model! "he type of ying could #e referred to as :on the prop: as opposed to :on the wing:, which would descri#e more conentional ight patterns that make more use of the lifting surfaces of the plane! + has created a huge market for electric indoor :prole: types s imilar to the 6karus :hockyers: designed to #e a#le to y inside a gym or outside in little wind! "hese generally make use of small #rushless motors (often outrunners, #ut also geared inrunners) and lithium polymer #atteries! "here are also many larger + designs designed for two and four stroke glow engines, two stroke gas engines and large electric power systems! "he most common and which most pilots descri#e as the #est si*e of a + plane is a K4@7;4cc class! /edit0"ypes of kits and construction

"here are arious ways to construct and assem#le an RC aeroplane! =arious kits are aaila#le, reuiring di%erent amounts of assem#ly, di%erent costs and arying leels of skill and e'perience! ome kits can #e mostly foam or plastic, or may #e all #alsa wood! Construction consists of using formers and longerons for the fuselage, and spars and ri#s for the wings and tail s urfaces! Gore ro#ust designs often use solid sheets of wood to form these structures instead, or might employ a composite wing consisting of an e'panded polystyrene core coered in a protectie eneer of wood, often o#echi! uch designs tend to #e heaier than an euialent si*ed model #uilt using the traditional method, and would #e much more likely to #e found in a power model than a glider! "he lightest models are suita#le for indoor ight, in a windless enironment! ome of these are made #y #ringing frames of #alsa wood and car#on #er up through water to pick up thin plastic lms, similar to rain#ow colored oil lms! "he adent of . foamies,. or craft in$ection-molded from lightweight foam and sometimes reinforced with car#on #er, hae made indoor ight more readily accessi#le to ho##yists! .Crash proof. 922 (9'panded 2olypropylene) foam planes are actually een #enda#le and usually sustain ery little or no damage in the eent of an accident, een after a nose die! ome companies hae deeloped similar material with di%erent names, such as AeroCell or 9lapor!

"he late ;>M4s saw a range of models from the Nnited tates company N AirCore cleerly using twinwall polypropylene material! "his dou#le skinned :Corre': or :Coroplast: was commonly used in adertising and industry, #eing readily aaila#le in at sheet form, easily printed and die cut! Godels were pre-decorated and aaila#le in AR"F form reuiring relatiely straightforward, interlocking assem#ly secured with contact adhesie! "he material thickness (usually +?mm) and corresponding density meant that models were uite weighty (upwards of  l#or 5 kg) and conseuently had a#oe aerage ying speeds! "he range were powered using a cleer (interchangea#le) cartridge motor mount designed for the #etter, more powerful 4!K4 cu in (?!? cmS) glow engines! Aircore faded from the scene around the Gillennium! Coincidently this is when the material was used e'perimentally #y Gugi-the small tough delta glider was inented! "his rapidly deeloped into a high performance design-the Gugi 9o! 2opular worldwide as the plans were immediately launched freely on the 6nternet! Any grade or thickness of the material can #e used #y appropriate scaling! Doweer the optimum material is twinwalled polypropylene sheet in 5mm thickness and at +4gsm (density) Amateur ho##yists hae more recently deeloped a range of new model designs utili*ing the corrugated plastic or .Coroplast. material! "hese models are collectiely called .2As. which stands for imple 2lastic Airplane esign! Fans of the 2A concept tout increased dura#ility, ease of #uilding, and lower priced materials as opposed to #alsa models, sometimes (though not always) at the e'pense of greater weight and crude appearance! Flying models hae to #e designed according to the same principles as full-si*ed aircraft, and therefore their construction can #e ery di%erent from most static models! RC planes often #orrow construction techniues from intage full-si*ed aircraft (although they rarely use metal s tructures)! /edit0Ready to y

2arkBone 2-; Gustang Main article: Ready To Fly 

Ready to y (or R"F) planes come as pre-assem#led kits that usually only reuire wing attachment or other #asic assem#ly! "ypically, eerything that is needed is already in the kit! R"F planes can #e up in the air in $ust a few minutes and hae all #ut eliminated assem#ly time (at the e'pense of the model:s conguration options!) Among traditional ho##yist #uilders, R"F models are a point of controersy, as many consider model assem#ly, fa#rication and een design as integral to the ho##y! /edit0Almost ready to y Main article: Almost Ready to Fly 

"his Ereat 2lanes upermarine pitre 8F Gk T66 wears the markings of the 555 uadron and is an e'ample of an almost ready to y model Almost ready to y (or ARF or AR"F) kits are similar to R"F kitsO howeer usually reuire more assem#ly and sometimes #asic construction! "he aerage ARF aircraft can #e #uilt with less than K hours of la#or, ersus 54I4U hours (depending on detail and desired results) for a traditional kit aircraft! "he fuselage and appendages are normally already constructed! "he kit will usually reuire separate purchase and installation of seros, choice of motor (gas, glow fuel, or electric), s peed controller (electric) and occasionally control rods! "his is an adantage oer R"F kits, as most model aircraft enthusiasts already own their euipment of choice, and only desire an airframe! /edit0 GD*Q aircraft only Australian resered freuency #ands

+? GD*Q aircraft and water-craft (odd channels for aircraft only)

5> GD*Q general use

53 GD*Q light electric aircraft, general use

5!K44-5!KM ED*Q pread pectrum #and for general use (ACGA references aaila#le at /K0) ew Bealand resered freuency #ands

+ GD*Q aircraft only

K4 GD*Q aircraft only

53 GD*Q general use

5> GD*Q general use

+? GD*Q general use

35 GD*Q general use (N 35 GD* .een-num#ered. channels ;5 through ?, at K4 kD* spacing)

5!K ED* is permitted under BGAA and G97RG regulations, proided euipment #ears a C"ick compliance la#el etailed information, including cautions for transmitting on some of the :general use: freuencies, can #e found on the BGAA we#site! Amateur radio license resered freuency #ands

4 and + GD* in the NA and Canada

K++IK+K GD* in Eermany (some of these Eerman .ham RC. NDF #and channels are also usa#le #y .hams. in wit*erland) /edit0Channels Gost RC aircraft in the NA uti li*e a 35 GD* freuency #and for communication! "he transmitter radio #roadcasts using AG or FG using22G or 2CG! 9ach aircraft needs a way to determine which transmitter to receie communications from, so a specic channel within the freuency #and is used for each aircraft (e'cept for 5!K ED* systems which use spread spectrum modulation, descri#ed #elow)! Gost systems use crystals to set the operating channel in the receier and transmitter! 6t is important that each aircraft uses a di%erent channel, otherwise interference could result! For e'ample, if a person is ying an aircraft on channel + , and someone else turns their radio on the same channel, the aircraft:s control will #e compromised and the result is almost always a crash! For this reason, when ying at RC airelds, there is normally a #oard where ho##yists can post thei r channel ag, so eeryone knows what channel they are using, aoiding such incidents! A modern computer radio transmitter and receier can #e euipped with synthesi*er technology, using a phase-locked loop (288), with the adantage of giing the pilot the opportunity to s elect any of the aaila#le channels with no need of changing a crystal! "his is ery popular in ying clu#s where a lot of pilots hae to share a limited num#er of channels! ewer "ransmitters use spread spectrum technology! pread spectrum allows many pilots to transmit in the same #and (5!K ED*) with l ittle fear of conicts! Receiers in this #and are irtually immune to most sources of electrical interference! Amateur radio licensees in the Nnited tates also hae general use of an oerlapping #and in this same area, which e'ists from 5!+> to 5!K ED*! /edit0Gilitary usage

Radio-controlled aircraft are also used for military purposes, with their primary task #eing intelligence-gathering reconnaissance! "hese are usually ehicles not designed to contain a human pilot (see unmanned aerial ehicle)! Remotely controlled drone aircraft were used to train gun crews!

eromechanism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

6ndustrial seromotor "he grey7green cylinder is the #rush-type C motor! "he #lack section at the #ottom contains the planetary reduction gear, and the #lack o#$ect atop the motor is the optical rotary encoder for position feed#ack! "his is the steering actuator of a large ro#ot ehicle!

A seromechanism, or sero is an automatic deice that uses error-sensing negatie feed#ack to correct the performance of a mechanism! "he term correctly applies only to systems where the feed#ack or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other parameters! For e'ample, an automotie power window control is not a seromechanism, as there is no automatic feed#ack that controls positionthe operator does this #y o#seration!