Razón de Poisson

March 3, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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392

GCYÈPZED 7

YRDYMJ@C@JW HJGÃLMGCW @J EDW HCPJRMCEJW

7.?  Rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl

3

Gucl`d ul gujrpd `jodrhcbej sj sdhjtj c ulc oujrzc `j tjlsm÷l cxmce, ld s÷ed sj cecrac, smld quj tchbmíl sj gdltrcj `j hcljrc hcl jrc ectjrce. Ydr jnjhped, sm ulc bcl`c `j gcugfd sj jstmrc, sj puj`j ldtcr quj tcltd je ardsdr gdhd ec clgfurc `j ec bcl`c sj rj`ugjl. @je hmshd hd`d, ulc oujrzc `j gdh-

2

prjsm÷l quj cgtþc sdbrj ul gujrpd prdvdgc quj ístj sj gdltrcmac jl ec `mrjggm÷l `j ec oujrzc y quj sus ec`ds sj jxpcl`cl. Gdlsm`jrj ec bcrrc hdstrc`c jl ec ffiaurc 7-23 gdl ul rc`md r   y ulc edlamtu` E drmamlcejs, ec guce jstã sdhjtm`c c ec oujrzc `j tjlsm÷l Y . Jstc oujrzc cecrac ec bcrrc ulc gcltm`c` `, y su rc`md sj gdltrcj ulc gcltm`c` `´. Ecs `jodrhcgmdljs jl ec `mrjggm÷l edlamtu`mlce d cxmce y jl ec `mrjggm÷l ectjrce d rc`mce sdl, rjspjgtmvchjltj,

7

0

Yedla   8

  E

 `

 

y

Yect   8

 ` r

C prmlgmpmds `je smaed VMV, je gmjltèffigd orclgís W. @. Ydmssdl sj `md gujltc quj `jltrd `je rclad jeãstmgd ec rcz÷l `j jstcs `jodrhcgmdljs js ulc gdlstcltj, pujstd quj ecs `jodrhcgmdljs ` y ` ´  sdl prdpdrgmdlcejs. Jstc gdlstcltj sj

:

`jldhmlc rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl, l (lu), y tmjlj ul vcedr luhírmgd quj js þlmgd pcrc gc`c hctjrmce pcrtmguecr quj sjc fdhdaíljd j msdtr÷pmgd. Jxprjsc`d jl odrhc hctjhãtmgc js ?

l 8

Yect

-

(7-=)

Yedla

1

Gucl`d je bedquj `j gcugfd sj gdhprmhj (`jodrhcgm÷l ljactmvc) sus ec`ds sj jxpcl`jl (`jodrhcgm÷l pdsmtmvc). Ec rcz÷l `j jstcs `jodrhcgmdljs pjrhcljgj gdlstcltj.

Je smald ljactmvd sj mlgeuyj cquè pdrquj ec jedlacgm÷l edlamtu`mlce (`jodrhcgm÷l pdsmtmvc) dgcsmdlc ulc gdltrcggm÷l ectjrce (`jodrhcgm÷l ljactmvc), y vmgjvjrsc. Dbsjrvj quj jstcs `jodrhcgmdljs sdl gcusc`cs s÷ed pdr ec oujrzc cxmce d edlamtu`mlce Y ; js `jgmr, lmlaulc oujrzc d jsoujrzd cgtþc jl ulc `mrjggm÷l ectjrce pcrc `jodrhcr je hctjrmce jl jsc `mrjggm÷l. Ec rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl js ulc gcltm`c` c`mhjlsmdlce  y   y pcrc ec hcydrèc 3

6

=

`/ 2 Y 

E

39

Odrhc drmamlce

`/ 2

Odrhc omlce r 

33

3

`j eds s÷em`ds ld pdrdsds tmjlj ul vcedr quj sj jlgujltrc jltrj 0  y 7. Eds vcedrjs tèpmgds `j v pcrc eds hctjrmcejs `j mlajlmjrèc gdhuljs sj prjsjltcl jl je mltjrmdr `j ec gdltrcpdrtc`c `j jstj embrd. Ycrc ul ―hctjrmce m`jce‘ quj ld tmjlj `jodrhcgm÷l ectjrce gucl`d sj jstmrc d sj gdhprmhj, ec rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl sjrã 9. C`jhãs, jl ec sjggm÷l 39.? sj hdstrcrã quj je hãxmhd vcedr pdsmbej pcrc je gdjffigmjltj `j Ydmssdl js 9.:. Ydr ed tcltd 9 …  v  …  9.:.

Pjlsm÷l

Omaurc 7-23





 

 

7.?

JNJHYED

 7.0

RC^×L @J YDMWWDL 

397

3

Zlc bcrrc `j cgjrd C-7? tmjlj ecs `mhjlsmdljs hdstrc`cs jl ec ffiaurc 7-22. Wm sj cpemgc ulc oujrzc cxmce `j Y    69 kL sdbrj ec bcrrc, `jtjrhmlj je gchbmd jl su edlamtu` y je gchbmd jl ecs `mhjlsmdljs `j su sjggm÷l trclsvjrsce `jspuís `j cpemgcr ec gcrac. Je hctjrmce sj gdhpdrtc jeãstmgchjltj. 8

Y

2

 69 kL

7

 y :9 hh

 x

3.: h

0

Y

 69 kL

399 hh

z

Omaurc 7-22

:

WDEZGM×L

Je jsoujrzd ldrhce jl ec bcrrc js 69339

Y sz

  8

C

? 7

  8

2 L

39.3 h239.9: h2

  8

?

3?.9339

2 Yc

@j cgujr`d gdl ec tcbec ubmgc`c jl je mltjrmdr `j ec gdltrcpdrtc`c `j jstj embrd, pcrc je cgjrd C-7? Jcg   299 AYc, pdr ed quj ec gcrac jl ec `mrjggm÷l z js

1

8

?

3?.9339

sz Yz   8

Jcg

8

2 Yc

=

299339

2 Yc

-?

8

69339

2 hh< hh

6

Ydr ed tcltd, je cecrachmjltd cxmce `j ec bcrrc js `z   8

Yz

Ez   8

[69339 ?2X33.: h2   8 329 hh -

Rjsp.

Zscl`d ec jgucgm÷l 7-=, `dl`j lcg   9.72, gdhd ed ml`mgc je mltjrmdr `j ec gdltrcpdrtc`c, ecs `jodrhcgmdljs pdr gdltrcggm÷l ectjrce jl chbcs `mrjggmdljs  x y  y sdl 8

Yx   8

Yy   8

- lcg Yz   8

-

9.72[69339 ?2X   8 -

-

=

2:.? hh< h 39

Csè quj eds gchbmds jl ecs `mhjlsmdljs `j ec sjggm÷l trclsvjrsce sdl

 `x   8

Yx

`y   8

Yy

Ex   8

-

[2:.?339 ?2X39.3 h2   8

Ey   8

-

[2:.?339 ?2X39.9: h2   8

-

-

-

2.:? hh

-

3.26 hh

Rjsp. Rjsp.

33

 

390

GCYÈPZED 7

YRDYMJ@C@JW HJGÃLMGCW @J EDW HCPJRMCEJW

7.1  @mcarchc `j jsoujrzd-`jodrhcgm÷l

 y

3

gdrtcltj

t xy

Jl ec sjggm÷l 3.: sj `jhdstr÷ quj gucl`d ul pjqujód jejhjltd `j hctjrmce sj sdhjtj c gdrtcltj purd, je jqumembrmd jxmaj quj sj `jscrrdeejl jsoujrzds gdrtcltjs maucejs jl ecs guctrd gcrcs `je jejhjltd. Jstds jsoujrzds t xy `jbjl

 x

2

(c)

`mrmamrsj d `js`j ecs jsqumlcs `je jejhjltd, gdhd sj fcgmc hujstrc jl ec ffiaurc 7-27c. `mcadlcehjltj Ydr dtrc pcrtj, dpujstcs sm je hctjrmce js fdhd aíljd  aílj d j msdtr÷pmgd , jltdlgjs jstj jsoujrzd gdrtcltj `mstdrsmdlcrã `j hcljrc ulmodrhj ce jejhjltd, ffiaurc 7-27b. Gdhd sj hjlgmdl÷ jl ec sjggm÷l 2.2, ec `jodrhcgm÷l gdrtcltj a xy hm`j ec `mstdrsm÷l clauecr `je jejhjltd rjectmvc c eds ec`ds quj jl ul prmlgmpmd sj jlgdltrcbcl c ed ecrad `j eds jnjs  x y y. Je gdhpdrtchmjltd `j ul hctjrmce sdhjtm`d c gdrtcltj purd puj`j jstu`mcrsj jl ul ecbdrctdrmd uscl`d prdbjtcs jl odrhc `j tubd `jeac`d y sdhjtmíl`decs c ulc gcrac `j tdrsm÷l. Wm sj rjcemzcl ecs hj`mgmdljs `je pcr `j tdrsm÷l cpemgc`d y je ãlaued `j amrd rjsuetcltj, hj`mcltj eds hítd`ds quj sj jxpemgcrãl jl je gcpètued :, eds `ctds puj`jl utmemzcrsj pcrc `jtjrhmlcr je jsoujrzd gdrtcltj y ec `jodrhcgm÷l gdrtcltj, gdl jstd js pdsmbej trczcr ul `mcarchc `j jsoujrzd-`jodrhcgm÷l gdrtcltj. Jl ec ffiaurc 7-20 sj hujstrc ul jnjhped `j jstj `mcarchc pcrc ul hctjrmce `þgtme. Ce mauce quj jl je jlscyd `j tjlsm÷l, jstj hctjrmce tmjlj ul gdhpdrtchmjltd jeãstmgd emljce gucl`d sj sdhjtj c oujrzc gdrtcltj y tjl`rã ul eèhmtj `j prdpdrgmdlcem`c`  t pe  `jffilm`d. Ydr dtrd ec`d, je jl`urjgmhmjltd pdr `jodrhcgm÷l dgurrmrã fcstc quj sj cegclgj ul jsoujrzd gdrtcltj þetmhd  tu. Ydr þetmhd, je hctjrmce gdhjlzcrã c pjr`jr su rjsmstjlgmc ce gdrtcltj gucl`d eejauj c ul pultd `dl`j sj orcgturj, t o . Ycrc ec hcydrèc `j eds hctjrmcejs `j mlajlmjrèc, gdhd je quj cgcbchds `j `jsgrmbmr, je gdhpdrtchmjltd jeãstmgd js emljce , pdr ed quj ec ejy `j Fddkj pcrc je jsoujrzd gdrtcltj sj puj`j jsgrmbmr gdhd

 y a xy

7

2

a xy

2  x

0

p

2

 

a xy

(b)

Omaurc 7-27 :

?

1

t

t

tu

  8

  Aa

(7-39)

t o 

6

t pe 

A

=

a pe 

au

Omaurc 7-20

39

33

ar 

a

Cquè A sj eechc h÷`ued `j jecstmgm`c` gdrtcltj  d  d h÷`ued `j rmam`jz gdrtcltj  (d  (d smhpejhjltj h÷`ued `j rmam`jz). Wu vcedr rjprjsjltc ec pjl`mjltj `j ec eèljc jl je `mcarchc t-a, js `jgmr, A  8  t pe  tcl39.996 rc`2   E 9.996 rc`   8 ` 8

`

2 puea

9.93? puea

=

Rjsp.

Je jsoujrzd gdrtcltj prdhj`md gdrrjspdl`mjltj jl je bedquj js t pe  8  :2 ksm. Csè, ec oujrzc gdrtcltj _   ljgjscrmc pcrc gcuscr je `jspeczchmjltd js _ tprdh   8

C;

6

39

_

:2 ksm _

8

  8

37 puea230 puea2 ?20 kmp

Rjsp.

33

 

39?

3

GCYÈPZED 7

JNJHYED

YRDYMJ@C@JW HJGÃLMGCW @J EDW HCPJRMCEJW

 7.? Jl ec ffiaurc 7-2? sj hujstrc ulc prdbjtc `j ceuhmlmd quj tmjlj ul `mãhjtrd `9 8 2: hh y ulc edlamtu` gcembrc`c E9 8 2:9 hh. Wm ulc oujrzc `j 3?: kL cecrac ec edlamtu` gcembrc`c 3.29 hh, jlgujltrj jlgujl trj je h÷`ued `j jecstmgm`c`. C`jhãs, `jtjrhmlj quí tcltd sj gdltrcj je `mãhjtrd `j ec prdbjtc pdr ec cggm÷l `j ec oujrzc. Gdlsm`jrj quj A  8 2? AYc y s  8  ]  ce 009 HYc.

3?: kL

2

WDEZGM×L

7

H÷`ued `j jecstmgm`c`.  Je jsoujrzd ldrhce prdhj`md jl ec prdE9

`9

bjtc js 3?:339

Y

0

s

  8

C

 

8

7

2 L

3p< 0239.92: h22

 

8

77?.3 HYc

y ec `jodrhcgm÷l ldrhce prdhj`md js 3.29 hh

`

:

Y 8

8

2:9 hh

E

3?: kL

?

Omaurc 7-2?

9.99069 hh< hh

  8

Gdhd s ? s]  8 009 HYc, je hctjrmce sj gdhpdrtc jeãstmgchjltj. Ydr ed tcltd, je h÷`ued `j jecstmgm`c` js ?

Jce   8

77?.3339

s 8

2 Yc  

9.99069

Y

8

19.9 AYc

Rjsp.

Gdltrcggm÷l `je `mãhjtrd.  Yrmhjrd sj `jtjrhmlcrã ec rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl pcrc je hctjrmce hj`mcltj ec jgucgm÷l 7-33. 1  A   8

J

233   +   l2 19.9 AYc

6

2? AYc 8 233   +   l2  l   8 9.701

Gdhd Yedla 8 9.99069 hh/hh, jltdlgjs pdr ec jgucgm÷l 7-=, =

 l   8 9.701

39

-

Yect Yedla

8

-

 Yect   8

-

Yect

9.99069 hh< hh 9.993?? hh< hh

Ydr gdlsmaumjltj, ec gdltrcggm÷l `je `mãhjtrd js  ` ´ 33

8 8

  39.993??232: hh2 9.903? hh

Rjss . Rj

 

 

7.6

]  OCPMAC  OCEEC @J HCPJRMCEJW YDR OEZND YEÃWPMGD  ] 

391

*7.6  Oceec `j hctjrmcejs pdr flund peãstmgd

3

y octmac Fcstc je hdhjltd, ecs prdpmj`c`js hjgãlmgcs `j ul hctjrmce sj fcl jstu`mc`d s÷ed pcrc ulc gcrac jstãtmgc d cpemgc`c ejltchjltj y c tjhpjrcturc gdlstcltj. Wml jhbcrad, jl ceaulds gcsds ul jejhjltd puj`j utmemzcrsj jl

2

ul chbmjltj pcrc je guce ecs gcracs `jbjl hcltjljrsj `urcltj ecrads pjrmd`ds c jejvc`cs tjhpjrcturcs d, jl dtrds gcsds, ec gcrac puj`j rjpjtmrsj d gmgecrsj. Jl jstj embrd ld sj gdlsm`jrcrãl jstds jojgtds, culquj sj hjlgmdlcrã `j hcljrc brjvj g÷hd sj `jtjrhmlc ec rjsmstjlgmc `j ul hctjrmce pcrc jstcs gdl`mgmdljs, yc quj jl je `msjód sj ejs `c ul trctchmjltd jspjgmce.

7

Oeund peãstmgd.  Gucl`d ul hctjrmce `jbj sdpdrtcr ulc gcrac pdr ul pjrmd`d huy ecrad, puj`j gdltmlucr `jodrhãl`dsj fcstc quj dgurrj ulc orcgturc sþbmtc d su utmem`c` sj vj cojgtc`c. Jstc `jodrhcgm÷l pjrhcljltj quj `jpjl`j `je tmjhpd sj gdldgj gdhd  flund peãstmgd peãstmgd. Ydr ed ajljrce je flund peãstmgd sj tdhc jl gujltc gucl`d sj uscl hjtcejs y gjrãhmgc pcrc gdlstrumr jejhjltds jstrugturcejs d pcrtjs hjgãlmgcs quj jstãl sdhjtm`cs c cetcs tjhpjrcturcs. Wml jhbcrad, pcrc ceaulds hctjrmcejs, gdhd pdeèhjrds y hctjrmcejs gdhpujstds (mlgeuyjl`d ec hc`jrc d je gdlgrjtd) ec tjhpjrcturc ld js ul ocgtdr mhpdrtcltj, pjrd je flund peãstmgd puj`j dgurrmr jstrmgtchjltj pdr ec cpemgcgm÷l `j gcracs `urcltj ul tmjhpd prdedlac`d. Gdhd ul jnjhped tèpmgd, gdlsm`jrj je fjgfd `j quj ulc ul c bcl`c `j gcugfd ld vdevjrã c su odrhc drmamlce `jspuís `j sjr embjrc`c `j ulc pdsmgm÷l jstmrc`c jl ec quj pjrhcljgm÷ `urcltj ul pjrmd`d huy ecrad. Jl ul sjltm`d ajljrce, tcltd je jsoujrzd gdhd ec tjhpjrcturc tmjljl ul pcpje mhpdrtcltj jl ec tcsc `j flund peãstmgd. Ycrc jojgtds prãgtmgds, gucl`d je flund peãstmgd sj vujevj mhpdrtcltj, ul jejhjltd sj `msjóc pcrc rjsmstmr ulc `jodrhcgm÷l pdr flund peãstmgd jspjgèffigc pcrc ul `jtjrhmlc`d pjrmd`d. Zlc prdpmj`c` hjgãlmgc mhpdrtcltj quj sj utmemzc jl jstj sjltm`d sj eechc rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd. Jstj vcedr rjprjsjltc je hcydr jsoujrzd quj puj`j sdpdrtcr je hctjrmce `urcltj ul ecpsd `jtjrhmlc`d, sml sdbrjpcscr ulc `jodrhcgm÷l pdr flund peãstmgd pjrhmsmbej. Ec rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd puj`j vcrmcr gdl ec tjhpjrcturc, y pcrc je `msjód sj `jbj jspjgmffigcr ulc tjhpjrcturc `c`c, ulc `urcgm÷l `j ec gcrac y ulc `jodrhcgm÷l pdr flund peãstmgd pjrhmsmbej. Ydr jnjhped, sj fc suajrm`d ul flund peãstmgd pdr `jodrhcgm÷l `j 9.3 pdr gmjltd ce cód pcrc je cgjrd jl pjrlds y tubjrècs. Jxmstjl vcrmds hítd`ds pcrc `jtjrhmlcr ulc rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd pjrhmsmbej pcrc ul hctjrmce jl pcrtmguecr. Zld `j eds hãs sjlgmeeds gdlgdlsmstj jl prdbcr vcrmcs prdbjtcs ce hmshd tmjhpd c ulc tjhpjrcturc gdlstcltj, pjrd sdhjtmjl`d c gc`c ulc c ul jsoujrzd cxmce `mojrjltj. Ce hj`mr je tmjhpd ljgjscrmd pcrc prd`ugmr ec `jodrhcgm÷l pjrhmsmbej d ec `jodrhcgm÷l `j orcgturc pcrc gc`c prdbjtc, sj puj`j jstcbejgjr ulc gurvc `j jsoujrzd gdltrc tmjhpd. Ydr ed ajljrce jstds jlscyds sj rjcemzcl fcstc ul hãxmhd `j 3999 fdrcs. Jl ec ffiaurc 7-21 sj hujstrc ul jnjhped `j eds rjsuetc`ds pcrc je cgjrd mldxm`cbej c ulc tjhpjrcturc `j 3299 ¹O y ulc `jodrhcgm÷l pdr flund peãstmgd prjsgrmtc jl 3 pdr gmjltd. Gdhd puj`j db-

0

:

?

Ec  cpemgcgm÷l pdr ecrad tmjhpd `j ec gcrac `je gcbej sdbrj jstj pdstj gcus÷ quj sj `jodrhcrc `jbm`d ce flund peãstmgd. 1

6

(ksm)

s

=

09 79 29

39

39 (f) (f)



9

299

099

?99

699

3999

@mcarchc s-t  pcrc je cgjrd mldxm`cbej c 3299¹O y `jodrhcgm÷l pdr oeund peãstmgd `je 3 pdr gmjltd.

Omaurc 7-21

33

 

396

GCYÈPZED 7

YRDYMJ@C@JW HJGÃLMGCW @J EDW HCPJRMCEJW

sjrvcrsj, jstj hctjrmce tmjlj ulc rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd `j 09 ksm (21? HYc) c tjhpjrcturc chbmjltj (9.2 pdr gmjltd `j gdhpjlscgm÷l) y ec rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd `urcltj 3999 f rjsuetc sjr cprdxmhc`chjltj sg 8  29 ksm (376 HYc). Jl ajljrce, ec rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd `mshmluyj pcrc tjhpjrcturcs hãs cetcs d pcrc ulc cpemgcgm÷l `j jsoujrzds hcydrjs. Jl pjrmd`ds hãs ecrads, `jbjl fcgjrsj jxtrcpdecgmdljs `j ecs gurvcs. Ycrc fcgjr jstd sj

3

2

rjqumjrj gmjrtc jxpjrmjlgmc gdl je gdhpdrtchmjltd `je flund peãstmgd y ceaulds gdldgmhmjltds gdhpejhjltcrmds sdbrj ecs prdpmj`c`js `je hctjrmce. C`jhãs, ulc vjz `jtjrhmlc`c ec rjsmstjlgmc `je hctjrmce ce flund peãstmgd, sj cpemgc ul ocgtdr `j sjaurm`c` pcrc dbtjljr ul jsoujrzd pjrhmsmbej c`jguc`d pcrc je `msjód.

7

Octmac.  Gucl`d ul hjtce sj sdhjtj c gmgeds rjpjtm`ds `j jsoujrzd d `j0

:

?

Je `msjód `j eds jejhjltds utmemzc`ds jl eds nujads `j ul pcrquj `j `mvjrsmdljs rjqumjrj ulc gum`c`dsc gdlsm`jrcgm÷l `j ecs gcracs gègemgcs quj puj`jl gcuscr octmac.

1

gdhd sm oujrc orãame . Gdl je ffil `j jspjgmffigcr ulc rjsmstjlgmc sjaurc pcrc ul hctjrmce hjtãemgd sdhjtm`d c gcracs rjpjtmtmvcs, js ljgjscrmd `jtjrhmlcr ul eèhmtj `jbcnd `je guce ld puj`c p uj`c `jtjgtcrsj jvm`jlgmc `j oceec `jspuís `j cpemgcr ulc gcrac `urcltj ul `jtjrhmlc`d lþhjrd `j gmgeds. Jstj jsoujrzd emhmtcltj sj eechc eèhmtj `j rjsmstjlgmc c ec octmac . Zscl`d ulc hãqumlc `j prujbcs pcrc jstj prdp÷smtd, sj sdhjtj ulc sjrmj `j prdbjtcs gc`c ulc c ul jsoujrzd `jtjrhmlc`d, `j hcljrc gègemgc fcstc ec oceec. Eds rjsuetc`ds sj hujstrcl gdhd ulc arãffigc quj rjprjsjltc je jsoujrzd W (d s) jl je jnj vjrtmgce y je lþhjrd `j gmgeds fcstc ec oceec L  jl   jl je jnj fdrmzdltce. Jstc arãffigc sj eechc `mcarchc W-L  d  d `mcarchc jsoujrzd-gmgeds, y gcsm smjhprj eds vcedrjs `j L  sj  sj rjprjsjltcl jl ulc jsgcec edacrèthmgc yc quj sujejl

6

=

39

 

33

odrhcgm÷l, ístds fcgjl quj su jstrugturc sj `jodrhj, eejvãl`ded jl þetmhc mlstclgmc c ec orcgturc. Jstj gdhpdrtchmjltd sj `jldhmlc  octmac, y sujej sjr rjspdlscbej `j ul arcl pdrgjltcnj `j oceecs jl bmjecs y gmaõjócejs `j hdtdr; fíemgjs `j turbmlcs c vcpdr d acs; gdljxmdljs d sdpdrtjs `j pujltjs, ruj`cs y jnjs `j ojrrdgcrrme; y dtrcs pcrtjs sunjtcs c ulc gcrac gègemgc. Jl td`ds jstds gcsds, ec orcgturc sj prd`ugmrã gdl ul jsoujrzd quj js hjldr ce jsoujrzd `j gj`jlgmc `je hctjrmce. Ce pcrjgjr, ec lcturcejzc `j jstc oceec `jrmvc `j ec jxmstjlgmc gdhþl `j mhpjrojggmdljs hmgrdsg÷pmgcs jl ec supjrffigmj `je jejhjltd, `dl`j je jsoujrzd edgcemzc`d sj vujevj hugfd hcydr quj je jsoujrzd prdhj`md quj cgtþc sdbrj ec sjggm÷l trclsvjrsce. C hj`m`c quj jstj arcl jsoujrzd sj rjpmtj jl odrhc gègemgc, gdl`ugj c ec odrhcgm÷l `j `mhmlutcs armjtcs. Ec cpcrmgm÷l `j jstcs armjtcs gcusc ul mlgrjhjltd `je jsoujrzd jl ecs pultcs d eèhmtjs `j ecs hmshcs, quj c su vjz prdvdgc ul grjgmhmjltd `j ecs armjtcs hmjltrcs je jsoujrzd gdltmlþc jl gmged. Omlcehjltj, je ãrjc `j ec sjggm÷l trclsvjrsce `je jejhjltd sj rj`ugj fcstc je pultd jl je quj yc ld puj`j sdstjljr ec gcrac g crac y, y, jl gdlsjgujlgmc, sj prd`ugj ulc orcgturc sþbmtc. Je hctjrmce, culquj sjc gdldgm`d pdr su `ugtmem`c`, sj gdhpdrtc

Eds mlajlmjrds `jbjl tdhcr jl gujltc ec pdsmbej octmac `j ecs pcrtjs h÷vmejs `j jstj jqumpd `j pjrodrcgm÷l pjtrdejrc.

sjr bcstcltj arcl`js. Jl ec ffiaurc 7-26 sj hujstrcl jnjhpeds `j `mcarchcs W-L   pcrc `ds hjtcejs `j mlajlmjrèc `j usd gdhþl. Je eèhmtj `j rjsmstjlgmc c ec octmac, d smhpejhjltj eèhmtj `j octmac, sj m`jltmffigc gdhd je jsoujrzd pcrc je guce

 

 

7.6

ec arãffigc W-L  sj  sj vujevj fdrmzdltce d csmlt÷tmgc. Gdhd puj`j dbsjrvcrsj, je cgjrd tmjlj ul vcedr bmjl `jffilm`d `j ( Wje )cg 8 21 ksm (36? HYc). Wml jhbcrad, je eèhmtj `j octmac pcrc je ceuhmlmd ld jstã bmjl `jffilm`d, pdr ed quj sujej jspjgmffigcrsj gdhd je jsoujrzd quj tmjlj ul eèhmtj `j :99 hmeedljs `j gmgeds, (Wje )ce 8 3= ksm (373 HYc). Zlc vjz quj sj fc dbtjlm`d ul vcedr pcrtmguecr, c hjlu`d sj csuhj quj pcrc gucequmjr jsoujrzd pdr `jbcnd `j jstj vcedr, ec vm`c c ec octmac js mlffilmtc, y pdr gdlsmaumjltj je lþhjrd `j gmgeds fcstc ec oceec yc ld sj tdhc jl gujltc.

]  OCPMAC  OCEEC @J HCPJRMCEJW YDR OEZND YEÃWPMGD  ] 

W

39=

(ksm) 3

:9 09

ceuhmlmd cgjrd

79

2

(Wje )cg  21 29 (Wje )ce   3= 39 9

?

9.3 3 39 399 :99 3999 @mcarchc W-L  pcrc  pcrc je cgjrd y ecs cejcgmdljs `j ceuhmlmd (je jnj L  tmjlj  tmjlj ulc jsgcec edacrèthmgc)

L (39 (39

)

7

Omaurc 7-26 0

 Yultds mhpdrtcltjs   Ec rcz÷l `j Ydmssdl, l, js ulc rjecgm÷l jltrj ec `jodrhcgm÷l ectjrce `j ul hctjrmce fdhdaíljd j msdtr÷pmgd sdbrj su `jodrhcgm÷l edlamtu`mlce. Jl ajljrce, jstcs `jodrhcgmdljs tmjljl smalds dpujstds, js `jgmr, sm uld js ul cecrachmjltd, je dtrd sjrã ulc gdltrcggm÷l.

:



  Je `mcarchc `j jsoujrzd-`jodrhcgm÷l gdrtcltj js ulc arãffigc `je jsoujrzd gdrtcltj gdltrc ec `jodrhcgm÷l gdrtcltj. Wm je hctjrmce js fdhdaíljd j msdtr÷pmgd, y c`jhãs js jeãstmgd emljce, ec pjl`mjltj `j ec eèljc rjgtc `jltrd `j ec rjam÷l jeãstmgc sj `jldhmlc h÷`ued `j rmam`jz d h÷`ued `j gdrtcltj, A.

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1

  Jxmstj ulc rjecgm÷l hctjhãtmgc jltrj A, J y l.



  Je  flund peãstmgd  js ec `jodrhcgm÷l jl oulgm÷l `je tmjhpd `j ul hctjrmce pcrc je quj je jsoujrzd y ec tjhpjrcturc nujacl ul pcpje mhpdrtcltj. Eds jejhjltds sj `msjócl pcrc rjsmstmr eds jojgtds `je flund peãstmgd gdl bcsj jl ec rjsmstjlgmc ce flund peãstmgd `je hctjrmce, quj js je hãxmhd jsoujrzd mlmgmce quj puj`j sdpdrtcr ul hctjrmce `urcltj ul pjrmd`d `jtjrhmlc`d, sml sdbrjpcscr gmjrtc `jodrhcgm÷l pdr flund peãstmgd.



  Ec  octmac jl eds hjtcejs dgurrj gucl`d je jsoujrzd d ec `jodrhcgm÷l sdl gègemgds. Jstj ojl÷hjld dgcsmdlc ulc orcgturc orãame `je hctjrmce. Eds jejhjltds sj `msjócl pcrc rjsmstmr ec octmac ce acrcltmzcr quj je jsoujrzd jl je jejhjltd ld jxgj`c su eèhmtj `j rjsmstjlgmc c ec octmac . Jstj vcedr sj `jtjrhmlc c pcrtmr `j ul

6

=



`mcarchc W-L  gdhd   gdhd je jsoujrzd hãxmhd quj je hctjrmce puj`j rjsmstmr gucl`d sj sdhjtj c ul `jtjrhmlc`d lþhjrd `j gmgeds `j gcrac.

39

33

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