Rancangan Percobaan - Buku Kemas Ali

 

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Lr. Acems Mgl ggmbmklmd, pt.V.. kmaugtms Pcrtmblmr Sblvcrsltms Vrlwllmym pmglejmbi

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Pcrpusugumb Bmslhbmg? ahbghi nmger tcrjltmb ( ANL)

DMBMKLMD,AcemsMgl Zmbfmbimb pcrfhjmmb? tfhrl nmb mpglamsl/ Acems Mgl Dmbmklmd. Cn. :, Fct. Omamrtm? P^ ZmomIrmklbnh pcrsmnm, =?t5cvs

Drg 9*c

ncbimb amlnmd acputusmb?

(=) @

jcpcbimrud bymtm tcrdmnmp rmime Pcrtmaumb ( t ) mg7mb jcsmr nmrl K* pmnm tmrmk uol tcrtcbtu. nmtm olam Kr,",.gcjld Pcrgmaumb ( l ) mamb jcrpcbimrud tlnma bymtm tcrdmnmp rmime nmtm olam Kh,-. V K"*, pmnm mrmk uol tcrtcbtu @lmsmbym 5 V[h nmbg9h). Blgml-blgml K,.r,kkl nmpmt nlgldmt pmnm Gmeplrmb :. Mtms nmsmr urmlmb lbl, emam blgml imgmt tlnma pcrgu tcrgmgu acflg amrcbm mamb ecbyugltamb pcbcbtumb pcrgmgmub hptleue (tuoumb mbmglsls stmtlstla) nmb ombimb tcrgmgu jcsmr amrcbm mamb ecbycjmjamb tlnma mnm pcrgmaumb ymbi hptleue. gmnl imgmtymbi jmla mnmgmdimgmt ymbi jcrdmslg ecbhbohgamb smtu pcrgmaumb hptleue nmrl b pcrgmaumbT ymbi nltcrmpamb nmgme sumtu pcrfhjmmb. Sbtua ecbnmpmtamb imgmt ymbi jmla lblgmd, jcjcrmpm ecthnc Pcrlefmbimb pcrfhjmmb nlacejmbiamb hg,cd pmamr-pmamr stmtlstlam" Sbtua ecbnmpmtamb imgmt ymbi mbnmg jmil sumtu pcbiuolmb dlphtcsls, emam imgmt lbl dmrus tcrmildamb scfmrm rmejmbi, jcjms nmb bhermg (msuesl =). Sbtua ltu mnm sumdr tcabla ymbi nmpmt nltcrmpamb, ymltu ncbimb fmrm ecbcepmtamb pcrgmaumb mtmu

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

Pmkurtukumtr

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ugmbimb pmnm pctma-pctma mtmu pht-pht pcrfhjmmb s cfmrm rmejmbi

tcrmasl. Sbtua ecbidlbnmrl lbl, emam ghamg ahbtrhg dmrus nlgmauamb scfmrm jmla Olam altm rmiu tcrdmnmp nmtm ymbi nlpcrhgcd nmrl sumtu pcrfhjmmb rfgmd ececbudl msuesl-msuesl tcrscjut mtmu jcgue, emam altm nmpmt ecgmauamb jcjcrmpm pcbiuolmb tcrdmnmp nmtm tcrscjug Sol prm-mbslrm nmtm ymbi gmzle nlgmauamb mnmgmd? (g) Sol bhremgltms ecburut fmrm Glglckhrt

pcrfhjmmb smem jcsmr. Blgml-blgml jlgmbimb tcrmejmbi pctma&ht pmnm Gmeplrmb g. Pcrmeubtua pcrmejmbimb lbl nmpmt nlgldmt jmbimb (rmbnhelsmsl) lbl jcrkubisl ubtua ecbidlgmbiamb actma-

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]ldmt tcabla pcrmejmbimb fhbthd pmnm juau-juau stmtlstlam, elsmtbym V^M^LV^LAM, L )

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PZHVCNSZPCBCGL^LMB(CTPCZLECB^M^LHL^L)

Nmgme ecrcbfmbmamb nmb ecgmasmbmamb sumtu pcrfhjmmb tcrnmpmt jcjcrmpm dmg ymbi dmrus nlpcrtlejmbiamb scfmrm dmtldmtl, mimr pcrfhjmmb ymbi nlgmauamb mamb ecbidmslgamb sumtu dmslg mtmu acslepugmb ymbi jmla scsuml ncbimb ymbi nldmrmpamb. Jcjcrmpm pcrtlejmbimb ymbi pcbtlbi nmb scsuml ncbimb prhscnur

bhbslstcemtls, mimr ecbidmslgamb pcralrmmb ymbi tma jlms tcbtmbi pcbimrud emslbi-emslbi pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp blgml-blgml pcbimemtmb mtmu dmslg-dmslg pcrfhjmmb.

Alsmrmb acmjsmdmb nmrl acslepugmz. Acslepugmb pcrfhjmmb dmrus ecepubyml alsmrmb acmjsmdmb dmslg-dmslg nmrl ymbi scgcjmr eubialb. Pcblbiamtmb alsmrmb acmjsmdmb acslepugmb lbl nmpmt nlpcrhgcd ecgmgul? Ecepcrjmbyma ugmbimb pcrfhjmmb jmla ecburut wmatu emupub ecburut rumbi. Ecbcrmpamb pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi nlrmbfmbi scfmrm kmathrlmg. Ecgmgul pcrfhjmmb-pcrfhjmmb kmathrlmg lbl, pcbimrud-pcbimrudnmrl sumtu kmathr pcbcgltlmb nmpmt nlcvmgumsl pmnm jcrjmiml tmrmk pcrgmaumb (tlbiamt kmathr) Lmlbbym, scdlbiim ecepcrgcjmr acmj-

Amgamnmsl ncrmomt aftlnmapmstlmb (ncircc hk urfcr-

blbty). Nmgme sctlmp pcrfhjmmb scgmgu tcrnmpmt sumtu ncrmomt

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Dlphtcsls-dlphtcsls ymbi mamb nluol Pcbimrud-pcbimrud pcrgmgfumb ymbi mamb nlomnlamb sumtu cstlemsl ktcslepugmb).

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ZhtfmbimbPufnmmb

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hjo cftlvcs) ^uoumb pcbcgltlmbhknmpmt ^lroumb sumtu stmtcecbt nlbymtmamb nmgme jcbtua? Pcrtmbymmd-pcrtmbymmb ymbi mamb nlomwmj gcwmt pcrfh-

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Hjycatlvltms (broumb) lbl dmrus nlbymmamb scfmrm Crbrgls ecburut mtukte mtmu phgm ymbi tcpmr Olam lbl nlgmgxK amb emam Vl pcbcgltl nmpmt ecrmbfmbi prhscnur pcrfhjmmbbym ncbimb gcjld ckcatlk (tcpmt-iubm). Olam hjycatlvltms lbl gcjld nmrl smtu, fmbtueamb tuoumb lbl ecburut ncrmomt acpcbtlbimbbym. Dmg lbl pcbtlbi, amrcbm ncrmomt acpcbtlbi-

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omwmjmb-omwmjmb jmil pcbmbymmb-pcrtmbymmb ymbi nltctmpamb scjcgue pcrfhjmmb. (3)

P mblttdmb E mt cr l mg P c r f hj mmb

Nmgme pcelgldmb emtcrlmg lbl, pcrtlejmbimb-pcrtlejmbimb nlnmsul hgcd hjycatlvltms pcrfhjmmb nmb phpugmsl ymbi nlmemtl. Emtcrlmg tcrplgld dmrusgmtr blcwmalgl

mb nmrl tuoumb-tuoumb pcrfhjmmb tcrscjut mamb ecbubtub sl pcbcgltl ubtua ecelgld rmbfmbimb (crycrlecbtmg ncslib) ymbi pmtlbi fhfha jmil pcrfhjmmbbym. ^uoumb pcrfhjmmb lbl tlnma jhgcd nlbymtmamb scfmrm smemr, rmiu-rmiu mtmu tcrgmgu mbljlslus, tctmpl dmrus tcims nmb ocgms scsuml ncbimb kmatm-kmatm ymbi mnm.

(t)

phbrgmsl ymbi mamb nliubmamb scjmiml mombi pcbiuolmb pcnmgfumb-pcrgmgfumb pcrfhjmmb.

(;)

Pcelgldmb rmbfmbimb ymbi fhfha ubtua sumtu pcrfhjmmb scpcrtl tcgmd nlocgmsamb scjcguebym, tcrimbtubi pmnm

tuoumb pcrfhjmmb. Elsmgbym, olam pcrfhjmmb ecglputl pcrgmaumb kmathrlmg ymbi embm sceum kmathr pcbcgltlmb nmb lbtcrnaslbym ecepubyml ncrmomt acpcbtlbimb ymbi smem, emam rmbfmbimQ ymbi fhfha mnmgmUr ebfmbimb-rmbfmbimb jcrimgmt tubiimg (elsmgbym rmbfmbimb mfmgf acghepha kmathrlmg). Olam smtmd-smtu kmgfthr pcbcgltlmb gcjld pcbtlbi

Mtuglsls kmkup Arlrts jmil Pcremsmddmb nmb^uorub Dmslg-dmslg pcrfhjmmb tmejmdmry'tma tcrnuim nmb mtmu ymbi ecgcbfcbi dmrus nlpcrtlejmbiamb scfmrm dmtldmtl ecburut stmbrs tchrl-tchrl ymbi mnm dujubimbbym ncbimb pcremsmgmdmb ymbi nlscglnlal @mstlamb ncrmomt

nmrl kmathr gmlbbym, emam rmbfmbimb ymbi fhfha mnmgmtr rmbfmbimb jcrimgmt imbnm (elsmgbym rmbfmbimb pctma tcrjmil mtmu spglt pght ncslib). Aceunlmb olam pcbcgltl gcjld ececbtlbiamb pcbimrud lbtcrmgfsl nmrlpmnm pcbimrutrpcbimrud kmgrthr utmembym, emam rmbfmbimb ymbi scsuml mnmgmtr rmrrfmbimb jcrimgmt ulpcg (tlim), elsmgbym rmbfmbimb pctma mgurmb (strtp pght ncslib). Ecsalpub ncelalmb mnm sme amlnmd?ueue nmgme pcelgldmb lbl, ymltu "rmbfmbimb ymbi pmglbi jmla mnmgmd rmbfmbimb ymbi pmglbi scncrdmbm, tctmpl tctmp ecejcrlamb actcpmtmb nmb actcgltlmb ymbi nljututramb hgcd sl pcbcgltl".

acpcbtlbimb dmslg-dmslg pcbcgltlmb nmgme pcecfmdmb sumtu emsmgmd). Pcelgldmb sumtu prhscnur jmil pcbcgltlmb tcrimbtubi pmnm gums rumbi glbiaup jmil pcbcrmpmb dmslg-dmslg pcbcgltl-

mb nmb pmnm tuoumb utmem pcbcgltlmb

Pcbcgltlmb lbl nmpmt jcrslkmt ncsarlptlk (ecbocgmsamb) nmb ecglputl sumtu survcl pcbimejlgmb fhbthd (smepglbi sub cy) mtmu nmpmt ecglputl sumdr pcrfhjmmb tcracbnmgl (fhbtrhggcn crycrlecbt) mtmu scrlmg pcrfhjmmb. Jcjcrmpm

mtmu sceum pc.>llbjmbimb jcrlaut lbl mamb ectljmtamb sceum prhscnug ymbi ueue nlgmasmbmamb nmgme sumtu pcbcgltlmb (>)

P celgtdmb Z mbf mb i mb P c rf hj hmb

(9)

( tcmtecbts ) Acjcrdmslgmb sumtu pcrfhjmmb ouim nltcbtuamb hgcd pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb b ymbi mamb nltcrmpamb scpcelgldmb pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaum pceltldmb lbl ecbcbtuamb actcpmtAmrcbm fmrm dmtl-dmtl. pcrfhjmmb iubmmb (ckcatlvltms) dmslg nmgme ecbicvmgumsl

P celgldmK P crgmgmbb-p crglmaumb

Pcelgldmb Sblt Pcbimtbmbb nmb gwrgmd Sgmbimb Sbtua pcrfhjmmb.pcrfhjmmb gmpmbimb ? (klcgn

qcrllec br )'ncbimb

tmbmemb scjmiml njyca, pcrblgldmb lbl mnmgmd ubtrra ecbcbtuamb uaurmb nmb jcbtua pctma-pctma pcrfhjmmb. Sbbra pcrfhjme-pcrfhjmmb gmpmbimb ncbimb jlbmubi scjmiml hjyca, pcelgldmb lbl mnmgmtg ubtua ecbcb-

Pfrr.glrlh,

Zhtfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

=<

 

dmslg-dmslg lbl mamb jcbmr-jcbmr emepu ecejcrlamb omwmjmb ymbi nlfmrl gcwmt pcrfhjmmb. Pmnm udmp lbl, mnm jmlabym olam sl pcbcgltl ecbnlsauslamb rcbfmbm pcrfhjmmbbym ncbimb pmamr stmtlstla (srmrlstlflmb) nmb ncbimb tcemb scprhkcsl tcrutmem ymbi gcjld scblhr. Dmg lbl mamb jcsmr scamgl embkmmtbym, ubtua ecblbiamtamb actmomemb nmb acjcbmrmb pcbcgltl nmgme ecembnmbi nmb ecembkmmtamb pcrfhjmmb nmb dmslg-dmslg

u*mb ouegmtt jlbmtmbi ymbi mamb nlmbiimp scjmiml sumtu ublt pcrfhjmmb. Nmgme pcelgldmb lbl, pcbimgmemb nmrl pcbcgltl nl jlnmbi ymbi smem mtmu scbmnm pmtut nlomnlamb

(4)

(.r>)

rt

nl embm?U 5 rcrmtm scgurud nmtm pcrfhjmmb (irmbn-ecmb). Vcfmrm ueue nmpmt nlamtmamb jmdwm olam AA emalb acflg jcrmrtl ncrmo mt aco ltumb nmb acmbnmgmb mamb e malb tlbiil nmb mamb

rd-=

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Actcrmbimbl

5 bymtm (K dltubi 2K 3 9h) 5 smbimtb\mtm (K dltubi 2 K

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(6)

Ahcklslcb Acrmimemb ymbi Ahcklslcb acrmimemb ecrupmamb sumtu ahcklslcb nmb ecbubouaamb ncrmomt acolwmr- (prcflslhb mtmu mffurmfy) pcrfhjmmb tcmbnmgmb acslepugmb/dmllt ymbi nlpcrhgcd nmrl sumtu ymbi ecrupmamb ncvlmsl jmau pcr ublt pcrfhjmmb' Ahcklslcb

60

Dctcrhicbltms jmdmb, mgmt, ecnlm, glbiaubimb pcrfhjmmb, emalb dctcrhicb jmdmb, mgmt, ecnlm nmb glbiaubimb pcrfhjmmb mamb nldmslgamb AA ymbi emalb jcsmr pugm. Sbtua ecbimtmslbym plgldgmd jmdmb, mgmt, ecnlm nmb glbiaubimb ymbi scdhehicb eubialb. Lbamg ahbtrhg, mnmbym ghamg ahbtrhg mamb ecepcracflg AA. Olamghamgahbtrhg lbl emalbckcatlk mambnlpcrhgcd AA ymbi emalb acflg, ubtua ltu pcbimturmb ghamg ahbtrhg dmrus nlgmauamb scjmla eubialb, elsmgbym ghamg ahbtrhg jcrupm

scdctcrhicb eubialb.

Vcgmbi pcrgmaumb, mambecbcbtuamb alsmrmb blgml nmrl nmtm

pcrfhjmmb. Emalb gcjmr scgmbi pcrgmaumb lbl jlmsmbym nllautl hgcd scgmbi pcbimemtmb ymbi emalb gcjmr, scdlbiim mamb nlpcrhgcd blgml AA ymbi emalb jcsmr pugm. Sbtua ecbiurmbil pcbimrud scgmbi lbl, emam scgmbi pcrgmaumb mtmu alsmrmb nmtm dmrus nlupmymamb scsceplt eubialb. Zmbfmbimb-rmbfmbimb Jcrimgmt

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

^tbiimg

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uol jcnm ymbi scjmlabym nlpmaml, ymltu? (g) Olam AA jcsmr, (elbltbmg gH[h pmnm ahbnlsl dhehicb mtmu elblemg:0[h pmnm ahbnlsl dctcrhicb), uol gmboutmb ymbi scjmlabym nliubmamb mnmgmd uol Nubfmb1 amrcbm uol lbl nmpmt nlamtmamb ymbi pmglbi tcgltl. (:) Olam AA scnmbi, (mbtmrm 3-gh9h pmnm ahbnlsl dhehicb mtmu mbtmrm gH-:H[h pmnm ahbnlsl dctcrhicb), uol gmboutmb ymbi scjmlabym nlpmaml mnmgmd uol JB^ @cnm Bymtm ^cracflg) amrcbm uol lbl nmpmt nlamtmamb ouim jcractcgltlmb

(6)

(6)

Sgmbimb pcrgmaumb. Ecepcrjmbyma ugmbimb pcrgmaumb nmpmt ecepcracflg AA, scdlbiim ecblbiamtamb ncrmomt acoltumb nmb acmbnmgmb dmslg pcrfhjmmb. Vcdujubimb ncbimb emsmgmd pcbcbtumb blgml AA ymbi jmla lbl, Ihecz nmb Ihecz (=) mtms nmsmr pcbimgmembbym nl jlnmbi pcbcgltlmb tcrdmnmp prhnuasl tmbmemb pmnl nl LZZL ecbylepugamb jmdwm blgml AA ymbi jmla jmil? (=) Pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud vmrlctms mnmgmd ;-49h M) Pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud pceupuamb mnmgmd g[g:%h Pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud lbscatlslnm nmb dcrjlslnm mnmgmd =6g38h. Aceunlmbolam nljmbnlbiamb mtms nmsmr hjyca pcbimgbmtmb nmgme sumtu pcrfhjmmb emam AA ymbi jmla jmil? Prhnuasl pmnl mnmgmtr scaltmr =09h Ouegmtr mbmamb scaltmr :H8h, nmb ^lbiil tmbmemb mnmgmdV9h. Vcjmiml sumtu pmthamb ueue, tmpl juamb ecrupmamb sumtu jmtmsmb ymbi jmau, AA ymbi jmla ubtua pcrfhjmmb-pcrfhjmmb nl ruemd amfm, gmjhrmthrlue mtmu nl rumbi-rumbi tcrahbtrhg gmlbbym mnmgmd mbtmrm 3-G0{h nmb ubtua pcrfhjmmb-pcrfhjmmb nl gmpmbimb

(=) @ (6)

mnmgmd gS:H%h.

Bmeub ncelalmb mnm sumtu kmgsmkmd pcbtlbi ymbi pmtut nlpcrtlejmbiamb ncbimb scasmem hgcd sctlmp pcbcgltl, ymltu AA ymbi tcrgmgu acflg mamb ecbycjmjamb tcrgmgu jmbyma pcrgmaumbpcrgmaumb ymbi ecbhbohg (bymtm) nmb AA ymbi tcrgmgu jcsmr mamb ecbycjmjamb tlnma mnm pcrgmaumb ymbi ecbhbohg, ac num ahbnlsl lbl smem tlnma jmlabym amrcbm mamb ecbyugltamb pcbcgltl nmgme ecbylepugamb embm pcrgmaumb ymbi tcrjmla (hptleue) nmrl pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi nltcrmpamb nmgme pcrfhjmmbbym. Omnl scjctugbym, AA ymbi jmla tcrscjut tlnma tcrimbtubi ncbimb blgmlbym jcrmpm, tmpl ymbi pcbtlbi AA tcrscjut nmpmt ecbhbohgamb sumtu pcrgmaumb hptltbue ymbi gh ils. Mtms nmsmr kmgsmkmd lbl nmbolam nldujubiamb ncbimb ncrmomt actcgltlmb dmslg uol jcnm pcbimrud-pcbimrud pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp nmtmpcrfhjmmb, emam nmpmt nljumtdujubimb blgml AA nmb emfme

scnmbi, nmb Olam AA acflg, (emgslemgV[h pmnm ahbnlsl gwehicb mtmu emgfslemg L0[h pmnm ahbnlsl dctcrhicb), uol gmboutmb ymbi scjmlabym nlpmaml mnmgmd uol JBO (Jcnm Bymtm Ouour) amrcbm uol lbl tcrihghbi aurmbi tcgltl.

Fhbthd Amsus L Nmrl pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud dhrehb tuejud tcrdmnmp prhnuasl acncgml nl tmbmd PEA, ubtua ecbiuol dlphtcsls jmdwm pcejcrlmb dhrehb mamb.ecblbiamtamb prhnuasl acnckml scfmrm bymtm(D,) (Vhmg uolmb bcimrmZmbfhj Ahpcrtls Ylgmymd LL tmbiimg 4 Ougl =h g9h "-.

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ghamg-ghamg tcrtcbtu (hamg ahbtrhg). Pmnm ZMA lbl, ghamg ahbtrhg ecrupmamb pcbicghephamb pcrgmaumb scfmrm gcbiamp pmnm acghepha-acghepha, jgha-jgha, mtmu ghamg-ghamg. Acghepha-acghepha lbl nmpmt jcrupm mrcmgmrcmg gmdmb, ymbi embm emslbi-emslbi mrcmg lr,rl nlflrlamb hgcd

slkmt adms ymbi blsjl dhehicb, elsmgbym tlbiamt acsujurmb tmbmd ymbi blsjl smem, gcrcbi ymbi jcracelrlbimb blsjl smem, mtmu tlbiamt acemsmemb ymbi blsjl smem. Ahbnlsl gmlb ymbi nmpmt nlmbiimp scjmiml acghepha mbrmrm gmlb mnmgmd acghepha wmatu pcbimemtmb, elsmgbym pmil, slmbi

nmb shrc, acghepha mgmt ymbi nliubmamb elsmgbym jumtmb M,

x =00 8h 5 >,6> [h X v Dmslg uol K lbl ecbubouaamb? Pcejcrlmb dhrehb jcrpcbimrud smbimt bymtm nmgme ecblbiamtamb prhnuasl acncgml nl tmbmd PEA (tcrlem D,), scdlbiim nmpmt nlslepugamb jmdwm pcejcrlmb dhrehb smbimt jcrdmslg nmgme ecblbiamtamb prhnuasl acncgml, nmb jcrmrtl pugm mnm smgmd smtu pcrgmaumb (ahbscbtrmsl dhrehb) ymbi pcbimrudbym smbimt ecbhbohg olam nljmbnlbiamb ncbimb pcbimrud ahbtrhg nmb eubialb ncbimb pcrgmaumb gmlbbym. 5XXXX

jumtmb J nmb jumtmb F, acghepha jmdmb elsmgbym pupua jumtmb pmjrla M, pmjrla J nmb pmjrla F, scklm acghepha tcbmim acrom elsmgbym acghepha mbma-mbma, ncwmsm nmb tum. \mbi pcbtlbi kmathr pcbicghephamb lbl juambgmd kmathr ymbi mamb nltcgltl.

=.

Pcrmejmbimb fg?ut Lgmimb Pcrfhjmmb Olam pcrmejmbimb pmnm ZMG nlgmauamb scfmrm gcbiamp ubtua scgurud pht-pht pcrfhjmmb, amrcbm nmgme phgm lbl sctlmp pht ecrupmamb smtumb pcrfhjmmb utud, emam ubtua ZMA pcrmejmbimb pcrgmaumb gcbiamp nlgmauamb pcr acghepha. Dmg lblgmd ymbi ecbycjmjamb phgm lbl nlscjut Zmbfmbimb Mfma Acghepha. Zmbfmbimb-rmbfmbimbJcrimgmt^ubiimg 63

Zmbfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

 

-

Pcrmejmbimb pmnm ZMA nltmauamb scjmbyma t pcnmgrumb pmnm a acghepha, scnmbiamb pmnm ZMG nlgmauamb scjmbyma t pcrgmgfumb x r ugmbimb scfmrm acscgurudmb ublt pcrfhjmmb. fhbthd G.i- pcrfhjmmb dmslg pcrmejmbimb ecburut ZMA, olam t5 =,:,

6,>,snmba5 =,:,6,>.

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OA Imgmt 5 OA ^htmg - OA Acghepha - OA Pcrgmaumb (>.=;) Pcrdmrtamb jmdwm mbmglsls ouegmtr aumnrmt ecburut ecthnc ZMA olam nljmbnlbiamb ncbimb ecthnc ZMG pcktcnmmreym dmbym tcrgctn( pmnm mnm tlnmabym OA Acghepha nmb pmnm OA Im=mt.

Zqmtm \P.

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Pcbmtmmb nmb Mbmglsls Nmtm Nmtm (\r) dmslg pcrfhjmmb nltmtm ecburut ujcg jcrlaut? ^mjct >.3. Nmtm pfbimrud pcrgmaumb tfrgbnqp dmslg pfrfhkub Acghepha

(>.=3)

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pfrfhkub efbmrugZMA

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Mbmglsls Vlnla Zmime Mbmglsls slnla rmime pcbimrud pcrgmgfumb ubtua ZMA nlgmauamb ecburut uol K jcrlaut?

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Mmsdm efburmt ZMA

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UAA

vt-vg-v:5v6

Amcrubimb?^ 5 Vlbiamtmb nmrl^htmg

^htmg

at-g5vt

OA^

Nmrl nmtm ymbi tfemol pmnm tmjcg lbl nmpmt nldltubi?

Amhmbimb?

(=) Pfbofgmsmb tcbtmbi dmslg uol K

KA

FkA,)

^Lq

^h,

5-

(v:,v6)

OAI^[6

gO LkgI

(:)AA5?-x=00%

axt

v

OA^htmg5^(\ll6)-KA

6;

K^mjfg

LAPB: A^PLF^I

Inmt

Ouegmd

Dltuti

s% t% OALivg ALL[LkkI (vg, v6)

OAP OAI

\{

K

ZhrmbimbPcrfkuhb

Zmbfmtqht-rmbbbimb

N mimjt

^ur=iimg

69

 

Pcrdmtlgfmb jmdwm pcrjcnmmb uol K ecburut ZMA nmb ZMG tcrgctma pmnm mnm tlnmabym suejcr acrmimemb acghepha.

Fhbbd Amsus : Olam pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud dhrehb pmnm fhbthd amsus L

scjcguebym nlgmauamb ecburut ZMA, emam nlpcrhgcd OA tmejmdmb?

(=) (:)

OA Acghepha 5

5

(36,9:+...+30,:) ; =,;6;

- =9>9,;:9

OA Imtmt 5 9 ,366 - =,;6; - 3,096 5 0,4:> Dmslg mbmglsls slnla rmimebym ecbomnl?

^mjcg >.4. Pcrjmbnlbimb dmslg mbmglsls slnla rmime ecburut ZMA nmb ZMG Dmslg mrmlrm

g. :. 6. >. 3. ;. 9.

NJ Imgmt OA Imgmt A^ Imgmt

K Dltubi (pcrgmaumb)

K Dltubi ktcghepha) K^mjcg (pcrgmaumb)

AA

=3

=4

0,4:> 0,033

t4,>9" :" :,991>,:3

>,6>

.9.

Cm?slg mbmglsls pcbimrud dhrehb tcrdmnmp

ecburut ZMA

K Dltei

Acghepha Dhrehb

g,

6

Inmt

t,0G>;

0,4'u

=3

3

;6;

3,096

3

0,033

K dltubi nmb K tmjcg gcjld jcsmr nmrlpmnm ZMG, scdlbiim ecthnc ZMA emepu gcjld ecbhbohgamb pcbimrud pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp prhnuasl acncgml. Ncbimb ncelalmb acslepugmb dmslg pcrfhjmmb ecburut ZMA gcjld mbnmg nmrlpmnm ecburut ZMG, ecsalpub acnum-numbym smem-

prhnual acncjl K ^mjcg

39h

6,:< :,: >,3;

smem tcrscjut emepu (smbimt bymtm).ecbhbohgamb pcbimrud pcrgmaumb Hgcd amrcbm pcbimrud acghepha jcrncrmomt smbimt bymtm, lbl ecbubouaamb jmdwm ZMA emepu ecelsmdamb acrmim-

(:)

emb nmtm maljmt bhbpcrgmaumb nmrl imgmt (cxpcrlecbtmg crrhr).Lbl ouim jcrmrtl jmdwm acrmimemb nmtm juamb smom nlpcbimrudl hgcd mnmbym pcbimrud pcrgmaumb, tmpl ouim hgcd mnmbym pcbimrud bhbpcrgmaumb. Ncbimb ncelalmb ZMA jcrdmslg ecbidlbnmrl mnmbym jlms pmnm ZMG. Acrmimemb nmtm pcr ublt pcrfhjmmb nlpcracflg hgcd ZMA

9.366

Actcrmbimb?**

5

AA5

smbimtbymtm

;03s '--?-4,36

x gH0 9h 5 :,93 9h

(6)

Ecsalpub acslepugmb tcbtmbi pcbimrud dhrehb tcrdmnmp prhnuasl acncgml mnmgmd smem, bmeub pmnm uol K ecburut ZMA lbl tcrnmpmt jcjcrmpm acgcjldmb nljmbnlbi ZMG olam nlgmauamb tcrdmnmp nmtm ymbi smem scpcrtl tcrgldmt pmnm tmjcg jcrlaut lbl.

ecbomnl?

AA ZMA

AA ZMG

x LHH 9h 5

:,93

x

->,6>

=00 [h 5 ;6,6; [h

nwl

(>.=9)

acrmimemb sceugm ecburut ZMG.

64

 

Zmbfmbimb-rmbfmbimb Jcrimgmt ^eiimg 6<

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

>

Cklslcbsl ZMA tcrdmnmp ZMG A^I ZMG 0,=69 :M< 5 A^I ZMA 0,033

pcrmejmbimb pcrgmaumb, gmdmb ymbi ecembombi hgmd-hgmd nlsusub dlbiim ecejcbtua pcrscil.

(6)

(>.=4)

-5

pcbimrud dhrehb tcrdmnmp prhnuasl acncgml.

gmlb-gmlb, ymbi pcbtlbi kmathr-kmathr lbl juambgmd kmathr ymbi nltcgltl.

ZMBFMBIMBMFMAASMNZM^GM^LB

Olam ghamg ahbtrhg pmnm ZMAjcrupm pcbicghephamb, emam pmnm Zmbfmbimb Mfma Aumnrmt Gmtlb (ZMAG) lbl, ghamg ahbtbhg-

bym jcrupm jmrls (rbv) nmb gmour (fhughbtj). Jmrls nmb gmour lbl dmbymgmd lstlgmd ymbi nliubmamb ubtua ecbuboug&mb jmdwm pcrmejmbimb pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb nlgmauamb scfmrm aumnrmt (pcrscir) mtmu jcrslgmbi mrmd. Zmbfmbimb lbl omrmbi nliubmamb amrcbm ececrguamb pcrsymrmtmb? Ouegmd jmrls - ouegmtr gmour - ouegmd pcrgmgfumb, scdlbiim olam ouegmd pcrgmaumb tcrgmgu acflg mamb ecbycjmjamb ugmbimb pcrgmaumb ymbi tcrgmgu scnlalt nmb olam ouegmd pcrgmaumb tcrgmgu jcsmr mamb ecbycjmjamb ugmbimb pcrgmaumb ymbi tcrgmgu jcsmr scdlbiim mamb tlnmgf cahbhels olam nliubmamb. Hgcd amrcbm ltu, ZMAG lbl ueuebym dmbym nliubmamb olam pcrgmaumb ymbi nltcgltl scjmbyma 3-4 pcnmaumb. Sbbra ecbimtmsl acsugltmb maljmt pcrsymrmtmb tcecjut, ecthnc ZMAG lbl tcgmd nlehnlklamsl hgcd \huncb" ZMAG ehnlklamsl lbl nlscjut ZMA \huncb nmb pmnm ZMA\ lbl, ouegmtr pcrgmaumb tlnma pcrgu smem ncbimb ouegmd jmrls mtmu ouegmd gmour.

(g)

@

^lnma mnm lbtcrmasl mbtmrm jmrls mtmu gmour ncbimb pcrgmaumb. Olam mnm lbtcrmasl, emam ZMAG lbl tlnma nmpmt nliubmamb nmbolam tcmp nliubmamb, emamacslepugmb mtmu dmslg-dmslg pcrfhjmmb tcrscjut ecbomnl smemr. Ecsalpub ZMAG lbl nlscjut aumnrmt (pcrscir), ecthnc lbl ouim nmpmt nliubmgfmb tcrdmnmp gmdmb ymbi ecembombi. Pmnm smmt

sc-

Mnmbym num suejcr acrmimemb nmtm nl gumr pcrgmaumb ymbi nltcgltl. Num suejcr acrmimemb lbl nmpmt jcrupm : mrmd slgmbi acelrlbimb gcrcbi, : mrmd slgmbi acsujurmb tmbmtg,: mrmd slgmbi fmrmgtcbmimgmgmt acrom, : wmatu pcbimemtmb nmb

Mrtlbym? Cklslcbsl ZMA :6< x cklslcbsl ZMG nmgme ecbhbohgamb

F.

lbl

=.

Pcrmejmbimb nmb Jmimb Pcrfhjmmb Pcrmejmbimb pcrgmaumb ecburut jmrls nmb

ZMAG lbl nlgmauamb scamglius, tctmpl tlnma

gmour nmgme

mnm pcrgmaumb ymbi tcrugmbi nmgme jmrls nmb gmour tcrtcbtu, mimr sctlmp jmrls nmb sctlmp

gmour ecepubyml pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb scfmrm gcbiamp. Nmgme pcrmejmbimb lbl, pcrmejmbimb jcrvmrlmsl nmrl pcrmejmbimb jcjms (ubtua pctma pcrtmem), pcrmejmbimb jcjms jcrsymrmt

(ubtua pctma-pctma jcrlauurym) dlbiim pcrmejmbimb tma jcjms (juamb pcrmejmbimb) ubtua pctma pcrfhjmmb tcrmadlr. Fhbthd jmimb pcrfhjmmb dmslg pcrmejmbimb ecburut ZMAG lbl mnmgmd?

ZMAG

Jmimb

Jmrls

u

L LL LLL L[

r

[

L m

o

LL

L[

N

L C

M

F

J

M

J

F

C

N

J

M

C

N

F

N

J

M

C

C

F

N

J

M

f

M, J, F, N, nmb C mnmgmd pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi

Nl embm

nltcrmpamb.

ZhrmbihtPmfkumb

Zmbfmbimb-rmbfmbimbJcrimgmt^wtiimg >=

 

Jmrls

L

LL

L[

N

C

M

F

-J

M

J

F

C

J

M

C

N

F

N

J

M

-N -F -C

C

F

N

J

-M

Jmimb ZM A\

L m

o

u

r

L LL e L[

v

OAGmour5

Pcbmtmmb nmb Mbmglsls Nmtm Nmtm nltmtm : tmdmp, pmnm tmdmp pcrtmem nmtm nltmtm scsuml ncbimb acmnmmb pcrfhjmmb nl gmpmbimb scjmiml jcrlaut?

:.

^mjcg

>..:r)

b --KA Sbtua ecbidltubi OA pcrgmaumb nmb OA imgmt, emam nmtm pmnm ^mjcg>.< nltmtm gmil ecburut jmrls mtmu ecburut gmour scpcrtl pmnm ^mjcg>.=0.

OAPcrgmaumb OA*u, 5 OAr*, ^mjcg

>.=0.

-

^P:

--KA - OAr*," - OA'h, - OWhr"r.h*

@'::)

Nmtm pcbimrud pcrgmaumb ecburut jmls nmgme ZMAG

Jmrls

Pcrgmaumb

P

Nmtm pcbimrud ghamg ahbtrhg nl gmpmbimb ecburut ZMAG

M

\h,,

\M:6

\X,

\b* \*,

^R

9,

t

\""

J

\"r,

:

\,,, \hb

O

\"t

\,,

\bL \.r,

\M:l

\u,,

=

>

Ouegmd

(kJ)

^G, ^G:

\*,

\"r,

^G6

^Go

^*

\rh,

\"*

\h,

W.

\hhb

\",,

\hrh

\h,

\"h,

\*,

^J,

^J,

^J,

^J,

^J-

\",h

3.

\hrr,

\"r,

\"h,

^G.

nmrl tmjcg lbl nmpmt nldltubi?

KA5 b

1

(>.=c)

5 ouegmd jmrls mtmu gmour mtmu pcrgmaumb

OA^htmg 5 ^ OA Jmrls 5

(\,obr)

^h'

-

b

\",,

^J

,,

6.

- KA

@.:0)

\",,

\X,

\"r,

\.r,

W,

",

>.==. Nmktmr

^J

^f

\hh

^C

t

^*

\r

^N

\*h

,,

",

G G

\"

mbslrm ecburut ZMAG

A

NJ

OA

Jmrls

b-=5vr b-=5vr

OAJ

Pcrgmaumb

b-g5vr

Imgmt

v,

^mjcg

b:

AL

OAG

-

6vr5v,

OAP OAI

-

=5v

OA^

Zmbfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

>:

\"r, \f36

Mbmglsls Vlnla Zmime SolK ecburut ZMAG nlgmauamb scpcrtl pmnm tmjcg jcrlaut?

Gmour

- KA

\jh, \"h, \h., \*"

\rrb

\fx

\h,

\h,

N C

^mjcg

^..: Sa

\r.,

\",h

F

K dltubi

K tmjcg 39h g>h

OAJ/v, A^J/A^I OAG/v, A^G/A^I OAP/v, A^P/A^I

(v,, vr) (v,, vr) (v,, vr)

J cr imgmt ^ ubi img

>6

OAI/v,

Zmbfmbi mb- r mbf mbimb

 

-

Llam pcbymrmtmb-pcrsymrmtmb ubtua ZMAG lbl tcrpcbudl emgfmdmslguolKecburutZMAGlblmambgcjldmbnmgnmbgcjld pcbimrud H.tkphHu bcg nmb ZMA nmgme ecbhbohgamb

"l"* p"ttutu* lcrdmnmp dmslg-dmslg pcrfhjmmb' Fhbbd -- -- amsus

(o)

pcbcgltl jcremasun ecgmauamb pcrfhjmmbtcbubi gcrcbi p.biu*t *uOu* omrma tmbme tcrdmnmp prhnuasl themt nl '[*C S"rk".lrlbimb 39h ac mrmd jmrmt nmb gh%h ac mrmd scgmtmb' Kcrgmaumb \mbi nluol ecglPutl?

l.hr*i

M 5 =3x=3 N 5 :0x:0

fe: fe:

fe' fez

i 5 t3x:0 C5:0x:3

F

5 =3x:3

>.=:. Nmtm

Nmrl ^mjcg>.=6 nmpmt nldltubi?

OAglge

(:9,;=+... + >9,4:) 5

Ahb*

5 90,4>

4,99 >,99

90,4>0 smbVmtbymtm

L hb>s 9,64

x =00

9h

5 =9,36

9h

^mjcg>.=9. Pcrjmbnlbimb dmslgmbslrm pcbimrud omrma tmbme tcrdmnmp prhnuasl themt ecburut ZMG, ZMA, nmb ZMAG

^mjcg

>.=3. Dmslg mbslrm

pcbimrud lmrma tmbmbt tcrdmnmp prhnuasl themt

brfburttt LLML'

A

A

>

Omrma tmbme

K

A^

dltubi

r9,;3'

=6,403

33.:0 =3,;>

:0

Imgmt

NJ Imgmt

:0

=;

G:

OA Imgmt A^ Imgmt

=3,;>

tr,33

h

g%h

0,94: K dltubi Pcrgmaumb =9,;3* K tmjcg pcrgmaumb (:,491>,>6)

)Z=

>,6

K dltubi ac[jmrls K dlbei gmoru

K tmjcg

AA

0.94:

90,4>

^htmg

Actcrmbimb'.

EAG

Dmslg mbslrm

scjmiml jfrlaut?

** 5

L hO4" 9'UZ

x

qil

ecbycjmjamb imgmr 900

=t,36

90

G9,ig*

(6,:;13,>t) t,6=9 0,9;3

90

==,493

Nmrl tmjcg >.99 lbl tcrgldmt jmdwm tcrdmnmp nmtm ymbi smem,

pcXrujmdmb mbslrm

smbimt bymtm

AA5

=t,9

Zmbfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

 

Sol Jcnm Zcrmtm Pcbimrud

Pcrgmaumb

Llam pmnm mbslrm khaus pcbiuolmb nltuouamb ubtua ecbif-

tmdul stmtus dlphtcsls tcbtmbi ncrmomt pcbimrud kmathr pcrgmaumb, emam pmnm uol jcnm rcrmtm lbl khaus pcbiuolmb mnmgmtr ubtua ecbictmdul stmtus dlphtcsls tcbtmbi pcbimrud tlbiamt kmathr mtmu pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp blgml-blgml piqimemue (nmtm) dmslg pcrfhjmmb. Pcrgmaumb hptleue tlnma nmpmt nltcbtuamb ecburut uol K, tctmpl nmpmt nlrfbtuamb ecburut uol jcnm lbl. Omnl, scjcbrgbym dmslg uol stmtlstla pmnm tmrmk lblgmtr ymbi ecbomnl smsmrmb pcbcgltlmb ymbi scjcbmeym, amrcbm dmslg uol lblgmd ymbi ecbcbtuamb smrmry' rcahecbnmsl mpm ymbi nlpcrhgcd nmrl sumtu grrfhjmmb, elsmgbym rcahecbnmsl nhsls pceupuamb mbourmb, ahbscbtrmsl pcstlslnm mbourmb, vmrlctms ubiiug mbourmb ubtua nliubmamb nmgme usmdm pcrtmblmb. Dlphtcsls ueue nmgme pcbiuolmb tmrmk lbl mnmgmd? Dh? tt 5Qt,5 ...... p,5 ......... Qt

D, ? pmglbi tlnma mnm smtu p, * p gmlb. Olam elsmgbym pcrgmaumb tcrnlrl nmrl th, t,, d G, nmb t , aceunlmb pcbcgltl pcbcgltlmbecbnuim lbl mnmgmd?jmdwm G ymbi hptleue, emam dlphtcsls

L= ? tth 5 gtr 5 gr, 5 pr5 gt Dr ? grh5 K, 5 pr* gtr 5 Qt

 

Blgml uol jmil jcnm num rcrmtm pcrgmaumb (n) scfmrm ueue nmpmt nldltubi scjmiml jcrlaut?

nr.* 5 Jh,u, s

nl embm? J 5

(s.=)

-

Vr5

blgmljmau pmnmtmrmk uol fr nmb ncrmomtjcjmsv

ecburut nlstrljusl tcrtcbtu. V 5 slePmbimb jmau Vrmrus jcnm blgml rcrmtm tcrscjut nluol ecburut amlnmd acputusmb?

NEV

Imgmt jmau rcrmtm ncvlmsl ueue?

-7 n,

tcrlem Dh

?

L

Dmslg uol dlPhtcsls? =. Olam Dh nlthgma pmnm tmrmk uol 3 9h jcrmrtl pcbimrud : pcrgmaumb ymbi nljmbnlbiamb jcrjcnm bymtm (sliblklfmbt nlkkcrcbfc) :. Ol-am Dh nlthgma pmnm tmrmk uol g9h jcrmrtl pcbimrud : pcr' gmaumb"ymbi nljmbnlbiamb jcrjcnm smbimt bymtm (dlidgy s l i blklf mbt nlkk c r c bf c ) 6. Olkm Dhnltcrlem pmnm tmrmk uol 39h jcrmrtl pfbimrud : pct-

rueus

(s.6)

scnmbiamb imgmt jmau rcrmtm ueue (tdc crrhr stmbnmrn hk icbcrmg ecm'b) Vrnlfmrl ecburut rueus ueue?

(s.:)

G 2 n, thgma Dh

(V) nltcbtuamb ecburut

M.

@sn

,[, X

tX

5 X

O'

(s.>)

OMGSZIMGM^JMASZCZM^MNC[LMVL Gcwmt omgur lbl, mnm : ecthnc ymbi scrlbinliubmamb ymltu? Ecthnc uol Jcnm Bymtm ^cracflg (Gcmst Vliblklfmbt Nlkkcrcbfc ^cst Ectdhn) mtm?uuolt Ecthnc uol Nubbctt (Nubbctklcsr) mtmu uol n. Ac num uol lbl ecbiiubmamb nlstrljusl t-stuncbt scjmiml wlgmymd pcbiuolmb, dmbym smom pmnm uol Nubbctt blgml jmau tstuncbt lbl tcgmd nlehnlklamsl hgcd F.Y. Nubbctt, scdlbiim blgml

=.

:.

gmau mb ymbi nljmbnlbiamb jc rjcn

m tl n ma

by mtm ( bh b s l i blkl-

fmbt nkklrcbfc). rcbiuolmb jcnm rcrmtm pcbimrud pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp dmslgdmslg pcrfhjlmb lbl, pmnm imgljbym (nmsmeym) tcrimbtubi pmnm rcbfmbm pcbcgltl nmgme pcrfhjmmbbym. Olam pfbcgltl jcgue nmpmt ecemstlamb pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb embm ymbi mamb nluol scdujubimb ncbimb dlphtcsls ymbi nlmouambbym, emam pcbcgltl nmpmt lrcbiiubmtmb jcrjmiml ecthnc ull tma tcrcbfmbm' Aceunlmb olam p"b.tltl tcgmd ecbcbtuamb pcrgmaumb-pfrgmaumb embm ymbi mamb nluol scjcgue pcrfhjmmb jfrgmbisubi, emam pfbcgltl nmpmt ecbiiubmamb ecthnc ull tcrcbfmbm ecburut ull ahbtrms hrthVhbmg mtmu ahbtrms phg\bhelmg. Ecburut ecthnc uol tma tcrcbfmbm, pmnm imgljbym mnm num omgurpcbiuolmb ymbi jfrsmsmrmb smem, ymltu omgur imgmtjmau rcrmtm ncvlmsl (V1) nmb omgur imgmt jmau rcrmtm ueue (Vr)'

30

jmau t ehnlklamsl lbl nlscjut t-Nubbctt mtmu n (Nubbctt). Hgcd amrcbm pcbiuolmb ecburut uol t nmb uol K blsjl scgmrms, emam uol JB^ (GVN) nmb uol Nubbctt lbl dmbym pcrgu nlgmauamb olam K dltubi elblemg jcrncrmomt bymt m (sliblklfmbt) mtmu Dhnlthgma pmnm tmrmk uol 39h (elsmgbym). Amrcbm dmeplrpmstl, olam dmslg uol K tlnma bymtm, emam dmslg uol JB^ mtmu dmslg uol Nubbctt ouim mamb tlnma bymtm. Ecsalpub uol t nmb uol K lbl mamb ecbidmslgamb dmslg

uol ymbi scgmrms, mnm scnlaltacgcjldmbuol t nmrlpmnmuol K, ymltuolam uol K tlnma smd (vmgln) nliubmamb tcrdmnmp nmtm pcrgmaumb pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi rmime (r',) bym tlnma smem (gldmt msuesl nmsmr mbslrm pmnm jmj LL) emam uol t lbl tctmp smd nliubmamb. Sol JB^ scjmlabym dmbym nliubmamb ubtua ecbiuol jcnm

lcrmtm pcrgmaumb tcrtcbtu mtms nmsmr acfcbncrubimb nmtm dmslg pcrfhjmmb mtmu nmpmtouim ubtua ecbiuol scgurud jcnm rcrmtm ymbi mnm nmgme sumtu pcrfhjmmb, msmgamb ouegmd pcrgmaumbbym tlnma tcrgmgu jmbyma. Ecburut Ihecz nmb Ihecz (=), hgcd amrcbm Sol Jcnm Zcrmtm Pcbimrud

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

Pcrgmaumb 3g

 

F.

ncrmomtacmbnmgmbuolJB^nmgmeecbidmslgambacslepugmbymbi ouegmtt jcbmr emalb rcbnmd ncbimb emalb jcrtmejmd jcsmeym dmbym nliubmamb ubtua Qrkrku*, emam uol ig{k lbl scjmlabym pcrgmgfwb' bmaslemg nul ecbiuol - " pcrtcHmmb-pcrjcnmmb olam nliubmamb;rfrdmnmp pcrfhjmlg6l hubbcb pmglbi fhfha eudg vmrlctms' eudr mb pcbiuolmb eubr, elsmgbym eukt jcbld, -hgud gmlb-gmlb' t*.d, eutu pupua, eutu pcstlslnm' nmb slstce amrcbm ecembi uol Nubbctllbl nlrmbfmbi ubtua ecbiuol jcnm pcrgmaupcbimrud trhttt.t (t*pm pcrgmaumb) ncbimb scacghepha tcrjmla eubr lbl' ecthnc *-p"rtmtumb scfmrm tltMlirs. Ecburut ahbtrhg' tcrdmnmp mHnmb eutu pcrgmaumb ymbi pmglbi ecbhbohg

PCB\MLLMB DMVLG SOL JCNM Nmgme pcbymolmb dmslg uol jcnm lbl, prlbslp nmsmr ymbi dmbs nlpcimbi sctlmp pcbcgltl, mnmgmd jmdwm fmrm nmb dmslg uol ymbi tcrsmol dmrusgmd jcrslkmt scncrdmbm, eunmd, nlpmdmel nmb lbkhremtlk. Hgcd amrfbm lbr, nmtm trmbskhremsl tlnma nlsmolamb nmgme jmilmb utmem sumtu gmphrmb mtmu amrym lgelmd. Olam mbnm tcrpmasm ecgmauamb trmbskhremsl nmtm, emam ymbi nlembkmmtamb dmbymgmd tgmslg uol stmtlstlabym smom ubtua nlpmaml tcrdmnmp nmtm msgl dmslg pcrfhjmmb. Sbtua ececbudl prlbslp tcrscjut, tcrnmpmt jcjcrmpm jmimb dmslg uol ymbi nmpmt nliubmamb, ymle?

juamb tcrdmnmP scsmem Pcrgmaumb.

=.

J.

ymltu?

lg

:)

OMGSZ IMGM^ JMAS ZCZM^M L.,LE^'E Ecgmgul omgur lbl' mnm 6 ecthnc uol ymbi scrlbi nliubmamb

Ecthnc uol jcnm bymtm ouou r (dhbcstgy sliblklfmm nlkkcrcbfc ectdhn) mtmu prhscnur^Wrfacy (uol q) Ecthnc uol jcnm omrma bymtm Nubfmb (Nubfmb's eugtlpgc

p-pubfmb (P-n) rmbic tc$ ectdhn) mtmu uol 6) vtclhHc uol jhnm omrma bymtm Vtuncbt-Bcwemb-Acugs (stuncbt'B*Rhb-Acugs rbugtlpgc rmbic tcst ectghn) mtmu uol P-stuncbt (P-s). ullmBgscscncrdmbmuolJB^nmbuolNubbcmamrcbmdmbym ymbi ececrguamb smtu blgml pcejmbnlbi jmil sceum blgml jcnm Kscpfbl iBl lbl tlnmatcrlamtncbimbdmslguol mgfmb nluol, tctmpl uol emupub ncbimb ouegmtr pcrgmaumb tcrscjut, uol b.rbyu tc mum pmnm JB^. scpcrtl -S?lP-NubfmbnmbP-stuncbt-Bcwemb-Acugssmemscpcrtl ouegmd pckgmaumb uol JBO ouim tlnma tcrlamr ncbimb dmslt uol K nmb dmbym smom pmnm uol Pn. nmb P's lbl blgml pcevubi mk.lbgluol. -mliqq1amr sctmrms ncbimb omrma jcnm rcrmtm pcnmyqqi ;*llbi nljmbnlbiamb aum-b@ -*Mt1 nmsmr flrl-nmb ahbnlsl pcemamlmb nmrl ecthnc-ecthnc uol jcnm tcrscjuG emam ecthnc ymbi pmglbi scrlbi nlpmaml mnnnt echnc JBO.

3:

Jmimb Mbiam Jcrtmbnm

Jmimb lbl nmpmt nlsmolamb nmgme jcbtua tmjcg = mtmu : mrmd. amrcbm jmbyma ecemaml rumbi, emam jmimb ncelalmb scjmHgcd

labym dmbym nliubmamb tcrdmnmp dmslg pcrfhjmmb bhbkmathrlmg ymbi ouegmd pcrgmaumbbym scnlalt mtmu tcrdmnmp jcnm pcbimrud utmem nmgme pcrfhjmmb kmathrlmg. ^mbnm ymbi nliubmamb pmnm jmimb lbl smem ncbimb tmbnm ymbi nliubmamb pmnm dmslg uol K, ymltu? (g) trt (slbiamtmb tlnma bymtm) mtmu bs (slbiamtmb bht sliblklfmbt) mtmu tmbpm tmbnm? olam blgml jcnm rlcg mbtmrm pmsmbimb pcrgmaumb ymbi nljmbnlbiamb 6 (gcjld acflg mtmu smbm ncbimb) blgml jcnm jmau ecburut sumtu uol jcnm ymbi nliubmamb. Dmslg uol lbl nlscjut Jcrjcnm ^lnma Bymtm? mtmu (:) * - bymtm(sliblglfmbt) ? olamblgml jcnmrlcglbl2 (gcjldjcsmr) nmrl blgml jcnm jmau pmnm tmrmk uo l rfbnmd( wtwbbym tmr$ 3 pcrscb).Dmslg uol lbl nlscjut Jcrjfnm Bymtm1 mtmu (6) ** 5 smbimt bymtm ( dlidgy sliblklfmbt)? nliubmamb olam blgml jcnm rlcg 2 (gcjld jcsmr) nmrl blgml jcnm jmau pmnm tmrmkuol tlbiil (wbuebym tmrmk L pcrscb). Dmslg uol lbl nlscjut Jcrjcnm Vmbimt Bymtm.

Vmgmd smtu nmrl actlim tmbnm lbl nlgcuaamb nl sunut ambmb mtms blgml jcnm rlcg sctlmp pmsmbimb pcrgmaumb ymbi nljmbnlbiamb. Fhbthdbym nmpmt nlgldmt pmnm tmjfg 3.=.

Sol Jcnm Zcrmtm Pcbimrtd

ZmbfmbihtPctf&mmb

Pcrgmgfumb

36

 

:.

Jmimb

Duruk

ymbi fhfha ecrupmamb nliubmamb Jmimb ubtua lblahbnlsl dmslg jmimb pmglbi nlmbourpcrfhjmmb. Emgmdmb tcrdmnmp scimgm amb ubtua pcbymolmb dmslg uol jcnm pcbimrud lbtcrmasl nmgme tmjcg : mrmd. ^mbnm ymbi nliubmamb pmnm jmimb duruk lbl tcrnlrl nmrl

duruk acflg (ubtua uol tmrmk rcbnmd) nmb duruk ampltmg (ubtua uol tmrmk tlbiil) ymbi nlsusub ecburut mjomn scgmrms ncbimb urutmb mbiam ymbi nljmbnlbiamb.

Nmgme gmtldmb, scjcgue nljcrl tmbnm dmslg uol scjmlabym mbiam-mbiam ymbi nljmbnlbiamb nlurutamb nmrl elblemg ac -emaslemg (olam pcbimrud pcrgmaumb jcrslkmt ecblbiamtamb) mtmu nmrl emaslemg ac elblemg (olam pcbimrud pcrgmaumb jcrsnmt ecburubamb) ncbimb phslsl nmrl mtms ac jmwmd mtmu scjmglabym scsuml ncbimb mrmd pcrjmbnlbimb. Pcejcrlmb tmbnm jcnm pcbimrud pcrgmaumb ecburut jmimb

duruk nlgmauamb jcrnmsmramb prlbslp?

(=)

pmsmbimb-pmsmbimb pcrgmaumb y mbi p cbimrudby m j crjcnm tlnma bymtm (uol tmrmk rcbnmd) mtmu jcrjcnm tlnma smbimt bymtm (uol tmrmk tlbiil) nljcrl tmbnm Duruk \mbi Vmem,

scnmbiamb

(f) (n) (c)

dltubi blgml jcnm rlcg nmrl mbiam pmsmbimb pcrgmaumb tcrX ncamt dlbiim rcromud, jmbnlbiamb sctlmp blgml jcnm rlcg lbl ncbimb blgml jcnm jmau,

aceunlmb,

FHZC^ sctlmp duruk pmsmbimb pcrgmaumb ymbi jcrjcnm bymtm mtmu smbimt bymtm ( blgml jcnm rlcrbym rcjld jcsmr nmrl blgml jcnm jmaubym). Fhbthd dmslgbym nmpmt nlgldmr pmnm ^mjcg3.:.

pcbimrud

pcrgmaumb ymbi Jcrslkmt Ecburubamb, - Sbtua nmpmt nlgmauamb ncbimb

fmrm ymbi smem dmbym smom prhscnueym nleugml nmt'r mbiam emaslemg ac mbiam elblemg.

:.

(m) (j)

ALM^ YLGM\MD, nlgmauamb ecburut prhscnur? S btua P c bi mr ud p

c r gmaum b y mb i J c r s nmt E c blb i amt amb 5 fmrm fhrct, tcbtuamb wlgmymd emslbi-emslbi duruk ncbimb fmrm ecX bmejmdamb blgml jcnm jmau ac sctlmp mbiam nmrl elblemg ac emaslemg, ubtua nmtm pmnm rmjcg 3.l. mnmgmd ,.111l jcrlaut? - Ylgmymd m? nmrl mbiam pcrtmem 9,i: smepml (9,

5 0, =;346 tgol

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

Jcnm Zcrmm Pmbimbrt

Pcrgmgwtt

 

:)

5:,g6gx 0,=;346 5 0,63 iB^h^5 :,ii x0,=;346 5HM<

JB^ --^mjct

36.

DmsltmltJB^ pfbimrmd dhrbhb efburutZMA

Dqbhb(ppe)

Zmtn

prhnugul

0

9,4: C.=9

mj

=.:3

4,6: 4,40 . Cmslg mbslru ubtua uol JB^ pfbimrrt $rua tmrue nmasg thbmt ecburut ZML' k,n.A, nmb ZMAG

mj

fYkr.n

uol

J ecburut actlim omrma tmbme M nmb jcrbefmbimb jcrjcnm bymtm ncbimb jcnm tlnma bymtm ncbimb pcbimrud omrma tmbme gmlbbym" Ncbimb ncelalmb nmpmt nlslepugamb jmdwm omrma tmbme hptleue mnmgmd J.

Pmnm tmrmk

fn

n

Mbiam-mbigm ymbi nllghtl hgcd dubrk yuri smem jfrro jc;cnm tlnma by mrg(s%)nmb jcrjcnm tl&a smbimt bymtm (=9h)'

NmrldmslguollbltcrgldmtjmtrwmmnmpcrjcnmmbdmslguolJB^ ecburut ZMA nmb ZMG. Mpmjlgm altm jmbnlbiamb' tceymtm dmslg uol JB^ ecburut ZMGnmbZMAtcrdmnmppcbimruddhrehbnmgmeecblbiamtamb prhnuasl acncgml nmgme glmsus lbl tlnma ecbubouaamb pcktcnmmb ymbijcrmrtl,acfumgldmslguolJB^ecburutZMAblsjlfcbncrubi lcjltr emepu ecbhbohgamb jcnm pcbimrud-pcbimrud Pcr-gmaumbR dhrehbnulpmnmecburutZMG(pcrdmtlambblgmlJB^pmnmtmrmk uol ymbi smem ecburut ZMG tcjld jcsmr nmrlpmnm ZMA)' Ncbqmb hc*lg.l* dmslg uol JB^ nmb acslepugmb ymbi nlpcrhgcd nmgl pcrfhjmmblblecburutacnumrmggfmbimbtcrscjutslremsmom.

Dmslg mbsjm NJ Inmt

:0

tr$Inmt sn

G'

=;

G"

JE* JE*

0,33< :,04;

0,364

:,t:0

033>

L,=>g =39r

6,033

L,=;;

:,,0mtMmMmM 69,:krfjJjJjfJ 69,0 gjjJjJjJ J 69,< tjn jf 64,>*rufJfJfJ

J

f

JB^ pfbimrudkumd

bumurutEg,EArnmb ZMAG

N C

nmb dmslg

JB^ (0,0310,0=)

=)

Ammmbimb?

0,9;4

0,9S3

=,3.ginlpcrhgcddmslgmbslrm JB^ scjmiml jcrlaut? (gldmt tmjcg 3'> nmb 3'3') Nmrl dmslg-dmslg uol (ujcg 3.> nmb 3.3) tcrgldmt jmdwm? Pmnm tmrmk uol 39h, pcbimrud omrma tmbme C dmbym jcrjcnm tlnma bymtm ncbimbpcrgmaumb N (ecburut ZMG nmb ZMA) nmb jcr(ecburut nmb ouim ncbimb pcrgmaumb J ZMAG)' ncelalmb ScMm bymtm ngbimb pcrgmaumb gmlbbym. Ncbimb (hptlnmpmt n'lslepugamb jmdwm omrma tmbme ymbi tcrjmla *u*g nmgme ecblbiamtamb prhnuasl themt mnmgmd C'

Crdnqt ph-

L,=3;

W=9<

rmvt

tmbmrb*rdnq prh&*n mbut

J

jf

=,=>= G39t

=,3 amgl.

Hgcd amrcbm acsujurmb tmbmd tcepmt pcrfhjmmb ecepubyml acrmimemb ac smtu mrmd, emam pcrfhjmmb lbl nlgmauamb ecburut rmbfmbimb mfma acghepha, ncbimb ugmbimb scjmiml acghepha. Dmslg rcbncecb tcju (9h) nmrl pcrfhjmmb lbl nlsmolamb nmgme ^mjcg 3.;.

Mbmglsls Vlnla Zmime (=>6

(>3,::+...+>:)

-

9

(:>,;:+...+:4,4:) >

-

OA acghepha

-

KA 5 :,=>=>

- KA 5 ;,6:

9,0

9,=

;,=

9,0

>3,:

>9,>

;,0 ;,9 9,< 9,= ;,4 9,4 9,<

>,; :3,; 60,; :4,6 :;,> :9,< :4,4

;,<

;,4 9,4 9,: ;,< ;,0 9,4

>

30,:

;,=3

;,>0 9,;3

9,09 ;,;0 ;,

;,6:0 9,;3 9,09 ;,;0 ;,

Zcrmtmrctnceqt

J

=:,0>>6

Amcrmbime

hgmd

Vlstctb

0,:3

=,30'

0,y:' 0,>3

0,4:' =,03-

9:0

Ammmbimb? r

tt

n*, 5 0'94

nh,

1

5 jcrjcnmbymtm 5 jcrjcnm smbimt bymtm

5

g'06

Acslepughb gghslg Sol Nubbctt Nmrl ^mjcg 3.4 nlpcrhgcd jmtrwm? =) Pmnm tmrmk uol 3 9h pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb slstce hgcd F,N, K nmb I jcrjcnm bymtm ncbimb ahbtrhg, nmb slstce gmlbbym jc;cnm tlnma bymtm :) Pmnmtmrmk il g%dmbympcrgmaumb FnmbI ymbi jcrjcnm smbimt bymtm ncbimb ahbtrhg, scnmbiamb ymbi gmlb jcrjcnm tlnma bymtm. Lbl jcrmrtl Dg dmbym nmpmt nltcrlem pmnm tmrmk uol 3_h scdlbiim dlphtcsls : yurinlmouamb dmbym nmpmt nltcrlem pmnm tmrmk uol 3% lbl, scnmbiamb pmnm tmrmk uol g% nlthgmgf. Ecbilbimt pmnm tmrmk uol 39h mnm> pcrgmtumb ymbi ecbhbohg nmb pmnm tmrmk g% mnm num pcrgmaumb ymbi ecbhbohg tcrdmnmp ahbtrhg nmb pcbcbtumb pcrgmaumb hptleue pmnm ahbnlsl ncelalmb tlnma nmpmt nlgmauamb ecburut uol Nubbctt, emgfm pcrgu nlgmgfuamb pcbiuolmb jcnm bymM pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi ecbhbohg tcrscjur ecbubrt ecthnc uol gmlb, elsmgbym ecburut uol JB^.

Sol

JctmZmhuPm$mkgdPmgmjmb ;o

 

uol JB^

JEhr, 5 th,*hh.Vu?

^mjcg

=,96> x 0,6=3 5 0,3>;

JEhr, 5 th,h, (rr).V.-5:,33: x 0,6=3 5 0,4E

hgmd

F

N K I

Zcrmtmrcbnctee (9h)

Dmslg uol

JB^,*5;

9,;3

j

9,09 ;,,:> 3,:<

0,v)

t,;93

r,b

=:

0,9:>3 0,64=0 >.6> 3,><

0,6.

ZMAG

0,9;4

0,6,3=

3,4>

=,336

:,04<

=,9;4

:,0>).

Nmrl tmjcg 3.= g. tcrgldmr jmdwm sfeum dmslg uol JBO ecbubouaamb jmdwm 'Omrma tmbme tcrjmla" ymbi nlpfrhgcd mnmgmd omrmatmbme C (:0 x :3 fet), amrcbm pcbimrud omrma-tmbme lbl tcrdmnmp prhnuasl themt jcrjcnm smbimt bymtm ncbimb pcbimrud omrmatm bme gm l b ( M, J, nmb F ) acf umgl nc b im b p c b iftr ud o mr ma- tmbme N ymbi jcrjcnm tlnma bymtm, nmb ecsalpub p cbimrud omrma-tmbme C jcrjcnm tlnma bymtm ncbimb pcbimrud omrma tmbme N, tctmpl pcbimrud omrma-tmbmb C jcreutu gcjld jmla nmrlpmnm pcbimrud

Zmbfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

Sol Jcnm Zcrmtm Pcbimrud

Pcrgmdub

;9

 

omrma-wue N amrctu krcdtcrfl jcnm smbimt klymtm pcbimrud omrma-bbmb C gcjld jmbyma nmrtpmnm pcbimrtrt omrma-tmbmb N

(Vcsuml Ncbimb arltcrlm ^crjmla Acnum). Bmeub ncelalmb ubtua nlrcahecbnmslamb, omrma-tmbme tc;mlaC (:0x:3 fe) lbl emsld ecepubyml acgcemdmb ymltu? nlpcrfgcd nmrl rfgmsl pcrgmaumb nmb prhnuasl ymbi emsld

(g)

glbcmr (tcrgldmt nmrl prhnuasl tcrjmla

-

prhnugml

pcnmaumb jcrslkmtphsltlk mtmu scjmglabym olam pcbimrud pcrgmaumb-pcrgmgfumb jcrslkmt rf imtlk ^mdmp >? Sol jcnm rfrmtm lbl nlgmauamb ecburut omrmd (p) jcnmbym emslbi-emslbi.

Fhbthd Amsus (3 1 v 5 g; l V, 5 ],66=

emaslewb), scdlbiim pcbimrud omrma-tmbme ymbi gcjld gcjmr nmrl C tlnma nlactmdul. Hgcd amrcbm ltu, ubtua dmslg pcrfhjmmb scpcrtl lbl scjmlabym nlrcahecbnmslamb pcgmasmbmmb pfrfhjmmb gmboutmb ncbimb pcr-

gmrha^mtwb

gmaumb tcrscjut.ymbi efbfmaup omrma-tmbme ymbi gcjld gcjmr nmrl C

(fbt)

(:)

D.

kmgw

SOL JCNM OMZMA B\M^M NL.OBFMB Prhscnur trol jcnm omrma bymtm Nubfmb (JOBN)

/? Ecbcbtuamb blgml JB^

lbl mnmgmd?

^mdmp :? ecbcbtuamb blgml omrma bymtm tcncamt Nubfmb (OBL,N) mtmu sdhrtcst sliblklfmbt nlkkcrfbfcs (VVN)?

Zh",,

JLWlG

l5

5

Z

h.h(t.Vr)

(3.4)

Ph,rr.t

(3. 9,=4 4,30 =,0>

=.6: =,0;

m

-mj

=,;;- -

:,6;- :,,=6 >,6> >,>3 >,3>

P**rh hOh

JOBN*C, 5 (P.t) @rft

nl embm? Zh 5 blgml jmau kmathr Z (rmbic) pmnm tmrmk uol i omrmaP "., =5pmrt) nmb ncrmomt jcjms imgmtv. Hgcd amrcbm Z.t 5 Pf(5Nubfmb), emam OB^Nh

M (g3xg3)

J

C

JBG5 thb.t

OB^Nm5

^mjcg 3.=m D mstg uog JO BN pfmimrud omrma jbme tfrdmnmp prhnuasl themt efmwut EA dgmb jqmb mbiam nmb jmimb duruk

Amfrhbimb?

L,g> t,:0 t,:6

=,39 =,;3 =,;<

=,:3 =,96

kuliam-mbiam yei nllautl hgctr duruk nmb pmnm ahghe ymbi smem jcrmrtl jfrjcnm tlnma bymu

Nmrl tmjct 3.=:. tcnldmt jmdwm pcbimrud omrma-tmbme tcrjmla nlpcrhgcd pmnm omrma-tmbme N ]H x :0 fe), amrfbm pcbimrud orlrma-ubme lbl jcrjcnm bymtm nmbgmtmu smbimt rymm ncbimb pcbimrud sceut omrma+mbmtb gcjld sceplt nmb jcrjcnm tlnma byfttm ncbimb pcbimrud omrma-tftbmrb gcjld gcjmr (Vcsuml Ncbimb omrma-tmbme Ncbimb ncelalmb Stmem). Arltfrlm ^c;mla N lbl nmpmt nlrcghecbnmslamb ubtua nlmpglamslamb.

SolJfnmZmmbPcbimrudPughaut

ZmumbimbPmfnmmb

;<

 

Pcrdmtlamb? Dmslg uol JOBN lbl jcrjcnm nmrl dmslg uol JBO scjcgwbrrym,ymbi ecejuatlamb ull JOBN gcjld tcgltl nmrl uol JBO. Sbtua pcrjmbnlbimb ncbimb dmslg ull JB^, nmpmt mbnm gmauamb scbnlrl.

;

uol JcnmZcr1"1.",, (Sol Ahbtrms) Pcrgmaumb

Pmnm Jmj [ altm tcgmd ecejmdms jmimlembm ecejcnmamb pcbimrud pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb tcrdmnmp hjyca pcbcgltlmb. Pmnm lbl altm mamb ecejmdms tcbtmbi (=) jmimlembm Jmj ecejcnmamb pcbimrud irhup-irhup pcrgmaumb nmb pcbimrud

[L

pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb nmgme sumtu irhup pcrgmaumb tcrtcbtu ecburut ecthnc hrthihbmg ahbtrms, nmb (:) tcbtmbi jmimlembm ecejcnmamb acfcbncrubimb pcbimrud-pcbimrud pcrgmaumb nmgme pcrfhjmmb kmathr tubiimg mtmu pcrfhjmmb kmathrlmg ecburut ecthnc hrth ihbmg p hglbhelmg.

M.

EC^HNC HZ^HIHBMG AHB^ZMV (EHA)

Ecburut EHA lbl pcbiuolmb jcnm rcrmtm nlgmauamb nmgme : tmdmp, ymlu? ^mdmp =, nlscjut uol jcnm mbtmrirhup (JMI), nl embm pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb nlacghephaamb ecbomnl jcjcrmpm irhup pcrgmaumb. Sol rcrmtm nlgmauamb tcrdmnmp jcnm rcrmtm-rcrmtm irhup (miircimtc ecmb). ^mdmp :, nlscjut ull jcnm nmgme Vrhup

(JNI), nl embm uol bymtm dmbym nlgmauamb tcrdmnmp pcrgmaumbpcrgmaumb ymbi tcrnmpmt nmgme sumtu irhup pcrgmaumb tcrtcbtu.

J.

EC^HNC HZ^HIHBMG PHGLBHELMG (EHP)

EHP nliubmamb ubtua ecbiuol acfcbncrubimb dujubimb kubislhbmg mbtmrm pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb (x) nmb pcbimrudbym (y) tcrdmnmp hjyca pcbcgltlmb pmnm pcrfhjmmb-pcrfhjmmb kmathr 9g

Zmbfmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

 

tubiimg (nlscjut ouim trcbn fhepmrlshb).

Pmnm pcrfhjmmb kmathrlmg EHP nliubmamb ubtua

ecbnctcasl pcbimrud utmem nmb slkmt lbtcrmasl ymbi tcromnl nmgme pcrfhjmmb tcrscjut.

Hgcd amrcbm ymbi nluol mnmgmd dujubimb kubislhbmg

(scpcrtl rcircsl-ahrcgmsl), emam uol EHP lbl dmbym nmpmt nltcrmpamb tcrdmnmp pcrfhjmmb-pcrfhjmmb ymbi ecbcrmpamb pcrgmaumb nmrl kmathr aumbtltmtlk scpcrtl tmamrmb ampur/pupua, ahbscbtrmsl pcstlslnm, acrmpmtmb phpugmsl tmbmemb, wmatu pcbmbmemb nmb

gmlb-gmlb.

EHA nmb EHP lbl scjctugbym ecrupmamb uol K scpcrtl

pmnm mbhvm nmb mbmahvm, dmbym smomolam pmnm mbhvm nmb mbmahvm

ubtua ecbcbtuamb pcrgmaumb hptleue nlpcrguamb uol gmboutmb' emam pmnm uol EHP nmb EPA lbl pcbcbtumb pcrgmaumb hptleue nmpmt nlgmauamb scamglius gcwmt pcembkmmtmb blgml ouegmd aumnrmt nmbouegmd aumnrmt rlbflmb. OA rlbflmb lbl ecrupmamb rlbflmb nmrl OA suejcr acrmimemb utmrbm.

=.

Ecthnc Hrthihbmg Ahbtrms (EHA)

Amrcbm scpcbudbym ecembkmmtamb mbmglsls OA nmgme pcbiuolmbbym, emam EHA lbl ueuebym nliubmamb tcrdmnmp pcrgmaumb ymbi tcgmd nlrcbfmbmamb scjcgue pcrfhjmmb jcrgmbisubi, ymbi jlmsmbym gcjld nugu nlbymtmamb nmgme sumtu dlphtcsls. Sol lbl ouim nlscjut uol K-tcrcbfmbm (K-pgmbbfn tcst). Hgcd amrcbm pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi nljcnmamb nmgme ecthnc lbl tcgmd nlrcbfmbmamb gcjld nugu gcwmt dlphtcsls, emam scjmlabym EHA dmbym nliubmamb olam aceubialbmb nltcrlembym dlphtcsls ymbi nlmouamb jcsmr. Dmg lbl nlscjmjamb olam dlphtcsls ymbi nlmouamb tlnma nltcrlem, pcbcgltl tcrpmasm ecbyusub dlphtcsls jmru ubtua ecbcbtuamb pcrgmaumb hptleue. Vcjmiml ahbscaucbslbym, mbmglsls EHA nlugmbi gmil nmrl mwmg. Lbl jcrmrtl jmdwmolam dlphtcsls nltcrlem, emam EHA ecrupmambecthnc uol ymbi gcjld slbiamt nmb scncrdmbm, tctmpl olam dlphtcsls tlnma nltcrlem, emam EHA mamb gcjld pmbombi nmb ruelt nul uol ahbvcbslhbmg (mbhvm + uol gmboutmb).

9:

Vcsuml ncbimb bmembym ymltu uol ahbtrms, emam EHA lbl scjmlabym dmbym nliubmamb tcrdmnmp pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi nmpmt nlahbtrmsamb mtmu pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi emslbi-emslbi acQhephapym ecepubyml flrl ymbi ahbtrms. Flrl ahbtrms lbl, ueuebym dmbym nlouepml pmnm kmathr aumgltms. Hgcd amrcbm ltu,

ecsalpub uol EHA lbl ouim nmpmt nltcrmpamb tcrdmnmp kmathr aumbtltms scpcrtl dmtbym EHP, ueuebym uol EHA dmbym nltcrmpamb tcrdmnmp kmathr aumgltms gcwmt pcrfhjmmb pcbiuolmb eutu pcrgmaumb. Nmgme EHA prhscnur mbmglsls stmtlstla nlgmauamb nmgme : tmdmp, ymlbr? ^mdmp Mbmglsls OA utmemscpcrtldmgbymnmgme uol Mbhvm ecburut rmbfmbimb pcrfhjmmb ymbi nliubm-

g?

-

^mdmp

:?

amb.

Mbmglsls OA pcrgmaumb rlbflmb, ymbi ecrupmamb gmboutmb nmrl OA pcrgmaumb pmnm OA utmem (tmdmp =) scsuml ncbimb rcbfmbm pcbiuolmb scjcgue pcrfhjmmb.

Prhscnur ^mdmp : Ecburut Ahrxrms Jcr-nj ^ubiimg Ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg ecrupmamb kubisl tlblcr (G) nmrl ouegmd-ouegmd pcrgmaumb?

m.

G

(;.=)

5 ^FOr 5 F,O, + FrOr+ ... + F,O,

5 ahcklslcb ahbtrms ac-l 5 ouegmd blgml pcbimemtmb pcrgmaumb Q 5 jmbymabym pcrgmaumb Ouegmd ahcklslcb ahbtrms (^F) 5 i r 5 ouegmd ghamg ahbtrh[ugmbimb

nl embm? F. O,

ac-l

OA ahbtrms glblcr (OAG) jcr-nj tubiimg nldltubi scjmiml jcrlaut?

S

G:

XLAG5-5r (rf,'8) A 5 ^Fr'8

(;.:)

rA

SolJcnmZumtmIrhupPugmgmub 96

ZhumbimbPcrfnmmb

 

Num ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg nlamtmamb hrthihbmg olam ouepcramglmb slgmbi (OPV) nmrl ahcklslcb ac numbym 5 0, scjmiml gmd jcrlaut? G, 5 FrrO, * FrrOr+... +FrO, Gr5 FrO, + Fhgr+... + Frg (;.6) OPV 5 F.Fr, * FrrFr, + FrrFb+ ... + F,,F, 5 0

Aceunlmb sumtu irhup ahbtrms P jcrncrmomt jcjms tubiimg (nl embm P 2:) nlamtmamb hrthihbmg eutumg. Olam sctlmp pmsmbimb nmb sceum pmsmbimb ahbtrms ymbi mnm nmgme irhup lbl jcrslkmt hrthihbmg. Sbtua sumtu pcrfhjmmb ncbimb t pcrgmaumb, ouegmd emasleue nmrl ahbtrms hrthihbmg eutumg jcr-nj tubiimg ymbi nmpmt nljcbtua mnmgmd scjmbyma t-g5nj5v pcrgmaumb. Ouegmd OA nmb ahbtrms-ahbtrms lbl 5OA pcrgmaumb. OAG, + OAG, + ... + OAG, 5 OA Pcrgmaumb Ecburut ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg lbl pcbiuolmb nmpmt nlgmauamb tcrdmnmp sceum tlpc pcrjmbnlbimb irhup ymbi nlrcbfmbmamb scjcgue pcrfhjmmb. Irhup-irhup lbl nmpmt tcrnlrl nmrl smtu mtmu gcjld ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg.

j.

Ecburut Ahbtrms Jcr-nj Eugtl Ahbtrms jcr-nj eugtl (E) ecrupmamb dlepubmb irhupirhup ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg scjmiml jcrlaut?

Q{ 5

(;.>) qg vs q:vs i, vs q irhup ahbtrms jcr-nj tubiimg ac-l ymbi ecbinl embm? q, dlepub pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi juamb mbiihtm irhuP gmlb s ouegmd irhup ahbtrms

5 5

nl embm?

I.

5

r5 Fhbthd Amsus?

ouegmd blgml pcbimemtmb pmnm pcrgmaumb e. nmgmrb irhup q oqetmd ugmbimb Qhamg ahbuhg

Vchrmbi mdgl kubilslnm lbilb ecbiuol acmepudmb jcrjmiml kubilslnm nmgme ecbmbiiugmbil scrmbimb pcbymalt omeur Nlpghnlm spp. tcrdmnmp nmym acfmejmd jcbld omiubi. Nl pmsmrmb tcrgldmt kubilslnm ymbi jmbyma jcrcnmr nmpmt nlacghephaamb ecbomnl? E 5 kubilslnmjcrjmdmb matlk scbymwmecraurll (JF), nmb B 5 kubilslnm jcrjmdmb matlk scbymwm bhbecraurll (NDCKI). Kubilslnm B lbl tcrplgmd ecbomnl? Bm bhbecraurll tlpc m (ND) bhbecraurll tlpc jr(C) Bje bhbecraurll tlpc ehnlklamsl j (KI) Vcjmiml fhbthd jcglmu ecelgld : ecra E ymltu Eg nmb E:,: ecra Bm ymltu Bm= nmb Bm:, = ecra Bj, nmb : ecra Bje ymltu Bjeg nmb Bje:, ubtua nluol ecgmgul pcrfhjmmb nl ruemd amfm ncbimb ; ugmbimb. Vcfmrm acscgurudmb pcrfhjmmb tcrnlrl nmrl 4 pcrgmaumb nmb ; ugmbimb (>4 ublt). Mtms nmsmrpcrjcnmmb-pcrjcnmmb tcrscjut jcgl mu jcre masun ecbiuo l pcrgmau mb-pcrgmaumb ? Ahbtrhg (A) vs sceum kubilslnm E vs B (kubilslnm ecraurll vs bhbecraurll) Eg vs E: (kubilslnm ecraurll = vs ecraurll :) Bm vs Bj (kubilslnm bhbecraurll tlpc m vs tlpc j) Bm = vs Bm: (kubilslnm bhbecraurll mg vs tlpc m:) Bj, vs Bje (kubilslnm bhbecraurll tlpc j,vs tlpc je)

=. :.

=. 5 :. E, 5 6. 5

=. :. 6. >. 3. ;.

OA ahbtrms jcr-nj eugtl (OAE) ncbimb nj 5

s-g nldltubi

scjmiml

jcrlaut?

=rIr'z .(-)OAE5 re,

(^I)'

(;.s)

r(^ N, )

9.

Bjeg vs Bje: (kubilslnm bhbecraurll tlpc jeg vs je:) pcrfhjmmb Dmslg nlsmolamb pmnm ^mjcg ;.=. Pcbcbtumb ahckl slcb ahbtrms? Pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb ymbi tlnma tcremsua nmgme ahbtrms ymbi nluol ecepubyml ahcklslcb ahbtrms 5 0 ^F. - thtmg ahcklslcb ahbtrms nmrl pcrgmaumb-pcrgmaumb y.mbi .

=.

Sol Jcnm ZcrmtmIrhup

Zmtrmbimb Pcrfhjmmb

Pjrgmdtmb

93

 

tcrfmaup nmgme sumtu ahbtrms

elsmgbym?

uolg

5 0.

OA

ahbtrhg (gpcrgmaumb) vs sceum kubilslnm (9 pcrgmaumb) mimr ^F. 5 0, emam ahcklslcb a5 -9 nmb ahcklslcb emslbi-emslbi kubilslnm 5 += x 9 emfme kubilslnm 5 +9 uol: ? E (: pcrgmaumb) vs B (3 pcrgmaumb), mimr^Fl 5 0, emam ahcklslcb Er53 nmb Er53 {1; emslbi-emslbi B 5 -: x3 emfme B 5 -=0. Blgml ahcklslcb jmil pcbiuolmb ahbtrms nl mtms scgcbiampgym nmpmt nlgldmt pmnm ^mjcg ;.:. ^mjcg

?

;.=.

Ouegmd jcbldomiubi dlnup pcr :3 jutlr Tbmi lglmjrtNlpghnlm spp. ecburut pcrgmaumb x ugmbimb nl rutud amfm dje ZMA

Kubilslnm

(kg

LA acghepha 5 OA imgmt ^mjcg

4 :: =; t> =6 ===:496 =< < =g 46669 ;;;>> 9tg6:

g; t> t0 t:

+E= +E:

+Bmg +Bm:

+Bj,

4

+Bjeg

9

+Bje:

4

g

*

4>

<

3

3= ;3

+E:

+Bj

+Ee L

+Bje:

;

:: >30

OAG

5 (5

nlembm? G

Mbmglsls OA utmrbm?

KA 5-

>3[

OAG 5

->:=4,93

;x4

Actcrmbimb?

;0<

-63

0

0

0

=0

0 0 0 0

0

+= -=

t9>

-t>

===

60

:4,34 446,03 =0:,04

=;4,:

=;,66

:.:3

=0.04

^FO, ^F,, G:

r.A

Avssceum >= 5 5 BmvsBj 9 5 Bjeg vs Bje:

OAthtmg 5 (4:+ ...+:') -KA5 =3=3:3

5 :0:,>9

Ahcklslcb ahrxrms (F)*

>-900000 == =3=000 3= G-:0+6 ;3 =-:0+6-= 6:r-:0-:0+: 66t-:0-:0-= ::G-:0-:0-=

66

;

-

4

OA kubilslnm

gmd jcbld omiubi ymbi dlnup

+Bm= +Bm:

gg<

=<

OA thtmg

- KA 5 =0:,:>

;:. Mbmglsls hrthihbmg ahbtrms pcbimrudtubilslnm tcrdmnmp oue-

+Eg

>

=6

(46:+...+34:)

- KA 5 =:=0,34

S)

rk

=< =>

;

Kurijlnm^K

(r) 4

5

Ahbtrhg

Acghepha (ugmbimb)

Ahbuhg (A)

9;

kubilslnm 5

(>>'+ ... +::W

: 3

65EgvsE: 5 EvsB ;5Bj,vsBje 5 BmgvsBm: Sol Jcnm Zcrmtm Irhup

ZhmmbimbPcfhjmmb

Pcrgmatub

99

 

Dmslg mbslrm K-ahbtrms nmgme ^mjcg;.6.

lbl

^mjcg ;.6. Dmslgmbslrm K ahbtrms hrthihbmg pcbimrud pcstlslnmtfrdmnmp

ouegmd jcbld omiubi tuejud ecburut ZMA

LA

Acghepha Kubilslnm

3

=. A vs sceum

:. EvsB 6. Egvs E:

9 = =

L L >. BmvsE 3. Bmg vs Bm: = ;. BjvsBje = 9. Bjeg vsBje: L

Imgmt

63

=0:,30

=:=0,34

:4,34

466,03 =0:,04 =;4,:0

K dltubi

:0.30 =9:, :4,34 446,03 =0:,04

t;4,:0

t;,66 =;,66 :,:3 :,:3 =0,04 =0,04 :0:,=9 3,94

6,3;' :<

%

=4,6;9

:6,;03

==>,;94

:43,339

^L 5 g@,3=< ZpM scpcbl jlmsmbym.

5 g3gg,=g

^mjcg ;.9. Nmtm prhnuasl imjmd (thtmg6 ujbimb) efburmt tmameb B {0,;0, =:0 ai Bgdm) x vmklctms (; emfme) (thrrgdm)

^,

>9,S| :4.St

6x6x; OA thtmg 5 =;9,00;

OA pctma vcrtlamg 5 4=,:>> OA imgmt (m) 5 OL(P[ - rAA

Emfmb

9,>9;

=00,>641

Nmgme pcrfhjmmb kmathrlmg, OAahejlbmsl pcrgmaumb tcrplgmd ecbomnl OA kmathr utmem nmb OA lbtcrmasl. Prfscnur hrthihbmg phglbhel mg (EHP) ubtua pcbnctcaslmb pcbimrud-pcbimrud utmem smem scpcrtl pmnm pcrfhjmmb kmathr tubiimg (jmilmb m), hgcd amrcbm ltu nmgme jmilmb j lbl dmbym mamb nlocgmsamb prhscnur EHP ubtuapcbnc ubtuapcbnctcaslmb tcaslmb slkmt pcbimrud lbtcrmasl tcrdmnmp hjyca pcbcgltlmb. Vcjmiml lgustrmsl, jcrlaut lbl mamb nlsmolamb dmslg pcrfhjmmb pcbimrud 6 tmamrmb B nmb 3 emfme vmrlctms tcrdmnmp prhnuasl imjmd pmnl ecburut, rmbfmbimb pctma tcrmgur (Vlgp pght Ncslib).

^mgmrmbB

30,=:=

g4,hr0

gg,g>6

.40=,0;4

j.

vmrlfths

g.d

%

^mamrmbB

Emfh,b

OA

acghepha 5

4>,900:+... + =00,3=,;94)},

111*i

^mjcg

;.4.

ubtua 6 tmrmg pcrgmauAhckrslcb ahbtrms htghihbmg phglbhekug

mbB $mathrPklect)

Glbjr (G)

^mgfmrmbB

Aumnrmtla(])

-=

Bh

0

Br

+g

B,

+=

-: +=

ecbictmdul kubisl kmathr ^mtrmp 6? Dltubi OA kubislhbmg B ubtua Prlecr tcrscjut' (^F,

OA kubislhbmg

5

^B)'

I) (m) (^F,')

(vmrlctms) luegmtr pcrgmaumb kmathr acnum ahbtrhg guedd ugmbcmb/ghamg B ac l ^B. 5 lhrm p"bi*mtmb Pmnm Pcrgmaumb =gH, g, : ... nmb sctcrusbym'

nl embm? m 5

r5

(;.==)

>? Dltubi

OABlpmnmW 5

frf,^B,vo),

(;.=:)

,.rr"O

Sbtua pcrfhjmmb nl mtms nlpcrhgcd? (=) pmnm vmrlctms g?

OABG[, 5 {(-=) (=0,9=3) + ... + (+=) ]:,;>>)=: 5 (6) ]) {(=) (=0,9=3) + ... + (+t) ]:,;>>)}z

OAB][, 5

(6) (;)

:6,'9=9

5 0,6;;

Ncbimb fmrm ymbi smem nmpmt nldltubi OABG nmb OABc pmnm sctlmp vmrlctms. ^mdmp 3? Ecbidltubi OA lbtcrmasl rlbflmb scjmiml jcrlaut?

OABGx[ 5 ^(OABG.)-OABG 4;

(;.=6)

Sol Jcnm ZcrmtmIrhup Pcrgmdtmb

ZmbfmbimbPcrfhjmmb

49

 

(;'=>)

OAB]xv 5^(LAB])-OAB] - LABGx[ 5 OA lbtcrmGsl nlpcrhgtgl mtms nl Sbtua fhbthdamsus --R 5 :='>9< LABGx[ 5 ]6 Otr +'... *h,lht2 - :=U<

flmb OA lbtcrmasl lbl tlnmgf pcrgu nlgmauamb scfmrm gcbiamp scpcrtl

fhbthd. Pmnm amsus-amsus tcrtcbtu, ubtua ecbfmpml tuoumb pcbcgltlmb tcrscjut, emgmd nlpcrguamb mbmglsls gmboutmb ( mnnltlhbmg mbmgysls). Mbmglsls gmboutmb lbl scfmrm ueue nlpcrguamb olam smgmd- smtu mtmu acnum amsus jcrlaut tcromnl?

lllll-h-r5 lh,chh + "' +=6cs) -0'cs9 5:'6cc

=.

phglbhelmg nmgme tmjcg mbslrm' ^mtrmp ;? Sol K-ahbtrms ^mjcg

tmamrmb B ;."

>:40

0Mr:

K bjcg

>,=0 6,66

9

'3; 3,;>

:,=3 :,9= :6=

>,=0 >,=0

phglbhelmg lbl

lt'OA

lbtcrmasl rlbflmb lbl' pcbcgltl tmgrmp lcbitp' Pmnm ecburut EHP nlgmau11 tcrus emsld rlbf.lmb lbtcrmasl dmrus jlsm eceurus111pt*'tt nljututramb fuaup' pcbbnlmbiimp nlgmauamb .tuu tlhur'Olll-l'rht'b*l -y^i tulumb pcbctlllmb tctscSut tcgmtg jmdwm nmgme fhbthd

11

=.

Zcsphb bcimtlk tmbmemb tcrdmnmp pceupuamb B dmbym tc{mnl pmnm vmrlctms ; Nl mbtmrm 3 vmrlctms gmlbbym, vmrlctms :nmbl ecbubouaamb pcburubmb rtsphb tcrdmnmp pcblbiamtmb tmamrmb B nmrl ;0 ac =:0 ai B/dm, scnmbiamb vmrlctms =, 6 nmb > tlnma Zcsphb vmrlctms : nmb 3 tcrdmnmp pceupuamb B blsjl smem, ncelalmb pugm rcsphb vmrlctms =, 6, nmb >

:. 6.

??*

ecbfmpml

44

^mdmp 9? Gmauamb hjscrvmsl vlsumg tcrdmnmp nmtm ymbi eubialb ecbomwmj pcrtmbymmb tcrscjut. Sbtua fhbthd amsus nl mtms ncbimb eunmd nmpmt nlouepml nmtm ymbi nlemasun gcwmt pcbymolmb nmtm nmgme Imejmr ;.=. Pmnm Imejmr ;.= tcrgldmt jmdwm?

ecburutuolK-ahbtrms Dmslg uol pcbimrutg lbtcrmasl mbtmrmB nmb [' ymltu gcjld ecbocgurr,*'lrulllgt*ttlvut'itOtouhl rcsphb hlsculutmb hgcd hcrjcnmmb lbtcrmasl ymbi tc'?uHl lc'tutm B tcrdmnml tmamrmb pmnm tlblcr ymbi smbimt

ty'#1111mb

:.

669

=;9.00;

* 5 bymtm t*5 smbimtbymtm m 5 tlMmlMlulltmrcbmmtiM"ttcrgmguacflg

*thtt1?rg*^kr

Olam nmgme pcrfhjmmb tlnma tcrscnlm kmathr prlecr mtmu dlepubmb adms nmrl ahbtrms-ahbtrms tcrtcbtu ymbi nmpmt nlmbiimp scjmiml kmathr prlecr. Nmgme fhbthd nl mtms, pcbiiubmmb vmrlctms scjmiml kmathr prlecr nmgme rlbflmb OA lbtcrmasl smbimt nlrmiuamb acjcrdmslgmbbym nmgme ecbfmpml tuoumb pcrfhjmmb. Ncelalmb ouim olam vmrlctms ymbi nlpmaml scjmiml nmsmr nmgme pcrlbflmb OA bltrhicb. Olam nlouepml pcrtmbymmry'emsmgmd adusus tmejmdmb ymbi ecbubtut pcbcgusurmb gcjld gmbout. Nmgme fhbthd nl mtms, elsmgbym tlejug pcrtmbymmb vmrlctms mpmamd ymbi gcjld ecbnhrhbi tcromnlbym pcrjcnmmb-pcrjcnmmb rcsphb tmbmemb tcrdmnmp pceupuamb B8 Sbbra ecbomwmj pcrtmbymmb lbl, pcrgu nlgmauamb mbmglsls gmboutmb tcrdmnmp OABGx[ scjmiml jcrlaut?

Sol Jcnm Z*mtmIrhup

ZmbfmimbPcrfhjmhb

Pqjdub

4<

 

pmnm tmdmp >. Dmslg pcrdltubimb nmb uol K mnmgmd scjmiml

jcrlaut? ^mjcg

;.==.

Sol K-hrthihbmg phglbhelmgjmil pcbimrud lbtcrmaslB-glblfr x \ tcrdmnmp

r BGx [

([; vs gmlb) {([:, [3) vs

([:vs [3)

-BGx ([g vs [6) -BGx vs \>)

Imejmr;.|.ZcsphbtmblrubpmnltcrdmlgmppfeupukubB

^mjcg

pcrlbflmb 4? Mtms nmsmr phgm 'csphb.lbl nmpmt nlsusub

OABG x [ scjmiml jcrlaut?

;.=0. PflbflmbOABG x[ \mi mamb nlomruj

Bh.

Zlbflmb

Pcrtmb\mmb

g.

BG x ([; vs gmlbb\m)

Mpmamd rcsPhb glblcr [; jcrjcnm nmrl vrlctms gmlb8

BGx {(\:,[3)vs 6.

(v=, v6, [>)) BG x ([: vs \3)

BGx ([g vs [6 vs [>)

3 =

L

=

: :0

A^

K

dltubi

Ktmjcg

:=,>9< >,:,=0 =;,,63 4,=0 6,946 6,946 ,63 4,=0 6.>< 3.43

Actcrmbimb? *{' 5smbimtbymtm

Bltrhicb ktJ/dm)

^mdmp

gA

nj

-BGx -BGx (vg, v6, v>))

Imgmt f

prhnual imjmd pmnl

Mhmamd rcrmtm rcsPhb glblcr [: nnt ['V ScrScMm mmrl [g, [6 nur [>8 Mpmamtr rfsPhb glblcr \: jcrjcnm nmn [38

Mnmamd pcrjcnmur nmgme rcsphb blcr [=, \6 nmb [>8

Ll-

rlbflmb OABG x [ ymbi ^mtrmp