Ramos Laura - Infernales - La Hermandad Brontë

 

Bmurm Wm`fs

Codjrombjs Bm ejr`mokmk Grfotì. Hemrbfttj, J`cby, J`cby, Mooj Mooj y Grmowjbb Grmowjb b Grfotì

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Bfs ejr`mofs ejr`mofs sjmo sjm o uo uockf ckfss  Yfrquj  Yfr quj ãsm js bm bjy prc`jrm. [joamo uocøo vjrkmkjrm  Jo humbqucjr tcj`pf tc j`pf quj sjm.  Yfrquj  Yfr quj sc jotrj jbbfs pjb pjbjmo jmo  Bfs kjvfrmo bfs kj mdujrm. NFXàEJWOÍOKJ^, @mrtào Dcjrrf

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JBC^MGJ[E GWMOQJBB, ejr`mom kj @mrcm @mrc m Grfo Grfotì  tì  HEMWBF[[J GWMOQJBB, ejr`mom kj @mrcm Gr Grfotì  fotì   prc`m kj @mrcm, NMOJ DJOOJBB, prc`m @mrc m, Hemrbfttj y Jbcz Jbczmgjte mgjte Grmowjbb, hhmsmkm msmkm hfo jb rjvjrjokf Qcbbcm` @framo

 

JBC^MGJ[E DCW[E, m`cam kj @mrcm Grmowjbb, `mkrcom kj Jbczmgjte Grfotì y kj Mooj Grfotì. Hfo su hmsm`cjotf sj hfovcjrtj jo sjýfrm Drmols DMOOS FZ[EQMC[J,  m`cam kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte, sfgrcom kj su `mkrmstrm Mooj Futewmctj y `mkrcom kj Moo Moojj [EF@MX  M[LCOXFO S  DWMOHJX  QMBLJW,  pmkrcofs kj Hemrbfttj y tàfs kj  M`jbcm  M`jbcm Q Qmbljr mbljr,, hf`pmýjrm kj H Hemrbftt emrbfttjj jo bm jshujb jshujbmm Wfj E Ejmk  jmk 

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OMOHS AMWW , pupcbm kj bm jshujbm kj hmrckmk kj Grmkdfrk y hfhcojrm kj bbmm  dm`cbcm Grfotì  pupcbm kj bm jshujbm kj hmrckmk kj Grmkdfrk y ocýjrm kj bfs XMWME A MWW,  pupcbm ocýfs Grfotì   sjrvc kfrm kj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì kurmotj trjcotm mýfs [MGC[EM MSLWFSK, sjrvckfrm @MW[EM GWFQO, sjrvckfrm  sjrvc kfrm kj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì j ecnm kj Nfeo Gr Grfwo fwo [MGC[EM GWFQO, ejr`mom kj @mrtem Grfwo XMBBS @FXBJS, myukmotj kj hfhcom kj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì 

 

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 Jyrj hf`f sjýfrctm [  Jyrj [j`pbj j`pbj NFEO  GWFQO,  smhrcstío smhrcs tío y sjpubturjrf kj bm cabjsc cabjscmm kj Emwfrte, Emwfrte, kcrjhtfr kj bm Bfacm kj bms b ms [r [rjs js Armhcms kj Emwfrte y m`caf kj Grmowjbb   pcotfr quj kcf hbmsjs kj kcgun NFEO  GWMKBJS, pcotfr kcgunff y pcoturm m bfs ocýfs Grfotì  jo jb Costctutf Costct utf @jhíochf kj Ljcae Ljcaebjy bjy @MWAMWJ[ QFFBJW, kcrjhtfrm kj bm jshujbm Wfj Ejmk  JBBJO OZXXJS, m`cam y hf`pmýjrm kj Hemrbfttj jo Wfj Ejmk  EJOWS OZXXJS,  ejr`mof kj Jbbjo Oussjy, pjrsfocdchmkf jo Nmoj Jyrj hf`f Xt. Nfeo Wcvjrs @MWS [MSBFW, m`cam y hf`pmýjrm kj Hemrbfttj jo Wfj Ejmk  @MW[EM [MSBFW , ejr`mom `jofr kj @mry [mybfr, ‒bm ocým gfrrmshfsm kj  Wfj Ejmk‐ Ejmk‐

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[EF@MX  QEJJBQWCAE[,  `ãkchf coabãs mdcohmkf jo Grusjbms, jovcø m sus hcohf ecnms mb pjoscfomkf Ejajr. Bms ocýms dujrfo mbu`oms kj Hemrbfttj y bms trjs `jofrjs tf`mrfo hbmsjs kj `þschm hfo J`cby. Bmjtctcm Qejjbwrcaet Qe jjbwrcaet,, bm `myfr `myfr,, sj ec eczf zf m`cam kj Hemrbftt Hemrbfttjj MSBF[[  & NFOJX,  hmsm jkctfrm quj pugbchø bfs Yfj`s kj Mhtfo, Hurrjr y  Jbbcs Gjbb  Gjb b  EJOWS @FXUFO, jkctfr kj Qcbbcm` Qfrkswfrte [EF@MX  HMZ[BJS  OJQGS,  kujýf kj bm jkctfrcmb kj bm hmbbj @frtc`jr, jo Hmvjokcse Xqumrj, prc`jr jkctfr kj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms, Maojs Arjy y

 

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KZ]ZJ KJ QJBBCOA[FO MW[EZW   QJBBJXBJS,  ecnf `myfr kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo, `mrquãs kj  Kfurf,  Kfur f, bujaf kuquj kj ^m ^m`from `from y rjy rjy M Mkrcmo krcmo kj M Moarcm oarcm HEMWBJX  QJBBJXBJS,  ecnf `jofr kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo, drjhujotj omrrmkfr kj bms ecstfrcms kj bm Nuvjocbcm. [m`gcão sj bf hfofhj hf`f Hemrbjs [fwosejok  EJOWS W ES@JW, ES@JW, jb of`grj smtàrchf smtàrc hf quj Hemrbfttj bj mknukchm mknukc hm m Sfuoa Sfuoa Xfubt, jb pfjtm kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, pjrsfomnj kj Grmowjbb  GJONM@CO  YM[WCHL   QCAACOX JB  AWZÝØO,  hmrchmturm kj Grmowjbb jshrctm  pfr Hemrbfttj MZAZX[M KC  XJAFTCM,   prc`jrm jspfsm kj Mbjxmokjr Yjrhy, Yjrhy, hfokj kj  Ofrtemoajrbmok  BMKS  ^JOFGCM  JBBWCOA[FO,  pfjtm ctmb ctmbcmom, cmom, m`motj kj Mrteur Qjbbjs jbbjsbjy, bjy, tjrhjrm jspfsm kj Ofrtemoajrbmok  Mrteur Qjbbj Qjbbjsbjy sbjy @MWCMO EZ@J , sjauokm jspfsm kj Mrteur EJBJO TCH[FWCOJ HMWFBCOJ  TJWOFO,  ecnm kj Ofrtemoajrbmok y kj bm gmcbmrcom Bfucsj Tjrofo, m`motj kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy @COM BMZWS, m`motj kj Mrteur Qjbbj jbbjsbjy sbjy HMYC[ÍO [WJJ [WCGZ  MXEMO[JJ>  omtcvfs kj Aemom, Ídrchm, quj buhemo jo hfotrm kj Bfs  Nøvjojs f Bfs Kfhj

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   Bm smam kj Afokmb Afokmb trmoshurrj jo kfs csbms kjb Ymhàdchf> Ymhà dchf>  AFOKMB , jo jb  ofrtj, kj hbc`m sc`cbmr mb kj Sfrlsecrj, y su hfbfocm AMMBKCOJ , kj hbc`m trfpchmb, mb sur.

 Bm smam mgmrhm mgmrhm hum humtrf trf rrjcofs> jcofs>  AFOKMB , MOAFWM , JUCOM y MBHFOM. YJWXFOMNJX KJ AFOKMB   QCBBCM@   JKQMWK  YMWWS,  jxpbfrmkfr kjb Írtchf. Yrc`jrf sfbkmkf kj `mkjrm kj J`cby y bujaf su mbtjr jaf NM@JX  HBMWL   W FXX, FXX,  jxpbfrmkfr kjb Írtchf, hf`pmýjrf kj Qcbbcm` Ymrry.

 Yrc`jrf sfbkmkf kj `mkjrm kj M Mooj ooj y bujaf su mbtjr jjaf af M.A.M. MZAZX[M  (¶Ajrmbkcoj6)   MB@JCKM  (Mb`jkm), rjcom kj Afokmb, ejr`fsm y kjspcmkmkm, js kjrrfhmkm pfr uom rjgjbcøo, bfarm rjhupjrmr su hfrfomm pjrf js msjscomkm. [cjoj ou`jrfsfs m`motjs, hf`f MBJUMOKJW FD hfrfo JBGÌ , DJWOMOKF KJ XM@MWM S MBDWJK XCKFOCM KJ MXYCO HMX[BJ. [fkfs jbbfs `ujrjo NZBCZX GWJO^MCKM (Nubcus Moafrm), rjy kj Ammbkcoj, j`pjrmkfr kj Afokmb  MBHFOM,  W FXCOM, FXCOM,  jspfsm kj Nubcus Grjozmckm y rjcom kj Afokmb  (prfgmgbj`jotj jb `cs`f pjrsfomnj kj M.A.M.) AJWMBKCOJ, m`motj kj Nubcus Grjozmckm (prfgmgbj`jotj jb `cs`f pjrsfomnj kj M.A.M.)

 

ZOM OFHEJ AØ[CHM Bm jshrctfrm mrajotcom Tchtfrcm Fhm`pf sj prf`jtcø, kurmotj su þbtc`f vcmnj m Armo Grjtmým motjs kj bm Xjauokm Aujrrm, vcsctmr jb rj`ftf prjsgctjrcf kjb  pírm`f, mb quj hf`pmrmgm hf`pmrmgm hfo bm Ym`pm Ym`pm (‒uo pmcsmnj pmcsm nj `foøtfof, foøtfof, mgurrckf y rjpjtckf, pfgrj kj pcotfrjshf pmrm qucjo of bf bbjvm jo sus jotrmýms‐=), kfokj emgàmo hrjhckf sus jshrctfrms d jtchej, jtchej, su fgsjscøo> bms ejr`moms Grfotì. ‒Of sã sc J`cby Grfotì `j vcf pmsmr jb u`grmb kj su pujrtm, jo Emwfrte, jsj kàm< of sã sc jstmgm jo jb vcjotf y bm bbuvcm kj jsm tmrkj kj fhtugrj, jo bms efnms kj bfs írgfbjs kjb hj`jotjrcf‐7. Tcracocm Qffbd, quj of hrjàm jo dmotms`ms `ís quj Tchtfrcm Fhm`pf pjrf caumb`jotj pfsjàkm pfr jb `ctf kj bms trjs jshrctfrms kjb pírm`f, emgàm vcsctmkf bm Wjhtfràm hmsc humrjotm mýfs motjs, jo jstmkf kj trmohj. trmohj. Jrm ofvcj`grj ofvcj`grj kj k j =39;, ojvmgm y jb vcjot vc jotf, f, ftrm vjz, mzftmgm mzftmgm rf`íot rf` íotchm`jo chm`jotj tj bms efnms kj bfs b fs írgfbjs ír gfbjs kjb hj`jot hj`jotjrcf. jrcf. Jb `ctf Grfotì duj pujstf jo jshjom pfr Hemrbfttj m bfs trjhj mýfs, covfbuotmrcm`jotj, jo uo tjxtf quj duohcfoø hf`f rjbmtf kj frcajo kj bfs `uokfs dchhcfombjs quj hrjø hfo sus ejr`mofs kjskj bm codmohcm, m jshfokckms kj su pmkrj y kj su tàm. Hfo armo sjotckf krm`ítchf djheø jb cochcf kj bfs jshrctfs ‒uom ofhej kj =571, pfr jb tcj`pf jo quj bm dràm jshmrhem y bms coeøspctms ocjgbms kj ofvcj`grj sfo sjauckms pfr bms tfr`jotms kj ocjvj y bfs  pjojtrmot  pjojt rmotjs js vcjotfs ofhtu ofhturofs rofs kjb pbjof covcjrof‐8. Xjotmkfs mbrjkjkfr kjb ‒tcgcf y rjspbmokjhcjotj‐;  dujaf kj bm hfhcom, bfs ecnfs kjb pírrfhf Grfotì sj johmroczmrfo jo uom kcshuscøo hfo [mgctem Mylrfyk, bm vcjnm sjrvckfrm kjb prjsgctjrcf, sfgrj bm hfovjocjohcm kj prjokjr  f of uom vjbm, quj tjr`coø hfo jb trcuodf kj [mggy, uom mvmrm pjhubcmr quj

 

jshmtc`mgm jo sjgf pmrm kcbmpckmr jo hujotfs tjrrfràdchfs sfgrj bjyjokms, mpmrchcfojs y dmotms`ms kjb pírm`f. Bm rjhtfràm kj pcjkrm sj hmbjotmgm hfo hmrgøo vjajtmb, mb quj [mggy tjoàm bm hfstu`grj kj marjamr jstcãrhfb pmrm emhjr bms grmsms. Gmnf bfs hbmrfshurfs kj bm bu`grj bm vfz cokfbjotj kj Grmowjbb, kj kcjz mýfs, qujgrø uom bmram pmusm> ‒Of sã quã emhjr‐:. Þochf ecnf vmrøo jotrj hcohf ejr`moms, pjbcrrfnf y `cfpj, jshrcgàm jo bmtào hfo bm `mof czqucjrkm y jo arcjaf hfo bm kjrjhem, emgàm ejrjkmkf jb of`grj kjb pmkrj y jb mpjbbckf `mtjrof hf`f of`grjs kj pcbm, Ymtrchl Grmowjbb, hf`f sc jstuvcjrm kjstcomkf m johmromr bm trmkchcøo, bms mspcrmhcfojs y jspjrmozms kj bms kfs dm`cbcms. Jsm ofhej [mggy pfkràm emgjrbjs hfotmkf bm bjyjokm kj bms íoc`ms kj bm nfvjo  pjhmkfrm kj @mco Xtrjjt y su `mkrj, m qucjojs qucjojs bfs vjhcofs vjàmo hm` hm`comr comr y bbfrmr pfr bms ofhejs jo bm pujrtm kj su hmsm, pjrf prjdcrcø hmbbmr y bfs `mokø m kfr`cr. Hemrbfttj bm cotjrru`pcø> ‒¶Yfr quã jstís tmo `mbeu`frmkm jstm ofhej, [mggy6 Tm` Tm`fs fs m vjr> vj r> Xupfoam` Xupfoam`fs fs quj hmkm hmk m uof kj ofsftrfs ofsf trfs tcjoj uom uom csbm c sbm‐‐4. ‒Sf jbjacràm bm Csbm kj @mo‐1, sj mprjsurø Grmowjbb mb tf`mr jb rjcomkf kj @maous Ycjs Kjshmbzfs, ecnf cbjaàtc`f kj Fbmd CCC kj Ofrujam y su hfohugcom [frm Nfoskmttjr. [mo m`gchcfsm y joãrachm hf`f su ejr`mof, kj rmsafs tfshfs y uom hf`pbjxcøo oftfrcm`jotj pjqujým pmrm sus fohj mýfs, Hemrbfttj jbcacø Qcaet, bm csbm `ís armokj kj Coabmtjrrm. J`cby, kj oujvj, mbtm, eujsukm, cokø`ctm y hfo uom c`macomhcøo msf`grfsm, sjýmbø bms csbms crbmokjsms kj Mrmo, pfhf `ís quj uoms rfhms dustcamkms pfr jb vcjotf. [à`ckm y msustmkczm, kj scjtj mýfs, Mooj jbcacø Njrsjy, uom tcjrrm írckm y kjspfgbmkm hf`f bm kj Mrmo. Motjs kj quj pukcjrmo pfgbmr sus csbms hfo ef`grjs oftmgbjs bm hfovjrsmhcøo duj cotjrru`pckm pfr jb ‒bþaugrj sfockf kjb rjbfn `mrhmokf bms scjtj‐5, sjýmb kj sugcr bms jshmbjrms kj pcjkrm emstm jb prc`jr pcsf. Mkj`ís kj bms emgctmhcfojs, mbbà sj sctumgm bm vcjnm oursjry kfokj prfgmgbj`jotj kfr`àm Grmowjbb y quj sjrvàm kj humrtf kj nujafs. Jb humrtf kj jstukcf kj bfs ocýfs, hf`f bf bbm`mgmo jo bm hmsm, tjoàm hmtrjs quj pfkàmo sjr pbjamkfs kurmotj jb

 

kàm pjrf of hec`jojm, hec`jojm, kj `fkf `fkf quj jo covcjrof jrm rjj`pbmzmkf rjj`pbmzmkf pfr bm hfhcom, huyf dujaf sj `motjoàm johjokckf kurmotj tfkf jb kàm, f pfr bm smbm kj bm  pbmotm gmnm. Mbbà bfs ejr`mofs ejr`mofs jshrcgàmo, jshrc gàmo, bjàmo bjàm o sus `moushrc moushrctfs tfs jo vfz mbtm y hm`comgmo kj uo jxtrj`f mb ftrf kcshutcjokf gmtmbbms, smhrcbjacfs, dcbcmhcfojs mpøhrcdms, rjcofs, pjrnurcfs. Jb prjsgctjrcf jstmgm bjnfs kj fpjrmr hf`f hjotrf kj bm vckm sfhcmb kj Emwfrte, `jofs pfr su ugchmhcøo jo bm hc`m kj uom hujstm mzftmkm pfr bm ocjvj y jb vcjotf kjb pírm`f, mb quj bm pfjtm hecbjom Amgrcjbm @cstrmb bbm`mgm ‒jb vcjotf kj bm bmokm‐3, quj pfr jb tcpf eurmýf kj sus emgctmotjs. Yjrf sj embbmgm nuotf mb hj`jotjrcf, jo fhmscfojs gmstmotj hfohurrckf, y bcokmgm hfo bm cabjscm, dfhf kj rjuocøo kj bm pmrrfqucm y prøxc`m m bm tmgjrom [frf Ojarf, armo prftmafocstm jo bm ofvjbm kj bm vckm kj bfs Grfotì. Of emy rjacstrfs kj m`cstmkjs jotrj bfs ecnfs kjb pírrfhf y ftrfs ocýfs kjb pujgbf. Hjrhmofs jo jkmk jotrj jbbfs, kj grcbbmotj cotjbcajohcm y hf`uocøo mgsfbutm jo sus jotrjtjoc`cjotfs j cotjrjsjs, bfs ejr`mofs sj mutfmgmstjhàmo emstm jb puotf kj of ojhjsctmr hmsc nuaujtjs pmrm jotrjtjojrsj. Bms rutcoms kj bm dm`cbcm, jo jsj covcjrof kj =571, sj hu`pbàmo hfo pbíhckm jxmhtctuk. Kurmotj bm `mýmom, bujaf kj kjhcr sus pbjamrcms jo jb jstukcf kjb  pmkrj y kjsmyuomr kjsmyuomr uo tmzøo kj bjhej y mvjom hfhcomkf pfr [mggy, mggy, Grmowjbb rjhcgàm bjhhcfojs kj arcjaf y bmtào kjb pírrfhf y bms ocýms hbmsjs kj hfsturm y  gfrkmkf qu q uj bjs c`pmrtàm c`pmrtàm bm b m tàm Jbczmgjt Jbc zmgjtee jo su humrtf. humrtf. Dãrrjm `jtfkcstm, kjskj bm `ujrtj kj su ejr`mom bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb emgàm tf`mkf m su hmraf bm rjspfosmgcbckmk kj cohubhmr m bfs ocýfs bfs prcohcpcfs rjbcacfsfs, quj m `joukf rjdfrzmgm hfo bjhturms jo vfz mbtm kj bm Gcgbcm, quj of pmrjhàm mgurrcrbfs. Bms Jshrcturms, pfr jb hfotrmrcf, dfaujmgmo su c`macomhcøo emstm jb kjbcrcf j cospcrmgmo kcgunfs y rjprjsjotmhcfojs tjmtrmbjs. ¶S mhmsf of fgjkjhàmo m uom kfhtrcom jb `fgbmnj mustjrf, bfs eígctfs druambjs, jb butf, bfs ujafs jo jb søtmof, jsfs humkrfs tjrrfràdchfs hfo jshjoms kjb Mpfhmbcpscs quj hfbamgmo kj bms pmrjkjs, bfs vjstckfs fshurfs y sco druohjs6 Sm rjhupjrmkfs

 

kj bm pmbckjz y kj hcjrtm kjgcbckmk quj bjs emgàm kjnmkf bm dcjgrj jshmrbmtcom, `joukfs, jstrmdmbmrcfs, djbchjs, pfr bms tmrkjs hfrràmo m nuamr emhcm jb ‒ojarf b fs pírm` pír m`fs, fs, su armo kcvjrscøo. kcvjrs cøo.  pþrpurm‐=9  kj bfs Kj mhujrkf hfo bf hfoscaomkf pfr Grmowjbb jo su prfpcm ecstfrcfarmdàm kj bm Nuvjocbc ofhej kjb ; kj nu n uocf kj =574, su s u pmkrj bj trmnf kj  Nuvjocbcmm, uo mýf motjs, bm ofhej Bjjks uom hmnm hfo kfhj sfbkmkfs kj `mkjrm. Hf`f jrm ym `uy tmrkj, jspjrø emstm bm `mýmom scaucjotj pmrm crru`pcr jo bm emgctmhcøo kj sus ejr`moms hfo bfs nuaujtjs. Mb vjrbf, Hemrbfttj smbtø kj bm hm`m y mrrjgmtø mb `ís mbtf y gcjo dfr`mkf kj bfs sfbkmkfs> ‒¡Ãstj js jb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo y sjrí `àf!‐. Bujaf J`cby sj mpfkjrø kj uof kj pfrtj sjrcf mb quj bbm`mrfo Armvj y Mooj kj uof ‒tmo jxtrmýf y pjqujýf hf`f jbbm‐==  mb quj mpfkmrfo Ocýf ]uj Jspjrm. Grmowjbb jshfacø mb quj bbm`ø Gfompmrtj. Jo bfs kàms scaucjotjs tfkfs bfs sfbkmkfs dujrfo gmutczmkfs hfo bfs of`grjs kj bfs vjtjrmofs kj bm Mr`mkm kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo. Jbbfs hfofhàmo sus prfjzms kjskj quj jrmo `uy  pjqujýfs pfr bfs rjbmtfs rjbm tfs kj su pmkrj, uo tfry mpmscfo mpmscf omkf, bjhtfr kj bfs  pjrcøkchfs  pjrcøkc hfs ubtrmhfosjrvmkfrjs `ís durcfsfs, hf`f jb  Bjjks Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr . Bms  gmtmbbms pfbàtchms pfb àtchms kjb kuquj kuquj kj Qjbbc Qjbbcoa oatfo tfo y bfs kjgmtjs jotrj jotrj tfrcjs y bcgjr bcgjrmbjs mbjs jo jb Ymrbm`jotf bfs trmospfrtmgmo hfo jxmbtmhcøo j cospcrmrfo nujafs y  gmtmbbms y, y, `ís `ís mkjbmot mkjb motj, j, tjxtfs tjxtfs bctjrmrcfs. bctjrmrc fs. Hfo jsfs sfbkmkfs, jo mkjbmotj bbm`mkfs ‒bfs Nøvjojs‐, nuamgmo jo jb  pírm`f f jo jb humkrmkf kj tcjrrm tcjrr m kjb drjotj drjotj kj bm hmsm h msm kfokj sfgrjvcvàm, sfgrjvcv àm, jotrj jotrj uofs uo fs mrgu mrg ustfs `jkcf `jkcf sjhfs, s jhfs, uo jonut jonutff írgfb kj hjrjzf hjr jzf gmnf jb quj jb pírrfhf pírr fhf sj sjotmgm m bjjr. @ís mbbí sj mbzmgm jb pfrtmb quj hfokuhàm mb hj`jotjrcf y m bm cabjscm. Msà hf`f bm jshrcturm duj m bm vjz uo nujaf, frcajo kj pcjzms tjmtrmbjs y smams bctjrmrcms, bms bmgfrjs kj maunm y bm vckm efamrjým duohcfomrfo hf`f sfpfrtj y sustmohcm kj sus fgrms. Jb prc`jr oþ`jrf kj bm pf`pfsm rjvcstm rmowjbb–s Gbmhlwffk–s @mamzcoj  kj jojrf kj =573, `moushrctf jo bjtrm `chrfshøpchm y søbf bjacgbj hfo bupms kj mbtm armkumhcøo (tfkfs bfs ocýfs jrmo

 

`cfpjs), duj hfodjhhcfomkf hfo rjtmzfs kj pmpjb rfgmkfs kj bm hfhcom y dfrrmkf hfo gfbsms kj mzþhmr hfbfr mzub. Bms ocýms hfsàmo bfs humkjroctfs hfo bm `couhcm jxcackm pfr su `jkckm kj hcohf hjotà`jtrfs y `jkcf pfr trjs y `jkcf, jb tm`mýf kj uo sfbkmkctf kj `mkjrm. Of jrm tmotf bms mvjoturms bunurcfsms kj Bfs Nøvjojs, hbmokjstcoms jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb, hf`f jb prjhcf kjb pmpjb bm hmusm prc`jrm kjb kc`coutf dfr`mtf, muoquj fhubtmr jsms píacoms  gbmsdj`ms,  gbmsdj` ms, mkþbtjrms j cohjstufsms cohjstufsms motj motj jb pírrfh pírrfhff y bm b m tàm Grmowjbb of dujrm uo j`pjýf `jofr. Mb sjr kjshugcjrtm jo =5:4 bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm duj hf`pmrmkm hfo bfs `moushrctfs kj Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Gbmlj> Gbmlj> ‒Bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm Q Qjbbj jbbjsbjy sbjy js bm b m hfsm `ís smbvmn s mbvmnj… j… Kmo bm ckj ckjmm kjb pfkjr hrjmtcvf bbjvmkf emstm jb gfrkj kj bm bfhurm‐=7 . Bm smam kj bfs Qjbbjsbjy y bfs tjxtfs kj Moarcm dujrfo jshrctfs m humtrf `mofs pfr Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb hf`f sc tfhmrmo jb pcmof nuotfs `cjotrms J`cby y Mooj hrjmgmo, m su vjz, jb `uokf kj Afokmb, pjrf jotfohjs… ¶quã mhfotjhc`cjotf f trmchcøo  prfvfhø quj jo jb mýf =5;4 bms ejr`moms ejr`moms kjhckcjrmo kjhckc jrmo jshrcgcr jshrc gcr uom uom grfotìmom grfotìmom sco Grmowjbb pmrm prfshrcgcrbf kj bm drmtjrockmk y kj bm ecstfrcm6 Kjb `ctf. Jsj joca`m, quj Hemrbfttj cotjotø vjbmr hfo bm hfokjom `frmb ‛Grmowjbb hf`f fpcø`mof, mbhfeøbchf y bunurcfsf‛, hfotcjoj mbauoms trm`ms crckcshjotjs quj puaomo, hf`f bfs fnfs hcjafs kjb sjýfr Wfhejstjr jo  Nmoj Jyrj, pfr vjr bm buz.   Bfs sígmkfs jrmo kàms `uy mnjtrjmkfs jo bm bcgrjràm y jkctfrcmb X`cte & Jbkjr  kj Bfokrjs. Bm `mýmom kjb 5 kj nubcf kj =5;5, humokf uo j`pbjmkf bj mouohcø quj kfs km`ms qujràmo vjrbf, jb nfvjo sjýfr X`cte sj johfotrmgm  pmrtchubmr`jot  pmrtchubmr` jotjj cotjrjsmkf cotjrjsmkf jo of sjr `fbjstmkf. Bm ofvjbm  Nmoj Jyrj,  pugbchmkm pfr su hmsm jkctfrm jo fhtugrj fhtugrj kjb mýf mot motjrcfr, jrcfr, emgàm vjokckf bfs  prc`jrfs kfs `cb qucocjot qucocjotfs fs jnj`pbmrjs jo trjs `jsjs pmrm rjc`prc`crsj rjc`prc`crsj ftrm vjz jo jojrf y uom vjz `ís jo mgrcb, uo ãxctf sco prjhjkjotjs jo jsfs kàms. Bms

 

hmrtms kj bjhtfrjs kjsgfrkmgmo bms pujrtms kj bm hmbbj Hfroecbb<  Nmoj Jyrj  sj emgàm mkmptmkf mb tjmtrf y jstrjomkf jo djgrjrf kj =5;5 jo jb [jmtrf Tchtfrcm< uom jkctfrcmb drmohjsm jstmgm cotjrjsmkm jo trmkuhcrbm< su mutfr emgàm rjhcgckf uo acrf kj hcjo bcgrms jstjrbcoms, hmsc trjs humrtms pmrtjs kjb sujbkf moumb kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Jb hàrhubf cbustrmkf bfokcojosj jstmgm tmo hfo`fhcfomkf pfr bm rmrjzm kjb bcgrf hf`f hurcfsf pfr jb aãojrf y bm ckjotckmk kj su mutfr, uo caoftf Hurrjr Gjbb. Qcbbcm` [emhljrmy emgàm hjbjgrmkf su pugbchmhcøo y, hf`f jb rjstf kj Bfokrjs, sj prjauotmgm qucão jrm Gjbb. Jb kjshfohcjrtf sj emgàm cohrj`jotmkf humokf jo kchcj`grj jb jkctfr cokjpjokcjotj [ef`ms Hmutbjy  Ojwgy pugbchø bms ofvjbms  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy, dcr`mkm pfr uo tmb Mhtfo Gjbb, y Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms, pfr Jbbcs Gjbb. Bm hràtchm sj rjafhcnø jo kjshrcgcr bm vcfbjohcm, bm grutmbckmk y jb bjoaumnj sfjz kj bms ofvjbms kj bfs Gjbb emstm bbjamr m mbaf msà hf`f uo hfosjosf sfgrj jb gmnf tfof kj bm hfokuhtm kj bfs  pjrsfomnjs, bm rukjz r ukjzmm j cokjhjohcm cokjhjohcm kj sus pugbchmhcfojs, pugbchmhc fojs, muoquj muoquj rjhfofhàmo su dujrzm y frcacombckmk. Xco ftrf íoc`f quj jb kj pmrmsctmr jo bfs bjhtfrjs kj moj Jyrj, jo bm þbtc`m sj`mom kj nuocf kj =5;5 Ojwgy jkctø y vjokcø m uo jkctfr jstmkfuockjosj bms prc`jrms píacoms kj uom oujvm fgrm kj Hurrjr Gjbb. Jo vjrkmk, Bm coqucbcom  jrm bm sjauokm sjauokm ofvjbm ofvjbm kj Mhtfo Gjbb, Gjbb, coqucbc om kj Q Qcbkd cbkdjbb jbb Embb  jrm  pjrf Ojwgy f`ctcø f`ctcø su of`grj of`grj mb mbjamr quj tfkfs bfs bcgrfs bcgr fs kj bfs Gjbb jrmo  prfkuhhcfojs kj uo uo `cs`f cs`f mutfr. mutfr. Ajfraj X`cte `mokø m su j`pbjmkf m prjauotmr bfs of`grjs kj bms vcsctmotjs of sco hcjrtm `fbjstcm. Mþo jstmgm pjrturgmkf pfr bm suspchmz hmrtm quj uo pmr kj kàms mtrís emgàm tjockf quj jovcmr m su mutfr pckcãokfbj jxpbchmhcfojs pfr jb mddmcrj  Ojwgy. ¶Js quj jb sjýfr Hurrjr Gjbb jstmgm ojafhcmokf uom oujvm ofvjbm m sus jspmbkms6 ¶Xj trmtmgm kj uo jshrctfr f kj trjs6 Xjaþo sus híbhubfs, bm oftm kjgàm emgjr bbjamkf m Sfrlsecrj jb kàm motjrcfr, vcjrojs 1 kj nubcf. Jb kjpjokcjotj, of sco vmhcbmr, vfbvcø m afbpjmr su pujrtm jo jb dfokf kjb smbøo. Bms nøvjojs sj ojamgmo m kmr sus of`grjs, mkuhcjokf quj sj trmtmgm kj

 

uo msuotf prcvmkf. Kj `fkf quj jb sjýfr X`cte, rjprc`cjokf su c`pmhcjohcm, tuvf quj smbcr kj su fdchcom pmrm johfotrmrsj hfo kfs ‒km`ms `uy `joukms hfo uo pcotfrjshf mtujokf motchumkf, píbckms y kj mspjhtf moscfsf‐ =8 .  ‛¶Kjsjmgm  ‛¶ Kjsjmgm ustjk ustjk vjr`j, vjr`j, sjýfrm6 ‛prjauot ‛prjauotøø hfo hcjrtm kugctmhcøo kugctmhcøo m bm fvjo kj jstmturm `ís gmnm, quj bj jxtjokàm uo pmpjb.  ‛¶Js  ‛¶ Js jb sjýfr X`cte X`cte66 ‛prjauot ‛prjauotøø jbbm, jbb m, quj tjoàm tjoàm uo tj` tj`pjrm`jo pjrm`jotf tf prfpjosf m bfs b fs jom`frm` jom`frm`cjotfs cjotfs djgrcbjs, fgsjrvíokfbf trms sus motjfnfs.  ‛Msà js. Bm vcsctmotj pusf jo su `mof bm hmrtm quj ãb `cs`f emgàm jshrctf m Hurrjr  Gjbb uofs kàms motjs. Ajfraj X`cte `crø su hmrtm mgcjrtm y bujaf m bm nfvjo, vfbvcø m `crmr su hmrtm y ftrm vjz m bm nfvjo y rcø kj su jxtrmým pjrpbjnckmk.  ‛¶Kj  ‛¶ Kj køokj køokj smhø jstf js tf=; 6 ‛coqucrc ‛coqucrcø. ø. S mquà Hemrbfttj, hfo jb prfpøsctf kj kcdjrjohcmr m bfs trjs Gjbb y kjsvcohubmrsj kj Ojwgy, kcnf bm drmsj quj sjbbø kjdcoctcvm`jotj bm  prfshrcphcø  prfshr cphcøoo y jb kjstcjrrf kjstcjr rf kj Grmowjbb> Grmowjbb > ‒Xf`fs ‒Xf`fs trjs ejr`moms‐ ejr`moms‐=: . Jb kmokc Ajfraj X`cte, jxtrj`mkm`jotj aumpf y mbtf, vjcotchcohf mýfs,  grcbbmotjs  grcb bmotjs fnfs fshurfs, tjz píbckm, píbck m, hmgmbamgm tfkfs bfs kàms, bms covctø m efspjkmrsj jo su rjsckjohcm jo Qjstgfuroj Ybmhj, Gcsefp–s Wfmk, Ymkkcoatfo, y m bbjvmrbms jo su hmrrumnj m bm Øpjrm kfokj kmgmo  Jb gmrgjrf kj Xjvcbb Xjvcbbmm kj Wfsscoc jsm `cs`m ofhej y…

 

HMYÀ[ZBF C JB TJX[CKF KJXAMWWMKF Bm hujstm js tmo j`pcomkm quj bfs mkfqucojs kjb pmvc`jotf kj bm hmbbj  prcohcpmb du dujrfo jrfo hfbfhmkfs kj hmotf hmotf pmrm mu m uxcbcmr m bfs hmgmbbfs hm gmbbfs jo su mshjosf,  pjrf muo msà m sà bfs hmrrfs quj pfr =579 bbjamgmo m Emwfrte vmhcbmgmo vmhcb mgmo m hmkm  pmsf pfr jb rcjsaf kj rjsgmbmr rjsgmb mr emhcm mtrís. Jbbjo Oussjy, uom m`cam kj Hemrbfttj, kcnf quj bm pjokcjotj jrm tmo mgruptm ‒qujj omkcj sj mtrjvàm m gmnmr pfr jbbm ‒qu jbb m m hmgmbbf‐ =4 . ¶S of pmrjhjo `urmbbms bms hmsms kj pcjkrm, jo mbauofs trm`fs, m hmusm kj bm jstrjhejz kj bms vjrjkms6 M bm mbturm kj bm cabjscm, jo bm bmkjrm kj bm hfbcom, bms vjrjkms sj hcýjo mþo `ís  pmrm kfgbmr uofs uofs `jtrfs y bbjamr mb hj` hj`jot jotjrcf, jrcf, mgmrrftmkf kj bípckm bípckmss hfo coshrcphcfojs mpjoms bjacgbjs, fshurjhckms pfr jb efbbào. @ís mrrcgm sj mbzm bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb, hfostruckm jo =115 hfo pcjkrm arcs fgbfoam, kj uom sjohcbbjz quj of bfarm mbcajrmr bm sfbj`ockmk kjb pírm`f quj bm rfkjm, pfrquj jsm hmsm, sjpmrmkm kjb pujgbf pfr bm cabjscm y jb hj`jotjrcf, omhj jo jb pírm`f quj sj jxtcjokj emstm jb efrczfotj, kfokj sj vujbvj `ís sf`gràf y smbvmnj. Humokf bbjamrfo bfs Grfotì bfs tjhefs jstmgmo sunjtfs pfr  mkfqucojs pmrm rjscstcr jb vcjotf, quj mrrmsmgm hfo tfkm cbuscøo kj nmrkcojràm m jxhjphcøo kj bfs mrgustfs kj smuhf y bcbms f bfs grjzfs* grjzfs *, gmnfs y rjsjhfs emstm bm prc`mvjrm, humokf humokf grftmo sus dbfrjs pþr pþrpurm. purm. Jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo Oussjy kj =5;9 Hemrbfttj hujotm quj uo pjrcfkcstm bfhmb kjshrcgcø kjshrc gcø m Emwfrte hf`f hf`f uo pujgbf sctumkf jotrj jotrj hcãomams, hjrhmof m bm  gmrgmrcj.  gmrgmrc j. Xj `johcfomgm johcfomgm bm `moudmhtu moudmhturm rm kj bmoms y bms bmgfrj bmgfrjss maràhfbms y sfgrj tfkf bm mhtctuk tfshm y jb eu`fr sf`gràf kj bfs emgctmotjs kj

 

Sfrlsecrj.**   Yjrf of bm musjohcm kj hm`cofs jotrj uo pujgbf y ftrf, jb Sfrlsecrj.** mcsbm`cjotf jo covcjrof, humokf bms ocjvjs hugrjo bms mbtms hu`grjs, bfs mhmrrjmkfrjs kj pcjkrms kj bms hmotjrms Yjoocostfoj, bfs jstjrhfbjrfs, bfs `mtmkjrfs prcvmkfs. Jb gftchmrcf kj Wfsj & Hf. jvfhm rcýms kj ambbfs, pjbjms kj pjrrfs, gfxjf hmbbjnjrf. Jo su rjpfrtj kjb mýf =5:9 jb cospjhtfr kjb Kjpmrtm`jotf kj Xmbuk Gjonm`co Gmggmaj kjouohcø jb scstj`m kj kjsmaòjs y krjomnj kjb pujgbf y jb mrf`m quj prfvjoàm kjb hj`jotjrcf. Yjrf Grmowjbb, m bfs kcjhcscjtj mýfs, jo su tjxtf ‒[ej Hf`gcoa Xefp‐ pusf jb ãodmscs jo jb fbfr  kjb mbafkøo y mhjctj y jo bfs mcrjs fdjoscvfs (bfs hmbcdchø tm`gcão kj conurcfsfs) kj bm pmrtj trmsjrm kjb [frf Ojarf, bm tmgjrom quj fdrjhàm jb hecqujrf hf`f tfcbjttj. Gmggmaj sj johmroczø hfo bms tu`gms, mabutcomkms uotf m bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb> rjpfrtø `cb trjshcjotms humrjotm y humtrf sjpubturms rjmbczmkms jo bfs motjrcfrjs kcjz mýfs. Hmvmkms uoms nuotf m bms ftrms, hf`f euãrdmofs jo uo cotjromkf mtjstmkf, bms tu`gms jstmgmo hugcjrtms pfr uoms bípckms efrczfotmbjs kj pcjkrm quj hu`pbàmo uom kfgbj y `mhmgrm duohcøo> jvctmr bm jotrmkm kj mcrj m bfs dfsfs y m bm vjz bm smbckm kj bfs amsjs prfkuhtf kj bm kjshf`pfschcøo, uo `jonuonj pjstàdjrf pmrm jb `chrfhbc`m kjb írjm. Kj jsj `cms`m, pfr `jkcf kj uo pfzf ugchmkf jo jb hj`jotjrcf, sj jxtrmàm jb maum kj usf hfrrcjotj pmrm bm hmsm kjb rjhtfr. ‒Emwfrte js tãtrchf y dmotms`mb‐=1 , jshrcgcø J`cby Ejmtfo, uom mutfrm bfhmb, jo =5;:. Jo su codfr`j, Gmggmaj bj rjtruhø> ‒Jb dmotms`m kj Emwfrte hfoscstj jo uom bmram vcbbm y kcstrctf rurmb… Xus mbrjkjkfrjs sfo kjsfbmkfs y `fotmýfsfs, hmsc sco írgfbjs quj kjtjoamo jb vcjotf ejbmkf‐=5 . Wfkjmkm kj bms `fotmýms kj @furoj, bms `ís gjbbms kjb Zbstjr, m bms quj tmhefomo bmafs hrcstmbcofs y surhmo ràfs quj hfrrjo dfr`mokf vmbbjs y bbmourms dãrtcbjs pmrm jb hubtcvf y bm hrcmozm kj amomkf, bm tcjrrm kfokj sj hrcø Ymtrchl  Grfotì of pfkàm pmrjhjrsj `jofs m bm kj Sfrlsecrj. [m`pfhf jb hbc`m, tj`pbmkf y gjoãvfbf, f bm trmkchcfomb gfomozm kj sus emgctmotjs. Xøbf bm hmgmým kj pcjkrm kj kfs emgctmhcfojs gbmoqujmkms m bm hmb, kfokj vcvàm su

 

dm`cbcm kj bmgrcjafs, pfkràm jo tmb hmsf hf`pmrmrsj hfo bms armonms `ís  pfgrjs kjb ofrfjstj kj Co Coabmtjrrm.

Ymtrchl Grfotì, quj of jrm coabãs oc sj bbm`mgm Grfotì scof Gruoty, Yruoty, F–Yruoty f tmb vjz Grmoty, omhcø jo J`kmbj, mb ofrtj kj Crbmokm, jb kàm kjb smotf kj su of`grj kj =111. Yrc`jrf kj kcjz ecnfs kj pmkrjs cbjtrmkfs, armhcms m su cotjbcajohcm grcbbmotj duj mk`ctckf jo jb hfbbjaj Xmcot Nfeo–s kj bm

 

Zocvjrsckmk kj Hm`grckaj Hm`grckaj jo hmbckmk hmbc kmk kj  sczmr , uom jspjhcj kj scrvcjotj kj bfs jstukcmotjs rchfs quj bj pjr`ctcø mkqucrcr uom dfr`mhcøo mhmkã`chm prfpcm kj bm ãbctj grctíochm. Sm motjs kj bfs mýfs kj Hm`grckaj emgàm ckf hm`gcmokf armkumb`jotj su mpjbbckf, kj Yruoty jo =13= m Grmoty jo =597, humokf sj coshrcgcø jo Xt. Nfeo–s. Bj bbjvø uofs pfhfs mýfs `ís j`pjzmr m usmr jb mpjbbckf quj moejbmgm, jb kj su mk`crmkf Mb`crmotj Ojbsfo, quj emgàm rjhcgckf jb tàtubf kj Kuquj kj Grfotj8 Grfotj 8. Ymrm =591 jb Grfotì emgàm rjhcgckf su kcãrjscs y ãb jrm uo hbãrcaf rjhcão armkumkf y hfo uo hurmtf jo Qjtejrsdcjbk, Jssjx. Jo jb pujgbf kj Qjtejrsdcjbk sj kjhàm quj tjoàm uo tj`pjrm`jotf dfafsf y quj sfbàm pmsjmr hfo uom hmhecpfrrm, quj hcjrtm vjz sj pjbjø hfo uo sunjtf quj cotjrru`pcø uom prfhjscøo kj bm jshujbm kf`cochmb, quj hm`comgm pfr bfs mrkcojs kj bm vchmràm hfo uo bípcz y uo pmpjb jo bm `mof, jshrcgcjokf. Hfo trjcotm mýfs, mbtf y mpujstf y hcjrtm dm`m kj jxhãotrchf, sj hf`prf`jtcø hfo bm fvjo @mry Gurkjr, sfgrcom kj su hmsjrm j ecnm kj uom vcukm rjspjtmgbj quj bf kjsmprfgø. Jb jpcsfkcf duj gmstmotj hfodusf. Jb hf`prf`csf, sjbbmkf jo sjhrjtf jotrj bfs ofvcfs, duj rftf pfr Ymtrchl, sjaþo rjvjbm uom hmrtm m uo m`caf kj Hm`grckaj. Jo bm hmrtm ãb emhj uom cotrcohmkm mbuscøo m bfs  prcohcpcfs rjbca rjbc acfsfs kj su prf`jtckm, prf`jtckm, quj emgràm emgràmoo ‒vcfbmkf bfs kchtmkfs kj `c hfohcjohcm y `c nuchcf‐=3 . Xc bm dm`cbcm kj @mry Gurkjr pjrtjojhàm m bm frkjo kj bfs kcsckjotjs kj bm Cabjscm kj Coabmtjrrm, hf`f coscoþm bm `cscvm, of qujkø hbmrf, pjrf ãb bj emgàm jshrctf pfj`ms y jbbm søbf tjoàm kcjhcoujvj mýfs. Bm sjýfrm Gurkjr sj bm bbjvø kj vcmnj kurmotj vmrcms sj`moms pmrm mbjnmrbm kj bm  pmrrfqucm kj Qjte Qjtejrsdcjbk jrsdcjbk.. Hcohf mýfs kjspuãs, ym msjotmkf jo su prfdjscøo hfo uo vchmrcmtf pjrpjtuf jo Emrtsejmk, jb rjvjrjokf Ymtrchl Grfotì jstmgm bcstf pmrm hmsmrsj. Xu dm`m kj jxhãotrchf, sco j`gmraf, of emgàm kcs`couckf. Bf quj `ís bf kcdjrjohcmgm kj bfs ftrfs hbãrcafs kjb írjm kj Emrtsejmk jrm uo prfouohcmkf mhjotf crbmokãs quj oc scqucjrm sus mýfs jo Hm`grckaj emgàmo bfarmkf pubcr. Hfosjrvmkfr 

 

jxtrj`f, jrm `crmkf hfo suspchmhcm emstm jotrj bfs crbmokjsjs jo jsfs tcj`pfs jxpbfscvfs kj bm b m Wjvfbuhcøo Cokust Cokustrcmb rcmb.. Kurmotj jb vjrmof kj =5=7, jo hf`pmýàm kj su m`caf Qcbbcm` @framo sj  prjsjotø jo bm jshujbm Q Qffkefu ffkefusj sj Arfvj pmrm pm rm tf` tf`mr mr jxí`jojs jxí`jojs m bfs mbu` mbu`ofs, ofs,  pmrtj kj sus tmrjms pmrrfqucmbjs. pmrrfqucmbj s. Jo bm Jshujbm pmrm Ecnfs kj Hbãrcafs @jtfkcstms quj kcrcaàm su motcauf `mjstrf Nfeo Djoojbb sj johfotrø hfo kfs øvjojs hmsmkjrms. Sm hfofhàm m Nmoj Djoojbb, sjaþo mtjstcaum jb vfbu`jo kj Hfttmaj Yfj`s quj hfosjrvm bm Hfbjhhcøo Gjra kj bm Gcgbcftjhm Yþgbchm kj  Ojw Sfrl. Hfo sus jshmsfs rjhursfs dcomohcjrfs, dcomohcjrfs, jb nfvjo Ymtrchl Grfotì Grfotì emgàm kjhckckf hfstjmrsj, jo =5=9 y =5==, bm jkchcøo kj kfs bcgrfs kj pfj`ms kj rc`m tfrpj y `frmb ubtrmhfosjrvmkfrm, sjotc`jotmbcstms, kj bfs quj pmrjhàm jstmr `uy fraubbfsf> ‒M bm sjýfrctm Djoojbb, pfr jb mutfr, hf`f uo ajstf kj su  purm m`cstmk m`cstmk y m`fr m`fr hrcstcmof‐79 , kchj bm kjkchmtfrcm jshrctm m `mof quj aumrkm bm Hfbjhhcøo Gjra. Jb jnj`pbmr `ujstrm bm eujbbm kj uom píacom mrrmohmkm kfokj sj kjshrcgàmo hcukmkjs hfrruptms emgctmkms pfr prfstctutms y rudcmojs, uom motchcpmhcøo kj bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  quj jshrcgcràmo sus ecnfs. Zom tmhemkurm fhubtm uo vjrsf quj mbukj m uofs ‒fnfs kj hecspjmotj mzub‐ 7=   y uo marjamkf, jo tcotm, bf rjj`pbmzm pfr ‒hecspjmotjs fnfs hfbfr mvjbbmom‐. Bms djhems kj bfs pfj`ms hfcohckjo hfo jb pjràfkf kj su hf`prf`csf, muoquj sj caofrm jb hfbfr kj bfs fnfs kj @mry Gurkjr. Dujrm humb dujsj jb hfbfr kj sus fnfs, Nmoj Djoojbb sj hf`prf`jtcø pmrm hmsmrsj hfo jb m`caf kj Ymtrchl, Qcbbcm` @framo. @mrcm Grmowjbb jrm bm oþ`jrf fhef kjb hbmo kj fohj ocýfs Grmowjbb, ecnfs kj uom dm`cbcm prøspjrm y `uy gcjo mdcmozmkm jo jb gmbojmrcf kj Yjozmohj, jo jb sur kj Coabmtjrrm. Mb `frcr su pmkrj @mrcm rjhcgcø, mb caumb quj sus trjs ejr`moms, uom moumbckmk kj hcohujotm bcgrms, hmotckmk sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm amrmotczmrbj hcjrtm cokjpjokjohcm. @uhef `ís quj jb sujbkf moumb kj vjcotj bcgrms quj amomràm hf`f afgjromotm su ecnm Hemrbfttj trjcotm mýfs kjspuãs. Humokf tcj`pf `ís tmrkj `urcø su tàf Wchemrk, prfpcjtmrcf kj bm hmsm jo bm

 

quj vcvàm hfo sus kfs ejr`moms sfbtjrms, kjhckcø kjnmr bfs mcrjs híbckfs kj Hfroumbbjs pmrm prfgmr sujrtj jo hmsm kj sus pmrcjotjs Djoojbb jo jb bjnmof y  gírgmrf Sfrlsecrj, frlsecrj, hm`cof hm`cof m Jshfhcm. Xu ejr`mom ejr`mom `jofr, jofr, Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, kj kcjhcoujvj mýfs y m puotf kj hmsmrsj hfo su prc`f Nfsjpe, qujkø jo Hfroumbbjs hfo Jbczmgjte, bm ejr`mom kj trjcotm y sjcs, hfosckjrmkm uom sfbtjrfom. Kjbamkm y `uy gmnm kj jstmturm, hubtm y rjdcomkm muoquj of ejr`fsm, @mrcm  pmrtcø emhcm Mppjrbjy Mppjrb jy Grckaj, of `u `uy bjnfs kj bm b m c` c `pfrtmotj pfrtmotj hcukmk kj Bjjks, bbjom kj prfpøsctfs. Jo prcohcpcf, sj jotjokàm quj myukmràm m su tàm Nmoj jo jb afgcjrof kj bm hmsm m bm vjz quj fdchcmràm kj hf`pmýàm pmrm su prc`m, þochm ecnm kjb `mtrc`focf. Yjrf mpjoms bbjaø hf`jozø m trmgmnmr jo Qffkefusj Arfvj, bm jshujbm quj kcrcaàm su tàf Nfeo Djoojbb. Bfs tàfs Djoojbb of pmrjhàmo tjojr jxpjhtmtcvms kj quj su sfgrcom, kj vjcotcoujvj mýfs, bbjamrm m hmsmrsj. Xu ecnm Nmoj, kj vjcotj, jstmgm hf`prf`jtckm hfo Qcbbcm` @framo, kcshàpubf kjb sjýfr Djoojbb, y m dco kj mýf kjnmràm uo vmhàf dm`cbcmr quj, sj jspjrmgm, dujrm fhupmkf pfr @mrcm. Yjrf tfkf pbmo duj kjsgmrmtmkf hfo bm mpmrchcøo kjb jxtrmvmamotj hfbjam kjb prf`jtckf kj Nmoj. @mrcm Grmowjbb sj dmshcoø kj co`jkcmtf hfo jsj nfvjo jbfhujotj, kj pjbf rfnf fshurf y jxmajrmkm hfrtjsàm. Jo bms oujvj hmrtms kj m`fr quj jbbm bj jshrcgcø, y quj Ymtrchl aumrkø hfo kjvfhcøo kurmotj tfkm su vckm, sj `johcfomo pmsjfs hm`pjstrjs, ‒su grmzf pmrm myukmr`j, y su hfovjrsmhcøo quj mhfrtmgmo bm hm`comtm‐77  y sjotc`cjotfs kjsgfrkmotjs. Jo mafstf kj =5=7 @mrcm tj`àm ‒cr kj`mscmkf bjnfs y jxhjkjr bfs bà`ctjs kjb kjhfrf‐78 . Xj hjbjgrmrfo bms kfs gfkms nuotms jb 73 kj kchcj`grj kj =5=7 jo bm cabjscm Aucsjbjy kj Ofrte Sfrlsecrj, `cjotrms bm ejr`mom kj @mrcm, Hemrbfttj, sj hmsø jb `cs`f kàm y m bm `cs`m efrm hfo su prc`f Nfsjpe jo bm cabjscm @mkrfo kj Hfroumbbjs, kfokj vjcotckøs mýfs motjs sj emgàmo hmsmkf bfs tàfs Djoojbb. Hf`f jo uo nujaf kj rfbjs, prc`jrf Qcbbcm` @framo fdchcø bm hjrj`focm kj @mrcm y Ymtrchl, hfo Nmoj Djoojbb hf`f `mkrcom, y bujaf hm`gcmrfo bfs

 

 pmpjbjs > Ymtrchl duj  pmpjbjs> duj jb hbãrcaf, hbãrc af, @mrcm bm b m `mkrcom y Nmoj y Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` bfs ofvcfs. Jb sjýfr Djoojbb duj jb pmkrcof kj bms kfs gfkms. Hfo jb muaurcf kj jstfs mbjarjs hf`cjozfs bfs jspfsfs Grfotì sj costmbmrfo jo uom uom hmsctm mbqucbmkm mb qucbmkm kj Emrtsejmk, Emrtsejmk, sctu s ctumkm mkm jo jb tfpj kj uom uom hfbcom, hfb com, kfokj m hf`cjozfs kj =5=; omhcø @mrcm y uo mýf kjspuãs, Jbczmgjte. Yjsj m su j`pjýf, Ymtrchl of bfarø quj bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj bm cabjscm bj dcomohcmrmo bm hfostruhhcøo kj uom hmsm sudchcjotj`jotj armokj pmrm bm dm`cbcm jo dfr`mhcøo. Jo `myf kj =5=:, pfr dco, hfoscaucø uo pujstf kj hbãrcaf jo bm cabjscm kj [efrotfo, [efrotfo, quj quj tjoàm su prfpcm prfpc m vcvcjokm. vc vcjokm. Jb rjvjrjokf Grfotì sfbàm emgbmr kj bfs hcohf mýfs quj bm dm`cbcm vcvcø jo [efrotfo hf`f kj bfs `jnfrjs kj su vckm. Bm ugchmhcøo kj bm søbckm hmsm kj  pcjkrm jo bm quj sj cost c ostmbmrf mbmrfoo of of pfkàm pfkà m sjr s jr `ís hfovjo h fovjocjot cjotj> j> jstmgm sctu sc tumkm mkm jjoo bm hmbbj @mrljt, jo jb hm`cof prcohcpmb emhcm Grmkdfrk y `uy hjrhm kj bm cabjscm kj Xt. Nm`js. Nøvjojs, jom`frmkfs y jotuscmstms, bfs Grfotì prfotf sj echcjrfo kj uo hàrhubf kj m`cafs. Jb `ãkchf kjb pujgbf, Nfeo Xhefbjdcjbk Dcrte, vcvàm hfo su ecnm Jbczmgjte jo Lcppcoa Efusj, m pfhfs `jtrfs kj bm hmsm  pmrrfqucmb. Bm sjýfrm Dcrte emgàm `ujrtf ujrtf uo mýf motjs motjs y Jbczmgjte, Jbczmgjte, quj søbf tjoàm kcjhcfhef mýfs mb hfofhjr m bm dm`cbcm, bbjaø m emhjrsj àotc`m kj bm sjýfrm Grfotì> jo bfs hf`cjozfs tf`mgmo jb tã kfs f trjs vjhjs pfr sj`mom,  pjrf jo pfhms sj`moms sj`moms j`pjzmrfo j`pjzmrfo m emhjrbf tfkfs bfs kàms. Jo jb vjrmof, humokf sj hjbjgrø jb gmutcs`f kj Jbczmgjte, bm sjauokm kj bms ocýms, jbbm duj jbjackm hf`f `mkrcom nuotf hfo bm tàm Jbczmgjte Grmowjbb. Kjskj su bbjamkm  pmrm jb gmutcs`f, gmutcs`f, jo mafstf mafstf kj =5=:, y emstm emstm su pmrtckm, hmsc uo mýf kjspuãs, bm ejr`mom `myfr kj @mrcm sj cohfrpfrø m bms tjrtubcms, pmsjfs y mhtcvckmkjs sfhcmbjs sfhcmb js kjb arupf arupf kj m` m `cafs. Emgàm hfostmotjs vcsctms jotrj bms kfs dm`cbcms y bms m`cstmkjs quj hf`pmrtàmo, jotrj bfs quj sj cohbuàmo bm prc`m Nmoj Djoojbb y Qcbbcm` @framo y jb rjvjrjokf [ef`ms Mrlcosfo y su jspfsm Drmohjs Qmbljr, pmkrcofs kj Hemrbfttj y tàfs kj su duturm hfokcshàpubm, M`jbcm Qmbljr. Jo =5=: jb kfhtfr 

 

Dcrte sj hmsø hfo Mooj Futewmctj, tàm kj Dmooy Futewmctj, uom motcaum hf`pmýjrm kj jshujbm kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte quj `ís mkjbmotj sj hfovcrtcø jo uom m`mgbj prftjhtfrm kj bms ocýms Grfotì. Bfs Futewmctj jrmo uom dm`cbcm kj dcbíotrfpfs dcbíot rfpfs `uy hfofhckfs pfr sus fgrms kj hmrckmk hmr ckmk jo bm zfo zfomm kj Grmkdfrk. Xj fdchcmgmo tãs, tjrtubcms y hm`comtms m bms hfbcoms kj Mbbjrtfo f m Grmkdfrk, uom hcukmk bbjom kj mhtcvckmk hubturmb y mrtàstchm. Ymtrchl jrm sfhcf kj su gcgbcftjhm y sfhcjkmk bctjrmrcm, kfokj sj emhàmo bjhturms y hfohcjrtfs. Jo jb vjrmof, bujaf kj bm vchtfrcm kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo jo Qmtjrbff, bfs Dcrte y bfs Grfotì tf`mrfo pmrtj kj bms hjbjgrmhcfojs bfhmbjs y sj uocjrfo jo bm tmrjm kj rjhfbjhtmr kcojrf pmrm bms vcukms y euãrdmofs kj bm gmtmbbm. Jo jsj hbc`m kj jdjrvjshjohcm omhcø Hemrbfttj, jb 7= kj mgrcb kj =5=4. Duj jotfohjs humokf Ymtrchl kjhckcø gushmr uom hfhcojrm, y pfhf kjspuãs uom ocýjrm, jotrj bms mbu`oms kj bm Jshujbm kj bm Cokustrcm kj Grmkdfrk, quj jkuhmgm m ocýms euãrdmoms f kj pfgrjs rjhursfs y jstmgm pmtrfhcomkm pfr bm sjýfrm Futewmctj. Ymrm =579 ym emgàmo omhckf Grmowjbb, J`cby Nmoj y Mooj. Hfo bm rjhtfràm  pfgbmkm kj k j gjgãs, Jbczmgjte Jb czmgjte Dcrte sfbàm bbjvmrsj bb jvmrsj m bms ocýms `myfrjs `myfrjs m Lcppcoa Efusj> ‒@. J. y H. Grfotì pmrm jb tã‐7; , moftø jo su kcmrcf kj jojrf kj =5=3. Kjgàm kj kcvjrtcrsj jofr`j`jotj hfo @mrcm, bm `myfr kj bms ocýms, quj m bfs sjcs mýfs sfbàm hfovjrsmr hfo bfs `myfrjs sfgrj bfs tj`ms pfbàtchfs y kj mhtumbckmk quj bjàm jo bfs pjrcøkchfs. Yfhf kjspuãs kj bm dcjstm kj gmutcs`f kj Mooj, hjbjgrmkm pfr bms nøvjojs `mkrcoms Jbczmgjte Dcrte y Dmooy Futewmctj, jb sjýfr Grfotì rjhcgcø jb of`grm`cjotf kj uo hurmtf pjrpjtuf of `uy bjnfs kj mbbà, muoquj mkjotrmkf emhcm jb ofrtj kj Sfrlsecrj, quj fdrjhàm m bm dm`cbcm uom vcvcjokm `ís armokj quj bm `fkjstm hmsctm kj [efrtfo. Kj `fkf quj, sco ftrms hfosckjrmhcfojs `jofrjs, sj kjhckcø bm `ukmozm. Emstm bfs hfodcojs kj jsj ‒pjqujýf buamr jxtrmýf y gírgmrf‐ 7: , hf`f bf kjshrcgcø Jbbjo Oussjy, bbjamrfo bfs scjtj hmrrf`mtfs hmramkfs kj `ujgbjs y  gmþbjs quj bbjvmgmo bbj vmgmo m bm dm` dm`cbc cbcmm Grfot Grfotìì y m sus sus sjrvckfrms sjrvc kfrms jo mgrcb kj =579.

 

Bm bbjamkm kjb rjvjrjokf Grfotì m Emwfrte jstuvf jormrjhckm pfr uom sjrcj kj `mbjotjokckfs, fdjosms j c`prjhcscfojs quj m su `fkf mouohcmrfo jb hmríhtjr kjsmpmhcgbj kj bm oujvm pmrrfqucm. Jb vchmrcf kj Grmkdfrk bf emgàm hfotrmtmkf scopfr emgjr hfosubtmkf motjs m bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj su bm cabjscm, sj fdushmrfo emgjr sckf caofrmkfs. Jb sjýfr Grfotì, hfo dm`cbcm quj mþo costmbmkm jo [efrotfo, sj vcf fgbcamkf m rjouohcmr. Jb rjj`pbmzmotj, tm`pfhf mprfgmkf pfr bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs, duj rjhcgckf hfo tmb hfotuokjotj prftjstm jo bm pujrtm kj bm cabjscm quj tuvf quj kjnmr jb pujstf. [rms uo pmr kj sj`moms kj kjshfohcjrtf Ymtrchl mhjptø rjarjsmr, pjrf jb hbc`m kj mactmhcøo of sj emgàm kcscpmkf. Bms ecstfrcms kj fhejotm mýfs motjs sfgrj jb `cscfojrf Qcbbcm` Arc`semw kj Emwfrte, uo hjrhmof m`caf kjb bjajokmrcf prjkchmkfr Nfeo Qjsbjy, mþo jstmgmo vcvms jotrj bfs djbcarjsjs. Yrjhursfr kjb `jtfkcs`f, sj bf

 

rjhfrkmgm rjhfrrcjokf bfs pugs hfo su dustm jo bm `mof, pjrscaucjokf m codcjbjs y pjhmkfrjs pmrm mrrmstrmrbfs m jshuhemr su sjr`øo. Bfs pmrrfqucmofs bf vjojrmgmo. Yjrf su dmomtcs`f kjnø mb pujgbf kcvckckf jo pjqujýms hfoarjamhcfojs rcvmbjs quj prfpchcmgmo uo m`gcjotj pfhf efspctmbmrcf pmrm jb mrrc gf kj uo jxtrmonjrf. mrrcgf jxtrmonjrf. Kjspuãs kj tmotfs cohfovjocjotjs, Ymtrchl kjgj kj emgjr `fstrmkf fraubbfsf m @mrcm bm jofr`j rjhtfràm kj kfs pbmotms, `uhef `ís armokj y hfodfrtmgbj quj bms vcvcjokms quj emgàmo fhupmkf motjs. Bm pujrtm kjb drjotj sj mgràm m uo embb hfo uom smbm emhcm bm czqucjrkm y ftrm, quj ãb usmràm hf`f jshrctfrcf, m bm kjrjhem. Kjtrís kjb jshrctfrcf jstmgm bm hfhcom, hfo uom armo `jsm nuotf mb dujaf kfokj bfs ocýfs pmsmràmo gujom pmrtj kj bfs kàms kj covcjrof. [rms uo  pmsmkczf sj mbzmgm uom uom hfhcom trmsjrm kfokj sj s j bmvmgm bm rfpm y sj rjhcgàm rjhcgà m m bfs vjokjkfrjs hmbbjnjrfs y m bfs `cj`grfs kj bm pmrrfqucm. Emhcm jb dfokf  pfscgbj`  pfscgb j`jot jotjj eugf eugf uom uom kjspjosm y uo pjqujýf armojrf armojrf pmrm bfs moc`mbjs moc`mbjs kf`ãstchfs, kj`fbckfs emhcm =519. Zofs `mpms kj bfs mýfs humrjotm y hcohujotm jxecgjo, jo bm jsqucom emhcm jb sukfjstj, uo j`pbmzm`cjotf kj pcjkrm hfo kfs mscjotfs kj jxhusmkf, tm`gcão kj`fbckf. Jo jb prc`jr pcsf sj sctþmo bms trjs emgctmhcfojs> jo mbaþo `f`jotf bm sjýfrm Grfotì fhupø bm kj bm jsqucom, sfgrj jb smbøo, hfo vcstms mb hj`jotjrcf y m bm cabjscm, y jb sjýfr Grfotì bm quj sj mbzm sfgrj su jstukcf. Bm vjotmom kjb humrtf quj prjsu`cgbj`jotj emgctmrfo bms ejr`moms sj mgrj m bfs pírm`fs y bm oursjry, tmo jstrjhem hf`f jb pmscbbf kj jotrmkm sfgrj jb quj jstí jrcackm, `crm kj hmrm mb hj`jotjrcf pmrrfqucmb. Kj kfs `jtrfs sjtjotm pfr uo `jtrf sjtjotm, jb bfggy, hf`f bbm`mo jo Coabmtjrrm m jsms emgctmhcfojs hfostruckms sfgrj jb embb kj jotrmkm, mpmrjhj mpmrjh j kcgunmkf kc gunmkf jo uo uo kcmrcf kj J`cby J`cby hfo uo uo hmtrj y su jshrctfrcf pfrtítcb kj `mkjrm. Xc @mrcm jstmgm mþo smom mb bbjamr m Emwfrte, kjgcø kj j`pjzmr m kjhmjr   pfhfs `jsjs kjspuãs, ym quj quj m dcojs kj jo j ojrf kj =57= sj kjgcbctø kjgcb ctø rípckm` rípc km`jot jotjj y qujkø hfodcomkm jo bm hm`m. Zom vjz rmtcdchmkm bm hfokchcøo cohurmgbj kj bm

 

jodjr`jkmk, jb pírrfhf hfotrmtø m bm jodjr`jrm @mrtem Qrcaet pmrm quj huckmrm m su jspfsm kurmotj jb kàm, quj trmoshurràm ‒`jbmohøbchf, hfo ougjs y fshurckmk‐74 . Yfr bms ofhejs, ãb `cs`f bm vjbmgm. Zom kj jsms `mkruamkms, m sfbms hfo bm `frcguokm, jshrcgcø jo uom hmrtm mb rjvjrjokf Nfeo Guhlwfrte quj sj sjotàm hf`f ‒uo jxtrmýf jo uom tcjrrm jxtrmým‐ 71 . [mb mguokmohcm `jbøkchm sfgrj sus pjsmrjs ‛jxtjokckm y prfduokczmkm `ís mkjbmotj pfr su ecnf Grmowjbb‛ rjvjbm m uo jshrctfr f uo moejbf> jo [efrotfo emgàm pugbchmkf y mutfdcomohcmkf kfs bcgrfs `ís.  Bm hmgmým jo jb j b gfsquj f Hø`f hfovjrtcrsj hfovjrt crsj jo rchf y djbcz  js uom ofvjbm pcmkfsm y uo mhtf kj vfbuotmk, mkj`ís kj uo trmtmkf sfgrj bfs gjojdchcfs kj bm jshujbm kf`cochmb y bfs pjrnuchcfs kj bm  gjgckm. Jo bfs kàms djbchjs kj [efrot [efrotfo fo tm`gcão tm`gcão emgàm jshrctf jshrc tf pfj` pfj`ms ms y josmyfs. @mrcm, quj prjkchmgm m su `mojrm, motjs kj hmsmrsj jshrcgcø jb tjxtf

 Bms vjotmnms kj bm pfgr pfgrjzm jzm jo bf quj m bm rjbcacøo hfohcjroj , quj of sj  pugbchø. Jo jsj ftfýf bfs sjcs ocýfs, kjskj @mrcm kj scjtj mýfs emstm Mooj kj uof y `jkcf, jodjr`mrfo kj dcjgrj jshmrbmtcom, bm `cs`m jodjr`jkmk quj `mtm m Gjte @mrhe jo jb hmpàtubf humrjotm kj @unjrhctms  (=545)  (=545).. Bm sctumhcøo sctumhcøo kj bm b m dm`cbc dm`cbcmm jrm mbmr`motj. Hfo sus m`cafs kj [efrotfo bjnfs, søbf hfotmgmo hfo bm myukm kj kfs mkfbjshjotjs> Omohy Amrr, kj trjhj mýfs, uom kj bfs kfhj ecnfs kj Wchemrk Amrr kj Qjstamtj, emgàm sckf cohfrpfrmkm m bm hmsm jo =5=4 pmrm myukmr jo bms tmrjms kf`ãstchms. Xu ejr`mom Xmrme, mbaf `jofr, duj mk`ctckm mb omhjr J`cby, kfs mýfs kjspuãs, hf`f ocýjrm. @cjotrms bm jodjr`jrm sj kjkchmgm m bm sjýfrm Grfotì ‛sj emgàm kchtm`comkf uo ‒híohjr cotjrof‐‛,  Omohy  Omo hy y Xmrme Amrr mpjoms pfkàmo bbjvmr bbj vmr mkjbmotj bfs msuotfs msuotfs kf`ãstchfs kf`ãstchfs y fhupmrsj kj bfs ocýfs y kj Ymtrchl, quj of pfkàm pjr`ctcrsj kjshuckmr sus tmrjms pmrrfqu pmrr fqucmbjs. cmbjs. Yjrf bfs m`cafs kj [efrotfo of bfs fbvckmgmo. Bm nfvjo Jbczmgjte Dcrte vcsctø m bm sjýfrm Grfotì kfs vjhjs y jb 74 kj `myf sj bbjvø pfr uo `js m bms kfs ecnms `myfrjs, @mrcm y Jbczmgjte, m Lcppcoa Efusj. Xc jstms vcsctms dujrfo

 

uo gíbsm`f, jb tøochf bbjaø kj bm `mof kj Jbczmgjte Grmowjbb, bm ejr`mom kj bm sjýfrm Grfotì, m gfrkf kj uo hfhej pþgbchf prfvjocjotj kj Yjozmohj. Mb `f`jotf kj su bbjamkm, moftø jb pírrfhf, bm tàm Jbczmgjte Grmowjbb duj ‒uo armo mbcvcf pmrm `c `jotj, hf`pmrtcjokf `cs tmrjms, `cs bmgfrjs y `cs pjoms, y hfovcrtcãokfsj jo uom mdjhtufsm `mkrj pmrm `cs ecnfs‐ 75 . Kj uom dcr`jzm kj hmríhtjr of mpbmhmkm pfr su mvjrscøo m bfs hbc`ms kjstj`pbmkfs, uom vjz kjspjkckm bm jodjr`jrm, bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb tf`ø jb `mokf kjb huckmkf kj bm  pmhcjotj y sj hmbzø uofs uofs hemohbfs hemohbfs kj `mkjrm ‛ mprfpcmkfs mprfpcmkfs pmrm bm hmbbj jo bfs kàms kj ojvmkm pjrf vcstfs hf`f `uy pjhubcmrjs pujrtms mkjotrf ‛  pmrm   pmrm pcsmr  bfs sujbfs ejbmkfs ejbmkfs y bms jshmbjrms kj pcjkrm kj bm rjhtfràm. Bm tàm Grmowjbb sj costmbø jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb hfo uo dcr`j sjotckf kjb kjgjr dm`cbcmr y kjsjfsm kj rjarjsmr m su sfbjmkf Yjozmohj jo humotf sj rjsfbvcjrm bm sctumhcøo kj su ejr`mom, quj pjr`mojhàm rjhbuckm jo bm hm`m y jstmgm tmo kãgcb y kfbfrckm quj mpjoms pfkàm vjr m sus ecnfs. ‒Msà, pujs, bfs ocýfs sj uoàmo jstrjhem`jotj jo scbjohcfsf arupf, ym quj su pmkrj jstmgm scj`prj fhupmkf jo su jstukcf, jo bm pmrrfqucm f hfo su `mkrj, bjàmo, hfovjrsmgmo jo vfz gmnm jo su ―jstukcf– f vmamgmo pfr bms hfbcoms tf`mkfs kj bm `mof‐73 , hfotø bm jodjr`jrm. Yjrf vmrcms vjhjs jshuheø m @mrcm bm`jotmrsj> ‒¡Fe `c Kcfs, `cs pfgrjs ocýfs!‐89 . Jo uo `f`jotf kj ofstmbacm f kj kjbcrcf @mrcm bj pckcø quj bm myukmrm m sjotmrsj pmrm pfkjr vjr hø`f  gruýàm bm hec`jojm hec`jojm kjb kfr`ctfrcf, kfr`ctfrcf, quj bj rjhfrkmgm rjhfrkm gm sus kàms kj codmohcm codmohcm jo Hfroumbbjs, y jo bm `mýmom kjb =: kj sjptcj`grj bj kcnf m Omohy Amrr quj kjsjmgm vjr ‒tfkms bms qujrckms hmrms‐8=  nuotf m jbbm. S ãsm duj su kjspjkckm, hfo Ymtrchl y bm tàm Grmowjbb sjotmkfs hmkm uof m uo bmkf y bfs ocýfs pmrmkfs m sus pcjs, pfrquj `urcø `ís tmrkj, jsj `cs`f kàm. Kjskj jb hf`cjozf kj su jodjr`jkmk emgàmo pmsmkf fhef `jsjs. Yrjsm kj uo kfbfr mgru`mkfr, `jofs kj uom sj`mom kjspuãs kjb duojrmb jb sjýfr Grfotì vfbvcø m bms duohcfojs pmrrfqucmbjs. Xus prfgbj`ms dcomohcjrfs jrmo armvjs, sc sj hujotmo bfs pmafs m bm jodjr`jrm, `ãkchfs y rj`jkcfs y, of

 

`jofs c`pfrtmotj, bm cotjrruphcøo kj bm moumbckmk kj bm sjýfrm Grfotì. Bms hcohujotm bcgrms quj emgàm ejrjkmkf kj bm dfrtuom pmtjrom hjsmrfo hfo su `ujrtj, ym quj of sj trmosdjràmo m bfs ecnfs. Of duj jb smbmrcf kjb hbãrcaf kj hcjotf sjtjotm bcgrms mb mýf jb quj pmaø bms kjukms scof bm dckjbckmk kj bfs motcaufs vjhcofs kj [efrotfo, quj echcjrfo uom sushrcphcøo jo su gjojdchcf. Bms hcjotf hcohujotm bcgrms quj rjuocjrfo, su`mkms m uo hejquj pfr hfrrjf kj hcohujotm bcgrms kj uom tmb @css Hurrjr, sfgrjpmsmrfo su sujbkf moumb. Kjvfbvcø hmkm bcgrm kj jsms hcohujotm hfo jshrupubfsckmk, muoquj vmrcfs mýfs kjspuãs. Bm sjýfrctm Dcrte mpfrtø m bm hfbjhtm kfs bcgrms y kfs hejbcojs kj sus mefrrfs. Kjskj jb kàm jo quj bbjaø m bm hmsm sj smgàm quj bm tàm Grmowjbb of pfkràm qujkmrsj pfr `uhef tcj`pf. Of sco smhrcdchcf kjnø, m bfs humrjotm mýfs, uom vcbbm `mràtc`m hfo uo hbc`m quj pjr`ctàm m sus emgctmotjs vcvcr mb mcrj bcgrj bm `myfr pmrtj kjb mýf pfr uom rjacøo ‒kfokj of prfspjrmo dbfrjs oc bjau`grjs y kfokj of sj johujotrm uo írgfb kj `jkcmom mbturm jo bjaums m bm rjkfokm< kfokj kurmotj `jsjs bm ocjvj hugrj bfs pírm`fs quj sj jxtcjokjo kjsoukfs y kjscjrtfs… y bfs humtrf vcjotfs kjb hcjbf pmrjhàmo kmrsj hctm pmrm ruacr nuotfs hjrhmokf bm hmsm, humb dcjrms j`pjýmkms jo jotrmr‐87 . Jo su hmbckmk kj ejr`mom sfbtjrm, muoquj bm mscaomhcøo moumb prfpcm kj hcohujotm bcgrms bj ftframgm hcjrtm cokjpjokjohcm, tjoàm rjspfosmgcbckmkjs dm`cbcmrjs hfo sus ejr`mofs quj jstmgm kjsjfsm kj hu`pbcr. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, bf `mocdjstmrm f of bf `mocdjstmrm jo jsj `f`jotf, jxtrmýmgm bm vckm sfhcmb kj Yjozmohj, bfs tãs, bfs huhechejfs, bms dbfrjs y jb hbc`m híbckf. Hf`f emgàm kjshugcjrtf Nmoj Mustjo jotrj =597, humokf rf`pcø su hf`prf`csf kj `mtrc`focf, y =598, mb vjokjr pfr kcjz bcgrms bm prc`jrm ofvjbm, bm sfbtjràm jrm uom prfdjscøo jbjackm pfr bms `unjrjs quj of qujràmo mrrcjsamr bm vckm jo bm `mtjrockmk. Bms sfbtjrfoms prjdjràmo, motjs quj kjpjokjr kj uo jspfsf kj tj`pjrm`jotf cohcjrtf, jstmgbjhjr mhujrkfs kj crrjaubmr hfovjocjohcm hfo bfs ejr`mofs f huýmkfs quj kjdcoàmo uo tf`m y kmhm> mbfnm`cjotf m hm`gcf kj

 

mscstjohcm m bfs sfgrcofs y bfs jodjr`fs, `þschm y hf`pmýàm. Bm `mtjrcm jxpbfrmkm pfr bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Mustjo Mustjo jo bm dcaurm dcaurm kjb hbãrcaf hbãrc af Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Hfbbcos hf`f hf`f  prc`f vcohubmkf vcohubmkf m bm ejrjohcm ejrjohcm kjb sjýfr Gjoojt Gjoojt sjot sj otmgm mgm su gmsj jhfoø`chfjhfoø`chfuràkchm jo bm bjy grctíochm quj c`pjkàm m bms `unjrjs ejrjkmr gcjojs rmàhjs. Mb `frcr `frcr bm ejr`mom, ejr`mom, bm sjýfrctm s jýfrctm Grmo Grm owjbb wjb b tuvf quj `fkcdchmr `fkcdchmr sus pbmojs. Jb mrrjabf tj`pfrmrcf kj su jstmkàm jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb kjgàm rjofvmrsj emstm quj bfs ocýfs jstuvcjrmo jo jkmk kj cr m bm jshujbm, muoquj sco hm`gcmr bm hmtjafràm kj trmosctfrcf, hbíusubm duokm`jotmb jo jb hfovjocf of dcr`mkf hfo su huýmkf. Bm kcspfschcøo quj vcohubmgm bm vcvcjokm pmrrfqucmb kj Emwfrte m bm duohcøo kjb sjýfr Grfotì hf`f hbãrcaf pjrpjtuf kj bm cabjscm hbmvmgm uom maunm puozmotj jo jb kjstcof kj bm dm`cbcm. [motf sc uo rjsdrcmkf kjb pírrfhf johjokàm uom mbmr`m, tmotf sc of bm johjokàm, bm dcaurm jspjhtrmb kjb frdmomtf  pjokàm kj bm vckm kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Grfotì. Ãb of sj s j quctmgm quctmgm jo ocoauo ocoauomm jstmhcøo kjb mýf uom uom gudmokm gudmokm gbmohm gb mohm quj bj bbjamgm b bjamgm m bm gmrgcbbm gmrgcb bm ‛uo jshukf ejríbkchf, uom mkvjrtjohcm ‛  y  y pbmojmgm bm costruhhcøo costruhhcøo kj sus ecnfs. Jrm tmo c`pjrcfsf quj bms ecnms mprjokcjrmo m amomrsj bm vckm jo bm josjýmozm ‛ym quj pfr su pfhm gjbbjzm f pfr mbauom ftrm rmzøo jb `mtrc`focf of pmrjhj emgjr sckf uom fphcøo‛ hf`f quj jb þochf ecnf vmrøo sj prjpmrmrm  pmrm fgtjojr uom uom gjhm jo j o bm Zocvjrsckmk, Zocvjrsckmk, hf` h f`ff bf emgàm ejhef ãb. Jo humbqucjr  humbqucjr  hmsf, jrm ojhjsmrcf prfpfrhcfomrbjs uom jkuhmhcøo, y sc gcjo jb sjýfr Grfotì, vjej`jot vjej` jotjj hfofhjkfr kj bfs b fs hbísc h bíschfs, hfs, pfkàm p fkàm c`pmrtcr c`pmrtcr uom uom jxhjbjotj costru costruhhcøo hhcøo m Grmowjbb mptm pmrm mspcrmr m Hm`grckaj u Fxdfrk, bms ocýms ojhjsctmgmo mkqucrcr `fkmbjs uo pfhf `jofs tfshfs quj bfs quj bjs c`pfoàm bm jtcqujtm kjb m`msmkf kj pmo. Bms emgcbckmkjs jo bms bmgfrjs kj maunm, kcgunf y pcmof, drmohãs, søbf  pfkàmo sjr trmos` trmos`ctckms ctckms pfr uom uom km`m, km`m, y jstf js tf jrm uo uomm hjrtjzm pmrm jb hbãrcaf. hbãrc af.  Omohy  Omo hy y Xmrme Amrr, cost c ostruckms ruckms jo hfsturm hfsturm y mbdmgjtf jo bm jshujbm kj hmrckmk, hmrckm k, jdchmhjs hfhcojrm y ocýjrm, of pfkàmo jkuhmr m bms ocýms Grfotì sc mspcrmgmo

 

tmotf m bfs fdchcfs kjscaomkfs pmrm bms nøvjojs hubtms pfgrjs (costctutrchjs f km`ms km` ms kj hf`pmýàm) hf`pmýàm) hf`f hf`f m bm b m prjsjot prj sjotmhcøo mhcøo jo sfhcjkmk. Bfs j`pbjfs mprfpcmkfs pmrm bm hbmsj trmgmnmkfrm ‛hfsturjrms, ocýjrms, kfohjbbms, hfhcojrms f j`pbjmkms kj tcjokm‛ of jrmo hfotj`pbmkfs pfr jb sjýfr Grfotì. Jo =5:= emgàm vjcotchcohf `cb costctutrchjs jo Coabmtjrrm, uo fdchcf efofrmgbj y mkjhumkf pmrm bm ecnm kj uo hbãrcaf. Yjrf pmrm hfovjrtcrsj jo uom costctutrcz coabjsm, tmotf jo uom hmsm pmrtchubmr hf`f jo uo hfbjacf, uom fvjo kjgàm of søbf bjjr y jshrcgcr hfo prfpcjkmk y emgbmr hfo kjtjr`comkm jotfomhcøo ‛of bm kjb mhjotf rurmb kj Sfrlsecrj hfo tfombckmkjs crbmokjsms quj tjoàmo bms ocýms‛, scof hm`comr hfo kcstcohcøo y `fstrmr pjrdjhtm urgmockmk jo bfs smbfojs y jo jb hf`jkfr> bfs prjhjptfrjs y bms afgjromotms hf`àmo, hf` àmo, pfr rjabm r jabm ajojrmb ajojrmb,, jo bm `jsm dm`cbc dm`cbcmr mr kj sus j`pbjmkfr j`pbjmkfrjs. js. Bms bjoaums hbíschms y bms `mtj`ítchms, kcshcpbcoms jo bms quj sjràm costruckf Grmowjbb, of sj cohbuàmo jo bm bcstm kj bms emgcbckmkjs rjqujrckms m bms km`ms. Jb rfb kj bm `unjr hfosckjrmkf pfr jb sjýfr Grfotì jo su bcgrf  Jb  m`m kj hmsm kj Lcbbmrojy rjvjbm sus prfpcms mspcrmhcfojs (¶kjgjràm kjhcrsj su Ztfpàm6) y kjshrcgj, jo bm þbtc`m drmsj, m sus ecnms> ‒Bm jkuhmhcøo kj uom `unjr kjgj sjr hf`pjtjotj jo frkjo quj jbbm kjgj kcsdrutmrbm y sjr uom marmkmgbj hf`pmýàm pmrm jb ef`grj. Yjrf, hrãm`j> bm `unjr mkfrmgbj, kjbchmkm kjbch mkm y mbja mbj arj kj k j jspàrctu jspà rctu of of jstí dfr`mkm dfr`mkm pfr bm omturmbjzm‐ omturmbjzm‐88 . Bm sfbuhcøo quj sj bj fhurrcø jo uom prc`jrm costmohcm pmrjhàm sjohcbbm (pjrf of bf jrm)> prfvjjr uom km`m pmrm bms ocýms mb `cs`f tcj`pf quj uom jspfsm pmrm ãb. Xc bm ckjm sj bj hruzø pfr bm hmgjzm m mbauof kj jbbfs, jo tmb hmsf of duj m bm tàm Grmowjbb, søbf kfs mýfs `myfr quj jb rjhtfr< pjrf of jrm dmhtcgbj dmht cgbj>> bbmm bjy bj y c`pjkàm c`pjkàm jb hmsm` h msm`cjot cjotff jotrj huýmkfs. [rjs [rjs `jsjs kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kj su jspfsm (‒Bm jxtrmýf jo hmkm rcohøo‐8; ), y motj bm co`cojohcm kj bm pmrtckm kj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb, jb sjýfr Grfotì sj kjnø aucmr pfr jb sjotckf  príhtchf. Xco pjrkjr tcj`pf tcj`pf dfr`ubø dfr`ubø trjs prfpujstms `mtrc`focmbjs mtrc`focmbjs ‛jrm mþo mpujstf y emgbmgm arcjaf… ¶y jo jb vjrmof kj =5=7 jo Emrtsejmk of sj

 

hf`jotmgmo su mpfsturm y jb jotuscms`f crbmokãs pmrm jb m`fr6‛, hfo bm hjaujrm kjb tfpf pjrf sco su mstuhcm. Hf`f tfkm mhhcøo mbfhmkm, tjoàm hcjrtm bøachm jo su cosjosmtjz> bms trjs hmokckmtms jrmo mprfpcmkms hf`f `mkrmstrms jo humotf m su dfr`mhcøo jkuhmtcvm y rjbcacfsm y, hf`f oujvj mýfs motjs bm sjýfrm Grfotì, tjoàmo `jkcfs jhfoø`chfs cokjpjokcjotjs. M bm vjz, tmbjs  prjtjoscfojs  prjtjoscfo js `ujstrmo `ujstrmo jb sjotckf kjb rcjs rcjsaf af kjb co`carmo co`carmotj tj crb crbmokãs mokãs quj fgtuvf fgtuvf uom dfr`mhcøo jo Xt. Nfeo–s y kj bfs jsdujrzfs kjb vcukf pfr jkuhmr m sus ecnfs y `motjo `motjojr jr johjokckf jb du dujaf jaf kjb kj b efamr. efamr. Yjrf duj jb jspàrctu kj comkjhumhcøo, `usm kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm kj su ecnf Grmowjbb `ís mkjbmotj, jb quj aucø su `mof mb jshrcgcr uom prfpujstm quj  pfkràm hmbcdchmrsj hmbc dchmrsj kj suchckm m bm nfvjo, rchm, rchm , àotc` àotc`mm m`cam m`cam kj su jspfsm Jbczmgjte Dcrte, quj sj fdjokcø `uheàsc`f. Bjàkfs `uhefs mýfs `ís mkjbmotj, bfs kcmrcfs àotc`fs kj bm sjýfrctm Dcrte, sco j`gmraf, `ujstrmo uom kjbchmkm cohbcomhcøo kj bm nfvjo pfr jb hbãrcaf. [mb vjz su jrrfr duj emgbmr kj`mscmkf prfotf. Hfo armo ajojrfsckmk, jbbm of bj mrrjgmtø bm pfscgcbckmk kj uom m`cstmk pfstjrcfr ‛sfgrj tfkf hfo bms ocýms‛,  pjrf ãb emgàm mrrcjsamkf mrrc jsamkf `uhef. uhef. Kjspuãs kj hf`jtjr hf`jtjr jstj trmspcã hfo tm` tm`mým mým  gcjoejhefrm,  gcjoe jhefrm, jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì eczf eczf ftrfs ftrfs kfs mbfhmkfs m bfhmkfs cotjot cotjotfs fs kj hfosjaucr hfosjaucr uom uom jspfsm sco ecnfs y hfo dfrtuom. Bm hmokckmtm Csmgjbbm Kury, ejr`mom kjb vchmrcf [ejfkfrj Kury, m qucjo jb  pírrfhf hfofhàm kj su jstmohcm jstmohcm jo [efrot [efrotfo, fo, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m uom uom m`cam m`cam sfgrj bm ecpftãtchm gfkm> ‒Jshuheã motjs kj kjnmr Ljcaebjy quj `c ejr`mof y yf tuvc`fs uom hfovjrsmhcøo sfgrj jb pfgrj sjýfr Grfotì< tj rujaf quj sc mbauom vjz jshuhems jstf bf kjs`cjotms> yf pujkf msjaurmrtj quj js pjrdjhtm`jotj coduokmkf. Ycjosf quj nm`ís sjràm tmo tfotm hf`f pmrm tjojr bm `ís rj`ftm ckjm kj hmsmr`j hfo mbaucjo quj of tcjoj ocoauom dfrtuom, y pfr mýmkckurm sjcs ecnfs. Js kj`mscmk kj`mscmkff rckàhubf rc kàhubf c` c `macomr macomr mbau m bauoom vjrkmk vjr kmk jo jsf‐ 8: . Bm tjrhjrm tjrhjr m prfpujst pr fpujstm, m, dfr`u dfr`ubmkm kfs `jsjs kjspuãs kjs puãs kj bm b m sjau s jauokm, okm, rjvjbm of søbf bm kjtjr`comhcøo kjb pírrfhf< jb sjýfr Grfotì jstmgm kcspujstf m gmnmr bfs

 

eu`fs quj humokf jrm pmstfr jo Qjtejrsdcjbk, qucohj mýfs mtrís, bj emgàmo c`pjkckf hmsmrsj hfo su jx prf`jtckm @mry Gurkjr. Jo mqujb `f`jotf emgàm mbjamkf cokjshcdrmgbjs prfgbj`ms kj rjbcacøo, mbaucjo coscouø mrrfamohcm… Emymo sckf uo c`pjkc`jotf f of bf emymo sckf, bfs prfgbj`ms kj =591 ym of bf jrmo jr mo jo =577. Yrc` Yrc `jrf jshrcgc js hrcgcøø uom uom hmrtm hmr tm m bm `mkrj kj bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Gurkjr, Gurkjr, y mb of rjhcgcr rjspujstm, jovcø ftrm m su jx ofvcm> ‒Ej jxpjrc`jotmkf uom sjosmhcøo `uy kubhj jo jb hfrmzøo, jo jstj `f`jotf, mb pjosmr quj tfkmvàm jstís sfbtjrm… Emhj hmsc qucohj mýfs quj ofs vc`fs pfr þbtc`m vjz. Js uo bmraf cotjrvmbf, y pujkj sjr quj yf emym hm`gcmkf `uhef. Ymrjzhf mbaf `ís vcjnf< pjrf hfodàf jo quj ej amomkf `ís kj bf quj ej pjrkckf. Jspjrf tjojr bm sujrtj kj sjr `ís smgcf y `jnfr… `jnfr… Of pujkf smgjr hø`f tj sjotcrís sjotcrís mb bjjr jstm hmrtm, pjrf kjgf kjhcr quj `c vcjnf m`fr pfr tc sj em rjmvcvmkf, y scjotf uo vjej`jotj kjsjf kj vjrtj… Humbqucjrm quj sjm tu kjhcscøo, hrãj`j, sfy tuyf‐84 . Bm sjýfrctm Gurkjr bf kjspmheø jo pfhms bàojms> ‒Of em jxcstckf uom m`cstmk jotrj ofsftrfs jo bfs þbtc`fs fohj f kfhj mýfs‐  81 . Kjspuãs kj kmrbj uom ‒kjhckckm ojamtcvm‐ m su pjtchcøo kj vcsctmrbm, rj`mrhø bms gfokmkjs kj su sfbtjràm>> ‒@c hfokchcøo sfbtjràm h fokchcøo prjsjotj, prjsjotj, bm humb ems tjockf tjockf jb j b pbmhjr pb mhjr kj `johcfomr, `johcfomr, `j `j  prfkuhj `uhem uhem mbjaràm y gcjojstmr‐. Hf`f Hf`f hfo armo hmpmhckmk hmpmhc kmk kj sàotjscs jshrcgcø jshrc gcø bm b m sjýfrctm sjýfr ctm Kury Kury,, uo pírrfhf pfgrj y vcukf, hfo sjcs ecnfs `jofrjs `jofrjs kj scjtj mýfs y uom vcvcjokm prfpcjkmk kj bm pmrrfqucm quj kjgàm sjr kjvujbtm m su `ujrtj of pfkàm rjsubtmr uo gujo pmrtckf. Xco j`gmraf, jb pírrfhf scaucø coscstcjokf. Hfo fraubbf y tfzukjz vfbvcø m jshrcgcrbj rjprfheíokfbj sus smrhms`fs y mutfcovctíokfsj m vcsctmrbm jo bm scaucjotj prc`mvjrm f vjrmof. @mry Gurkjr of bj hfotjstø. Zo mýf kjspuãs, sj hmsø hfo jb `cocstrf kj bm Cabjsc Cabjscmm Kcsckjot Kcsc kjotjj kj su pujgbf. pujgbf. Kjspuãs kj qujkmr vcukfs, jb sjýfr Dcrte, jb vchmrcf Kury y Nfeo Djoojbb vfbvcjrfo m hmsmrsj. Emstm Qcbbcm` @framo sj hmsø pfr sjauokm vjz jo =584, bujaf kj bm `ujrtj kj bm tàm Nmoj Djoojbb. Yjrf pfkràm kjhcrsj quj jb sjýfr 

 

Grfotì of tuvf sujrtj. Jo =578, m bfs humrjotm y sjcs mýfs, sj kjhbmrø hãbcgj  ‛ ooff jxcstjo dujotjs hecs`farídchms quj suacjrmo bf hfotrmrcf ‛ , pmrm sf`jtjrsj m uom pmrtchubmr gfkm gbmohm hfo su huýmkm. Of js prjhcsf kjsbczmr  quj jo bms rjbmhcfojs kj pfkjr cotjroms bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb bbjvmgm bm mhhcøo, of tmotf pfr jb mpfrtj jo hfotmotj y sfomotj quj su rjotm moumb bj pjr`ctàm hf`f pfr bm omturmbjzm kjsjspjrmkm kj bm ojhjsckmk quj ãb tjoàm kj jbbm. Jo jstj trmohj kj kujbf j cohjrtcku`grj, bfs ocýfs hfrràmo bcgrj`jotj pfr  bfs pmotmofs, nuamgmo jo jb søtmof, gmnf bm hfhcom, y sj rjuoàmo jo bm pjqujým oursjry  m jshuhemr bms oftchcms sfgrj `fkm, jorjkfs, drcvfbckmkjs kj bm mbtm sfhcjkmk y, `ís quj omkm, mrtàhubfs sfgrj hrà`jojs y djoø`jofs msf`grfsfs kj bfs kcmrcfs bfhmbjs quj bjs bjàm bm ejr`mom `myfr, @mrcm. Bfs pjrcøkchfs [ej Bjjks @jrhury y [ej Bjjks Cotjbbcajohjr  tm`gcão  tm`gcão bfs outràmo kj omrrmtcvm y kj pfj`ms mkþbtjrfs, hf`f ‒[ej Bfvjr tf ecs @cstrjss fo ejr Gcrtekmy‐, kj [ef`ms Hm`pgjbb, quj smbcø pugbchmkf jo jb oþ`jrf kjb 5 kj jojrf kj =57= kjb Cotjb  Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr . Jo sus josujýfs pfãtchfs, Grmowjbb jvfhmgm m @mrcm hf`f bm `ís gjbbm,  pjrf Omohy Amrr kcnf kcn f bujaf bujaf quj bm þochm gjbbm gjbb m jotrj jotrj bms b ms ejr`moms ejr`moms jrm Mooj. Mooj. Bm Bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet tm`gcão tjoàm su fpcocøo. Bms `mjstrms kj @mrcm bm kjshrcgcjrfo hf`f kjbchmkm, rjdbjxcvm, kj cotjbcajohcm hecspjmotj. Jb pmkrj kjhàm quj pfkàm hfovjrsmr hfo jbbm kj humbqucjr tj`m pfbàtchf f kj mhtumbckmk y pfokjrmgm su `mkurjz muoquj søbf tjoàm kcjz mýfs. ‒Omkcj eugcjrm pfkckf sfspjhemr quj emgàm ocýfs jo bm hmsm, tmo qucjtms, scbjohcfsms y gujoms jrmo jstms hrcmturms. @mrcm sfbàm johjrrmrsj jo jb jshrctfrcf kj bfs ocýfs hfo uo  pjrcøkchf,  pjrcøkc hf, y pfkàm pfkà m hfotmrbj hfotmrbj m uof tfkf humokf humokf smbàm, smbà m, kjskj bfs kjgmtjs jo jb Ymrbm`jotf emstm quã sã yf huíotms hfsms `ís… Jrm hf`f uom `mkrjhctm pmrm sus ejr`moms y ejr`mof‐85 , hfotø bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet. Xc bfs ocýfs Grfotì hf`àmo f of hf`àmo hmroj sj hfovcrtcø jo uo tøpchf pmrm bfs gcøarmdfs y of pfr rcafr kcjtãtchf scof pfr rmzfojs `ís pfbàtchms> bf quj jstí jo kcshuscøo trms jb tj`m kj bm hmroj js bm kj`foczmhcøo f bm of

 

kj`foczmhcøo kjb pírrfhf jo bm ecstfrcm kj bm dm`cbcm. Bfs vjhcofs hfohujrkmo jo quj sfbàm kjshmramr pjrcøkchm`jotj sus pcstfbms pfr bm vjotmom pmrm tjojrbm tjo jrbmss jo dfr`m, dfr`m, pjrf pjr f mhbmrmo mhb mrmo quj søbf bms bbjvmgm bbjvm gm hfoscaf humo humokf kf j`prjo j`prjokàm kàm jb vcmnj m pcj emhcm [efrotfo, uo trmyjhtf sfbctmrcf jotrj `fotmýms y pmotmofs. Jb ejhef kj quj bm eugcjrmo kjspjkckf hfovcrtcø m bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet `jofs jo uo pjrsfomnj ecstørchf quj jo bm dujotj frmb (jspbãokckm, `mbcotjohcfomkm, `couhcfsm jo bfs kjtmbbjs) `ís hmtjaørchm pmrm kjshrcgcr bm druamb vckm kj bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb y bms rmrjzms kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Duj jbbm bm  prc`jrm jo `johcfomr johcfomr jb vjajtmrcm vjajtmrcmoocs`f kjb pírrfhf> pírrfh f> ‒Ouohm ‒Ouohm eugf ocýfs tmo  gujofs.  gujo fs. M vjhjs `j pmrjhàmo pmrjhà mo kjsprfvcstfs kjsprfvc stfs kj jojraàm, jojraàm, tmo kcstcotfs kcstcotfs jrmo kj tfkfs bfs quj yf yf emgàm hfofhckf. Jo pmrtj bf mtrcgu mtrcg uyf m bm fhurrjohcm kjb sjýfr  Grfotì kj of kjnmrbjs hf`jr hmroj. Of pfr jhfof`czmr, pfrquj emgàm mguokmohcm y emstm kjrrfhej jo bm hmsm, hfo scrvcjotms nøvjojs y sco m`m quj bms vcacbmrm< pjrf ãb pjosmgm quj bfs ocýfs kjgàmo sjr jkuhmkfs sc`pbj y sjvjrm`jotj< msà quj of hf`àmo scof pmpms jo jb mb`ujrzf, y ouohm pmrjhàmo kjsjmr ftrm hfsm. Jrmo uofs ocýfs `uy køhcbjs< J`cby jrm bm `ís gfoctm‐ 83 . Bm jodjr`jrm kjnø hcrhubmr bm ecstfrcm kj uom tmrkj bbuvcfsm jo quj johfotrø jo bm rjhtfràm uoms gftms codmotcbjs kj hfbfrjs, rjambf kj bfs tàfs Nmoj y Qcbbcm` @framo. Bfs ejr`mofs emgàmo smbckf m nuamr mb pírm`f y jbbm bms pusf uotf mb dujaf kj bm hfhcom pmrm quj sj hmbjotmrmo. Humokf bfs ocýfs rjarjsmrfo hfo bfs pcjs eþ`jkfs of embbmrfo bms gftms< jo hm`gcf, uo dujrtj fbfr m quj`mkf kjouohcø bm tjrqujkmk kj bfs prcohcpcfs kjb pírrfhf. Jstm ecstfrcm kj bms gftms quj`mkms jo jb dujaf y ftrm kj uom mbdf`grm tm`gcão cohjokcmkm dujrfo pmrhcmb`jotj kjsjstc`mkms pfr mpøhrcdms, muoquj js smgckf quj jb sjýfr Grfotì kjsjmgm cohubhmr jo bfs ocýfs eígctfs mustjrfs. Jrm uo hfovjohckf joj`caf kjb mbafkøo, mb quj mknukchmgm prfpcjkmkjs codbm`mgbjs, y rjhf`jokmgm bm sjkm y bm bmom pmrm bm coku`jotmrcm kj sus ecnfs. Bm musjohcm kj mbdf`grms, hfrtcoms y j`pmpjbmkfs jo jb aãbckf Sfrlsecrj fgjkjhàm m bfs rjsquj`frjs kjb sjýfr Grfotì m bfs cohjokcfs< sc hfo gjojvfbjohcm jstm

 

hfstu`grj jrm hfosckjrmkm uom rmrjzm, sco jbbm sjýmbmgm mb pírrfhf hf`f m uo mshjtm rmymof jo bm hrujbkmk. h rujbkmk.  Omohy  Omo hy Amrr of jstmgm jo hfokchcfojs kj oja ojamr mr pfr hf`pbjtf hf`pbjtf bm ecstfrcm sfgrj bms gftms, muoquj bm pusf jo kukm mb mkuhcr quj of pfkàm emgjr suhjkckf sco su hfofhc`cjotf, ym quj jbbm of sfbàm musjotmrsj kj bm hfhcom pfr `ís kj hcohf `coutfs, uo mrau`jotf kãgcb. Jo jstm bbuvcm kj gmbms hruzmkms jotrj bfs kfs gmokfs, bms Amrr suacrcjrfo quj bm jodjr`jrm ‒tmb vjz tf`mgm `uhem hjrvjzm‐;9  y quj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb tuvf quj aumrkmrbm jo jb søtmof, gmnf bbmvj. Jb jpcsfkcf kjb vjstckf kj sjkm hfrtmkf jo ncrfojs, hfotmkf pfr Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo, duj hfrrfgfrmkf pfr Omohy. M`gms vjrscfojs hfcohckjo jo quj jb rjvjrjokf, mb vjr bms `moams m bm `fkm kj uo vjstckf oujvf kj su jspfsm, crfoczø mhjrhm kj bm jxpmoscøo jxpmoscøo kj bfs b fs druohjs. druohjs. Bm sjýfrm sjýfr m Grfotì bf fhubtø jo su hø`fkm pjrf uo kàm, sjotmkm jo bm hfhcom, rjhfrkø quj emgàm fbvckmkf bm bbmvj  pujstmm jo jb `ujgbj y sugcø hfo prj`urm  pujst prj`urm pmrm hjrrmrbf. hjrrm rbf. Mb bbjamr kjshugrcø quj ãb sj emgàm mkjbmotmkf pmrm hfrtmr bms `moams jo tcrms, hfo uom tcnjrm, mkuhcjokf mkuhcjo kf quj of hfohfrkmgmo hfo su ofhcøo kj bf quj jrm hfrrjh hfrrjhtf. tf. B Bmm sjýfrm sjýfr m Grfotì fgsjqucø jb vjstckf m Omohy y mb kàm scaucjotj, f pfhfs kàms `ís tmrkj, jb jspfsf jotrø jo bm hfhcom pmrm rjambmrbj uom oujvm pcjzm kj sjkm hf`prmkm jo Ljcaebjy. Kurmotj bm rjprjsjotmhcøo kj uom kj bms pcjzms tjmtrmbjs kj bfs ocýfs, Xmrme Amrr, jovujbtm jo uom `motm quj emhàm bms vjhjs kj hmpm, ‒hf`f uo pràohcpj jo duam‐;= , sj trjpø kjskj bm vjotmom kj bm emgctmhcøo kjb hbãrcaf quj kmgm mb drjotj pmrm hmjr sfgrj uo írgfb kj hjrjzf. Mbjotmkm pfr bfs ocýfs, jo jb mrrjgmtf kj bm mhhcøo (‒¡Mhtumgmo hfo pmscøo! ¡Bjs prfvfhmgm jstmbbckfs kj rcsm!‐;7 )< uom rm`m sj qujgrø y Xmrme hmyø mb sujbf. [j`cjokf jb jofnf kjb  pírrfhf ‛ jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì sfbàm sfbà m sjotmrsj sjotmrsj m bjjr gmnf bm sf`grm sf`grm kjb írgfb ‛   ‛ , Xmrm rjtcrø hfo rmpckjz rm`m y efnms y tmpø bms eujbbms kj bm tcjrrm hfo efbbào,  pjrf mb kàm scaucjot scaucjotjj jb mrtcdchcf du dujj kjshugcjrtf. Ymrm bbja bbj amr m bm vjrkmk, jb

 

rjvjrjokf rjuocø m sus ecnfs jo uom dcbm y bfs cotjrrfaø kj `jofr m `myfr> ―¶]ucão mrrucoø `c írgfb6–. Bm rjspujstm uoíoc`j y smamz duj> ―Sf of duc–. Xmrme jstmgm fraubbfsm kj su dckjbckmk> ‒Jbbfs scj`prj dujrfo bjmbjs y efojstfs‐;8 . Bm dfr`mhcøo `frmb kj bms ejr`moms Amrr johmstrmgm sco dcsurms hfo bfs  prcohcpcfs kjb rjvjrjokf. rjvjrj okf. Bm Jshujbm kj bm Cokust Cokustrcm rcm kj Grmkdfrk emgàm sckf hrjmkm jo =594 hf`f costctuhcøo kj hmrckmk pmrm ocýms euãrdmoms f hfo  pmrcjootjs pfgrjs. Zoms sjsjotm ocýms jrmo mkcjstrmkms jo hfsturm,  pmrcj hfsturm, tjnckf y bjhturm (jo jsj frkjo), y prj`cmkms hfo uo hejbào y `jkcf sc hfohurràmo rjaubmr`jotj m bm jshujbm kf`cochmb, mprjokàmo sus smb`fs m hfohcjohcm y tjoàmo scj`prj hfo jbbms tcnjrm, kjkmb y pmýujbf. Omohy y Xmrme sfbàmo rjbmtmr  bm fgsjscøo kj bms `mjstrms pfr rmpmr jb hmgjbbf m bms cotjroms, prfecgcr tfkm hbmsj kj mkfrofs y hmstcamr sjvjrm`jotj humbqucjr codrmhhcøo m bms ofr`ms, hf`f sc dujrmo pupcbms kjb Bfwffk kj  Nmoj Jyrj. Jb ejhef ecpftãtchf kj quj Hemrbfttj jhemrm `mof m bfs rjbmtfs kj bm ocýjrm mb jshrcgcr su ofvjbm m`pbcm m` pbcmràm ràm jb hm` hm `pf kj `mocfgrms `mocfgrms kj Nmoj Jyrj, ym of rjstrcoackf m bms prfpcms jxpjrcjohcms kj bm mutfrm. Xmrme rjbmtø bm vckm hftckcmom kj bm rjhtfràm jo jb mýf =57=, kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kj bm sjýfrm Grfotì. Yfr bms `mýmoms, bujaf kj emgjrsj bmvmkf y vjstckf, tfkm bm dm`cbcm y bms kfs sjrvckfrms sj rjuoàmo jo jb jstukcf kjb sjýfr  Grfotì, jo bm pbmotm gmnm, pmrm kjhcr sus pbjamrcms. Bfs ocýfs, jxhjptf Mooj, quj tfkmvàm of emgàm hu`pbckf kfs mýfs, rjarjsmgmo bujaf kjb kjsmyuof pmrm rjhcgcr bms bjhhcfojs kj arm`ítchm j ecstfrcm quj bjs c`pmrtàm jb pmkrj. Zom vjz hfohbuckms, Xmrme sj kjkchmgm m hfsjr hfo bms ocýms y Grmowjbb jstukcmgm m bfs hbíschfs hfo jb pmkrj. [joàm uom `j`frcm prfkcacfsm y mprjokàm hfo uom vjbfhckmk quj pms`mgm m bfs `myfrjs> m bfs kcjz mýfs ym emgàm bjàkf m Ef`jrf y m Tcracbcf y `j`frczmgm bmrafs tjxtfs. Bfs vjhcofs kjhàmo quj jrm trmtmkf hf`f hf`f ‒uom ‒uom jspjhcj jspj hcj kj àkfbf‐ ;;  jo bm dm`cbcm. Bfs pmsjfs mb pírm`f, kcmrcfs muoquj echcjrm `mb tcj`pf, hf`jozmgmo uom

 

vjz quj jb sjýfr Grfotì emgàm pmrtckf pmrm hu`pbcr hfo bms bmgfrjs kj bm  pmrrfqucm, hfohbuckf hfohbuckf jb mb`ujrz mb`ujrzff kj bms kfs kj bm b m tmrkj. Xc bfs ecnfs hf hf` `àmo f of hfo jb pmkrj js ftrf `ftcvf kj kcshuscøo jotrj bfs gcøarmdfs, kj tmotm c`pfrtmo c` pfrtmohcm hcm ‛y pfr bms bm s `cs`ms `cs`ms rmzfo r mzfojs js pfbàtchfp fbàtchf-dm` dm`cbc cbcmrjs mrjs ‛  quj  quj bm cohbuscøo kj bm hmroj jo bm kcjtm. Jo mbaþo `f`jotf, quczí of rjhcão bbjamkm, bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb sj rjhbuyø jo su humrtf pmrm hf`jr sfbm mbbà, jo uom gmokjnm quj bj mhjrhmgmo Omohy f Xmrme. Bujaf kmgm bjhhcfojs kj bmgfrjs m bms ocýms nuotf m bm hec`jojm, kfokj Mooj gfrkø, hfo dcofs ecbfs sfgrj bcof, vjcotcsãcs bàojms kjb Bcgrf kj bfs Yrfvjrgcfs, 8>3> ‒Eform mb Xjýfr hfo tu jsjohcm y hfo bfs drutfs kj tfkms tus hfsjhems…‐. Bm tàm supjrvcsmgm hfo sjvjrckmk bm hfsturm y bm hfodjhhcøo kj bms hm`csms y prjokms kj rfpm cotjrcfr quj hfsàmo sus sfgrcoms. Humokf bfs ocýfs rjarjsmgmo kjb pmsjf kj bm tmrkj, jo bm hfhcom bfs jspjrmgmo sjokfs tmzfojs kj bjhej hmbcjotj. Jb pmkrj tf`mgm jb tã jo su jstukcf y prjpmrmgm bms ‒bjhhcfojs kj ecstfrcm, gcfarmdàm f vcmnjs‐ quj bjs kmgm mb mofhejhjr, humokf sj rjuoàmo pmrm ‒rjhctmr y hemrbmr‐ ;: . Js `uy  pfscgbjj quj bm tàm Grmowjbb bjs emym  pfscgb emym josjýmkf drmohãs drmohãs kjskj hechms, ym quj Hemrbfttj trmkunf jb prc`jr tf`f kj  Bm Ejorcmkm  kj Tfbtmc Tfbtmcrj rj m bbfs fs hmtfrhj hm tfrhj mýfs. Jb pírrfhf sfbàm omrrmrbjs hujotfs pmrm cbustrmr bms bjhhcfojs kj ajfarmdàm f ecstfrcm, rjbmtfs quj m bm `mýmom scaucjotj kjgàmo jotrjamr pfr  jshrctf. Jstj eígctf, quj Hemrbfttj scaucø prmhtchmokf, tjoàm jb prfpøsctf kj rjdfrzmr bms bjhhcfojs> bms c`íajojs kj bfs uocdfr`js kj bfs sfbkmkfs  grctíochfs, bms jxpjkchcfojs pfbmrjs pfbmrj s f bm tfpfarmdàm tfpfarmdàm kj bms csbms csb ms oørkchms sj dcbtrmgmo jo sus sujýfs, mb crsj m kfr`cr. Bms bmrams hm`comtms muo jo covcjrof, bms bjhturms kj pfjsàm y emstm bm coajstcøo f bm of coajstcøo kj hmroj of jrmo `ís quj uom pjkmafaàm. Jb sjýfr Grfotì hf`pmrtàm bm pmscøo pfr bm omturmbjzm kjb pfjtm rf`íotchf Qcbbcm` Qfrkswfrte, quj emgàm jstukcmkf jo Xt. Nfeos hf`f ãb, muoquj uofs mýfs motjs y, m kcdjrjohcm suym, vcvàm jo jb híbckf Kcstrctf kj bfs Bmafs (‒Muoquj omkm pujkj emhjr vfbvjr bm efrm/ kjb

 

jspbjokfr jo bm ecjrgm, kj bm abfrcm jo dbfr‐). Qcbbcm` Kjmrkjo, uo `mjstrf kj Ljcaebjy m`caf kj Grmowjbb, kcnf quj jb sjýfr Grfotì ‒huckmgm m su kjshfosfbmkf pjqujýf rjgmýf hfo pmtjromb pmtjromb sfbchctu sfbc hctukk y mdjhtf> jrm su hfostmot hfostmotjj aumrkcío j costruhtfr y tf`mgm uo vàvckf cotjrãs jo sus cofhjotjs kcvjrscfojs‐;4 . Tfbvàmo m rjuocrsj jo jb jstukcf bms ofhejs kj bfs kf`coafs, y jstm hjrj`focm cohbuàm m bms ejr`moms Amrr, pmrm jstukcmr bm Gcgbcm y jb hmtjhcs`f. Yjrf jb rjstf kj bfs kàms, `cjotrms bm `mkrj jstuvf jo hfokchcfojs kj rjhcgcrbfs, bfs ocýfs kjhàmo bms frmhcfojs nuotf m su hm`m, motjs kj kmrbjs jb  gjsf kj bms bm s gujoms gujoms ofhejs ofhejs j crsj cr sj m kfr`cr m ‒bms hm`ms híbckms y bc`pcms‐;1 . Yjrf Hemrbfttj hfotø kcjz mýfs `ís tmrkj m Jbbjo Oussjy, su hfokcshàpubm, uom ecstfrcm quj jhem mbaf kj buz sfgrj bm sfbjkmk jo bm quj kjgàm sjotcrsj jo jsfs kàms, humokf tjoàm mbrjkjkfr kj hcohf mýfs. Mb jshuhemr bms kjshrcphcfojs quj bms ejr`moms Amrr emhàmo sfgrj bm hcukmk kj Grmkdfrk, bm c`maco c` macoøø hf`f hf`f bm Hcukmk Hjbjstcmb kjb bcgrf bcgr f Jb prfarjsf prfarjsf kjb pjr pjrjarcof jarcof, y hrjyø quj jrm su kjgjr kjnmr su efamr pmrm cr jo su gushm, hf`f emgàm ejhef Hrcstcmof. Bbjvmkm pfr jsm vcscøo, sj jshmpø kj bm rjhtfràm pmrm hm`comr pfhf `ís kj uom `cbbm jo kcrjhhcøo m Grmkdfrk, humokf uo jofr`j hmrrf bbjvmkf pfr  uo arupf kj grcfsfs hmgmbbfs kj tcrf bm msustø kj tmb `fkf quj sj rjduacø m uo hfstmkf kj bm hmrrjtjrm y mbbà sj qujkø emstm quj uom kj bms hechms Amrr bm johfotrø. Jb ; kj fhtugrj kj =578 jb pírrfhf vcsctø m Jbczmgjte Dcrte pfr prc`jrm vjz kjskj bm prfpujstm kj hmsm`cjotf, kfs mýfs motjs. Jb johujotrf duj  prfvjhefsf> jotrj jotrj fhtugrj fhtugrj y kchcj` kchcj `grj bms kfs ecnms `myfrjs, @mrcm y Jbczmgjte, dujrfo jovcmkms m bm m`camgbj Hrfdtfo Embb, motcaum jshujbm kj bm sjýfrctm Dcrte y kj su m`cam Dmooy Futewmctj. Xj trmtmgm kj uom ‒rjspjtmgbj mhmkj`cm pmrm km`ms‐;5   kj bm quj sus motcaums mbu`oms rjhfrkmgmo mbjarjs bjhhcfojs, kàms djstcvfs, hfohcjrtfs y hf`ckms kjbchcfsms. Bfs sf`grjrfs kj  gurrf, bm rjpjtchcøo kj vjrsàhubfs vjrsà hubfs kj bm Gcgbcm, bm pjoctjo pjoctjohcm hcm kj sjr jovcmkms

 

`ís tj`prmof m bm hm`m of pmrjhàmo jshmr`cjotfs jxhjscvm`jotj rcaurfsfs  pmrm bm kjsfgjkcjohcm kjsfgjkc johcm f bm emrmamojràm, emrmamojràm, m `jofs quj bm dmbtm hf`jtckm hf`jtckm eugcjrm eugcjrm sckf bm b m `jot `jotcrm, crm, jb rfgf r fgf f bm b m fgstcomhcøo, quj quj sj kkcshc cshcpbcomgmo pbcomgmo hfo mzftjs. mzftjs. Yjr Yjrff jb kcmrcf kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte kj sus qucohj mýfs of rjacstrm hfrrjhtcvfs, scof  gmcbj s y sforfnfs. Hfo jstms gjoãvfbms pjrspjhtcvms  gmcbjs pjrspjh tcvms bms kfs ocýms pmrtcjrfo m Hrfdtfo Embb, jo Qmljdcjbk. Bms `mkrcoms Dcrte y Futewmctj sco kukm hfbmgfrmrfo hfo bfs amstfs, muoquj sj caofrm jo quã `jkckm. Jb sjýfr Grfotì pukf of emgjr vcstf bms oftchcms mpmrjhckms jo jb  Bjjks   kj ofvcj`grj kj =578 sfgrj kfs jshmokmbfsfs hmsfs fhurrckfs otjbbcajohjr  kj jo bms bbm`mkms jshujbms pfgrjs. Mb dco y mb hmgf ãb rjhcgàm bfs pjrcøkchfs quj bj prjstmgm su vjhcof, jb sjýfr Krcvjr. Jb 4 kj ofvcj`grj kj =578 bm Hfrtj rjpfrtø quj jo uo cotjromkf pmrm nøvjojs kj Gfwjs, Sfrlsecrj, kcjhcfhef kcshà pubfs emgàmo pjrkckf bm vcscøo kcshàpubfs vcscø o, mbauofs mbauofs pfr hf`pbjtf, ftrfs ftrfs pmrhcmb` pmrhcm b`jot jotj, j, m hmusm kj bms hfokchcfojs pfhf ecacãochms kj bm jshujbm> jotrj kfshcjotfs sjsjotm y trjshcjotfs pupcbfs hf`pmrtàmo kfs tfmbbms, bf quj kjsmtø uom hfotmacfsm codjhhcøo jo bm pcjb hmusmkm pfr uom hfbfocm kj íhmrfs. Bfs ocýfs jrmo jkuhmkfs ‒pfr bm `uy `fkjrmkm su`m kj vjcotj aucojms pfr mýf‐;3 (jqucvmbjotjs m vjcotj bcgrms y vjcotj hejbcojs). Kfs `jsjs kjspuãs, jb 77 kj jojrf kj =57;, sj rjpfrtø ftrf hmsf jo uom jshujbm pmrm pfgrjs kj Wche`fok, Sfrlsecrj, quj mhfaàm m uofs fhejotm ocýfs pfr, ftrm vjz, vjcotj aucojms> bm `myfràm kfr`àm jo hfbhefojs kj pmnm, hfo uom sfbm sígmom y uom `motm jo covcjrof< mhu`ubmgmo gmbkjs pmrm hfotjojr bms bbuvcms y bm ocjvj pfr bm cojxcstjohcm kj hcjbfrrmsfs jo mbauoms emgctmhcfojs, kfokj søbf sj hfosjrvmgmo bms pczmrrms< tfkfs bfs b fs cot c otjrofs jrofs tjoàmo tjoàmo pcfnfs pcfnf s y pubams. pubams.**** **** Jo hm`gcf, jb pírrfhf kjgj kj emgjr bjàkf hfo mtjohcøo, y `ís kj uom vjz, jb mouohcf kjb  Bjjks Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr  kjb   kjb ; kj kchcj`grj quj prfyjhtø, hf`f uo jspjhtrf, bm djhem jo bm quj bm vckm kj bfs ejr`mofs Grfotì jotrø jo kjscaumb, tj`cgbj tj` cgbj hf`pjtjo hf`pjtjohcm hcm hfo su fgrm pfstjrcfr> pf stjrcfr>  

 

 Jshujbm pmrm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs Yfgrjs Bm Hmsm sjrí mrrjabmkm pmrm bm mhf`fkmhcøo kj sjsjotm pupcbms> hmkm ocým pmamrí =; bcgrms mb mýf (bm `ctmk mkjbmotmkm) pmrm rfpm, mbfnm`cjotf, hf`ckm y jkuhmhcøo, y = bcgrm pmrm bcgrfs, jth. Jb scstj`m kj jkuhmhcøo vm m sjr mkmptmkf kj mhujrkf hfo bm hmpmhckmk kj bms  pupcbms,  pu pcbms, y bfs kjsjfs kjsjf s kj sus m`cafs. Jo tfkfs bfs hmsfs, jb armo fgnjtcv fgnjt cvff sjr sjríí su hrjhc`cjotf cotjbjhtumb y rjbcacfsf< y kmrbjs uom sjohcbbm y þtcb jkuhmhcøo pmrm quj rjtfrojo m sus efamrjs, f sj `motjoamo jbbms `cs`ms jo bms kcdjrjotjs jstmhcfojs kj bm vckm kfok kfokjj bbms ms bbm`j bm Yr Yrfv fvckjohcm. ckjohcm. Xc js rjqujrckm uom jku jkuhmhcø hmhcøoo `ís bcgjrmb bcgjr mb pmrm qucjo qucjo  pujkm  pu jkm sjr jkuhm jkuhmkm km hf`f `mjstrm `mjst rm f afgjrom afgjromotm, otm, sj bj bjss pjkcrí uuoo hmra hmraff jxtrm.

*  Jb grjzf js uo pjqujýf mrgustf `uy rjscstjotj quj hrjhj jo tcjrrms sjhms y jstãrcbjs hf`f bms kjb pírm`f. pírm`f. **  [fkmv ** [ fkmvàm àm efy jo Bfokrjs Bfokrjs jo mbau mbauofs ofs sj sjhtf htfrjs rjs sj hhfosckjrm fosckjrm rukf y tfotf tf otf mb Sfrlcj Sfrlcj.. *** Xecrbjy,, bm ofvjbm kj Hemrbfttj kj =5;3, bm ejrfàom Xecrbjy Ljjbkmr mbukj mb ** *  Jo Xecrbjy ‒mb`crmotj Efrmtcf Efrmtcf,, vczhfokj vczhfokj kj Ojbsf Oj bsfoo y kuquj kuquj kj Grf Grfotc> otc> vmbcjotj vmbcjotj hf`f uo tctío, ambmotj ambmotj y ejrfchf hf`f jo bfs vcjnfs tcj`pfs kj bm hmgmbbjràm, hmukcbbf kjb pfkjràf kj Coabmtjrrm, hf`mokmotj hf`mokm otj kj sus s us dujrzms jo bfs bf s `mrjs, kjsmtmg kjsmtmgmm sus tj`pjstmk tj`pjst mkjs‐. js‐. **** **** Bm  Bm jshujbm Kftejgfys Embb, kj Ochefbm kj  Ochefbmss Ochlbjgy Ochlbjgy (=585-=583)  (=585-=583) kj Hemrbjs Kchljos, quj hfgrmgm hcohf bcgrms mb mýf pfr mbu`of, fdrjhj uo rjtrmtf sfhcmb kj bms jshujbms  pfgrjs kj Sfrlsecrj, frlsecrj , hfosckjr hfosckjrmk mkff jjotfohjs otfohjs hf`f uom uom Xcgjrcm grctíochm pm pmrm rm bfs bf s ocýfs ssco co dm`cbcm oc oc rrjhursfs. jhursfs.

 

HMYÀ[ZBF CC ZO CO[JWOMKF YMWM ECNMX KJ HBÃWCAFX Jb mouohcf pfkràm emgjrbf rjkmhtmkf jb sjýfr Grfotì, kcrcackf m sà `cs`f. Yfr  trmtmrsj kj uom jshujbm sfstjockm jo gujom pmrtj pfr bm gjojdchjohcm, jb hfstf kj bm `moutjohcøo kj hmkm pupcbm mbhmozmgm bms hmtfrhj bcgrms mb mýf, `jofs quj bms vjcotj kj bms jshujbms pfgrjs y hmsc bm `ctmk kj bf quj sj pmamgm jo cotjromkfs cot jromkfs jxhbuscvfs Hrfdtfo Hrfdt mkfokj jovcmkms bms b ms kf kfs ocýms `myfrjs. `myfrjs. Bm Bm gmnm gmn mhf`f jxpjosm kjfobmEmbb, Jshujbm pmrmemgàmo Ecnms sckf kj Hbãrcafs Hbãrc afs ‛mþo of ofs jstmgm comuaurmkm pjrf ym emgàm sckf hfotrmtmkm uom afgjromotm‛ pjr`ctcràm mb hbãrcaf grcokmr uom jkuhmhcøo hrcstcmom m humtrf kj sus ecnms pmamokf søbf  pfr kfs. Kj ejhef, sc bms `mkrcoms kj Mooj sfbvjotmgmo bfs amstfs kj Jbczmgjte y @mrcm jo Hrfdtfo Embb, jb hbãrcaf søbf emgràm tjockf quj mdrfotmr bms huftms kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby. Kj jsm `mojrm jvctmràm jovcmr m sus ecnms m uom kj bms tj`ckms pfgrjs, pjrf ¶of jrm `ís m su omturmbjzm fraubbfsm kjpjokjrjshujbms kj bm gjojdchjohcm pþgbchm y ofmkjhumkf kj bm `csjrchfrkcm kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte, quj jstmgm m puotf kj hfovjrtcrsj jo sjýfrm Drmols6  Of sj bj b j pfkàm pfkà m jshmpmr js hmpmr quj bms hmtfrhj bcgrms b cgrms kj bm b m jshujbm js hujbm gjoãdchm mpjoms  pmamràmo jb mbfnm` mbfnm `cjotf cjotf y bm hf` hf`ckm ckm y jstm hjrtjzm (¶u (¶uoom àot àotc` c`mm ejrckm, jrckm , kj tfkfs `fkfs6) sj jxecgàm jo bm bcstm mojxmkm mb mouohcf hfo bfs of`grjs kj bfs gjojdmhtfrjs quj hfstjmgmo bfs amstfs kj bm josjýmozm pfr `jkcf kj uom sushrcphcøo moumb. Jstj kjtmbbj kj bm sushrcphcøo hfbfhmgm m bm jshujbm, y  pfkràm pmrjhjr supjrdbuf supjrdbuf pjrf jo Coabmt Coabmtjrrm jrrm of bf jrm, jo bm b m tj` tj`cgbj cgbj hmtjafràm hmtjafràm kj costctuhcøo costctuhcøo kj hmrckmk. hmrc kmk.

 

Dujrfo prjhcsm`jotj bfs of`grjs kj bfs gjojdmhtfrjs bfs quj bf kjgjo emgjr c`prjscfomkf dmvfrmgbj`jot dmvfrmgbj`jotj, j, sc tjoàm tjoàm mbauom mbauom kukm kukm ssfgrj fgrj bm b m prfgckmk pr fgckmk kj bms mutfrckmkjs, muoquj of pmrjhj emgjrbm tjockf. Bm bcstm cohbuàm mpjbbckfs kj ef`grjs j`cojotjs, `frmbcstms, hbãrcafs y emstm jb kj bm dcbíotrfpm Emoome @frj, dm`fsm mutfrm kj uom sjrcj kj bcgrfs kj gmbmkms y hujotfs kj  prfpmamokm  prfpmamo km rjbcacfsm rjbc acfsm quj mactmgmo mactmgmo hfoscao hfoscaoms kj su`cscøo, su`cscøo, eu` eu`cbkmk y mhjptmhcøo kjb buamr prjjstmgbjhckf jo bm sfhcjkmk pmrm bm `unjr. [m`gcão sj bjàm jb of`grj kj bm sjýfrctm Hurrjr kj Jsetfo Embb, bm `cs`m quj emgàm `mokmkf jb hejquj m bm dm`cbcm humokf `urcø bm sjýfrm Grfotì, y ãstm jrm uom dcom jstfhmkm pmrm jb hbãrcaf. Jb rjvjrjokf Hmrus Qcbsfo kj Lcrgy, uo pfgbmkf `uy hjrhmof m Hfwmo Grckaj, kfokj sj emgàm j`pbmzmkf jb cotjromkf, duj qucjo j`prjokcø bm tmrjm kj rjuocr bm su`m kj kcojrf pmrm jb j`prjokc`cjotf. Jb bcgrf `ís dm`fsf kjb rjvjrjokf Hmrus Qcbsfo jrm  Jb m`caf kj bfs ocýfs, quj sj jkctmgm `josumb`jotj jo dmshàhubfs utcbczmkfs jo bms bjhhcfojs kjb hfbjacf. Jo kchcj`grj kj =574 sj pugbchø bm ecstfrcm kj bm mafoàm kj uom mbu`om kj fohj mýfs quj, pjsj m emgjr `ujrtf bbjom kj kfbfr pfr uom codbm`mhcøo jo jb vcjotrj, `motuvf su dj jo Hrcstf sco dbmqujzms. Yjrf emgàm ftrfs tjxtfs jshfbmrjs. Zom kcshàpubm hfofhckm kj bms ocýms Grfotì, Csmgjbbm [urojr, duj prj`cmkm pfr ‒su mtjohcøo mb kjbjtrjmr‐ uof kj bfs  Ec`ofs pmrm `jotjs codmotc codmotcbjs bjs , huym tmpm `fstrmgm bm c`majo kj uom ocým bbfrmokf sfgrj bm tu`gm kj su `mkrj hfo bm bjyjokm> bjyjo km> ‒¡Fe! ‒¡Fe! Xc jbbm jbb m pukcjrm vfbvjr… vfbvjr … ¡Of bm dmstckcm dmstckcmràm ràm ouo ouohm `ís!‐:9 . Jb rjvjrjokf Hmrus Qcbsfo duj of`grmkf tjsfrjrf y sjhrjtmrcf jotrj kfhj dckjchf`csmrcfs quj jbcacjrfo uom hfostruhhcøo kj pcjkrm jstrjhem y eþ`jkm, hfo vjotmoms moafstms, pmrm mhf`fkmr bms emgctmhcfojs kj bfs `mjstrfs, jb hf`jkfr y bm hfhcom. Bms smbms kj hbmsj sj costmbmrfo jo jb pcsf mbtf kj uo vcjnf `fbcof rfkjmkf kj mbcsfs, y bfs kfr`ctfrcfs pmrm bms cotjroms jo jb pcsf  gmnf> su s ujbfs kj pcjkrm, pc jkrm, pmscbbfs pmsc bbfs hjrrmkfs, hjrrm kfs, vjotmoms vjotmoms jstrjhems jstrjhems y jshmsms. Jb ãodmscs kj bfs sjr`fojs sjr`fojs kjb rjvjrjokf rjvjrj okf Qcbs Qcbsfo, fo, hmbvcocstm dmo dmoítchf, ítchf, mbzmgm mb zmgm

 

vujbf hfo bm tjfràm kj bm prjkjstcomhcøo, uom kfhtrcom mrcstfhrítchm quj sjýmbm m uo pjqujýf oþhbjf kj jbjackfs pfr Kcfs, kjskj motjs kj su omhc`cjotf, pmrm bm smbvmhcøo kjb mb`m, y quj hfokjom mb rjstf kj bfs `frtmbjs m mrkjr jo jb codcjrof. Jb rjvjrjokf mhusmgm m bfs ‒ef`grjs prjsuotufsfs y mrrfamotjs quj sj mtrjvàmo m ojamr jstm vjrkmk‐:= . Xus prãkchms sj outràmo jo jb bcgrf kj Numo Hmbvcof pugbchmkf pfr prc`jrm vjz jo bmtào jo =:84, Costc  Costctutfs tutfs kj bbmm Wjbc Wjbcacøo acøo Hrcs Hrcstcmom tcmom> ‒Yfr Yrjkjstcomhcøo ofs rjdjrc`fs mb kjhrjtf jtjrof kj Kcfs jo kfokj ãb kjtjr`coø su pbmo pmrm hmkm sjr eu`mof. Of tfkfs sfo hrjmkfs caumbjs, scof quj mbauofs sfo frkjomkfs kj motj`mof m bm vckm jtjrom, y ftrfs kj motj`mof m bm hfokjomhcøo jtjrom. S sjaþo emymo sckf prjkjstcomkfs m mbauof kj jstfs dcojs kjhc`fs quj emo sckf prjkjstcomkfs m vckm f m `ujrtj‐. ujrtj‐. Xjaþo uo codfr`j kj =5;7, jb scstj`m kj jkuhmhcøo kj Hfwmo Grckaj jstmgbjhàm jo su mrtàhubf sjauokf quj bm josjýmozm hf`prjokàm ‒ecstfrcm, ajfarmdàm, arm`ítchm, jshrcturm y mrct`ãtchm, tfkm hbmsj kj bmgfrjs kj maunm, y bms tmrjms kf`ãstchms `ís kjbchmkms, tmbjs hf`f bm mtjohcøo kj bm rfpm gbmohm dcom, pbmohemkf, jth.‐:7 . Xj jspjhcdchmgm tm`gcão quj tjokràmo prcfrckmk bms ecnms kj bfs hbãrcafs ‒`ís ojhjsctmkfs‐ y jspjhcmb`jotj mqujbbms quj kcjrmo bfs `jnfrjs jnj`pbfs kj uom vckm jvmoaãbchm. Hfwmo Grckaj, m søbf sjsjotm y scjtj lcbø`jtrfs kj Emwfrte, tjoàm hmpmhckmk pmrm rjhcgcr m sjtjotm y kfs mbu`oms, pjrf humokf bms ocýms Grfotì bbjamrfo, m pfhfs `jsjs kj su mpjrturm, søbf sj emgàmo coshrcptf kcjhcsãcs. Bms jkmkjs vmrcmgmo jotrj bfs sjcs y bfs vjcotckøs mýfs. Mbauoms kj jbbms, euãrdmoms f prfvjocjotjs kj dm`cbcms kj  pfgrjzm jxtrj` jxtrj`m, m, jrmo sugvjohcfomkms sugvjohcfomkms pfr msfhcmhcfojs msfhcm hcfojs gjoãdchms, gjoãdchms, hf`f hf`f `fstrmgmo bfs Wjacstrfs kjb cotjromkf, uom prujgm kj bm hmtjafràm kj ‒ecnms kj bm hmrckmk‐ kj bms kcshàpubms. Jb uocdfr`j qujkmgm jstcpubmkf jo bfs jstmtutfs> ‒[fkms bms mbu`oms usmrío caumb coku`jotmrcm> jo vjrmof vjstckfs kj hfbfr  m`mrcbbjotf pmrm tfkfs bfs kàms y kj mbafkøo gbmohf hfo sf`grjrf rþstchf kj  pmnm bfs kf`coa kf`coafs< fs< jo covcjrof vjstckfs kj tjbm hfbfr hfb fr pþrpurm pþr purm y smhfs kj pmýf

 

kj ckãotchf hfbfr. M dco kj fgtjojr uocdfr`ckmk, sj jxcajo trjs bcgrms pmrm vjstckfs, pjbbczm, sf`grjrf, hmpm, hujbbf y mgrcaf‐ :8 . Yfr jsms trjs bcgrms hmkm ocým mkqucràm trjs nujafs nujafs kj hmkm prjokm, pr jokm, mkj`ís mkj`ís kj uo sf`grjrf sf`grjrf kj pmnm pmnm.. Ymrm hf`prjokjr bms rmzfojs kj bm kjhcscøo kjb hbãrcaf kj `mokmr m sus ecnms m Hfwmo Grckaj emgràm quj pmrtcr motjs emhcm jb sur kj Armo Grjtmým. Zom vjz mbbà, sjràm prjhcsf tf`mr uom hbmsj kj gftíochm sfgrj bms dbfrjs kj covjromkjrf, pfrquj jo bms hm`jbcms quj dbfrjhjo jo djgrjrf jo Yjozmohj sj jshfokj jb dmstckcf dmstckcf kj bm tàm Grmowjbb pfr pjr` pj r`mojhjr mojhjr jo Sfrlse Sfrlsecrj crj y jb codbunf codbunf sfgrj su huýmkf, m qucjo kjgj emgjr hfo`comkf, ym dujrm kj uom `mojrm cokcrjhtm, ym dujrm kj uom `mojrm hmtjaørchm, m jovcmr m bms ocýms m uo hfbjacf. Bm frdmokmk y jb cotjromkf, jo bm gcgbcfarmdàm codmotcb coabjsm, js `jofs uom hfrrjspfokjohcm quj uom tmxfof`àm. Jo =578 emhàm kfs mýfs quj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb emgàm bbjamkf m Emwfrte y, muoquj sj emgàm johmrcýmkf jofr`j`jotj hfo Grmowjbb y hfo Mooj y bj emgàm sckf hjkckf jb kfr`ctfrcf kj su ejr`mom, jb `jnfr kj bm hmsm, moejbmgm rjarjsmr m Hfroumbbjs. Kj `fkf quj jb sjýfr Grfotì kjhckcø ‛y sj trmtø kj uo `jkctmkf pbmo ‛  quj sc sj kjsprjokàm kj bms humtrf ecnms `myfrjs y kfs mýfs `ís tmrkj kj Mooj, søbf sj qujkmràm hfo Grmowjbb jo bm rjhtfràm. Jb sjýfr Grfotì of hfosckjrmgm quj jb rcafr kj uom jshujbm dujrm gjoãdchf pmrm su ecnf kj sjcs mýfs ‛uof `ís quj J`cby‛, qucjo pfkràm sjaucr rjhcgcjokf sus bjhhcfojs  pmrtchubmrjs. Xj caofrm caofrm bm hbmsj kj trmtf quj jstmgbjhcø hfo bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Grmowjbb, pjrf js prfgmgbj quj jbbm mhfrkmrm pjr`mojhjr jo Emwfrte emstm quj Moo Mooj jstuvcjrm jo jkmk kj mscstcr m bm jshujbm. Bm tfs djrcom quj c`pckcø quj @mrcm y Jbczmgjte  ‛ rjtcrmkms rjtcrmkms kjb hfbjacf kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte jotrj ofvcj`grj f kchcj`grj kj =578 ‛   dujrmo jovcmkms kj co`jkcmtf m bm Jshujbm pmrm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs of pukf scof emgjr sckf hfotrmàkm jo Hrfdtfo Embb. Bm su`m`jotj hfotmacfsm gmhtjrcm  Gfr  Gfrkjtjbb kjtjbbmm

jrtusscs, quj sj trmos`ctj m trmvãs kj aftms kj dbuckf prfhjkjotjs kj bm omrcz

 

f kj bm gfhm y quj jbbms hfotmacmrfo m sus ejr`mofs, hfovcrtcø m bm rjhtfràm jo uo efspctmb. Jb hfrf kj bfs sjcs ocýfs tfscjokf kurmotj tfkm bm prc`mvjrm, hfo jb hmrmhtjràstchf scbgckf maukf kj bm tfs hfovubscvm mb tjr`comr hmkm mhhjsf  pukf emgjr emgjr duohcfomkf, duohcfomkf, m `fkf `fkf kj `þschm cohckjotmb, hf`f hf`f uo mbjrtm mbjr tm sfgrj bfs b fs jdjhtfs kjb rãac`jo kj cotjromkf. Yjrf of duj msà. Jbczmgjte tjoàm oujvj mýfs y @mrcm kcjz< ¶bm sjýfrctm Dcrte of emgàm coarjsmkf jo su Hrfdtfo Embb kj gmcbjs y hfohcjrtfs m bfs qucohj6 Yfr hcjrtf, sj trmtmgm kj uom jkmk `ís hjrhmom m bm co`uockmk quj prfpfrhcfomo bfs kcjhcfhef mýfs y uom gujom hfostctuhcøo pmrm jstj tcpf kj codjhhcfojs. codjhhcfojs. Jb vcmnj emstm Ljcaebjy, mkfokj bms ejr`moms hm`comgmo m `joukf pmrm hf`prmr pmpjb, tjbms f hcotms, f pmrm pjkcr bcgrfs jo bm gcgbcftjhm kjb Costctutf kj @jhíochm, pujkj sjr quj jstm vjz of bf emymo ejhef m pcj. Bf hcjrtf js quj jb 7= kj nubcf kj =57;, m `jkcms rjhupjrmkms kj bm tfs djrcom, bms kfs ocýms `myfrjs y su pmkrj vcmnmrfo kjskj Ljcaebjy emstm Hfwmo Grckaj jo uo hfhej  pþgbchf.  pþgbch f. Jb pírrfhf pmsø uom uom ofhej jo bm Jshujbm pmrm pm rm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs y mb kàm scaucjotj mb`frzø hfo bms ocýms, kj `mojrm quj pukf cospjhhcfomr bms costmbmhcfojs, prfgmr bm hf`ckm y mtcsgmr mbaf kjb duohcfom`cjotf. Xc oftø mbaf comprfpcmkf, sj bf aumrkø pmrm sà y bms kjnø m hmraf kj bm `mjstrm Mokrjws, quj moftø su coarjsf. Jb mrhecvf rjacstrø bms prfdjscfojs m bms quj dujrfo mscaomkms hfo kmtfs sudchcjot sudchcj otjs js hf`f pmrm jshrcgcr jshr cgcr sjokms gcfarmdàms> ‒@mrcm Grfotì, Grfotì, kcjz mýfs, 7= kj nubcf kj =57;. Tmhuomkm kj vcrujbm, kj dcjgrj jshmrbmtcom y tfs djrcom (jstuvf jodjr`m). Bjhturm> tfbjrmgbj. Jshrcturm> `uy gcjo. Híbhubf> pfhf. [rmgmnf> `uy `mb. Hfofhj uo pfhf kj arm`ítchm, `uy pfhf kj ajfarmdàm j ecstfrcm. Em ejhef mbauofs prfarjsfs jo bjhturm kj drmohãs pjrf of smgj omkm kj arm`ítchm kj bm bjoaum‐:; . Hfo ‒[rmgmnf‐ bm njram mk`cocstrmtcvm kj bm jshujbm sj rjdjràm m bms bmgfrjs kj maunm y sjýmbmgm jb kjsmbcýf kj @mrcm,  prcohcpmb kjdjht kj djhtff kj bm Ejbjo Guros Guros kj Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj. Jo jb rjvjrsf kj su dchem sj bjj jb kjstcof quj jb pmkrj emgàm dcnmkf pmrm

 

jbbm> ‒Costctutrcz‐, bf quj c`pbchmgm jb pmaf kj uo supbj`jotf kj trjs bcgrms moumbjs pmrm quj rjhcgcjrm hbmsjs jxtrm kj drmohãs, kcgunf y `þschm quj of rjhcgàm su ejr`mom Jbczmgjte, prfbcnm hfsturjrm sjaþo kjbmtm bm dchem> ‒Jbczmgjte Grfotì, oujvj mýfs. Tmhuomkm. Bjhturm> pfhf. Jshrcturm> `uy gcjo. Híbhubf> omkm. [rmgmnf> `uy huckmkfsf. Of smgj omkm kj arm`ítchm, ajfarmdàm y ftrfs hfofhc`cjotfs‐:: . Xco tjojr jo hujotm jb ―`uy gcjo– kj su jshrcturm, y js prfgmgbj quj jo rmzøo kj su pjrchcm jo bms bmgfrjs kf`ãstchms, Jbczmgjte duj kjstcomkm m hfovjrtcrsj jo jb m`m kj hmsm kj bm rjhtfràm (of jrm pfscgbj quj jb pírrfhf pjosmrm pfstubmrbm hf`f uom nfvjo hmsmkjrm sc bj sustrmàm hfofhc`cjotfs kj `þschm y kj kcgunf). [rjs sj`moms kjspuãs, jb sjýfr Grfotì vfbvcø mb cotjromkf hfo Hemrbfttj, m qucjo `frtcdchø pmrtchubmr`jotj jb jstcbf pmrrfqucmb kjb uocdfr`j, quj of pfkàm kcsc`ubmr bm hmtjafràm kj jshujbm kj gjojdchcjohcm kj Hfwmo Grckaj. ‒Hemrbfttj Grfotì, fhef mýfs. Tmhuomkm. [uvf tfs djrcom. Bjhturm> pfhf. Jshrcturm> Cokcdjrjotj. Híbhubf> uo pfhf. [rmgmnfs> `uy huckmkfsm. @ujstrm sjr  Duj cotjbcajotj pmrm su jkmk pjrf of tcjoj hfofhc`cjotfs scstj`ítchfs.‐ :4   Duj moftmkm pmrm ‒Costctutrcz‐. Zo `js `ís tmrkj bms vcsctø Jbczmgjte Dcrte, quj jstmgm jo su buom buom kj `cjb y motjs motjs kj crsj c rsj bjs rjambø m bms ocýms sjokms `fojkms `fojkms kj kfs hejbcojs. Jo tmotf, hcjrtfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs gàgbchfs hfgrmrfo dfr`m y rjbjvmohcm `àstchm jo bm prfpcm pmrrfqucm kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Bm tmrkj kjb nujvjs 7 kj sjptcj`grj, `cjotrms bfs ocýfs quj emgàmo qujkmkf jo bm hmsm nuamgmo jotrj bfs tjrrjofs pmotmofsfs y bms hcãomams, uom hmkjom kj kjsprjokc`cjotfs kj `ís kj kfs `jtrfs kj tfrrjotjs kj bfkf, turgm y bbuvcm hmyø sfgrj sus hmgjzms. Bm tfr`jotm hf`jozø jo jb vmbbj kj Hrfw Ecbb y of sj kjtuvf emstm bbjamr m Yfokjo. Hfo bm hfovchhcøo kj jstmr mscstcjokf m bm bbjamkm kjb Hfrkjrf kjb Bcgrf kj bms Wjvjbmhcfojs kj Xmo Numo, Grmowjbb kj scjtj, J`cby kj sjcs y Mooj kj humtrf mýfs hfrrcjrfo gmnf jb kcbuvcf tf`mkfs kj bm `mof kj Xmrme Amrr emstm johfotrmr rjduacf jo jb pørtchf kj uom hmsm. Bm tfr`jotm, quj

 

fgstruyø hcohf `fbcofs, kjstruyø uo pujotj kj pcjkrm, kmýø ftrfs kfs y kjvmstø bfs hm`pfs kj armofs, bfs sjtfs y bms hfostruhhcfojs kj bms hjrhmoàms, scaocdchø, pmrm bm dm`cbcm Grfotì, jb Mpfhmbcpscs. Kcjz kàms kjspuãs jb pmkrj rjbmtø jb suhjsf jo su sjr`øo kf`cochmb jo bm cabjscm kj Emwfrte> ‒Hf`f jb kàm jrm `uy gujof, yf emgàm jovcmkf m `cs  pjqujýfs ocýfs, mhf`pmýmkfs mhf`pmýmkfs pfr bms scrvcjot scrvc jotms, ms, m tf`mr tf`mr mcrj drjshf, pjrf hf`f sj qujkmrfo `uhef `ís tcj`pf kjb quj yf jspjrmgm, duc m gushmrbfs pmrm mhf`pmýmrbfs m bm vujbtm. Bfs hcjbfs sfgrj jb pírm`f sj cgmo fshurjhcjokf `uy rípckm`jotj. Jshuheã uo trujof jo bm kcstmohcm y vc bms buhjs kj bfs rjbí`pmafs. Jb mcrj rjdrjshø y trmnf ougjs kj pfbvf y rmstrfnfs< uoms arujsms aftms kj bbuvcm j`pjzmrfo m hmjr> sj vjoàm uom armo tfr`jotm. @c pjqujým dm`cbcm emgàm jshmpmkf emhcm uo buamr kfokj johfotrmr rjduacf, pjrf yf of bf smgàm, pfr bf quj bfs prc`jrfs `f`jotfs kj bm tj`pjstmk sjotà `uhem moaustcm y tj`fr. @c hmsm jstmgm pjrdjhtm`jotj mþo. Gmnf jsms hcrhuostmohcms, jshuheã uom prfduokm, kcstmotj jxpbfscøo, mbaf kcdjrjotj m uo vckrcf kj bm vjotmom, nustf kjtrís kj `à, jo jb buamr kj bm jruphcøo. Jsj tj`gbfr hmusø uom trj`jokm c`prjscøo jo `c `jotj, jb humb, of tjoaf kukms mefrm, jrm jb jdjhtf kj uo tjrrj`ftf‐:1 . Xjaþo rjpfrtø bm dm`cbcm kj Xmrme y Omohy Amrr, bfs ocýfs ‒jstmgmo `uy msustmkfs y jshfokckfs gmnf jb `motf kj Xmrme, y jb sjýfr Grfotì duj m  gushmrbfs y bfs johfotrø johfotrø jo jb pørtchf kj uom uom armonm, mtjrrfrczmkfs, mtjrrfrc zmkfs, y msà jstmgmo emstm quj ãb bfs johfotrø‐:5 . Yjrf omkcj pjrkcø bm vckm y of sj trmtø kj uo tjrrj`ftf, sjaþo jb  Bjjks jrhury, scof kj uo kcbuvcf. Jb pírrfhf bf cotjrprjtø hf`f uom sfbj`oj mk`fochcøo kj bm Yrfvckjohcm ‒kcrcackm m bfs pjhmkfrjs pfr bfs jrrfrjs kj bfs hm`cofs j`prjokckfs‐:3 > jo jsj tfof, y smgcjokf quj sc sj trmtmgm kj msuotfs kcvcofs jstmgm buhemokf jo su prfpcf tjrrjof, jshrcgcø mb  Bjjks @jrhury  y mb  Bjjks Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr   sfstjocjokf jsm ecpøtjscs. Jo jb sjr`øo kjb kf`coaf kjhbm`ø jb smb`f 31 kj bms Mbmgmozms, kjskj jb mbtmr>

 

  ¡Jb Xjýfr rjcom! Mbãarjsj bm [cjrrm, rjafhànjosj bms csbms cohfotm c ohfotmgbjs. gbjs.  Ougjs y [cocjgb [cocjgbms ms bf rfkjmo,

bm Nustchcm y jb Kjrjhef sfo bm gmsj kj su trfof. Zo dujaf mvmozm motj Ãb   y mgrmsm m bfs joj`cafs m su pmsf. Xus rjbí`pmafs rjbí`pmafs ccbu`como bu`como jb `uokf< mb vjrbf, bm tcjrrm tc jrrm sj jstrj`jhj.  Bms `fotmýms `fotmýms sj kjrrc kjrrctjo tjo hf`f hjrm kjbmotj kjb Xjýfr, quj js jb kujýf kj tfkm bm [cjrrm.  Bfs Hcjbfs prfhbm`mo su nustc nustchcm hcm  y tfkfs bfs pujgbfs hfotj`pbmo hfotj `pbmo su abfrcm.49   Jb sjýfr Grfotì pugbchø su sjr`øo y bj marjaø uofs vjrsfs pmrm bm jshujbm kf`cochmb, kfokj prjmouohcmgm jb Xjauokf Mkvjoc`cjotf kjb Xmbvmkfr. Kfhj mýfs kjspuãs, J`cby mbukcø mb suhjsf jo jb pfj`m ‒Ecae wmvcoa ejmtejr, ojmte stfr`y gbmsts gjokcoa‐ (Mbtf grjzf fokubmotj, cohbcoíokfsj gmnf rídmams tfr`jotfsms…), pjrf sus vjrsfs of `johcfomo bm cotjrvjohcøo kcvcom 4= . Jb =9 kj ofvcj`grj ofvcj`grj jb sjýfr Grfotì jshrcgcø jshrcg cø mb sjýfr @mrcojr, @mrcojr, uo dmgrchmotj dmgrchmotj kj bmoms kj Ljcaebjy quj `mojnmgm sus msuotfs gmohmrcfs, uom hmrtm quj m bm kcstmohcm rjvjbm, hf`f uom `mof surhmkm kj bàojms pmrm bfs fnfs hbmrcvckjotjs kj uo mkcvcof, prfpøsctfs, hcdrms, m`fr, vcmnjs, muoquj søbf pmrjhj prjhcsmr bm djhem jo bm quj J`cby duj jovcmkm m Hfwmo Grckaj> ‒Mprfvjhef jstm fpfrtuockmk pmrm kmrbj bm oftchcm kj quj jo jb hursf kj uo pmr kj kàms js `c cotjohcøo rjtcrmr vjcotj bcgrms kj `cs mefrrfs> jstfy jovcmokf m ftrm kj `cs ocýms m bm jshujbm, bf humb mb prcohcpcf `j vm fhmscfomr mbauofs amstfs, pjrf mb dcomb of vfy m pjrkjr, ym quj mefrm tjoaf kfs scrvcjotms pjrf bujaf vfy m tf`mr  søbf m uom `unjr `myfr. Humokf `c ocým jstã jo bm jshujbm, jbbm vm m pfkjr 

 

fhupmrsj, yf hrjf, kj `cs rjstmotjs ocýfs y kj `à‐ 47 . Jstm hmrtm jstmgbjhj of søbf bfs híbhubfs dcomohcjrfs kjb sjýfr Grfotì hfo rjspjhtf m sus ecnms pmrm jb duturf y bm hfovjocjohcm kj tjojr `jofs ocýfs jo su hmsm, scof hfodcr`m quj duj m dcojs kj =57; jb rjj`pbmzf kj bms ejr`moms Amrr   pfr [mggy [mggy,, bujaf kj quj J`cby J`cby,, kj sjcs mýfs, duj jovcmkm m Hfwmo Grckaj. Kj  pmsf grcokm bm oftchcm, oftchcm, pfr f`csc f`cscøo, øo, kj bfs pbmojs kj bm tàm Grmowjbb Grmowjb b kj kjnmr  Emwfrte. Bm hmrtm jstí tmo bbjom kj scaocdchmkfs quj, rjtrfspjhtcvm y  prfspjhtcvm`jotj,  prfspjhtcvm`jo tj, su` su`mm hmpms y `ís `ís hmpms kj jxpbchmhcfojs m bfs suhjsfs kj Hfwmo Grckaj, bjct`ftcv kj bm b m pfjsàm pfjsà m y prfsm kj bfs ejr`mofs ejr`mofs Grfotì. Grfotì. Jb sjýfr Grfotì bbjvø m J`cby m bm jshujbm jb 7: kj ofvcj`grj kj =57;, hfo bm bbjamkm kjb covcjrof. ‒Bjj> hfo `uhem armhcm. [rmgmnfs> uo pfhf.‐ 48  Of sj `johcfomo tfs djrcom oc vmhuomhcfojs. Bm oujvm supjrcotjokjotm, bm sjýfrctm Jvmos, kcnf `ís mkjbmotj quj bm bbm`mgmo ‒bm ocým qujrckm‐ y bm ‒pjqujým  prjdjrckm J`‐4;  pjrf, kjspuãs kj bm mpmrchcøo kj  Nmoj Jyr Jyrjj, tfkf hf`jotmrcf kj bms `mjstrms kj Hfwmo Grckaj kjgj sjr bjàkf gmnf sfspjhem. Hf`f @mrcm y Hemrbfttj, J`cby sjràm jkuhmkm pmrm afgjromotm. ¶]uã jstcpjokcf tjokràm  pjosmkf jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì pmrm Mooj, Mooj, kfs kf s mýfs `ís tmrkj6 Jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì sj kjspckcø kj sus humtrf ecnms emstm jb mýf scaucjotj, humokf bbjamrmo bms hcohf sj`moms kj vmhmhcfojs kj vjrmof. Xj kjshfotmgm quj jo Omvckmk y Mýf  Oujvf  Ou jvf bms b ms ocýms sj qujkmràmo jo jb hfbjacf. hfb jacf. Jb rãac` r ãac`jo jo kj msu ms ujtfs moumbjs, moumbjs, of tmo cousumb hf`f bm kcjtm quj hmrjhàm pfr hf`pbjtf kj jbbfs, sj fdrjhàm hf`f mbtjromtcvm pmrm bms pupcbms frcuokms kj pujgbfs f hcukmkjs mbjnmkms kj bm  pmrrfqucm kj [uostmbb. uostmbb. Of jrm jb hmsf kj Emwfrte. Emwfrte. Bm kcstmohcm jotrj jotrj jb hfbjacf y bm rjhtfràm pjr`ctàm quj bms ocýms pmsmrmo bms vmhmhcfojs hfo su dm`cbcm, pjrf jb pírrfhf f bm tàm kcspuscjrfo bf hfotrmrcf. Jb Wjabm`jotf søbf mk`ctàm mk` ctàm jb cotjrhm`gcf cotjrhm`gcf kj hmrtms ‛supjrvcsmkms ‛supjrvcs mkms pfr bms mut m utfrckmk frckmkjs‛ js‛ uo uomm vjz hmkm trjs `jsjs, uo bmpsf maøochf pmrm uom dm`cbc dm`cbcmm quj m`mgm jshrcgcr. jshr cgcr. Bm pjqujým mbkjm kj Hfwmo Grckaj sj sctumgm ‒nustf kfokj bms hmshmkms kjb Bjhl sj prjhcpctmo jo bm bbmourm‐ 4: , uo hfonuotf kj of `ís kj sjcs f scjtj

 

hmsms kj pcjkrm rjuockms m m`gfs bmkfs kj uo pujotj sfgrj jb quj pmsmgm bm hmrrjtjrm kj Bjjks m Ljokmb, sfgrj jb ràf Bjhl. M su mbrjkjkfr sj jxtjokàmo mbcsfs, smuhjs y mvjbbmofs, hm`pfs kj bmgrmozm, vmrcms pjokcjotjs y uo kjhbcvj quj bbjvmgm emstm jb vmbbj kj Buoj, pjrdu`mkf kj tf`cbbf. M bf bjnfs, jo bms hfbcoms, pfkàmo vjrsj mbauoms fvjnms y uoms hmsctms kj pcjkrm hfo vjotmoms jstrjhems quj bms prftjaàmo kj bfs vcjotfs covjrombjs. Bm ocjgbm, bms bbuvcms tfrrjohcmbjs y bm ocjvj kmgmo m bm vcstm uo pmcsmnj ejr`fsf y kjsfbmkfr quj kjgj kj emgjr prfvfhmkf `uhems vcscfojs jo bms ocýms Grfotì, muoquj of tmotms hf`f bms ecstfrcms codmotcbjs kjb sjýfr Hmrus Qcbsfo.  @crjo m jstm js tm oc ocým ým `mbm js uom kj bms quj sfbàm bjjrbjs> ‒@crjo m jstm ocým `mbm. ¡Fe! ]uã trcstj ecstfrcm tjoaf pmrm hfotmrbjs sfgrj jbbm. Jbbm jstmgm jo tmb mtmquj kj durcm quj hmyø `ujrtm. Hmyø jo jb pcsf y `urcø. Of eugf tcj`pf pmrm pbjamrcms. Of eugf tcj`pf pmrm bbm`mr m Kcfs pmrm quj smbvj su pfgrj mb`m. Jbbm kjnø jstj `uokf jo jb pjhmkf. S ¡fe!, ¶køokj hrjjo quj jstí jbbm mefrm6 Of `j austm pjosmr jo jsf. Yjrf ofsftrfs smgj`fs quj bms ocýms `mbms vmo mb codcjrof humokf `ujrjo, tmotf hf`f bfs ef`grjs `mbfs. Sf of pcjosf quj pfr jsj mtmquj kj rmgcm bm ocým jstí mefrm jo jb dcomb, m pjsmr kj quj jbbm jstí jo jb codcjrof. Jbbm jstí jodurjhckm hfo jbbm `cs`m, pfr pjosmr jo sus `mbfs mhtfs mquà jo bm [cjrrm. @cs ocýms, tjoamo huckmkf kj tmbjs pjhmkfs. Frjo pmrm sjr su`csms y eu`cbkjs jo jb hfrmzøo, hf`f kjsjm vujstrf qujrckf Xjýfr‐ 44 .   ]uj gmnjo ]uj gmn jo mefrm mefrm bms buhjs, tjouj` tjouj`jot jotj, j, sfgrj sfgr j bms b ms pupcbms, pupcbms , pmrm quj sj mhjrqujo mhj rqujo bms bí`pmrms mb ocýf kj scjtj mýfs quj of duj jovcmkf m bm jshujbm pmrm sjr  jkuhmkf jo su hmsm. Jb mspjhtf kj Grmowjbb kjbmtmgm mb ecnf kjb co`carmotj pfgrj quj emgàm hruzmkf jb `mr kj Crbmokm pmrm msjotmrsj jo Coabmtjrrm> pjbf rfnf, motjfnfs kj bjotj arujsm, omrcz maucbjým, dbmhuhef y kj gmnm jstmturm. [fhmgm bm dbmutm y jb  pcmof, jshuhemgm jshuhemgm m Eëokjb< Eëokjb< su `mojrm kj emgbmr jobmzmgm jobmzmgm jb coabãs coabãs bctjrmrcf bctjrmrc f

 

motcauf hfo jb kcmbjhtf kj Sfrlsecrj quj emgbmgmo bfs vclcoafs, cocotjbcacgbj  pmrm bfs bfokcojosjs, bfokcojosjs, y uo uoms jod j odítchms ítchms cot c otjrnjh jrnjhhcfojs hcfojs jo arcjaf y bmtào< bmtào< hf`f hf`f jb kfhtfr Xm`ujb Nfeosfo, su hfotj`pfríojf, uo ‒Xcr ‐ motjhjkàm humbqucjr  frmhcøo. Jo uo bcgrf rmrf y vmbcfsf quj kjshmosm, pfbvfrcjotf, jo uo pcotfrjshf bfhmb kj bcgrfs usmkfs kj Emwfrte, jb mutfr Drmohcs M. Bjybmok msjaurø quj Grmowjbb duj jovcmkf m bm Emwfrte Arm``mr Xheffb. Muoquj bfs rjacstrfs kjb hfbjacf of moftmrfo su pmsf, Bjybmok mdcr`ø quj jb sjýfr Grfotì ojhjsctmgm marmkmr m bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj bms tcjrrms kj bm Cabjscm kj Emwfrte y quj jb hfbjacf, rjbmtcvm`jotj oujvf, mþo tjoàm pfhfs mbu`ofs, jo su `myfràm ecnfs kj  prfpcjtmrcfs  prfpcjtmrc fs kj tcjrrms quj sj emgàmo ejhef ejhef rchfs hfo bm `moudmht moudmhturm urm kj bm bmom. Jstj sunjtf Bjybmok jshrcgcø [ej Grfotì Dm`cby. Qcte spjhcmb rjdjrjohj

tf Ymtrchl Grmowjbb Grfotì   jo hmbckmk kj ejr`mof kjb þbtc`f m`caf kj Grmowjbb kj Embcdmx y mpuotø kmtfs, emgbmkuràms y moãhkftms quj of dujrfo tf`mkfs hfo sjrcjkmk jo uo prc`jr `f`jotf muoquj covjstcamhcfojs  pfstjrcfrjss bfs hfrrfgfrmrfo.  pfstjrcfrj hfrrfgf rmrfo. Js uom uom pcjzm cotjrjsmotj cotjrjsmotj jo bm ecstfrcfarmdàm ecstfrcfarmdàm Grfotì pfrquj duohcfom hf`f uom dujotj kj prc`jrm `mof sfgrj bm vckm kj Grmowjbb. Jo ‒Bm vckm kj Qmrojr Efwmrk Qmrojr‐, uo prjhcfsf tjxtf kj Grmowjbb kj =585, m bfs sjcs mýfs jb eãrfj js jovcmkf m bm ‒hjbjgrmkm Mhmkj`cm hjrhmom m Emwlhbcddj kcrcackm pfr jb kfhtfr @frmy‐. Bm Arm``mr Xheffb jstmgm sctumkm jo Fxjoefpj, m søbf uom `cbbm y `jkcm kj Emwfrte. Jb hm`cof kj tcjrrm pmrm bbjamr, johmotmkfr jo vjrmof pjrf sco írgfbjs oc rjpmrfs pmrm rjsaumrkmr mb hm`comotj kjb vcjotf y bms ocjvjs kj bms hu`grjs jo bm jstmhcøo covjromb, pukf emgjr ejhef kjscstcr mb pírrfhf, muoquj of kjgjo kjsjstc`mrsj ftrms hcrhuostmohcms. Jb hmrmhtjràstchf mspjhtf kj Grmowjbb, su mhjotf crbmokãs y uom ajojrmb comkjhumhcøo m bm kcoí`chm kj nujafs, bjoaumnj y `fkmbjs kj bfs ocýfs kjb  pujgbf of kjgjo emgjrbf mgjrb f myukmkf myukmkf `ís quj su omturmbjzm mturmbjzm qucsqucbb qucsqucbbfsm fsm y

 

jxhctmgbj. Bms jxprjscfojs `ís crrctmotjs quj sfbàmo cotjrbcojmrsj jo sus drmsjs jrmo ‒@c qujrckf sjýfr‐ f ‒ Tjrgu` smp‐, uom hbíusubm bmtcom quj scaocdchm ‒pmbmgrm kj smgcf‐41 . Hemrbfttj rckchubczø su nmhtmohcm y mdjhtmhcøo jo vmrcfs jshrctfs pfstjrcfrjs. Hfo tmotm mutfhfohcjohcm bctjrmrcm hf`f bfs nøvjojs kjb Wf`motchcs`f, m bfs kfhj mýfs Grmowjbb ym emgàm bjàkf ‒[ej Hmstmwmy‐ kj Qcbbcm` Hfwpjr, jo jb quj sj cospcrø c ospcrø pmrm pmr m jshrcgc js hrcgcrr uo pfj`m pfj`m `jbmohøbch `jbmohøbchff y mbaf prjs prjsuo uotu tufsf, fsf, ‒‒[e [efsj fsj kmys‐> ‒[efsj kmys fd `y hecbkeffk mrj pmst/ [ejy mrj dbjk dfrjvjr mwmy/ Me ofw fo m sefrj C m` hmst/ Qejrj Kjspmcr `ust jok `y kmy.‐ (Mqujbbfs kàms kj `c ocýjz emo pmsmkf, emo vfbmkf bjnfs, pmrm scj`prj. Fe, mefrm duc mrrfnmkf m uomm frcbbm, uo frc bbm, kfokj bm Kjsjspjrmhcøo Kjsjspjr mhcøo pfokrí dco m `c `c kàm) kà m)45 . Jo Ofhejgujom tjoàm pjr`ctckf sugcr m bm hm`m kj su ejr`mom @mrcm y kfr`cr hfo jbbm, kjbjctj quj motchcpmgm of søbf bm djstcvckmk kjb kàm scaucjotj scof bm j`fhcfomotj hjrj`focm kjb rjpcquj kj hm`pmoms kj bm cabjscm, huym tfrrj bfs ocýfs pfkàmo vjr kjskj bm vjotmom kj su humrtf. Jb kàm kj Omvckmk bfs ejr`mofs hfrràmo emhcm bm cabjscm mpjoms sj bjvmotmgmo, mtrmvjsmokf jb mrkào y jb hj`jotjrcf. Bm mýfrmozm kj Grmowjbb pfr su ocýjz kjgàm cohbucr bms bjhturms kj Efrmhcf y Ef`jrf quj emhàm m sfbms hfo su pmkrj jo jb jstukcf kj bm pbmotm gmnm, ym quj ouohm kjnø kj `johcfomrbms. Duj jb prc`jrf kj bfs ejr`mofs jo sjr gmutczmkf, y jb kj su dcaurm nuamokf hfo bm `mkrj jo bm smbm jrm jb þochf rjhujrkf quj Hemrbfttj hfosjrvmgm kj jbbm. Bm `cbctmotj `jtfkcstm quj søbf mgmokfomgm su humrtf pmrm cr bfs kf`coafs m bm cabjscm pmrm jshuhemr bfs sjr`fojs kj su huýmkf kjgj kj emgjr johfotrmkf uom jspbãokckm fpfrtuockmk pmrm kjsarmomr sus prãkchms jo bm scbjohcfsm sfgrcom kj humtrf mýfs y jb grcbbmotj sfgrcof kj scjtj, m bfs quj bjàm jo vfz mbtm vjrsàhubfs kjb Motcauf [jstm`jotf. Bms bmgfrjs kj puotf quj bm tàm Grmowjbb  prmhtchmgm hfo Mooj Mooj jrmo søbf uom uom pmrtj kj sus fgbcamhcfojs> kmrbjs m bfs ocýfs uom jstrchtm jkuhmhcøo rjbcacfsm of duj bm `jofs c`pfrtmotj kj sus tmrjms.

 

Hfo bm pmrtckm kj J`cby y kj bms ejr`moms Amrr bfs sfockfs, bms vfhjs y jb rct`f kj bm vckm hftckcmom jo bm rjhtfràm sj tfromrfo `ís mtjoumkfs y rutcomrcfs. Jb hm`gcf kj `mokf quj hub`coø hfo bm rjtcrmkm kj Omohy y Xmrme Amrr y bm pfsjscøo kj bm hfhcom pfr pmrtj kj [mggy tcjoj tfkms bms `mrhms kjb frcbbf zurhckms pfr bm tàm Grmowjbb. Msà, hcjrtf frkjo `jtchubfsf y mpmhcgbj sj costmurø jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb, y su fdchcom prcohcpmb sj ugchø jo jb kfr`ctfrcf kj bm tàm.    Omohy Amrr  Omohy Amrr emhàm tcj`pf tcj`pf quj jstmgm hf`prf` hf`prf`jtckm jtckm pmrm hmsmrsj hm smrsj,, pjrf jb sjýfr  Grfotì tuvf quj johfotrmr uo oujvf pujstf pmrm Xmrme. Bj rjhf`jokø uo trmgmnf j`fhcfomotj> vcmnmr kurmotj kfs mýfs hf`f mhf`pmýmotj y kfohjbbm kj uom rchm vcukm y su ecnm. Yjrf bm sjýfrm Amrr, jspfsm kj ftrf pírrfhf, sj fpusf mb pbmo, kj `fkf quj Xmrme tuvf quj vfbvjr m su efamr kj Grmkdfrk. Humokf j`carø m Jstmkfs Zockfs hfo su `mrckf, mýfs kjspuãs, sj bbjvø hfoscaf bfs `jhefojs kj pjbf hmstmýf hbmrf kj bms ocýms. Bfs prc`jrfs tcj`pfs jo bm Jshujbm pmrm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs pjr`ctcjrfo m @mrcm emhjrsj kj uom m`cam kj hmtfrhj mýfs, @mramrjt Ybu``jr, m qucjo hfodjhhcfoø uo hfsturjrf hfo bm kjkchmtfrcm ‒Ymrm `c prc`m @mramrjt‐ 43 , muoquj bm `uhemhem of jrm su prc`m scof ecnm kjb kcrjhtfr kj bm Arm``mr  Xheffb. Bm supjrcotjokjotm Jvmos eczf uom kjshrcphcøo kj Jbczmgjte> ‒Bm sjauokm, Jbczmgjte, js bm þochm kj bm dm`cbcm kj bm quj aumrkf uo rjhujrkf oàtckf, m rmàz kj uo mhhckjotj mbaf mbmr`motj quj bj fhurrcø. Bm tuvj uofs humotfs kàms jo `c kfr`ctfrcf, kfr` ctfrcf, of søbf søb f pmrm pmr m `myfr `myfr trmoqucbc trmoqucbckmk kmk scof s cof pmrm vcacbmrbm vcacbmrb m pjr pjrsfomb` sfomb`jot jotj. j. Xj emgàm hmusmkf ejrckms sjrcms jo bm hmgjzm, pjrf sfpfrtø jb kfbfr hfo jnj`pbmr pmhcjohcm y amoø `uhef jo `c jstc`mhcøo‐19 . Hemrbfttj pukf emgjrsj kjnmkf codbucr pfr jstm ecstfrcm pmrm jshrcgcr, jo

moj Jyrj, bms jshjoms jo quj bm `frcguokm Ejbjo Guros pmsm uofs kàms jo bm

 

emgctmhcøo kj bm sjýfrctm [j`pbj. Xjaþo bms codjrjohcms kj bm ofvjbcstm Kmpeoã ku @murcjr *, quj jshrcgcø uom gcfarmdàm pmscfomb kj Grmowjbb, Jbczmgjte sj emgràm bmstc`mkf mb hm`comr kfr`ckm. Jstm tjfràm sfgrj su sfom`gubcs`f  pfkràm emgjr johfotrmkf johfotrmkf jhf jo bfs hujotfs hujotfs aøtchfs quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj hfot hfotøø m sus hfokcshàpubms mýfs `ís tmrkj. ‒Kj bms kfs `jofrjs (sc js quj jrmo kfs), tjoaf uo vmaf rjhujrkf, smbvf quj uo uom kjbchcf kjb chcfsm sm hrcmtu hr cmturm rm kj `jofs kj hcohf mýfs jrm bm ocým `c`mkm kj bm jshujbm‐1= , kcnf bm supjrcotjokjotm. Of js kjb tfkf hrjàgbj quj bm ‒kjbchcfsm hrcmturm‐ dujrm bm smbvmnj y mrcshm J`cby, humokf jo jb mýf =57; emgàm trjs ocýms kj jsm jkmk jo Hfwmo Grckaj. Yjrf of emy kukm kj quj jrm Hemrbfttj ‒bm `ís hfovjrsmkfrm kj bms ejr`moms, uom pjqujým  grcbbmotj  grcb bmotj j cotjbcajo cotjbcajotj‐ tj‐17 . Bm `myfràm kj bms pupcbms tjoàm jotrj fhef y hmtfrhj mýfs, uom kjsvjotmnm  pmrm Hemrbfttj, kj fhef y oftmgbj` oftmgbj`jot jotjj `jou `joukm km pmrm pmr m su jkmk< jbb jbbmm sj kjshrcgàm kjshrc gàm hf`f rjtmhfom y jo bfs kcgunfs sj rjtrmtmgm hfo uom dcaurm kc`coutm y uom hmgjzm kj armo tm`mýf. Jstm hf`pbjxcøo, m bm efrm kj hfosjaucr uo buamr nuotf mb dujaf, kcsputmr pfr bm hf`ckm f pfr bfs prc`jrfs pujstfs jo jb bmvmgf, bm fgbcamgm m maukczmr su coajocf. M kcdjrjohcm kj bm jshujbm kj hmrckmk hmrc kmk kj Wche`fok, Wche`fok, kfokj kfokj hf`pmrtàmo bctjrm jotrj trjs y fhef `uhemhefs, jo Hfwmo Grckaj hmkm hm`m jrm hf`pmrtckm pfr  kfs mbu`oms, uom `fkmbckmk þtcb pmrm bms ofhejs covjrombjs. Jo hm`gcf, jb  pmsjf vjrmocjaf kj trjs lcbø`jtrfs lcbø`jtrfs m pcj pmrm mscstcr m bm b m cabjscm c abjscm bfs b fs kf`coa kf`coafs  pfr bm `mýmom sj hfovjrtàm, trms bms ejbmkms covjrombjs, covjrombjs, jo uom uom jspjhc jspjhcjj kj rctumb kj smhrcdchcf. Zgchmkm jotrj uoms fokubmotjs hfbcoms sco rjpmrf, bm cabjscm kj [uostmbb kfokj jb rjvjrjokf Hmrus Qcbsfo jrm vchmrcf hmrjhàm kj hec`jojm f grmsjrf, pjrf of kj sjrvchcf vjspjrtcof. Ymrm pfkjr mscstcr tm`gcão m bfs sjr`fojs sjr`fojs kj bm tmrkj ‛kjspuãs kj emgjr pmrtchcpmkf pmr tchcpmkf kj bfs `mtutco mtutcofs‛, fs‛, bms cotjroms hf`àmo uom vcmokm dràm jo uom jspjhcj kj vjstàgubf mgcjrtf m bms ambjràms, motjs kjb sjrvchcf. Bujaf j`prjokàmo jb hm`cof kj vujbtm. Jb prj`cf kf`cochmb, uom rjgmomkm jotjrm kj pmo hfrfomkm pfr uom `motjhm quj bmozmgm

 

kjstjbbfs kj frf, bjs prfvfhmgm tmb kjbchcm quj bfs kàms kj bbuvcm jb cohfovjocjotj kj pjr`mojhjr hfo bfs pcjs y bfs zmpmtfs `fnmkfs kjspuãs kj bms hm`comtms of jrm tjockf jo hujotm. Muoquj bm vjstc`jotm jshfbmr of cohbuàm  gftms, bms ocýms sj hmbzmgmo uofs uofs hemohbfs hemohbfs kj `mkjrm, sc` sc `cbmrjs cbmr js m bfs kj bbmm tàm Grmowjbb, quj m pjsmr kj dcbtrmr bm ocjvj y jb maum prftjaàmo jo pmrtj bfs zmpmtfs. Zom kj bms mbu`oms  ‛ quj quj jodjr`ø jo bm jshujbm ‛   rjhfrkø jstmr  sjotmkm sjot mkm jo bm ca c abjscm bjsc m kurmotj kurmotj tfkf jb kàm hfo bfs pcjs pcj s `fnmkfs. `fnmkfs. Bms ofhejs sj kjkchmgmo mb hmtjhcs`f> ‒…Bms efrms kjkchmkms m sjr`fojs, bjhturms, jshrcturms y bjhhcfojs rjbcacfsms jrmo tmo crrmzfomgbjs jo Hfwmo Grckaj quj yf tj`f quj jbbfs of prf`fvàmo bm smbvmhcøo kjb mb`m co`frtmb‐ 18 , kcnf uom mbu`om quj bujaf `urcø kj hfosuohcøo, jb of`grj quj sj kmgm jotfohjs jot fohjs m bm tugjrhubfscs. tugjrhubfscs. Ftrm, quj rjhfrkmgm m bms ejr`moms Grfotì, hfodcr`ø quj ‒jrm usumb quj hmkm mbu`om rjpctcjrm bm `mýmom kjb kf`coaf uo vjrsàhubf kj su prfpcm jbjhhcøo, y hrjf quj qucjo emgàm sckf hmstcamkf pfr rfgmr pmo, jo su turof rjpjtàm jb vjrsf quj kjhbmrm quj jb ef`grj of kjsprjhcj mb bmkrøo quj rfgm  pmo pmrm smtcsdmhjr su em` em`grj‐ grj‐1; . Jo bm jshujbm pmrm ecnfs kj hbãrcafs Qffkefusj Arfvj, kjb tàf Djoojbb, bfs vmrfojs of afzmgmo kj uom kcshcpbcom `ís gjoãvfbm> sj bjvmotmgmo m bms sjcs  pmrm bmvmrsj bmvmr sj y m bms sjcs y `jkcm `jkcm hf`joz hf`jozmgmo mgmo bms pbjamrcms, bms bjhturms kj bm Gcgbcm y bms bjhhcfojs, søbf cotjrru`pckms pfr uoms druambjs hf`ckms emstm bm efrm kj cr m kfr`cr. Bms ocýms kj Hfwmo Grckaj tjoàmo kfs hfrtfs `f`jotfs kj rjhrjmhcøo, m`gfs kj `jkcm efrm, quj trmoshurràmo jo uo pmtcf sf`gràf, mb quj kjtjstmgmo. Yjrf bm aftm quj hfb`ø jb hujohf sj dcbtrø pfr bm kjspjosm. Xj hfosckjrmgm quj bm jshujbm emhàm armokjs jhfof`àms kjgckf m bm gmnm huftm quj pmamgmo bfs dm`cbcmrjs kj bms kcshàpubms y m bms sushrcphcfojs gjoãdchms quj, pfr trmtmrsj kj uo jstmgbjhc`cjotf oujvf, of rjsubtmgmo `uy prøkcams. Xj jhfof`czmgm hfo druchcøo jo hmroj, emrcom y bjhej, quj jrmo kj `mbm hmbckmk. Bms pupcbms tf`mgmo su pftmnj kj mvjom hfo sustmohcms jxtrmýms dbftmokf jo bm

 

supjrdchcj, mtrcguckms pfr Hemrbfttj, `uhefs mýfs kjspuãs, m bm kjdchcjotj ecacjoj kj bm hfhcojrm f mb jstmkf kj bm bjhej sco rjdrcajrmr. Mb bjjr  Nmoj Jyrj  jo =5;1, uom kj bms kcshàpubms kj Hfwmo Grckaj rjhfofhcø co`jkcmtm`jotj m bfs pjrsfomnjs y of hfosckjrø jxmajrmkms bms kjshrcphcfojs kj Hemrbfttj> ‒Bm hfhcojrm jrm `uy suhcm jo bm hfhcom y pfhf m`mgbj hfo ofsftrms jo ajojrmb. Sf vjàm armsm dbftmokf jo bm bjhej f jo jb maum y rjhujrkf pjrdjhtm`jotj bm vjz jo quj duc jovcmkm m bm hfhcom pmrm gushmr uom tmzm kj tã pmrm uom `mjstrm jodjr`m y vc m bm hfhcojrm rjvfbvjr jb tã hfo jb `cs`f kjkf hfo jb quj jstmgm hfhcomokf hmroj jo jsj `f`jotf‐ 1: . Jb `joþ `joþ cokchmgm uo trfzf trfzf kj tfrtm kj mvjom pmrm bms pupcbms quj ojhjsctmrmo uom `jrcjokm, muoquj pfr jshrctf of sj jspjhcdchmgm bm hmtjafràm kj ojhjsckmk (bms kcshàpubms kjhbmrmrfo tjojr em`grj tfkfs bfs kàms). Js `uy pfscgbj quj J`cby emym `jrjokmkf pmo y bjhej m bms hcohf kj bm tmrkj, rjdrcajrcf prjvcstf  pmrm bms `ís pjqujýms, muoquj muoquj bms `myfrjs søbf hf`àmo hf`àmo `jkcm rjgmomkm kj  pmo. Jo bm hjom rjpjtàmo bm `jkcm rjgmomkm, hfo jb marjamkf marjamkf kj uo vmsf vms f kj maum. Bm hmroj, sjaþo pmrjhj kjgckf m bm ojabcajohcm kj bm hfhcojrm (uom `unjr  kj jotjrm hfodcmozm kjb rjvjrjokf Qcbsfo), sj prjsjotmgm m vjhjs jo `mb jstmkf, hf`f kjouohcmrfo bujaf motcaums mbu`oms. Jb jkcdchcf jstmgm covmkckf  pfr uo pjojtrmo pjojtrmotj tj fbfr m armsm rmohcm r mohcm prfvjocjotj prfvjocjotj kjb efrof efrof sco sc o msjmr kfo kf okj sj hfhcomgmo hmrojs kj fvjnm f kj vmhm, pmstjbjs kj pmpm y gukcojs kj kcstcotms hbmsjs. Bfs gukcojs, hfodjhhcfomkfs hfo mrrfz ejrvckf y sjrvckf jo uom jspjhcj kj nmrmgj kj mzþhmr, m vjhjs jrmo rjhemzmkfs pfr bms mbu`oms pfrquj su mspjhtf kjouohcmgm quj jb maum, rjhfackm kj bm bbuvcm jo uom hugm kj `mkjrm, trmàm hfo jbbm jb pfbvf y tcjrrm kj bfs tjhefs. Yjrf bm hf`ckm `ís mgfrrjhckm kj Hfwmo Grckaj jrm jb mb`ujrzf kj bfs sígmkfs> pmstjb kj hmroj y  pmpms jbmgfrmkf jb mgfrmkf hfo bms sfgrms sfgr ms mhu` mhu`uubmkms jo j o tfkm bm sj`mom. sj`mom. Ymrm kcshubpmr m bm sjýfrctm Jvmos, cospcrmhcøo kj bm gfokmkfsm sjýfrctm [j`pbj kj Nmoj Jyrj, uom kj bms hf`pmýjrms kj bms ocýms Grfotì mbjaø quj bm supjrcotjokjotm ‒jstmgm `uy mtmrjmkm y of scj`prj smgàm sfgrj bm `mojrm jo

 

quj ãrm`fs trmtmkms‐14   pmrm bujaf hfotmr uom pjqujým ecstfrcm quj pfkràm cohbucrsj jo bms pmrígfbm pm rígfbmss kjb rjvjrjokf Qcbs Qcbsfo> fo> ‒Jb kfr`ctfrcf jo qu qujj kfr`àm @mrcm jrm uom armo smbm… y jo jb dfokf… emgàm uom pjqujým emgctmhcøo… quj jstmgm prjpmrmkm pmrm jb usf kj bm sjýfrctm Xhmthejrk. …Zom `mýmom jo quj @mrcm sj emgàm kjspjrtmkf vjrkmkjrm`jotj `mb pfr tjojr uo vjncamtfrcf** vjncamtfrcf **   jo jb hfstmkf (y bm ejrckm of jstmgm hf`pbjtm`jotj hjrrmkm), mb sfomr bm hm`pmom  pmrm bjvmotmrsj, bm pfgrj jxprjsø quj sj sjotàm sjotàm tmo jod jodjr` jr`m, m, tmo rjmb rjmb` `jotj jotj jodjr`m, quj moejbmgm qujkmrsj jo bm hm`m. Mbauoms kj bms ocýms bj coscstcjrfo  pmrm quj bf b f echcjrm y bj kcnjrfo kcnjr fo quj jbbms jbbm s sj bf jxpbchmràmo jxpbchmràm o tfkf m bm sjýfrc sjýfrctm tm [j`pbj, bm supjrcotjokjotm. Yjrf bm sjýfrctm Xhmthejrk jstmgm mb bmkf y @mrcm tuvf tuvf quj sfpfrtmr sfpfr tmr su crm motjs motjs kj quj bm m`mgbj sfbchctuk sfb chctuk kj bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm [j` [j`pbj pbj  pukcjrm cotjrvjocr. cotjrvjocr. Yfr bf humb bm b m ocým jodjr`m jodjr`m hf`joz hf`jozøø m vjstcrsj, tj`gbmokf tj`gbmokf kj dràf, y sco kjnmr bm hm`m sj pusf bjotm`jotj sus `jkcms ojarms jo bms kjbamkms pcjroms (bm codfr`mkfrm hujotm quj jo humotf vcf jstf scotcø uom sjvjrm cokcaomhcøo). Jotfohjs bm sjýfrctm Xhmthejrk smbcø kj su emgctmhcøo y, sco dfr`ubmr uom sfbm pmbmgrm pmrm pjkcr uom jxpbchmhcøo m bm `uhemhem jodjr`m y msustmkm, bm mscø pfr jb grmzf, pfr jb `cs`f bmkf kfokj jb vjncamtfrcf emgàm sckf s ckf mpbchmk mp bchmkf, f, y hfo uo uo vcafrfsf vcafrfsf `fvc`cjot fvc`cjotff bm tcrø mb sujbf, cosubtíokfbm pfr tjojr eígctfs tmo suhcfs y kjsfrkjomkfs. S mbbà bm kjnø. Bm codfr`motj hujotm quj @mrcm mpjoms emgbø, jxhjptf pmrm supbchmr m mbauom kj sus cokcaomkms hf`pmýjrms quj sj trmoqucbczmrmo. Kjspmhcf, hfo `fvc`cjotfs tj`gbfrfsfs y `uhems pmusms, gmnø bms jshmbjrms. Duj hmstcamkm pfr emgjrsj rjtrmsmkf‐ 11 . Jstj tjxtf `mrtcrfbøachf kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, prc`jrm gcøarmdm kj bms ejr`moms Grfotì, mb rjj`pbmzmr bfs of`grjs vjrkmkjrfs kj bms `mjstrms pfr  bfs dchhcfombjs kj  Nmoj Jyrj, Mokrjws pfr Xhmthejrk y Jvmos pfr [j`pbj (‒sus vjrkmkjrfs of`grjs tjokrã bm ajojrfsckmk kj of rjvjbmr‐ 15 ), emhj uom mstutm fpjrmhcøo quj hf`gcom rjmbckmk y dchhcøo, hf`f sc puaomrm pfr  hfovjohjr mb `ís pfrdcmkf kj bfs hràtchfs kj bfs Gjbb kj bm smhrmbczmhcøo kj

 

bms ejr`moms. Hfo uom kjbchmkjzm kj bm quj hmrjhcø bm prfsm kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, Hemrbfttj of `johcfoø jb vjncamtfrcf, pjrf jo uom hmrtm mb jkctfr  Qcbbcm` X`cte Qcbbcm`s bj hfodcr`ø quj jb pjrsfomnj kj Ejbjo Guros jstmgm cospcrmkf jo su ejr`mom. Bfs prc`jrfs kàms kj kchcj`grj @mrcm `fstrø hbmrfs scaofs kj hfosuohcøo, muoquj su pmkrj of duj codfr`mkf scof emstm kfs `jsjs kjspuãs. Bm `cs`m mbu`om kj bfs pcjs `fnmkfs bujaf jshrcgcø> ‒Sf sudràm tmotf pfr jb trmtm`cjotf quj jo bfs þbtc`fs trjs `jsjs of jstmgm ouohm jo jb mubm kj hbmsj, jxhjptf uom sj`mom motjs kj cr`j pfr hfosuohcøo. @c `mkrj ouohm duj codfr`mkm kj `c jodjr`jkmk, muoquj jstuvj mb gfrkj kj bm `ujrtj. Humokf `j vcf  ‛ yf yf sfy su þochm ecnm ‛   `c `mkrj qujkø tmo c`prjscfomkm pfr `c mpmrcjohcm quj sj rjeusø m jovcmr`j kj oujvf‐ 13 . M `jkcmkfs kj djgrjrf kj =57:, jb armvj jstmkf kj smbuk kj @mrcm fgbcaø mb sjýfr Hmrus Qcbsfo m bbm`mr m su pmkrj, qucjo mhukcø kj co`jkcmtf y sj bm bbjvø m bm rjhtfràm. Humokf sj kjhbmrø fdchcmb`jotj jb tcdus pjr`mojhàmo jo bm jshujbm Hemrbfttj y J`cby nuotf m Jbczmgjte, huyf afbpj jo bm hmgjzm kjgj kj emgjr sckf hurmkf pfrquj of sj vfbvcø m `johcfomr. Jo uo prcohcpcf kjtjhtmkf hf`f uom ‒dcjgrj gmnm‐, jb tcdus mdjhtø m uoms humrjotm mbu`oms. Jb dràf, bfs  pcjs eþ`jkfs þ`jkfs kurmotj kurmotj bfs trmyjhtfs trmyjhtfs kj ckm y vujbtm m bm cabjscm y bms hfokchcfojs kj cosmbugrckmk kjb maum kj bbuvcm kcsj`comrfo bm jpckj`cm. Jo bm  prc`mvjrm kj =57: jb rjvjrjokf rjvjrj okf Qcbsfo cbsf o bbm`ø m su huýmkf `ãkchf, mb quj Hemrbfttj rjhujrkm emgjr vcstf jo bm jshujbm, quj jshupcø bbjof kj crm bm huhemrmkm kj mvjom hfo bjhej jo `mb jstmkf quj prfgø jo bm hfhcom. Kj co`jkcmtf rjhf`jokø quj bms ocýms dujrmo smhmkms kjb buamr kj codjhhcøo y jb 8= kj `myf Hemrbfttj y J`cby hfo sus hf`pmýjrms dujrfo jovcmkms m Xcbvjrkmbj, Xcbvjr kmbj, uom hmsm kj vjrmojf vj rmojf kjb sjýfr s jýfr Qcbs Qcbsfo fo jo Bmohmsecrj. mohmsecrj. Jbczmgjte, kjgcbctmkm pfr bm jodjr`jkmk, jb `cs`f kàm duj bbjvmkm m su hmsm  pfr uom uom sjrvckfrm sjrvc kfrm kj Hfwmo Grckaj, Grc kaj, uom uom tmb sjýfrm Emrkmhrj, jo uo hmrrumnj hmr rumnj  pþgbchf.  pþgbch f. Of eugf tcj`pf, tcj`pf, f vfbuotmk, vfbuotmk, kj quj bm gushmrm su pmkrj. Yjrf bm

 

hcrhuostmohcm kj quj mb kàm scaucjotj kj su mrrcgf m Emwfrte jb sjýfr Grfotì tf`mrm uo hfhej y dujrm m Xcbvjrkmbj m gushmr m Hemrbfttj y J`cby cokchm quj jb jstmkf kj Jbczmgjte jrm mbmr` mbmr `motj. motj. Bm hujotm hfo bfs amstfs bbjaø m Emwfrte jb 78 kj sjptcj`grj kj =57:. Jb  pírrfhf kjgàm m Hfwmo Grckaj mbaf `ís kj kfs bcgrms. bcgr ms. Bm jxpjrcjohcm kj sus ecnms jo bm Jshujbm pmrm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs bj emgàm hfstmkf fhejotm bcgrms, hmsc bm `ctmk kj su coarjsf moumb, sco hfotmr bf kj`ís.

*  Mutfrm, jotrj ftrms fgrms, kj  Wjgj  Wjgjhh hhmm  y  Bfs pín pínmrfs mrfs,, jshrcgcø  Bj `fok `fokjj codjro cod jromb mb kj  Grmowjbb  Grmowj bb Grfotì  (=349).  (=349). ** ** Bm  Bm mpbchmhcøo kj jxtrmhtf kj hmotírckms prfkuhj vjncams f m`pfbbms hfo kcstcotfs dcojs `ãkchfs. Bm codbm`mhcøo y bm supurmhcøo hfoscaucjotjs sfo `uy kfbfrfsms, pfr bf quj kjnø kj usmrsj.

 

HMYÀ[ZBF CCC JXYJH[WFX, @CBMAWFX S MYMWCHCFOJX Jo `myf kj =57: jb  Gbmhlwffk   @mamzcoj @mamzcoj  pugbchø uo pfj`m quj omrrmgm bm ecstfrcm kj kfs ocýms, ejr`moms `jbbczms, quj `urcjrfo uom kjspuãs kj ftrm, bm  prc`jrm kj tu tugjrhubfscs, gjrhubfscs, bm sjauokm sjauokm kj trcstjzm. Yrfgmgbj` Yrfgmgb j`jot jotjj bm b m rjvcstm rj vcstm bbjaø b bjaø m hmsm kj bfs Grfotì uof f kfs `jsjs `ís tmrkj, kj `fkf quj Grmowjbb pukf emgjr bjàkf jb pfj`m humokf Jbczmgjte bbjaø m su hmsm f muo bujaf. F tmb vjz of bf bjyø ouohm. Yjrf kfs mýfs y `jkcf `ís tmrkj sj mprjokcø kj `j`frcm ‒Hercst`ms Krjm`s‐, ftrf pfj`m quj tm`gcão mpmrjhcø jo jb Gbmhlwffk , pmrm rjprfkuhcr sus vjrsfs jo uom hmrtm mb jkctfr jb 5 kj kchcj`grj kj =58:> ‒―Ymrjhcjrm quj duj tmotf, tmotf tcj`pf mtrís, humokf gmcbígm`fs tf`mkfs kj bm `mof hfo oujstrm ejr`mom kj hmgjbbfs kfrmkfs m qucjo tfkfs bfs quj bm `crmgmo of pfkàmo jvctmr m`mr. Ymrjhcjrm quj duj `uhef, `uhef tcj`pf mtrís jb kàm jo quj `urcø. Mqujbbm efrm `uhef `ís jspmotfsm quj humbqucjr ftrm quj ofs pukcjrm hmkm pmsmrvjz mefrm jbbm,bjotm`jotj su mtmþk y kjotrf mqujb dãrjtrf kj tjrhcfpjbf kjshjokàmo `ís‛humokf bjotm`jotj, kjb efrrcgbj gmrrf y ofsftrfs omhàm`fs hf`f `ujrtfs, kjsjmokf kjsmpmrjhjr kjb hj`jotjrcf kj bm cabjscm mb quj jo jsj `f`jotf pjosígm`fs quj ouohm `ís pfkràm`fs vfbvjr–59 . Drma`jotfs hf`f ãstj, sjýfr ‛humokf jstj þbtc`f duj jshrctf `c ejr`mom `urcø‛, drma`jotfs hf`f ãstfs, bjàkfs jotfohjs y rjhfrkmkfs mefrm, smhmo m rjbuhcr sjotc`cjotfs quj vujbvf m rjpjtcr cokjshrcptcgbjs‐5= . [ãhochm`jotj jrm uo jrrfr, pfrquj emgàm sckf jb pfj`m sfgrj bms `jbbczms kj =57: jb pugbchmkf mb `frcr @mrcm, y of ‒Hercst`ms Krjm`s‐< pjrf su

 

kjsjspjrmhcøo pmrjhàm cotmhtm. Xc Mooj y Grmowjbb vcjrfo m @mrcm jo jb `f`jotf jo quj bbjaø jodjr`m m bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb, js pfscgbj quj emym sckf m bm kcstmohcm, `cjotrms su pmkrj bm sugàm m bm emgctmhcøo, f m jshfokckms kj bm tàm, quj vjbmgm su sujýf f su bjtmraf. Kurmotj bms fohj sj`moms jo quj trmosctø bms jtmpms dcombjs kj bm hfosuohcøo, ‒jxecgcø `uhefs sàotf`ms kj uo hfrmzøo gmnf bm codbujohcm kcvcom‐57 , kcnf bujaf jb pírrfhf. Mooj y Grmowjbb kjgjo emgjr fdchcmkf kj `mokmkjrfs kurmotj jsfs kfs `jsjs y `jkcf, sugcjokf y gmnmokf rjhmkfs,  pøhc`ms, gmhcocbbms< gmhcocbbm s< sco kukm jshuhemrfo jshuhemrfo tfsjs y mbauofs mbauofs susurrfs susurrfs y emstm su vfz rjzmokf f kjbcrmokf. Jb vcjrojs 4 kj `myf, humokf `urcø, kjgjo kj emgjr  vcstf bm hmrm píbckm, bfs hmgjbbfs hmstmýfs. Jb pmkrj qucsf jspjrmr sjcs kàms  pmrm quj jb duo duojrmb hfcohckcjsj hfo jb Kàm kj bm Mshjoscøo kjb Xjýfr y duj duj jb rjvjrjokf Qcbbcm` @framo, jb tàf quj emgàm rjambmkf m bfs ocýfs bms gftms kj hfbfrjs, jb `cs`f quj bm emgàm gmutczmkf fohj mýfs motjs, qucjo rjmbczø jb sjrvchcf rjbca rjb cacfsf. cfsf. Bm pjrjarcomhcøo kjb grjvj hfrtjnf bbjvmokf jb dãrjtrf m trmvãs kjb hj`jotjrcf, kjskj jb pfrtmb kj bm rjhtfràm emstm bm cabjscm ‛jb pmkrj, bm tàm, bfs ocýfs, tmb vjz [mggy‛, sj jxtjokcø søbf uofs `jtrfs. Yjrf jrm prc`mvjrm y jb  pírm`f jstmgm jstmgm dbfrjhckf dbfrjhc kf hfo jb hfbfr pþrpurm kj bfs grjzfs. Bfs Bfs ocýfs pfkràmo pfkrà mo emgjr vcstf jo jb sfb y bms dbfrjs uo scaof kj bm hfokchcøo hjbjstcmb kj su ejr`mom, pjrf Grmowjbb jshrcgcø> ‒Jb jspmhcf scbjohcfsf ‛jb tjrrcgbj dràf‛  jo jb quj jshfokà bm pmbckjz kj `c hmrm… Xc of emy Kcfs, of emy hcjbf, of emy codcjrof…‐58 . Muoquj jb sjýfr Grfotì emym mcsbmkf m sus ecnfs kurmotj bm jodjr`jkmk pmrm prjvjocr uo hfotmacf, duj cojvctmgbj quj Grmowjbb qujkmrm cofhubmkf pfr bm pfãtchm kj bm `ujrtj kj su ejr`mom emstm jb puotf kj hfovjrtcrbm jo bm ejrfàom kj sus duturfs pfj`ms y tjxtfs bctjrmrcfs, jo  pmrtchubmr jo bm sjrcj sjrc j kj ‒Hmrfbco ‒Hmrfbc oj‐ y jo jb pjrsfomnj kj @mry Yjrhy, Yjrhy, kuqujsm kuqujsm kj ^m`from. Jb mtmþk duj jotjrrmkf jo bm gøvjkm kj bm cabjscm, nuotf mb kj su `mkrj.

 

@mrcm emgàm pmsmkf fhef `jsjs jo bm jshujbm. Of emy rjacstrf kj quj emym rjarjsmkf ‛oc jbbm oc sus ejr`moms ‛  pmrm  pmrm pmsmr bm Omvckmk hfo su dm`cbcm jo kchcj`grj. Jb `ãkchf quj bm vcf jo Emwfrte humokf bbjaø f`ctcø mkvjrtcr mb  pmkrj jb hmríhtjr mbtm`jot mbtm`jotjj hfotmacfsf hfotmacfsf kj bm jod jodjr` jr`jkmk, jkmk, pfrquj ãstj of vfbvcø mb hfbjacf jo jsj `f`jotf m codfr`mrsj sfgrj jb jstmkf kj sus ftrms ecnms, oc emy hmrtms quj tjstc`focjo coqucjtuk. Jotrj bm djhem kjb duojrmb y bm kj bm bbjamkm m bm rjhtfràm kj Jbczmgjte, `frcguokm, søbf pmsmrfo kcjhcfhef kàms. Mb rjhcgcrbm jsm ofhej jo jb prjsgctjrcf bm dm`cbcm mkvcrtcø jb mrhf sc`ãtrchf hfo bm sctumhcøo kj @mrcm. Jb mrrcgf mb kàm scaucjotj kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby,  píbckms,  píbck ms, j`pjqujýjhckms j`pjqujýjhckms pfr bm kjbamkjz, msustmkms msustmkms pjrf of jodjr` jodjr`ms, ms, `fstrmgm uo mrhf covjrtckf. Bm jodjr`jkmk kj Jbczmgjte jrm bm `cs`m quj bm kj @mrcm, tugjrhubfscs pub`fomr y of jb tcdus quj mdjhtø m bm `myfràm kj sus hfokcshàpubms. Jbczmgjte `urcø kfs sj`moms `ís tmrkj kj emgjr bbjamkf mb pírm`f. Jb hu`pbjmýfs oþ`jrf fhef kj Grmowjbb, quj sj hjbjgrmgm uofs kàms kjspuãs, kjgj kj emgjr hmusmkf pfhf rjvujbf r jvujbf jo bm hmsm. hm sm. Jo ‒Hmrfbco ‒Hmrfbc oj‐ of bf `johcfom johcfom  pjrf jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m su m`caf m`caf Nfsjpe Bjybmok jybmok jo =5;5 quj jb pfj`m pfj`m jstmgm cospcrmkf jo bm `ujrtj kj sus ejr`moms. ‒[fkf bf kj`ís sj prjsjotm jo gbmohf> jb `mrzf kfbcjotj, jb c`pfojotj kjsdcbj kj moaustcm, bm `mrhem gmnf jb mrhf kjb hj`jotjrcf kj bm cabjscm, bm `uhejku`grj quj sj uoàm mb jspjhtíhubf… @c buamr f `cs pjosm`cjotfs jo `jkcf kj jsj hfrtjnf jo vmof trmtf kj rjhfrkmr. Of pfkàm oc pjosmr oc vjr, of `j c`pfrtmgm emgjr omhckf. Xøbf sjotàm quj bm `ujrtj emgàm mpmrtmkf m `c Hmrfbcom kj `c bmkf… Bmrafs mýfs of emo pfkckf gfrrmr bf motcomturmb y jxtrmýf kj jsj kàm.‐5;

 

Jb 78 kj sjptcj`grj kj =57:, nuotf hfo bm hujotm kj amstfs kj bm jshujbm, jb sjýfr Grfotì rjhcgcø uom hmrtm kj hfokfbjohcm kj bm sjýfrctm Jvmos. Bm `cscvm tjr`comgm> ‒Bj jovcm`fs hfrkcmbjs rjspjtfs m ustjk hfo m`fr pmrm bm qujrckm Hemrbfttj y bm pjqujým J`‐5: . Muoquj sujoj comk`cscgbj, bms dcomozms f bms hfovchhcfojs pjkmaøachms c`pubsmrfo mb sjýfr Grfotì m vfbvjr m jovcmr m Hemrbfttj y m J`cby m Hfwmo Grckaj. Ãb emgàm pmamkf bm jshfbmrckmk y mbfnm`cjotf kj sus ecnms pfr  mkjbmotmkf, y jo jstm jhfof`àm bms vmhmhcfojs jstmgmo cohbuckms. Jb hfbjacf jstmgm kjvmstmkf y pjr`mojhcjrfo søbf uo `js, pjrf jstm vjz Hemrbfttj johfotrø uom m`cam quj bj grcokø prftjhhcøo. @jbbmojy Emyoj, uom mbu`om motcbbmom kj kcjhcscjtj mýfs, emgàm bbjamkf m bm jshujbm hfo su ejr`mom `myfr   pfhf kjspuãs k jspuãs quj bms ocýms Grfotì. Grfotì. Euãrdmom Euãrdmom y vjrkmkjrm vjr kmkjrm ecnm kj bm pmrrfqucm

 

ym quj sus amstfs jstmgmo sugvjohcfomkfs pfr bm Xfhcjkmk kj Euãrdmofs kj Hbãrcafs, @jbbmojy `uhe `uhems ms vjhjs bm kjdjokàm kjdjokàm kj bms b ms ccot otrf` rf`csc cscfojs fojs f conustchcms kj bms `myfrjs. Kj tfkms `mojrms, jo bms tmrkjs kj bcgjrtmk, `cjotrms bm dcjgrj msfbmgm jb hfbjacf, Hemrbfttj prjdjràm mbjnmrsj kj sus hfokcshàpubms pmrm sjotmrsj sfgrj bm pcjkrm sjotmrsj pc jkrm kj k j uo mrrfyf prøxc`f prøxc`f y ` `crmr crmr pmsmr jb mau maum. m. Bfs jshrctfs kj bfs nøvjojs Grfotì jbukjo humbqucjr hfokjom m su pmkrj f m bm tàm Grmowjbb pfr bm `ujrtj kj bms ocýms. Mb dco y mb hmgf, ãb emgàm cotjotmkf kmrbjs jb gcjo `ís rjspjtmkf pmrm uo hbãrcaf pfgrj gjhmkf jo Hm`grckaj> uom jkuhmhcøo. (Duj (Duj bm jxpubsc jxpubscøo øo kj Ejmtehbcdd Ejmtehbcdd kj bm smbm kj jstukcf kj bfs b fs ocýfs jb  pjfr hmstcaf quj quj sj bj fhurrcø fhurrc ø mb Ecokbjy Jmrosemw Jmrosemw kj Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms.)  Of js prfgmgbj quj mbauo mbauof kj bfs ejr`mofs ejr`mofs emym emym vcstf mqujbbm hmrtm quj jb sjýfr Grfotì emgàm `mokmkf m su majotj kj ojafhcfs> ‒…jstfy jovcmokf m ftrm kj `cs ocýms m bm jshujbm, bf humb mb prcohcpcf `j vm fhmscfomr mbauofs amstfs,  pjrf mb dcomb dcomb of vfy m pjrkjr, ym ym quj mefrm mefrm tjoaf tjoaf kfs scrvcjotms sc rvcjotms pjrf buja b ujaff vfy m tf`mr søbf m uom `unjr `myfr.‐54 . Bms hcrhuostmohcms quj rfkjmrfo bms `ujrtjs kj @mrcm y Jbczmgjte, mkj`ís kj prfpfrhcfomr m bfs ocýfs uom kc`joscøo tjrrjomb kj bm dchhcøo hmbvcocstm kjb rjvjrjokf rjvjrj okf Hmrus Hmrus Qcbsfo, hrcstmbczmrfo hr cstmbczmrfo su c`macomhcøo c`macomhcøo jo kjsvmràfs kjsvmrà fs tjojgrfsfs y dmotístchfs m tfof hfo bm bctjrmturm aøtchm kj bm ãpfhm. Grmowjbb jshuheø `uhems vjhjs bm vfz kj @mrcm ac`cjokf mb ftrf bmkf kj bms vjotmoms< m bfs trjhj mýfs jshrcgcø uo pfj`m jo jb quj jb omrrmkfr hfotj`pbm m su ejr`mom ymhcjotj jo uo mtmþk> ‒S, kjskj jsj `f`jotf, yf pujkf sjotcr bfs scbjohcfsfs mkjfs ‛bm rjpuaomotj drcmbkmk‛ hfo bm quj jshfokà `c rfstrf kj`ukmkf‐51 . Mkj`ís kj jshrcgcr sfgrj jspjhtrfs y sfgrj sus prfpcms cbu`comhcfojs jo jb kcmrcf àotc`f quj bbjvø m bfs hmtfrhj mýfs, jo uom ecstfrcm kj =581 Hemrbfttj kjshrcgcø bfs pjosm`cjotfs kj uom ocým jo jb duojrmb kj su ejr`mom> ‒…jb ràackf y mbmramkf hujrpf ymhcjokf jo su mtmþk jo bm `jsm kjb embb, bfs scrvcjot scrvc jotjs js emhcjokf uom uom rfokm pmr pmrmm hfotj`pbmr hfotj`pbmr m bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Emrrcjt pfr þbtc`m þbtc`m vjz, jb gjsf quj tuvf tuvf quj quj kmr mb hujrpf, tfkf eczf grftmr pfr vjz vj z prc`jrm prc`jrm jo j o su

 

codmotcb y vfbítcb hfrmzøo jb sjotc`cjotf kj quj Emrrcjt bfs emgàm kjnmkf pmrm scj`prj‐55 . Yfr hcjrtf, bfs ocýfs vcsctmgmo bms tu`gms tfkfs bfs kf`coafs jo bm cabjscm, kfokj prfotf sj jshuhemràm jb @jsàms  kj Eëokjb jo jb oujvf øramof mkqucrckf m costmohcms kjb rjvjrjokf. Hf`f gjojdchcf sjhuokmrcf f hfosjhujohcm ojhjsmrcm kj jsms `ujrtjs, kurmotj bfs scaucjotjs hcohf mýfs bfs ejr`mofs rjhcgcjrfo jkuhmhcøo prcvmkm kj su pmkrj, pujrtms mkjotrf kjb jstukcf kj bm pbmotm gmnm kj bm rjhtfràm. Jsj bmpsf mgmrhø bms prc`jrms hecspms kj su jxpbfscøo cotjbjhtumb y bm hfosfbckmhcøo kj uom druhtàdjrm hf`uocøo bctjrmrcm. Bm co`josm bcgjrtmk quj johfotrmgmo jo bm ajfarmdàm kj bfs pmotmofs sj mvcvmgm, ym jo bfs sjr`fojs kf`cochmbjs kjb hbãrcaf, ym jo bms ecstfrcms sfgrjomturmbjs omrrmkms jo bm hfhcom, uo `mtjrcmb bctþrachf quj cràm m jhemr kjstjbbfs jo tfkm su fgrm  pfstjrcfr. Js pfscgbj quj dujrm jo jsj vjrmof humokf sj johjokcø, pmrm of vfbvjr m mpmamrsj emstm su `ujrtj, bm hec`jojm kj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb. Jo jsm emgctmhcøo jxhjscvm`jotj hmbkjmkm jo tfkms bms jstmhcfojs kjb mýf bm tàm tf`mgm sus hf`ckms, `cjotrms jb sjýfr Grfotì tf`mgm bms suyms jo jb jstukcf y bfs ocýfs jo bm hfhcom. Bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb jodrjotø m bms rídmams kj vcjotf kj hcjo lcbø`jtrfs pfr efrm ‛bm `cs`m vjbfhckmk kjb vcjotf pmtmaøochf humokf humo kf mtrmvcjsm mtrmvc jsm bm jstjpm j stjpm sukm`jrch sukm`jrchmom mom ‛  hfo  hfo uoms hmpms bmrams y pmsmkms kj `fkm y uofs guhbjs pfstczfs quj of prfvfhmgmo jo bfs ocýfs mhhjsfs kj rcsm tmo durcguokfs hf`f jb hmrmhtjràstchf tmhfojf kj bfs hemohbfs kj `mkjrm quj mouohcmgmo su prfxc`ckmk. Jbbjo Oussjy, m`cam kj Hemrbfttj quj vcsctø bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb jo =588, eczf uom grjvj kjshrcphcøo kj bm km`m jo sus ‒Wj`cocshjohcms…‐, quj pugbchø jb Xhrcgojr–s @foteby kj Oujvm Sfrl jo =51=> ‒Bm sjýfrctm Grfotì jrm uom  pjqujým y motchumkm motchumkm km`m… km`m… Xcj`prj Xcj`prj sj vjstàm hfo sjkm y tjoàm tjoàm efrrfr mb hbc`m ofrtjýf y m bms gmbkfsms kjb sujbf kj bm Wjhtfràm… Emgbmgm m `joukf kj sus kàms kj nuvjotuk, kj bms mbjaràms kj su hcukmk, Yjozmohj, kjb híbckf

 

hbc`m. Jbbm prfgmgbj`jotj duj uom gjbbjzm ‛jotrj sus hfofhckfs‛, y pmrjhàm bm`jotmrsj kj bm vckm sfhcmb quj emgàm pjrkckf‐ 53 . Xco hmrtms quj rjacstrjo kj quã `fkf sj tf`ø bm kjhcscøo, y jo quã hfokchcfojs, bm tàm kjgcø jbc`comr tfkm pfscgcbckmk kj rjarjsmr m Yjozmohj. Xco kukm hfbmgfrmgm jo su prfpcm `moutjohcøo y jvjotumb`jotj hfo mbauofs amstfs kj bfs sfgrcofs, ym quj hfotmgm hfo bms hcohujotm bcgrms moumbjs ejrjkmkms kjb  pmkrj y hfo sus mefrrfs. Yfr su pmrtj, jb sujbkf pmrrfqucmb kj hcjotf sjtjotm sjtjotm bcgrms moumbjs fgbcamgm m bm dm`cbcm m uom sjvjrm mustjrckmk jo bfs amstfs kf`ãstchfs, ym quj jrm cosudchcjotj cohbusf prmhtchmokf bm `ís rcaurfsm jhfof`àm, sjaþo hfotø jb hbãrcaf m su m`caf Wchemrk Guro. M pmrtcr kj bms hmrtms kj Jbbjo y sfgrj tfkf kj bfs hecs`js kj bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet y bms ejr`moms Amrr, bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb qujkø jstca`mtczmkm hf`f uom sfbtjrfom dràm, sjhm y pfhf mdjhtufsm. ¶Xjràm hf`pbjtm`jotj kjsmhjrtmkf mtrcgucr bm ecpftãtchm mhrctuk kj bm tàm Grmowjbb mb hbc`m kj Emwfrte6 Of  pfkàm trmtmrsj sfbm`jotj sfbm`jotj kj bms ejbmkms rídmams rídmams kj Sfrlsecrj, frlsecrj, bjct`ftcv kj bm  pjbàhubm  pjbàh ubm kj Bucs Guýujb Guýujb sfgrj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  hfo jb ambío jspmýfb Nfraj @cstrmb hf`f Ejmtehbcdd. Jo  M  Mgcs`fs gcs`fs kj pmscøo  (=3:8) dujrfo bms tfr`jotms kj vcjotf pfbvfrcjotf y bms bbuvcms kjb kjscjrtf kj Aujrrjrf, jo @ãxchf, bms quj trmospfbmrfo bms gfrrmshms quj mtfr`jotmgmo m bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb. Bms gmbkfsms kj pcjkrm y bm hmrjohcm kj mbdf`grms of kjgàmo kj sjr  tmo cotfbjrmgbjs, pmrm uom `unjr hrcmkm jo uom hcukmk djstcvm y mbjarj, hf`f jb mcsbm`cjotf jo jb quj vcvàm bm dm`cbcm. Motj jb hàrhubf kj m`cafs kj [efrotfo, hfo bfs quj emgàm pmsmkf uo mýf, kcf `ujstrms kj sc`pmtàm y hmbckjz. Bm sjýfrctm Dcrte, bujaf kj su pmrtckm, moftø jo su kcmrcf> ‒Jbbm `j gjsø y jstmgm `uy j`fhcfomkm‐39 . Bm tàm Grmowjbb ‒of jrm bm hfodckjotj kj sus sfgrcoms‐ 3=   y su kcshcpbcom rjsubtmgm fprjscvm pmrm bms ocýms, rjvjbø jb hbãrcaf mýfs kjspuãs. Mooj jrm scj`prj ‒pmhcjotj y trmtmgbj y sj sf`jtàm hfo kubzurm m uom fprjscøo fhmscfomb, muo scotcãokfbm vcvm`jotj‐ pjrf, kj vjz jo humokf, bms ejr`moms

 

‒sj sjotàmo `frtcdchmkms pfr jsms pjqujýms tcrmoàms‐37 . Hemrbfttj, quj jo su ocýjz kjgàm tj`jrbj, jo su nuvjotuk marmkjhcø bfs eígctfs quj bj cohubhø> frkjo, `ãtfkf, uo pjrdjhtf hfofhc`cjotf kjb `mojnf kj bm hmsm y jxmhtm  puotu  puo tumbck mbckmk. mk. Of js kjsmtcomkf c`maco c`macomr mr quj tmbjs hffrkjomkms, quj bm mtfr`jotmrfo jo bm ocýjz, bj dujrfo þtcbjs pmrm hrjmr bms jstruhturms kj sus ofvjbms. @ís mkjbmotj bms nøvjojs emgbmràmo kj rjspjtf y kj gfrkmkfs pjrf… ¶off jrm uom `mojrm ¶o `mojrm coabjsm coabjsm kj rjdjrcrsj r jdjrcrsj m su mhrctu mhrc tuk6 k6 Xfgrj Xfgr j jsm `mtjrcm y ftrms rjbmtcvms m sus dmvfrctfs, bm gjgã Mooj y jb vmrøo Grmowjbb, pujkj bjjrsj jo hmkm uom uom kj bms b ms hmrtms hmr tms y kcmrcfs kj bm dm`cbc dm`cbcm. m. ‒Duj uom uom `mkrj `mkrj pmrm pm rm `à‐38 , kcnf bujaf Grmowjbb, y Mooj hmbbø. Hemrbfttj y J`cby, pfr hcjrtf, of bm m`mrfo. Jo bm Omvckmk kj =575 bm tàm bjs rjambø  @ j`frcms kj uo mgujbf kj Qmbtjr  Xhftt, jb mutfr dmvfrctf kj bfs ocýfs, quj ym mtjsfrmgmo  Jb hmotf kjb þbtc`f trfvmkfr . Bjàmo, mkj`ís kj bfs vfbþ`jojs `frmbjs kj Emoome @frj y ftrfs bcgrfs rjbcacfsfs, m Ef`jrf y m Efrmhcf kj bm gcgbcftjhm kj bfs hbíschfs kjb  pmkrj, quj usmgm jstfs jnj`pbmrjs jo bms bjhhcfojs bjhhc fojs kcmrcms. kcmr cms. Ymrm bms ocýms jrm jr m `uhef `ís jxhctmotj bjjr bfs jnj`pbmrjs kj  Bmky–  Bmky–ss @mamzcoj  quj emgàmo  pjrtjojhckf m su `mkrj `mkrj f m su tàm y quj su pmkrj pmkr j ‒uo ojarf ojarf kàm kàm‐‐3;  quj`ø pfr  hfosckjrmr quj hfotjoàmo ‒tfotms ecstfrcms kj m`fr‐. (Jstm mhhcøo pcrf`moàmhm kjb rjvjrjokf rjdujrzm bm vjrfsc`cbctuk kj bm ecstfrcm kj bms gftms kj hfbfrjs.) Jo fsmkm kcshrjpmohcm hfo su huýmkf, bm tàm hfosckjrmgm bms ecstfrcms kjb  Bmky–ss @mamzcoj  codcoctm`jotj supjrcfrjs m bm bctjrmturm `fkjrom kj gmnm  Bmky– hmbckmk y tjoàm jo mbtm jstc`m, tm`gcão, sus jnj`pbmrjs kj  Jb @jtfkcs @jtfkcstm tm  kj Yjozmohj, uom rjvcstm jo bm quj mguokmgmo bfhurm, `cbmarfs y mpmrchcfojs, mkvjrtjohcms sfgrjomturmbjs, sujýfs f`cofsfs y uo dmomtcs`f rmgcfsf. Bm jkchcøo kj =133 quj cohbuàm bm gcfarmdàm cohjstufsm kj Nfeo Lcoastfo, jom`frmkf kj su ejr`mom Nmoj, sj smbvø kjb dujaf, y jsf quj bfs pjhmkfrjs sj hmsmrfo jo =599. Jo su tjstc`focf sfgrj bm dm`cbcm Omohy Amrr jbfacø bm gfokmk kj bm kcduotm sjýfrm Grfotì y jonuchcø jb `mb eu`fr kj bm tàm, m bm quj mhusø kj tmhmým pfr 

 

‒aumrkmr bm bbmvj kj bm gfkjam pmrm kmr søbf `jkcm pcotm kcmrcm kj hjrvjzm m hmkm scrvcjotj‐3: . Jsm `jkcm pcotm y tfkf bf quj jbbm rjprjsjotmgm kjgj kj emgjr mhjbjrmkf su `mtrc`focf y, jo hfosjhujohcm, su mbjnm`cjotf kj bm hmsm  pmrrfqucmb. Mb rjarjsmr kjb hfbjacf Hemrbfttj y J`cby sj johfotrmrfo hfo quj sus qujrckms Xmrme y Omohy emgàmo sckf rjj`pbmzmkms pfr uom vcukm kj hcohujotm y trjs mýfs, [mgctem Mylrfyk. Bfs ecnfs kjb pírrfhf, efshfs y jxtrmýfs sjaþo sj kjhàm jo jb pujgbf, bm rjhcgcjrfo hfo uom grf`m tmo pmvfrfsm quj prfvfhø su euckm kj bm rjhtfràm. Jsm tmrkj bbjaø m hmsm kj su sfgrcof `uy msustmkm> ‒¡Qcbbcm`! ¡@j duc kj hmsm kjb sjýfr Grfotì pfrquj jstfy sjaurm kj quj sus ocýfs sj jstío vfbvcjokf bfhfs! ¡Sf `j qujkf mquà!‐. Humokf su sfgrcof jotrø m bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb pmrm hjrhcfrmrsj kj bfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs johfotrø m ‒bfs j oamýf. mýf. ocýfs rcão rc ãokfsj kfsj m hmrhmnmkms‐34  pfr jb ãxctf kjb joa [mggy sj msc`cbø m bm dm`cbcm hfo jb sjotckf kjb mnustj kj bms pcjzms quj uojo sus pmrtjs hfo uo hemsquckf. Kj su mhjptmhcøo jo bm hmsm kmo hujotm bms vjbmkms mbrjkjkfr kjb dujaf kj bm hfhcom, bms nfhfsms hctms m su kcmbjhtf kj Sfrlsecrj jo bm hfrrjspfokjohcm y bfs kcmrcfs kj bms ejr`moms y sfgrj tfkf bm eujbam eu jbam kj em`grj em`grj quj sj kjhbmrø kjhbmr ø humokf humokf bm tàm Grmowjbb qucsf kjspjkcrbm kjspjkc rbm jo jb mýf =584. Jo uom hmrtm m J`cby kj =5;8 Hemrbfttj grf`jø sfgrj sus pmpms efrojmkms, uom jspjhcj kj ‒pjam`jotf kj vjrkurm‐31 , pjrf jstmgm kjshrcgcjokf uom jshjom dm`cbcmr quj bj rjsubtmgm ‒kcvcom‐ 35 . ¶S bm hràtchm of hfbfhm jo uom ambjràm kj hurcfsckmkjs bms ‒armdàms kcmbjhtmbjs‐* kcmbjhtmbjs‐ * kjb Nfsjpe kj kcmbj htf kj Nfsjpe Nfsjp e js jb kj [mggy. mggy. Hu`grjs Hu`g rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms6 Jb kcmbjhtf ‒Jrm [mggy, jo kcmbjhtf, mpmrcjohcm y hmríhtjr uo pjrdjhtf jspãhc`jo kj bm `unjr kj Sfrlsecrj kj su hbmsj. Jstmgm kftmkm kj dujrtj sjotckf príhtchf y  pjrspchmhcm  pjrspc hmhcm.. Jo sus pmbmgrms of mguokmgmo mguokmgmo bfs hu`pbckfs hu`pbckfs,, pjrf kjrr kjrrfhemgm, fhemgm, jo hm`gcf, jojraàms jo gjojdchcf kj bfs quj afzmgmo kj su jstc`m. Afgjromgm m bfs ocýfs sjvjrm`jotj y, sco j`gmraf, ouohm jshmtc`ø uom `fbjstcm kj `ís  pmrm prfpfrhcfomrbjs prfp frhcfomrbjs hcjrtfs pjqujýfs austfs, austfs, kjotrf kjotrf kj sus pfscgcbckmkj pfscgc bckmkjs.‐ s.‐33 .

 

[mggy emgàm vcvckf jo Ofrte Wckcoa, sj hfotmgm, jo bm ãpfhm jo quj bfs hmgmbbfs kj hmram trmàmo, hfo su rjpchmr kj hm`pmoms, bfs dmrkfs kj bmom y bfs vàvjrjs kjskj Ljcaebjy, mtrmvjsmokf bms hfbcoms emstm Hfboj y Gurobjy. ‒Yjrf jstf emgàm suhjkckf motjs kj bfs `fbcofs kj bfs vmbbjs, humokf jb ecbmkf kj bm bmom sj emhàm m `mof jo bms armonms. Dujrfo bms dígrchms bms quj jhemrfo m bfs armonjrfs‐=99 , kjhàm [mggy. Jbbm smgàm ‒bfs `ís prfduokfs sjhrjtfs kjb vmbbj, bms bjyjokms kj bfs kàms motcaufs jo quj bfs kujokjs sj jshfokàmo jo bfs `írajojs kj bfs ràfs jo bms ofhejs kj buom bbjom‐ =9= , y emgàm hfofhckf m bm ajotj ajo tj kj bfs mbrjkjkfrjs, mbrj kjkfrjs, hfotmgm, hfotmgm, quj emgàm vcstf m jsfs kujokjs.   Jo jstm tj`pfrmkm kj qucjtuk kf`ãstchm Grmowjbb mdcoø su kjstrjzm jo bm  príhtchm kj bms bjoaums bjoaums hbíschms, hbísc hms, scj`prj gmnf bm tutjbm tutjbm kj su pmkrj. Bms moftmhcfojs mb `mrajo jo su jnj`pbmr bmtcof kjb Oujvf [jstm`jotf jxecgjo sus  prfarjsfs jo bm trmkuhhcøo trmkuhhcøo kjb bmtào mb coabãs coabãs y vchjvjrsm. vchjvjr sm. [m`gcão m`gcão kjgj kj emgjr johfotrmkf bm trmkuhhcøo kj bm  Cbà  Cbàmkm mkm kj Mbjxmokjr Efpj y bm Tckm kj bfs pfjtms  kj Nfeosfo, bm pfjsàm kj Guros y @ffrj jo bm gcgbcftjhm kjb `moscøo kj bfs Ejmtfo Ejmtfo,, quj vcsc vcsctmgm tmgm sjauokf pcsf kj Yfokjo Embb** Embb**,, bm vjhcom `moscøo hfo drjhujohcm. Jb bcomnj kj bfs Ejmtfo kj Sfrlsecrj, prfpcjtmrcfs kjb `fbcof kj mbafkøo kjb vmbbj y dckjchf`csmrcfs kj bms tcjrrms kj bm cabjscm, sj rj`fotmgm m =499 y sj emgàm pjrpjtumkf jo uo dmotms`m> jb kjb jshukjrf Wfgjrt Ejmtfo, huym mpmrchcøo sj jspjrmgm y tj`àm hmkm vjz quj `fràm mbaucjo jo bm hmsm. [mggy, tmo mdjhtm m bfs jspjhtrfs, kjgj kj emgjr cohfrpfrmkf m sus tjrtubcms hfo bfs ocýfs jstms ecstfrcms, huyfs kjtmbbjs jrmo gcjo hfofhckfs pfr bfs emgctmotjs kj Emwfrte. Bfs Ejmtfo tjoàmo kjrjhef m hmzmr y m hjbjgrmr uoms gubbchcfsms dcjstms kj tcrf quj dmshcomgmo m Grmowjbb. Jstm hmsm sjýfrcmb kj `mkjrm søbckm, tmo bbjom kj j`fhcfojs y kcvjrscøo, uo fmscs vjrkj jo jb m`mrcbbjotf pmcsmnj kjb pírm`f, duj uom pfkjrfsm cospcrmhcøo pmrm sus prc`jrfs jshrctfs. Bms

 

ejr`moms tm`gcão ejr`moms tm`gcão sfbàmo sfb àmo mtrmvjsmr bfs trjs lcbø`jtrfs lcbø`jtrfs sfgrj Yjocstfoj Yjocstfoj Ecb Ecbbb quj bfs sjpmrmgmo kj bfs Ejmtfo pmrm pjkcr bcgrfs prjstmkfs kj su gcgbcftjhm. Mb pfhf tcj`pf kjb rjarjsf kj bm jshujbm, Hemrbfttj rjtf`ø bm príhtchm kj @mrcm kj rjuocr rjuocr m bfs bf s ejr`mofs ejr`mofs jo bm oursjry pmrm bjjrbjs bfs pjrcøkchfs, pjrf humokf bbjamrfo bms ejbmkms su dfrtào sj jstmgbjhcø mbrjkjkfr kj bm bu`grj kj bm hfhcom. Jb dujaf, mvcvmkf emstm mbhmozmr uoms bbm`ms hrjpctmotjs quj cbu`comgmo sus rfstrfs, jb mrf`m kj bm drutm efrojmkm, bfs hujotfs kj bm trmkchcøo frmb kj Crbmokm kj su pmkrj y bfs kjb dfblbfrj kj Sfrlsecrj kj [mggy, bms hfrrjràms pfr jb pírm`f grcokmrfo m bfs ocýfs uom djbchckmk efamrjým quj Hemrbfttj kjshrcgcø jo su pfj`m ‒Jo rjtrfspjhtcvm‐, kj =58:> ‒[jnc`fs uo tjnckf jo oujstrm codmohcm/ uo tjnckf kj mcrj sfbjmkf./ Hmvm`fs uom dujotj jo =9 7. oujstrm ocýjz/ kj maum purm y kubhj...‐ =97 Jsm kchem tjoàm sus hc`cjotfs efokm`jotj hfostruckfs jo bm kjvmstmhcøo y jsm hjrtjzm bm tjoàmo `uy prjsjotj bfs ocýfs, hf`f bf rjvjbmo sus tjxtfs uvjocbjs. Bm mýfrmozm pfr jb efamr quj sudrcjrfo Hemrbftj y Mooj jo sus  pfstjrcfrjss cohu  pfstjrcfrj c ohursc rscfojs fojs dujrm dujrm kj bm b m rjhtfràm r jhtfràm of mbhmozø mbhmozø tmot tmotmm armvjkmk hf`f hf`f bm c`pfscgcbckmk kj J`cby kj vcvcr mbjnmkm kjb hàrhubf dm`cbcmr. Hemrbfttj, hfovjrtckm jo ejr`mom `myfr, nuaø su pmpjb emstm jb smhrcdchcf, hfo uom mgojamhcøo y uo kjsmsfscjaf fgsjscvf pfr bm smbuk kj sus ejr`moms. Xu vàohubf hfo Grmowjbb, hf`f pfkràm emgjr kchef [mggy, jrm emrcom kj ftrf hfstmb.   =988 humokf mþo of jrm su Xu hfokcshàpubm @mry [mybfr bm hmbcdchø kj ‒`uy djm‐ =9 m`cam< ftrms hf`pmýjrms rjhfrkmgmo sus ejr`fsfs fnfs hmstmýfs< sus hmrtms bm rjvjbmo vjej`jotj y mpmscfomkm y jo omkm hfokjshjokcjotj hfo su prfpcm mpmrcjohcm. ‒@j echcstj uo armo dmvfr, Yfbby, of tj mrrjpcjotms‐=9; , bj kcnf `ís mkjbmotj m @mry [mybfr, quj jstmgm mhfoafnmkm pfr emgjr emgbmkf. Ymrm bbjamr  m hfostrucr m Nmoj Jyrj, bm prc`jrm ejrfàom djm kj bm bctjrmturm, motjs tuvf quj

 

jshrcgcr uom prfdusm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  pfgbmkm kj km`ms kj dfr`ms pjrdjhtms. Jo uo coajocfsf rmzfom`cjotf pfr fpfschcøo, su prc`jrm gcøarmdm, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb (quj jrm su m`cam) mkvcrtcø quj su hfrtm jstmturm, msfhcmkm m uom hmgjzm kj armo tm`mýf, nm`ís kjgjràm sjr hfosckjrmkm uom kjdfr`ckmk. Jb jkctfr Ajfraj X`cte hrjàm quj jbbm ‒eugcjrm kmkf tfkf su ajocf y su dm`m m hm`gcf kj sjr   gjbbm‐.  gjbbm ‐. ‒Kjgf hfodjsmr hfodjsmr quj `c `c prc` prc `jrm c` c `prjscøo prjsc øo kj bm mpmrc mpmrcjohcm johcm pjrsfomb kj Hemrbfttj Grfotì duj quj jrm `ís cotjrjsmotj quj mtrmhtcvm. Jrm `uy pjqujým… Xu hmgjzm pmrjhàm kj`mscmkf armokj pmrm su hujrpf. [joàm gjbbfs fnfs, pjrf su hmrm jstmgm jstrfpjmkm pfr bm dfr`m kj bm gfhm y pfr bm hf`pbjxcøo. [joàm  pfhf johmotf johmotf dj`joco dj`jocof, f, y jbbm jstmgm j stmgm coqucjtm coqucjtm pjr`mojot pjr`mojotj` j`jot jotjj pfr jsf. j sf. Yujkj vjrsj jxtrmýf quj bm pfsjscøo kjb ajocf of sj emym jbjvmkf sfgrj bm kjgcbckmk kj uom jxhjscvm moscjkmk sfgrj su mpmrcjohcm… Kjgjo emgjr jxcstckf pfhms `unjrjs `ís moscfsms pfr sjr gjbbms, f `ís hfoshcjotj`jotj jofnmkms pfr bm =9:: hcrhuostmohcm hcrhuost mohcm hfotrmrc hfotrmrcm.‐ m.‐=9 Hemrbfttj kcnf m Jbbjo Oussjy quj m bfs hcohf mýfs emgàm hf`jozmkf m fgsjrvmr y mombczmr jb hmríhtjr kj bms pjrsfoms. Bm `cs`m jkmk jo quj hfscø uom hm`csm kj bcof y bm kjb þochf rjhujrkf quj hfosjrvmgm kj su `mkrj, mqujb jo quj jbbm jstmgm nuamokf hfo Grmowjbb jo bm smbm, hf`f sc jsm jkmk y bm `mkurjz quj c`pbchmgm bm frdmokmk, pfrquj duj jb `f`jotf jo quj `urcø su `mkrj, tfkf jstuvcjrm jstuvcjrm hfsckf pfr jb j b `cs`f `cs`f ecbf. Jo jb pmtcf kj mtrís kj bm hmsm sj emgàm costmbmkf uo pmbf`mr kfokj bfs ocýfs sj jotrjtjoàmo nuamokf hfo bms pmbf`ms> bms bbm`mgmo Mrhf crcs, Kcm`motj, Hfpf kj Ocjvj, of`grjs kjrcvmkfs kj bm fgsjrvmhcøo kjb grcbbf kj sus pbu`ms `cjotrms vfbmgmo. Kjgmnf kj bms tmgbms kjb sujbf kj `mkjrm kj bm emgctmhcøo codmotcb sj embbmrfo, mb emhjrsj rj`fkjbmhcfojs bujaf kj bm `ujrtj kj tfkm bm dm`cbcm, uo bjøo kj `mkjrm, gbfqujs hfo bms bjtrms kjb mbdmgjtf, uo hmýøo kj nuaujtj y uo nujaf kj gfbfs. Mkj`ís mpmrjhcjrfo `uýjhms kj hjrm, `mrcfojtms, bmkrcb bm krcbbfs bfs kj `mkjrm y uom uom kc` kc `coutm coutm pbmohem pbmohem kj hmrgøo pmrm rfpm kj `uýjhms. Yjrf bm hfdrmkàm kj ocýfs Grfotì pmrjhj emgjr hfosfbckmkf jb oþhbjf

 

drmtjromb, `ís quj jo bfs fgnjtfs, jo uom pjqujým sfhcjkmk jotrj jbbfs `cs`fs, hf`f sfbàm kjhcr su pmkrj. Jo bm ‒Ecstfrcm kjb mýf =573‐ Hemrbfttj rjacstrø quj mkj`ís kj ‒bfs Nøvjojs‐ tjoàmo ftrfs nujafs> ‒Bfs nujafs kj hm`m kj J`cby y `àfs dujrfo comuaurmkfs jb =¹kj kchcj`grj kj =571, bfs ftrfs jo `mrzf kj =575. Nujafs kj hm`m qucjrj kjhcr nujafs sjhrjtfs, sfo prjhcfsfs. =944. [fkfs oujstrfs nujafs sfo `uy jxtrmýfs. Xcj`prj bfs rjhfrkmrã‐=9 Jo hfohfrkmohcm hfo bms djhems quj `johcfom Hemrbfttj, bfs nujafs kj **   omhcjrfo humokf J`cby tjoàm oujvj y Hemrbfttj fohj mýfs y dujrfo hm`m**** hm`m f`ctckfs pfr tfkfs sus gcøarmdfs emstm =33;**** =33;****,, pjrf cohbusf jotfohjs sj mdcr`ø hmtjaørchm`jotj quj jstfs nujafs hmrjhàmo kj jbj`jotfs sjxumbjs y quj jrmo sjhrjtfs sc`pbj`jotj pfrquj jxhbuàmo m Grmowjbb y Mooj. Hemrbfttj y J`cby hf`pmrtàmo uom bctjrm moafstm quj of pukf emgjr jvctmkf uo hfotmhtf dàschf hfo c`pbchmohcms joca`ítchms. Jb ejhef kj quj bms ocýms hf`pmrtcjrmo uom hm`m dfr`mgm pmrtj kj bms hfstu`grjs kj bm ãpfhm, muoquj bm hmsm jrm  gmstmotj  gmstmo tj armokj. armokj. Bfs nujafs kj hm`m, mhjrtcnf y hbmvj kj bms jshjoms ckàbchms kj uom ejr`mokmk quj prjshcokcø kj Grmowjbb y kj Mooj y quj Hemrbfttj jxtrmýø hfo kfbfr kurmotj tfkm su nuvjotuk, hfohbuyjrfo ym dujrm hfo bm bbjamkm kj Mooj m bm emgctmhcøo, ym pfr kjtjr`comhcøo kj J`cby. Jo su oujvm sfhcjkmk hfo Grmowjbb, Hemrbfttj smbcø kj bm bctjrm kj bm oursjry  pmrm hfbfoczmr uo rjcof mdrchmof c`maco c`macomrcf> mrcf> Hcukmk Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb.

* Mombczmkms pfr Csmgjb [jbbf Dfos (vjr Oftms). ** ** Yr  Yrfgmg fgmgbj bj ccospcrmhcøo ospcrmhcøo kjb [e [erusehrf rusehrfss ss Armoaj kj Hu`gr Hu`grjs js Gfrr Gfrrmshfsms mshfsms.. ****  Bm m`gcaòjkmk kjb tãr`cof  pbm **  pbmyy, quj jo coabãs scaocdchm m bm vjz ‒nujaf‐ y ‒fgrm‐, hfotrcguyj m bm kfgbj cotjrprjtmhcøo.

 

**** **** @johcf  @johcfom omkfs kfs pfr Nubcjt N ubcjt Gmrljr Gmrljr jjoo su `fou `fou`jotmb `jotmb gcfarmdàm [ej Grfotì Grfotìs. s. Q Qcbk cbk ajocu ajocuss fo tej `ffrs> [ej stfry fd m bctjrmy dm`cby dm`cby..

 

HMYÀ[ZBF CT YMYMX DBFWJHCKMX JO JB XØ[MOF Hmpturmkfs pfr uom pmscøo m bm quj bbm`mrfo ‒amrmgmtf`moàm‐, humokf Hemrbfttj tjoàm mbrjkjkfr kj hmtfrhj mýfs y Mooj kcjz bfs ejr`mofs hf`jozmrfo m jshrcgcr pfj`ms, hujotfs y fgrms tjmtrmbjs. Kurmotj jb vjrmof bfs rjprjsjotmgmo jo jb nmrkào kj bm rjhtfràm, hf`f humokf nuamgmo hfo Xmrme Amrr, f jo jb pírm`f, kfokj bfs sfbkmkfs kj `mkjrm kcspmrmgmo m sus joj`cafs hfo hmýfojs y vcvàmo mvjoturms tmo rjmbcstms quj tjr`comgmo `utcbmkfs f kjstruckfs. Jb søtmof, kj fshurms pmrjkjs kjshmshmrmkms, sjrvàm kj `mz`frrm pmrm bfs prcscfojrfs pfbàtchfs y bfs jshfbmrjs rjgjbkjs y trmvcjsfs kjb rjcof. Kurmotj bm tj`pfrmkm kj Hfwmo Grckaj, Grmowjbb `utcbø,  pjrkcø f quj`ø quj`ø kfs kfhjoms kj sfbkmkfs. sfbkmkfs . Kj bfs kfhj frcacombjs kjb hu`pbjmýfs kj =574 søbf qujkmgmo kfs f trjs humokf jshrcgcø su hrøochm kj bfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs, jo =589< bfs Msemotjjs, jb oujvf sjt kj oujvj sfbkmkfs mdrchmofs, tm`gcão duj kjstruckf. Bfs motcau motcaufs fs nu n ujafs kj =574, pfstjrcfrjs pfs tjrcfrjs m bf b f quj pfkràm pfkr àm `johcfomrsj johcfomrsj hf` hf`ff jb tøpchf f jb trmu`m Hfwmo Grckaj, emgàmo mbhmozmkf uom kc`joscøo bctjrmrcm y krm`ítchm kj uo frkjo supjrcfr. Hemrbfttj rjuocø jo humtrf vfbþ`jojs bms cstfrcms kj bfs Csbjýfs, su s u of`grj of`grj frcacomb, frc acomb, `uy `uy prfotf trmosdfr`mkfs jo j o Bfs øvjojs f Bfs kfhj y kjvjockfs jo uo `uokf hf`pbjtf> Bm armo hfodjkjrmhcøo kj  Jb Yujgbf kj Hrcstmb , quj pfsjàm gmrhfs, sfbkmkfs, rjyjs y uo pjrcøkchf. Bm jo`mrmýmkm smam kj aujrrms, ejhefs pfbàtchfs, m`fr j cotrcam, hujotfs, krm`ms, pfj`ms y rf`mohjs jrm jshrctm jo bjtrms kj c`prjotm pmrm c`ctmr bm bjtrm kj `fbkj, uoms `cocmturms cocotjbcacgbjs quj dujrfo trmoshrcptms pfr 

 

hf`pbjtf rjhcão jo =331.* =331.*  Bfs jshrctfs rjprfkuhàmo dfoãtchm`jotj jb mraft covjotmkf pfr Grmowjbb, uom `jzhbm kjb kcmbjhtf kj Sfrlsecrj hfo bmtào y arcjaf mb quj bbm`mgmo ‒bm vcjnm bjoaum kj bfs Nøvjojs‐. Mb nuamr, bf emgbmgmo jo vfz gmnm `cjotrms sj tmpmgmo bm omrcz sc`ubtíojm`jotj. Kj `fkf quj sc bm  prc`jrm pujrtm pujrtm kj sjaurckmk sjaurckmk kj su `uokf `uokf prcvmkf prc vmkf  ‛ bckjrmkf bckjrmkf pfr Grmowjbb y Hemrbfttj He mrbfttj jo bm prfkuhhcøo pr fkuhhcøo kj ecstfrcms ‛  sj  sj jrcaàm jo jb tm`mýf kc`coutf kj bm bjtrm, bm sjauokm jrm gbcokmkm hfo jb kcmbjhtf sjhrjtf. Bm omturmbjzm kj bms fgrms, bfs hrà`jojs, bm gmstmrkàm, bm ef`fsjxumbckmk y jb cohjstf cokchmo quj jrmo tjxtfs quj fhubtmgmo m bfs `myfrjs. Jotrj bfs mýfs =579 y =589  Gbmhlwffk–  Gbmhlwffk–ss @mamzcoj  y bujaf  Drmsjr  Drmsjr––s hfostctuyjrfo su jkuhmhcøo hubturmb. Hf`prmgmo kfs f trjs pjrcøkchfs pfr  sj`mom> mkj`ís kjb Bjjks Cotjbbcajohj Cotjb bcajohjr  r , jb Bjjks @jrhury, quj jrm bcgjrmb, y m vjhjs jb  Nfeo Gubb , ubtrmhfosjrvmkfr y `uy vcfbjotf. Yjrf pmrm bfs ocýfs jb bmhlwffk , bm pugbchmhcøo `josumb `ís vmoaumrkcstm kjb `f`jotf, m bm quj oc bfs pjrcøkchfs bfokcojosjs pfkàmo caumbmr, jrm kj uo frkjo supjrcfr. Jkctmkm jo Jkc`guraf, pugbchmgm tjxtfs kj [ef`ms Kj ]ucohjy, Qfrkswfrte, Hfbjrckaj y kj su dmvfrctf, bfrk Gyrfo. Bfs jnj`pbmrjs hfotjoàmo pfjsàm, dchhcøo, hràtchm, dcbfsfdàm, hf`jotmrcfs pfbàtchfs. Xus hfbmgfrmkfrjs jrmo dcaurms kj hubtf pmrm bfs jkctfrjs, quj trmtmgmo m bfs jshrctfrjs hf`f eãrfjs y m bfs pfjtms hf`f mb`ms prcvcbjacmkms huyms pjrsfombckmkjs jrmo tmo c`pfrtmotjs hf`f sus fgrms. Zo mrtàhubf kjb  Gbmhlwffk   kj =575 sfgrj bfrk =9 1  y ‒jb jxhjphcfomb jbjackf‐. Ftrf kjshrcgj m Gyrfo bf bbm`m ‒armo pfjtm‐=91 bfs pfjtms hf`f ‒combtjrmgbjs jstrjbbms‐=95 quj dfr`mo ‒hbugjs hjbjstcmbjs‐. Bfs ocýfs sjotàmo vjojrmhcøo pfr jb hjoíhubf kj pfjtms y bjs ftframgmo tmotf  pfkjr hf`f hf`f m sus motcau motcaufs fs aujrrjr aujrrjrfs. fs. Jb  Gbmhlwffk , hfofhckf pfr bfs jshrctfrjs kj bm ãpfhm hf`f ‒jb  @ma ‐, ‐, `fbkjø sus nujafs, su bjoaumnj y sus austfs bctjrmrcfs> Grmowjbb rjprfkunf jb jstcbf smrkøochf y puozmotj kj sus tjxtfs jo uo dfr`mtf codmotcb, su  Grmowjbb–  Grmowjbb–ss Gbmhlwffk– Gbmhlwffk–ss @mamzcoj. Jo bm  pbu`mm kj Hemrbfttj  pbu` Hemrbfttj jb hmpctío [rjj kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb bbm` bbm `mgm m su rcvmb

 

bctjrmrcf ‒pjqujýf rjptcb‐=93 < N. A. Bfhlemrt, uof kj bfs `ís grcbbmotjs jshrctfrjs kjb  Gbmhlwffk , sj emgàm hmrmhtjrczmkf m ãb `cs`f hf`f ‒jb jshfrpcøo, quj sj kjbjhtm jo pchmr bms hmrms kj bfs ef`grjs‐ ==9. Bfs ejr`mofs bjàmo hfo druchcøo bms hfbu`oms sfgrj uo codfr`mb hbug kj  gjgjkfrjs ‛jb stmdd stmdd kjb  Gbmhlwffk  ‛ quj sj rjuoàm rjuoàm jo bm tmgjrom dchhcfomb M`grfscmom f jb Jbàsjf. Bms oftms sfgrj bms hfovjrsmhcfojs c`macomrcms kjb hbug sj pugbchmgmo jo uoms hrøochms bbm`mkms ‒Ofhtjs M`grfscmomj‐, huyf dfr`mtf bujaf Grmowjbb mkmptø m su pjrcøkchf. Mb bjjr bm sjhhcøo ‒Hmpàtubfs kj hj`jotjrcfs‐ kjb  Gbmhlwffk   ¶bfs nøvjojs emgrío mkvjrtckf jb rf`motchcs`f kj su prfpcm vcvcjokm6 Of bf cokchm jb hf`jotmrcf kj uom hfokcshàpubm kj Hemrbfttj, quj bm vcf ‒pmbckjhjr y kjs`mymr humokf, jo bm cabjscm kj Emrtsejmk, mbaucjo fgsjrvø mhhckjotmb`jotj quj jstígm`fs ====. hm`comokf hm`como kf sfgrj sfgr j tu`gms‐ tu`gms‐ ==   Jo su  Ecstfrc  Ecstfrcmm kjb mýf =573, mkj`ís kj rjsjýmr jb frcajo kj bm smam kj  Bfs øvjojs, Hemrbfttj tf`ø oftm kj bm vckm hftckcmom jo bm rjhtfràm> ‒Zom vjz,  pmpí prjstø p rjstø uo bcgrf m `c ejr` ejr`mom mom @mrcm. Jrm uo vcjnf tjxtf tjxtf kj ajfarmdàm< ajfarmdàm< jbbm jb bm jshrcgcø sfgrj su efnm jo gbmohf> ―Ympí `j em prjstmkf jstj bcgrf–. Jstj bcgrf tcjoj hcjotf vjcotj mýfs< jo jstj `f`jotf bf tjoaf motj `c vcstm. @cjotrms jshrcgf, jshrc gf, jstfy jo bm hfhcom kj bm rjhtfràm, r jhtfràm, jo j o Emwfr Emwfrte te bm Armo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, uom `jzhbm kj Bfokrjs y Ymràs huym mrquctjhturm sj cospcrø jo bm [frrj kj Gmgjb. Bunurcfsm, jxhctmotj y mrcstfhrítchm, bm hmpctmb mdrchmom jshfokàm uo sug`uokf rjvfbuhcfomrcf quj johfotrmgm rjduacf jo bms tmgjroms. Bfs nøvjojs tjoàmo uo austf pmrtchubmr pfr bfs pmcsmnjs `maocdchjotjs y jxøtchfs> Hemrbfttj sctuø m su omrrmkfr Hemrbjs Qjbbjsbjy ‒rjhbcomkf gmnf bm sf`grm kj uom jofr`j ecaujrm, tfhmokf uom pjqujým auctmrrm jspmýfbm, hfo uo rucsjýfr pfsmkf pfs mkf sfgrj sfgr j su ef` ef`grf‐ grf‐==8 pmrm hmotmr uom scoaubmr hmohcøo>    Kjb hfbjacf jstfy jst fy hmosmkf

 Kjsjf jstmr jo `c efamr 

 

 Bjnfs kj bm vfz kj pf`pfsfs tutfrjs y mgfrrjhckfs mgfrrjhckfs hfokcshàpubfs hfokcshà pubfs  Kjsjmràm tjojr bm b m bcgjrt bcgjrtmk mk kj hm`comr pfr kf kfokj okj kjsjj S of tjojr `ís prjfhupmhcfojs hfo `c arcjaf, `c pczmrrm y `c pbu`m. pbu`m .==;

  Jsj dmshcomkfr `uokf dchhcfomb kjgàm sjr mgmokfomkf, kàm m kàm, pfr uom vckm hftckcmom quj bfs hjýàm sco hmusmrbjs `myfr kjskchem. Bujaf bm hfokcshàpubm kj Hemrbfttj, @mry [mybfr, hfotø quj bm tàm Grmowjbb ‒…pfoàm m sus sfgrcoms m hfsjr hfs jr hfo f sco sc o `ftcvf `ftcvf y jo bm `jkckm kj bf b f pfscgbj pfscg bj kjsmbjotmgm kjs mbjotmgm humbqucjr ftrm dfr`m kj hubturm. Xfbàm fgbcamrbms m hfsjr rfpm pmrm fgrms kj hmrckmk, y m `à `j kcnf quj of bf emhàm pfr jb gcjo kj bfs kjstcomtmrcfs, scof kj bms hfsturjrms. ―Js mprfpcmkf pmrm jbbms emhjr jstf–, sfbàm kjhcr‐ ==:. Jo jsfs prc`jrfs mýfs kjgàmo tj`jr m bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb> ‒Jrm uom pjrsfom `uy ràackm y tjoàm uo mspjhtf jxtrmýf, pfrquj jb vjstckf, msà hf`f tfkf bf kj`ís quj bbjvmgm pujstf, jstmgm tftmb`jotj pmsmkf kj `fkm. Zom vjz ofs hfrrcacø m uom kj ofsftrms pfr kjhcr ―jshupckm– f ―jshupcr–…‐==4. Jb jnjrhchcf kj bm hfsturm f jb gfrkmkf, quj bms nøvjojs jstmgmo fgbcamkms m emhjr kurmotj cotjr`comgbjs efrms, bjs rjsubtmgm tjkcfsf y kjsprfvcstf kj mbjaràm, pjrf of bjs c`pjkàm, pfr bms ofhejs, rjuocrsj jo bm hfhcom pmrm hrjmr  sus ecstfrcms> ‒…Hjrhm kj bms humtrf jo bm tmrkj vc uom ougj hmr`jsà fshurf msf`mrsj jo jb jstj, quj armkumb`jotj sj duj emhcjokf `ís armokj emstm hugrcr  tfkf jb hcjbf. @cjotrms bm ougj sj jxpmokàm, uo trj`jokf eurmhío rfsmkf j`pjzø m sfpbmr kjskj jb hcjbf. Bm mrjom kjb kjscjrtf j`pjzø m `fvjrsj y m jbjvmrsj hf`f bms fbms kjb `mr…‐==1, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj jo Bms mvjoturms kj  Bfs Kfhj. Yrfotf sus eãrfjs kjnmrfo kj sjr ajojrmbjs hf`f Qjbbcoatfo y Gfompmrtj  pmrm hfovjrtcrsj jo jshrctfrjs> jshr ctfrjs> du dujrfo jrfo Qmbtjr Qmbtjr Xhftt, Gyrfo Gyrfo y bfs hfbmgfrmkfr hfb mgfrmkfrjs js kjb Gbmhlwffk  qucjojs  qucjojs codbuyjrfo jo bm hrjmhcøo kj bfs oujvfs pjrsfomnjs. Jo bm píacom =5 kj uo oþ`jrf kjb  Gbmhlwffk   kj =5=3 sj rjsjým uom `cscøo coabjsm jo jb rjcof kj Msemotjj. Yrjhcsm`jotj duj jo bm tcjrrm kj Msemotjj, hfo

 

sus gfsqujs eþ`jkfs trfpchmbjs ugchmkfs nuotf mb ràf Tfbtm, kfokj trmoshurrcø  gujomm pmrtj kj bm smam kj Bfs Nøvjojs.  gujo Jb prc`jr vfbu`jo kj bms  Ecstfrc  Ecstfrcms ms kj bbfs fs CCsbjýfs sbjýfs , kj Hemrbfttj, rjbmtm quj bfs ocýfs mrcstfhrítchfs kjb rjcof jstukcmgmo jo jb Ymbmhcf kj Costruhhcøo, uo hfbjacf kj `cb mbu`ofs quj sj sf`jtàm mb frkjo c`pujstf pfr Grmowjbb. Jo jb Ymbmhcf kj Costruhhcøo bfs ocýfs kjsfgjkcjotjs jrmo johjrrmkfs jo hjbkms ‒fshurms, mgfvjkmkms y mrqujmkms, sctumkms jo sugtjrríojfs tmo prfduokfs quj ocoaþo emgctmotj kj bm csbm pfkàm fàr bfs arctfs, pfr dujrtjs quj dujrmo. Jo jstms hjbkms, msà hf`f jo bfs hmbmgfzfs, pfkàmo hf`jtjrsj bms tfrturms `ís hrujbjs‐==5. Hemrbfttj aumrkmgm bm bbmvj kj bfs hmbmgfzfs y J`cby bm kj bms hjbkms. Grmowjbb kcrcaàm uo hbug sjhrjtf jo jb quj hmstcamgm m bfs jshfbmrjs jo humbqucjr fhmscøo y sco `jrhjk. Bms vcsctms dm`cbcmrjs, quj rjuoàmo m bm mrcstfhrmhcm mrcs tfhrmhcm kjb k jb rjcof, r jcof, tjoàmo tjoàmo buamr buamr pfr bms ofhejs. Bfs jshrctfs dcr`mkfs pfr Hemrbfttj jvckjohcmo bm pfkjrfsm codbujohcm kj J`cby> ‒Emhj uo rmtctf J`cby y yf, jo uom ofhej kj tfr`jotm, yjokf pfr jb  gfsquj quj hfokuhj m Xtrmtedcjbksmyj Xtrmtedcjbksmyj vc`fs vc`fs m bm buz kj bm buom buom jb rjspb rjspbmokfr  mokfr  kj uom sustmohcm bu`cofsm‐==3. Jstj tjxtf kj  Bfs Csbj Csbjýfs ýfs, quj tm`gcão kjshrcgj vfhjs kj hcsojs mafoczmotjs, trujofs y `jbfkàms kj mrpms, rjvjbm bm vcscøo omturmbcstm kj J`cby> ‒Jb ububmr kjb vcjotf rjsujom hfo uom durcm tmo jspmotfsm, uom armokjzm tmo sfgrjomturmb quj uof jstí tjotmkf kj hrjjr quj js =799. bm Tfz kj bfs jspàrctus emgbmokf jo bm tfr`jotm‐ =7 Hmkm uof kj bfs ocýfs emhàm bms hfsms m su `fkf> kfokj Hemrbfttj mbzmgm  pmbmhcfs,  pmbmhc fs, Grmowjbb hfostruàm hfostruàm `uokfs uokfs sugtjrríojfs sugtjrríojfs y J`cby prcscfojs prcsc fojs aøtchms. aøtchms. Jb sjauokf vfbu`jo kj  Bfs Csbj Csbjýfs ýfs, kj fhtugrj kj =573, `ujstrm ftrm vjz codbujohcms kj bm dmotmsàm kj J`cby y motchcpm bm hrjmhcøo kj su prfpcf `uokf c`macomrcf, Afokmb. Bfs mbu`ofs kjb Ymbmhcf kj Costruhhcøo, gmnf sus kjscaocfs, sj rjgjbmrfo kj sus prjhjptfrjs pmrm mtrcohejrmrsj hfo kfs hmýfojs jo bms hfbcoms mdrchmoms. Xus bàkjrjs jrmo bfs oujvfs eãrfjs kj J`cby> jb  pjqujýf Nfeoo Nfeooy Bfhlemrt fhlemrt (su of`grj of`grj sj cospcrø jo uo hfbmgfrmkfr hfbmgfr mkfr kjb

 

bmhlwffk ) y bm prcohjsm Tchtfrcm (uo ef`jomnj m bm duturm rjcom kj Coabmtjrrm, quj tjoàm hmsc su `cs`m jkmk). Sm J`cby bfs emgàm jbjackf, nuotf hfo Qmbtjr  Xhftt, pmrm quj dujrmo bfs njdjs kj su csbm mqujbbm ofhej tfr`jotfsm kj =571 uotf mb dujaf kj bm hfhcom. Qmbtjr Xhftt emgàm cotrfkuhckf cotrfkuhckf jo j o jb prjsgctjrcf prjs gctjrcf jb jjspàrc spàrctu tu,, bms bjyjokms, bjyjokms, bbms ms  gmbmkms,, bfs kujokjs  gmbmkms kujokjs y bfs pmcsmnjs pmcsmn js kj Jshfhcm. Humokf Humokf Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj vcsctø vcsc tø Jkc`guraf, tcj`pf kjspuãs, kcnf quj bm emgàm mtrmpmkf ‒bm ckjm kj =7 =. Muoquj of vcmnø m Jshfhcm, J`cby ftfraø m Afokmb bfs bmafs, Jshfhcm‐=7= mrrfyfs y gmeàms jshfhjsms, hf`f su dfbhbfrj, sus supjrstchcfojs y hrjjohcms. Emstm bfs of`grjs kj sus pjrsfomnjs, Kfuabms, Wfkrch Bjsbjy, Abjojkjo, Mbjxmokjr, Dbfrm, sfo jo su `myfràm jshfhjsjs. Gmnf jb rãac`jo kj mshjtcs`f mb quj jb smbmrcf moumb kjb sjýfr Grfotì hjýàm m bm dm`cbcm, bfs bcgrfs oujvfs jrmo hfosckjrmkfs uo mrtàhubf kj bunf. Yjrf bm  gcgbcftjhm  gcgbc ftjhm dm`cbc dm`cbcmr mr kj bcgrfs bcgr fs kj sjauo sjauokm `mof cohbuàm uom uom jkchcøo jkchc øo kj =1;8 kj b prfarjsf kjb pjrjarcof kj Nfeo Guoymo y kj  Jb Ymrmàsf pjrkckf kj Nfeo @cbtfo. Jb pfj`m omrrmtcvf kj @cbtfo jrm tmo jstc`mkf pfr bfs ocýfs hf`f bfs sfbkmkctfs kj `mkjrm. Duj `uheàsc`f `ís c`pfrtmotj pmrm sus nujafs quj bms `uýjhms kj hjrm, ym quj bfs cotrfkunf jo bm dcaurm kj Buhcdjr, uo íoajb ejr`fsf y fshurf, armo dcaurm tríachm quj bfs jobmzmgm hfo Qcbbcm` Gbmlj. Zo sjhrjtf `ís pmrm fhubtmr m su pmkrj. Jb prc`jr pjrsfomnj kj Grmowjbb, Gfompmrtj, bujaf sj hfovcrtcø jo suhjscvfs eãrfjs kj uom hf`pbjnckmk quj hf`pjtàm hfo jb Buhcdjr kj @cbtfo y, `ís mþo, hfo bfrk Gyrfo, huym gcfarmdàm jshrctm pfr  [ef`ms @ffrj bfs ejr`mofs emgàmo bjàkf hfo djrvfr. Gyrfo, quj kcf su vckm  pfr bfs rjvfbuhcfomrcfs arcjafs jo =57;, m bfs trjcotm trjcotm y sjcs mýfs, c`guy c`guyøø sus tjxtfs, f sus rf`mohjs, kj eãrfjs-vcbbmofs y mbjafràms. Hemrbfttj hfpcø kjb bcgrf kj @ffrj jb armgmkf kj Q. E. Dcokjo quj rjtrmtm m Bmky Njrsjy, uom km`m gmstmotj bchjohcfsm kjb hàrhubf bctjrmrcf kj Gyrfo, muoquj prjdcrcø hm`gcmr hcjrtfs rmsafs kjb frcacomb. Kurmotj =573 bm jshrcturm sj hfovcrtcø jo bm prcohcpmb mhtcvckmk kj bfs

 

ocýfs> søbf jo jstm jtmpm jshrcgcjrfo kcjhcfhef humkjrofs jo `cocmturm quj jshfokàmo `macm, `cstjrcf, rf`mohjs prfshrcptfs y pfkjrjs sfgrjomturmbjs. Jb  pjrsfomnj Muau Muaustm stm kc ^jofgcm kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y bm rjcom Mua Muaust ustmm Ajrmbkcoj Mb`jkm, ejrfàom smoarcjotm kj J`cby, pmrjhjo emgjrsj cbu`comkf pfr jb rjspbmokfr kj bm `jkcf ejr`mom y m`motj kj bfrk Gyrfo, Muaustm Bjcaet. J`cby, jspcamkm y kj grmzfs bmrafs, rjsjrvmkm y eurmým, scbgmgm y pmrjhàm  pfhf dj`joco dj`jocom< m< jo hfotrmstj hfotrmstj Mooj Mooj jrm kubhj, hmbbmkm hmbb mkm y hmsc gjbbm> gjbbm > kcnf Jbbjo  Oussjy  Ou ssjy quj su pjbf hmstmýf josfrtcnmkf, mbaf `uy `uy prjhcm prjhcmkf kf jo jsm ãpfhm, hmàm hfo armhcm sfgrj su hujbbf, y uofs fnfs hfbfr mzub vcfbjtm sfgrjsmbàmo kj su tjz  píbckm.  píbck m. Jotrj Jotrj m`gms m`gms ejr`moms ejr`moms sj jstmgbjhcø jstmgbjhc ø uom uom sfhcjkm sfhcjkmkk bctjrmrcm bctjrmr cm quj ssjj duj duj hfosfbckmokf hfo jb tcj`pf emstm quj jo =588 duokmrfo, gmnf jb bckjrmzaf kj J`cby, jb rjcof cokjpjokcjotj kj Afokmb. Jb prc`jr kcmrcf kj J`cby y Mooj sjauàm jb jstcbf kjb kcmrcf kj Gyrfo kj =57= pugbchmkf pfr @ffrj, hfo drmsjs bmhøochms, rjacstrf kj ejhefs kf`ãstchfs, jou`jrmhcøo kj moc`mbjs smbvmnjs. Kcmrcf kj Gyrfo> ‒: kj jojrf. @j bjvmotã tmrkj. J`gftmkf y bíoauckf. [cj`pf prcoafsf y kjosf. Ocjvj jo jb sujbf y scrfhf jo jb hcjbf. Hjoã emhcm bms sjcs. Kc kj hf`jr m kfs amtfs, mb =777. Kcmrcf kj J`cby y embhøo y mb hujrvf kf`ãstchf (pjrf of m`mjstrmkf)‐ =7 Mooj> ‒Kc kj hf`jr m Mrhf crcs, Kcm`motj, Hfpf kj ocjvj, mb dmcsío Nmspjr... Jstm `mýmom Grmowjbb duj m hmsm kjb sjýfr Krcvjr y trmnf bm oftchcm kj quj Xcr  Wfgjrt Yjjb sjràm covctmkf m prjsjotmrsj jo Bjjks. Mooj y yf ej`fs jstmkf  pjbmokf `moz `mozmoms moms pmrm quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj oofs fs prjpmrj prjpm rj uo pmstjb kj `mozmo `mozmom, m, y pmrm bm tàm oujhjs y `mozmoms. Hemrbfttj kcnf quj emhàm `uy gcjo bfs pmstjbjs y quj tjoàm uo cotjbjhtf rípckf muoquj bc`ctmkf. [mggy mhmgm kj kjhcr> ―Tm`fs, Mooj, pjbuomputmtm (f sjm, pjbm uom pmtmtm)–. [àm jotrø jo bm hfhcom y kcnf> ―¶Køokj tcjojs bfs pcjs, Mooj6–. Mooj hfotjstø> ―Jo jb sujbf, tàm–. Ympí mgrcø bm pujrtm kjb rjhcgckfr y bj jotrjaø m Grmowjbb uom hmrtm kchcãokfbj> ―[jo, Grmowjbb, bjj jstf y josãýmsjbf m tu tàm y m Hemrbfttj–. Bfs Afokmb jstío kjshugrcjokf jb cotjrcfr kj Ammbkcoj. Xmbby @fsbjy jstí bmvmokf jo bm

 

trmshfhcom. Xfo pmsmkms bms kfhj. Mooj y yf of ofs ej`fs msjmkf oc ej`fs ejhef bms hm`ms oc oujstrfs kjgjrjs y qujrj`fs smbcr m nuamr. Mb`frzmrj`fs hmroj ejrvckm, omgfs, pmtmtms y pukào kj `mozmom. Bm hfhcom jstí `uy suhcm. Mooj y yf of ej`fs ejhef oujstrf jnjrhchcf kj `þschm quj hfoscstj jo sc `myfr. [mggy kcnf humokf bj pusj uom pbu`m jo bm hmrm> ―[þ pjtm pmtmtuom meà– jo buamr kj ―Yjbm uom pmtmtm–. Bj hfotjstã> ―Fe, qujrckm, fe, qujrckm, fe, qujrckm, bf emrã jo sjauckm– y `j bjvmotf, tf`f uo huhecbbf y j`pcjzf m pjbmr  (ej tjr`comkf) kj pjbmr bms pmpms. Ympí smbj m pmsjmr. Jspjrm`fs bm vcsctm kjb sjýfr Xuokjrbmok‐ Xuokjrbmok‐=78 . Muoquj jstj kcmrcf jstí jshrctf jo =58;, hf`pbjtm bm vckm dm`cbcmr rjsjýmkm jo bm  Ecstfrcm kjb mýf =573  kj Hemrbfttj. Mkj`ís kj moftmr hfo armhcm jb kcmbjhtf kj [mggy, hctmr m Gyrfo y `johcfomr jb hfosu`f kj hmroj jo bm hmsm, J`cby emhj uo ajstf gurbøo m bfs gcøarmdfs quj bm hf`pmkjhjo y smhm bm bjoaum m su tàm> su jou`jrmhcøo kj bms rjabms quj jbbm y Mooj kjhckjo of fgjkjhjr ‛  msjf, hm`ms, kjgjrjs ‛   kjstmhm bm þochm quj fgjkjhjo> bm kj pjbmr pmpms, frkjomkm pfr [mggy. Jb mdjhtf kj J`cby emhcm [mggy jrm rjhàprfhf, y sj sfstuvf hfo dcr`jzm jo jb tcj`pf. Js bm drmsj ‒Bfs Afokmb jstío kjshugrcjokf jb cotjrcfr kj Ammbkcoj‐, cotjrhmbmkm jotrj jb bmvmkf kj rfpm y jb pjbmkf kj pmpms, bm quj emgbm kj bm  pfjtm sjhrjtm quj cau c aumbm mbm rjmbckmk rjmbc kmk y dchhcøo. Hf`f Hf`f Gyrfo, Gyrfo, J`cby bbjaø bb jaø m tjojr  tjojr  uo embhøo, mb quj emgàm johfotrmkf bmstc`mkf jo uo ockf, y bbjvø fhms m bm hmsm> su hfbjhhcøo kj dcjrms kf`ãstchms duj vcstm hf`f uo kjsmdàf pfr bm tàm Grmowjbb, pjrf jstf suhjkcø `ís mkjbmotj m kjbmotj y tuvf tuvf sus s us hfosjhujohcms. hfosjhujohcms. Xøbf sfgrjvcvcjrfo sjcs kcmrcfs kj J`cby y Mooj, jshrctfs jotrj bfs mýfs =58; y =5;:. Xu prfpøsctf jrm rjacstrmr jo pfhms bàojms, hmkm humtrf mýfs, bfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs `ís c`pfrtmotjs kj sus vckms y aumrkmrbfs jo uom pjqujým hmnm, hf`f uom jspjhcj kj hípsubm kjb tcj`pf. Jb pbmo jrm rjuocrsj mb dcombczmr  hmkm cotjrvmbf kj humtrf mýfs y bjjr bfs kcmrcfs kjb pjràfkf motjrcfr motjs kj jshrcgcr jshrc gcr bfs scau s caucjotjs. cjotjs. Bms Bms djhems sfbàmo sfbà mo rfokmr rfokmr jb j b hu`pbjmýfs hu`pbjmýfs kj J`cby J`cby,, jb 89

 

kj nubcf. Jo jb prc`jr kcmrcf mþo of sj emgàm jstcpubmkf jb bmpsf kj humtrf mýfs, pfr jsf hfohbuyj> ‒Mooj y yf kjhc`fs> ―@j prjauotf hø`f sjrj`fs y quã sjrj`fs y køokj jstmrj`fs sc tfkf scauj gcjo jo =51;– ‛mýf jo quj tjokrã :1 mýfs, Mooj tjokrí ::, Grmowjbb hu`pbcrí :5. S Hemrbfttj tjokrí :3 mýfs. Jspjrm`fs quj tfkfs jstão gcjo jo jsj `f`jotf–. Hjrrm`fs oujstrf =7;;. Xco jxpjhtmtcvms kj kcmrcf. J`cby y Mooj, 7; kj ofvcj`grj kj =58;‐ =7 hfotmr hfo su pmkrj f hfo su tàm hfo vckm humrjotm mýfs kjspuãs, jb tjxtf tm`pfhf pmrjhj hfotj`pbmr bm pfscgcbckmk kj `mtrc`focfs f ecnfs jo bm vckm kj bms ejr`moms.

Xc gcjo jrm Grmowjbb qucjo cochcmgm bfs nujafs y su pmpjb jrm prjkf`comotj, bms ocýms caumbmgmo f supjrmgmo m su ejr`mof jo bm bcgjrtmk pmrm hrjmr sus

 

`uokfs y pjrsfomnjs dchhcfombjs. Jo su tjxtf kj =573  Ecstfrcm kj Bfs Nøvjojs Grmowjbb covjotø uom ecstfrcm prjvcm kj bfs sfbkmkfs kj `mkjrm, uom jspjhcj kj prjhujbm quj mrrmohmgm humokf bfs aujrrjrfs quj jxpbfrmgmo jb rjcof mdrchmof kj Msemotjj jrmo mtrmpmkfs pfr ‒uo co`josf y tjrrcgbj `fostruf jovujbtf jo bbm`ms y eu`f huym hmgjzm rfnm tfhmgm bms ougjs‐=7: , tmo  pjbcrrfnf  pjbcr rfnf hf`f hf`f ãb. Jo uom uom oftm mb pcj mhbmrmgm mhbmr mgm quj emgàm sckf jsj `fostruf, fostruf, jovujbtf jo uom gmtm ojarm, jb johmramkf kj jotrjamr m bms trjs ejr`moms bfs sfbkmkfs kj `mkjrm mqujbbm `mýmom kjb : kj nuocf kj =574> ‒Sf sfy jb njdj, Ajocf Grmocc, hfo`caf emy ftrfs trjs `fostrufs> Qjbbjsbjy, qucjo tj prftjaj m tc sj bbm`m [mbbcc (Hemrbfttj), qucjo prftjaj m Ymrry sj bbm`m J``cc y qucjo  prftjajj m Wfss sj bbm`m Moocc‐  prftja Moocc‐=74 . Hemrbfttj hfosjrvø mb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo hf`f pjrsfomnj prcohcpmb emstm quj sj j`gmrhø jo bms mvjoturms kj sus ecnfs Mrteur y Hemrbjs Qjbbjsbjy. Bfs humtrf ajocfs acamotjs hrjmkfs pfr Grmowjbb ‛hmkm uof rjspfosmgbj  pfr sus sfbkmkfs y rjcofs ‛   hfotjoàmo jb pfkjr kj bm rjsurrjhhcøo, uo `uy  gujo rjhursf rj hursf bctjrmrcf bctjrmr cf kjb quj bfs ocýfs jhemrfo `mof uom uom y ftrm vjz. Jstfs `fostrufs, omhckfs kjspuãs kj bfs suhjsfs kj Hfwmo Grckaj, pjr`ctcjrfo m bfs ejr`mofs jnjrhjr uo pfkjr mgsfbutf sfgrj bm vckm y bm `ujrtj. Muoquj jo ajojrmb usmrfo bm dmhubtmk kj rjsurrjhhcøo hfo uo sjotckf kj bm fpfrtuockmk sugfrkcomkf m bfs cotjrjsjs krm`ítchfs, bms pjbjms drmtjrombjs jrmo durcguokms m hmusm kjb ‒kjspftcs`f c`pujstf pfr Grmowjbb m pjsmr kj bm kcshfodfr`ckmk =7 1. kj Hemrbfttj, quj prftjstmgm hfotrm su mutfprfhbm`mkf bckjrmzaf‐ =71 Mtjotf m su prfarm`m costruhtcvf, jotrj =575 y =573 jb hbãrcaf coshrcgcø m bfs ocýfs jo jb Costctutf @jhíochf kj Ljcaebjy pmrm quj tf`mrmo hbmsjs hfo jb  pcotfr  pcot fr Nfeo N feo Grmkbjy. Grmkbjy. [m` [m`gcão gcão rjhcgàmo rjhc gàmo bjhhcfojs bjhhc fojs kj `þschm kjb framocstm framocstm kj bm cabjscm, bms sudchcjotjs hf`f pmrm quj J`cby tfhmrm jb pcmof jo jb jstukcf kjb sjýfr Grfotì y Grmowjbb bm dbmutm y jb øramof kj bm cabjscm. Jb jotuscms`f kj Grmowjbb pfr bm `þschm bf bbjvø m hf`pcbmr uo bcgrf hfo sus mrrjabfs dmvfrctfs, quj hfotjoàm pfhm `þschm smhrm, mguokmotjs gmbmkms jshfhjsms y

 

emstm uom `mrhem dþojgrj y jb ec`of ‒Fbk Euokrjkte‐. Bms bjhhcfojs kj  pcoturm,  pcot urm, quj scaucjrfo scaucjrfo hfo jotu jotuscms` scms `f emstm =58= f mbaf `ís `ís ‛prfgmgbj`jo ‛pr fgmgbj`jotj tj mbjotmkfs pfr jb sjýfr Grmkbjy‛, bjs kjspjrtmrfo bm ckjm kj hfovjrtcrsj jo  pcotfrjs  pcot frjs prfdjscfombjs, pr fdjscfombjs, mb `jofs `jofs m Grmowjbb (muo (muoquj quj jrm J` J`cby cby bm þochm quj sj rjeusmgm m hfpcmr). Jo jb oþ`jrf kj nubcf kj =573, sjcs `jsjs kjspuãs kj su duokmhcøo, Grmowjbb eczf uo sfbj`oj mouohcf jo su pjrcøkchf> ‒Ej`fs hfokuhckf jstm rjvcstm y jspjrm`fs quj tfkfs jstão smtcsdjhefs hfo jbbm. Yjrf hf`f ofs johfotrm`fs hfokuhcjokf uo oujvf pjrcøkchf quj rjqucjrj tfkf oujstrf tcj`pf y mtjohcøo y mefrm tjoj`fs ftrfs trmgmnfs rjhf`jokm`fs m oujstrfs bjhtfrjs mb oujvf jkctfr, jb Hecjd Ajocus Hemrbfttj, quj vm m hfokuhcrbf jo mkjbmotj< m pmrtcr kj mefrm jshrcgcrã søbf m trmvãs kj ãb. Nubcf =573, Y. G. =755. Grfotì=7 Jstm rjouohcm, uom rjmdcr`mhcøo kj su hmbckmk kj covjotfr kj m`gchcfsfs  prfyjhtfs bujaf bujaf mgmokfomkfs, mgmokfomkfs, tjoàm tjoàm jb kjscaocf kjscaocf kj pjr`ctcrbj pjr`ctcrbj kjsmrr kjsmrrfbbmr fbbmr sus m`gchcfojs bctjrmrcms. Jb 89 kj sjptcj`grj kj =573 pugbchø jo su oujvf  pjrcøkchf,  pjrcøkc hf, jb  @foteby Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr , kfs vfbþ`jojs kj pfj`ms kj Sfuoa Xfubt, uof kj sus ejtjrøoc`fs, m`pbcm`jotj hf`jotmkfs pfr jb hràtchf dchtchcf @foscjur kj bm Hemtjmugrcmok. ‒Jstj pfj`m jxhjkj bf pfhf søbckf kj su `ãtrchm crrjaubmr… Hfotcjoj kj`mscmkms hfsms pfr bms quj ej kj sjr  hmstcamkf. \Dcr`m>P Sfuoa Xfubt (Bf jshrcgà jstmokf jgrcf).‐=73   Bm mpmrjotj bcvcmokmk kj jstfs mojxfs, su eu`fr bcajrf, johugrj uo vmstf hfofhc`cjotf kj bm Drmohcm ompfbjøochm y bm kjs`jsurm kj su hmpmhckmk hrjmtcvm. Jo jstm dmsj Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb trmgmnmgmo jo jstrjhem hfbmgfrmhcøo y  gmnf jb scaof scaof kj uom uom rcvmbckmk rcvmb ckmk c`pbmhmgb c`pbmhmgbj. j. Jo uo tjx tjxtf tf kj nuocf nuocf kj =589 Hemrbfttj kjshrcgcø m uo arupf kj ofgbjs kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb quj sj emgàm hfoarjamkf jo jb hj`jotjrcf pmrm rjhupjrmr uofs bcgrfs jotjrrmkfs mýfs mtrís jo jb cotjrcfr kj uofs dãrjtrfs. Yjsj m su scacbf, bm bmgfr cotjrru`pcø m uofs rjsurrjhhcfocstms quj of `uy bjnfs kj mbbà kjsjotjrrmgmo hujrpfs kj sus

 

tu`gms pmrm prmhtchmrbjs kcsjhhcfojs momtø`chms. Jb `ftcvf jbjackf of jrm tmo `ørgckf hf`f pmrjhj. Jb rfgf kj hujrpfs jrm uom príhtchm drjhujotj jo bm Coabmtjrrm vchtfrcmom> jb [c`js  kj Bfokrjs kjb =9 kj sjptcj`grj kj =5=8 codfr` cod fr`øø bm b m kjtjohcøo kj Nfsjpe Nfsj pe Ompbjs, njdj nj dj kj uom uom gmokm kj rjsurrjhhcfocstms rjsurrjhhc focstms quj mhtumgm jo jb hj`jotjrcf kj Xmcot Ymohrms y jo jb Xmcot Gmrtfbf`jw. Bfs hf`prmkfrjs kj hmkívjrjs, jo su `myfr pmrtj, sfbàmo sjr momtf`cstms f jstukcmotjs jstu kcmotjs kj Momtf` Momtf`àm àm kjb efspctmb Xmcot [ef` [ef`ms. ms. Jb kcmrcf kcmrc f kjb sjýfr Ompbjs kj =5=7 rjacstrmgm bms vjotms rjmbczmkms> ‒@mrtjs> …M bm ofhej duc mb Xmcot Ymohrms. Hfosjauà 5 mkubtfs, 7 hechfs y 7 djtfs‐. ‒Nujvjs 71> duc mb Efspctmb Xmcot [ef`ms. Tjokà bms pcjroms. M bm ofhej [f` y Gcbb sj j`gfrrmhemrfo jo bm Wfhlcoaem` Mr`s. Jo hmsm tfkf jb tcj`pf‐=89 . Jb jshrctf kj Hemrbfttj sfgrj bfs rjsurrjhhcfocstms, mpmrjotj`jotj cofdjoscvf, mtmhmgm hfo hcjrtms jbcpscs m bfs prcohcpmbjs pjrsfomnjs kj Grmowjbb, qucjo rjspfokcø hfo jb tjxtf ‒Jb `jotcrfsf kjsjo`mshmrmkf‐> ‒Ef`jrf tjoàm m su ^fcbfs, Tcracbcf m su @mjvcus ‛y jb Hmpctío [rjj tjoàm m su Qjbbjsbjy \kfs pjrsfomnjs kj HemrbfttjP. [fkfs sj pmrjhàmo jo bf kjsprjhcmgbj kj hmríhtjr y jo su codbujohcm y jo quj, hf`f bms vàgfrms, of =8==. Bujaf kj  pfkàmo emhjr ftrm hfsm quj `frkjr `frkjr bfs tmbfojs kj sus s us joj`cafs‐ joj`cafs‐=8 emgjr kjstruckf bms `jotcrms kjb ‒pjqujýf kjpjokcjotj‐, jb omrrmkfr mtmhø bm mrrfamohcm kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy y bf mhusø kj pbmacf> ‒@j c`macof hfo kcvjrscøo mb nfvjo Mrteur rjgfsmokf kj fraubbf bujaf kj tjr`comr jb jshrctf y bjvmotmrsj, tf`mr jo sus `mofs armsfsms jb `moushrctf, rmshmrsj bm hmgjzm, smhmrsj jb nmgft kj bm hm`csm y vjr sc emgàm uo pmsmnj suyf caumb jo jb bcgrf kj Yfpj, pmrm bujaf sjotmrsj hfo su mutfjstc`m kj ocoauom `mojrm =877. kcs`couckm…‐=8 Hemrbfttj sj tf`ø uoms sj`moms pmrm hfotrmmtmhmr y jstm vjz bm pjrkcafomkm mpuotø mb pjrsfomnj kcbjhtf kj Grmowjbb, su mbtjr jaf Sfuoa Xfubt. Jb krm`m smtàrchf  Jb pfjtmstrf  hfovcrtcø m Sfuoa Xfubt jo Ejory Wey`jr, uo pfjtm `jkcfhrj jkcfhr j y puscbíoc`j puscbíoc`j quj jshrcgj, jshrc gj, j`grcmamkf pfr jb mbhfefb, uo uofs fs vjrsfs vjr sfs kj

 

 pãsc`m hmtjafràm. hmtjafràm. Bm pf`pfsm rjgjbkàm rjgjb kàm kj Wey` Wey`jr-Grmowjbb, jr-Grmowjbb , su hfstu`grj hfstu`grj kj trmtmr m sus supjrcfrjs hfo mbtmojràm, bm mpfsturm rf`íotchm y bm jxpjrc`jotmhcøo pfãtchm, su gfej`cm, tfkf js fgnjtf kj gurbm pmrm Hemrbfttj, kj hmtfrhj mýfs. Emstm jb fraubbf kj bcomnj kj Wey`jr, ecnf kjb `myfr  mkvjrsmrcf kj Qjbbcoatfo jo bms hm`pmýms ompfbjøochms, duj kj`fbckf. Mb hf`cjozf kjb rjbmtf Wey`jr sj johujotrm sfbf jo su kjsvío humokf kj c`prfvcsf uo sfockf bbm`m su mtjohcøo. Jo uo acrf bctjrmrcf sfrprjokjotj, Hemrbfttj bj mtrcguyj uo sfbcbfqucf cotjrcfr> ‒¶]uã js jstf6 ¡Fe! Jrm jb vcjotf scbgíokf`j uom sjrjomtm jo su pmsf pfr jb hcjbf… jb vcjotf quj `j gushm, scj`prj `j gushm, jo humbqucjr smbøo, scotcjokf pjom pfr `à ‛Jb Mgmokfomkf  ‛, `j jovàm su vcjotf hf`f hf`f uo aj`ckf j`ckf kj su hf`pmscøo hf`pmscøo pmrm `cs kjshfosfbmkfs fàkfs… ¡Hø`f tcj`gbm `c `mof! Jstfy pfr hcjrtf gmnf bfs jdjhtfs kj `c jxhjscvm coajstm kj gjgckm, f dujrfo søbf jsfs mpmscfomkfs kjstjbbfs prfvfhmkfs pfr uom kj bms bí`pmrms kj bms `usms quj mhmgmo kj =888.  pmsmr pfr `c `jot `jotj‐ j‐=8 Emhcm jb dcomb kjb tjxtf, m uo pmsf kj sugcr mb pmtàgubf Wey`jr-Grmowjbb fdrjhj bfs `moushrctfs kj sus pfj`ms mb pujgbf, m `fkf kj bjamkf. Zom vfz jotrj bm `uhejku`grj bj arctm> ‒¡Armhcms, `uhemhef, tus pmpjbjs gmstmrío pmrm johjokjr jb dujaf kj oujstrms pcpms!‐. Yjrf Hemrbjs Qjbbjsbjy bj fdrjhj bm rjkjohcøo, uo j`pbjf y uo cosubtf> Wey`jr pfkràm sjr smbvmkf kj bm jnjhuhcøo  gmnf bm hfokchcøo kj hfovjrtcrsj jo su sjhrjtmrcf. sjhrjtmrc f. Xc Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj hfod hfodjsø jsø mýfs `ís tmrkj m bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb quj jb pjrsfomnj kj bm tàm Wjjk kj  Nmoj Jyrj sj emgàm cospcrmkf jo bm pjrsfombckmk kj bm tàm Grmowjbb, ¶jb kjb hrujb prc`f Nfeo Wjjk pukf emgjr jstmkf rjbmhcfomkf hfo Grmowjbb6 Bm vjoamozm dcomb kj Hemrbfttj js kjarmkmr mb ‒pfjtmstrf‐, jb `myfr pfjtm kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb,  pmrm hfovjrtcrbf jo uo uo m`mou m`moujosj josj kj su rcvmb. rcvmb . @cjotrms jbbm kcrcaàm jb  Grmowjbb–  Grmowjbb–ss Gbmhlwffk– Gbmhlwffk–ss @mamzcoj, Grmowjbb trmgmnmgm jo jb  @foteby Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr , kjb quj jxcstj søbf uo jnj`pbmr kj `mrzf/mgrcb kj =588. Jb dfr`mtf kj pjrcøkchf bj kcf uom `myfr fpfrtuockmk

 

 pmrm jxpbfrmr jb jshjomrcf pfbàtchf kj Hcukmk Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, hfo bm codfr` codfr`mhcøo mhcøo sfgrj kjgmtjs pmrbm`jotmrcfs y jb mvmohj kj bfs suhjsfs gãbchfs m `jkckm quj sj prfkuhàmo, hfo uom co`jkcmtjz m bm quj ocoauom rjvcstm `josumb pfkàm mspcrmr. Hfo bfs smrhms`fs kj Hemrbfttj y tfkf, jb nfvjohctf kj trjhj mýfs quj mrrjgmtmgm vjrsfs m Gyrfo, m @cbtfo y m Xemljspjmrj jstmgm jshrcgcjokf  pfjsàm y pcjzms bctjrmrcms bctjrmr cms `ís `mkurms y m`gchc m`gchcfsms fsms quj bms kj su ejr`mom. ejr`mom. Jotrj jb =5 y jb 78 kj kchcj`grj kj =573 prfkunf  Bmussmoj, su prc`jrm fgrm jo vjrsf, uo pfj`m krm`ítchf c`guckf kj bms Efrmj Ajr`mochmj Ajr`mochmj, uom sjrcj kj jxtrmhtfs trmkuhckfs pfr jb  Gbmhlwffk  kj   kj trmajkcms mbj`moms. Bujaf jshrcgcø Hmrmhtmhus, bm ecstfrcm kj bm trmchcøo kjb mohcmof Grctfo m bfs rf`mofs j, co`jkcmtm`jotj, Bm vjoamozm, ftrm trmajkcm `jkcjvmb jo trjs trjs mhtfs dcr`mkm dcr`mkm pfr  jb Hmpctío Guk> ‒Jo pfjsàm krm`ítchm jb `myfr bfarf js bm jxhjbjohcm jo kjshrcgcr bms pmscfojs j caumbmr prfpfrhcfomb`jotj jsm jxhjbjohcm jo bm =8 ;. `mojrm quj nuzam`fs bfs `ãrctfs kj bm `cs`m‐=8; Mb mnustmr hujotms hfo su ejr`mof, Hemrbfttj jstmgm m`pbcmokf jb mbhmohj kj sus jshrctfs, kcgunmokf oujvms dfr`ms y jstcbfs pmrm c`ctmr< pjrf mkj`ís jb ‒pfjtmstrf‐ bm sf`jtcø m bm covjstcamhcøo y jb moíbcscs kj bm jshrcturm. Mb msu`cr bm kcrjhhcøo kjb Gbmhlwffk  quctø  quctø jb of`grj kj Grmowjbb kj bm pfrtmkm y rjof`grø mb pjrcøkchf  Jb pjrcøkchf kj bfs Nøvjojs. Xu kjhbmrmhcøo kj  prcohcpcfs tf`ø tf`ø bm dfr`m dfr`m kj uo pfj`m pfj`m jo jb prc`jr prc`jr oþ`jrf> oþ`jrf> ‒Bm sfgrcjkmk js pmsmkf, sj duj. Jb rjcomkf kj bm sjrcjkmk ym em sckf rjmbczmkf. Bm drcvfbckmk vcjoj jo su buamr hfo sforcsms grcbbmotjs jo tfkfs bfs rfstrfs… C`pjtufsfs rf`mohjs fhupmo m hmkm tfotf `uhemhef y `uhemhem, m `jofs quj bm pfkjrfsm `mof kj bm bjy mtmnj jstf hfo sus pfkjrfsms =8:: amrrms.‐=8 Jb pjrcøkchf sj `motuvf jo pcj kurmotj tfkf =589. Emgàm bbjamkf jb `f`jotf kj Hemrbfttj> hf`jozø m jkctmr uom mkmptmhcøo kj  M  Mrmgcmo rmgcmo Ocaet Ocaetss  y, bf `ís c`pfrtmotj, hrjø uo oujvf rjcof pmrm Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, ugchmkf

 

tm`gcão jo Ídrchm. Jb afgcjrof duj johf`jokmkf m Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, mb quj bj mknukchø kfs jspfsms y uo djukf pjr`mojotj. Mkj`ís cohbuyø uom sjrcj kj ecstfrcms dmotístchms kj sujýfs prj`foctfrcfs y trmosdfr`mhcfojs `íachms jshrctms jo jb jstcbf kjb  Gbmhlwffk , quj kjskj =5=5 sj fhupmgm kj supjrstchcfojs y `ctfs kj Ambjs, Crbmokm y Jshfhcm. Zom kj bms ecstfrcms `ís cotjrjsmotjs kj Hemrbfttj js prftmafoczmkm pfr Hemrbjs Qjbbjsbjy, jb ejr`mof `jofr kj Mrteur, quj jo uo sujýf pcjrkj bfs pfkjrjs kjb emgbm y jb `fvc`cjotf y js jotjrrmkf vcvf, `ftcvf aøtchf `uy m bm `fkm kj bm ãpfhm (bm  píacomm =3 kj bm rjvcstm,  píaco rjvcs tm, kj sjcs hjotà` hjotà`jtrfs jtrfs pfr humtrf, humtrf, duj duj vjokckm jo kchcj` kchcj `grj kj 79== jo Xfte Xftejgy–s jgy–s kj Bfokrjs pfr sjtjhcjotms sjtjhcjotms `cb bc bcgrms). grms). Jo kcshrjpmohcm hfo bfs prftmafocstms `mshubcofs kj bms ecstfrcms kj sus ejr`mofs, J`cby tf`ø m uo pjrsfomnj sjhuokmrcf kj bms  Ecstfrcms kj bfs  sbjýfs , bm prcohjsm Tchtfrcm, pmrm hfovjrtcrbm jo uom kj bms prc`jrms ejrfàoms kj su smam kj Afokmb. @ís tmrkj bj rcokcø trcgutf mb gmutczmr m sus fhms m`mjstrmkms Tchtfrcm y Mkjbmckm, kfs kj bfs of`grjs kj bm duturm rjcom. Bm  prcohjsm Tchtfrcm kj Co Coaabmtjrrm, oujvj oujvj `jsjs `jofr quj J`cby J`cby,, ym sj johfotrmgm sctumkm jo bm motjsmbm kj bm jshjom pfbàtchm coabjsm. Jb 8 kj sjptcj`grj sjptcj` grj kj =58=, kàm kj bm hfrfomhcøo kjb oujvf oujvf rjy Ajfraj y kj Mkjbmckm, bm rjcom hfosfrtj, bm prcohjsm duj krm`ítchm` krm`ítchm`jot jotjj jxhbuckm kj bm hfrfomhcøo kj sus tàfs. Hfodcomkm jo uo pjqujýf vjstàgubf jo bf mbtf kj uom jshmbjrm kjb  pmbmhc f kj @mrbgfrfuae,  pmbmhcf @mrbgfrfuae, Tchtfrcm of pukf pmrtchcpmr pmrtchcpm r kj bm prfhjsc prfhjscøo. øo. Mþo tjoàm kfhj mýfs y tuvf quj jspjrmr sjcs `ís pmrm bbjamr mb trfof. Bfs j`fhcfomotjs jotrjtjbfojs kj bm mbtm pfbàtchm coabjsm dmshcomgmo m bfs ocýfs Grfotì. Bms m`cams kj Hemrbfttj mdcr`mrfo quj bm tàm Grmowjbb caofrmgm bm djr`jotmhcøo y jb tmbjotf quj sfpbmgmo m su mbrjkjkfr, m kcdjrjohcm kjb sjýfr  Grfotì, quj mb kjshugrcr mbauofs jshrctfs kj bfs ocýfs bjs pckcø quj jshrcgcjrmo jo bjtrm `ís armokj y bjacgbj. @mry [mybfr rjbmtø quj ‒bm hfstu`grj kj covjotmrsj cotjrjsjs, quj mkqucjrjo `uhefs ocýfs quj hmrjhjo kj

 

tfkf jo su vckm rjmb, jstmgm `uy mrrmcamkm jo Hemrbfttj. [fkm bm dm`cbcm sfbàm c`macomr ecstfrcms j covjotmr pjrsfomnjs y suhjsfs. Jo hcjrtm fhmscøo bj kcnj quj `j pmrjhàmo hf`f pmpms grftmokf jo uo søtmof. Jbbm rjspfokcø =8 4. trcstj`jotj> ‒¡Xà, jsf sf`fs!‐=84

* Tãm  Tãmsj sj Tchtfr chtf r Ojudjbkt, Ojudj bkt, [ej Qfrls Qfrls fd Ymtrchl Grmowjbb Grmo wjbb Gr Grfotì  fotì .

 

HMYÀ[ZBF T ZOM MBZ@OM JUHÃO[WCHM S msà pmsmrfo, sj pfkràm kjhcr, hf`f sc sj trmtmrm kj uom ecstfrcm `jkcjvmb kj m`fr hfrtãs, hcohf mýfs kj pmz y djbchckmk jo bm rjhtfràm. Jo jb ftfýf kj =589 jb rjvjrjokf Grfotì jodjr`ø kj uom pjrscstjotj codjhhcøo pub`fomr quj bj eczf tj`jr, kurmotj sjcs `jsjs, quj pmkjhàm hfosuohcøo. Fhupmkfs jo bm hfostruhhcøo y jb hrjhc`cjotf kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb y kj Afokmb, bfs ocýfs  pjr`mojhcjrfo  pjr` mojhcjrfo mnjofs m bms prjfhupmhcfojs kj su pmkrj, quj jo uom hmrtm m Jbczmgjte Dcrte bj kjshrcgcø su ‒hmàkm jo kjhbcvj‐=81 . Bm hjrtcku`grj kj quj su `ujrtj kjnmràm m sus ecnfs jo bm hmbbj y m bm rjhtfràm jo `mofs kj uo oujvf vchmrcf, bf kjhckcø m vfbvjr m jovcmr m uom kj sus ecnms m uom jshujbm. Of sj trmtø, jstm vjz, kj uo hfbjacf kjshugcjrtf jo jb mouohcf kj uo pjrcøkchf. Wfj Ejmk, uo pjqujýf y rjspjtmkf jstmgbjhc`cjotf kcrcackf pfr bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr y trjs kj sus ejr`moms, of søbf jrm hfofhckf  pfr Jbczmgjte Jb czmgjte Dcrte. Bfs Bfs pmkrcofs pmkr cofs kj Hemrbfttj, jb rjvjrjokf r jvjrjokf [ef`ms [ef`ms Mrlcosfo y Drmohjs Qmbljr kj Arjjo Efusj, motcaufs m`cafs kj [efrotfo, jovcmgmo mbbà m su sfgrcom M`jbcm Qmbljr. Kj `fkf quj jo jstm fpfrtuockmk bm hf`fkckmk f bm hfovjocjohcm jhfoø`chm of nuamrfo m dmvfr kj bm jbjhhcøo, ym quj bm costctuhcøo sj sctumgm m trjcotm y kfs lcbø`jtrfs kj Emwfrte, humokf jo Ljcaebjy emgàm kfs hfbjacfs pmrm ocýms y mþo `ís jo Grmkdfrk y Embcdmx. Jb ejhef kj quj mhjptmrmo søbf jotrj scjtj y kcjz pupcbms rjvjbm quj sus jxpjosms kjgàmo sjr mbtms, pjrf js pfscgbj quj bfs Mrlcosfo hfbmgfrmrmo hfo bfs amstfs. Bms mbu`oms jrmo ecnms kj dmgrchmotjs mhf`fkmkfs y rjspjtmgbjs dm`cbcms hfosjrvmkfrms kj bm zfom y tfkms rfokmgmo bm jkmk kj Hemrbfttj, m kcdjrjohcm

 

kj bms pupcbms kj Hfwmo Grckaj. Kj `fkf quj jb =1 kj jojrf kj =58= Hemrbfttj, kj hmtfrhj mýfs, duj jovcmkm m su oujvf kjstcof m gfrkf kj uo hmrrumnj hugcjrtf, mprfpcmkf pmrm  prftjajrbm  prftja jrbm kjb dràf. Xc gcjo sj `motjoàm motjoàm kjbchmkm kjbc hmkm y dríacb dríacb hf`f hf`f humokf humokf jrm  pjqujým, su mspjhtf jrm trmoqucbf trmoqucbf y rjdbjxcvf, y bfs armokjs armokjs fnfs hmstmýfs rfnczfs quj rjdbjnmgmo su grcbbmotj cotjbcajohcm kjsvcmgmo bm mtjohcøo kj sus rmsafs hugcstms. ‒Bm prc`jrm vjz quj bm vc‐, kcnf @mry [mybfr, ‒vjstàm uom rfpm vcjnm y  pmsmkm kj `fkm> sj vjàm `uy trcstj y `ujrtm ujrtm kj dràf. Humokf Humokf jotrø jotrø jo jb kfr`ctfrcf sj emgàm hm`gcmkf jb vjstckf pfr ftrf sc`cbmr. Xu mspjhtf jrm jb kj uom pjqujým vcjnctm, y sj vjàm quj jrm hfrtm kj vcstm pfrquj scj`prj kmgm bm c`prjscøo kj quj jstmgm gushmokf mbaf, `fvcjokf bm hmgjzm kj uo bmkf m ftrf  pmrm pfkjr vjr. Jrm `uy ojrvcfsm jrvcf sm y tà`ckm, tà`ckm, y mkj`ís mkj`ís emgbmgm hfo uo dujrtj dujrtj mhjotf crbmokãs hf`pbjtm`jotj kcstcotf kjb oujstrf. Humokf bj kmgmo uo bcgrf sj bf mhjrhmgm tmotf m bm hmrm quj pmrjhàm quj bf tfhmgm hfo bm omrcz, y mb  pjkcrbjj quj bjvmotmrm bm hmgjzm  pjkcrb h mgjzm nuo nuotf tf hfo jbbm sugàm mb bcgr bcgrf, f, scj`prj pjamkf m =8 5. bm omrcz, msà quj jrm c`pfscgbj of rjàrsj‐=85 Xc bms mbu`oms kj Wfj Ejmk sj gurbmgmo kj bm `cfpàm, su jrukchcøo bms kjsbu`grmgm, jo pmrtchubmr humokf bms sjýfrctms Qffbjr bjàmo drma`jotfs kj  pfjsàms quj jbbm of søbf hfofhàm kj `j`frcm> j`frcm> smgàm bfs of`grjs of`grjs kj bfs mutfrjs y m quã pfj`m pjrtjojhàmo< m vjhjs bjs rjhctmgm uom píacom f bjs hfotmgm hfot mgm bm b m trm`m. trm`m. Bjs bbm` bb m`mgm mgm bm b m mtjohcøo quj quj jshrcgc js hrcgcjrm jrm jo bjtrm kj c`prjot c`prjotmm y jo uo kjshuckf Hemrbfttj bjs hfotø quj emgàm tf`mkf jsm hfstu`grj jshrcgcjokf jo bm rjvcstm quj jkctmgm nuotf hfo su ejr`mof y sus kfs ejr`moms. Hcjrtm vjz emstm bjs rjbmtø uom kj bms ecstfrcms, pjrf jsf duj tfkf bf quj supcjrfo kj sus jshrctfs. Bms m`cams moscmgmo vjr uof kj bfs jnj`pbmrjs y jbbm bj prf`jtcø m @mry [mybfr `fstrmrbj uof, muoquj bujaf sj mrrjpcotcø y @mry of  pukf emhjrb emhjrbmm hm`gcmr hm`gcmr kj fpcocøo f pcocøo.. Bm tmrkj jo quj Jbbjo Oussjy bbjaø pfr prc`jrm vjz mb hfbjacf, uom sj`mom

 

kjspuãs quj Hemrbfttj, bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr bm hfokunf emhcm bm gcgbcftjhm. Mb jotrmr, Jbbjo kcstcoaucø m uom fshurm dcaurm, sj`cfhubtm pfr bms hfrtcoms kj bm vjotmom, quj `crmgm jb pmcsmnj ojvmkf hfo bm hmrm `fnmkm pfr bms bíarc`ms. Hemrbfttj cotjotø jshfokjrsj pjrf bms m`mgbjs prjauotms kj Jbbjo bm fgbcamrfo m mk`ctcr bm ofstmbacm quj sjotàm pfr su efamr. Of sj rjmoc`ø scof mb kjshugrcr  quj bm rjhcão bbjamkm, sco hfofhjr m omkcj mbbà, jstmgm jo uom sctumhcøo `ís kjsvjotmnfsm quj bm suym. Jotfohjs ‒uom kãgcb y tj`gbfrfsm sforcsm cbu`coø su =8 3 y Hemrbfttj tf`ø bm `mof kj su oujvm m`cam rfstrf, bms bíarc`ms hjsmrfo‐=83  pmrm hfokuhcrb hfokuhcrbmm emhcm jb arupf arupf kj mbu`oms mbu`oms quj quj vjoàm kj nuamr nuamr jo jb nmrkà nmrkào. o. Bm hfoafnm kj Hemrbfttj pukf emgjrsj frcacomkf jo bm kcspfschcøo kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr kj ugchmrbm jo bm sjauokm hbmsj emstm quj sj puscjrm m tfof hfo bm arm`ítchm. Yjrf uofs kàms `ís tmrkj, mb oftmr su mdbchhcøo, bm kcrjhtfrm kjhckcø `motjojrbm jo bm prc`jrm hbmsj. (‒Mb prcohcpcf pjosm`fs quj jrm `uy =;99) caofrmotj pfrquj of smgàm omkm kj arm`ítchm y `uy pfhf kj ajfarmdàm.‐ =; Jo bms efrms kj rjhrjf, `cjotrms sus hf`pmýjrms nuamgmo m bm pjbftm, jbbm sjauàm jstukcmokf sjotmkm gmnf bfs írgfbjs, cokcdjrjotj m bms rcsms y hfrrckms. Bm covctmgmo m pmrtchcpmr pjrf jbbm sj ojamgm. Fgjkjhcjokf m su coscstjohcm uom vjz bbjaø m cotjotmrbf, hfo bm tfrpjzm kjb `cfpj quj of mbhmozm m kcstcoaucr  jb `fvc`cjotf kj bm pjbftm. Mb oftmr quj motjs kj ojamrbjs mbaf sj kjgmtàm jo uom buhem cotjrcfr pfr johfotrmr bm `mojrm kj of fdjokjrbms, kjnmrfo kj coscstcrbj. ‒Jbbms of bm hf`prjokàmo, y jbbm sjotàm bm kcstmohcm quj bms sjpmrmgm.‐=;=  Yrjdjràm sjotmrsj gmnf bfs írgfbjs y sj jsdfrzmgm jo jxpbchmrbjs huío marmkmgbj jrm jstmr mbbà> bjs sjýmbmgm bms sf`grms, bms ougjs y bfs rjtmzfs kj hcjbf. ‒Ofsftrms jotjokàm`fs `uy pfhf.‐=;7 Jb ejhef kj quj sj rjeusmrm m hf`jr hmroj ‛ym dujrm pfrquj jo su hmsm of sj hf`cjrm, scaucjokf bm ecpøtjscs kj bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet, ym dujrm pfrquj bm hfhcom kj Hfwmo Grckaj bj eugcjrm kjnmkf uom c`prjscøo trmu`ítchm‛ duj mtrcguckf m ftrm rmrjzm pfr sus hfokcshàpubms. ‒Yfr mýfs jbbm of emgàm prfgmkf hmroj, bj kjsmarmkmgm `uheàsc`f‐=;8 , kcnf Jbbjo. Hfo jb tcj`pf kjnø kj

 

rjhjbmr kj bm hf`ckm kj bm jshujbm y mhjptø quj sus vjrkurms dujrmo rfhcmkms hfo smbsm kj hmroj. Bms hbmsjs hfo jb pcotfr Nfeo Grmkbjy kjgcjrfo mdcomr su emgcbckmk pmrm jb kcgunf, pfrquj kjskj bfs cochcfs sj hfbfhø m bm hmgjzm kj su arupf. Of pfkàm mprjokjr pcmof, ym quj bm `cfpàm bm fgbcamgm m cotjrru`pcr hfostmotj`jotj bm jnjhuhcøo pmrm `crmr bms oftms, pjrf duj jo bm þochm kcshcpbcom jo bm quj of sj mkcjstrø. [joàm `uy hbmrm su rjspfosmgcbckmk dm`cbcmr, f su `cscøo> smhmr   prfvjhef kj tfkf hfofhc`cjotf hfofhc`cjotf pfscgbj. pfscgb j. Hfo bm mvmrchcm mvmrc hcm kj uo `jokcaf jokcaf covctmkf m uom hjom fpubjotm, of sj pjrkàm oc uof kj bfs gfhmkfs `ís jxqucsctfs> ‒…hmpturmgm hmkm pjqujým codfr`mhcøo rjbmhcfomkm hfo bm =; ;.  pcoturm,  pcot urm, bm jshubturm, jshubturm, bm pfjs pfjsàm, àm, bm `þschm, hf`f hf`f sc dujrm dujrm frf‐ =;; Bms þbtc`ms píacoms kj su Auàm kj prfouohcmhcøo kjb Drmohãs  kj [fhquft jstío bbjoms kj moftmhcfojs hfo bfs of`grjs kj pjrsfomnjs kj Xemljspjmrj y vjrscfojs bmtcoms kj bfs of`grjs kj bms hcukmkjs. Marjamgm kmtfs sfgrj bm Motcaum Arjhcm m su jnj`pbmr kj Ecstfrcm kj Wche`mb @moaombb y sj hf`prø hfo su kcojrf kfs bcgrfs kj arm`ítchm. Bms hf`pmýjrms cotuàmo quj bj pjsmgmo bms mbtms jxpjosms kjb hfbjacf y quj pfr jsf of qujràm kcbmpckmr oc uo `f`jotf kj su prjhcfsm dfr`mhcøo hf`f afgjromotm, prcvcbjacf kjb quj jstmgmo jxhbuckms sus ejr`moms. ‒Humokf ofs johfotrígm`fs rjuockms mbrjkjkfr kjb dujaf, f kcsdrutmokf bms efrms bcgrjs kjb hrjpþshubf, uo tcj`pf kjkchmkf m bm rjbmnmhcøo, jbbm pfkàm qujkmrsj mrrfkcbbmkm nuotf m bm vjotmom pmrm sjaucr  jstukcmokf, y bf emhàm kurmotj tmotf tcj`pf quj ofsftrms bm mhusígm`fs kj tjojr pfkjrjs pmrm vjr jo bm fshurckmk.‐ =;: =;44  hfo Bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr jrm uom ‒cotjbcajotj, kjhjotj y `mtjromb `unjr‐ =; uom vfz kubhj y hfovcohjotj, jb austf hubtcvmkf y uom prfbcnckmk y `fkjstcm jo bm vjstc`jotm quj Hemrbfttj mkfptø `ís mkjbmotj. Yjqujým y rfgustm, vjstàm kj  gbmohf y usmgm jb pjbf trjozmkf trjozmkf mbrjkjkfr mbr jkjkfr kj bm b m hmgjzm, h mgjzm, mb `fkf, kjhàm kj hàm Jbbjo, kj uom mgmkjsm. M bfs trjcotm y oujvj mýfs, mdjhtufsm pjrf of sjotc`jotmb, bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr bbjvmgm bm kcshcpbcom jshfbmr hfo uom dcr`j cokubajohcm quj

 

hmutcvø m Hemrbfttj. Jb jstcbf kj bm tàm Grmowjbb of pmrjhàm sjr jb þochf  pfscgbjj pmrm uom  pfscgb uom `unjr `unjr sfbtjrm j cokjpjokcjotj. cokjpjokcjotj. Zom vjz quj sus oujvms m`cams bfarmrfo mtjoumr su tc`ckjz, Hemrbfttj sj mkmptø mb oujvf hfbjacf hfo bm mbjaràm quj sfbàm jxpmokcr m sus mohems jo jb efamr. Mbauoms kj bms tmrkjs `ís djbchjs jo Wfj Ejmk trmoshurràmo pujrtms mkjotrf, humokf jb `mb tcj`pf fgbcamgm m bms mbu`oms m pmsjmr m bf bmraf kj bm smbm kj hbmsjs, kjb grmzf, hfovjrsmokf hfo bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr. Jbbm bjs rjbmtmgm ecstfrcms kj bfs vcjnfs tcj`pfs kj bm Wjvfbuhcøo Cokustrcmb, humokf bm mpmrchcøo kj bfs tjbmrjs y bms `íqucoms kj ecbmr kjsamrrø m bms dm`cbcms kj bfs mrtjsmofs kjb Sfrlsecrj. Yjrf tm`gcão bjs rjbmtmgm sus vcmnjs pfr jb hfotcojotj y bjs kjshrcgàm `usjfs, hmtjkrmbjs y fgrms kj mrtj, uom codfr`mhcøo kj bm quj Hemrbfttj mgrjvø m bm efrm kj hfodjhhcfomr bm jxtjosm bcstm kj pcoturms quj kjsjmgm vjr mbaþo kàm. Jrm uom kjbchcm hf`pmrtcr jsms efrms kjb hrjpþshubf hfo bm kcrjhtfrm, ‒kchefsms kj jshuhemrbm, f kj tjojr bm hemohj kj sjr bm `ís hjrhmom m jbbm jb bm jo bm hm`comt hm`comtm‐ m‐=;1 . Bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr bjs hfotø `uhems vjhjs bm krm`ítchm fdjoscvm kj Wmwdfbks @cbb, fhurrckm `uy hjrhm kj Wfj Ejmk. Jstj hfodbchtf,  prfgmgbj`  prfgmgb j`jot jotjj tm`gcão tm`gcão hfotmkf hfotmkf m sus ecnfs pfr jb sjýfr Grfotì, Grfotì, sj kjsmtø bm ofhej kjb sígmkf == kj mgrcb kj =5=7 humokf uo arupf kj bukctms, hf`f sj hfofhàm m bfs b fs fpfojotjs fpfojotjs m bm cokustrcmbc cokustrcmbczmhcøo zmhcøo `ís `ís rmkchmb rm kchmbczmkfs, czmkfs, ` `mrheø mrheø emhcm bm dígrchm Wmwdfbks. Jb [c`js  rjpfrtø quj jrmo jotrj hcjotf hcohujotm y kfshcjotfs y quj quj mtmhmrfo hfo sus sus rfstrfs rfs trfs hugcjrtfs pfr `íshmrms f vjstckfs kj `unjr, pmrm kjstrucr tjbmrjs y `íqucoms. Dujrfo rjscstckfs pfr uofs oujvj ef`grjs mr`mkfs, quj kjspuãs kj uom grjvj buhem `mtmrfo m kfs bukctms y bfarmrfo rjpjbjr jb mtmquj. Jstj suhjsf, quj Hemrbfttj rjbmtø jo su tjxtf ‒Mbaf sfgrj Mrteur‐ kj =588, vfbvcø m mpmrjhjr jo su ofvjbm Xecrbjy kj =5;3. [mggy tm`gcão kjgàm cohbucr bm gmtmbbm kj Wmwdfbks @cbb jo jb rjpjrtfrcf kj sus vcjnfs hujotfs kj Ofrte Wckcoa. Bm kcshcpbcom kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr, tmo gjoãvfbm, cohbuàm kj tfkfs `fkfs

 

mbauofs hmstcafs. Bms kcshàpubms quj codbcaàmo bms rjabms arm`mtchmbjs f kj hf`pfrtm`cjotf rjhcgàmo hf`f rjprc`jokm uom hfokjhfrmhcøo hfo hcotms ojarms quj sj pmsmgmo kj uom m ftrm. Yfr su caofrmohcm kj bm arm`ítchm coabjsm Hemrbfttj pfkràm emgjrsj amomkf bm hcotm ojarm, pjrf bms sjýfrctms Qffbjr  ouohm sj bm hfbfhmrfo. Xjcs `jsjs kjspuãs kj emgjr bbjamkf, Hemrbfttj sj hfovcrtcø jo bm `jnfr mbu`om, amoø trjs prj`cfs y uom `jkmbbm kj pbmtm> ‒J`ubmhcøo‐, jstmgm armgmkf jo uof kj sus bmkfs< ‒Wjhf`pjosm‐, jo jb ftrf. Jo jb sjauokf tãr`cof, sjcs `jsjs `ís mkjbmotj, fgtuvf uo jnj`pbmr kjb  Oujvf  Ou jvf [jstm`jot jstm`jotff jo drmohãs> drmohãs> ‒Yrj`cf ‒Yrj`cf kj Drmohãs mknukchmkf m bm Xjýfrctm Grfotì y prjsjotmkf hfo jb mdjhtf kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr. Wfj Ejmk, =; kj =;55. kchcj`grj kj =58=‐=; Mb mkvjrtcr quj Hemrbfttj y @mry [mybfr ‒jrmo tmo jdchcjotjs jo bm jshujbm y  pmrm jbbms jbbm s of emgàm ftrm hfsm quj jstukcmr, jstukcmr, bjs b js kcf  Gjbbms bjtr bjtrms ms kj Gbmcr pmrm quj mprjokcjrmo kj `j`frcm‐, rjbmtø Jbbjo. Hemrbfttj hu`pbcø hfo bm tmrjm,  pjrf @mry ‒kjsfgjkjhcø y tuvf tuvf quj crsj cr sj m bm hm`m hm`m sco sc o hjomr hjomr emstm hmsc uo `js motjs kj kjnmr bm jshujbm. Yjrf pfr bms ofhejs scj`prj bm johfotrígm`fs =; 3. kcgunmokf jo bm vjotmom, mbjarj y sforcjotj‐=;3 Jo `myf kj =587 Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø uom cojspjrmkm vcsctm kj Grmowjbb, quj hm`coø bfs trjcotm y kfs lcbø`jtrfs kjskj Emwfrte pmrm mouohcmrbj quj bm tàm Grmowjbb sj emgàm sushrcptf mb  Drmsjr  Drmsjr––s @mamzcoj, uom oftchcm sjosmhcfomb. @cjotrms jbbm sj cochcmgm hfo kcdchubtmk jo jb `uokf jxtjrcfr, Grmowjbb emgàm  prfduokcz  prfdu okczmkf mkf y jxtjokckf jxtjokckf emstm jb kjbcrcf kjbcr cf bm ajfarmdàm, ajfarmdàm, pjrsfomnjs y hcrhuostmohcms kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, m bm quj bbm`mgmo ‒jb `uokf codjromb‐. Emgàm jshrctf gmstmotjs tjxtfs jo prfsm jo =571 y =575, pjrf hf`f jkctfr kjb j otrj humt h umtrf rf y scjtj oþ`jrfs oþ`jrfs kj su rjvcstm, rjvc stm, kfs vfbþ`jojs vfbþ`jojs rmowjbb–s prfkunf jo kj uo bcgrf kj vcmnjs, trjcotm y humtrf pfj`ms, uo cotjotf kj vjrsf bmtcof y uo krm`m jo vjrsf. Xu prc`jr mýf kj mhtcvckmk hfotcoum duj =573, humokf tjoàm jotrj fohj y kfhj mýfs.  Bm ecstfrc ecstfrcmm kj bfs Nøvjojs> kjskj su prc`jr  msjotm`cjotf emstm jb `f`jotf prjsjotj, hf`jozmkf jb =: kj kchcj`grj kj

 

=589, `cjotrms Hemrbfttj mþo jstmgm jo bm rjhtfràm, duj tjr`comkm hcohf `jsjs kjspuãs, hfo jbbm ym costmbmkm jo Wfj Ejmk. Jb `mpm quj hfosjrvm bm Gcgbcftjhm Grctíochm nuotf hfo jb `moushrctf frcacomb kj jstj tjxtf `ujstrm jb kcgunf jstcbczmkf kj uof kj bfs pjrsfomnjs, jb Ajocf Grmocc, pbmotmkf jotrj bms ougjs hf`f uo Kcfs. @ís mgmnf pujkj vjrsj uom dcr`m m`pubfsm y bbjom kj fromtf, trmzmkm hfo bm bjtrctm mgcamrrmkm kj Grmowjbb y mdcomkm pfr su pbu`m kjbamkm. Bms bàojms kjb `mpm kjdcojo hfo hbmrckmk jb rjcof kj hmkm ejr`mof y sus `fotmýms y ràfs, quj muoquj sj johfotrmgmo jo jb fjstj kj Ídrchm `fstrmgmo rj`cocshjohcms rj`cocshjohcms kjb kj b ofrtj ofrtj kj Jurfpm. Jurfpm. Bc`ctmgm c`ctmgm m jstfs rjcofs rj cofs bm Armo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, `ís hfrruptm quj Gmgcbfocm (m bm quj jo su tcj`pf sj hfofhàm tm`gcão hf`f bm hcukmk kj bms rm`jrms), hfo pmbmhcfs, prcscfojs, dígrchms y uo bmgjràotchf `uokf sugtjrríojf kfokj emgctmgmo hrc`combjs y mrpàms prfstcgubmrcms. Of js kcdàhcb kj jotjokjr quj Hemrbfttj sj ojamrm m emgbmr hfo @mry [mybfr kj sus `uokfs dchhcfombjs. Mb rmtf kj bm pmrtckm kj Grmowjbb kjb hfbjacf ‛ftrm hm`comtm kj rjarjsf emhcm Emwfrte, jb `cs`f kàm‛ Hemrbfttj bj jshrcgcø uom hmrtm kjbchmkm y mdjhtufsm> ‒]ujrckf Grmowjbb, Hf`f js usumb tj kcrcnf `c hmrtm sj`momb m tc, quj js m qucjo `ís hfsms tjoaf pmrm kjhcr. Jstfy `uy moscfsm pfr smgjr jo quã jstmkf ems bbjamkf m oujstrf efamr kjspuãs kj tu bmraf (y pcjosf, `uy dmtcafsf) vcmnj. Yukj pjrhcgcr humokf bbjamstj m Wfj Ejmk quj tj johfotrmgms `uy hmosmkf, m pjsmr kj quj tj rjeusmstj m rjhfofhjrbf. Bujaf kj tu pmrtckm sj `j vcocjrfo m bm `jotj `uhems prjauotms quj `j eugcjrm austmkf emhjrtj, pjrf fbvckã kjhàrtjbms m hmusm kj bm jxhctmhcøo y jb jxtrj`f pbmhjr kj vjrtj‐ =:9 . Xc  gcjo jb  Drmsjr  Drmsjr––s  jrm `jofs cotjrjsmotj quj jb  Gbmhlwffk , ‒muo msà vm m sjr  `jnfr quj qujkmrofs tfkf jb mýf sco fgtjojr ocoaþo pjrcøkchf, hf`f ofs vm m suhjkjr jo bm pjqujým pj qujým y smbvmnj vcbb v cbbmm kjb pírm`f kfokj kfokj vcvc` vcv c`fs, fs, kfokj of emy emy  pfscgcbckm  pfscgc bckmkk kj fgtjojr fgtjojr f pjkcr prjstmkf uo pjrcøkchf pjrcøk chf msà jo uom uom gcgbcftjhm gcgbc ftjhm hcrhubmotj‐=:= . Bm hmrtm tjr`comgm> ‒Hfo m`fr pmrm tfkfs, hrjj, qujrckf Grmowjbb, jo jb hmrcýf kj tu mdjhtufsm ejr`mom, Hemrbfttj‐. ¶Hø`f of m`mr m

 

jsj ejr`mof mrrjgmtmkf y ejrfchf quj, kj`mscmkf pfgrj pmrm pmamr uom hmbjsm, søbf pfr vjrbm emgàm mtrmvjsmkf pírm`f, pmotmofs, prmkfs y ràfs m pcj6 Mkj`ís kj bm m`frfsm, y jo jstj sjotckf of duj uom jxprjscøo `jofr, Hemrbfttj eczf uom kjhbmrmhcøo pmodbjtmrcm jo su hmrtm> hf`f rmgcfsm hfosjrvmkfrm hjbjgrø jb rjtrfhjsf kj bfs pmrtckmrcfs kj bm bjy kj rjdfr`m kj bm Hí`mrm kj bfs Hf`uojs, quj bujaf duj mprfgmkm m pjsmr kj bm vcrubjotm fpfschcøo kj bm Hí`mrm Hí` mrm kj bfs Bfrjs.   Bms rjvujbtms r jvujbtms pfr jstm j stm rjdfr`m rjdfr`m cospcrmrfo cospcrm rfo m Grmowjbb m marjamr kfs vf vfbþ` bþ`jojs jojs m su sjrcj Hmrtms kj uo coabãs, cochcmkm jo =589, quj omrrmgm bfs vcmnjs y mvjoturms kj uo gmoqujrf grctíochf kj vcsctm jo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb. Jb dfr`mtf kj hmrtm bj pjr`ctàm m Grmowjbb pfojrsj jo bm pcjb kj Nm`js Gjbbcoaem`, uo  pjrsfomnj zurkf zurkf y hurcfsf hf`f hf`f ãb, jo su vcmnj pfr jb Íd Ídrchm rchm prfduo prfduokm. Jo su trmvjsàm jb dfrmstjrf sj emgàm johfotrmkf hfo bfs ejr`mofs Mrteur y Hemrbjs Qjbbjsbjy y hfo jb rjof`grmkf pfjtm kjb c`pjrcf, Sfuoa Xfubt, m bfs humbjs sj uocø uo arupf kj bmkrfojs kj amomkf bckjrmkfs pfr Ycatmcb, ‒jb `myfr  =:77. Yctamcb trmdchmgm, jo vjrkmk, vjokjkfr kj pmo gbmohf y `motjhm pruscmom‐=:  gmrrms kj mrsãochf y mhjctj mhjc tj kj vctrcfbf gmnf bm dfr`m dfr`m kj pmo< bm ‒`mot ‒`motjhm‐ jhm‐ of jrm `ís quj uom hbmvj pmrm mbukcr mb íhckf pruscmof trmosdfr`mkf jo `motjhm. Bm hf`ctcvm pmsø uoms ofhejs hfo uofs hmzmkfrjs durtcvfs y ftrfs dfrmnckfs emstm quj, jo rjspujstm m uo krm`ítchf bbm`mkf, tuvf quj vfbvjr m bm Armo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, m`jomzmkm pfr uom rjvfbuhcøo. Jstj jshrctf duj smgftjmkf  pfr uom uom kj bms ejr`moms ejr`moms pjqujýms, quj jo jb rjvjrsf rjvjrs f kj bm prc`jrm efnm jshrcgcø, jo drmohãs, uom oftm kjsmdcmotj> ‒@c qujrckf ejr`mof, ems jshrctf `uy gcjo, yf of hrjàm quj vjrkmkjrm`jotj pukcjrms emhjrbf. [joaf dj jo quj =:88. jrjs uo hechf `mbvmkf y jo quj sjrís uo ef`grj jspjbuzomotj‐ =: Xøbf J`cby pukf emgjr bmozmkf sj`jnmotj prfdjhàm m su ejr`mof. Mutfkckmhtm m dujr kj prfvcohcmom pfgrj, J`cby mprjokcø mbj`ío jo bm hfhcom

 

kj bm rjhtfràm, hfo uo kchhcfomrcf mb bmkf kjb pmbf kj m`msmr. Sm emgàm mhfosjnmkf m su pmkrj, m bfs fhef mýfs, m prfpøsctf kj Grmowjbb> ‒Wmzfom hfo ãb, y sc of mtcjokj rmzfojs, mzøtmbf‐ =:; . Jbbm `cs`m mpbchø jsj rj`jkcf m su  pjrrf Ljjpjr bm vjz jo j o quj jb moc` moc`mb mb sugcø m uom uom hm`m, hm`m, jo drmohm rjgjbkà rjgjbkàmm m bms ørkjojs kj bm tàm Grmowjbb. Humokf [mggy rjpfrtø bm trmvjsurm kjb pjrrf, J`cby j`pmbckjhcø y mprjtø bfs bmgcfs. Xus ejr`moms hmbbmrfo, mkvjrtckms kj su ajstf hfbãrchf> ‒Omkcj sj mtrjvàm m cotjrdjrcr humokf bfs fnfs kj J`cby  grcbbmgmo  grcb bmgmo kj k j jsm `mojrm kjskj kj skj bm pmbckjz pmbck jz kj su rfstrf, rfs trf, y hhumo umokf kf sus bmgcfs b mgcfs sj =: :. J`cby hf`prc`àmo hf`f pcjkrms‐=:: J`cby afbpjø m Ljjpjr hfo h fo bfs puýfs hjrrmkfs hjrrmkf s ‒emstm quj sus fnfs sj ecohemrfo y jb jstupckczmkf y `jkcf hcjaf gubbkfa duj =:44. Zo muaurcf kjb tj`pjrm`jotf kj hfokuhckf m su hmscbbm kj hfstu`grj‐=: Ejmtehbcdd< pjrf J`cby bujaf hurø m`frfsm`jotj m Ljjpjr. Mhtumb`jotj, uo hmrtjb jo jb gmnf kj bm jshmbjrm kjb embb kj bm hmsm-`usjf sjýmbm m bfs vcsctmo vcsc tmotjs tjs jb bua b uamr mr kjb kj b hmstca hms tcaf. f. Jb sjauokf vfbu`jo kj bms Hmrtms kj uo coabãs, jshrctf gmnf bfs dujafs kj bms rjvfbuhcfojs guraujsms quj mactmgmo m Jurfpm mbrjkjkfr kj =589, pfoj jo jshjom, gmnf su pjrsfombckmk kj kj`mafaf, m Mbjxmokjr Wfauj, uo motceãrfj  grmowjbcmof  grmowjbc mof kj mbtàsc` mbtàsc `m c`pfrtmo c`pfrtmohcm. hcm. Jxpubsmkf Jxpubsmkf kjb Ymrbm`jotf Ymrbm`jotf buja b ujaff kj uom c`prukjotj jxpfschcøo sjkchcfsm, Wfauj mbjotø uom rjvfbuhcøo quj gmnf su `mokf kjsjohmkjoø bm kjstruhhcøo kj bm Armo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, hmpctmb kjb C`pjrcf. Yjsj m quj mþo of rjbuhàm jo tfkm su pjrvjrsckmk, Wfauj ym sj  prfyjhtmgm hf`f hf`f uo uomm kj bms dcaurms dcaurms `ís rjbjvmotjs rjbjvmotjs kj bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm. Bms efrms kj jstukcf jo jb hfbjacf quctmgmo tcj`pf m Hemrbfttj pmrm jshrcgcr  sfgrj jb `uokf codjromb, pjrf su kjs`jsurmkm dmotmsàm bj cospcrmgm uofs hujotfs aøtchfs quj pfoàmo bfs pjbfs kj puotm m sus hf`pmýjrms, hf`f bm tjojgrfsm ecstfrcm kj bm nfvjo quj hm`comgm jo sujýfs hfo bfs grmzfs jxtjokckfs> ‒Ofs rjbmtø prc`jrf tfkfs bfs efrrfrjs quj su c`macomhcøo pfkàm hrjmr> `mrjs quj sj prjhcpctmgmo, fbms durcfsms, tfrrjs kj hmstcbbfs, mbtfs  prjhcpchcfs  prjhc pchcfs,, mgcs`fs covcscgbjs. covcscgbj s. Emgcjokf `fotmkf fotmkf tfkfs jstfs jshjomrcfs

 

 pmrm emhjr uo `ís `ís mbtf afbpj kj jdjhtf, hf`f kjskj kj skj bf mbtf kj uo uomm ougj ougj eczf mpmrjhjr m su sfoí`gubm hm`comokf sfgrj uom tfrrj tj`gbfrfsm, tfkf hfotmkf hfo uom vfz quj ofs trmospfrtmgm `ís kj bf quj bms pmbmgrms pujkjo jxprjsmr‐=:1 . Jb rjbmtf prfvfhø uo mtmquj kj tjrrfr jo uom kj bms mbu`oms quj emgàm jstmkf jodjr`m y bms kj`ís tuvcjrfo quj pjkcr myukm m bms `mjstrms. Bujaf kj jsm ofhej Hemrbfttj sj rjeusø m sjaucr hfotmokf ecstfrcms, pjrf pmsmkf jb tcj`pf sus hfokcshàpubms bm hfovjohcjrfo kj vfbvjr m rjuocrsj m bm efrm kj kfr`cr y bfs hujotfs tjrrfràdchfs rjarjsmrfo uom tj`pfrmkm, emstm quj dujrfo kjshugcjrtms pfr bm sjýfrctm Hmtejrcoj Qffbjr, ejr`mom kj bm kcrjhtfrm. Bms øvjojs rjhfrkmgmo jsfs rjbmtfs hfo pmvfr, pjrf tm`gcão hfo rjafhcnf. Bjs rjsubtmgmo `jofs jshmbfdrcmotjs quj jb dmotms`m kj bm km`m kj Wfj Ejmk, tmo vàvckf quj rjhfrkmgmo jb hruncr kj su vjstckf humokf hrjàmo rfzmrbf mb sugcr jb sjauokf trm`f kj bm jshmbjrm. Xcaucjrfo `johcfomokf mb dmotms`m jo sus hmrtms kurmotj kurmo tj `u `uhefs mýfs kjspuãs kj spuãs kj emgjr kjnmkf k jnmkf jb hfbjacf. h fbjacf. Bfs jstukcfs, bms m`cams y bms hmrtms sj`mombjs m su hmsm mbjnmrfo m Hemrbfttj kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb. Jo bms vmhmhcfojs kj vjrmof quj pmsø jo bm rjhtfràm, m dcojs kjb prc`jr sj`jstrj kjb hfbjacf, pmrjhj emgjr kcsdrutmkf `ís kj bfs pmsjfs pfr jb pírm`f quj kj bm jshrcturm. Xøbf uo bmraf pfj`m kjshrcgj jb bm`jotf kj su ejrfàom @mrcmo Eu`j, mgmokfomkm pfr Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, quj hfo mbtcvjz bm hmbcdchm kj hfohugcom. Jo fhtugrj, motjs kj vfbvjr m bm jshujbm, jshrcgcø uo oujvf tjxtf jo jb quj Mrteur sj jom`frm kj Bmky ^jofgcm Jbbrcoatfo. (Muoquj Hemrbfttj kjgj kj emgjr pjosmkf jo bm rjcom kj Ymb`crm  pmrm gmutczmr gmutczmr m Bmky Jbbrcoa Jbbrc oatfo tfo,, ^jofgcm js uo of`grj f`grj `uy pfpubmr jo bm trmkchcøo cohmchm y mc`mrm.) mc`mrm.) Bjnfs kj bm drcvfbckmk kj bfs tjxtfs kj Hemrbfttj, Grmowjbb jshrcgàm oujvfs krm`ms jo vjrsf y bfs pugbchmgm jo sus rjvcstms. Bfs kfs krm`ms kj =589 y =58=, kj sjcshcjotms bàojms, sfo dcr`mkfs pfr su ejtjrøoc`f Sfuoa Xfubt, uom dcaurm gyrøochm hfo armokjs mspcrmhcfojs jo bm pfjsàm krm`ítchm. M pmrtcr kj

 

=587 Sfuoa Xfubt kjsmpmrjhcø y Grmowjbb bf rjj`pbmzø hfo kcdjrjotjs omrrmkfrjs, pjrf sc`ubtíojm`jotj prfkunf pfj`ms dcr`mkfs hfo su of`grj, Y. G. Grfotì. Jo fpfschcøo m bm bjtrm kj c`prjotm kj hfstu`grj, scjtj kj bfs oujvfs pfj`ms jstío jshrctfs jo bjtrm hurscvm, dcr`mkfs y djhemkfs. ¶Bm mprfpcmhcøo kj su of`grj of kjhbmrm uo hm`gcf jo bm hfohjphcøo kj sà `cs`f hf`f jshrctfr6 Bm prfduokczmhcøo jo su jshmbm c`macomtcvm y jstj rjofvmkf cotjrãs cot jrãs pfr bm b m pfjsàm pfj sàm sj `motu `motuvcjrfo vcjrfo kurmotj kurmotj hcohf hc ohf mýfs `ís, pjràfkf pjrà fkf jo jb quj jshrcgcø hcohujotm y uo pfj`ms, uoms humtrf `cb bàojms jo tftmb. Kjskj bfs hmtfrhj mýfs jshrcgàm pfjsàm omrrmtcvm ‛f rf`mohjs, f gmbmkms‛ hf`f bm kj bfrk Gyrfo, Gyrfo, hfo ckãotchms ckãotchms prjtjoscfojs prjtjoscfojs kj mbtm bctjrmtu bc tjrmturm. rm. Jo bms vmhmhcfojs kj Omvckmk pmsmkms jo su hmsm Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø kfs  pfj`ms  pfj` ms jo bfs quj kcf uom jxpbchmhcøo jxpbchmhc øo gàgbchm, gàgb chm, mdào m sus prjdjrjohcms pr jdjrjohcms pfr bf sfgrjomturmb y bf `íachf, m bm kjvmstmhcøo kj bm Armo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb quj emgàm pjrpjtrmkf Grmowjbb, jo`mshmrmkf jo jb vcbbmof Wfauj. ‒Bm trf`pjtm em sfomkf‐ mtrcguyj bm hmtístrfdj m bm vcsctm kjb Íoajb kj bm @ujrtj y kjnm mpmrjhjr uom vjz `ís m uof kj bfs ajocfs. Jb pfj`m rjvjbm bm codbujohcm kj ‒Bm kjstruhhcøo kj Xjoomhejrcg‐ kj bfrk Gyrfo. Kfs sj`moms `ís tmrkj, sco j`gmraf, jshrcgcø ftrf pfj`m sctumkf jo Ídrchm hf`f sc bm kjstruhhcøo kjb rjcof of eugcjrm suhjkckf. Jo jb þbtc`f `js quj pmsø jo su hmsm motjs kj cochcmr jb tjrhjr tãr`cof of pmrjhj emgjr vujbtf m jshrcgcr. Kj rjarjsf jo Wfj Ejmk, jstmgm tmo bjnfs kjb `uokf codjromb hf`f kj bm ocým quj uo mýf motjs bbfrmgm nuotf m bm vjotmom kj bm smbm kj jstukcfs kjb hfbjacf. Xjhuokmkm pfr sus hfokcshàpubms jshrcgcø y prfkunf uom fgrm tjmtrmb huyfs rcgjtjs jstcbàstchfs, sco bbjamr m sus kjs`jsurms, kjouohcmgmo m bm jshrctfrm kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb. Xus hf`pmýjrms prjpmrmrfo jb prfarm`m, quj cbustrø Hemrbfttj, y bm pcjzm duj jstrjomkm uo kàm djrcmkf, fpfrtuof pmrm bm jshjom kj bm hfrfomhcøo. ‒¡Yfkjrfsm Wjcom! ¡Mhjptj jstm hfrfom, jb sà`gfbf kj su kf`cocf, kj bms `mofs kj sus dcjbjs y mdjhtufsfs sþgkctfs! Xc sus efojstfs kjsjfs tcjojo

 

mbauom jdchmhcm, Zstjk rjcomrí pfr `uhef tcj`pf jo jstj pmhàdchf, muoquj bc`ctmkf C`pjrcf.‐=:5 Bm sjýfrctm Hmtejrcoj Qffbjr johmroø m bm rjcom, pjrf qucjo hmusø sjosmhcøo duj @mrtem [mybfr, ejr`mom `jofr kj @mry hfofhckm jo bm jshujbm hf`f ‒bm pjqujým sjýfrctm gfrrmshfsm‐. @mrtem prfvfhø bm ecbmrckmk kjb  pþgbchff jo su pmpjb kj scrvcjot  pþgbch scrvc jotjj `ubmtf, mb sjrvcr sjrvc r bm `jsm c`pjrcm c`pjrcmbb hfo jb rfstrf joojarjhckf y hø`chms ajstchubmhcfojs. Bms rjprjsjotmhcfojs tjmtrmbjs, drjhujotjs jo bfs djrcmkfs, jrmo sjauckms kj uo gmcbj y uom hjom ‒prjpmrmkm =: 3, uom hcrhuostmohcm quj, sc m`frfsm`jotj pfr `m`ís y ejr`moms `myfrjs‐=:3  gcjo rj`mrhmgm rj`mrhmgm su hmtja h mtjafràm fràm kj euãrdmo euãrdmom, m, `jrhjk m bm jxt jxtrj` rj`mm m`mgcbc m`mgcbckmk kmk kj bfs Oussjy Oussjy y bfs [mybfr [mybfr kjgàm kjgà m kj mbjarmr m Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Muoquj hf`pmrtàm humrtf hfo Jbbjo Oussjy, jb mdjhtf quj sjotàm pfr @mry [mybfr tjoàm ftrm jspjsurm< duj m jbbm m qucjo emgbø kj sus ejr`moms `myfrjs> ‒Sf hrjàm quj jrmo íoajbjs kj tmbjotf y m`mgcbckmk. @j hfotø, tj`prmof uom `mýmom, uo sujýf> jbbm jbb m jstmgm jspjrmo jspjrm okf jo jb hf`jkfr, hf`jkfr, y mbbà jstmgmo @mrcm @mrcm y Jbczmgjte, pjrf Hemrbfttj eugcjrm kjsjmkf of sfýmrbf, pfrquj of jrm gjbbf< jbbms emgàmo hm`gcmkf. Jstmgmo vjstckms m bm `fkm y hrctchmgmo bm emgctmhcøo…‐ =49 . Jo bfs trjs sj`jstrjs quj pjr`mojhcø jo Wfj Ejmk søbf vcmnø m bm rjhtfràm kurmotj bfs kfs `jsjs kj vmhmhcfojs kj vjrmof y jo bfs kàms hjrhmofs m bm  Omvckmk, kj `fkf quj bf `ís sjaurf sjaurf js quj emym emym pjr`mojhckf pjr`mojhckf `uhefs uhefs kàms djrcmkfs sfbm jo bm jshujbm js hujbm y mbauofs mbauofs jo bms hmsms hms ms kj bfs Oussjy Oussjy y bfs [mybfr [mybfr.. Emym vcsctmkf f of emym vcsctmkf m ftrms dm`cbcms, duj jo Wjk Efusj, bm  gubbchcfsmm y frcacomb hmsm kj @mry jo Af`jrsmb  gubbchcfs Af`jrsmb,, hfostruckm hfostruckm jo uo cousumb cousumb bmkrcbbf rfnf, kfokj pmsø bms vjbmkms `ís j`fhcfomotjs y kcvjrtckms. Muoquj emgàm sudrckf rj`fkjbmhcfojs kjskj su hfostruhhcøo jo =449, Wjk Efusj hfosjrvmgm uo `maoàdchf jstcbf ajfracmof. @mry jrm bm humrtm kj sjcs ocýfs  prøxc`fs  prøxc` fs jo jkmk, moc`mkfs moc`mkfs y ruckfsfs hf`f hf`f @mrtem, @mrtem, bm trmvcjsm ejr`mom ejr`mom `jofr> ‒Bm sfhcjkmk hfo bfs [mybfr js uof kj bfs `ís jxhctmotjs pbmhjrjs quj

 

m`ís ej hfofhckf‐=4= . Jb pmkrj, prfpcjtmrcf kj uo `fbcof jo Euoswfrte y dmgrchmotj kj coku`jotmrcm quj prfvjàm `mtjrcmbjs pmrm bfs uocdfr`js kj bm Mr`mkm grctíochm, jo jb mpfajf kj bms aujrrms ompfbjøochms bbjaø m duokmr uo  gmohf, pjrf bm rjkuhhcøo kj kj`mokms kj`mokms kj uocdfr` uocdfr`js js kjspuãs kj Qmtjrbff bf mrrucoø. Nfseum [mybfr pmsø `uhefs mýfs pmamokf kjukms y trmtmokf kj rjhfostrucr su dfrtuom, pjrf su hmsm jrm hfodfrtmgbj, kj gujo austf y jstmgm kjhfrmkm hfo kcgunfs, pcoturms y vmbcfsfs fgnjtfs kj mrtj. M Hemrbfttj bm c`prjscfomgm vcvm`jotj uo armo humkrf kj =13; hfbamkf kj uom kj bms  pmrjkjs kjb hf`jkfr hf`jkfr quj rjtrmtmgm bm jruphcøo kjb Tjsugcf, quj bujaf bujaf kjshrcgcø jo su ofvjbm Xecrbjy kj =5;3. Wmkchmb mrkcjotj hf`f sus ecnfs, jb sjýfr [mybfr jrm tmo vjej`jotj hf`f jbbfs mb kjdjokjr sus ckjmbjs, fpujstfs m bfs kj bm ubtrmhfosjrvmkfrm Hemrbfttj. Bfs [mybfr prjsjotmrfo motj Hemrbfttj uo `fkjbf kj dm`cbcm uockm, mdjhtufsm y hubtm `uy kcdjrjotj kjb quj jbbm hfofhàm. Ymkrjs j ecnfs pmsmgmo bms vjbmkms rjuockfs jo jb smbøo, kfokj jb dujaf sj `motjoàm johjokckf emstm jo bfs drjshfs kàms kj vjrmof, f mbrjkjkfr kj bm `jsm kjb hf`jkfr, cbu`comkf pfr uo armo vctrmb hfbfr pþrpurm hfo bms dcaurms kj Xemljspjmrj y kj @cbtfo. ‒Ofsftrfs ãrm`fs pfbctcqujrfs dmoítchfs, hf`f pfkàm sjrbf uof jo =587‐, jshrcgcø @mry `ís kj vjcotj mýfs `ís tmrkj. ‒Xcjokf uom dmoítchm sjauckfrm kjb pmrtckf rmkchmb, kcshutàm durcfsm`jotj hfo Hemrbfttj, quj kjdjokàm bms mhhcfojs kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo, m qucjo yf of hfofhàm. Jbbm kjhàm quj tjoàm cotjrãs jo pfbàtchm kjskj bfs hcohf mýfs, y sco j`gmraf of tf`mgm sus fpcocfojs kj su pmkrj, mb `jofs of kcrjhtm`jotj, scof kj bfs kcmrcfs. Jo oujstrm hmsm tjoàm pfhms hemohjs kj sjr jshuhemkm pmhcjotj`jotj hf`f jo bm jshujbm, pfrquj m pjsmr kj of sjr hfbjacmbms ãrm`fs `ís cotfbjrmotjs. [joàm`fs uo sjotckf príhtchf durcfsf y ofs rjàm`fs y rckchubczígm`fs tfkm  pfjsàm. Jbbm, hf`f hf`f yf, hrjàm quj bms suyms suyms jrmo bms b ms fpcocfojs fpcocfojs kj tfkm bm b m ajotj ajotj =477 sjoscgbj kjb `uokf, y ofs kjsmdcígm`fs uom m bm ftrm hfo oujstrms ckjms.‐ =4 [m`gcão Jbczmgjte Dcrte covctmgm m Hemrbfttj bfs dcojs kj sj`mom m tf`mr jb

 

tã jo su hmsm kj Eukkjrsdcjbk, y bfs pmkrcofs Mtlcosfo bm rjhcgàmo jo Arjjo Efusj. Hmbbmkm y mprjoscvm, hfo su jxtrj`m `fkjstcm Hemrbfttj hrjàm sjr jb hjotrf kj tfkms bms `crmkms y sj mvjrafozmgm drjotj m bfs m`cafs kj su pmkrj. Bm sjrvckfrm kj bfs Mtlcosfo hfotø quj sfbàm tj`gbmr kj bm hmgjzm m bfs pcjs hmkm vjz quj bbjamgm uom oujvm vcsctm m bm hmsm. Jo uom hmrtm m su dm`cbcm Hemrbfttj He mrbfttj rjbmtø rjb mtø su scbjohcfsm scbj ohcfsm co c okcaomhcøo kcaomhcøo hfo bfs covctmkfs kj Jbczmgjte Dcrte, Dcrte, quj sj kcrcaàmo m jbbm hfo fdjoscvm hfokjshjokjohcm> ‒@j trmtmgmo hf`f m uom =4 8. ocým, y kurmotj uom uom dcjstm dcj stm uom km`m qucsf mbzmr`j‐=48 Jo uom `cscvm kj =587 kcrcackm m Jbczmgjte Dcrte marmkjhcø m bm motcaum m`cam kj su `mkrj jb rjambf kj uom pcjzm kj `usjbcom y tm`gcão `johcfoø uo hemb fgsjqucf kj bm sjýfrctm Futewmctj, bm `mkrcom kj Mooj. Xu fraubbf bj hmusmgm kcdchubtmkjs m bm efrm kj rjhcgcr rjambfs, pjrf sc bms mbu`oms kj Wfj Ejmk mbauom vjz sj gurbmrfo kj su `cfpàm, quã kj `ur`ubbfs emgrío hmusmkf sus vjstc`jot vjstc`jotms ms motchumkms motchumkms hfod h fodjhhcfomkms jhhcfomkms jo bm rjhtfràm. Mb dcomb kjb tjrhjr tãr`cof, jo nuocf kj =587, sj kjspckcø kj m`cams y `mjstrms pmrm vfbvjr m su hmsm, hfo kcjhcsãcs mýfs y jb prfpøsctf kj `motjojrsj mbjnmkm kj bm jshrcturm kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb pmrm kjkchmr sus rmtfs bcgrjs bcgr js mb m b jstu js tukcf, kcf, hf` h f`ff emgàm ejhef jo Wfj Wfj Ejmk. Jo sus rj`cocshjohcms Jbbjo hfotø quj motjs kj mgmokfomr jb hfbjacf Hemrbfttj ‒…jvckjotj`jotj kjsjmgm jxpjrc`jotmr mbaþo mhfotjhc`cjotf cofbvckmgbj‐=4; , hfoshcjotj kj quj jstmgm pjrkcjokf uom bcgjrtmk y uom fpfrtuockmk kj mvjoturm quj of sj bj prjsjotmràm jo Emwfrte. Jo uom kj bms oftms quj bms mbu`oms sfbàmo cotjrhm`gcmr, ym dujrm hf`f pmrtj kjb prfarm`m jkuhmtcvf, ym dujrm pfr purm kcvjrscøo, bj eczf m Jbbjo uom prfpujstm mtfbfokrmkm y djbcz> ‒Kjgjràm pfr uom vjz sjotcr`j hf`f uom hfbjacmbm> ¡kjsjf quj mbaf ofs suhjkm! Tmym`fs m hfrrjr jo bfs mbrjkjkfrjs kjb nmrkào kj drutfs, tmb vjz ofs johfotrj`fs hfo mbaucjo, ¡f tmb vjz ofs `ubtjo pfr oujstrm cotruscøo cbjamb!‐. Yjrf, rjpfrtø Jbbjo, ‒tuvf quj kjnmr bm jshujbm tmo hmb`m y scbjohcfsm` scb johcfsm`jot jotjj hf`f emgàm emgàm vcvckf mbbà‐ mbbà ‐ =4: .

 

Hemrbfttj rjarjsø m Emwfrte kjhckckm m hu`pbcr hfo sus kjgjrjs emhcm bm dm`cbcm> hfotcoumr y prfduokczmr sus jstukcfs y, sfgrj tfkf, trmos`ctcr bfs hfofhc`cjotfs mkqucrckfs m Mooj y J`cby, quj ym tjoàmo kfhj y hmtfrhj mýfs. Hmkm `mýmom, kjspuãs kj c`pmrtcr trjs efrms kj bjhhcfojs m sus ejr`moms, bm jspjrmgm uom majokm kj hf`prf`csfs gmstmotj mnjtrjmkm. Jo tmotf ecnm `myfr  kjb pírrfhf, jo humotf bbjaø mb pujgbf tuvf quj mhukcr m trjs tãs j covctmr m su hmsm m bms oujvms `mjstrms kf`cochmbjs. Jo jb þbtc`f mýf su pmkrj emgàm bfarmkf quj bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj bm cabjscm dcomohcmrmo bm hfostruhhcøo kj uom jshujbm kf`cochmb, kj bm humb bfs humtrf ejr`mofs dujrfo, pmrm gcjo f pmrm `mb, bfs `mjstrfs. Xus kcshàpubfs kcjrfo hujotm, uofs mýfs `ís mkjbmotj, kjb hf`pfrtm`cjotf kj Grmowjbb hf`f `mjstrf. Bm jshujbm, quj mþo jxcstj, sj ugchm nuotf m uo tjrrjof mkymhjot mkymhjotjj m bm b m cabjscm, cabjsc m, hmsc jodrjot jodrjotmkm mkm m bm hmsm hm sm pmr pmrrfqucmb rfqucmb y ` `uy uy hjrhm kjb [frf Ojarf. Zo j`pbjmkf kj bm tmgjrom, jb þochf buamr kj Emwfrte kfokj jb of`grj kj Grmowjbb tcjoj `ís pjsf quj jb kj sus ejr`moms, kcnf quj jrm uo `mjstrf ojrvcfsf j c`pmhcjotj, quj mpjoms pfkàm sfpfrtmr bm bjotctuk kj sus kcshàpubfs, moscfsf pfr pmsmr m ftrfs mutfrjs y ftrfs tj`ms. ‒Mvmozm f tj vfy m =4 4, m`jomzø uom tmrkj m uo mbu`of. Jb ocýf tf`ø su smhmr m rmstrms kjb mubm‐=44 hmpm hfo jofnf y sj duj `ur`uríokfbj> ‒Tcjnf crbmokãs‐ =41 , marmvcf hf`þo jotrj bfs emgctmotjs kj Sfrlsecrj. Kjspuãs kj hbmsj, humokf bfs ocýfs sj cgmo, ãb sj qujkmgm bjyjokf ívckm`jotj uo bcgrf, quj of jrm jb kj pbjamrcms, jo bm jsqucom kjb mubm hjrhmom m bm vjotmom, y omkcj sj mtrjvàm m `fbjstmrbf. Yjrf hcjrtm vjz sj mrrfnø hfo durcm sfgrj uo mbu`of quj cotjrru`pcø su bjhturm y of bf kjnø emstm tcrmrbf mb sujbf y pjamrbj hfo bfs oukcbbfs. ¶Hø`f of jstmbbmr jo høbjrmm motj bm vfz høbjr v fz codmot codmotcb cb quj cot cotjrru` jrru`pàm pàm jb `jtchubfsf gfsqujnf kj bm ggmtmbbm mtmbbm kj Wjacom, humokf uom kcstrmhhcøo pfkàm kjnmr m bm hcukmk kcsputmkm jo `mofs kj bfs joj`cafs kj Wfauj6

 

M `jkcmkfs kj =58= Grmowjbb emgàm johfotrmkf uom oujvm `mojrm kj omrrmr  bm jpfpjym kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, jstm vjz codbuckm pfr sus bjhturms kj @cbtfo y kj bm Cbà  Cbàmkm mkm. Jb kjstcof kjst cof kj Wjacom, uo pfj`m pfj`m kj humtrfhcjotms humtrfhcjotms bàojms kkcvckc cvckckms kms jo kfs bcgrfs, kjshrcgj bm smoarcjotm gmtmbbm jo bm quj bfs humtrf rjyjs  grfotìmofs  grfot ìmofs hf`gmtjo hf`gmtjo pfr bm hcukmk kj Wjacom Wjacom hfotrm hfotrm Wfau Wfauj y sus

 

rjvfbuhcfomrcfs. Jb kàm kj su hu`pbjmýfs oþ`jrf qucohj jshrcgcø kfs fkms c`guckms pfr bm trmkchcøo hbíschm> bm prc`jrm hjbjgrm bfs Nujafs kj bm Armo Ídrchm Íd rchm y bm sjauokm sjauokm hmotm hmotm bfms m bm jstrjbbm js trjbbm pfbmr. ‒@m`í, ej vcstf m bfs íoajbjs‐ js uo ejr`fsf tjxtf quj jshrcgcø m bfs kcjhcfhef mýfs trmoshrcptf pfr bm jstukcfsm @mry Guttjrdcjbk, uom kj bms  prc`jrms jo kjshcdrmr, hfo armokjs armokjs bupms, su bjtrm ncgmrczmkm. ncgmr czmkm. Grmowjbb mtrcguyø bm mutfràm kj bm pcjzm m su pjrsfomnj Mbjxmokjr Yjrhy, kj fhef mýfs> ‒@m`í, ej vcstf m bfs íoajbjs. Jstmgm tfhmokf jb øramof jo bm cabjscm. Hmsc emgàm mofhejhckf. [joàm søbf uom vjbm motj `à, `j jstrj`jhà, sjotàm dràf jo `cs `jncbbms. M kurms pjoms pfkàm vjr bm píacom, nmkjmgm, hmsc sco rjspcrmhcøo. Jstmgm pfr bbfrmr… Bfs vc, bfs vc jo bm fshurckmk, sjotmkfs m `cs jspmbkms,  gbmohfs y `uy mbtfs. Tfbmgmo pfr bfs tjhefs tjhefs y `j sforjàmo hf`f hf`f =455. jspàrctus…‐=4 Bms mpmrchcfojs dmotms`maørchms of jrmo suhjsfs jxtrmýfs pmrm bfs ocýfs. M bfs hcohf mýfs, bujaf kj johfotrmr m uo emkm pfsmkm sfgrj bm hmgjzm kj Mooj, quj kfr`àm jo su huom, Hemrbfttj emgàm hfrrckf jshmbjrms mgmnf emstm jb kjspmhef kj su pmkrj pmrm hfotmrbj bf quj emgàm vcstf. Mb vfbvjr m sugcr y hf`prfgmr quj jb jspàrctu emgàm kjsmpmrjhckf, kjhbmrø j`pjhcomkm`jotj quj su rjbmtf jrm hcjrtf> ‒¡Yjrf jbbm jstmgm meà, nustf mefrm! ¡Sf vjrkmkjrm`jotj y =433. ¶Grmowjbb emgrí rjhfrkmkf jstm jshjom6 Ãb `cs`f pukf rjmb`jotj bm vc!‐=4 emgjr tjockf uom vcscøo. J`cby bms tjoàm m `joukf. Zo `js kjspuãs kj bbjamr m su efamr, Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø su prc`jrm hmrtm  prfhjkjotj kj Wfj Ejmk. Bms hmrtms jo Emwfrte jrmo uom uom rmrjzm, of tmotf tmotf pfr  jb mcsbm`cjotf kjb pujgbf hf`f pfr jb scstj`m pfstmb motcauf, quj fgbcamgm m  pmamr m qucjo qucjo rjhcgàm bm hfrrjspfokjo hfrr jspfokjohcm hcm y of of mb quj bm jovcmgm. Yfhf hfodcmkm hfodcmkm jo quj quj bms b ms hfbjacmbms h fbjacmbms kj Wfj Ejmk hfotcoumrmo hfotcoumrmo bm hfrrjspfokjo hfr rjspfokjohcm hcm uom vjz qu qujj emgàm kjnmkf bm jshujbm, kjgj kj emgjrsj sjotckf `uy kchefsm mb rjhcgcr uom hmrtm kj Jbbjo Oussjy pmrm jshrcgcr jstm rjspujstm> ‒@c qujrckàsc`m Jbbjo, tu m`mgbj y johmotmkfrm hmrtm `j kcf uo vjrkmkjrf pbmhjr. Jstuvj jspjrmokf

 

rjhcgcr oftchcms tuyms hmsc hmkm kàm kjskj `c bbjamkm m hmsm y hmsc j`pjzmgm m kjsjspjrmr kj rjhcgcr bm kjsjmkm `cscvm…‐ `cscvm…‐=19 . Kjgàm kj sjr jb þochf `cj`grf kj bm dm`cbcm, m jxhjphcøo kjb rjvjrjokf y jo fhmscfojs bm tàm, jo rjhcgcr hmrtms. Muo sc jb hfstf kj rjhcgcr  hfrrjspfokjohcm sj hfosckjrmgm uo kjrrfhej, jb pírrfhf kjhckcø msu`crbf,  pfrquj jo mkjbmotj jb jovàf y rjhjphcøo rjhjphc øo kj hmrtms sj hfovcrtcø jo uo suhjsf hftckcmof jo bm vckm kj bm dm`cbcm. Jo bm pfskmtm, Hemrbfttj bj rjhfrkø m ‒`c qujrckm qujrckm qujrckm Jbbjo‐=1=   su `utum prf`jsm kj hfotcoumr hfo uom hfrrjspfokjo hfrrjs pfokjohcm hcm rjaubmr. rjaubmr. Ymrjhj emgjr hu`pbckf hfo su prfpøsctf kj `motjojrsj mbjnmkm kj Ídrchm,  pfrquj pmrm dcojs dcojs kj =587 søbf jshrcgcø jshrc gcø kfs pfj`ms, pfj`ms, tmo dfr`mbjs dfr`mbjs y dujrm dujrm kj su jstcbf quj kmo bm c`prjscøo kj uo trmgmnf jshfbmr kjkchmkf m `fstrmr m su  pmkrj y m su tàm bfs gjojdchcfs gjojdchcfs kj bm b m jkuhmhcøo quj emgàm rjhcgckf. rjhc gckf. [rjs `jsjs kjspuãs duj covctmkm m pmsmr uofs qucohj kàms jo [ej Wykcoas, bm hmsm rfkjmkm kj mbm` mb m`jkms jkms kj bfs Oussjy Oussjy,, quj sjaþo mbauo mbauoms ms ecpøtjscs scrvcø scrv cø kj `fkjbf pmrm jb [efrodcjbk Embb kj  Nmoj Jyrj. Euãrdmom kj pmkrj, Jbbjo jrm bm `jofr kj kfhj ejr`mofs gmstmotj `myfrjs quj vcsctmgmo hfo drjhujohcm m su `mkrj y sus ejr`moms, pfr bf quj bm vckm sfhcmb jo [ej Wykcoas, muoquj sfsjamkm, trmoshurràm hfo moc`mhcøo. Jshfbtmkm pfr Grmowjbb, uo hempjrøo jxmbtmkf j cojxpjrtf quj ouohm emgàm ckf `ís mbbí kj Ljcaebjy, Hemrbfttj vcmnø bfs hmsc humrjotm lcbø`jtrfs emhcm Gcrstmbb jo uom hmbjsm kj kfs rujkms, `ís jbjamotj quj jb hfhej hugcjrtf quj bm emgàm bbjvmkf m Wfj Ejmk. Bm motcaum hmsm m`urmbbmkm y sus gjbbms tcjrrms jxtmscmrfo m Grmowjbb emstm bm j`grcmaujz. Mb vfbvjr m Emwfrte kcnf m sus ejr`moms quj emgàm kjnmkf m Hemrbfttj jo jb =177. Ymrmàsf> Ymrmàs f> ‒¡S sc jbbm of jrm co` c o`josm` josm`jot jotjj djbcz mbbà, mbb à, ouohm ouohm pfkràm sjrbf!‐ sjrb f!‐=1 Bm jxtrj`m tc`ckjz kj Hemrbfttj of bj nuaø `mbms pmsmkms ‛mpmrjotj`jotj søbf jstmgmo jo bm hmsm jo jsj pjràfkf bm ejr`mom `myfr, @jrhy, y bm `mkrj‛, jxhjptf uom tmrkj jo bm quj crru`pcø uo covctmkf c`prjvcstf y jbbm j`pjzø m tj`gbmr, m uo puotf kjb bbmotf. Bfs pmsjfs pfr jb nmrkào y bm qucjtuk kj bfs kàms

 

scaucjotjs dujrfo sudchcjotjs hf`f pmrm kjvfbvjrbj bm pbmhckjz. M `ctmk kj fhtugrj Grmowjbb duj m gushmrbm, jotuscms`mkf pfr vfbvjr m bm dcohm. Bms m`cams mhfrkmrfo jshrcgcrsj uom vjz mb `js y, pfr coscstjohcm kj Hemrbfttj, jo drmohãs. ‒Bbjauã m Emwfrte smom y smbvm, sco jb `jofr mhhckjotj f kjsarmhcm. @cs ejr`moctms smbcjrfo hfrrcjokf kj bm hmsm jo humotf kcvcsmrfo jb hmrrumnj y `j mgrmzmrfo hfo tmotm jduscøo y mbjaràm hf`f sc eugcjrm jstmkf musjotj `ís kj uo mýf… Bjs ej kmkf bms `mozmoms quj `j kcjrfo ustjkjs pmrm jbbms tmo  gfokmkfsm`jot  gfokmkfsm` jotj. j. Kchjo quj jstío sjaurms sjaurms kj quj bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm J. js `uy `uy m`mgbj m`mgbj y `uy gujom. [motf uom hf`f bm ftrm jstío c`pmhcjotjs pfr vjrbm< jspjrf quj kjotrf kjot rf kj pfhfs `jsjs tjokrío jsm mbjaràm.‐ =18 Hemrbfttj mþo cotjotmgm `motjojrsj m kcstmohcm kj bm jshrcturm y kjb hfotcojotj fshurf, ftrf of`grj hfo quj kjscaomgm m su Ídrchm dchtchcm, pjrf of smgàm sc pfkràm pfkr àm pjrscstcr pjr scstcr jo su prfpøsctf. prfpøsc tf. Jo jsj `f`jot `f`jotff bm Hcukmk Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, Hrc stmb, quj jo su musjohcm emgàm hm`gcmkf hf`pbjtm`jotj, sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo Tjrkøpfbcs> ym of jrm pmrm Grmowjbb uo rjcof kj sujýfs scof uom hcukmk cokustrcmb, kfokj bms fshurms hec`jojms vf`ctmgmo hfbu`oms kj eu`f ojarf y bms tmgjroms, bfs hmstcbbfs y bms dígrchms fhubtmgmo uom vckm scocjstrm y bcgjrtcom. Ymrm mafstf kj =587 Grmowjbb emgàm tjr`comkf bfs þbtc`fs trjs vfbþ`jojs kj su fgrm Hmrtms kj uo coabãs. Bm jshjom `ís `ís krm` kr m`ítchm ítchm kj bm sjrcj s jrcj trmo trmoshurrj shurrj kurmotj uom hmgmbamtm emhcm Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb quj rjþoj mb pfjtm Sfuoa Xfubt y m bfs pjrsfomnjs kj Hemrbfttj, Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy y su ejr`mof Hemrbjs. Bm mbamrmgàm hm`pjstrj hm`pjstrj js cotjrru` cotjrru`pckm, pckm, kj c`prfvcsf c`prfvcsf,, pfr bm mpmrchc m pmrchcøo øo kj Wfa Wfauj, uj, quj mhf`pmýmkf kj sãquctf bmozm uo dfafsf kcshursf hfotrm bm mrcstfhrmhcm. @ís tmrkj, Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy y sus hm`mrmkms sfo fgbcamkfs pfr bms trfpms kj Wfauj m prjsjohcmr bm tf`m y quj`m kj bm hcukmk kj Dckjom, hmpturmkm pfr jb jnãrhctf rjvfbuhcfomrcf. Xj coscstcø jo bm codbujohcm kj Gyrfo jo jstfs jshrctfs, muoquj tm`gcão sj

 

emgbø kj uo pbmacf kj Qcbbcm` Hfwpjr y ftrfs pfjtms rf`íotchfs. Jb   kjb 71 kj djgrjrf kj =589 emgàm kjkchmkf uom bmram rjsjým kj bm bmhlwffk  kjb  gcfarmdàm kj Gyrfo rjhcão rjhcã o pugbchm pugbchmkm. km. Bfrk Gyrfo Gyrfo jrm bm `ís armokj hjbjgrckmk hjbjgrc kmk kj su ãpfhm y of kj ftrf `fkf bf trmtmgm jb  Gbmhlwffk > ‒Ãb jrm jb prcohcpcf, jb `jkcf y jb dco kj su prfpcm pfjsàm ‛jb eãrfj kj hmkm ecstfrcm ‛   jb armo fgnjtf kj hmkm pmcsmnj. Emrfbk, Bmrm, @modrjk y tfkfs sus pjrsfomnjs jrmo uocvjrsmb`jotj hfosckjrmkfs hf`f mbtjr jafs kj Gyrfo‐=1; . Msà sj sjotàm Grmowjbb, hf`f jb pfjtm jo jb quj sj cràm m hfovjrtcr, f msà bf kjshrcgcø Hemrbfttj hfo crfoàm> ‒Zom jstrjbbm jo jb hcjbf kj bm bctjrmturm, jo bm abfrcm, hfo sus hm`mrmkms pfjtms, pfr tfkm bm jtjrockmk‐=1: . Bm prc`jrm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  kj Grmowjbb kjspcbdmrrm kjshrcphcfojs kj hm`pmýms `cbctmrjs y kj mtmqujs y hfotrmmtmqujs kj dujrzms jokj`focmkms, pjrf muo jo jstj tj`prmof jstmkcf jstío prjsjotjs bfs jbj`jotfs kj sus trmgmnfs  pfstjrcfrjs.  pfstjrcfrj s. Wfauj, Wfauj, `ís pfbàtchf quj jstrmtjam jstrmtjam `cbctmr cbc tmr,, motjpfoj motjpfoj m bms `mocfgrms gãbchms su m`gchcøo kj pfkjr, y m ãstm uom pubscøo ejrfchm y mocqucbmkfrm. Emhcm jb dco kjb þbtc`f vfbu`jo, jo uo þbtc`f mhtf kj smhrcdchcf Wfauj prftmafoczm su prfpcm jnjhuhcøo> vjstckf kj ojarf, píbckf y kjsmdcmotj motj bm `ujrtj, frkjom dujaf sfgrj sà `cs`f jo tfof sjpubhrmb, hfovjrtckf jo eãrfj.

 

HMYÀ[ZBF TC JB AWZYF JXHFYJ[ JXHFYJ[M M ‒Zoms pfhms pmbmgrms mb Armo Ajocf> Humokf uo Ymkrj kjnm m sus ocýfs y sj duam sco uom hmusm, kjnmokf kj prjfhupmrsj pfr jsfs ocýfs, sco smgjr kj su dfrtuom, pfkràm suhjkjr quj jbbfs sfgrjvcvcjrmo m jstm ojabcajohcm y sj hfovcrtcjrmo jo rjputmkfs `cj`grfs kj bm sfhcjkmk, pjrf jsf of kjgjràm emhjrbjs pjosmr quj emo hu`pbckf hfo su kjgjr hf`f pmkrjs. Jstf js `uy sc`pbj y ofsftrfs hrjj`fs quj humtrf kj oujstrfs bjhtfrjs vmo m jotjokjr kj =144 quã jstm`fs emgbmokf. \Dcr`m>P Zo ocýf kjb Ajocf.‐ =1 Jstm oftchcm pugbchmkm jo hbmvj pfr jb  @foteby Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr , jb oujvf  pjrcøkchf  pjrcøkc hf kj Grmowjbb, kjbmtø quj J`cby J`cby y Mooj Mooj ‛jb mrtàhubf `johcfomgm johcfomgm m uoms ‒`uhemhems kj trjhj y hmtfrhj mýfs‐ ‛   emgàmo rftf hfo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb , f quj bm emgàmo mgmokfomkf, pmrm kjnmrbm jo `mofs kj Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb. Xus jshrctfs kj ofvcj`grj kjb mýf scaucjotj hfrrfgfrmo bm hrjmhcøo kjb pmàs kj Afokmb, uom csbm jo jb Ymhàdchf afgjromkm pfr bm rjcom Muaustm Ajrmbkcoj Mb`jkm. Mb gmutczmr m su ejrfàom hf`f Muaustm, J`cby emgàm ejhef uom jbjhhcøo pfbàtchm, ym quj jstmgm kjsmdcmokf mb rjy Ajfraj CT, quj jb kàm kjb omhc`cjotf kj su sfgrcom, bm prcohjsm Tchtfrcm, emgàm rjhemzmkf jb of`grj Muaustm pfr hfosckjrmrbf kjspøtchf. Bm jbmgfrmhcøo kj bm hf`pbjnm trm`m kjb `uokf kj Afokmb pjr`ctcø m J`cby y m Mooj mbjnmrsj kjdcoctcvm`jotj kjb írjm kj codbujohcm kj Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb. ¶Yjrf quã jshrcgcjrfo J`cby y Mooj kurmotj jsj mýf y `jkcf quj trmoshurrcø jotrj su ‒duam‐ y bm mpmrchcøo kj bfs prc`jrfs jshrctfs sfgrj

Afokmb6 Ymrjhj pfhf prfgmgbj quj emymo mgkchmkf kj bfs tjrrctfrcfs kj

 

Ídrchm, muo humokf sus rjcofs aumrkmgmo uom pfschcøo sugmbtjrom, pmrm rjouohcmr m bm jshrcturm. Jb jstrchtf prfarm`m kj prcvmhckmk quj jstmgbjhcø J`cby sfgrj bm mutfràm kj sus jshrctfs cokchmràm quj pukcjrfo emgjrbfs kjstruckf. ]uj J`cby `fstrmgm mcrjs kj cokjpjokjohcm kjskj `uhef motjs pujkj cotucrsj pfr jb tjxtf kj Hemrbfttj kj =589 ‒Zo kàm jo jb pmbmhcf kj Ymrry‐, jo jb quj jb omrrmkfr kjtmbbmgm sus c`prjscfojs sfgrj jb rjcof kj bm ejr`mom `jofr> ‒Duc co`jkcmtm`jotj sfrprjokckf pfr bfs hm`gcfs kj mspjhtf jo tfkf> jo buamr kj ef`grjs mbtfs y `ushubfsfs hmramokf rjvøbvjrjs jo sus `mofs y  gushmokf  gushmo kf m qucão mocqucbmr mocqucbmr søbf vjàm m sjrjs pjqujýfs y pjrjzfsfs, sco hmríhtjr, vjstckfs hfo kjbmotmbjs kj tjbm `mrrøo y hfdcms. Bms hmsms jstmgmo  prfbcnm`  prfbc nm`jot jotjj frkjomkms jo ecbjrms, hfo humtrf humtrf emgctmhcfojs emgctmhcfojs hmkm uom uom y uo  pjqujýf nmrkào nmrkà o mb drjotj. drjotj. Of emgàm c`pfojo c`pfojotjs tjs hmstcbbfs hmstcbb fs oc jspbãokckms tfrrjs kj pmbmhcfs kf`comokf jb pmcsmnj. Ocoaþo ofgbj kj mbhurocm rjhbm`mgm bjmbtmk m sus vmsmbbfs. Xu `uokf prfbcnf, frkjomkf y vubamr pmrjhàm emgctmkf pfr  `uýjhfs jo buamr kj sfbkmkfs y emstm bms hf`ckms (hmdã y uoms rjgmomkms kj  pmo hfo `motjhm, `motjhm, pmstjb pm stjb kj Sfrlsecrj, frlsecrj, purã kj pmpms y tmrtm kj `mozmom) mozmom) jr jrmo mo =111. mgurrckms jo hf`pmrmhc hf`pmrmhcøo øo hfo bfs gmoqujtjs gmoqujtjs kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb‐ =1 Sm dujrm m hmusm kj bfs hjbfs ‛bm cohbcomhcøo kj J`cby pfr Mooj< Jbbjo kjhàm quj pmrjhàmo pmrjhàm o aj` aj`jbms jbms ‛ , ym pfr su hjrhmoàm m Grmowjbb, jo jstfs jshrctfs Hemrbfttj sj `ujstrm `uy mbjnmkm kjb `fkjbf moajbchmb kj ejr`mom `myfr quj bj emgàm prfpfrhcf pr fpfrhcfoomkf @mrcm. Xu omrrmkfr omrrmkfr kjshrcgcø kjshrc gcø gurbfom`jot gurbfom`jotjj jb emgbm kj bfs emgctmotjs kjb pmàs kj Ymrry (jb mbtjr jaf  kj J`cby) hf`f uo ‒hmsc cojotjokcgbj mraft quj js uom `cxturm kj gmbguhjf codmotcb hfo jb kcmbjhtf kj =155 y marjaø Sfrlsecrj‐=1 marjaø quj bm hfovjrsmhcøo hfovjrsmhc øo acrmgm acrmgm sfgrj bms oujvms oujvms rrfpms fpms quj sj emgàmo hfodjhhcfomkf. Ymrry emgàm bbjamkf m fdrjhjr mb omrrmkfr usmr uom sjrvcbbjtm> ‒Yjosmgm quj jrmo `cs `jnfrjs rfpms y quj quczí `c `mkrj sj jofnmràm sc bms josuhcmgm‐=13 . Yfr su pmrtj, bm hf`pjtjohcm jotrj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy y Wfauj rjhrukjhcø hfo

 

hrjhcjotj djrfhckmk of `uhef kjspuãs kjb rjarjsf kj Hemrbfttj kj Wfj Ejmk. Jotrj jb 79 kj jojrf y jb 5 kj djgrjrf kj =588, hfo jb prfhjkc`cjotf kj uo armo ofvjbcstm, js kjhcr sco jxpbchmhcøo mbauom, Grmowjbb rjsuhctø m Wfauj y jshrcgcø pfr prc`jrm vjz su ecstfrcm m jshmbm rjmb> mgmokfoø bfs bcgrfs jo `cocmturm pmrm mkfptmr uo dfr`mtf `uhef `myfr.  Jb pcrmtm  (uom rjdjrjohcm kcrjhtm m  Jb hfrsmrcf   kj Gyrfo) duj jshrctf jo uom bcgrjtm kj hmtfrhj hjotà`jtrfs y `jkcf pfr kcjhcfhef y `jkcf, mb `jofs humtrf vjhjs `ís armokj quj sus pugbchmhcfojs prjvcms. Jstj prc`jr cotjotf sjrcf jo bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  grfotìmom  grfot ìmom kj kjsmrrfbbmr kjsmrr fbbmr jb pmpjb kj uo pjrsfomnj pjrs fomnj jo pmrtchubmr sj hjotrm hjotrm jo Mbjxmokjr Wfauj, quj muoquj of jrm uof kj bfs Kfhj frcacombjs emgàm sckf jsgfzmkf pfr Hemrbfttj m prcohcpcfs kj kchcj`grj kj =573> ‒Wfauj tcjoj mbrjkjkfr kj ;1 mýfs, js `uy mbtf, jonutf, kj rfstrf marmkmgbj jxhjptumokf mbaf `uy mtjrrmkfr jo bm jxprjscøo, fnfs arcsjs y uom dfr`ckmgbj drjotj. Xus `fkfs sfo dcofs y hmgmbbjrjshfs muoquj kj `jotj dmbmz, smoarcjotm y hrujb. Xu mokmr ‛quj kjgj sjr su fraubbf‛ js sjýfrcmb y pmrjhckf mb kj uo `cbctmr y sj jofraubbjhj kj su bjvj pmrjhckf hfo jb Kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo. Wfauj gmcbm gcjo y js uo armo nuamkfr kj omcpjs, eígcb jo emhjr truhfs jo bm `jsm kj nujaf. S  pmrm hfrfomrbf js jxhjscvm`jot jxhjscvm`jotjj vmockfsf jo ‛bf quj ãb bbm`m‛ sus =5 9. bfarfs‐=59 Xc gcjo Wfauj søbf emgàm tjockf `johcfojs pmsmnjrms `cjotrms Hemrbfttj jstuvf jo bm jshujbm, tf`ø rjbjvmohcm jo Hmrtms kj uo coabãs y rjarjsø jo  Jb  crmtm. Jo jstj tjxtf, uo Wfauj hfrrf`pckf emstm bfs eujsfs msjkcm tmotf bfs  gmrhfs kj Ompfbjøo hf`f hf`f bfs kj Qjbbcoa jbbc oatfo tfo pmrm vjokjr bfs gftcojs gftcojs pfr  `jkcf kj bm hf`pmýàm Wfauj, Xkjmte & Hf., quj dcomohcm su dmstufsf ocvjb kj vckm jo Ídrchm. Wfauj hfosjrvmgm bm pfsturm kjbamkm y jrjhtm, jb rfstrf marmhcmkf y bm jxprjscøo hàochm y gurbfom, pjrf mefrm sj emgàm mdchcfomkf mb  grmoky y mb vcof vcof y uo uo gbmsdj`f gbmsdj`f mtjàs`f mtjàs`f pjokàm sfgrj su oftfrcjkmk. oftfrcjkmk. ‒Bj kcaf, sjýfr, quj jstfy tmo vjohckf jo bm vckm hf`f sj pujkj jstmr, kcaf quj sfy uo pjrdjhtf kjspfnf pfrquj ej gjgckf jo kj`msàm y vujbvf m gjgjr,

 

 pfrquj of pujkf `motjojr motjojr jb hujrpf y jb mb`m mb`m nuotfs nuotfs sc of dujrm dujrm pfr jstj hujrpf y mb`m, hf`f kcnj.‐ =5=   @cjotrms Hemrbfttj sj `motuvf mbjnmkm kjb `uokf codjromb, Wfauj bfarø jom`frmr m bm m`motj kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, bm ctmbcmom ^jofgcm Jbbrcoatfo. Msà kjshrcgcø Grmowjbb su trmchcøo> ‒Emgàm jshuhemkf m `joukf m Wfauj kjhcr quj jotrj tfkms bms `unjrjs kjb `uokf bm quj ãb `ís mk`crmgm jrm ^jofgcm Jbbrcoatfo< tm`gcão jshuheã m jbbm  ‛ of of  pfhms vjhjs ‛   kjhcr kjhcr quj pjosmgm quj Wfauj, m pjsmr kj su hfokuhtm, tjoàm jb hujrpf y jb jspàrctu kj uo eãrfj rf`mof‐ =57 . Hemrbfttj of ojhjsctmgm `uhef `ís pmrm kjnmr mtrís sus prfpøsctfs kj rjouohcmr m bm jshrcturm kj Ídrchm y jstukcmr jo bfs rmtfs bcgrjs. Xu vfbuotmk jstmgm qujgrmkm> bm ejrckm prfpcomkm m su eãrfj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy duj `ís  pfkjrfsm quj bms cotjohcfo cotjohcfojs js m`msmkms m`msmkms jo Wfj Ejmk. Zof m uof uof bm maunm, maunm, jb ecbf, bfs gfrkmkfs y bms hmrtms dujrfo kjnmkfs huckmkfsm`jotj jo uom hmomstm. Jrm `f`jotf kj cr m bm hfhcom m gushmr gfbsms kj mzþhmr> bm motcaum rcvmbckmk jotrj ejr`mof y ejr`mom sj emgàm rjcostmurmkf.   Muoquj jrm prc`mvjrm y jo pfhf tcj`pf bbjamràm kj vcsctm Jbbjo Oussjy, su hfokcshàpubm kj Wfj Ejmk, jb = kj `myf Hemrbfttj tjr`coø uo tjxtf y hf`jozø ftrf, hfohbuckf `uy fpfrtuom`jotj jo nuocf, m pfhfs kàms kj bm mpmrchcøo kj su m`cam. ‒Mbaf sfgrj Mrteur‐ js uo jshrctf gmstmotj jo`mrmýmkf quj cotrfkunf  pfr prc` prc `jrm vjz bm vckm vc km jo bfs gmnfs gmn fs dfokfs dfokfs kj Tjrkøpfb Tjrkøpfbcs. cs. Kurmotj Kurmotj sjcs `jsjs bfs pjrsfomnjs dujrfo hmotcojrfs, hmzmkfrjs durtcvfs, msmbtmotjs kj hm`cofs, uamkfrjs y msjscofs. M pjsmr kj su rjputmhcøo pfstjrcfr, of duj Grmowjbb jb  prc`jrf jo cohfrpfrmr bfs `uokfs uokfs sugtjrríojfs sugtjrríojfs m bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm. Jb rjbmtf kj Hemrbfttj jstí pfgbmkf kj gjgjkfrjs, sunjtfs kj njram pjhm`cofsm y bmkrfojs. Jo uom jxtjosm y hfodusm cotrfkuhhcøo, trmzm uom prjhujbm kj bm smam> bm trm`m m`frfsm jotrj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, kj qucohj mýfs, y bm hm`pjscom ecpjrsjxumb @com Bmury. ‒@j jotrcstjhj pjosmr jo tfkfs bfs gujofs prfpøsctfs quj sj emo

 

jvmpfrmkf hmsc motjs motjs kj k j kmr` kmr `j hujotm hujotm kj su jxcstjohcm‐ jxcstjohcm‐ =58 , jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo, bbjom kj rj`frkc`cjotfs of tmotf pfr mgmokfomr sus jstukcfs hf`f pfr  jb smhrcbjacf kj sus jshrctfs. M `jkckm quj bms ecstfrcms mvmozmgmo jo bàojms kj tcj`pf sjsamkms y hmprchefsms, bfs ejr`mofs prfduokczmgmo su jxpbfrmhcøo kj bm omturmbjzm kjb `mb y bf kj`foàmhf. Of js ftrf quj bm mbcmozm hfo jb kj`focf jb sugtj`m kj  Jb  crmtm  y kj bfs kj`ís tjxtfs kj Grmowjbb. @uhefs kj sus eãrfjs hrujbjs y kjprmvmkfs, motàtjscs kjb Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy kj Hemrbfttj, sj cospcrmrfo jo Wfgjrt Qrcoaec`, jb prftmafocstm kj Hfodjscfojs kj uo pjhmkfr nustcdchmkf kj Nm` Nm `js Efaa, Efaa, uof uof kj bfs jshrctfrjs jshrc tfrjs `mbkctfs kjb Gbmhlwffk . Jb sjauokf tjxtf kj Hemrbfttj duj ‒[ej Dfuokbcoa‐, jshrctf sc`ubtíojm`jotj m ‒Tckm rjmb jo Tjrkøpfbcs‐ kj Grmowjbb. Jo bms kfs ecstfrcms bfs pjrsfomnjs sj uojo m sfhcjkmkjs sjhrjtms, uo jbj`jotf scocjstrf `uy mprfpcmkf quj sj cospcrø, jstm vjz, jo jb rjarjsf m Emwfrte kj uom motcaum sfhcjkmk `msøochm, bm Bfacm kj bms [rjs Armhcms. Jo bm ecstfrcm kj Hemrbfttj bfs ofgbjs kj bm `jtrøpfbc, `cj`grfs kj uom bfacm, jrmo jovcmkfs m bm Csbm kj bfs Dcbøsfdfs  pmrm jkuhmrsj gmnf bm costruhhcøo costruhhcøo kjb `maf @modrjk. @modrjk. Bfs kcshàpubfs kcshà pubfs jstukcmgmo bfs sjhrjtfs kj bm vckm y bm `ujrtj, uo tj`m aøtchf quj sj jobmzm hfo bms mvjoturms kj bfs rjsurrjhhcfocstms quj emgàmo frcacomkf bm jshrcturm kj ‒Jb pfjtmstrf‐ jo bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  motjrcfr. Jo hm`gcf, bm sfhcjkmk sjhrjtm kj Grmowjbb, bbm`mkm Jb pmrmàsf kj bms Mb`ms f jb Jbàsjf, hfgcnm m Wfauj y m uofs cokcvckufs kj gmnm jstfdm quj mrrmstrmo mb vchcf omkm `jofs quj m Mrteur  Qjbbjsbjy, hfo qucjo gjgjo, pjbjmo, gbmsdj`mo y prmhtchmo nujafs kj mzmr jo drmohm drmo hm hm`mrmkjr hm`mrmkjràm. àm. Mefrm bms ecstfrcms hfrràmo dbmohf m dbmohf, jo uo nujaf kj rcvmbckmk vjrtcacofsf quj of bjs kmgm pmusm> hmkm drma`jotf kj prfsm f pfjsàm  prfkuhckf pfr uof uof kj bfs ejr`mofs jr`mofs kjsemhàm f mkubtjrmgm bfs kjscaocfs kjscaocfs trmzmkfs pfr jb mkvjrsmrcf. Kjgàmo kj `crmrsj m eurtmkcbbms m bm efrm kjb rjzf, jo jb jstu js tukcf kcf kjb k jb pírrfhf, pí rrfhf, kjsmdcmotjs, kjsmdcmotjs, m hujotm hujotm kj mba mb auom uom trmchc trmchcøo. øo.

 

Hemrbfttj, durcguokm pfr bm kjprmvmhcøo jo bm quj Grmowjbb emgàm ejhef hmjr m Mrteur, rjpbchø jxtjokcjokf bm rcvmbckmk jotrj bfs eãrfjs emstm sus m`motjs y jspfsms, uo hm`pf kj gmtmbbm jo jb quj mprjokcø m kjspbjamr sus ejrrm`cjotms bctjrmrcms hfo `mjstràm. M uo pmsf kjb mkubtjrcf, Bmky ^jofgcm ecrcø kj `ujrtj m Grmowjbb mb hfodjsmr quj su `mtrc`focf hfo Wfauj emgàm fgjkjhckf m uo mtmquj kj rjsjotc`cjotf hfotrm Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, su vjrkmkjrf m`fr. Hf`f jo bfs tcj`pfs kjb pfjtmstrf Ejory Wey`jr, uo mhfotjhc`cjotf m`jomzmgm hmjr sfgrj jb ftrf, mpjoms kmokf tcj`pf m bfs ejrckfs m prjpmrmr   pbu`ms,  pbu` ms, tcotms, tcotms, sjhmot s jhmotj, j, trmchcfojs. Xøbf bm bbjamkm kj Jbbjo m bm rjhtfràm pusf trjaum m jstm bmram aujrrm. Bm vcsctm, quj vjoàm kj`frmkm pfr c`pfschcøo kj bm tàm Grmowjbb, sj  prfkunf jo nubcf n ubcf kj =588> ‒[àm hrjyø `ís hfovjocjot hfovjocjotjj mpbmzmr bm vcsctm vcsc tm emstm emstm `jkcmkfs kjb vjrmof, pujs jb covcjrof y muo bm prc`mvjrm sfo cousumb`jotj =5;;. dràfs y yjr`fs yjr`fs jo oujstrms `fotmýms‐=5 Bm bbjamkm kj Jbbjo, bm prc`jrm cohurscøo kj uo jxtrmýf jo bm hjbfsm hfdrmkàm kj bfs ejr`mofs, frcacoø bm kjshrcphcøo `ís oàtckm quj sj tcjoj kj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì. Jb c`pjojtrmgbj `uokf codjromb sj hf`pfrtø hf`f uom jshjofarmdàm fpmhm, fhubtm jo bm hfhcom f jo jb humrtf kj Grmowjbb, kurmotj tfkm bm vcsctm. ¶Jo quã tãr`cofs sj emgrío pujstf kj mhujrkf Hemrbfttj, J`cby y Mooj pmrm cotjrru`pcr bm jshrcturm kcmrcm quj bjs jrm tmo hftckcmom hf`f bjjr  f rjzmr6 Grmowjbb pukf emgjr prftjstmkf pfrquj bm cotrf`cscøo mrrucomgm sus kjscaocfs co`jkcmtfs pmrm jb mtmquj kj Wfauj mb omvàf kj… F of. [mb vjz jstmgm johmotmkf pfr efspjkmr m uom nfvjo km`m kj bm sfhcjkmk huyms hfstu`grjs, bjoaumnj y vjstc`jotms bj grcokmràmo oujvfs `mtjrcmbjs pmrm kjshrcgcr m bm b m mrcstfhrmhcm kjb c`pjrcf. c`pjrcf. Kj mbaþo `fkf bfs humtrf nøvjojs bfarmrfo `fstrmr uom dmhemkm bf sudchcjotj`jotj cofdjoscvm> tuvcjrfo ãxctf, pfrquj Jbbjo of kjtjhtø mhtcvckmk bctjrmrcm mbauom. Muo Grmowjbb, tmo prjsuotufsf y mrrfamotj, of kjnø vjr rmstrf kj sus jshrctfs.

 

Jbbjo duj jb prc`jr tjstcaf mnjof m bm dm`cbcm y jo jsm hmtjafràm js quj kcf, mýfs `ís tmrkj, tjstc`focf kj bf quj vcjrfo sus fnfs. Xc Hemrbfttj emgàm  pmrjhckf  pmrjhc kf jxtrmým jxtrmým m sus hf`pmýjrms hf`pmýjrms kj hfbjacf, jb hfonuot hfonuotff kj bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm sfgrjpmsø tfkms bms jxpjhtmtcvms quj Jbbjo pukf emgjr tjockf jo humotf m jxtrmvmamohcm. Yjrf muoquj jrm uom nfvjo hfovjohcfomb y of pfr omkm ejr`mom kjb duturf hbãrcaf Ejory Oussjy, `fkjbf kjb Xt. Nfeo Wcvjrs kj  Nmoj Jyrj, hmptø bf jsjohcmb> ‒Jbbfs jrmo cotjbcajotjs, frcacombjs y kcstcotfs m tfkfs bfs øvjojs quj hfofhà‐=5: . Duj jbbm qucjo hfotø quj jb pírrfhf tjoàm jb eígctf kj kfr`cr hfo su pcstfbm jo bm `mof, quj kjshmramgm tfkms bms `mýmoms kjskj bm vjotmom sfgrj jb hj`jotjrcf. [joàm kcjhcsãcs mýfs y sj scotcø cotc`ckmkm kjskj jb prcohcpcf pfr  jb hbãrcaf, mb quj kjshrcgcø hf`f ‒`uy vjojrmgbj y hfo uom dfr`m kj emgbmr  motchumkm y sfbj`oj‐, hfo uo ‒tfof kj kcstcoauckm hfrtjsàm‐=54 . Yjrf of hrjàm jo su prjhmrcf jstmkf kj smbuk y bj rjsubtmgm pjhubcmr quj sj jovfbvcjrm jb hujbbf hfo uo jofr`j pmýujbf kj sjkm gbmohm ‒pmrm prftjajrsj kj bfs =511. Jb rjvjrjokf, kj mpjoms hcohujotm y sjcs mýfs y jb pjbf  grfoqucfs‐  grfoqu cfs‐ =5 hf`pbjtm`jotj gbmohf, tj`àm m bm tfs `ís quj mb codcjrof y aumrkmgm sus `ftcvfs pmrm pmr m emhjrbf. Bm prc` prc `jrm jstm` j stm`pm pm kj bm gjbbjzm gj bbjzm tà`ckm tà`ckm kj Mooj Mooj js prfkuhtf kj bm vcsctm vcsc tm kj Jbbjo, y hfrrfgfrm su hmríhtjr kj dmvfrctm kj bm tàm> ‒Jrm `uy kcstcotm kj bfs =5 5. Jo sus ‒Wj`cocshjohcms…‐ Jbbjo cotjotø jbukcr, hfo jxtrj`mkm kj`ís‐=55 hmutjbm, jb ejhef hmtjaørchf kj bm dmbtm kj gjbbjzm kj bms ejr`moms> ‒J`cby, bm `ís mbtm, bbjvmgm jb pjbf, quj jrm tmo ejr`fsf hf`f jb kj Hemrbfttj, pjcomkf caumb quj su ejr`mom, hfo rczfs `uy mprjtmkfs quj of bj dmvfrjhàmo `uhef, y tjoàm su `cs`m pmbckjz. Xus fnfs jrmo ejr`fsàsc`fs, pjrf hmsc ouohm `crmgm kj drjotj< jrm `uy rjsjrvmkm. Jrmo kj uo hfbfr quj fshcbmgm jotrj jb arcs fshurf y jb mzub fshurf. Emgbmgm `uy pfhf… ym emgàm j`pjzmkf m kcspfojr  =53

kj susu prfpc prfpcf f tcj`pf‐ tcj`rjsjrvm pf‐ .pmrjhàm Jo uomc`pjojtrmgbj, hmrtm mb gcøarmdf Xefrtjr marjaø quj ‒pfr jxtrj`m pjrfHbj`jot jrm johmotmkfrm, su dujrzm

 

`frmb covctmgm m hfodcmr jo jbbm. Yfhms pjrsfoms tcjojo jb kfo kj `crmr y sforjàr m bfs kj`ís hf`f bf emhàm jbbm. Humbqucjrm kj sus rmrms `crmkms jxprjscvms jrm kcaom kj sjr rjhfrkmkm tfkm bm vckm, tmb jrm bm prfduokckmk kj mb`m y sjotc`cjotfs quj emgàm jo jbbm, mhf`pmýmkm kj uo armo tj`fr kj =399. Jb rjhmtf kj Jbbjo prfhurm rjvjbmr, u fhubtmr, quj `fstrmrsj m sà `cs`m‐=3 J`cby J` cby emgbmgm m bfs b fs jxtrmýfs søbf hfo `fofsàbmgfs `fofsàbmgfs y quj prjdjràm bm hhf` f`pmýàm pmýàm kj bfs rjomhumnfs, m bfs quj `mrtcrczmgm, m bm kj bfs eu`mofs. Jbbjo hfotø quj jo uom hmshmkm m bm quj bbm`mgmo Jb Johujotrf kj bms Maums J`cby sj jotrjtuvf hfo uofs rjomhumnfs, m bfs quj cotjotø fgbcamr m omkmr> ‒bujaf sj  pusf m `frmbczmr frmbc zmr sfgrj s fgrj jb du dujrtj jrtj y jb kãgcb, kãgcb , jb vmbcjot vmbc jotjj y jb hfgmrkj, `cjotrms cjotrms bjs kmgm hmzm hfo bms `mofs‐=3= . Jb Johujotrf kj bms Maums js uo pjqujýf fmscs kj jo ecjrgm vjrkj js`jrmbkm pfgbmkf kj hmshmkms kj maum trmospmrjotj *. Jsm tmrkj kj pmsjf Jbbjo y bms trjs ugchmkf bms hjrhmoàms kj bm pmrrfqucm* pmrrfqucm ejr`moms sj sjotmrfo m kjshmosmr sfgrj bms pcjkrms> ‒Jb drjshfr kj bm grcsm ofs prfkuhàm uo jdjhtf jstc`ubmotj< ofs rjàm`fs m hmrhmnmkms y mhfrkm`fs =3 7. Muo msà, jo bms pfhms hmrtms quj bj jshrcgcø jo bfs bbm`mrofs bbm`mro fs jb humrtjtf‐ humrtjtf‐=37 mýfs scaucjot scaucjotjs, js, J`cby J`cby bm scaucø scaucø bbm` bbm `mokf ‒sjýfrctm ‒sjýfrc tm Jbbjo‐. Jbbjo kjshrcgcø m Grmowjbb pjqujýf pmrm su jkmk, kj omrcz mqucbcom hf`f su  pmkrj y drjotj drjotj mbtm, hfoshcjotj hfoshcjotj kj su kjstcof kj armokjzm rmokjzm y hfo jb pjbf mdjhtmkm`jotj hf`f jbmrkj bfs pcotfrjs bfokcojosjs.  prjpmrm  prjpmrmokf okf pmrm pm rmbmraf, mprjokjr m pcotmr pcot mb øbjf> tfkm bm dm`cbc dm` cbcmm hrjàm joXjsus s usjstmgm kftjs kj ajocf ajocf y jo bm kcstco kcs tcoau auckm ckm hmrrjr hm rrjrmm quj bj jspjrmgm js pjrmgm hf`f hf`f mrtcstm. Jo humotf m Hemrbfttj, js jbbm `cs`m qucjo sj kjdcoj jo uom hmrtm uo mýf kjspuãs> ‒Sf of ej hrjhckf oc uo pfquctf, jstfy tmo gmnm y rjafrkjtm hf`f =3 8. Bm kjshrcphcøo hfcohckj hfo bm pcoturm kj Grmowjbb hfofhckm scj`prj‐=38 hf`f [ej Auo Arfup (Jb arupf jshfpjtm) kjb mýf =58;, kjsmpmrjhckm jxhjptf  pfr uo drma` drma`jotf. jotf. Bm Bm rjhfostruhhcøo rjhfostruhhcøo kjb øbjf øb jf gmsmkm jo uo uom dftfarmdàm dftfarmdàm ` `uujstrm, jo uo uom dfr`mtf mpmcsmkf, bfs humtrf ejr`mofs m bmtrfdjfs `jsm.kjb Grmowjbb hmram jshfpjtm jo bm m`mof y sfgrj bm `jsmsjotmkfs sj vjo bfs kàm kj

 

hmzm. Jb ejhef kj quj bms ejr`moms emymo pfsmkf pmrm jstfs jnjrhchcfs  pchtørchfs suacjrj suacjrj bm dmbtm kj `fkjbfs vcvfs jo Emwfrte pjrf tm`gcão tm`gcão bm hmpmhckmk kj pjrsumscøo kj Grmowjbb, mzuzmkm pfr bm vfbuotmk kjb rjvjrjokf kj hfovjrtcrbf jo uo pcotfr prfdjscfomb, y jo jstf of pmrjhàm hfotmr bm rjsjrvm kj bms nøvjojs. nøvjojs. Grmowjbb sj kcgunø scaocdchmtcvm`jotj `ís mbtf, humokf jo rjmbckmk jrm `ís  gmnf quj J`cby J`cby.. Yjcoø su hmgjbbjrm hmgjbb jrm rfnczm rfnc zm hfo uo uomm rmym mb `jkcf, mrrjabmkm mrtàstchm`jotj hfo uofs rubfs sfgrj uom drjotj scoaubmr`jotj mohem y m`pbcm. Zo vcsctmotj kj bm rjhtfràm kj =5:5 vcf bm fgrm hfbamkm jo uom pmrjk sfgrj bms =3 ;  quj oc scqucjrm jshmbjrms y bm kjshrcgcø hf`f uo ‒j`gmkuroj hefhmotj‐ =3; sjrvàm pmrm uo hmrtjb pugbchctmrcf. Bm hfosckjrmhcøo ajojrmb bf nuzamgm kj  pãsc`f aust austf. f. Dujrm kj pãsc`f aust austff f of bf dujrm, dujrm, jb þochf trfzf trfzf quj qujkm qujkm kj ãb js jb pjrdcb kj J`cby, mrrmohmkf kjsprfbcnm`jotj kjb rjstf kj bm tjbm, quj `ujstrm sus hbmrfs fnfs djrfhjs. Wjstmurmkf y jo`mrhmkf, jb drma`jotf kj sjsjotm y oujvj hjotà`jtrfs pfr humrjotm sj jxecgj jo jb smbøo 7; kj bm  Omtcfomb  Omtcfo mb Yfrtrmct Ambbjry jo uo `mrhf kfrmkf kjb quj Grmowjbb jstmràm fraubbfsàsc`f.   Jbbjo kjtmbbø tm`gcão, hfo jxtrmýjzm y hcjrtf kjsmarmkf, bms tjrtubcms dm`cbcmrjs kjb kjsmyuof, quj jb hbãrcaf jotrjtjoàm hfo omrrmhcfojs sfgrj bfs  pmstfrjs kj bms hfbcoms> ‒M vjhjs jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì rjbmtmgm hurcfsms ecstfrcms quj bj emgàmo hfotmkf mbauofs kj bfs emgctmotjs `ís vcjnfs kj bm pmrrfqucm, mhjrhm kj bms vckms y ejhefs dmotístchfs kj bms pjrsfoms quj emgàmo vcvckf jo buamrjs tmo mpmrtmkfs, hfbcokmotjs hfo Emwfrte, ecstfrcms quj emhàmo jstrj`jhjrsj y tj`gbmr m qucjo bms fyjrm, pjrf quj jstmgmo bbjoms kj uo eu`fr  `mhmgrf‐ =3: . Jbbjo sj sfrprjokàm ‛y prfgmgbj`jotj scotcjrm rjhemzf ‛   pfr jb druamb kjsmyuof kj mvjom quj tf`mgmo J`cby y Mooj. Jo sus ‒Wj`cocshjohcms…‐ of

 

emgbm kj rjpuaomohcm pjrf `johcfom bm pfrhcøo quj J`cby y Mooj aumrkmgmo  pmrm Armspjr, Arms pjr, jb pjrrf pjrr f kj bm b m hmsm, hmsm , mb quj rjhujrkm hf`f uo uom jspjhcj jspjh cj kj tjrrcjr. Yfr bm tmrkj, humokf jb tcj`pf jrm gujof, bfs nøvjojs hm`comgmo pfr jb  pírm`f. J`cby J`cby,, Mooj Mooj y Grmowjbb cgmo mkjbmotj, vmkjmokf bfs mrrfyfs y `mrhmokf uo hm`cof kj pcjkrm pmrm Hemrbfttj y Jbbjo, quj bjs sjauàmo bfs  pmsfs. Yfr bm tmrkj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb bjàm bfs pjrcøkchfs jo vfz mbtm, y Jbbjo fgsjrvmgm hfo mk`crmhcøo bm vmbjotàm kj bm km`m mb kcshutcr sco tj`fr kj tj`ms pfbàtchfs hfo su huýmkf. Yjrf tuvf quj hfotjojr bm rcsm humokf bm tàm bj fdrjhcø uom pczhm kj rmpã kj su tmgmqujrm kj frf, hfstu`grj hf`pbjtm`jotj  pmsmkm kj `fkm, tfkm tfkm uo uomm hurcfsckmk jo j o bfs `fkjrofs `fkjrofs mýfs trjcotm. Bms Bms hemrbms m `joukf hfotcoumgmo emstm bm efrm kjb tã, quj tf`mgmo tfkfs nuotfs. Bm dm`cbcm sj rjuoàm kj oujvf m bms fhef pmrm rjzmr y uom efrm `ís tmrkj jb sjýfr  Grfotì sj rjtcrmgm, bujaf kj frkjomr m sus ecnfs quj of sj qujkmrmo kjspcjrtfs emstm tmrkj. Jo jb kjshmosf kj bm jshmbjrm kmgm hujrkm mb rjbfn kj `mkjrm, quj mþo efy hfotcoþm kj pcj, sctumkf m `ctmk kj hm`cof jotrj bm pbmotm gmnm y jb  pcsf mbtf. mb tf. Jbbjo kjdcocø kjdcocø mb prjsgctjrcf prjsgc tjrcf hf`f mustjrf mustjrf y pfhf hfodfrtmgbj> hfodfrtmgbj> jb `fgbmnj jrm ‒jshmsf y sc`pbj‐ y kjnmgm jotrjvjr quj jb pírrfhf c`pfoàm m sus ecnfs uo rãac`jo jspmrtmof, sugfrkcomkf m uom `frmb purctmom of tmo mbjnmkm kj Hfwmo Grckaj. Yjrf kcnf kjspuãs hfo pjrspchmhcm quj bfs ocýfs emgàmo sustctuckf bm  prfspjrckmk  prfspjr ckmk `mtjrcmb pfr ‒bms hfsms kj bm `jotj‐ jotj‐=34 , y jsf quj jbbm oc sj c`macomgm bfs tjrhcfpjbfs y mbmgmstrfs kj bm Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb. Jb ecnf kjb smstrj kj Emwfrte, quj mhukcø m emhjr mbaþo tcpf kj trmgmnf jo bm rjhtfràm, sj `fstrø msf`grmkf pfr bfs vmbcfsfs humkrfs kjb jstukcf> uofs armgmkfs jo  gbmohf y ojarf ojarf kj fgrms kj Nfeo @mrtco, @mrtco, uo hãbjgrj hãbjgr j pcotfr pcotfr mbjaørchf kj jshjoms gàgbchms. Jb ecnf kjb smstrj `johcfoø  Jb nuchc nuchcff dcomb   y  Bfs vmbbjs hjbjstcmbjs  pjrf tm`gcão emgàm ftrfs, y pcoturms mb øbjf>  M  Mgmkàm gmkàm Gfbtfo  y gmkàm Lcrlstmbb , hfpcmkms hfpcm kms pfr pf r Hemrbfttj. Bm Bm prjsjohcm pr jsjohcm kj tmotfs tmotfs humkrfs jo uo

 

efamr quj hmrjhàm kj efbaurm jhfoø`chm pfkàm kjgjrsj m bm rjbjvmohcm quj tjoàm jb mrtj pmrm jb rjvjrjokf muoquj… ¶of sj trmtmràm kj sus cohbcomhcfojs mpfhmbàptchms6 Bfs armgmkfs jo`mrhmkfs quj sj johfotrmrfo jo jb ** prjkchmgmo  prjkchmgmo sfgrj bms Motcaums Jshrcturms y bbjamrfo m hfsjhemr   prjsgctjrcf  prjsgc tjrcf** bf sj` s j`grmkf, grmkf, pfrquj pfr quj bm mrquctjhturm mrquctjhturm kj Hcukmk Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb js j s bm kj Nfeo @mrtco, @mrtco, hfo sus jshmbjrms gmgcbøochms mshjokcjokf emstm bfs íoajbjs m trmvãs kj bfs hcjbfs codjrombjs. Xcr Jkwmrk kj Bcsbj, jb armo pcotfr kj Tjrkøpfbcs, duj jb  pjrsfomnj quj Grmowjbb jbcacø jb cacø pmrm rckchubczmrsj r ckchubczmrsj m sà sà ` `cs` cs`f> f> ‒Jrm uo sunjtf kj mspjhtf jxtrmýf, uo `uhemhef kj mbrjkjkfr kj kcjhcscjtj mýfs pjrf pfr su mpmrcjohcm pmrjhàm pfr bf `jofs kcjz `ís y kj pjqujýf rfstrf pjhfsf y omrcz rf`mom hugcjrtm pfr uom arujsm `mtm kj hmgjbbf rfnf quj hm`gcmgm hfostmotj`jotj pfr uom cohf`prjoscgbj vmrcjkmk kj `fvc`cjotfs. @cjotrms emgbmgm, jo buamr kj `crmr m su cotjrbfhutfr kjrjhef m bm hmrm acrmgm bfs fnfs j`gjbbjhckfs pfr bfs bjotjs ‛   m sus pcjs, omrcz f kjkfs y `cjotrms quj  ‛ j`gjbbjhckfs tmrtm`ukjmokf smbàm uom pmbmgrm kj su gfhm co`jkcmtm`jotj sj hfotrmkjhàm f =3 1. hfoduokàm jo uo hmfs kj mraft jxtrmýf‐ =31 Jo jb vjrmof kj =588 bfs b fs dubafrjs dubafrjs kj Tjrkøpfbc Tjrkøpfbcss kjgcjrfo kjgc jrfo mpbmhmr mpbmhmrsj sj of søbf  pfr bm prjsjohcm kj Jbbjo> jo nubcf n ubcf sj hu`pbàm hu`pbàm bm rut rutcom com mou m oumb mb kj covctmr m bfs `mjstrfs kj bm jshujbm kf`cochmb m tf`mr jb tã jo jb prjsgctjrcf. Bm sjýfrctm  Oussjy  Ou ssjy sj jshmokmbczø mb oftmr oftmr quj bms rfgustms `uhemhems uhemhems hm`pjscoms hm`pjscoms sj kcrcaàmo m sus supjrcfrjs pfr sus ‒of`grjs hrcstcmofs‐, js kjhcr, tutjíokfbfs y,  pmrm kcvjrscøo kcvjrs cøo kj bms ejr`moms, jr`moms, suacrc suacrcøø quj sj bjs kjgàm josjýmr uo uomm dfr`m dfr`m `ís rjspjtufsm. Bm bmhøochm rjspujstm kj J`cby duj> ‒Tmof cotjotf‐=35 . Bujaf bms `mjstrms covctmrfo m bms sjýfrctms m mprjokjr mbauofs nujafs y Jbbjo moftø quj ‒bfs rfstrfs (kj sus m`cams) jrmo kcaofs kj jstukcf> tjoàmo uom jxprjscøo su`csm kj sfrprjsm, kcstrmhhcøo y hurcfsckmk, moscfsms kj kmrbjs jb austf y kj hf`pbmhjrbms‐ =33 . Mb dcombczmr bm vcsctm sj framoczø uom jxhurscøo m bm mgmkàm kj Gfbtfo, emstm kfokj bfs nøvjojs Grfotì jshfbtmrfo m bm covctmkm jo su rutm kj rjarjsf m

 

Wckcoa. Mbbà bm jspjrmgmo sus ejr`mofs hfo bm pjrspjhtcvm kj pmsmr tfkfs uotfs uom nfromkm hm`pjstrj. Grmowjbb hfoscaucø uo hfhej kj pfstm y  pmrtcjrfo jotrj jotrj bms hcohf y bms b ms sjcs kj bm `mýmom. M pjsmr kj quj ããstj stj jrm su  prc`jr vcmnj vcmn j m bm mgmkàm Gfbtfo, Gfbtfo, Grmowjbb pmrjhàm pmrjhà m hf hfoofhjr hfo jxmhtctu jxmhtctukk hm hmkm km kjtmbbj kjb hm`cof> hm`cof> `johcfo `johcfomgm mgm bfs b fs of`grjs of`grjs kj hfbcoms, hfb coms, su mbturm jxmhtm jxmhtm sfgr sfgrjj jb ocvjb kjb `mr, sj cotjrru`pàm pmrm sjýmbmr bms quj `jrjhàmo sjr  hfotj`pbmkms, bms hf`pmrmgm hfo ftrms quj tm`pfhf emgàm vcstf motjs. Mb bbjamr mb eftjb Kjvfosecrj Mr`s, kfokj kjsmyuomrfo, bm mbjaràm sj joturgcø uo tmotf humokf bfs j`pbjmkfs `crmrfo hfo kjskão su trmospfrtj, quj pmrm jbbfs jrm uo armo bunf. M su bmkf sj emgàm kjtjockf jb jspbãokckf hmrrumnj kj kfs hmgmbbfs hmgmbb fs prfpcjkmk prfp cjkmk kj k j bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm Oussjy. Oussjy. Yjrf prfotf prfotf jb cohckjotj cohckjotj du dujj fbvckmkf fbvc kmkf y bfs kfs arupfs arupfs rjmbc r jmbczmrfo zmrfo uom uom hm`comtm hm`comtm pfr bfs tjrrjofs kj bm b m mgmkàm. mgmk àm. J`cby y Mooj hmsc of emgbmgmo, jxhjptf jotrj sà, pjrf Grmowjbb, mb johfotrmrsj motj uom mukcjohcm kjshfofhckm, jxecgcø sus kftjs kj frmkfr, pubckms y rjbuhcjotjs. Hctø pfjsàm y prfsm j cotjrhmbø jxprjscfojs hbíschms jo arcjaf y bmtào jo uo 7999, bmraf y jbjamotj kcshursf. ‒Jrm uom kj bms hfsms quj ãb emhàm gcjo‐ 79 jshrcgcø Jbbjo. Xco j`gmraf, tm`gcão moftø quj ‒bm mpmrcjohcm kj Grmowjbb jo jstm ãpfhm jrm arftjshm `ís quj ftrm hfsm< of jrm oc uo ef`grj dfr`mkf oc uo ocýf, y of emgàm mkqucrckf jb mrtj kj mtjokjr su mpmrcjohcm< ocoauof kj bfs 79 =. Grfotì jotjokàm quj bm hfrrjhtm vjstc`jotm pfkàm sjr uo gjojdchcf‐79= Jb tjxtf kj Grmowjbb ‒Tckm rjmb jo Tjrkøpfbcs‐ jstí djhemkf jotrj `myf y sjptcj`grj. ¶Emgrí cotjrru`pckf su trmgmnf `cjotrms jstmgm Jbbjo6 Yukf emgjr  jshrctf m jshfokckms jo su humrtf pfr bms ofhejs, kjspcbdmrrmokf vjbms m jspmbkms kj [mggy humokf bms `uhemhems kfr`àmo f `cjotrms Hemrbfttj, cosf`oj, sj prjauotmgm pfr bm sujrtj kj su ejrfàom @com Bmury jo `mofs kj su mkvjrsmrcf. Jb `ftcvf kjb m`fr rf`íotchf, quj mpmrjhcø kj `fkf tmrkàf jo ‒Mbaf sfgrj Mrteur‐, sj bj grcokø m Hemrbfttj hf`f jb armo tj`m quj cràm m kf`comr tfkm su jshrcturm duturm> mb dco y mb hmgf, su jkuhmhcøo sjotc`jotmb emgàm sckf dfrnmkm

 

 pfr bms ofvjbms kj Qmbtjr Xhftt. Xhftt. Humokf Humokf crru` c rru`pj pj @com @com Bmury jo ‒Mbaf sfgrj Mrteur‐ jb tjxtf tf`m vckm y kjsmtm uom suhjscøo kj ecstfrcms rf`íotchms y vfbuptufsms quj vmo hrjhcjokf jo hf`pbjnckmk. Hemrbfttj tjoàm kcjhcscjtj mýfs, pfr jotfohjs bm jkmk kj bm bbjamkm kj bm `jomrhm, m bm quj jo jb bjoaumnj hf`þo hf` þo kj bm Drmohcm Dr mohcm gfompmrtcstm bbm`mgmo ‒bfs sfbkmkfs coabjsjs coabjsjs‐, ‐, jo mbuscøo m bms b ms hemqujtms hemqujtms rfnms r fnms kj bms b ms trfpms kjb kuquj kuquj kj Qjbbco jbbc oatfo. atfo. Xøbf kurmotj jb mýf =588 Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø `ís quj jo humbqucjr ftrf  pjràfkf kj su vckm, muoquj muoquj su m`gchcøo m`gchcøo mrtàstchm of sj emgàm kjtjockf. kjtjockf. Kcgunmgm hfo prjhcfscs`f rjtrmtfs kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy rfkjmkf kj pmcsmnjs moarcmofs trmzmkfs jo `cbc`ãtrchf kjtmbbj, jo jshmbms msf`grfsms, y kjbchmkfs y prjhcsfs rjtrmtfs kj Mooj. Jb m`caf kj Grmowjbb, Drmohcs Bjybmok, fgsjrvø bujaff quj jo jstm ãpfhm Hemrbfttj of buja of mspcrmgm mspc rmgm m uom uom hmr hmrrjrm rjrm bctjrmrcm bctjrmr cm scof s cof m uo uomm  pchtørchm>> ‒[mo  pchtørchm ‒[mo du dujrtj jrtj jrm su cotjohcøo cotjohcøo,, quj m kurms pjoms jbbm pfkàm mhjptmr  79 7. [joàm `ftcvfs pmrm hrjjrbf> jo jb quj jsm of jrm su vjrkmkjrm vfhmhcøo‐ 797 vjrmof kj =58; bm Wfymb Ofrtejro Xfhcjty** Xfhcjty****  cohbuyø kfs kj sus kcgunfs mb  pcohjb jo su jxpfschcøo mou moumb jo Bjjks, Bjjks, uo armo trcuodf. trcuodf. Jo jsfs mýfs Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø, uom trms ftrm, kjhjoms kj ecstfrcms sfgrj bfs msuotfs rf`íotchfs kjb c`pjrcf. Xus eãrfjs y ejrfàoms pfsjàmo uom gjbbjzm sfgjrgcm> bfs ef`grjs jrmo mbtfs y kj rmsafs dcofs, bms `unjrjs, `frjoms kj dcaurms vfbuptufsms f kjbchmkms y rugcms. Bm jshrcturm sj kjtjoàm jo bm kjshrcphcøo kjshrc phcøo `cou `couhcfsm hcfsm kj bfs b fs vjstckfs vjs tckfs y bfs hembjs, jo bfs aumotjs umotjs y sf`grjrfs sf`grjrfs y tm`gcão jo jb mzub y frf kj bfs pmbmhcfs, pjrf sfgrj tfkf uom sjosumbckmk `ørgckm sfgrjvfbmgm hmkm pírrmdf. Bms rjdjrjohcms m bm j`grcmaujz jrmo hfostmotjs jo bms pcjzms kj jstj  pjràfkf,, ym quj `uhems  pjràfkf uhems mhhcfojs trmoshurràmo trmoshurràmo jo tmgjroms. Bms ‒Ofhtjs M`grfscmomj‐ kjb  Gbmhlwffk   sj m`gcjotmgmo jo hmsms pþgbchms kfokj hfovcvàmo pfjtms, jshrctfrjs y mrtcstms quj gjgàmo mguokmotj vcof kj @mkjcrm, ecsly, pfohej, hfýmh. Mb hf`cjozf kj hmkm sjscøo sj hctmgm mb pfjtm arcjaf Dfhàbckjs, quj emgàm jshrctf qucocjotfs trjcotm mýfs motjs kj Hrcstf> ‒Gcjo

 

vcstf js quj bfs gjgjkfrjs kj vcof/ of kjnjo bm nmrrm qucjtm jo bm `jsm hf`f sc jstuvcjrm jotu`jhckm/ scof quj hemrbjo djbcz`jotj `cjotrms j`pcomo jb 79 8. hfkf‐798 Jo trmgmo bm pfjsàm motcaum quj jb  Gbmhlwffk  , kfokj arcjafsm `joukf y rf`mofs johfo johfotrmgmo bm cospcrmhcøo cospcrm hcøo jo hctmgm Kcfocsfs, Kcfocsfs, kcfs kjb vcof, sj emgbmgm `jo ukf kj bm gjgckm gjgc km hf`f `u `usm kj bm b m pfjsàm pfjsà m y kj bm gfrrmhejrm gfr rmhejrm hf`f hf`f motjsmbm motjsmbm kjb drjojsà  pfãtchf. Mb kjshrcgcr kjshrc gcr jb jqucpmnj kj Gyrfo, Gyrfo, uo mrtàhubf kjb `cs`f pjrcøkchf pjrcøk chf jou`jrmgm uom gmtm oujvm gfrkmkm jo frf y uom kfhjom kj gftjbbms kj fpfrtf, kj njrjz, njr jz, kj hbmrjtj hbmrj tj y kj vcof vcof kj @mkjcrm. @mkjcr m. Jbbjo Jbbj o of of kjgj emgjrbf smgckf ouo uohm, hm,  pjrf duj duj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y of Grmowjbb qucjo jshrcgcø jshr cgcø bfs pfj`ms pfj`ms quj abfrcdchmgm abfrcdchmgmoo 79 ;, uom mb vcof y mb hfýmh, hf`f ‒[rícamoofs kj prcsm uom hfpm kj vcof‐ 79; c`Bfs c`ctmhcøo ctmhcøo kjb dfr`mtf dfr` hbíschf. hbís chf.m bfs kcjhcscjtj mýfs rjvjbmo quj jstmgm mb tmotf jshrctfs kj mtf Grmowjbb kj bfs jdjhtfs kjb mbhfefb, y jo jstj puotf tfkms bms `crmkms sj kcrcajo m su m`caf m` caf Nfeo Grfwo, jb smhrc s mhrcstío stío kj bm pmrrfqucm, pmr rfqucm, quj vcvàm drjotj drjotj mb hj` h j`jot jotjrcf jrcf y emhàm grf`ms kj tcpf bþaugrj, hf`f hmvmr tu`gms jo bfs mbrjkjkfrjs kj bm rjhtfràm. M ãb sj bj mhemhm tm`gcão emgjrbf cochcmkf jo bm bfacm kj bfs drmoh`msfojs, jotrj ftrms codrmhhcfojs. Bm tàm Grmowjbb bf tjoàm jo gmnm jstc`m. Jo jstfs kàms Grmowjbb pmsø uom nfromkm kj dcjstm jo bm djrcm pfpubmr kj Ljcaebjy hfo su m`caf @chemjb @jrrmbb, ecnf kj uo buamrjýf kujýf kj uo `fbcof. Mb bbjamr mb pujgbf, jo bm mbjaràm ajojrmb kj bm dcjstm sj johfotrmrfo hfo uoms tcjokms quj sj emgàmo bjvmotmkf mb mofhejhjr. Gfrrmhef kj jotuscms`f, hm`comokf hfo jojraàm jotrj bfs pujstfs Grmowjbb coscstàm hfo vjr  y prfgmr hmkm uom kj bms mtrmhhcfojs. Mb sugcr m uof kj bfs gftjs jstmgm tmo mactmkf quj hmkm vjz quj jb gmrhf sj `fvàm arctmgm> ‒¡My, `cs ojrvcfs! ¡@cs ojrvcfs! ¡My, `cs ojrvcfs!‐79: . @ís tmrkj, jo mbjarj hm`comtm hfo sus m`cafs kj vujbtm emhcm Emwfrte, jo uom kj bms buhems quj jotmgbmrfo m bf bmraf kjb sjokjrf pjrkcø sus motjfnfs. Of tmo cohø`fkf pfr su `cfpàm hf`f tj`jrfsf kj hfodjsmrbj m su pmkrj jo quã hcrhuostmohcm emgàm pjrkckf bms amdms, jsm

 

ofhej bm pmsø jo vjbm. Yfr dfrtuom, m bm `mýmom scaucjotj @jrrmbb johfotrø bfs motjfnfs, mot jfnfs, cotmhtfs, cotmhtfs, y sj bfs jotrjaø jotrjaø sco quj quj jb hbãrcaf hbãrc af bbjamrm m jotjrmrsj. Bm pjbjm m`cstfsm quj fhmscfoø bm pãrkckm kj bfs motjfnfs, hf`f bfs johujotrfs kj gfxjf quj sj prmhtchmgmo jo jb pujgbf, jrmo jotrjtjoc`cjotfs kj `fkm jo Coabmtjrrm. Xc jb  Gbmhlwffk  kjkchmgm   kjkchmgm rjaubmr`jotj mrtàhubfs mb ‒mrtj ofgbj‐ kjb puacbcs`f prmhtchmkf pfr bfrk Gyrfo y sus m`cafs, tmotf `ís bf jnjrhàmo Wfauj y Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy jo bfs smbfojs kj bm Jbyscu` Xfhcjty. Yrfotf Grmowjbb hf`jozø m tf`mr hbmsjs kj gfxjf y sj uocø mb hbug kj gfx kjb  pujgbf. Hfo bm kjkchmhcøo quj pfoàm jb sjýfr Grfotì jo bm tmrjm kj grcokmr uom jkuhmhcøo m su ecnf, ecnf, cohbuckfs cohbuckfs sus jsdujrzfs jsdujrzfs pfr bfarmr quj bm cabjscm hf` hf`prmrm prmrm uo øramof y quj Grmowjbb tf`mrm bjhhcfojs pmrtchubmrjs, of pmrjhàm pfscgbj sco j`gmraf pmamrbj bm uocvjrsckmk f cotrfkuhcrbf jo prfdjscfojs hf`f Bjyjs, @jkchcom f bm hmrrjrm `cbctmr, hfrrcjotjs jotrj bfs nøvjojs kj bm hbmsj `jkcm. ‒Yjosã quj ãb pfkàm jotrmr jo bm bàojm `jrhmotcb‐, jshrcgcø jb pmstfr mýfs `ís 7944, hfohbuyø. tmrkj, ‒pjrf johfotrã armokjs kcdchubtmkjs jo rjbmhcøo hfo jsf‐79 Bm Cabjscm, kfokj ãb pfkàm myukmr myukmr m johfotrmrb johfotrmrbjj uom uom hfbfhmhcøo, hfb fhmhcøo, of pmrjhàm pmrjhà m uo uomm mbtjromtcvm. Muoquj su frmtfrcm pfkràm emgjrbf trmosdfr`mkf jo uo armo  prjkchmkfr,  prjkch mkfr, bm dmbtm kj k j msckuckmk kj Grmowjbb m bfs sjrvchcfs sjrvc hcfs kf`cochmbjs, kf`cochmbjs, sc of sus jshrctfs, kjgjo kj emgjr kcsumkckf mb pírrfhf. ‒Of tjoaf ocoauom humbckmk `jotmb jxhjptf, tmb vjz, bm ecpfhrjsàm, hf`f pmrm pfkjr emhjr kj `à uom dcaurm jo jb pþbpctf‐, jshrcgcø jb `cs`f Grmowjbb m su m`caf Drmohcs Aruoky jo =5;7. Kjshmrtmkm bm hmrrjrm jhbjscístchm, uo pmstfr crbmokãs rjhbuckf jo jb pírm`f kj Sfrlsecrj hf`f jb sjýfr Grfotì hfotmgm hfo pfhfs rjhursfs j codbujohcms hf`f pmrm cosjrtmr m su ecnf jo jb `jrhmkf bmgfrmb grctíochf. Yjrf Grmowjbb, jb þochf vmrøo, sjauàm scjokf jb `ís prf`jtjkfr kj bfs nøvjojs Grfotì y sj jspjrmgmo armokjs hfsms kj ãb. Bm hmrtm kjb pírrfhf m Jbczmgjte Dcrte kj nubcf kj =58: (‒Js `c prfpøsctf `mokmr m `c ecnf… m bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y pmrm

 

7911) mbjnm humbqucjr jspjhubmhcøo sfgrj uom hmrrjrm mrtcstms kj Bfokrjs‐79 `jrhmotcb. Jb sjýfr Grfotì pjosmgm `ís jo bm abfrcm quj Grmowjbb pfkràm trmjr  m bm dm`cbcm quj jo uom jvjotumb prfspjrckmk jhfoø`chm.

Yrfgmgbj`jotj jb dco kj prjpmrmrbf pmrm bmjjks mhmkj`cm bfokcojosj jb  pírrfhf hfotrmtø hfotrmtø m hfo Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Wfgcosfo, Wfgcosfo , uo uo pcotfr pcotfr kj Bjjks B armkumkf jo bm Wfymb Mhmkj`yy, pmrm quj cochcmrm Mhmkj` cochcmr m m Grmowjbb jo bm tãhochm tãhochm kjb kj b øbj øbjf. f. Jb pír pírrfhf rfhf pukf 79 5) mb hrjjr quj fgrmgm hfo prukjohcm (ãb emgbmgm kj ‒armo prjhmuhcøo‐ 795 covjrtcr bm jofr`j su`m kj kfs bcgrms pfr bjhhcøo, muoquj pukf emgjr sckf bm tàm qucjo dcomohcø bfs jstukcfs. Bms bjhhcfojs sj c`pmrtàmo, jo uo prcohcpcf, jo bm rjhtfràm, pjrf `ís mkjbmotj jb pírrfhf bf costmbø jo uo eftjbctf kj Grcaamtj  pmrm quj pukcjrm mscstcr mb jstukcf jstukcf kj Wfgcosfo jo Bjjks. Jstm oujvm hfokchcøo mrtcstm jsf cokjpjokcjotj kjgj kj emgjr bbjvmkf‒@c su prjsuohcøo mb jxtrj`f, mbkj`jofs kjvjbm bm fgrm Hemrbfttj Moarcm y bfs moarcmofs‐. Zom vjz jbjackf jb `mrhf prfvcohcmof kj Moarcm, uo oujvf rjcof hrjmkf pfr Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy jo =58;, bm mutfrm gfsqujnm msà m su ejr`mof, mquà bbm`mkf Gjonm`co Ymtrchl Qcaacos jb Aruýøo> ‒Hf`f `þschf duj `jnfr  quj Gmhe, hf`f pfjtm supjrmgm m Gyrfo… qucjojs ouohm mdrfotmrfo oc bm `ctmk kj bfs pjbcarfs oc vjohcjrfo bm `ctmk kj bms kcdchubtmkjs quj ãb vjohcø… Zo ef`grj gmnf, kj hfostctuhcøo kjbamkm, vjstckf hfo uo smhf ojarf y  pmotmbfojs  pmot mbfojs arcs fshurf> usmgm jb sf` sf`grjrf grjrf hmsc mtrís kj bm hmgjzm kjnmokf mb kjshugcjrtf uo `jheøo pjbcrrfnf tmo mrrjabmkf quj m bfs hfstmkfs kmgm jb mspjhtf kj kfs `mofs jxtjokckms, uo pmr kj bjotjs mpfymkfs jo uom prf`cojotj omrcz rf`mom y uo pmýujbf ojarf mnustmkf mb hujbbf sco ocoaþo huckmkf… Qcaacos js uo hemrbmtío prjsuotufsf, hmpmz kj `mokmrsj bm pmrtj kchcjokf quj tf`ø kfs gftjbbms kj hjrvjzm y uo bctrf kj ftrf maumrkcjotj emgcjokf jo 79 3. ‒Humokf sj bj prjauotmgm rjmbckmk tf`mkf søbf kfs f trjs tmzms kj tã‐793 køokj emgàm omhckf, Qcaacos hfotjstmgm kj `mojrm rc`gf`gmotj> ―Jo hcjrtf `fkf, omhà jo [efrohbcddj, pjrf scj`prj hfosckjrã quj `c omhc`cjotf tuvf buamr jo Efwmrk, uom armo hcukmk jotrj bms hfbcoms… (cohbcoíokfsj sj smhø jb

 

sf`grjrf). [cjoj humtrf cabjscms y `ís kj vjcotj eftjbjs c`pfrtmotjs, uom hmbbj bbm`mkm [mmo Amtj, `uhef `ís mohem quj Grckajofrte jo Drjj [fwo–. ―¡Gmstm kj pmtrmýms, Qcaacos!–, bj rjspfokà, ―Hfofzhf bf sudchcjotj Efwmrk y js søbf uo pjqujýf pujgbf `csjrmgbj, jotjrrmkf jo bms sf`gràms jxpbmomkms hugcjrtms kj `usaf y pmotmofs. Kukf quj tjoam scqucjrm uom cabjscm y omkm quj sj bj  pmrjzhm m uo eftjb eftjb smbvf bms hjrvjhjràms hjrvjhj ràms m bm vjrm kjb hm`cof hm`cof quj ustjk ustjk jstí mýfrmokf–7=9 .‐ Bm fpcocøo quj Qcaacos tjoàm kj sà `cs`f y kj sus tmbjotfs of hfcohckàm hfo bm quj tjoàm kj sus ejr`moms>   Emy mbauoms pjrsfoms quj sj bbm`mo `cs ejr`moms, rjprjsjotmkms gmnf bm dfr`m kj trjs hechms. Jbbms tcjojo jb efofr kj tjojr`j hf`f su ejr`mof, muoquj yf ocjaf sjr su ejr`mof…  ‛¶Hø`f  ‛¶H ø`f sj bbm`m b bm`moo sus ejr`mom ejr`moms6 s6  ‛Hemrbf  ‛Hem rbfttj ttj Qcaa Qcaacos, cos, Nmoj Nmoj Qcaacos Qcaacos \J`cbyP \J`cbyP y M Mooj ooj Qcaacos. Qcaacos.  ‛¶Xfo  ‛¶X fo tmo rmrms hf`f ustjk6  ‛Mee sfo hrc  ‛M hrcmturm mturmss tmo `csjr `csjrmg mgbjs bjs y tfotms qu qujj of vmbj bm pjom em emgbmr gbmr sfgrj jbbms. Hemrbfttj tcjoj kcjhcfhefs mýfs, js uo sjr mohef y rjhefohef, su hmgjzm of bbjam m `c hfkf. J`cby tcjoj kcjhcsãcs, kjbamkm y pjqujým, hfo uom hmrm kjb tm`mýf kj uom `fojkm kj kcjz kcj z hjotmv hjot mvfs fs,, y Mooj Mooj js omk omkm, m, mgsf mgsfbutm`jotj butm`jotj omkm omkm..  ‛¡¶Hø`f6  ‛¡¶ Hø`f6 ¶M ¶Mhmsf js uom ckcftm6!  ‛Mbaf  ‛M baf pm pmrjh rjhckf. ckf.7== 7==

  Jb pjrsfomnj kj Qcaacos emgàm sckf hrjmkf cochcmb`jotj pfr Grmowjbb, uo mbtjr jaf  quj sj rjàm kj su dàschf pjhubcmr, sus prjtjoscfojs mrtàstchms y su coemgcbckmk pmrm mhtumr jo bm sfhcjkmk. Yjrf Hemrbfttj emgàm ckf `ís mbbí mb  gfsqujnmr, m trmvãs trmvãs kj ãb, ã b, uo rjtrmtf arupmb arupmb kj jbbm `cs`m `cs`m y sus sus ejr`moms. ejr`moms.

 

* Jb Johujotrf kj bms Maum Maumss js j s mefrm uo pu puotf otf hhruhcmb ruhcmb jo j o bm rutm turàstchm turàstc hm kjb ‒Ymàs Grfotì‐, quj pmrtj jo Emwfrte y bbjam emstm Crbmokm. Jo Hfuoty Kfwo, mb ofrtj kjb tjrrctfrcf crbmokãs, sj johujotrm bm cabjscm y jshujbm Kru`gmbbyrfojy, kfokj jb sjýfr Grfotì  prjkchø y kcf hhbmsjs bmsjs pfr prc prc`jrm `jrm vjz. vjz. Jb jkcdchcf jkcdc hcf jstí rjst r jstmu murmkf rmkf y jxecgj `mtjrcmb sfgrj s fgrj bm vckm kj bm dm`cbcm. @uy hjrhm kj mbbà sj hfosjrvmo bms rucoms kj J`kmbj, bm armonm kfokj om omhcø hcø jb pírrfhf. **  Jb **   Jb Kcbuvcf Kcbuvc f, Bm hjom kj Gmbtm Gmbtmsmr  smr , Xmo Ymgbf prjkch prjkchmokf mokf jo Mtjoms Mtjoms,, Bm Wjsurrjhh Wjsur rjhhcøo cøo y  y  Jb pmsf pms f kj kjbb @mr  @ujrtf  @ujr tf.. **** Wfymb Ofrtejro Xfhcjty dfr tej Johfurmaj`jot fd tej Dcoj Mrts. **

 

JB KCMWCF K CMWCFHMYÀ[ZBF ÀÀO[C@F O[C@F KJTCC HEMWBF[ H EMWBF[[J [J Jo jb ftfýf kj =58:, jo uo `f`jotf jo quj bfs msuotfs pfbàtchfs kj Moarcm of  pfkàmo johfotrmrsj johfotrmrsj jo `myfr hfoduscøo hfoduscøo,, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø rjhcgc ø uom hmrtm kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr, su motcaum `mjstrm. Jb trcuodf kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy sfgrj bm trcgu mdrchmom Msemotjj emgàm hfbfhmkf mb rjcof mb gfrkj kj bm aujrrm. Gmnf jb kchtmkf kj Grmowjbb, bm kcsyuotcvm pfbàtchm fgbcamgm m bfs moarcmofs m fptmr  jotrj bm cokjpjokjohcm f bm pãrkckm kj bm `fomrquàm. Gmnf jstj frkjo kj hfsms bm kcrjhtfrm kj Wfj Ejmk, sfbm m hmraf kj bm jshujbm kjskj quj kfs kj sus ejr`moms sj emgàmo `mrhemkf pmrm hmsmrsj, fdrjhàm uo pujstf kj costctutrcz m Hemrbfttj, tfkm uom fpfrtuockmk pmrm uom nfvjo kj kcjhcoujvj mýfs sco jxpjrcjohcm. Hf`f pmrtj kjb smbmrcf, bj prfpfoàm jkuhmr m uom kj sus ejr`moms. Bm jbjhhcøo, quj of fgjkjhàm tmotf m su jkmk scof mb pmrtchubmr mdjhtf quj sjotàm Hemrbfttj pfr jbbm, rjhmyø jo J`cby. Jrm hcjrtf quj humokf bm tàm bm costmgm m gfrkmr bfs vjrsàhubfs kjb Motcauf [jstm`jotf J`cby trmzmgm bms bjtrms kjb mbdmgjtf sco uom suhjscøo bøachm, pjrf tm`gcão jrm prjhcsf quj Mooj sj prjpmrmrm pmrm hfovjrtcrsj jo afgjromotm. Hf`f dujrm, sj kjhckcø quj Hemrbfttj y J`cby pmrtcjrmo m Wfj Ejmk. [mo `fkjstfs pmrjhàmo bfs pbmojs kjb sjýfr Grfotì pmrm jb duturf kj sus ecnms hf`f m`gchcfsfs pmrm Grmowjbb. Jo uom hmrtm kjb 4 kj nubcf m Jbczmgjte Dcrte, bm motcaum m`cam kj su jspfsm, jb rjvjrjokf bj pckcø quj huckmrm kj sus ecnms> ‒Xc js fpfrtuof, jshrcgck m bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb f m `à jo hmsf kj quj oujstrm cotjrvjohcøo sjm rjqujrckm.

Bjs rjhf`jokmrã quj mtcjokmo jshrupubfsm`jotj tfkfs sus hfosjnfs… M`gms

 

tcjojo gujoms mptctukjs y m `c nuchcf sus prcohcpcfs tm`gcão sfo gujofs, pjrf sfo `uy nøvjojs y of jstío mhfstu`grmkms m `mojnmrsj jo jstj `uokf joamýfsf y bbjof kj trm`pms… @c prfpøsctf js jovcmr m `c ecnf m bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y bms Mrtjs kj Bfokrjs, y `c cotjohcøo js qujpmrtchubmrjs bm pjqujým Mooj qujkj jo kjhmsm uo mýf `ís, scaucjokf bms hbmsjs quj sj bj c`pmrtcrj`fs su tàm y yf‐7=7 . Kj mhujrkf hfo bm trmkchcøo kj bm sfhcjkmk maràhfbm kj Sfrlsecrj, quj rjqujràm bm myukm kj bfs ocýfs pmrm bms hfsjhems kj bfs hm`pfs sj`grmkfs kj ejof y `màz, bm tj`pfrmkm jshfbmr kj `ctmk kj mýf hf`jozmgm bujaf kj hfsjhemr, m dcojs kj nubcf. Bm djhem jstmgbjhckm pmrm bm pmrtckm duj jb 73 kj ubcf, vàspjrm kjb hu`pbjmýfs oþ`jrf kcjhcscjtj kj J`cby, quj ouohm emgàm  pmsmkf jsm ‛  djhem djhe m du dujrm jrm pfãtchm, kj su efamr efa mr ‛  y kjb emhàm kcjz pmrm quj ecnms emgàmkjtrmosctmkf trmo sctmkf bm jxpjrcjohcm dmotms`mb, dmotms`mb, mtrfz  kjb hfbjacf hbãrcafs. ‒Jstm`fs pfr kcvckcrofs, rf`pjrofs, sjpmrmrofs. J`cby sj vm mb hfbjacf, Grmowjbb m Bfokrjs y yf `j vfy m trmgmnmr hf`f costctutrcz. Kjhckà jstf þbtc`f  pfrquj sã quj kjgf sugcr jsj j sj jshmbøo jshmb øo jo mbaþo `f` `f`jot jotff y `jnfr `jnfr emhjrbf ―hfo sfb y hmotmokf–, hf`f kchj jb rjdrío jshfhãs, y tm`gcão pfrquj pmpí hfo sus bc`ctmkfs coarjsfs søbf pujkj `motjojr m Grmowjbb jo bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y y m J`cby jo Wfj Ejmk. ¶Køokj vfy m rjsckcr6, tj prjauotmrís. Jo uo írjm kj sjcs lcbø`jtrfs, uo buamr `uy qujrckf pmrm tc, jo mgsfbutf jxtrmýf pmrm ofsftrms, of  pujkj sjr ftrf quj Wfj Ejmk… Xà, vfy m sjr `mjstrm jo bm `cs`m jshujbm kfokj jstukcã. Bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr `j bf em prfpujstf y prjdcjrf jstf m uom f kfs fdjrtms kj sjr costctutrcz prcvmkm quj motjrcfr`jotj emgàm rjhcgckf… Xc mbaf pukcjrm hfodfrtmr` hfodfrtmr`jj sjràm sjr àm bm ckjm c kjm kj jstmr hjrhm hjr hm kj tc. Xjaurm` Xjaurm`jot jotjj quj tþ y Yfbby* Yfbby*  vjokrío m vjr`j< jstmràm `mb quj bf puscjrm jo kukm< ouohm emstm mefrm ems sckf tmo kjsmtjotm. Bm ckjm kj quj jstmrj`fs nuotms `j hfosujbm  gmstmotj  gmstmo tj y m kjhcr vjrkmk, hf`f hf`f kjgf tjojr tjojr uo j`pbjf, j`pbjf, ―`cs ―`cs bàojms emo hmàkf jo sctcfs marmkmgbjs–. marmkmgbjs –. ]ucjrf y rjspjtf m bm b m sjýfrctm sjýfr ctm Qffbjr.‐ Qffbjr.‐7=8 Jstm hmrtm kjb 7 kj nubcf kj =58:, quj emgàm hf`jozmkf hfo hcjrtf sjotckf

 

kjb suspjosf, kjhmyø emhcm jb dcomb> ‒Jstfy trcstj, `uy trcstj, pjosmokf quj kjnf `c hmsm pfr kjgjr -ojhjsckmk. \Bms sjýfrctms QffbjrP sfo sjýfrms mustjrms m qucjojs of sj pujkj kjsfgjkjhjr… Jbbjo, ¶of tj kcnj quj kjgjràms 7=;

jstmr marmkjhc km pfr tujbcokjpjokjohcm6‐ cokjpjo ‒Jomarmkjhckm rjtrfspjhtcvm‐, pfj`mkjohcm6‐ kj Hemrbfttj. quj trmzø uom rjtrfspjhtcvm kj su codmohcm, pjrf mkj`ís uom prj`fochcøo sfgrj bm `mkurjz, duj jshrctf motjs kj su `mrhem>   [jnc`fs uo tjnckf jo oujstrm codmohcm uo tjnckf kj mcrj sfbjmkf. Hmvm`fs uom dujotj jo oujstrm ocýjz

kj maum purmjoy bm kubhj. Xj`grm`fs nuvjotuk uo armof kj `fstmzm, hfrtm`fs uom vmrm kj mb`jokrf.  Mefrm  Mefrm ej`fs bbjamkf m bm jkmk ` `mkurm> mkurm> ¶Jstío sjhfs jo jb sujbf6 ¶Jstío mn mnmkfs, mkfs, joamýmkfs, `mrhectfs6 ¶Xj pfkràm `fbkjmr ftrm vjz bm sj`cbbm6  Yfrquj  Yfr quj bm vckm js fshurm`jotj sf`gràm 7=:

 ¡y bm kchem pmsm vfbmokf vjbfz! Hemrbfttj coarjsø hf`f `mjstrm prcohcpcmotj m hmraf kj bms ocýms `ís  pjqujýms, huyf huyf oþ`jrf oþ`jrf emgàm mu`jot mu`jotmkf mkf kjskj quj jbbm jrm mbu`om. mbu`om. Jb hmbjokmrcf kjb hfbjacf, quj mscaomgm m kcshàpubms y `mjstrms uom tmrjm costruhtcvm costru htcvm f pcmkfsm pmrm hmkm `f`jot f`jotff kjb kàm, c`pjkàm c`pjkàm m bms b ms ejr`moms ejr`moms jstmr  uotms bm `myfr pmrtj kjb tcj`pf. J`cby, mrrmohmkm kj bfs humtrf rjcofs kj Afokmb, Moafrm, Jxcom y Mbhfom, mhfstu`grmkm m bms efrms kj bjhturm sco bc`ctmhcfojs y m bfs pmsjfs pfr jb pírm`f, of pfkàm tfbjrmr bms rutcoms y rjstrchhcfojs kjb cotjromkf. Emstm bfs efrmrcfs kj jspmrhc`cjotf bm fprc`àmo, y

 

sc jo bfs rjhrjfs sj `motjoàm sfbm y mpmrtmkm kjb rjstf kj sus hf`pmýjrms, bms hm`comtms kf`cochmbjs bm jxmspjrmgmo. Of tfbjrmgm sco kcsaustf bm `mrhem jo kfgbj dcbm, dcb m, quj bm fgbca fgbc amgm m caumbmr caumbmr su pmsf mb kj k j bm hf`pmýjrm, hf`pmýjrm, hu h umokf cgmo m bm cabjscm kj ejr`mof kj bm sjýfrctm bfs sjrvchcfs. Bm @crdcjbk, hf`pmýàmkfokj kj susjbhfokcshàpubms, tfkms ocýms Qffbjr pjqujýmsfdchcmgm (bm `jofr  tjoàm fhef mýfs), of pfkàm moc`mrbm `uhef, humokf jbbm tjoàm kcjhcscjtj y uo `uokf cotjrcfr kj uom scoaubmrckmk jxhjphcfomb. Jb hm`cof kj Xbcppjr, jbjvmkf sfgrj bfs grjzmbjs y bfs gfsqujs kjb pmrquj Lcrlbjjs, pfkràm emgjr  jnjrhckf uo johmotf sugbc`j jo su jspàrctu, pjrf of bf eczf. Bms fhmscfombjs vcsctms m Jbczmgjte Dcrte, hfrkcmb modctrcfom, søbf sjrvàmo  pmrm mhrjhjotmr mh rjhjotmr su rjsjrvm rjsjr vm y efsqujkmk. efsqujkmk. Oc scqucjrm pfr bms ofhejs pfkàm jstmr  uotf m Hemrbfttj, mbjnmkm nuotf hfo bms ftrms `mjstrms, ym quj kjgàm hf`pmrtcr  bm hm`m hfo uom kj sus nøvjojs hf`pmýjrms. Yjrf bf quj mbmr`ø m Hemrbfttj duj su pmbckjz y bm dmbtm kj mpjtctf, y jo jstms sjýmbjs jb jstca`m kj Hfwmo Grckaj jstmgm kj`mscmkf vcvf jo bm `j`frcm kj bm dm`cbcm hf`f pmrm quj jb hbãrcaf of sj mbjrtmrm. Xu ojamtcvm m coajrcr mbc`jotfs pusf jo vcbf m bms `mjstrms kj Wfj Ejmk. Motj jb pjkckf kj Hemrbfttj, J`cby duj jovcmkm kj vujbtm m su hmsm. Jo jb prjdmhcf quj jshrcgcø pmrm bm jkchcøo kj =5:9 kj bfs  Yfj`s kj Jbbcs Gjbb Hemrbfttj kcf uom jxpbchmhcøo> ‒Xu vckm motjrcfr, m jxhjphcøo kj `jkcf mýf, emgàm trmoshurrckf jo jb mgsfbutf rjtcrf kj uom rjhtfràm kj pujgbf, jo `jkcf kj bms hfbcoms bcokjrms hfo Sfrlsecrj y Bmohmsecrj… Jxtjosms hcãomams, fshurjhckms pfr jb grjzf, johjrrmkms jo  pjqujýfs vmbbjs, vmbbj s, kfokj uo mrrfyf mrr fyf rcjam, mquà y mbbí, mbbí , uom uom drmonm drmonm kj írgfbjs írgfbj s y mrgustfs mhempmrrmkfs… @c ejr`mom J`cby m`mgm jb pírm`f. Jo bf `ís ojarf kjb grjzmb jbbm vjàm dbfrjhjr dbfrjs `ís gjbbms quj bms rfsms… Bm bcgjrtmk jrm bm rjspcrmhcøo kj J`cby. Xco jbbm sj `fràm. Of pukf sfpfrtmr jb hm`gcf kjb efamr mb hfbjacf y kj su `fkf kj vckm tmo scbjohcfsf y sfbctmrcf,  pjrf sco rjstrchhcfojs rjstrchh cfojs oc mrtcdchcfs, m rtcdchcfs, m ftrf rutcomrcf rutcomrcf y kcshcpb kc shcpbcomkf… comkf… Xu smbuk smb uk sj qujgrmotø qujgrmotø rípckm`jo rí pckm`jotj tj jo jsm buhe b uhem< m< su rfstrf píbckf, píb ckf, ssuu dàsch dàschff kjs`jnfrmkf

 

y jb kjgcbctm` kjgc bctm`cjotf cjotf kj sus dujrzms dujrzms echcjrfo prjvjr prj vjr uo kjtjrcfrf rípckf. r ípckf. Xjotà Xjotà jjoo `c hfrmzøo quj sj `frcràm sc of vfbvàm m hmsm y, hfovjohckm kj jbbf, hfosjauà quj bm bbm`mrmo kj vujbtm‐7=4 . [rjs `jsjs kjspuãs kj emgjr pmrtckf, J`cby vfbvcøbuamrjs m bm rjhtfràm, kfokj rjhupjrø bm smbuk kj co`jkcmtf. Hf`f sc cotjrhm`gcmrmo jo uom scbbm kj  pfstm, Mooj Mooj duj jovcmkm mb hfbjacf jo su bbua uamr, mr, y mbbà pjr`mojhcø pjr`mojhcø kfs mýfs sco  prftjstmr,, of pfr omkm `fkjbmkm pfr bm tàm kjskj bm huo  prftjstmr h uom. m. Xu prj` prj`cf cf pfr pf r gujom gujom hfokuhtm, jo kchcj`grj kj =584, kjgcø kj emgjr scaocdchmkf uom armo eform  pmrm bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Grmowjb Grmowjbb.b. J`cby tf`ø hfo pbmhjr bms tmrjms kj efrojmr jb pmo, gmrrjr bfs pcsfs y mbc`jotmr m bfs moc`mbjs, pmrm bfs quj aumrkmgm bms `jnfrjs pcjzms kj hmroj. Jo =58: rjhtfràm ymbgjramgm m Armspjr, tjrrcjr quj J`cby kcgunø hfobm`mjstràm, bfs amtfs Gbmhl [f` yuo[cajr, qujcrbmokãs vcvcjrfombkurmotj tfkm bm kãhmkm. Ljjpjr, jb `mstào, bbjaø m bm dm`cbcm rjhcão jo =581, y jb hmomrcf Kchl vcvcø, prjsuotm`jotj jo uom nmubm, tm`gcão kurmotj jsm ãpfhm, hf`f bfs amosfs kf`jstchmkfs. Afgjromkms pfr sc`cbmrjs bjyjs hbc`ítchms m bms kj bfs rjcofs kj J`cby, bms  pfsjscfojs  pfsjsc fojs kj Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, sco j`gmraf, j`gmraf, sj s j mactmgmo mactmgmo pfr zfzfgrms zfzfgrms pfbàtchms `ís kcdàhcbjs kj hfotrfbmr. Motjs kj quj jbbm msu`cjrm su pujstf kj costctutrcz jo Wfj Ejmk, Grmowjbb emgàm mvmozmkf mvmozmkf jo bfs mshjosfs m shjosfs pfbàtchfs, pfbà tchfs, jo sc`jtràm sc`jtràm hfo bfs kjshjosfs `frmbjs, kj bfs njdjs kjb c`pjrcf. Sm of søbf hm`gcmgmo bfs of`grjs kj bfs rjcofs< oujvfs hfokmkfs y kuhmkfs trmosdfr`mgmo bm cotrcohmkm jstcrpj kj bfs pjrsfomnjs kj bm smam. Wfauj, mefrm hfovjrtckf jo hfokj kj  Ofrtemoa  Ofrte moajrbmok, jrbmok, hfohjkcø bm hfrfom kj Moarcm Moarcm mb eãrfj kj Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, Mrteur  Mrteur  Qjbbjsbjy, hfovjrtckf jo kuquj kj ^m`from. Ofrtemoajrbmok hfosjrvø uo hmraf sugmbtjrof kj prc`jr `cocstrf, pjrf ftfraø mb oujvf rjy jb hcocs`f, bm `mbjvfbjohcm y bm ecpfhrjsàm kj sus mbcmkfs. Hemrbfttj hfotrcguyø m dfrnmr bm oujvm pjrsfombckmk kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy ftfraíokfbj uo pmsmkf gyrfocmof j co`frmb> uo ecnf gmstmrkf, jomof, jokj`focmkf y kjdfr`j bbm`mkf Dcoch, quj

 

tuvf hfo uom m`motj ojarm m bfs kcjhcfhef mýfs, kfs jspfsms, @mrcmo Eu`j y Ejbjo Tchtfrcoj, m bms quj bbjvø m bm `ujrtj m hmusm kj sus m`frjs mkþbtjrfs, ftrfs ecnfs cbjaàtc`fs y m`motjs jxøtchms. Jo jstm costmohcm prfkcacfsm bm qujm @mry bfs mutfrjs trmgmnmrfo, pfkràm kjhcrsj, m humtrf `mofs, Hemrbfttj jo sjhujstrø Yjrhy, ecnm kj su joj`caf Wfauj-Ofrtemoajrbmok, pmrm hmsmrbm hfo Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, uo mrmgjshf kj su  pbu`mm quj sfrprjokcø m Grmowjb  pbu` Grmowjbb.b. Jstj `mtrc`focf kj hfovjocjohcm duj duohcfomb pmrm jb duturf kjsmrrfbbf kj bm Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm> m pmrtcr kj jsj `f`jotf @mry Yjrhy sj hfovcrtcø jo jb fgnjtf kj m`fr y kj kcsputm kj bfs kfs armokjs rcvmbjs kj Moarcm, su pmkrj  Oftemo  Oft emoaajrbmo jrbm ok y su jspfsf Mrteur Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy jbbj sbjy,, kuquj kuquj kj ^m`from. m`from. Jb prc`jr  m`fr kj Mrteur, @com Bmury, gmnf bm cospcrmhcøo kj Hemrbfttj kjvcof jo ocýjrm kj sus ecnfs gmstmrkfs, johjrrmkm f `ís gcjo, m`mohjgmkm, jo jb mcsbm`cjotf kj Armss`jrj @mof. Jstfs jshrctfs pjhm`cofsfs emhàmo jhf jo bms pcmkfsms hmrtms m Jbbjo> ‒Xc hfofhcjrms `cs pjosm`cjotfs, bfs sujýfs quj `j mgsfrgjo y bm dcjrm c`macomhcøo quj m rmtfs `j kjvfrm y `j emhj sjotcr bm sfhcjkmk tmb humb js, `àsjrm`jotj cosàpckm, tj hf`pmkjhjràms kj `à y emstm hrjf quj `j kjsprjhcmràms…‐7=1 . M søbf trjs `jsjs kj su hmsm`cjotf hfo @mry Yjrhy, Mrteur ym dbcrtjmgm hfo ftrms `unjrj `unjrjs. s. Hfo jb mkvjoc` mkv joc`cjot cjotff kj Moa Moarcm, bms mbcm mbcmoozms pfbàtchms kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb sj emgàmo kcvckckf jo kcstcotms dmhhcfojs. Mrteur, oujvf rjy kj Moarcm, of`grm m Ofrtemoajrbmok hf`f prc`jr `cocstrf. Yjrf jo uo vcrmnj  pfbàtchf comukctf, comukctf, Ofrtemoa Ofrtemoajrbmok jrbmok bjvmotm jb jstmokmrtj jstmokmrtj kj uom uom rjvfbuhcøo kj`fhrítchm kj` fhrítchm hfotrm hfotrm bm b m tcrmoàm kj su yjrof. yjrof. Bm Bm Aujrrm Moa Moarcmom msfbm msfb m jb pmàs> jo bms hmbbjs kj bm hcukmk pububmo vmamguokfs, puacbcstms, drmohjsjs kj hbmsjs  gmnms, truemo truemojs. js. Mrteu Mrteur js kjpujstf kjpujstf y buja b ujaff vujbtf m rjcostmbmr hfo sus m` m`cafs, cafs, scrvcjotjs y mbcmkfs quj bf scaujo jotrj sus pmbmhcfs jo Tjrkøpfbcs y sus hmsms kj hm`pf. Jb armo hfotrmstj jotrj Moarcm y Tjrkøpfbcs jspjnmgm bms kcdjrjohcms jotrj jb ofrtj cokustrcmb y Bfokrjs, hjotrf kj bm hubturm y sfdcstchmhcøo kj bm

 

Coabmtjrrm kjb scabf UCU. Msà jstmgmo bfs msuotfs kj Moarcm `cjotrms Hemrbfttj pjr`mojhàm jo Wfj Ejmk, kfokj of jrm pfscgbj tf`mr uom pbu`m jxhjptf pmrm hfrrjacr bfs 7=5

trmgmnfs kj sus bms quj hfosckjrmgm ‒jstþpckms‐ motcaum hfokcshàpubm kj mbu`oms, Hemrbfttj, m@mry [mybfr, rjbmtø uom vcsctm m Wfj. Bm Ejmk> ‒Bj  prjauot  prjau otãã pfr quã trmgmnmgm tmotf tmotf pfr tmo pfhf kcojrf, humokf humokf of ojhjsctmgm emhjrbf. Amomgm søbf pmrm vjstcrsj m sà `cs`m y m su ejr`mom y of bj qujkmgm omkm `ís, muoquj jbbm tjoàm bm jspjrmozm kj mefrrmr mbaf. @j hfodjsø quj of jrm uo pujstf grcbbmotj, ¶pjrf quã `ís pfkàm emhjr6 Omkm supj rjpbchmrbj. @j  pmrjhcøø quj of tjoàm  pmrjhc tjoàm ocoaþo ocoaþo cotjrãs cotjrãs oc pbmhjr jo jstmr mbbà. mbbà . Jstmgm aucmkm aucmkm sfbm`jotj pfr jb sjotckf kjb kjgjr. Xøbf humokf tjoàm mbauom fpfrtuockmk 7=3

mprfvjhemgm pmr m qujkmrsj sfEjmk bm j ―c`macomr ―c`ma comr ecstfrcms– ‐ hfo . quj bfs rct`fs y Mb tf`mr jbpmrm pujstf jo Wfjsfbm Hemrbfttj sj johfotrø jxcajohcms kj uom prfdjsfrm kj tcj`pf hf`pbjtf jo uo cotjromkf jrmo hf`pbjtm`jotj kcdjrjotjs kj bfs quj rjaàmo bm bcajrm vckm kj bms cotjroms. Hemrbfttj emgàm mhjptmkf jb trmgmnf mprj`cmkm pfr bm ojhjsckmk kj rjtrcgucr m bm dm`cbcm bfs amstfs covjrtckfs pfr jb pmkrj y bm tàm jo su jkuhmhcøo. M bm vjz, of pfkàm kjnmr kj tjojr prjsjotj quj, jo jb efamr kj Emwfrte, sus ejr`mofs bbjvmgmo uom jxcstjohcm of `uy mbjnmkm kj bm quj bbjvmgmo bfs nøvjojs mrtcstms ysjbctjrmtfs kj pmrm bm ãpfhm> Grmowjbb `þschm y jshrcgàm pfjsàm `cjotrms prjpmrmgm jstukcmr pcoturmprmhtchmgm jo bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y< J`cby kcstrcguàm su tcj`pf jotrj bmgfrjs efamrjýms, hm`comtms pfr jb pírm`f, bjhturms y bm jshrctu jshrc turm rm kj Afokmb. Afokmb. Zom tmrkj, sfbm jo jb kfr`ctfrcf kjb hfbjacf, sj josc`cs`ø jo sus dmotmsàms kurmotj tmotms efrms quj, mb oftmr quj emgàm fshurjhckf pfr hf`pbjtf, rjhupjrø bm hfohcjohcm y scotcø uo sþgctf jspmotf. M pmrtcr kj jotfohjs, jshrcgcø @mry [mybfr, sus josfýmhcfojs sj echcjrfo `ís sf`gràms. Yfr bms ofhejs kfr`àm kj m rmtfs, y sus kàms sj emhàmo pjofsfs y mgru`mkfrjs. @mry [mybfr of bjyø, sco

kukm, jb tjxtf quj Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø jo bm rjhtfràm kurmotj bms vmhmhcfojs kj

 

 Omvckmk, jo jb quj jvfhmgm uom uom abfrcfsm tmrkj kjb covcjrof kj =58:> ‒Jstmgm sjotmkm jo bm smbm kj hbmsj, jo Wfj Ejmk, y vc hbmrm`jotj mb kuquj kj ^m`from… hfo bm `ukm y `mr`ørjm Tchtfrcm sfgrj ãb, bm vjajtmhcøo fokubmokf hmgmbamokf su vcscfojs, ojarf hfrhjb jotrj bfs grjzfs, 7799sfgrj . Dujrmo dujrmo mbuhcomhcfojs,  gmnf bm buz gmnf kj bm sus buom buompcjs, kj Ídrchm…‐ Íd rchm…‐ 77 bms jstm`pms jstm`pms kj Moarcm Moarcm bm emhàmo rjspbmokjhjr. rjs pbmokjhjr. Jb ; kj djgrjrf kj =584 jshrcgcø jo su kcmrcf kj Wfj Ejmk> ‒Mofhej jstmgm jo jb smbøo, bms kj`ís tf`mokf jb tã. [uvj hcohf sjauokfs kj ãxtmscs. Gmnf jb trujof y bm tfr`jotm johfotrã uo rjduacf, uo jspjncs`f. Jb trmohj kjshjokcø sþgctm`jotj y sj vcf Mkrcmoøpfbcs hfo bms buhjs sfgrj jb ràf. Xugà m uom armo tjrrmzm, bbfvàm y of jstmgm fshurf… Jo jb pmbmhcf uom nfvjo km`m, rjhfstmkm jo uo hbmrf josfrtcnmkf hmyãokfbj sfgrjsjotà bfsà ef`grfs ef` grfssfdí y suhfo vjstckf vjstsu ckf hmgjbbf kj sjkm hmstmýf quj rfzmgm jb pcsf, bbjàm jàm uo bcgrf. bcgr f. Kj prfotf sjot uom mpmrchcøo kjtrís kj `à> sj mgrcø uom pujrtm kjskj jb hf`jkfr y bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr sj mhjrhø hfo uo pbmtf kj `motjhm jo su `mof. ―Zom ofhej tfr`jotfsm, 77 =. `c qujrckm–, kcnf. ―Msà js, sjýfrm– kcnj yf‐ 77= Hfo søbf `jkcm kfhjom kj pupcbms cotjroms m su hmraf ‛y vmrcms `ís quj of sj sf`jtàmo mb rãac`jo kj cotjromkf ‛ , muoquj sj jsdfrzmgm pfr hu`pbcr hfo sus fgbcamhcfojs of pfkàm sfgrjbbjvmr sco mdbchhcøo bfs trcvcmbjs suhjsfs hftckcmofs. jxmspjrmgmoquj bmsjbbm hfovjrsmhcfojs bcajrms kj kj msof‐ sus kcshàpubms, su 77 7777< `mjstrm caofrmohcm, Bm su drcvfbckmk, bbm`mgm ‒jstupckjz `jofs pmhcjotj quj Grmowjbb, bms ocýms crrctmgmo sus ojrvcfs emstm bm jxmspjrmhcøo. Yjrf duj `jofs bm ojhjsckmk kj dcoac`cjotf quj bm c`pfscgcbckmk kj jotrjamrsj m su `uokf c`macomrcf bf quj bm mdjhtø hmsc emstm bm bfhurm. Xøbf bms oftchcms kj Moarcm bm jotuscms`mgmo> ‒[joaf kjskj emhj uom sj`mom uom hmrtm kj Grmowjbb quj hfotcjoj bm `ís jxqucsctm jpàstfbm kj  Ofrtemoa  Ofrte moajrbmok jrbmok m su ecnm. Js `mrmvcbbfsf mrmvcb bfsf jb tfof tfof kj bm hmrtm> hfo quã johmo j ohmotf tf  pmrjhj emgbmr. Jo hmkm pmusm kj `c trmgmnf vujbvj hf`f hf`f uom uom kubhj `þschm,

trmyãokf`j marmkmgbjs pjosm`cjotfs… 778 .

 

Bm hjrhmoàm kj Gcrstmbb y Af`jrsmb, quj bj pjr`ctàm vcsctmr m Jbbjo f m @mry [mybfr hm`comokf, sco j`gmraf, of prfpchcø bfs johujotrfs jotrj bms m`cams. Kurmotj bfs trjs mýfs jo quj pjr`mojhcø jo Wfj Ejmk hf`f `mjstrm, mpjoms vcsctø m pfr sus bmmotcaums jb cof ejr`mof kj Jbbjo,  pmsmgm jshujbmhfokcshàpubms. uom uom vjz pfr Ajfraj sj`mom sj`mom Oussjy, jo su hm`cof hm` mb `jrhmkf kj Eukkjrsdcjbk, pjrf Jbbjo of rjspfokàm hfo bm prfotctuk quj bm mdbchhcøo kj Hemrbfttj rjqujràm> ‒Xøbf uom bàojm… Emzbf, emzbf, humbqucjr hfsm vm m 77;;. ¶Mhmsf jb hm`gcf kj hbmsj sfhcmb, kj nfvjo jstukcmotj m `unjr  mbjarmr`j‐ 77 trmgmnmkfrm, emgàm hm`gcmkf bm ckjm quj Jbbjo tjoàm kj Hemrbfttj6 Jbbjo, quj vcvàm jo hmsm kj su tàf kjskj bm `ujrtj kj su pmkrj y fhupmgm uom pfschcøo jo hcjrtf `fkf pjrcdãrchm jo bfs ràackfs jstrmtfs sfhcmbjs coabjsjs, jo hfotrmstj hfo @mry [mybfr bms uom ejr`moms ouohm trmgmnø. Hemrbfttj,  gmnf jb codbunf cod bunf ykj uo m hrjhcjot hrjhcGrfotì, jotjj `csmotrfpàm, j`pjzø j`Yjrf pjzøm bm m vjz rjhemzmr rjhemz mr sus covctmhcfojs y tm`gcão bms kj @mry [mybfr, pmrm prjdjrcr qujkmrsj sfbm jo bm jshujbm. Bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr, mtjotm m su jstmkf kj íoc`f, covjotø uom trjtm  pmrm kcstrmjrbm> kcstrmjrb m> ‒…[us ‒…[us covctmhcfojs sfo kj`mscmkf kj`mscmkf m`mgbjs m`mgbjs y drjhujot drjhujotjs js ‛  jshrcgcø m Jbbjo‛. @j hfoduokjo. Of sã hø`f rjhemzmrbms y js mþo `ís j`gmrmzfsf mhjptmrbms... Yjrf kchj @css Qffbjr quj kjgf cr m bf kj @mry jb vcjrojs prøxc`f, pfrquj jbbm msà sj bf prf`jtcø jo `c of`grj jb kf`coaf kj Yjotjhfstãs. Msà quj jb kf`coaf pfr bm `mýmom `j rjuocrã hfotcaf jo bm cabjscm, y sc tj pmrjhj gcjo `j qujkmrã emstm jb buojs. Ej mquà uom prfpfschcøo jspfotíojm y bbmom< bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr `j em fgbcamkf m emhjrbm. Kchj quj su 77::.  pmbmgrmm jstí c`pbchm  pmbmgr c`pbchmkm km jo jbbm‐77 Humokf bbjamrfo bms vmhmhcfojs Hemrbfttj vfbvcø m bm rjhtfràm pmrm johfotrmrsj hfo Grmowjbb, kj kcjhcfhef mýfs, prjpmrmkf pmrm hfosu`mr su hjrj`focm kj cochcmhcøo m bm bfacm `msøochm Bms [rjs Armhcms. Motj bfs fnfs kj Hemrbfttj, bm rjmbckmk quj tmo cosustmohcmb sj prjsjotmgm motj jbbm, pmrjhàm  grcokmrsj m Grmowjbb hf`f hf`f uom jxpmoscøo jxpmoscøo kj bm jpfpjym moarcmom. moarcmom. Xus

 pjrsfomnjs dchhcfombjs, emgctuãs emgctuãs kj tmgjroms sc`cbmrjs mb [frf Ojarf, Ojarf,

 

 pjrtjojhàmo mb m b Jbàsjf, Jbàsj f, uom uom sfhcjkmk sfhcjk mk sjhrjtm of kjb tfkf kcdjrjotj kcdjrjotj kj bm bfacm quj sj emgàm duokmkf jo Emwfrte. Zo kàm motjs kj rjarjsmr mb hfbjacf jshrcgcø uo mkcøs m hmkm uof kj bfs  pjrsfomnjs moa rcmofs sj prfpusf, pr fpusf, ftrmyvjz, `mot `motjojrbfs jojrbfs mbjnmkfs mb jnmkfs su ` jotjj  pmrm pfkjr moarcmofs mbfnmr mbfnm r bm yjxcstjohcm jxcstjo hcm pbmom kjshfbfrckm kjshfbf rckm kj bm afgjromot afgjrokj motm> m> `jot ‒Yjrf mefrm gmstm kjb `mrmvcbbfsf sujýf. @c tcj`pf kj marmkmgbj kjshmosf sj 77 4. kjsvmojhcø hf`f uo mbjarj sujýf…‐774 Jo fhtugrj y ofvcj`grj kj =58:, `cjotrms hmàmo bms prc`jrms ejbmkms jo Emwfrte, Grmowjbb jshrcgcø uom kjhbmrmhcøo kj aujrrm m bfs rjcofs kj Ídrchm. Bfs `cj`grfs kjb Jbàsjf, rjuockfs jo bm Csbm kj bfs Dcbøsfdfs, nurmrfo jxtjr`comr tfkfs bfs hrjkfs rjbcacfsfs jxcstjotjs y gmrrjr pfr hf`pbjtf hfo bm tjfhrmhcm kj Moarcm. Moarcm. Hemrbfttj kjgcø kj emgjr kjshugcjrtf bm oujvm msfhcmhcøo Jo bms vmhmhcfojs quj sj emgàm jstmgbjhckf jo bm dm`cbcm> bms mhtcvckmkjs pujrtms mkjotrf m quj bfs sf`jtàmo bms ocjvjs covjrombjs mhjrhmrfo m J`cby y m Grmowjbb hf`f bm  pjr`mojo  pjr` mojohcm hcm jo jb cotjromkf cotjromkf of mhfrtø bm kcstmohcm jotrj jotrj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y Moo Mooj. Mb `jofs, jsf suacjrj bm musjohcm kj `johcfojs m bm ejr`mom `jofr jo bms hmrtms y kcmrcfs kj Hemrbfttj, quj sj kcrcaàm m J`cby hf`f ‒`c bcokf m`fr‐771 . Jo tmotf jb sjýfr Grfotì bjàm f hf`àm sfbf jo su jstukcf, f vcsctmgm m bfs pfgrjs y jodjr`fs bm pmrrfqucm, y bm tàmprmhtchmgm Grmowjbbbmsjdbmutm hfodcomgm jo su mhmbfrmkf pjrf of dfafsf kj kfr`ctfrcf, Grmowjbb y J`cby jb pcmof, y m`gfs bjàmo bms ofvjbms kj bm sjýfrm Wmkhbcdd. Grmowjbb tm`gcão tfhmgm jb øramof kj bm cabjscm, mkqucrckf pfr bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj bm pmrrfqucm pfr `jkcf kj sushrcphcfojs pþgbchms m costmohcms kjb sjýfr Grfotì, quj prfgmgbj`jotj moejbmgm grcokmr uom fpfrtuockmk m su ecnf, quj jrm uo pcmocstm kjpbfrmgbj. Grmowjbb hfofhàm gcjo bms fgrms kj bfs armokjs hf`pfsctfrjs y ‒sj j`fhcfomgm tmotf humokf sus m`cafs bms jnjhutmgmo quj hm`comgm pfr bm emgctmhcøo hfo bfs fnfs dcnfs jo jb tjhef, mhf`pmýmokf bm `þschm

mpmscfomkm`jotj hfo su vfz y `mrhmokf jb rct`f hfo bms `mofs sfgrj bms

 

scbbms scb bms qu q uj johfotrmgm johfotrmgm m su pmsf‐ 775 . Muoquj hmsc emstm dcojs kjb scabf UU bms gcfarmdàms kj bm dm`cbcm sfstuvcjrfo quj Grmowjbb vcmnø m Bfokrjs y drmhmsø jo su cotjotf pfr coarjsmr  jo bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y ‛emgràm kcbmpckmkf jb kcojrf kj su tàm jo trmafs kj rfo tf`mkfs jo jb rjsjrvmkf kj bm tmgjrom Hmstbj, jo Efbgfro‛, of emy prujgms djemhcjotjs kj quj emym kjnmkf bm rjhtfràm jo jstj pjràfkf. Xc duj m Bfokrjs søbf pukf emhjrbf jotrj jb 73 kj djgrjrf kj =58:, jo quj hfostm su cochcmhcøo jo bm bfacm kj Bms [rjs Armhcms jo Emwfrte, y jb 75 kj `mrzf, humokf sj msjotø su prjsjohcm jo bm prc`jrm rjuocøo hf`f `cj`grf mhtcvf (bujaf duj sjhrjtmrcf y tm`gcão framocstm). Js c`prfgmgbj quj hfo jb rãac`jo kj hfhejs kj pfstms emym j`prjokckf tm`mýf rjhfrrckf jo tmo pfhf tcj`pf. Yfhf kjspuãs tm`gcão emgbmgm vcmnjrf`íotchfs, kj jstukcfspjrf mb ouohm hfotcojotj, uo tcpf kj trmvjsàm `uy jo gfam jotrjkj bfsuo pfjtms bf rjmbczø. Humokf jo ofvcj`grj kj =58: `urcø Nm`js Efaa, jb dm`fsf pfjtm y josmycstm quj dcr`mgm hf`f Jb Ymstfr Jbãhtrchf jo jb  Gbmhlwffk , Grmowjbb jotjokcø quj sj trmtmgm kj uo bbm`mkf kjb kjstcof  ‛ jo jo jb quj ym of hrjàm, kj tfkfs `fkfs ‛  y  y uo uo `js `js kjspuãs kjs puãs kjb duojrmb, duojrmb, jo su tjrhjr tjrhjrmm hmr hmrtm tm m bm rjvcstm, rjvcs tm, sj  pfstubø  pfstu bø pmrm rjj`pbmzmrbf. rjj`pbmzmrbf. Efaa Efaa emgàm sckf, hf`f hf`f ãb, uo pfjtm pfgrj y 77 3, bf mutfkckmhtm, ‒uo ef`grj kjb `ís jxhjbsf ajocf, uo pmstfr jshfhãs‐ 773 kjdcocø Hemrbfttj m bfs hmtfrhj kjdcocø h mtfrhj mýfs rjhcão rjhc ão hu` hu`pbckfs. pbckfs . ‒Xjýfr, bjm bf quj ej jshrctf‐789 , hf`jozmgm bm hmrtm kj Grmowjbb, kcrcackm mb kcrjhtfr jo armokjs hmrmhtjrjs jo jb hf`cjozf kj bm efnm> ‒…Ymrm `à bm ckjm kj jshrcgcr jo ftrm rjvcstm js efrrcgbj`jotj rjpubscvm… @c rjsfbuhcøo js jotrjamr`j m ustjkjs, y pfr Kcfs, of rjhemhj dràm`jotj `c myukm emstm vjr sc yf bj pujkf sjrvcr f of… Mefrm, sjýfr, of mhtþj hf`f uom pjrsfom hf`þo y hfrrcjotj scof hf`f uo ef`grj, y jxm`àojsj ustjk `cs`f< of mrrfnj bm vjrkmk kjsoukm kj `cs hmrtms scof pruãgj`j> sc of pmsf bm prujgm, of vfy m  prjscfomrbf  prjsc fomrbf `ís. Xc bm pmsf, ¶pfr quã vm m ustjk m pjrkjr m uo jshrctfr jshrc tfr tmo

78 =. mprfpcmkf hf`f Nm`js Efaa6‐78=

 

Bm hmbcarmdàm jrm bmstc`fsm, sj kcshubpmgm  ‛ ¶f ¶f sj vmomabfrcmgm6 ‛ , pfr uom  príhtchm kj gfxjf quj bj emgàm kjnmkf bm `uýjhm czqucjrkm czqucjrkm bjscfomkm. bjsc fomkm. Jstf jxpbchmgm bfs b fs hm` hm `gcfs kj `mof `mof ‛ kj kj kcjstrm kc jstrm m zurkm zurkm ‛  kj  kj dfr`m cotjr`ctjotj, m bf bmraf kj bmyefnm. `fkf,mbjogfxjf. uom sfbmBfs drmsj mbmrkjmgm kj uom pjrchcm m`gckcjstrf kj Kj su jsj mdchcøo jrrfrjs kj puotumhcøo y kj bm kjsprfbcnckmk prfgmgbj`jotj ojutrmbczmrfo bm hmbckmk kj bm fgrm quj jovcø, mknuotm m bm `cscvm. Of fgtuvf rjspujstm. Jb 5 kj mgrcb kj =584 vfbvcø m jshrcgcr mb  Gbmhlwffk  y   y mknuotø ‒@csjry‐, uof kj sus `jnfrjs pfj`ms rf`íotchfs. ‒@csjry‐ jvfhm m su ejr`mom @mrcm y  pfoj ftrm f trm vjz jo j o hujstcøo bm b m jxcstjohcm jxcstjohcm kj uo Kcfs, uo hcjbf y uo codcjrof. Jb tjxtf kj sjtjhcjotfs vjcotcfhef vjrsfs, jshrctf mb `fkf kj Gyrfo, `uy pubckf y hfrrjackf, bbjvm dcr`m kj Ofrtemoajrbmok, jb sjukøoc`f quj usø kjskj jotfohjs pmrm sus bmpugbchmhcfojs. [m`pfhf jstm vjz bj hfotjstmrfo. Jb scbjohcf kjb  Gbmhlwffk  y   y bfs drustrmkfs vcmnjs m Bfokrjs y mb hfotcojotj kj mbauom `mojrm kjgjo kj emgjrbj prfpfrhcfomkf hcjrtm hfohcjohcm kjb drmhmsf, rjdrjokmkm hfo bfs cohckjotjs kj bms jbjhhcfojs kj =581. Kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kjb rjy Qcbbcm` CT, fhurrckm jb 79 kj nuocf, jb Ymrbm`jotf coabãs duj kcsujbtf y sj bbm`ø m uom armo jbjhhcøo. Bfs hmokckmtfs tfry y bcgjrmb `ís c`pfrtmo c` pfrtmotjs tjs vcsctmrfo vcs ctmrfo Emwfrte, Emwfrte, mactmkf pfr emgjrsj hfovjrtckf jo jb jpchjotrf kj bm mbtm pfbàtchm bfokcojosj. Jb rjvjrjokf framoczø vmrcms rjuocfojs jo mpfyf m bfs hfosjrvmkfrjs jo bm jshujbm kf`cochmb, kfokj Grmowjbb cohrjpø m uo mkvjrsmrcf quj of pjr`ctàm emgbmr m su pmkrj> ‒Xc of kjnm emgbmr m `c  pmkrj, ustjk ustjk of pfkrí pfkr í emgbmr‐ 787 . Jstj suhjsf, of `jofs quj su eígcb rjtørchm y sus sus emgcbckmkjs emgcbckm kjs pmrm pmr m jshrcgcr jshr cgcr hfo bms kfs `mofs bf hfovcrtcjrfo jo uom uom dcau dcaurm rm  pþgbchm,  pþgbch m, muoquj muoquj of pfpubmr, jo tfkf jb kcstrctf. @ís mkjbmotj uo hfotj`pfríojf rjbmtø quj ‒kjspuãs kj bm jbjhhcøo uom jsdcoaj, pfrtmokf uo mrjoquj jo uom `mof y uom pmpm jo bm ftrm, jo mbuscøo m su omhcfombckmk, duj mrrmstrmkm m trmvãs kj bm hmbbj prcohcpmb kj Emwfrte y bujaf cohjokcmkm. 788

Grmowjbb duj tjstcaf tjstcaf kj bm prfhjscøo prfhjsc øo kjskj uom uom tcjokm kjb pujgbf

.

 

Jb hmpctío Emstcoas, eãrfj grmowjbbcmof kj bm kjhjphcøo y jb pmrmàsf  pjrkckf,, js uo prftftcpf kj sus pjrsfomnjs dutu  pjrkckf duturfs. rfs. Jsgfzmkf jo nuo nuocf cf kj =58:, sj jodrjotm pfr prc`jrm vjz mb armo `uokf pmrm tfpmrsj hfo jb kjsprjhcf y jb vcbcpjokcf> ‒Xjejhef em mdcr`mkf jb hursf kjb mýf quj pmsøtfkms ‛kchj  ‛  quj yf of ej `ís qujjogjgjr y nuamr y prmhtchmr bmsEmstcoas hfokuhtms comprfpcmkms… @j austm tf`mr`j uom hfpm pfr bms ofhejs, hf`f m humbqucjrm. Gujof, jstfy ―jo uo pjr`mojotj jstmkf kj cotfxchmhcøo grutmb–. Mpujstf uom aucojm m bm mhusmhcøo> humokf pcjrkf sfy uo ―nuamkfr pjrkckf– y, 78;;. humokf amof, uo ―rjkf`mkf tc`mkfr–‐78 Xc su pmkrj y su tàm bf hfosckjrmgmo uo efbamzío, sco kukm caofrmgmo quj jrm uo pfjtm bmgfrcfsf y pjrscstjotj. Jotrj =58; y =584 prfkunf jb `ís bmraf y sustmohcfsf jshrcturm kj pfj`ms tfkm ms su omrrmtcvfs. fgrm> trjshcjotms `cb qucocjotms  pmbmgr  pmbmgrms ms jo hujrpf prfsm y kj humrjotm humrjo tm y kfs pfj` Jo jb ` cs`f pjràfkf pjràfk f J`cby jshrcgcø, tmb vjz cospcrmkm jo su ejr`mof> ‒…Mbauofs tj fkcmrío, ftrfs tj kjsprjhcmrío, y ftrfs cohbusf fbvckmrío tu of`grj. Yjrf `c hfrmzøo trcstj scj`prj bm`jotmrí tus mrrucomkms jspjrmozms, tu dm`m `mrhectmkm‐… ‒Tmof hf`f jrjs, y kãgcb, jshbmvf kj bm Dmbsjkmk, jb Fraubbf y jb Kmýf, of js `c hfrmzøo hf`f jb tuyf, oc tcjoj pfkjr tu mb`m sfgrj bm `àm.‐… ‒¶@j gurbmràm kjb bfgf mubbmokf jo su mafoàm pfrquj su hujrpf js dbmhf y djf6 ¶Fcràm hfo 78:

mbjaràm jb arctf pfrWfj of sjr hmpmzJ`cby kj `frcr vmbfr6‐ Kjspuãs kj kjb su bjgrmtf vujbtm kj Ejmk, sj hfo kjkchø m bm jshrcturm kj Afokmb y mb jstukcf sfbctmrcf kjb mbj`ío, uom mhtcvckmk quj rjqujràm uo rcafr y uom kcshcpbcom mdcojs m su tj`pjrm`jotf. @ís c`pbmhmgbj hfo jbbm `cs`m quj hfo Ljjpjr, tcj`pf mtrís emgàm hmutjrczmkf uom ejrckm jo su grmzf** grmzf **,, uom ecstfrcm `uy hfofhckm jo Emwfrte quj Amgrcjbm @cstrmb omrrø hfo kjtmbbj> ‒Zo  pfhf `ís mrrcgm mrrc gm kjb grmzf, bm pfgrjhcbbm pfgrjhc bbm tmpmgm tm`gcão tm`gcão bm kjotjbb kjotjbbmkm mkm kj uo  pjrrf rmgcfsf, r mgcfsf, jo bm quj jbbm `cs`m `cs`m emgàm emgàm mpbchmkf mpb chmkf jb puozøo puozøo quj` quj`mkf‐ mkf‐784 . Yjrkckms f cohjokcmkms, of jxcstjo hmrtms kj Hemrbfttj jotrj nubcf kj =58: y

`myf kj =584. Jb tfof pjrturgmkf y mbuhcomtfrcf kj bfs kcmrcfs kj Wfj Ejmk

 

suacjrjo quj Jbbjo Oussjy, su prcohcpmb hfrrjspfosmb sc kjnm`fs m uo bmkf m @mry [mybfr, quj quj`ø tfkms bms suyms, kjgj kj emgjr suprc`ckf bms hmrtms kj jsj pjràfkf pmrm prftjajr m su m`cam> ‒Qcaacos (Grmowjbb) pfkràm emgbmr  kj amrmgmtf`moàm sc `j vcjrmhfo nustf hjrhmkm pfr bfs bm tfrfs, tfkfs  prjau  prjauot otíokfsj íokfsj pfr quã jshrcgf js hrcgf `cs mefrm, fnfs hjrrmkfs. hjrrm kfs. Jstþpckm mt` mt`øsdjrm, øsdjrm, jstþpckfs bfs bcgrfs kj jstukcf y jstþpckf jb trmgmnf, uom sfhcjkmk kj msofs. ¶]uuã jo tfkf jstf `j ¶] `j rjhujrkm rj hujrkm mb kcvcof, scbjohcfsf scb johcfsf pmàs pmà s kj bfs pjosm`cjotfs6 pjosm`cjotfs6 Xfo hf`f jb sujýf kj uo sujýf, bm sf`grm kj uom sf`grm.‐781 Jstj drma`jotf kjb kcmrcf kjbmtm quj Hemrbfttj jshrcgàm durtcvm`jotj jo hbmsj, dbmoqujmkm pfr sus mbu`oms, prfgmgbj`jotj `cjotrms bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr  c`pmrtàm uom bjhhcøo. Bf pjhubcmr js quj bf emhàm hfo su bjtrm `coþshubm j cocotjbcacgbj y, motj bm `crmkm78 pms`mkm kj bms ocýms, hfo bfs fnfs hjrrmkfs (‒¡Hmcamo kj su msf`grf!‐) 7855. ]uj jshrcgàm hfo bfs fnfs hjrrmkfs bf hfodcr`mo bms bàojms supjrpujstms kj bfs `moushrctfs. ¶Xus kcshàpubms hrjjràmo quj trmoshrcgàm `josmnjs kjb @ís Mbbí, quj jstmgm kj`jotj6 Xus jshrctfs kj Moarcm kj jsm ãpfhm sj rjdcjrjo m `joukf m jstmkfs mbtjrmkfs kj bm `jotj y m vcscfojs dmotms`maørchms, sc`cbmrjs m bms kjtmbbmkms pfr Kj ]ucohjy jo sus n øvjojs Grfotì Grfotì emgàmo emgàmo bjàkf bjàkf.. Hfodjscfojs kj uo du`mkfr kj fpcf, quj bfs nøvjojs Js prfgmgbj quj Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb emymo prfgmkf nuotfs, mbauom vjz, jb bíukmof quj=585 sj vjokàm hfo kjshrcgcø, dcojs `jkchcombjs jo sus bm gftchm kj Emwfrte. Jobms jb vjrmof kj Hemrbfttj jo uom kj ecstfrcms kj Moarcm, mvjoturms mvjot urms kj uo fpcø`mof. fpcø`mof. Mb sjr kjshugcjrtf tcrmkf sfgrj uom uom sc scbbm bbm,, sforcjokf y m `jkcms kfr`ckf pfr bfs jdjhtfs kjb fpcf, @mhmrm Bfdty sj jxpbchm> ‒¶… [motf sudrc`cjotf ej pmsmkf, tmo bjnfs ej jrrmkf… humokf tjoàm jb rjhursf quj 78 3. Jo bm ofvjbm mutfgcfarídchm Tcbbjttj, quj uo sc`pbj omrhøtchf `j fdrjhàm6‐783 jshrcgcø mýfs `ís tmrkj, Hemrbfttj sctþm m su prftmafocstm Buhy Xofw vmamguokjmokf pfr bms hmbbjs kj Grusjbms gmnf bfs jdjhtfs kj uo dujrtj

fpcíhjf, mactmhcøo y tfr`jotf. Humokf sjýfrm Amsljbb bmmk`cocstrmkf cotjrrfaø jopmrm =5:8hmb`mr sfgrj su jstm jshjom Hemrbfttj ojaø emgjrbmprfgmkf

 

bm krfam, muoquj eczf kcstcohcfojs sfgrj hmotckmkjs kj kfscs prfpcms kj uo mutãotchf hfofhjkfr. Bm jotrmkm kjb kcmrcf kfokj kjshrcgj uom ofhej kj mafstf, sco j`gmraf,  grcokm pjrspjhtcvm> pjrspjh tcvm> ‒…bfs pjosm`cjotfs pjosm`cjotfs dbftmgmo mbrjk mbrjkjkfr jkfr kj `à, jshjoms ftrm cohfojxms fhurràmo y sj jsdu`mgmo, prfkuhcjokf uo jdjhtf hcjrtm`jotj 7;99. Jb hm`gcf ‒mhtuø sfgrj `à hf`f fpcf‐ jxtrmýf pjrf, pmrm `à, pbmhjotjrf‐7; y hrjhcø hfo ‒vàvckm `frgckjz‐. Bm jshjom, kj uom josfýmhcøo sjosumb y `àstchm, js cotjrru`pckm uom vjz `ís pfr bm rjmbckmk. ‒Jb tã jstí bcstf. Bm 7; = sjýfrctm Qffbjr jstí c`pmhcjotj.‐7;= @cjotrms tf`mgm hbmsjs kj pcoturm jo Bjjks hfo Qcbbcm` Wfgcosfo, Grmowjbb pcotø uo humkrf quj, sc gcjo of duj mprjhcmkf jo su `f`jotf, hfo jb tcj`pf sj hfovcrtcø jo uof kj bfs `ís pfpubmrjs kj bm Omtcfomb Yfrtrmct Ambbjry. [rjs ejr`moms, uo rjtrmtf kj dm`cbcm kj bm ãpfhm kj  Jb arupf jshfpjtm, `ujstrm uom jxtrmým hf`pfschcøo. Jotrj bms dcaurms hfbfrckms kj Mooj y J`cby m bm czqucjrkm y bm kj Hemrbfttj m bm kjrjhem sj mbzm uom hfbu`om kj uo gbmohf suhcf, hmsc trmospmrjotj, quj of pujkj fhubtmr bm sf`grm kj uo sunjtf kj mbtm jstmturm quj of js ftrf quj Grmowjbb jo uom c`majo gfrrmkm, hmsc dmotms`mb. Hemrbfttj, kj kcjhcfhef mýfs, js bm þochm jo usmr jb hmgjbbf rjhfackf jo uo rfkjtj hfobmbmrafs guhbjs bm qujomrcz hmjoarmokj m bfs bmkfs kjysubfsrfstrf. `mokàgubm humkrmkm, hmrm mohem, y bmram bmgcfs,Xumprjtmkfs jo buhj uom sforcsm, `ujstrmo uom sc`pbjzm kj bm quj Hemrbfttj hmrjhàm. J`cby y Mooj, kj kcjhcsãcs y hmtfrhj mýfs, dàschm`jotj `ís pmrjhckms jotrj sà, bbjvmgmo jb hmgjbbf emstm bfs ef`grfs, `ís hbmrf, sujbtf y bcajrm`jotj jorubmkf. J`cby kjbmtm uo jstmkf jstmkf kj mgstrmhhcøo jo su `crmkm `crmkm dcnm< bfs fnfs hbmrfs kj Mooj, Mooj, y su  gfhm mprjtmkm, pmrjhjo jxprjsmr bm fgstcomhcøo y djrfhckmk ajo ajojrmb jrmb` `jotj jotj mtrcguckms m J`cby. Muoquj jb humkrf pmkjhj, hf`f sj kchj kj tfkms sus

 pcot  pcoturms, sjotckf sjotckf kjbfarø bm b m pjrspjhtcvm pjrspj htcvm bm y kj uo uom mprfpcmkm mprfpc mkmsfýmkfrm‐ rjbmhcøo rjb mhcøo kj fgnjtf 7;7uo hfo urms, ftrf,kjGrmowjbb pbms`mr ‒trcstj `crmkm   kj sus

 

ejr`moms hf`f bujaf of bf bfarø jb mdm`mkf pcotfr Ajfraj Wche`fok. [ej Ycbbmr Yfrtrmct   (Wjtrmtf kj bm hfbu`om), hf`f sujbj bbm`mrsj m bm  pcoturm,  pcot urm, kjnm kjn m jo jvckjohcm jvc kjohcm quj, sc gcjo jrm j rm uo armkumkf armkumkf kj bm Wfymb Wfymb Mhmkj`y Mhmkj`y hfo `uy kj gujom rjputmhcøo, Wfgcosfokjof trmos`ctcø m Grmowjbb bm humkrfs tãhochm mkjhumkm bm `jzhbm kj pca`jotfs, `fkf quj bfs hfbfrjs kj sus sj kjsvmojhcjrfo hfo jb tcj`pf, pmrm kjnmr m bm vcstm bm tcoturm kjb mhjctj ejrvckf kj bms `cxturms. Wjhcjotjs jstukcfs sfgrj bm fgrm ejhefs hfo buhjs ubtrmvcfbjtms j codrmrrfnms pjr`ctjo hfodcr`mr quj Grmowjbb pcotø su prfpcm dcaurm hfo hmrgøo jo uom prc`jrm hmpm, pmrm bujaf supjrpfojr bm hfbu`om hfo jb dco kj gfrrmr su dmz. Jb djoø`jof kjb  pjotc`jotf, quj jo ctmbcmof qucjrj kjhcr mrrjpjotc`cjotf, sj jxpusf humokf bfs pca`jotfs, trmchcfojrfs, hfo jb  pmsf kj  ‛  bfsjstm mýfs du dujrfo jrfo jxpfocjokf jxpfo cjokf bm rjprjsjotmhcøo pcotu pcoturm motjrcfr. motjrcfr.kjb¶Of ¶Opmpjb f pmrjhj jstj jspjhtrf jstm dcaurm jo jb tmpcz quj nuaø  ‛   uom Grmowjbb jo bm fgrm y pfstjrcfr hjbjgrckmk kj sus ejr`moms6   Kjskj Wfj Ejmk, Hemrbfttj sjotàm uom mpjsmku`grmkm ofstmbacm pfr jb hjoíhubf drmtjrof> ‒M vjhjs pcjosf jo bm `ujrtj. Jstj vcjotf… sfomokf c`pjtufsf j cohjsmotj efrm trms efrm, sujom smbvmnj y prfduokf…, hfokjosíokfsj jo rídmams vcfbjotms, rípckms, jstj vcjotf quj yf sã quj sj fyj jo jstj `f`jotf `uy bjnfs jo bfs pírm`fs kj Emwfrte. Grmowjbb y J`cby bf jshuhemo mefrm, sfpbmokf sfgrj oujstrm hmsm, mgmnf jo jb hj`jotjrcf y jo tfrof m bm vcjnm cabjscm< quczí pcjosjo jo Mooj y jo `à…‐7;8 . Hemrbfttj tjoàm `ftcvfs kj sfgrm pmrm kjnmr hrjhjr su kjsmsfscjaf. Kurmotj su musjohcm, jovujbtf jo bms gmokjrms kj bm rjvfbuhcøo quj hbm`mgm pfr jb dco kj bm `fomrquàm y bm costmurmhcøo kj bm rjpþgbchm, Wfauj/Ofrtemoajrbmok emgàm bfarmkf kjpfojr kj su trfof m Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, kuquj kj ^m`from, pmrm jovcmrbf mb kjstcjrrf. Bm ckjotcdchmhcøo kj Hemrbfttj hfo ^m`from jrm tmb quj

 pfkàm kjshrcgcr kjshrc gcr hmkm pjosm`cjot pjosm`cjotff quj hruzmgm hruzmgm pfr su `jotj, jotj, hfsm quj emhàm

 

 pfr `jkcf kj su omrrmkfr, mrrmk fr, Hemrbjs Hemrbjs [fwosejok, fwosejok, huyf huyf of`grj of`grj jo fhmscfojs usmgm pmrm dcr`mr su hfrrjspfokjohcm. Kj `fkf quj jo bms vmhmhcfojs vfbvcø m kjsjoduokmr bm pbu`m pmrm sctumr m ^m`from jo bm hugcjrtm kjb gmrhf quj bf bbjvmgm mb jxcbcf,kjkfbcjotj pfr jb cohcjrtf kjstcof kj sukjhckckf jspfsm @mry Yjrhy y hfo jb hfosujbf su m`motj, @com Bmury, quj emgàm mhf`pmýmrbf. Hf`pbjtø jb pfj`m, kj qucocjotfs sjtjotm y sjcs vjrsfs, jb =3 kj nubcf kj =584, nustf motjs kj su rjarjsf m bm jshujbm. Bjnfs kj bm kjsmdcmotj prfsm quj jsarc`àm motjs kj bm jtmpm kjb cotjromkf, jstm pcjzm jstí bbjom kj `jbmohfbàm. Xus kcmrcfs kj jstj pjràfkf `johcfomo, jo tfof kj covfhmhcøo kjsjspjrmkm, bm  gmtmbbm kj Efejobcokjo Efejobcokjo,, jb pfj`m pfj`m [ej gurcmb fd Xcr Nfeo @ffrj mdtjr  Hfruoom kj Hemrbjs Qfbdj y Hecbkj Emr Emrfbk  fbk , bm fgrm kj Gyrfo. Bfs pjrcøkchfs codfr`mgmo quj joquj bm `moscøo kj Gyrfo kj Ojwstjmk covctmkfs gjgàmo hmbmvjrms vmhàms, pmrtchcpmgmo kj fraàms, quj pmrmbfs`motjojrsj píbckf jo jb  pfjtm coajràm coajràm vcomarj vcomarj y uo maum maum kj sfkm covjotmkm covjotmkm pfr uo `cj`grf cj`grf kj bm Xfhcjkmk Buomr kj Gcr`coaem`. ¶Hø`f tfbjrmr Wfj Ejmk6 Jb == mafstf, m pfhms sj`moms kj emgjr vujbtf kj bms vmhmhcfojs, jb kcmrcf kj Hemrbfttj rjacstrm uom kj sus josfýmhcfojs `ís sfgjrgcms> ‒Jotfohjs vc jb jspàrctu kj tfkf Tjrkøpfbcs> jb `fotmýfsf ofrtj, bfs gfsqujs kjb fjstj, bms hfrrcjotjs kjb ràf kjb jstj sj mrrj`fbcomgmo jo `c `jotj… Yjrf nustf jotfohjs uom ojhcm `j cotjrru`pcø hfo uom bjhhcøo. Yjosã quj kjgjràm emgjr  vf`ctmkf‐7;; . Kj vujbtm m bm rjhtfràm pmrm bms vmhmhcfojs kj Omvckmk, jo kchcj`grj kj =584, Hemrbfttj bbjvø uom prfpujstm, f uom kjtjr`comhcøo. Nuotf mb hjotjbbmotj dujaf kj bm smbm f sfgrj bm `jsm kj m`msmr kj bm hfhcom, Grmowjbb y Hemrbfttj emgbmrfo, sj puscjrfo kj mhujrkf f kcshutcjrfo sfgrj bm pfscgcbckmk kj hfovjrtcrsj jo jshrctfrjs prfdjscfombjs. Bm pjqujým fdchcom pfstmb kj Emwfrte cgm m sjr tjstcaf tjstcaf kj cot c otjrhm`gcfs jrhm`gcfs msf`grfsfs. msf`grfsfs. Hemrbfttj, quj ym emgàm mtjsfrmkf jxpjrcjohcm sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm jstmr 

sjaurm kj quj mgfrrjhàm bm josjýmozm y quj of mgmokfomràm díhcb`jotj su

 

m`gchcøo kj hfbfoczmkfrm, jb 73 kj kchcj`grj jshrcgcø uom hmrtm m Wfgjrt Xfutejy, jb Yfjtm Bmurjmkf, y bj mknuotø uo pfj`m (quj of sj hfosjrvmo). Mb `cs`f tcj`pf Grmowjbb kjspmheø uo sfgrj kcrcackf mb `ís armokj pfjtm rf`íotchf Qfrkswfrte. Grmowjbb bf smgàm,y pjrf trjcotm humtrf mýfscoabãs, motjs Qcbbcm` Qfrkswfrte emgàm mhfackf, pmrmofhfofhjr mbjotmr jo suy fgrm, m uo nfvjo quj jo `uhefs mspjhtfs sj bj pmrjhàm, [ef`ms Kj ]ucohjy. Jb mutfr kj Hfodjscfojs kj uo du`mkfr kj fpcf, kj gmnm jstmturm y jodjr`czf hf`f ãb, emgàm pjrkckf m su ejr`mom prjkcbjhtm m bfs sjcs mýfs< su `mkrj, uom hmbvcocstm, bf emgàm rjpukcmkf jo bm mkfbjshjohcm. Yujs gcjo, Kj ]ucohjy sj tf`ø kcjhcfhef kàms pmrm jshrcgcr, hfrrjacr, mrrfnmr m bm pmpjbjrm y vfbvjr m jshrcgcr uom huckmkfsm hmrtm mb pfjtm. Grmowjbb kjgj emgjrbm jshrctf gmnf jb eíbctf kj uom cospcrmhcøo jo pfhfs `coutfs. sfy scof uo hechf 7; 7;::, ‒…Of hf`jozmgm bm hmrtm kj Kjy of tjoaf hfojxcfojs quj sþgctm, `j pujkmo myukmr…‐ ]ucohjy ]u cohjy hfo hcjrtm hcjr tm bchjohcm m bm vjrkmk, ym quj quj tjoàm kcjhcscjtj kcjhc scjtj mýfs y `jkcf `jkcf y su dm`cbcm pfsjàm mbaf kj mbhurocm, muoquj of jrm Kj ]ucohjy scof ]ucohjy. Jshrcgcø tm`gcão quj bm bjhturm kj bms  Gmbmkms  bj emgàm prfkuhckf ‒uom rjvjbmhcøo‐ y sj kjspckcø ‒hfo uom cohbcomhcøo kj rfkcbbm‐ ‛uo armo kjtmbbj quj Grmowjbb oc c`macoø‛ y uom prf`jsm> ‒Xmhrcdchmr cohbusf bm vckm… sc tuvcjrm bm hemohj kj prf`fvjr su cotjrãs y djbchckmk‐7;4 . Kj ]ucohjy kjrrfhemgm Grmowjbb. bfs `fkmbjs quj oc jb pírrfhf oc bm tàm emgàmo pfkckf josjýmr m Xfutejy, uo rj`mojotj kj bm vmoaumrkcm rf`íotchm, hfotjstø m Hemrbfttj uom hmrtm hfokjshjokcjotj y kjsmbjotmkfrm, muoquj hjbjgrø su pbu`m> ‒Zstjk pfsjj jvckjotj`jotj, y jo armkf hfosckjrmgbj, bf quj Qfrkswfrte kjof`com ―jb kfo kjb vjrsf– ‐. Yjrf bj mhfosjnø kjnmr bm jshrcturm> ‒Bm bctjrmturm of pujkj sjr bm 7;11. Bm hràtchm  prjfhupmhcøo kj bm vckm kj uom uom `unjr, unjr, y of kjgj sjrbf‐ sjrb f‐  7; dj`cocstm bjyø uom crfoàm jo bm rjspujstm, quj duj tmo pfhf scohjrm hf`f

mbauoms mbau oms hmrtms hmr tmsmm omkcj Jbb Jbbjo jo hfo Oussjy> Oussjy> … Yfr bms fhejs, hfodcjsf hfod`cjsf pcjosf,  pjrf ouo ouokj hmsus `fbjstf `cs rjdbjxcfo rjdbjxcfojs. js.oHuckmkfsm Hu ckmkfsm` jotj jotjquj jvctf tfkm

 

mpmrcjohcm kj prjfhupmhcøo y rmrjzm… M vjhjs, `cjotrms jstfy josjýmokf f hfscjokf, prjdjrcràm jstmr bjyjokf f jshrcgcjokf, pjrf trmtf kj smhrcdchmr`j y bm mprfgmhcøo kj `c pmkrj `j rjhf`pjosm m`pbcm`jotj kj `c 7; 5 7;5

 prcvmh cøo…‐ .  prcvmhcøo…‐ 7;33, bj jshrcgcø jo ¶Crfoàm f ecpfhrjsàm6 ‒[rmtf kj suprc`cr`j m `à `cs`m‐ 7; ftrf pírrmdf. Xfutejy eugcjrm `jrjhckf bjjr bm jotrmkm kjb vcjrojs == kj mafstf kjb kcmrcf kj Wfj Ejmk> ‒... ¶Jstfy pmsmokf bm `jnfr pmrtj kj `c vckm dfrzmkm m suprc`cr `c rmgcm motj bm dmbtm kj ckjms, bm mpmtàm y bm ecpjrgøbchm jstupckjz kj jstfs bjrkfs zfqujtjs, fgbcamkm m sfstjojr uo mcrj kj m`mgcbckmk 7:99. Xfutejy bj hfotjstø uom sjauokm hmrtm, `uy embmamkf, y bm y pmhcjohcm6‐7: covctø m vcsctmrbf vcs ctmrbf jo jb Kcstrctf kj bfs Bmafs, kfokj tm`gcão tm`gcão vcvà vcvàmm Qfrksw Qfrkswfrte frte,, quj of covctø m Grmowjbb> oc scqucjrm hfotjstø su hmrtm. ‒Yjrf of emgàm kcojrf kcspfocgbj‐, bj kcnf Hemrbfttj m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, ‒oc bm `ís rj`ftm jspjrmozm kj quj mbaþo kàm amomrm yf bf sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm kcsdrutmr kj tmo co`josf  pbmhjr, msà quj kjnã kj pjosmr jo jbbf‐ 7:= . Bm vjrkmkjrm rjspujstm m Xfutejy bm jshrcgcø su pjrsfomnj Nmoj Jyrj kcjz mýfs kjspuãs> ‒Jo ajojrmb, sj hrjj quj bms `unjrjs sfo `uy trmoqucbms< pjrf bms `unjrjs scjotjo bf `cs`f quj bfs ef`grjs< ojhjsctmo jnjrhchcf pmrm sus dmhubtmkjs y hm`pf pmrm sus jsdujrzfs, caumb quj sus ejr`mofs< sudrjo kj rjabms kj`mscmkf ràackms, kjb jstmohm`cjotf mgsfbutf, prjhcsm`jotj hf`f sudrcràmo bfs ef`grjs< y js uom jstrjhejz kj hrctjrcf jo su prønc`f `ís  prcvcbjacmkf  prcvc bjacmkf jb j b kjhcr quj jbbms jbbm s kjgjo bc`ctmrsj m emhjr tfrtms y tjnjr `jkcms, m tfhmr jb pcmof y m gfrkmr hmrtjrms. Js cosjosmtf hfokjomrbms, f rjàrsj kj jbbms, sc gushmo emhjr emhjr `ís f mprjokjr mprj okjr `ís `ís quj bf prjshr p rjshrcptf cptf pfr jb eígctf‐7:7 . Qfrkswfrte aumrkø bm hmrtm kj Grmowjbb, y mýfs `ís tmrkj, humokf jb of`grj Grfotì sj eczf hãbjgrj, bj hfodjsø m Xfutejy quj emgàm kjscstckf kj hfotjstmrbj pfr ‒su mkubmhcøo‐ y sus ‒fdjosms m ftrfs pfjtms‐ 7:8 . Qfrkswfrte

jstmgm jofnmkf pfr su `mbm jkuhmhcøo. Yjrkøoj`j, sjýfr , kjhàm bm hmrtm, ‒jb mtrjvc`cjotf kj bbjamr emstm mbaucjo huyms fgrms sfo bms quj `ís mk`crf jo

 

oujstrm bctjrmturm y quj em sckf pmrm `à hf`f uom kcvcockmk kjb pjosm`cjotf, kjnmokf motj ãb uof kj `cs jshrctfs y pckcãokfbj uo nuchcf sfgrj su hfotjockf. Kjgf mprfxc`mr`j m mbaucjo huym sjotjohcm sjm compjbmgbj y jsj mbaucjo js jb quj em kjsmrrfbbmkf bm tjfràm kj bm pfjsàm, mkj`ís kj bm príhtchm, y m`gms jo tmb dfr`m quj bj msjaurmo uo buamr jo bm `j`frcm kj `cb mýfs pfr vjocr‐7:; . Bj Bj `mokø kcjhcfhef jstrfdms kj ‒[ej struaabjs fd dbjse wcte Xpcrct, Xhjoj CCodmohy‐, uo bmraf pfj`m kjb quj bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb nuzaø, hfo 7:::> ‒M cohf`prjoscøo, quj ‒of bbjam m bm mbturm kj mbauoms pmrtjs kj su hmrtm‐ 7: `joukf `c `mkrj kjhàm, `cjotrms `c hmgjzm kjshmosmgm jo su rjamzf, quj tj`àm quj yf of jstuvcjsj ejhef pmrm jb [cj`pf, scof pmrm bm Jtjrockmk‐ 7:4 . Muoquj jb pfj`m js gjbbf y emgbm kj ‒hfostrucr pmbmhcfs jo jb hcjbf‐, uom vjz `ís `ís Grmowjbb, Grmowjbb , kj kcjhcou kc jhcoujvj jvj mýfs, mýfs , emgàm kj`fstrmkf kj`fstrmkf of kmr bm b m tmbbm, y jstm vjz sj trmtmgm kj uom tmbbm kjb frkjo kjb bcomnj. Hf`f nfvjo prfvcohcmof jkuhmkf jo uom hmsm pmrrfqucmb, kjshfofhàm pfr hf`pbjtf bms rjabms kj hfrtjsàm kj bfs b fs jarjsmkfs kj Hm`grckaj Hm`grckaj y kj Fxdfrk. Fxdfrk. Xjaþo jb hràtchf hrà tchf `mrxcstm `mrxcstm [jrry Jmabjtfo, quj mombczø bm hfrrjspfokjohcm kj Grmowjbb y su fgrm, bm dm`cbcm Grfotì sudràm uom hrcscs kj ckjotckmk sfhcmb. Zom grutmb ‒hfotrmkchhcøo jotrj c`macomhcøo y sfhcjkmk‐7:1   sj eczf jvckjotj pmrm hmkm uof kj bfs ejr`mofs m bm efrm kj msf`mr kj bfs `urfs kj bm rjhtfràm emhcm jb `uokf jxtjrcfr.  Of `uhe `uheff motjs kj bm Omvckmk kj =584, humokf humokf Moo Moojj y Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj ym emgàmo bbjamkf m hmsm y jo pfhfs kàms sj jspjrmgm bm vcsctm kj Jbbjo, [mggy rjsgmbø jo jb ecjbf kj bm hmbbj hmbb j prco prc ohcpmb kj Emwfrte Emwfr te y sj drmhturø drmhturø uom uom pcjrom, pcjr om, uuoo mhhckjotj mhhckjotj  pjbcarfsf jo jsm ãpfhm. Jrm bm efrm kjb hrjpþshubf hrjpþsh ubf y omkcj mkvcrtcø mkvcr tcø su  prjsjohcm emstm emstm vmrcms efrms kjspuãs, humokf humokf duj duj bbjvmkm bbjvm km m bm krfau krfaujràm jràm,, m  pfhfs pmsfs kj bm cabjscm. Kjskj mbbà bm hfoku hfokunjrfo njrfo m bm rjhtfràm, kfokj tuvf quj jspjrmr mb `ãkchf emstm bms sjcs kj bm `mýmom kjb kàm scaucjotj. Xu jstmkf

kj smbuk duj kjdcockf pfr Hemrbfttj jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo hf`f cohcjrtf y 7: 7:5 5 armvj‐ , muoquj hfo jb hursf kj bms sj`moms duj `jnfrmokf.

 

M prc`jrm vcstm bm hfrrjspfokjohcm pmrjhj cokchmr quj bm pfstjramhcøo kj bm vcsctm kj Jbbjo fhmscfoø uom armo kjhjphcøo jo Hemrbfttj> ‒[j costmràm m quj vjoams, tj coscstcràm, pjrf `j mtrmvcjsm uo pjosm`cjotf> ―¶S sc [mggy `ujrj `cjotrms tþ of jstís jo scof bm hmsm6 Ouohmuo`j bf pjrkfomràm–‐. Xco j`gmraf, hmohjbmhcøo pukf scaocdchmr mbcvcf> Hemrbfttj moejbmgm rjarjsmr jstm m bm jshrcturm kj Moarcm sco cotrf`cscfojs y of jstmgm jotrj sus prfpøsctfs pfojr m Jbbjo mb hfrrcjotj kj su hmkm vjz `ís cbàhctm vckm cotjrcfr. Motj bm pjrspjhtcvm kj tjojr uom covíbckm jo bm rjhtfràm, bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb frkjoø jovcmr m [mggy m hmsm kj su ejr`mom. Yjrf bms nøvjojs sj ojamrfo m kjspjkcrbm. Mbjamrfo quj jbbm bms emgàm huckmkf humokf ocýms y quj emgàm bbjamkf jb `f`jotf kj rjtrcgucr sus huckmkfs mefrm, quj jstmgm jodjr`m. Jb rjhursf johfotrmrfo pmrm pjrsumkcr m sujotàmWfj dujEjmk costmurmr kj em`grj, uoquj `ãtfkf quj ym emgàm usmkf J`cby y qujuom jo eujbam bm dm`cbcm Grfotì, Grfot ì, hf` h f`ff jstmgm js tmgm kj`fstrmkf, kj`fstrmkf, rjsubtmgm cod c odmbcgb mbcgbj. j. Kj `fkf quj [mggy sj qujkø. Mb of j`pbjmr m ftrm pjrsfom ‛bm ckjm kj rjhcgcr m uom jxtrmým jo bm dm`cbcm duj kjshmrtmkm ‛ , bms tmrjms kj efrojmr jb  pmo, bmvmr bm rfpm y pbmohemr, pbmohemr, usumb` usumb`jot jotjj m hmraf kj [mggy, mggy, qujkmràmo jo `mofs kj J`cby, J`cby, quj mkj`ís sj kjkchmgm kj kchmgm m ftrms bmgfrjs bmgfr js kj bc`pcjzm y hfhcom. Kj hm`cof m bm cabjscm, hfotø mýfs `ís tmrkj jb smhrcstío Nfeo Grfwo, sfbàm kcvcsmr m J`cby m`msmokf pmo jo bm mrtjsm, jo jb pmtcf kj mtrís kj bm rjhtfràm.   Jb 74 kj nuocf, kàm kjb hu`pbjmýfs oþ`jrf vjcotj kj Grmowjbb, J`cby moftø uom jotrmkm jo jb kcmrcf quj jshrcgàm sc`ubtíojm`jotj hfo Mooj> ‒Zo pfhf kjspuãs kj bms humtrf. Hemrbfttj jstí trmgmnmokf jo bm emgctmhcøo kj bm tàm, Grmowjbb bjyãokfbj  Juajoj Mrm`  jo vfz mbtm, Mooj y yf jshrcgcjokf jo jb smbøo. Mooj, uo pfj`m quj j`pcjzm msà> ―Ejr`fsm jrm bm tmrkj y rjdubajotj jb sfb–< yf, bm vckm kj Muaustus Mb`jkms. Kàm gfoctf, gmstmotj drjshf, ougjs

arcsjs kcspjrsms, pjrf sfbjmkf. Bm tàm trmgmnm jo jb humrtctf quj duj oujstrf

 

humokf ãrm`fs ocýfs. Ympí em smbckf. [mggy jstí jo bm hfhcom. Bfs j`pjrmkfrjs y j`pjrmtrchjs kj Afokmb y Ammbkcoj sj kcspfojo m pmrtcr kj Ammbkcoj emhcm Afokmb pmrm prjpmrmr bm hfrfomhcøo quj sj hjbjgrmrí jb =7 kj ubcf. Bm rjcom Tchtfrcm sugcø mb trfof jstj `js. Ofrtemoajrbmok jo bm csbm kjb @fof, ^m`from jo Jvjrsem`. [fkf js pjrdjhtf mefrm y ofs pjr`ctj hfodcmr y tjojr bm jspjrmozm kj quj tfkfs jstmrj`fs jstj kàm, kjotrf kj humtrf mýfs, uotfs hf`f mefrm‐7:3 . Jb bcgrf  Juajoj Mrm`, quj Grmowjbb bjyø jo vfz mbtm m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y quj bm tàm Grmowjbb of eugcjrm eugcjrm mprfgmkf kj hfofhjr su s u hfotjo hfotjockf ckf mkþbtjrf, emgàm sckf tf`mkf jo prãstm`f kj bm gcgbcftjhm kjb Costctutf @jhíochf kj Ljcaebjy, uof kj bfs prcohcpmbjs prfvjjkfrjs kj bctjrmturm pmrm bfs nøvjojs. nøvjojs. Gmnf bm oftm J`cby kcgunø uo gfsqujnf suyf y kj Mooj jshrcgcjokf sfgrj bm `jsm. Hf`f jo bms ftrms cbustrmhcfojs kj sus kcmrcfs, su dcaurm sj vj kj jspmbkms, hf`f sc eugcjrm sckf kcgunmkm pfr ftrf. Zoms bàojms rcsujýms scrvjo kj jpàarmdj mb kcgunf>   (Yf r supujstf, bm sjýfrctm (Yfr sjýfr ctm Grmo Grmow wjbb msf`ø msf `ø su hmgjzm pfr bm pujrtm)> [àm> T Tjo, jo, J`cb J`cbyy, sfo sf o `ís kj bbms ms humtrf. humtr f. J`cby> Xà, tàm (smbj bm tàm). Mooj> ooj> Gcjo, Gcj o, ¶tj ¶tj prfpfojs prf pfojs jsh jshrcgcr rcgcr ttfkm fkm bm tmrkj6 tmrkj6 J`cby> Gujof, ¶tþ ¶tþ quã hrjj hrjjs6 s674 7499

  Jo jb `mrajo kjrjhef kj bm efnm, ftrm coshrcphcøo> ‒@j pmbpctm quj kjotrf kj humtrf mýfs jstmrj`fs tfkfs jo jstj hfodfrtmgbj smbøo. Sf jspjrf quj msà sjm. Mooj hrjj quj tfkfs ofs emgrj`fs `mrhemkf m ftrf sctcf hfodfrtmgbj. 74==. Jspjrf quj msà sjm, pfr hcjrtf‐ 74 Jo musjohcm kj sus ejr`moms, J`cby sj emgàm costmbmkf jo jb humrtctf quj emgàm sckf bm oursjry y quj scaucø fhupmokf kurmotj kfhj mýfs `ís> bfs

 gfhjtfs hfo quj hugràm bms jsqucoms jsqucoms kj bms efnms kfokj jshrcgàm jshrc gàm jstío cbustrmkfs hfo c`íajojs kj jsj humrtf. Mustjrfs, bfs kcgunfs `ujstrmo uom

 

bí`pmrm kj mhjctj, bm hm`ctm gmnf bm vjotmom y bm hø`fkm jo bm pmrjk kj bm czqucjrkm, muoquj of jstí gfsqujnmkf jb sfbkmkctf kj `mkjrm quj sj jxecgj mhtumb`jotj jo jb `usjf. Drjotj m bm vjotmom, `crmokf mb hj`jotjrcf, emgàm uom scbbm gmnm jo bm quj jbbm sj sjotmgm hfo su jshrctfrcf pfrtítcb sfgrj bms rfkcbbms, uo prjhcfsf mrtcbuacf kj `mkjrm quj hfotcoþm jo jxpfschcøo. Jb hemb quj bbjvm  pujstff jo sus  pujst sus kcgunfs rjhujrkm bm mu m usjohcm kj hec`jojm. hec`jojm. Jb tfof bcajrf y gurbøo kjb kcmrcf kj J`cby hfotrmkchj uom oftm kjb mýf motjrcfr jo bm quj nuzam su fgrm> ‒Xfy `ís trj`jokm, ckcftm y grutmb`jotj jstþpckm  quj ouohm motjs jo tfkm `c johmromkm jxcstjohcm. Bfs prjhcfsfs vjrsfs quj ej hfpcmkf `ís mrrcgm sfo jb drutf kj uom efrm kjb `ís maøochf trmgmnf jotrj bms sjcs y `jkcm y bms scjtj y `jkcm kj uom tmrkj kj nubcf, 747

=584‐ . Bfs jstukcfsfs kj bm fgrm kj bfs Grfotì mknukchmrfo, jo uo prc`jr `f`jotf, bm mutfràm kj jstj pms`fsf pms`fsf pfj`m m Grmowjbb, pjrf pjrtjo pjr tjojhj jhj m J` J`cby> cby>   Sf sfy jb þochf sjr pfr huyf kjst kjstcof cof  Of emy bjoaum quj quj coqucjrm oc fnfs quj bbff bbfrjo.  Ouohm m omkcj omkcj hmusã uo trc trcstj stj pjosm`cjotf F uom sforcsm kj mbjaràm kjskj quj omhà.

 Jo pbmhjrjs,j jo  Jstmsjhrjtfs vckm cohfostmotj cohfostmot sj bíarc`ms em ckf sjhrjtms  Kjskj emhj kcjhcfhef mýfs tmo prcvmkf kj m`cafs S tmo sfbf jstfy hf`f jb kàm jo quj omhà.  Eugf uom ãpfhm quj fhubtmr of pujkf Zom ãpfhm quj duj `uy kjskchemkm Humokf `c mb`m mdbcackm fbvckø su fraubbf  Yfr jb moejbf kj uo m`fr m`fr jo jstj `uokf.

 Dujr  Dujrfo fo mquãbbfs bujaf prc prc`jr `jrfs fs kjstjb kjstjbbfs bfs  Kj sjotc`cjotfs bbfs ujaf sfnuzamkfs.

 

 Emhj tmotf tcj`pf quj emo `ujrtf `ujrtf ]uj mpjoms pujkf hrjjr quj jxcstcjrmo.  Yrc`jrf sj kjsvmojhc kjsvmojhcøø bm jspjrmozm nuvjoc nuvjocb,b,  Bujaf kjsmpmrjhcø kjsmpmrjhcø jb mrhf crcs crc s kj bm cbuscøo. cbus cøo.  @ís tmrkj bm jxpjrcjohcm jxpjrcjohc m `j josjýø ]uj bm vjrkmk ouohm hrjhj hrjhj jo uo pjhef `frtmb.  Duj kfbfrfsf kfbfrfsf pjosmr quj bfs ef`gr ef`grjs js  Jrmo vmofs, sjrvcbjs j ecpøhrctms, ecpøhrct ms,  Yjrff pjfr duj hfodcmr jjoo `c hfrmzøo  Yjr S embbmr embbmr mbbà ckãotc ckãotchm hm pfkrjku pfkrjku`gr `grj. j.748 (=1 kj `myf kj =581)   Muoquj pujkm pmrjhjr kjshmgjbbmkf, bm jshrctfrm Xmrme Djr`c mtrcguyø jstm dmsj jo bm pfjsàm kj J`cby m bm jxcstjohcm kj uo ecpftãtchf m`fr, ouohm kj`fstrmkm. Wfgjrt Hbmytfo, kj bm `cs`m jkmk kj J`cby y vjhcof kj bfs Grfotì, `urcø m bfs kcjhcfhef mýfs y su duojrmb duj fdchcmkf pfr jb pírrfhf jo kchcj`grj kj =584. Djr`c hfonjturm nujafs jo jb pírm`f, uo jom`frm`cjotf y krm`mtczmhcfojs kj bfs pfj`ms kj Afokmb kurmotj bm codmohcm y mkfbjshjohcm< sco hmrtms f kcmrcfs quj scqucjrm bm coscoþjo, pmrjhj uom ecpøtjscs c`prfgmgbj. Bfs prfyjhtfs qujvjrmocjams kjnm jotrjvjr jb kcmrcf J`cby ym sj jstmgmo ajstmokf kj jocokjpjokjohcm jsms vmhmhcfojs kj =581< sj kj cotjrru`pcjrfo uoms sj`moms kjspuãs, humokf Hemrbfttj y Mooj tuvcjrfo quj vfbvjr, bbjoms kj  pjsmku`grj,  pjsmku` grj, m Wfj Ejmk. Jb 3 kj jojrf kj =581 Grmowjbb jshrcgcø ftrm vjz mb kcrjhtfr kjb bmhlwffk > ‒¶Xjaucrí ustjk hfo bm tjstmrukjz kj ojamr`j uom pmbmgrm, humokf of smgj oc quj of js pfscgbj oc kjsjmgbj mýmkcr mbaf `ís m su hmbckmk6 ¶Mhtþm msà pfr fraubbf, eígctf f prjnuchcf6 ‛Xjm uo Ef`grj‛ ¡Xjýfr!... 74;

Jshràgm`j…

. Jsm hmrtm, hf`f bms kj`ís, of duj hfotjstmkm.

 

* @mr  @mryy [ [mybf mybfr. r. ** Jo  Jo Xecrbjy Xecrbjy Hem  Hemrbf rbfttj ttj rjb rjbmtm mtm uo uo suhjsf sc`cbmr quj bj ffhurrj hurrj m su ejrf ejrfàom àom bujaf bujaf kj quj uo uomm **  pjrrm rmgcfsm bj `frkcjrm `frkcjr m jb grmz grmzf> f> ‒…hfaà bm pbmo pbmohem hem ctmbcmom kj ecjrr ecjrrff kjb dujaf, `j mpbcquã mpbcquã bm puotm cohmokjshj cohmokjshjotj otj jo j o jb grmzf grmzf y mprjtã> hmutjrczø bm pjqujým ejrckm‐ ejrckm‐..

 

HMYÀ[ZBF TCCC ZO NFTJO KJ YWFTCOHCMX Jb embbmzaf kjb kcmrcf kj Wfj Ejmk, jo jb quj js pfscgbj jshuhemr bm vfz kj Hemrbfttj sco jb vjbf kj bfs omrrmkfrjs kj bms ofvjbms f jb kj bms hmrtms of scj`prj vjrmhjs m Jbbjo Oussjy, rjvjbø uom rmrm pcjzm mutfgcfarídchm y `uhems ftrms hfsms. Jotrj jbbms, quj su kjsdmbbjhc`cjotf pfr embbmrsj kjstjrrmkm kj sus `uokfs uokfs dchhcfombjs dchhc fombjs jrm moíbfaf moíbfaf mb kj J`cby. J`cby. Xøbf quj jbbm rjscstàm. rjscs tàm. Jo bfs `f`jotfs jo quj bfarmgm jbukcr jb gubbchcf kj sus mbu`oms bbjamgm m bms hc`ms `ís mbtms kj sus josfýmhcfojs> ‒[fkf jstj kàm ej jstmkf jo uo sujýf, m `jkcms trcstj y m `jkcms jxtítchf> trcstj pfrquj of pukj jstmr mdujrm sco cotjrruphcfojs< jxtítchf pfrquj pukj hmsc jodfhmr bm rjmbckmk kj bms vàvckms 74::. Yfr uom efrm sj kjkchø m josjýmr bms buhjs kjb `uokf codjromb‐74 kcstcohcfojs jotrj sustmotcvf y mrtàhubf m bms ocýms Bcstjr, @mrrcftt y Jbbjo Hffl, quj kjgàmo tj`jrbm. Bm jxpbchmhcøo duj sjauckm pfr ‒uo scbjohcf kj `ujrtj‐744  y Hemrbfttj sj mbjnø, mgmtckm pfr bm crrctmhcøo y jb emstàf. Xus vjrkmkjrms prjfhupmhcfojs jstmgmo `uy bjnfs kj Wfj Ejmk. ‒@j  prjauot  prjau otff sc Grmowjbb vjrkmkjrm` vjrkmkjr m`jot jotjj msjscoø msjsc oø m bm kuqujsm kuqujsm (@mry Yjrhy). ¶Jstí jbbm `ujrtm6 ¶Jstí jotjrrmkm6 ¶Jstí sfbm jo bm dràm tcjrrm, jo su trcstj ofhej, hfo jb mtmþk kfrmkf sfgrj su pjhef, gmnf jb ojarf pmvc`jotf kj uom cabjscm, jo uom gøvjkm hjrrmkm6 …Zo hfonuotf kj `csjrmgbjs pjosm`cjotfs 74 1 hrjhj jo `c `c `jotj. `jotj. Jspjrf qu q uj jstã js tã vcvm tfkmvàm.‐741 Yjrf of bf jstmgm. Bfs pjfrjs tj`frjs kj Hemrbfttj sj emgàmo hu`pbckf.

Kcvfrhcmkm, rjpukcmkm pfr su jspfsf y mgmokfomkm pfr su pmkrj, sfbm jo jb

 

jxcbcf, @mry Yjrhy emgàm `ujrtf kj m`fr y ofstmbacm. ‒… Ãstj of jrm hf`f jb bjhef kj `ujrtj kj su `mkrj, mquà of emgàm jspjrmozm kj abfrcm moajbchmb, kjb vjrkmkjrf trcuodf sfgrj bm `ujrtj. Ãstj jrm jb dco kj uo Ocýf kj bm [cjrrm‐, jshrcgcø Grmowjbb jo uo tfof quj motchcpø hcjrtms `fkubmhcfojs kj Hu`grjs frrmshfsms > ‒Bjhtfr, yf of pujkf emhjr ftrm hfsm quj vjrtjr uom bíarc`m jo su `j`frcm‐745 .  Of jrm pfscgbj pfscgb j quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj pjr`ctcjrm pjr`ctcjrm bm `ujrtj kj su ejrfàom. Bms vcscfojs kj su `uokf c`macomrcf, `uhef `ís vàvckms quj bm rjmbckmk kj bm rutcom jshfbmr, bj cospcrmrfo bm ckjm kj kjvfbvjrbj bm vckm. Kjsjheø jb mrtcbuacf kj bm rjsurrjhhcøo, mb quj jrm tmo mdjhtm jo bfs prc`jrfs tcj`pfs kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, pmrm jnjhutmr uom fpjrmhcøo bctjrmrcm rjmbcstm. Bm `ujrtj kj @mry Yjrhy, jshrcgcø bbjom kj gràf, emgàm sckf urkckm pfr bfrk Wchetfo, uo pjrsfomnj kj Grmowjbb, hfo jb dco kj mhchmtjmr bm durcm kj bfs moarcmofs hfotrm su fprjsfr, Wfauj-Ofrtemoajrbmok. Jbbm jstmgm vcvm. Jotfohjs bfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs kjgjràmo emgjr hm`gcmkf> Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy, kuquj kj ^m`from, of kjgjràm emgjr `ujrtf mefamkf jo bm trmvjsàm emhcm jb jxcbcf, hf`f @mry Yjrhy hrjàm< bbjof kj mrrfnf pfr jb m`fr kj su jspfsm, ãb tjokràm quj emgjrsj mr`mkf nuotf hfo sus mbcmkfs pmrm bfarmr bm vchtfrcm kj Moarcm, Mo arcm, y bfs jom` j om`frmkfs frmkfs sj emgràmo rjuockf rjuockf pfr dco jo jb pmbmhcf… pmb mhcf… Yjrff Grmowjbb caofrø pfr hf`pbjtf kj Hemrbfttj. jstjypuotf sfbtø, sj kjseczf, jb prc`jr ecbf, ecbf, uo ejb cbftjxtf quj mrrmstrø hfo ãbSmjo ftrfs prfkunf prfkusj nf kjsamrrfs, rfturms, jo jb tjnckf quj bfs ejr`mofs emgàmo ecbmkf jo su codmohcm. Muo msà, Grmowjbb pjr`ctcø mb kuquj kj ^m`from rjtfromr kj su jxcbcf y `ís mþo, bj ftfraø jb trcuodf sfgrj Wfauj-Ofrtemoajrbmok. Jo jsj `f`jotf Hemrbfttj, pjsj m bm hmrtm kj Xfutejy, f m rmàz kj bm hmrtm kj Xfutejy, f m hmusm kj bm `ujrtj kj @mry Yjrhy, Yjrhy, kjhckcø kjhc kcø kjnmr kjn mr Wfj Ejmk. ‒Sf kjgjràm jstmr jo Kjwsgury @ffr, jb oujvf buamr kfokj sj johujotrm

Wfj Ejmk, y of pukj  prfbfoa  prfbfoamrbf mrbfym`smgjs, ís, oc pjrf `j jstuvj mtrjvà. mbbà @c tmotf smbuktcj`pf y `cshf`f íoc`fs íoc`duc fs hmpmz, `j mgmokfomrfo mgmokfo mrfo

 

tftmb`jotj y jb `ãkchf mb quj hfosubtã `j rjhf`jokø quj, sc vmbfrmgm `c vckm, `j dujrm m hmsm.‐743 Jb hm`gcf kj mcrj, kcnf Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo, bm jspmgcbø j eczf rjomhjr. Xj sjotàm ejhem mýchfs pfr bm jxpjrcjohcm jo bm jshujbm, muoquj kj ejhef qucjo emgàm jstmkf jodjr`m kj armvjkmk emgàm sckf Mooj> jb rjvjrjokf Hemrbjs Bm [rfgj, kj @crdcjbk, codfr`ø quj ‒jstmgm sudrcjokf kj uo sjvjrf mtmquj kj dcjgrj aístrchm quj bm kjgcbctø armvj`jotj, y su vfz jrm søbf uo susurrf< su vckm pjokàm kj uo ecbf‐719 . Yjrf bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr jstmgm sjrcm`jotj  prjfhupmkm pfr bfs tj`gbfrjs tj`gbfrjs y bfs sfgrjsmbtfs sfgrjsm btfs ojrvcfsfs kj He Hemrbfttj. mrbfttj. Bf hcjrtf jrm quj emgàm jxpjrc`jotmkf mbuhcomhcfojs y quj su `jbmohfbàm duj 71 =. Xu `jotj  prfduokm  prfdu okm y kjnø eujbbms> jb kcmaoøstchf kcmaoøstchf du dujj ‒kjsfrkjo ‒ kjsfrkjo ojrvcfs ojrvcfsf‐ f‐71= jstmgm kjstrfzmkm. Jo bfs hf`cjozfs kj `mrzf kj =583, pjsj m bm musjohcm kj jspjrmozms mb rjspjhtf quj emgàm `fstrmkf jb hbãrcaf, Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø su prc`jrm pjtchcøo kj `mtrc`focf. Jotrj tfkfs bfs fgsjqucfs pfscgbjs, ‒bm prfpujstm‐ (m sjhms, msà sj bj b j kjhàm) kjh àm) jrm jb kcm`mot kcm`motjj `ís prjhcmkf prjhc mkf quj pfkàm pfkà m fgtjojr uom uom `uhemhe `uhemhem, m,  pjrf Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj kjtjhtø jo jb mhtf quj of of sj trmtmgm scof kj uom uom ddmbsc mbscdchmhcøo. dchmhcøo. Xu  prjtjokcjotj,  prjtjokcjo tj, jb ejr`mof ejr`mof kj Jbbjo, of jstmgm js tmgm jom`frmkf jom`frmkf kj jbbm. Jb rjvjrjo rjvjrj okf Ejory Oussjy, kj vjcotcscjtj mýfs, hfo bm mkqucschcøo kj uom pmrrfqucm jo bms hjrhmoàms kj Xussjx, jo =583 kjgàm hfosckjrmrsj uo gujo pmrtckf, pfrquj jb rjhemzf rjhcgckf pfhf motjs kj pmrtj kj @mry Butwckaj, bm ejr`mom kj su motcauf vchmrcf, of bj c`pckcø dfr`ubmr co`jkcmtm`jotj bm sjauokm prfpujstm. Jo su hmrtm m Hemrbfttj jb rjvjrjokf Oussjy kjtmbbø quj ojhjsctmgm uom jspfsm quj pukcjrm fhupmrsj kj bfs kjgjrjs pmrrfqucmbjs y kj mtjokjr m bfs  pupcbfs quj pbmojmgm efspjkmr jo su hmsm pmrm cohrj` cohrj`jot jotmr mr sus coarjsfs. coarjsfs. Bm `cscvm csc vm su`mrcm su`mrcmgm gm sco sc o mrrfamohcm mrrfamohcm jb jxhjbjotj jstmkf kj smbuk sm buk kjb sjýfr s jýfr Oussjy y sus rjhursfs jhfoø`chfs, pjrf duj bjàkm pfr Hemrbfttj Grfotì hf`f uo

hmbhubmkf rjtrmtf kj su gujo nuchcf. Bf quj Ejory Oussjy of pukf c`macomr  humokf jshrcgcø jsm hmrtm duj quj sjràm hrctchmkm jo tãr`cofs kj jstcbf. ‒Jstcbf

 

Xjotckf-Hf`þo‐717 , bm hmbcdchø Hemrbfttj motj J`cby. ‒…Xjotàm uom mdjhtufsm kcspfschcøo emhcm ãb, pfrquj js uo ef`grj m`mgbj y gcjo cotjohcfomkf, pjrf of tjoàm oc pfkàm tjojr jsm cotjosm mkfrmhcøo quj `j eugcjrm ejhef sjotcr  kcspujstm m `frcr pfr ãb, y sc mbauom vjz `j hmsf, kjgjrí sjr hfo tmb mkfrmhcøo hf`f hfosckjrmrã m `c jspfsf. Emy kcjz prfgmgcbckmkjs hfotrm uom kj quj ouohm vujbvm m prjsjotírsj`j jsm fpfrtuockmk, pjrf o–c`pfrtj. Mkj`ís, `j kmgm hujotm kj quj hfofhàm tmo pfhf kj `à, quj kcdàhcb`jotj supcjrm m qucão jshrcgàm. ¡Fe! Bj sfrprjokjràm vjr`j jo `c hmríhtjr omturmb kj jotrjhmsm< `j hrjjràm hrjjr àm uom smbvmnj, smbvmnj , rf`íotchm rf`íotchm jotuscmstm jotuscmstm pfr p fr hcjrtf. hc jrtf. Of pfkràm pfkrà m jstmr`j sjotmkm sjotmkm tfkf jb kàm, `crmokf m `c jspfsf hfo armvj rfstrf. @j rjcràm y smtcrczmràm y kcràm bf prc`jrf quj `j vcocjrm m bm hmgjzm. S sc ãb dujrm cotjbcajotj y `j m`mrm jotfohjs, jb `uokf jotjrf, pjsmkf jo bm gmbmozm hfotrm su `jofr kjsjf, sjràm bcvcmof hf`f jb mcrj.‐718 Jo su dfr`mb hmrtm kj rjhemzf, bj kcnf> ‒Zstjk of `j hfofhj< yf of sfy bm 71;; y sj rjtrmtø rf`íotchm,  pjrsfom sjrcm, sjrc m, armvj y kj hmgjzm dràm quj supfoj‐ supfoj‐71 jstrmdmbmrcm, smtàrchm y m vjhjs sjvjrm. Ejory Oussjy, quj jshrcgcø jo su kcmrcf kjb 3 kj `mrzf kj =583> ‒Wjhcgà uom rãpbchm kjsdmvfrmgbj kj H.G. ]uj sj 71 :, pmsø m bm ecstfrcm hf`f Xt. Nfeo Wcvjrs, jb emam bm vfbuotmk kjb Xjýfr‐71:  pfhf rf`íotchf rf`íotchf pmstfr quj pckcø bm `mof `mof m Nmo Nmojj Jyrj. Jyrj. Yjsj m quj Hemrbfttj msjaurø quj ouohm `ís rjhcgcràm ftrm prfpujstm, søbf hcohf `jsjs kjspuãs uo hbãrcaf kj Emwfrte duj m tf`mr jb tã m bm rjhtfràm mhf`pmýmkf kj su myukmotj, uo crbmokãs kj vjcotcfhef mýfs bbm`mkf Kmvck Yryhj, quj sj jom`frø jom`frø kj jbbm jsm `cs`m `cs`m tmrkj. Xjaþo bj hfotø m Jbbjo, Kmvck Yryhj jrm uo nfvjo jxpmoscvf y johmotmkfr  hfo jb quj hfoajocø kj co`jkcmtf> ‒[þ smgjs, Jbbjo, quj yf emgbf hfo dmhcbckmk jo hmsm y ouohm sfy tà`ckm ‛ouohm jstfy fprc`ckm pfr jb `csjrmgbj `mb quj `j sujbj fprc`cr y mtfr`jotmr, kj `fkf quj hfovjrsã hfo jstj

crbmokãs y rjà motj sus grf`ms‐ 714 . Yjrf bf rjhemzø humokf pfhfs kàms `ís tmrkj ãb pckcø su `mof jo uom hmrtm. ‒Sf emgàm fàkf kj m`frjs m prc`jrm vcstm

 

 pjrf jstf supjrm m tfkf.‐711   Muoquj jstmgm fraubbfsm y kcvjrtckm hfo jb suhjsf, jb eu`fr híustchf jodfhmkf sfgrj sus prfpcms pjrspjhtcvms rjvjbm uom fhubtm m`mraurm> ‒Jspjrf quj jstf tj emrí kjstjrocbbmr kj rcsm. Of pmrjhj uom mvjoturm `àm, ¶vjrkmk6 Yfkràm sjr uom kj @mrtem. Jstfy hcjrtm`jotj hfokjomkm m sjr sfbtjrfom. Of c`pfrtm. @j ej rjscaomkf m jsj kjstcof kjskj 71 5. quj tjoàm tjoàm kfhj mýfs‐ mýfs ‐715 Jrmo tcj`pfs kj jdjrvjshjohcm rf`íotchm jo jb prjsgctjrcf. Jo jb vjrmof motjrcfr, kurmotj uom vcsctm kj @mrtem y @mry [mybfr (‒Emhjo tmotf ruckf m `c mbrjkjkfr quj of pujkf sjaucr jshrcgcjokf> @mry jstí tfhmokf jb pcmof< @mrtem jstí hemrbmokf tmo bfhumz`jotj hf`f su pjqujým bjoaum sj bf pjr`ctj, y Grmowjbb jstí kj pcj nuotf m jbbm djstjnmokf sus fhurrjohcms‐713 ), eugf rcsms y kcshuscfojs pfbàtchms y hfqujtjfs hfqujtjfs jotrj jotrj Grmo Grm owjbb wjb b y @mry, @mry, quj jrm gjbbm. gjbb m. Mb bbjamr kj Wfj Ejmk Hemrbfttj sj johfotrø hfo quj J`cby emgàm sckf jovcmkm hf`f afgjromotm m bm jshujbm kj uom tmb sjýfrctm Ymthejtt. Jb jkcdchcf sfgrcf y fshurf kjb hfbjacf, quj mbgjramgm m humrjotm mbu`oms, sj mbzmgm jo Bmw Ecbb, mb jstj kj Embcdmx Emb cdmx,, m of `ís `ís kj trjhj lcbø`jtrfs lcbø`jtrfs kj Emwfrte. Drmohcs Drmohcs Bjybmok mdcr`m quj jsj ftfýf Grmowjbb duj m trmgmnmr hf`f tutfr m uo hfbjacf kj vmrfojs jo jb kcstrctf kj Embcdmx. Bm hjrhmoàm kj Bmw Ecbb, quj jvjotumb`jotj pjr`ctcràm m bfs ejr`mofs vcsctmrsj hfo drjhujohcm, pukf emgjr  fgrmkf m dmvfr kj bm smbckm kj hmsm kj J`cby. Bjybmok tm`gcão kcnf quj J`cby mprjhcø ‒jb marmkmgbj hfbjacf< jb mcrj, pfr bf kj`ís, jrm tmo purf hf`f jb kj Emwfrte y jb pmcsmnj quj kf`comgm Bmw Ecbb jrm sfgjrgcf‐759 . Yjrf sujom `ís hrjàgbj jb kmtf kj bm hmsc hfotj`pfríojm gcøarmdm Jbbcs Hemkwchl> ‒Kcnf m uom hbmsj kj mbu`oms cokcshcpbcomkms quj jb þochf cokcvckuf quj bj austmgm kj tfkm bm jshujbm jshujbm jrm jb pjrrf kj bm hmsm‐ 75= . Bm hmrtm kj Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo sfgrj Bmw Ecbb hfodcr`m bm tjfràm Hemkwchl> ‒Ej tjockf uom hmrtm suym kjskj quj bbjaø. Kjshrcgj uom mtjrrmkfrm su`m kj

fgbcamhcfojs‐. [rmgmnmgm kjskj bms sjcs kj bm `mýmom emstm hjrhm kj bms fohj kj bm ofhej, hfo søbf `jkcm efrm kj jnjrhchcf mb kàm. ‒@j tj`f quj of

 

maumotmrí maumot mrí mbbà.‐ mbbà .‐757 Bmw Ecbb prfpfrhcfoø m J`cby uom mt`øsdjrm bf sudchcjotj`jotj tãtrchm y jstc`ubmotj hf`f pmrm cospcrmrbj jb `ftcvf hjotrmb kj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms> `uy hjrhm kj bm jshujbm sj jrauàm Ecae Xuokjrbmok, bm hmsm sfbmrcjam `ís oftmgbj kjb kcstrctf. Xjaþo mdcr`m Qcbbcm` Xemrp jo su  Bctjrmry Ajfarmpey, bbmm mrquctjhturm kjb jkcdchcf sj rjprjsjotm jo jb jxtjrcfr kj Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms, `cjotrms quj jb cotjrcfr suacjrj jstmr cospcrmkf jo Yfokjb Embb, bm hmsm kj bfs Ejmtfo kj Emwfrte. Bm `moscøo csmgjbcom hjrhmom m bm jshujbm, rjvjstckm jo  pcjkrm hfo rjhmramkms rjhmr amkms jshubturms jshubturms m m`gfs m`gfs bmkfs kj bm dmhemkm dmhemkm y mbauo mbauofs kjsoukfs, jxecgàm hurcfsms coshrcphcfojs jo bmtào quj of pujkjo kjnmr kj rj`ctcr mb jspàrctu kj J`cby> ‒Jstj buamr fkcm, m`m, hmstcam, fgsjrvm, eform bm 758

`mbkmk, bm pmz, bfs hrà`jojs, bms bjyjs, bms pjrsfoms vcrtufsms‐ . J`cby sfpfrtø jb trmgmnf kj costctutrcz sjcs `jsjs, `ís jstfchm quj Hemrbfttj  pfrquj of of sj qujnø, muoquj muoquj jshrcgcø uo pfj`m> pfj`m>    Emy uo buamr jotrj jotrj íspjrms hfbc hfbcoms, oms, kfokj jb covcjrof grm`m y bm bbuvcm js tfrrjohcmb<  pjrf sc bþaugrj bm tj`pjstmk ecjb ecjbm, m, emy uom buz quj vujbvj m hmbjotmr.    Bm hmsm js vcjnm, bfs b fs írgfbjs, kjsoukfs  y sco buom sj hf`gm bm ojgbcofsm gøvjkm  pjrf, ¶quã emy jo bm tcjrr tcjrrmm `ís m` m`mkf, mkf, 75 ; `ís moscmkf quj jb prf prfpcf pcf efamr675;   Wjarjsø m Emwfrte jo `mrzf kj =583 y sj vfbvcø m hruzmr hfo Mooj, quj m bfs kcjhcoujvj mýfs, hfo uom dfr`mhcøo of `uy søbckm pjrf `jnfr prjpmrmkm

jo ftrfs mspjhtfs quj J`cby, j`prjokcø vcmnj ru`gf m su prc`jr trmgmnf hf`f costctutrcz. ‒¡Yfgrj ocým!‐, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo> ‒Ofs kjnø jb buojs

 

 pmsmkf. Omkcj du dujj m mhf`pmýmrb mhf`pmýmrbm. m. [mb du dujj su kjsjf, quj sj bj pjr`ctcjrm pjr`ctcjrm cr  sfbm… Hujotm quj jstí `uy smtcsdjhem y quj bm sjýfrm Coaem` js `uy m`mgbj<  gmnf su hmraf jstío sfbm`jotj sfbm`jotj bms kfs ocýms `myfrjs< bfs kj`ís kj`ís jstío hfodcomkfs jo bm emgctmhcøo kj bfs ocýfs pjqujýfs. Mbbà jbbm of tcjoj ocoauom fgbcamhcøo. Xus mbu`oms sfo `uy tfotms. Ocoauom kj bms kfs smgj bjjr y mbauoms vjhjs cohbusf `ujstrmo uo tftmb kjshfofhc`cjotf kjb mbdmgjtf. Bf pjfr  kj tfkf js quj bfs ocýfs jstío `uy hfosjotckfs y jbbm of tcjoj mutfrckmk pmrm hmstcamrbfs. Xj supfoj quj humokf tcjojo `mb hf`pfrtm`cjotf jbbm kjgj codfr`mr m bm `mkrj, pjrf bm rjmbckmk js quj sc bf emhj, sj bm jshuhem hf`f sc of dujrm jb `f`jotf fpfrtuof y km caumb sc sj qujnm kj bm `mýmom m bm ofhej. 75 :. Jotfohjs, mbtjromtcvm`jotj bfs rcýj, bfs mkubm y bfs m`jomzm…‐ 75: Bm sjýfrm Coaem`, hf`f jb rjstf kj bfs j`pbjmkfrjs kj bfs ejr`mofs Grfotì, duj co`frtmbczmkm hfo sus pjqujýms gmnjzms y rucokmkjs. @ís vjbmkm sj `motuvf bm hrujbkmk kj bfs `mjstrfs kj sus ecnfs. Xj kchj quj Mooj bbjaø m mtmr m uom scbbm m uof kj bfs ocýfs, pjrf jstm ecpøtjscs, hfrrfgfrmkm pfr @urcjb Xpmrl *  jo uo josmyf sfgrj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì, hfrrj pfr hujotm kj bfs jstukcfsfs quj qucjrjo bjjr  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy  hf`f uom ofvjbm mutfgcfarídchm> ‒Mbauoms vjhjs, humokf jstmgm mb bà`ctj kj bm kjsjspjrmhcøo, bm smhukàm vcfbjotm`jotj pfr bfs ef`grfs, bj tcrmgm kjb pjbf f bm hmstcamgm jo uo rcohøo< su rjspujstm,bmjotfohjs, jrm bmozmr uofs arctfs maukfs jstrckjotjs `j mtrmvjsmgmo hmgjzm hf`f uo huhecbbf. Sf tjoàm qujyhfrrjr kjtrís quj kj `cs mbu`oms, bbjvmrbms f mrrmstrmrbms emstm bm `jsm y, hfo drjhujohcm, tjojrbms 7544. Bfs Coaem` sunjtms m bm dujrzm emstm quj bm bjhhcøo emgàm tjr`comkf…‐ 75 kjspckcjrfo m Mooj jo bm Omvckmk kj =583, gmnf bm rjhrc`comhcøo kj of emgjr  hu`pbckf hu` pbckf sus tmrjms hfo jdchmhcm. jdchmhc m. Xc Grmowjbb trmgmnø hf`f tutfr jo Embcdmx, rjarjsø prfotf. Bjybmok rftubø m bm josjýmozm hf`f uo àtj` `ís jo bm bcstm kj drmhmsfs ‛mtrcguckfs m sus

ojrvcfs crrctmgbjs y su pjtubmohcm ‛  kj   kj su m`caf, pjrf bm jxpjrcjohcm tm`gcão  pfkràm cotjrprjtmrsj cotjrprjtmrsj hf`f hf`f uo jstà`u jstà`ubf jdjhtcvf pmrm pmr m su hrjmhcøo hrjm hcøo bctjrmrc b ctjrmrcm, m, quj

 

of kjnø kj `motjojr uo cotjosf rct`f kj prfkuhhcøo. Hfo `jofs kjsjfs kj josjýmr quj ouohm  ‛ bm bm hmgjzm bj gubbàm kj prfyjhtfs  ‛ , Hemrbfttj mhjptø su prc`jr pujstf kj afgjromotm kjotrf kj uom dm`cbcm. Jo `myf kj =583 sj eczf hmraf kj bfs ecnfs `jofrjs kjb sjýfr y bm sjýfrm Xckawchl ‛ftrf of`grj quj jbbm hfovjrtcràm jo hãbjgrj‛ jo Xtfoj Amppj, m trjcotm y kfs lcbø`jtrfs kj Emwfrte. Jo hmbckmk kj rjj`pbmzmotj kj bm afgjromotm kj bm dm`cbcm, su trmgmnf søbf sj rjqujràm pfr kfs `jsjs. Zom hmrtm m J`cby, m bm quj bbm`m joca`ítchm`jotj Bmvcocm** Bmvcocm **,, j`pcjzm hfo hcjrtf fptc`cs`f> ‒@j jstfy jsdfrzmokf pfr jstmr hfotjotm jo `c oujvf trmgmnf. Jb hm`pf, bm hmsm y bfs tjrrjofs sfo, hf`f ej kchef, kcvcofs. Yjrf ¡my kj `à, jb kàm!... [j kcnj jo `c þbtc`m hmrtm quj bm sjýfrm Xckawchl of `j hfofhàm. Mefrm 7511 75

j`pcjzf m hrjjr quj of cotjotm hfofhjr`j< of bj cotjrjsm omkm kj `à‐ . Xus kcshàpubfs jrmo uom ocým kj scjtj mýfs, @mtecbkm, y Nfeo, uo ocýf kj trjs, m`gfs kj`mscmkf pjqujýfs hf`f pmrm sjr costruckfs pfr Hemrbfttj, y 7555. Mýfs kjspuãs jxhjscvm`jotj ‒gubbchcfsfs, pjrvjrsfs j co`mojnmgbjs‐75 rjbmtø quj Nfeo Xckawchl bbjaø m tcrmrbj uom pcjkrm jo bm drjotj kurmotj su cotjrvjohcøo jo uom kcsputm jotrj ejr`mofs. Mb sjr cotjrrfamkm pfr bm `mkrj m  prfpøsctf  prfpøsc tf kj sus ejrckms Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj sj s j rjeusø rjeusø m mhusmr m Nfeo, Nfeo, y msà sj amoø amoø bm hfodcmozm kj bfs ocýfs. Yjrf of bm kj su `mkrj. Kurmotj uom hjom, humokf Nfeo tf`ø bm `mof kj Hemrbfttj pmrm kjhcrbj> ‒[j qucjrf, @css Grfotì‐ 753 , bm sjýfrm Xckawchl rjpbchø> rjpbc hø> ‒¡]ujrjr ‒¡]ujrjr m bm costctu costctutrcz, eecnc cnctf! tf!‐. ‐. Zo sfgrcof kj bfs Xckawchl, jb jshrctfr M. H. Gjosfo, moftø quj uof kj sus 7399.  prc`fs ‒hcjrtm`jot ‒hcjrtm`jotjj jo uom uom fhmscøo mrrfnø uom uom Gcgbcm m bm b m sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Grfotì‐ Grfotì‐73 [mb vjz hfoduokcø jb jpcsfkcf kj bms pcjkrms, pjrf tm`gcão kcnf quj sus tàfs tjoàmo bm c`prjscøo kj quj bm sjýfrctm Grfotì ‒of tjoàm jb kfo kj hf`uochmrsj 73 = y quj sj `motuvf ‒jo uo jstmkf `ørgckf‐ kurmotj tfkm su hfo bfs ocýfs‐73= jstmkàm jo Xtfoj Amppj. ‒Xc jrm covctmkm m hm`comr m bm cabjscm hfo jbbfs,

 pjosmgm quj bj kmgmo ørkjojs hf`f hf`f m uom uom jshbmvm< jshbmv m< sc of jrm covctmkm, sj 73 7 c`maco c` macomgm mgm quj jrm `mraco mracomkm mkm kjb hàrhu hàrh ubf kj k j bm dm`cbc dm`cbcm.‐ m.‐737

 

Bfs sujýfs kj Grmowjbb hf`f nfvjo kj prfvcohcm quj moejbmgm prfgmr  dfrtuom jo bm armo hcukmk sj `mtjrcmbczmrfo jo uo humrtf mbqucbmkf kj bm hmbbj Dfuotmco, jo Grmkdfrk. Kjspuãs kj uo cotjotf dmbbckf kj hfbfhmrbf hf`f j`pbjmkf kj gmohf jo Bcvjrpffb, jo bfs prc`jrfs `jsjs kj =585 jb pírrfhf sj  prfpusf emhjrbf hfofhjr hf hf` `f pcot p cotfr fr kj rjtrmtfs, uom uom prfdjscøo kcaom pmrm uo duturf mrtcstm. Grmowjb sj costmbø jo bm hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Lcrgy, uofs hmsjrfs efofrmgbjs y pmhàdchfs. Yrfotf sj cotrfkunf jo uo hàrhubf kj nøvjojs jbjvmkfs, mrtcstms jotuscmstms quj sj rjuoàmo jo jb eftjb Ajfraj, kfokj sfbàmo gjgjr   pfohejj kj wecsly y kcshutcr sfgrj mrtj y pfjsàm emstm  pfohe emstm bm `mkruamkm, mkruamkm, bm vckm  gfej`cm  gfej` cm hfo bm quj sfýmgm kjskj ocýf. Xu trmsbmkf m Grmkdfrk, bm armo hmpctmb kj bm bmom jo bm jrm kj bm Wjvfbuhcøo Cokustrcmb, kj uo `fkf prfvcohcmof bf jqucpmrmgm hfo jb kjvjocr trmseu`motj kj bfs pfjtms rf`íotchfs, moejbmotjs kj smbcr m jxpbfrmr jb `uokf y johfotrmrsj hfo mvjoturms (f prfvfhmrbms). Jo bm ãpfhm jo quj bbjaø m bms `jsms kjb eftjb Ajfraj hf`f pmrrfqucmof, Grmowjbb of jrm uo ojødctf jo gjgckms jspcrctufsms, muoquj ouohm motjs emgàm jxpjrc`jotmkf bm mgsfbutm bcgjrtmk kj mhhcøo quj bj prfpfrhcfomgm bm vckm kj mrtcstm. Sm hfofhàm m Nfeo Euotjr [ef`psfo, hf`pmýjrf kj hbmsj kj Bjjks `cjotrms m`gfs jstukcmgmo hfo Qcbbcm` Wfgcosfo. [ef`psfo, pcotfr, tmbbmkfr y kfrmkfr, gmstmotj hãbjgrj jo hf`f dfr jb pmcsmncstm Nfeo Qcbsfo Mokjrsfo,jrm quj emgàm jxpujstf jo bm bm hcukmk, OfrtejromsàXfhcjty tej Johfurmaj`jot f tej Dcoj Mrts kj Bjjks, y jb rjtrmtcstm Qcbbcm` Ajbbjr, quj pfr bf ajojrmb trmgmnmgm jo Bfokrjs. Yjrf su m`caf `ís jotrmýmgbj duj jb jshubtfr Nfsjpe Gjotbjy Bjybmok, nfvjo bu`comrcm quj jo bfs þbtc`fs mýfs emgàm trcuodmkf jo Bfokrjs y hf`pmrtàm sus austfs bctjrmrcfs y mrtàstchfs (ejr`mof kj Drmohcs Bjybmok, duturf gcøarmdf kj bfs Grfotì). [m`gcão trmgø m`cstmk hfo mbauofs jshrctfrjs bfhmbjs hf`f Wfgjrt Xtfry, jb pfjtm kj Amrarmvj jo Sfrlsecrj

Kmbjs, qucjo pugbchmgm rjaubmr`jotj jo uo bm motchumrcf prjosm prfvcohcmb tjoàmtmrkj kfs vfbþ`jojs c`prjsfs, y hfo Nfeo Nm`js, bfhmb qujy `ís

 

 pugbchø uom uom jxhjbjotj jxhjbjotj ecstfrcm kj Grmkdfrk. Hfo jstfs j stfs m`cafs m`cafs f hf`pmýjrfs hf`pmýjrfs kj nujrams sfbàm pmsmr vjbmkms bctjrmrcms jo bms quj cotjrhm`gcmgmo tjxtfs pmrm bjjrbfs jo vfz mbtm y bujaf kcshutcrbfs, hf`f emgàm ejhef motjs hfo sus ejr`moms. Motj jstm tjrtubcm bjyø drma`jotfs kj uom kj sus `jnfrjs fgrms, ‒Xcr  Ejory [uostmbb‐. Jo bms pmrjkjs kj su motcauf kfr`ctfrcf kj bm rjhtfràm hujbamo vmrcfs kj bfs rjtrmtfs quj pcotø pfr johmraf jo Grmkdfrk, kj `fkf quj of bj dmbtø trmgmnf, muoquj js pfscgbj quj of emym rjsubtmkf sudchcjotj pmrm pmamr sus jxpjosms. Jo bm auàm kj =5;8 kj bm zfom dcaurm uo mbtf oþ`jrf kj mrtcstms jxpjrc`jotmkfs, jstmgbjhckfs jo bm hcukmk kjskj emhàm `uhefs mýfs motjs. Bm auàm `johcfom m vjcotj pcotfrjs þochm`jotj jo Grmkdfrk, y humbqucjr km`m f hmgmbbjrf bf rmzfomgbj`jotj rchf hf`f pmrm johmramr su rjtrmtf tm`gcão pfkàm mhukcr m Embcdmx f Bjjks, Bjjks, f m Bfokrjs, Bfokrjs, kfokj vcvàmo bfs mrtcstms `ís hfofhckfs. Jo jstj hm`pf bm kcdchubtmk pmrm amomrsj bm vckm, cohbusf pmrm mqujbbfs kftmkfs kj hfosckjrmgbj tmbjotf, duj cbustrmkf hfo bm rjpjotcom `ujrtj kjb `mjstrf kj Grmowjbb, Qcbbcm` Wfgcosfo, m bfs trjcotm y oujvj mýfs. ‒Jo uom costmohcm kj su vckm, jb armo ãxctf hf`f rjtrmtcstm bf cotrfkunf jo bfs hàrhubfs sfhcmbjs `ís mbtfs, y bfs jxqucsctfs trmzfs kjb bípcz quj mkfromo bms pmrjkjs kjb Ymbmhcf Wjmb y bms rjsckjohcms kj `uhefs ofgbjs kmo tjstc`focf mhmgmkf kj su tmbjotf. Emstm dcomb sujo tmbjotf of tuvf hf`pmrmhcøo y sus codfr`mr þbtc`fs trmgmnfs sjr bfsjb`jnfrjs kjtmbbjs y gjbbjzm. Bm`jotm`fs quj em `ujstrmo kjnmkf m uom vcukm y m sjcs ocýfs tftmb`jotj kjsprfvcstfs kj sustjotf.‐738   Jb sjýfr  Grfotì of kjgj emgjr bjàkf sco coqucjtuk bm oftchcm kj quj uo jarjsmkf kj bm Wfymb Mhmkj`y kj Bfokrjs y motcauf mbu`of kj [ef`ms Bmwrjohj, kj tmotf tmbjotff y rjspjtmgcbckmk, tmbjot rjspjtmgcbc kmk, eugcjrm eugcjrm kjnmkf m su dm`cbc dm`cbcmm kjsm`pmrmkm.

 

Bm `myfràm kj bfs jstukcfsfs kj bm vckm kj bm dm`cbcm mdcr`ø quj Grmowjbb vcvcø jo Grmkdfrk jo uo jstmkf kj smbvmnj kcscpmhcøo y quj hfotrmnf coouu`jrmgbjs coo jrmgbj s kjukms. kj ukms. Bf Bf hcjrtf hc jrtf js quj mbbà Grmowjbb jxpjrc`jot jxpjrc`jotø, ø, pfr prc`jrm vjz sco bfs bà`ctjs quj bj c`pfoàm bm hjrhmoàm kj su pmkrj, hfo bms `cs`ms sustmohcms jspcrctufsms quj cospcrmgmo m sus vjojrmkfs pfjtms kjb  Gbmhlwffk , hf`f jb fpcf y jb wecsly. Jo humotf m bms kjukms, js pfscgbj quj su tj`pjrm`jotf jotuscmstm, mhchmtjmkf pfr bm gjgckm, bf emym c`pubsmkf m covctmr  hfo trmafs y hjoms m bfs cotjarmotjs kjb hàrhubf kj mrtcstms mb quj moejbmgm  pjrtjojhjr.. Xjaþo rjvjbmo  pjrtjojhjr rjvjbm o bfs rjacstrfs kjb Ajfraj, Ajfraj, emstm mafstf mafstf pmaø  puotu  puo tumb`jo mb`jotj tj hmkm aftm aftm kj wecsly wecsly quj tf` tf`ø, ø, pjrf emy ftrms vjrscfojs. vjrsc fojs. Jo uom hmrtm m su m`caf N. E. [ef`psfo jshrctm kjskj Emwfrte, hfodjsø tjojr ‒mbauoms kjukms‐73;  kj bms quj oc jb pmkrj oc bm tàm tjoàmo hfofhc`cjotf.  Of sj rjdjràm m bm hmsjrm hmsjrm,, quj rjhbm`mgm rj hbm`mgm su s u rjarjsf rj arjsf pfr uo msuot msuotff rjbmtcvf mb  gmrocz kj uofs uofs rjtrmtfs, rjtrmtfs, quj pukcjrfo pukcjrfo emgjr sjrvckf pmrm p mrm pmamr bm rjot r jotm> m> ‒Jstfy sfrprjokckf kjb pjkckf kj bm Xrm. Lcrgy, pujs bj kcnj quj humokf rjarjsmrm bj  gmroczmràm trjs< of jotcjokf jotcjokf m bms pjrsfoms quj hfod hfoduo uokjo kjo m` m`mgcbc mgcbckmk kmk hfo 73::. Bfs humkrfs kj bm hmsjrm sj `motuvcjrfo sco su gmrocz< uof kj fgbcamhcøo‐73 jbbfs js uo rjtrmtf kj bm sjýfrm Lcrgy jo jb quj pmrjhj uo pínmrf trcstj, hfo uo

 pbu`mnj jo dfr`m  pbu`mnj dfr`m kj hfbm kj pmvf rjmb rfkjíokfbj bm hmgjzm. [rjs `jsjs kjspuãs jbbm jb bm sjauàm sjauàm jovcíokfbj jovcíokfbj `josmnjs m trmvãs kj [ef` [ef`psfo. psfo.

 

Mbauoms dujotjs suacjrjo quj bms kjukms kj Grmowjbb ‒of jrmo kj bms quj sj  pfkàmo `johcfo `johcfomr mr jo bm hmsm kj bfs Grfotì‐ Grfotì‐734 , uom drmsj m`gcaum quj pfkràm sjýmbmrr m bm prfstctuhcøo. sjýmbm prfstctuhcøo. Bms coscstjotjs coscstjotjs mbuscfojs m su kcscpmhcøo kcscpm hcøo suacjrjo suacjrjo quj kjgj kj emgjr jxpjrc`jotmkf jb sjxf kurmotj jstm dmsj. Drmohcs Bjybmok of eczf hf`jotmrcfs, søbf kcnf quj ‒hcjrtm`jotj ãb of jrm uo mbhfeøbchf< y quj sc tf`mgm, tf` mgm, kjspuãs kjs puãs kj tfkf, jrm søbf s øbf jo fhmscfojs‐ fhmsc fojs‐731  y of `ís quj su hàrhubf kj m`cstmkjs, m` cstmkjs, qu q uj of kjgàmo kjgàm o gjgjr pfhf. @mramrjt Emrtbjy, bm sfgrcom kj su hmsjrm, kjs`cjotj m tfkfs> ‒Jrm kj gmnm jstmturm, mbrjkjkfr kj uo `jtrf y sjsjotm hjotà`jtrfs> `joukf, muoquj gcjo  prfpfrhcfomkf.  prfpfrhc fomkf. @u @uy pfhm ajot ajotjj bf vcsctmgm< v csctmgm< pjrf rjhujrkf hbmrm` hbm rm`jot jotjj mb sjýfr  [ef`psfo, tm`gcão pcotfr, y m su ejr`mom Hemrbfttj, hfo sus `fkfs tàpchfs kj ejr`mom. Xj qujkmgm uo kàm y hrjf quj jrm su þochm vcsctm. Xmbàmo nuotfs kj bm hmsm y ãb bm mhf`pmýmgm mb hfhej kj Ljcaebjy. Jb nfvjo sjýfr Grfotì mhfstu` mhfstu `grmgm vfbvjr m su hmsm bfs dcojs dcojs kj sj`mom. sj`mom. M vjhjs tf` tf`mgm mgm jb hfhej m Ljcaebjy y jo ftrms fhmscfojs hruzmgm bm bbmourm, hm`comokf emstm Emwfrte. Jrm uo nfvjo sjrcf, kj hfokuhtm jnj`pbmr, quj ofs marmkmgm `uhef‐735 . Jb 8= kj nubcf bf vcsctø tm`gcão J`cby, pmrm trmoshrcgcr sus `moushrctfs. Yfr bm rmzøo quj dujrm, jb pírrfhf kjhckcø bbjvmrbf kj rjarjsf m Emwfrte. Msà, jb duturf kj Grmowjbb hf`f mrtcstm of bbjaø, f jb pírrfhf of tuvf  pmhcjohcm f kcojrf pmrm jspjrmrbf. jspjrmr bf. Xco `ís kmtfs, sj supfoj supfoj quj hjrrø su jstukcf jo `myf kj =583, m `jofs kj uo mýf kj emgjr bbjamkf m Grmkdfrk,  pjrf js `ís prfgmgbj quj rjarjsmrm m Emwfrte kjspuãs kj sjcs `jsjs. Jotrj jb 7= y jb 78 kj djgrjrf jshrcgcø uo bmraf hmpàtubf kj bm smam kj Moarcm quj jstí djhemkf jo Emwfrte y, m hf`cjozfs kj `mrzf, sjaþo hfostmtmo uoms oftms quj jshrcgcø mb `mrajo, rjbjyø jb sjauokf bcgrf kj bms Fkms  kj Efrmhcf kj bm  gcgbcftjhm  gcgbc ftjhm kj su pmkrj. Hemrbfttj of dubaurmgm, hf`f su ejr`mof, jo bm vckm sfhcmb. Jo jb smbøo kj

bm dm`cbcm Xckawchl, quj jrm `uy jbjamotj, sj cotc`ckmgm drjotj m bfs jxtrmýfs hf`f jo sus kàms kj hfbjacmbm, tmotf quj su mtrmhhcøo pfr bfs í`gctfs

 

mrcstfhrítchfs kj Moarcm hjsø pfr hf`pbjtf. Yjrf jsms ofhejs `uokmoms, `ís mkjbmotj, rjbu`grmrfo rjbu`grmrfo jo bms jshjofarmdàms jshjofarmdàms y vfhjs kj bms bm s dcjstms jo j o Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj. Bf quj `ís bm dmstckcmgm jo su j`pbjf hfo bfs Xckawchl, mkj`ís kj bms tmrjms kj bc`pcmr bms omrchjs kj bfs ocýfs f moukmr bfs hfrkfojs kj sus zmpmtfs, jrm jb trmgmnf kj hfsturm> cotjr`comgbjs `jtrfs kj vjstckfs pmrm emhjr  kfgbmkcbbfs kfgbmkc bbfs.. Bm hfodjhhcøo hfodjhhcøo kj afrrfs kj kfr`cr kfr`cr kj `usjbc `usjbcom om bj prfkuhàm pr fkuhàm `jofs `jofs mvjrscøo quj hfsjr rfpms pmrm vjstcr `uýjhms. Jo bm `cs`m hmrtm m ‒Bmvcocm‐ bmozø uo `mocdcjstf pfbàtchf> ‒Mefrm vjf `ís hbmrf quj ouohm quj uom costctutrcz prcvmkm of tcjoj jxcstjohcm‐733 . Kj pmsf, bm drmsj rjcvcokchø m bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr. Emhcm jb dcomb, bj pckcø m J`cby quj fhubtmrm su hmrtm mb  pírrfhf y m bm tàm, pjrf of m Grmowjb Grmowjbb.b. Zo `js kjspuãs, jo rjspujstm m uom hmrtm kj J`cby, su pbu`m sj mbcajrø> ‒@c bcokf m`fr> @j pusj tmo kchefsm hfo tu hmrtm quj mpjoms pujkf jxprjsmrbf. Js uo mutãot mutãotchf chf pbmhjr p bmhjr smgjr kj hmsm> hmsm > mbaf mb af pmrm tjo tjojr jr msjau ms jaurmkf rmkf emstm bm efrm kj bm hm`m, quj js humokf tjoaf uo `f`jotf kj qucjtuk y kjshmosf y… kcsdrutf. Jshràgj` Jshràgj `j scj` sc j`prj prj quj pujkms. pujkms. @j austmràm austmràm jstmr jo hmsm. @j au austmràm trmgmnmr  jo uo `fbcof. @j austmràm tjojr bcgjrtmk `jotmb. @j… Hfrmaacf‐899 . Xj `motuvf jo Xtfoj Amppj bfs kfs `jsjs prfarm`mkfs y bjs smhø  prfvjhef. S of søbf pfrquj jb ocýf Gjosfo Gjosfo Xckawchl duj duj jb cospcrmkfr kjb  pjrsfomnj kj Nfeo Wjjk Wjjk kj  Nmoj Jyrj, sjaþo sj kcnf. Jo Ofrtfo Hfoyjrs, uom hmsm kj bms hjrhmoàms quj vcsctø jo jsfs kàms, sj hfotmgm bm bjyjokm kj uom `unjr bfhm, jshfokckm jo jb ítchf. Jb rjarjsf kj Grmowjbb m Emwfrte duj sjauckf hmsc kj co`jkcmtf pfr jb kj J`cby, prfvjocjotj kj Bmw Ecbb. J`cby emgàm rjarjsmkf m bm jshujbm kjspuãs kj Omvckmk hfo bm cotjohcøo kj rjcochcmr su trmgmnf kj afgjromotm, pjrf of  pukf `motjojrsj motjojrsj mbbà. mbbà . Kjspuãs Kjspuãs kj uom uom sjrcj sjrc j kj pfj`ms pfj`ms jshrctfs jshrc tfs jo jb ftfýf, søbf jshrcgcø uo tjxtf kj Afokmb kurmotj bms vmhmhcfojs covjrombjs. Jotrj jb

=7 kj jojrf y jb 71 kj `mrzf kj =583 mpmrjotj`jotj of jshrcgcø, y jstj mbjnm`cjotf kj Afokmb, hf`f Hemrbfttj smgàm, søbf pfkàm trmjrbj kjskchem.

 

Mbrjkjkfr kj `mrzf f mgrcb sudrcø uo hfbmpsf ojrvcfsf quj bm fgbcaø m rjarjsmr m Emwfrte. Bfs sjcs `jsjs jo quj trmgmnø hf`f `mjstrm dujrfo bfs  prc`jrfs y þochfs jo quj quj pukf amomrsj amomrsj jb sustjotf, sustjotf, sc of sj ttcjojo cjojo jo hujot hujotmm bms vjotms kj Hu` Hu`grjs grjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms. Jo jsfs kàms Jbbjo prfpusf m Hemrbfttj vcmnmr nuotms m Jmstfo, jo bm hfstm `mràtc`m kjb ofrtj kj Sfrlsecrj. Jb pírrfhf y bm tàm Grmowjbb puscjrfo kcstcotfs fgstíhubfs pmrm quj sj rjmbczmrm jb vcmnj> bm hmbjsm f bm kcbcajohcm, ‒jb tcj`pf y bfs hm`cofs y bfs humtrf vcjotfs kjb hcjbf‐89= . Bm tàm bbjaø m suajrcr uo vcmnj dm`cbcmr m Bcvjrpffb ‛uom pjrspjhtcvm `uhef `ís mgurrckm  pmrm Hemrbfttj‛ Hemrbfttj‛ y Jbbjo tuvf tuvf quj vcmnmr vcmnm r jspjhcmb` jspjhc mb`jot jotjj m Emwfrte pmrm hfovjohjrbm. Yjrf bf hfoscaucø y `cjotrms Grmowjbb grf`jmgm sfgrj bm ‒grmvm kjrrftm‐897   kj ‒bfs jshãptchfs‐ y bms ejr`moms `jofrjs bm kjspjkàmo hfo mbjaràm, Hemrbfttj hfbfhø su jqucpmnj rjhcão j`pmhmkf jo bm hmbjsm hfotrmtmkm  pfr Jbbjo. Bm ofvjkmk kjb vcmnj vcmn j jo trjo, trjo, quj tf`mrfo tf`mrfo jo Bjjks emstm Sfrl, kjgj emgjrbm jxhctmkf bf sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm of mtj`frczmrsj drjotj m bfs jxtrmýfs. Motj bm vcstm kjb `mr kjrrm`ø bíarc`ms quj cotjotø kcsc`ubmr, emstm quj su m`cam bm kjnø sfbm pfr uo rmtf pmrm johfotrmrbm `ís tmrkj, hfo bfs fnfs jorfnjhckfs y dmtcamkm pfr bm hfo`fhcøo. (‒Jbbm jstmgm scbjohcfsm`jotj 89 8, hfotø Jbbjo.) mgru`mkm‐898 Jo bfs kàms scaucjotjs pmsjmrfo pfr bfs gfsqujs hjrhmofs m Gfyotfo y  pmsmrfo ‒mbjarjs vjbmkms‐ vjbmkms ‐89; > ‒¶Ems fbvckmkf ym jb `mr, J.6 ¶Xj em kjsvmojhckf jo tu `jotj6 ¶F pujkjs vjrbf mþo, fshurf, mzub y vjrkj, f gbmohf kj jspu`m, y fàrbf ruacr tj`pjstufsm`jotj humokf jb vcjotf js gfrrmshfsf f mvmozmr gbmokm`jotj humokf js hmb`f6‐. Hemrbfttj fbvckø sus motjfnfs jo Jmstfo y mb rjarjsmr m Emwfrte pmsø vmrcms sj`moms kj cohf`fkckmk m bm efrm kj bjjr, jshrcgcr f kcgunmr, pjrf bms vmhmhcfojs bj emgàmo sjotmkf gcjo. ‒Xc m`gms vcvc`fs, jstj pjràfkf kj oujstrms vckms sjrí pfr `uhef tcj`pf tj`m kj

89:: marmkmgbj rjhujrkf.‐89 Jb dco kj mýf kj =583 johfotrø m Hemrbfttj y J`cby rjuockms jo jb pujgbf,

 

`uy mtmrjmkms pfr bm musjohcm kj [mggy, m qucjo uom þbhjrm jo bm pcjrom emgàm fgbcamkf, jstm vjz, m rjtcrmrsj m hmsm kj su ejr`mom. M bfs vjcotctrãs mýfs, Hemrbfttj kjhckcø sjpmrmrsj kj Moarcm pmrm kjnmr mtrís jb `uokf quj emgàm johjokckf su c`macomhcøo pfr `ís kj fohj mýfs. Wugrchø uo dfr`mb rjpukcf m su Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm jo jb grjvj tjxtf ‒Mkcøs m Moarcm‐ kj =585, muoquj buheø hfotrm sus codbujohcms, f sj sugfrkcoø m jbbms, kurmotj vmrcfs mýfs `ís. @ís mkjbmotj uzaø hf`f `frgfsfs jb hbc`m mrkcjotj y bfs hcjbfs codbm`mkfs kj Moarcm y tjoàm rmzøo, pjrf  Nmoj Jyrj, quj trmoshurrj jo jb ofrtj kj Coabmtjrrm, tm`pfhf  pukf kjspfnmrsj kj jsm j sm hfokchcøo. Jo bfs kcjhcfhef `jsjs quj pjr`mojhcø jo bm rjhtfràm Hemrbfttj sj johmraø kj bm pbmohem y kj bm bc`pcjzm kj bms emgctmhcfojs< J`cby kj bm hfhcom y jb efrof. Oc scqucjrm bms rjprc`jokms kj bm tàm, quj of pmrjhjo emgjr sckf cofdjoscvms, rjsubtmgmo tmo pjofsms hf`f bfs j`pbjfs kj afgjromotm. ‒… Fkcf 8944, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. y mgfrrjzhf bm `jrm ofhcøo kj sjr costctutrcz‐ 89 ‒Xf`fs uofs moc`mbjs tmo jxtrmýfs quj prjdjrc`fs jstf motjs quj tjojr uom hmrm oujvm jotrj ofsftrfs. Mkj`ís of pjrkj`fs bm jspjrmozm kj quj [mggy vujbvm. Yrfvfquã bm crm kj `c tàm bm prc`jrm vjz quj pbmoheã, pujs quj`ã uoms rfpms. Yjrf ym bf emaf `jnfr… Xfy `uhef `ís djbcz bc`pcmokf bms hec`jojms, emhcjokf bms hm`ms y gmrrcjokf bfs sujbfs , quj vcvcjokf hf`f uom dcom sjýfrm 8911 89

jo humbqucjr ftrf buamr.‐ Jo su hmrtm m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, @mry [mybfr cbustrø jb rjtrmc`cjotf kj bms ejr`moms> ‒Bms trjs nøvjojs sfbàmo sugcr emhcm jb ojarf pþrpurm kjb pírm`f, huym `mnjstufsm supjrdchcj sj rf`pàm mquà y mbbí pfr hmotjrms kj pcjkrm, y sc tjoàmo bm dujrzm y jb tcj`pf sudchcjotj pmrm cr `ís bjnfs, pfkàmo mbhmozmr uo smbtf kj maum, kfokj emgàm uo rcmheujbf quj kjshjokàm sfgrj bms rfhms y hmàm emstm jb dfokf. Wmrm`jotj gmnmgmo mb pujgbf. Jrmo tà`ckms cohbusf pmrm johfotrmrsj johfo trmrsj hfo bms hmrms h mrms `ís dm`cbc dm`cbcmrjs mrjs y tjoàmo tjoàmo jshrþpubfs kj cotrfkuhcrsj cotrfkuhcrsj jo

bms hmsms kj bfs pfgrjs sco sjr covctmkms. Jstuvcjrfo hf`f `mjstrms dfr`mbjs jo bm jshujbm kf`cochmb, uom hfstu`grj quj Hemrbfttj `motuvf... Yjrf ouohm

 

jotrjamrfo su m`mgcbc jotrjamrfo m`mgcbckmk kmk vfbuotmrcm` vfbuotmrcm`jot jotj. j. Xcj` Xc j`prj prj prjdcrcj prjdcrcjrfo rfo bm sfbjkmk y bm 89 5. bcgjrtmk kj bfs pírm`fs‐895

Emgàm ftrfs `ftcvfs, tm`gcão kjhcscvfs, quj jxpbchmgmo bm mbjaràm kj Hemrbfttj pfr pjr`mojhjr jo jb efamr. Zof kj jbbfs jotrjtuvf m bfs covjstcamkfrjs kurmotj uo scabf mb `jofs, y rjshmtø m Mooj kjb buamr sugmbtjrof jo jb quj bm hfbfhø Hemrbfttj jo su hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo Jbbjo, dujotj hmsc jxhbuyjotj kj bm gcfarmdàm kj bms ejr`moms emstm =3=8.* =3=8. *** Xc gcjo bm tàm Grmowjbb sfbàm fpfojrsj m rjhcgcr vcsctms kurmotj jb covcjrof, jo djgrjrf kj =5;9 Hemrbfttj bfarø quj Jbbjo dujrm covctmkm m pmsmr trjs

sj`moms hfo bm dm`cbcm. Jstm vcsctm hfcohckcø hfo bm bbjamkm mb pujgbf kjb oujvf pmstfr quj mscstcràm mb sjýfr Grfotì jo bm pmrrfqucm. Qcbbcm`

 

Qjcaet`mo, gujo `fzf, johmotmkfr, nfvjo j cotjbcajotj, hmusø uom hfo`fhcøo  prfduokm  prfdu okm y hf` h f`pbjn pbjnmm jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb. Hf`f Hf`f su prjkjhjsfr, prjkjhj sfr, sj efspjkø hfo bm dm`cbcm Fkajo jo Hffl Amtj, pjrf pmsmgm `uhef tcj`pf hfo bfs Grfotì. Kurmotj bm jstmohcm kj Jbbjo eczf drjhujotjs vcsctms m bm dm`cbcm y emstm covctø mb arupf kj `uhemhems m uom bjhturm kj bfs hbíschfs quj kjgàm kmr jo jb Costctutf @jhíochf kj Ljcaebjy. Jo pfs kj fgtjojr bm mprfgmhcøo kj bm tàm y kjb sjýfr Grfotì sj johmraø hfo kcshrjhcøo kj quj uo hbãrcaf kj Ljcaebjy y su jspfsm covctmrmo m bms nøvjojs m tf`mr jb tã jo su hmsm. Ãb `cs`f sj fdrjhcø hf`ff jshfbtm. hf` js hfbtm. Jb mrkck du duohcfo ohcfoøø y bm jxpjkchcøo rjsubtø uo ãxctf, ãxctf, søbf søb f fpmhmkm fpmhm km  pfr jb rjhcgc` rjhcgc `cjotf cjotf kj bm tàm m su rjarjsf, hmsc hms c m bm b m `jkcmofhej, `jkcmofhej, kjspuãs kjs puãs kj bm bm hm`comtm kj sjcs lcbø`jtrfs kjskj Ljcaebjy. Bm tàm Grmowjbb jspjrmgm m bms nøvjojs hfo hmdã hmbcjotj, pjrf mb vjr quj bms mhf`pmýmgmo Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo y jb hbãrcaf kj Ljcaebjy sj rjeusø m covctmr  m bfs hmgmbbjrfs. ‒Bm pfgrj sjýfrctm Grmowjbb pjrkcø bfs jstrcgfs. Hemrbfttj jstmgm `uy mactmkm y jb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo, quj sfbàm grf`jmr hfo bm mohcmom sjýfrm, jstmgm sjkcjotf. Bm armo mbjaràm kj bm dcjstm sj emgàm mpmamkf, pjrf jb jspàrctu kj 8933, jshrcgcø Jbbjo. kcvjrscøo sj `motuvf jotrj mbauofs kj ofsftrfs‐89 Jbbjo. Jb =; kj djgrjrf, pfr prc`jrm vjz jo sus vckms, Hemrbfttj, J`cby y Mooj rjhcgcjrfo uom tmrnjtm kj Xmo Tmbjotào, uom trmkchcøo moabfsmnfom quj mbhmozmgm mb pujgbf kj Emwfrte muoquj of m su rjhtfràm. Jbbjo tm`gcão tuvf bm suym, pjrf js prfgmgbj quj ym eugcjrm rjhcgckf tmrnjtms jo ftrm fhmscøo. Xc mbauom kj bms `uhemhems mbjotø mbauom cbuscøo mb rjhcgcr bm suym, prfotf kjgcø jsdu`mrbm mb hf`prfgmr quj tfkfs bfs `josmnjs prfvjoàmo kjb `cs`f jom`frmkf. Yjrf jb sjýfr Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo jshrcgcø uo vjrsf pmrm hmkm uom y, pmrm jshmpmr kj bm vcacbmohcm kjb hbãrcaf, hm`coø hmtfrhj lcbø`jtrfs, prjsu`cgbj`jotj emstm Grmkdfrk, pmrm kjspmhemrbms sco kjspjrtmr sfspjhems. (Hf`f sc mbaucjo

eu eugcjrm gcjrm pfkckf mbgjra mbgjr mbau m bauoom kukm sfgrj sfgr j bm b m ckjot ckjkj otckmk ckmk mut m utfr fr kj sj`jnmotj sj`‒Gjbbm jnmotj jxhjotrchckmk.) Xøbf asjmr hfosjrvmrfo bfs tàtubfs trjs kjb kj bms tmrnjtms>

 

8=99. Jbbjo, gjbbm Jbbjo‐< ‒Kjskj `uy bjnfs johfotrã jb M`fr‐< ‒Mb`m kcvcom‐ 8= Jbbms rjpbchmrfo kj co`jkcmtf hfo su `jnfr mr`m> uofs vjrsfs bcajrfs quj emgbmgmo kj ‒m`cafs ‒m`cafs m`mgbjs, m`mgbjs, híbckfs híbc kfs hfrmzfo hfr mzfojs js y efrms djbchj djbchjs‐ s‐8==.

Bm bjyjokm kjb m`fr jotrj Mooj y Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo sj kcduokcø m pmrtcr  kj uom hmrtm kj Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo> ‒Ãb jstí sjotmkf drjotj m Mooj jo bm cabjscm, y hmotm hfo sumvckmk `cjotrms bm `crm kj rjfnf, cotjotmokf bbm`mr su mtjohcøo. Mooj jstí tmo trmoqucbm, sjotmkm tmo `fkjstm`jotj hfo sus fnfs gmnfs> sfo uo 8= 7. Hemrbfttj, tmo rf`íotchm hf`f Mooj, pcotø uo rjtrmtf kj Qcbbcm` humkrf‐8=7 Qjcaet`mo quj of sfgrjvcvcø, muoquj uo gfhjtf mb bípcz `ujstrm uo ejr`fsf rfstrf jspcrctumb jo`mrhmkf pfr jb pjbf bmraf y josfrtcnmkf, m bm usmozm kj Grmowjbb. Jb nfvjo vcstj uom tfam jstukcmotcb y jstí rfkjmkf kj bcgrfs jhbjscístchfs. Jstj gfhjtf y jb rjtrmtf frcacomb kjgcjrfo fhmscfomr su`mrcms sjscfoojs kj pcoturm sjscf pcoturm quj of of pukcjrfo jvctmr hcjrtms c`pbchm c`pbchmohcms. ohcms. Bms hmrtms kj Hemrbfttj kj jstm jtmpm jstío hmramkms kj `johcfojs m ‒Hjbcm M`jbcm‐, hf`f j`pjzø m bbm`mr mb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo, y kj cotjohcfomkms rjdjrjohcms m su supujstf jom`frm`cjotf kj Jbbjo, muoquj ãb jxtjokàm sus `fkmbjs hmutcvmkfrjs emhcm tfkms bms nøvjojs kj bm pmrrfqucm. Xc jb sjýfr  Qjcaet`mo jrm Hjbcm M`jbcm pmrm Hemrbfttj, Jbbjo duj Ejbjom f sjýfrm @jojbmfs jo mbuscøo m Ejbjom kj [rfym, ym quj tjoàm ftrf prjtjokcjotj hfo jb quj jstmgm hfosckjrmokf sjrcm`jotj bm mbtjromtcvm kj hmsmrsj. M J`cby bm  gmutczø Xmrajotf  gmutczø Xmrajotf @myfr, @myfr, qucjo hfo su scbjohcf scbj ohcf y kjsmprfgmhcøo kjsmprfg mhcøo kjdjokàm kjdjokàm bm hmstckmk kj Ejbjom. @ís mkjbmotj, jo mbauoms kj sus hmrtms, bms m`cams scaucjrfo bbm`mokf m J`cby kj jsj `fkf. Jstms grf`ms y hecs`js y hfqujtjfs kj Hemrbfttj ¶of sjràmo uom pmotmbbm kj sus prfpcfs sjotc`cjotfs emhcm jb sjýfr  Qjcaet` jcaet`mo, uo cotjotf cotjotf kj suprjscøo suprjsc øo kj uo jom` jom`frm`cjotf frm`cjotf dþtcb pjrf pjr f ccojvctmgbj ojvctmgbj66  Of js c`prfgmgbj c`prfgmgbj quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj tm`gcão tm`gcão emym emym hmàkf, hfo rjsjrvms, rjsjr vms, jo jb jom`frm`cjotf pfr jb nfvjo hbãrcaf. ‒Jstfy tfbjrmgbj`jotj hfovjohckm kj quj

ouohm `j hmsmrã. 8=8 Muoquj trmtf kj of sjr jshbmvm kj `cs sjotc`cjotfs, pujkf m 8= 8 vjhjs fàr su vfz‐ , jshrcgcø m Jbbjo.

 

Kjspuãs kj jstj covcjrof tmo rmkcmotj, Hemrbfttj y Mooj sj pfstubmrfo pmrm vmrcfs pujstfs kj afgjromotm, pjrf sus hmrtms m `joukf jrmo rjhemzmkms f of hfotjstmkms. Hemrbfttj kjsjmgm uo trmgmnf hjrhm kj su hmsm y jo uom dm`cbcm  pjqujým, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m Ejory Ejory Oussjy> Oussjy> ‒…js mbaf kurf kjnmr jb efamr, famr, jspjhcmb`jotj uo gujo efamr, of rchf f jspbãokckf. @c efamr js eu`cbkj y  pfhf mtrmhtcvf pmrm bfs jxtrmýfs, jxtrmýfs, pjrf pmrm `à hfotcjoj hfotcjoj bf quj of jspjrf johfotrmr jo ocoaþo ftrf buamr jo jb `uokf> uo prfduokf j cotjosf mdjhtf jotrj ejr`mofs y ejr`moms, ym quj sus `jotjs dujrfo ejhems jo jb `cs`f `fbkj, sus ckjms surackms surackms kj bm b m `cs`m `cs`m dujot dujotj, j, y jbbfs jbbf s jstío js tío mdjrrmkfs uofs uofs m ftrfs kjskj kjsk j bm ocýjz y bms kcsputms dm`cbcmrjs ouohm bfs emo kcvckckf‐ 8=; . Yfr dco, Hemrbfttj johfotrø uo trmgmnf hf`f afgjromotm jo Zppjrwffk Efusj kj Wmwkfo, hjrhm kj Emwfrte. Jb sjýfr Qectj jrm uo hf`jrhcmotj  prøspjr f y Hemrbfttj,  prøspjrf Hemrbfttj, quj sfbàm sfbà m hfoajocmr hfoajocmr `ís hfo bfs pmkrjs quj hfo bms `mkrjs kj sus kcshàpubfs, sc`pmtczø hfo ãb. M bm sjýfrm Qectj bm hfosckjrmgm dràvfbm, vubamr y pfr bf `jofs jsofg. Muoquj søbf sj fhupmgm kj uom ocým kj fhef mýfs y uo ocýf kj sjcs, bfs trmgmnfs jxtrm kj hfsturm jrmo, hf`f kj hfstu`grj jo bm prfdjscøo, jxhjscvfs. Yjrf bf quj jo vjrkmk bj rjsubtmgm cosudrcgbj jrm ‒jb kurf kjgjr kj jsdfrzmr`j pfr pmrjhjr scj`prj mdmgbj, sc`pítchm y kcspfocgbj hfo sjrjs huyfs sjotc`cjotfs j ckjms sfo cohf`prjoscgbjs pmrm `à, hf`f prfgmgbj`jotj bfs `àfs (sc sj bfs `fstrmrm) sjràmo pmrm jbbfs‐8=: . Kjgj kj emgjr sfpfrtmkf, jo jstj pujstf f jo ftrfs, hf`jotmrcfs kj bfs ocýfs sfgrj su pfhf mtrmhtcvf, pfrquj mýfs kjspuãs mhfosjnø m su jkctfr Qcbbcm` X`cte Qcbbcm`s quj jstmgm hfotj`pbmokf bm  prfdjscøo kj afgjromot afgjromotmm pmrm uom uom kj sus ecnms, cnms , quj ‒uo marmkmgbj mspjhtf jxtjrcfr scj`prj js uom vjotmnm (m bfs ocýfs bjs austm jsf)‐8=4 . Mkj`ís kjtmbbø, m `fkf kj rjqucsctfs pmrm jnjrhjr jb fdchcf, ‒sjosmtjz, gujom kcspfschcøo, mbjaràm, smbuk, cotjbcajohcm `jkcm pjrf of uo tmbjotf prf`cojotj,

quj bm emràm kjskchemkm…‐8=1 . ¶Of jstmgm rjjshrcgcjokf, jo jstms hfosckjrmhcfojs, su kcmrcf kj Wfj Ejmk6 Zom tmb sjýfrm Xbmkj rjhfrkø `uhef

 

tcj`pf kjspuãs quj hfosjrvmgm uo vàvckf rjhujrkf kj bm costctutrcz kj bfs Qectj ‒sjotmkm mpmrtj kjb rjstf kj bm dm`cbcm, jo uom jsqucom kj bm smbm, fgsjrvmokf pfr sfgrj jb bcgrf quj jstmgm bjyjokf, hfo jb ajstf tàpchf kj bfs hfrtfs kj vcstm‐8=5 . Bj emgàm pmrjhckf quj ‒kjsjmgm pmsmr kjsmpjrhcgckm y 8= 3. jbukcr bm hfovjrsmhcøo ajojrmb‐8=3 Mooj pmrtcø m dcojs kj `mrzf. Jo [efrp Arjjo, mb fjstj kj Sfrl, bm jspjrmgm bm dm`cbcm Wfgcosfo, m bm quj hfo jb tcj`pf bfs Grfotì uoacjrfo kj codm`cm. Kurmotj bfs `jsjs quj scaucjrfo, jo bm hfrrjspfokjohcm jotrj bms ejr`moms y jb  prjsgctjrcf  prjsgc tjrcf ym of of sj emgbø tmotf tmotf kj m`fràfs humotf humotf kj pfrhjotmnjs, prãstm`fs prãstm`fs y ojafhcfs> uo oujvf prfyjhtf sj jstmgm ckjmokf jotrj bms nøvjojs y Grmowjbb,  pfr prc` prc `jrm vjz, of pmrtchcpmgm kj ãb. Kjspuãs kj jxtjosms jxtjosms kjbcgjrm kjb cgjrmhcfojs hcfojs hfo sus ejr`moms, bcstm pmrm hm`gcmr su kjstcof y jb kj bm dm`cbcm, Hemrbfttj sj kjhckcø m pjkcr prjstmkms hcjo bcgrms m bm tàm Grmowjbb. ‒Emy uo prfyjhtf drmauíokfsj jo hmsm…‐879 , jshrcgcø m Jbbjo jb =3 kj nubcf kj =5;=.

* ‒[ej Grfotìs ms tjmhejrs‐, [ej Ojw Sfrl Sfrljr  jr , 77 kj jojrf jojrf kj =334. =334 . ** Zom  Zom prfgmgbj mbuscøo m bm Bmvcocm kjb pfj`m [ej Xjmsfos kj Xjmsfos kj Nm`js [ef`sfo. ** ** * Jo =3=8 sj kcjrfo m hfofhjr bms hmrtm *** hmrtmss kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj mb prfdjsfr Ejajr Ejajr..

 

HMYÀ[ZBF CU @MBKC[FX WF@ÍO[CHFX Bms jotrmkms kjb Kcmrcf kjb rjvjrjokf Grfotì kj nuocf kj =583 rjacstrmo jb rãac`jo kj jstukcfs pmrm jb vjrmof hfo jb quj jspjrø m Grmowjbb m su rjarjsf kj Grmkdfrk> ‒…kj mhujrkf hfo Grmowjbb y gmnf jb m`pmrf kj bm Yrfvckjohcm, kjgjràm`fs bjjr nuotfs bfs scaucjotjs hbíschfs, jo jstj rcaurfsf frkjo> =) Bfs  prc`jrfs sjcs s jcs bcgrfs bcgr fs kj bm  Jojckm ‛y bfs humtrf jvmoajbcfs jo arcjaf. 7) Bfs  prc`jrfs trjs bcgrfs bcgr fs (f sjcs) kj bm  Cbà  Cbàmkm mkm  kj Ef`jrf. 8) Drma`jotfs kj bm 87 =.  prc`jrm Fkm kj Efrmhcf y jb M  Mrtj rtj Yfãtc Yfãtchm hm trmkuhckf mb Coabãs‐87= Muoquj jo uom prc`jrm `crmkm jb prfarm`m pmrjhcjrm kj uom jxcajohcm jxhjscvm, sj trmtmgm kj tjxtfs quj Grmowjbb emgàm bjàkf kjskj ocýf søbf pfr   pbmhjr. Bfs bcgrfs bcgr fs quj kjgàmo kjgàm o jstukcmr jstukcmr bfs jstukcmot jstukcmotjs js kj Hm`grckaj Hm`grckaj y Fxdfrk Fxdfrk rjuoàmo uom hmotckmk `uy supjrcfr kj píacoms y kj mutfrjs kj sj`jnmotj hf`pbjnckmk. Hf`f sc rjspfokcjrm m bms pbjamrcms kjb pírrfhf, jb 79 kj kchcj`grj kj =583 jb  Bjjks Cotjb Cotjbbcajohj bcajohjr  r   pugbchø uo mvcsf quj rjqujràm uo tutfr prcvmkf ‒hf`pjtjotj hf`f pmrm costrucr m kfs ocýfs, kj kcjz y fohj mýfs kj jkmk, jo uo hursf ajojrmb kj jkuhmhcøo quj cohbuym m bfs hbíschfs y hfo uom jstrchtm mtjohcøo jo Arm`ítchm‐877 . Grmowjbb of pfkàm jstmr `jnfr prjpmrmkf pmrm jb j`pbjf> prjhcsm`jotj jb mýf motjrcfr emgàm trmkuhckf drma`jotfs kjb Bcgrf C kj bms Fkms  kj Efrmhcf. Jo humotf mb rjstf, pjsj m quj bfs tjxtfs kj Moarcm jxecgàmo uom arm`ítchm mbaf frcacomb y hfo mbauofs jrrfrjs, mrhmàs`fs y

 pmbmgrms  pmbmgr ms fgsfbjtms, jrm bm arm`ítchm arm`ítchm kj bm vjrscøo vjrsc øo kj bm Gcgbcm kjb Wjy Nm`js Nm`js

 

y kj bms jkchcfojs kj Xemljspjmrj y @cbtfo quj hcrhubmgmo jo jsm ãpfhm. Jb ejhef kj quj jb j`pbjf sj sctumrm jo jb Kcstrctf kj bfs Bmafs kjshrcptf jo bfs vjrsfs kj Qcbbcm` Qfrkswfrte, jo bm prfpcm sjkj kj bfs Yfjtms kj bfs Bmafs, of jrm uom hujstcøo `jofr. Bm sfbchctuk duj jovcmkm y mhjptmkm kj co`jkcmtf. Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo sus rjsjrvms> ‒Hø`f vm m jstmgbjhjrsj mbbí tfkmvàm vm`fs m vjrbf. Emstm jb `f`jotf ãb jstí pbjof kj jspjrmozms y rjsfbuhcøo. Sf, quj hfofzhf su omturmbjzm hm`gcmotj y su dujrtj cohbcomhcøo 87 8.  pfr bm vckm vc km mhtcvm, of `j `j mtrjvf m sjr tmo fptc` fptc`cstm‐ cstm‐878 Grmowjbb smbcø kj Ljcaebjy jb 8= kj kchcj`grj jo uo hfhej kj mbqucbjr y  pmsø jsm ofhej ofhej hfo uofs uofs hmgmbbjrfs hmgmbb jrfs jo jb eftjb Wfymb Wfymb kj Ljokmb, Ljokmb, 87;;. ‒Hrjyjrfo j`grcmaíokfsj hfo uo wecsly ‒tmo hmbcjotj hf`f uo kj`focf‐ 87 quj yf yf jrm `ãkchf y `j `j echcjrfo echcjrf o sjotmr sjotmr jo uom uom scbbm. scbb m. Echj kcvjrsfs kcvjrs fs grcokcs gr cokcs quj  gjgàm`fs kj uo trmaf, trmaf, emstm quj bm emgctmhcøo j` j`pjzø pjzø m kmr k mr vujbtms mb hf`pís hf`pís kj bms vjbms quj kmozmgmo mbrjkjkfr kj oujstrfs fnfs‐, bj jshrcgcø m Nfeo Grfwo. Kjspjrtø m bm `mýmom scaucjotj jo uom hm`m ‒hfo uom gftjbbm kj hjrvjzm, uo vmsf y uo smhmhfrhefs m `c bmkf‐87: . Yjrf jo Grfuaetfo-co-Durojss kcf uom gujom c`prjscøo, mb `jofs mb  prcohcpcf. Jo su hmrtm sj vmomabfrc vmomabfrcmgm mgm kjb armo pmpjb quj jstmgm kjsj`pjýmokf, sco kukm mhtfr `uhef `ís mvjzmkf quj sus ejr`moms jo jb mrtj 8744, sjauàm bm hmrtm m Grfwo, ‒of `j kjb dcoac`cjotf> ‒Xc ustjk `j vcjrm mefrm‐87 rjhfofhjràm, y pfkràm rjàr mb jshuhemr jb pjrsfomnj quj bm ajotj `j mtrcguyj. ¡Fe, bm dmbsjkmk j ecpfhrjsàm kj jstj `uokf! Gujof, ¶quã sfy yf6 Jsf js, ¶quã  pcjosmo jbbfs jbb fs kj `à6 Jb `ís hmb`f, sjkmkf, sfgjrgcf, sfgjrgc f, mgstj`cf, mgstj`cf, pmhcjotj, vcrtufsf, hmgmbbjrfsf dcbøsfdf> uom pcoturm kj gujo trmgmnf. Bms hmrtms jstío jshfokckms gmnf jb `motjb kj bm `jsm, bfs vmsfs aumrkmkfs jo bfs mr`mrcfs, sc yf jotrf mb smbøo. Of tf`f gjgckms jspcrctufsms, vcof oc bchfrjs kj `mbtm, `j vcstf kj ojarf y sforàf hf`f uo smotf f uo `írtcr. [fkf jb `uokf kchj ―¡]uã

 gujo nfvjo hmgmbbjrf hmgmbb jrf js jb tutfr tutfr kjb sjýfr Yfstbjtewmc Yfstbjtewmctj! tj!–… –… @j jstfy vfbvcjokf tmo afrkf hf`f jb Yràohcpj Qcbbcm` jo Xprcoaejmk y tmo pcmkfsf

 

hf`f su m`caf Ymrsfo Qcotjrgftem`. @c `mof of tcj`gbm `ís. Tfy mb gmohf kj Zbvjrstfo hfo jb sjýfr Yfstbjtewmctj y tf`f tã y emgbf kj jorjkfs hfo bms mohcmoms sjýfrms, ¡y hfo bms nøvjojs! [joaf uom sjotmkm motj `à nustf mefrm> rfstrf marmhcmkf, fnfs mzubjs, hmgjbbf871 ojarf, kubhjs kcjhcfhef. ¡Jbbm of pcjosm 1 87 quj jb kj`focf jstí tmo hjrhm suyf!‐ . Bm hmrtm bbjvmgm jb johmgjzm`cjotf ‒M bm Tcjnm Xftm kj [rcuodf‐ y tjoàm uom jpàstfbm dcomb, sugrmymkm jo rfnf, pbmamkm kj mbuscfojs m Xmtío y mb codcjrof,  prjauot  prjau otms ms sfgrj sfg rj su hàrhubf hàr hubf kj m`cafs m`cafs y ftrms gbmsdj` gb msdj`cms> cms> ‒¶Hø` ‒¶Hø`ff jstío [eu [eu`g jb Kj`focf…, jb Kj`focf Jobutmkf… y jb rjstf6 ¶Jstío hmsmkfs, jotjrrmkfs, jovcbjhckfs, jokj`focmkfs6...‐. Zom pfskmtm mhbmrmgm> ‒Kjskj bujaf, vcjnf hmgmbbjrf, ustjk of vm m `fstrmr jstm hmrtm… Xmotf Hcjbf, jbc`coj tfkf bf 87 5. Bm kcduscøo kj jstm hmrtm, quj Grmowjbb dcr`ø sugrmymkf hfo tcotm rfnm‐875 ‒Jb Dcbøsfdf‐, scrvcø kj prujgm kfhu`jotmb pmrm hfodcr`mr tfkm kcmtrcgm  pfstjrcfr sfgrj s fgrj su hfokuht hfokuhtmm bchjohcfsm. bch johcfsm. Jb efrmrcf jstcpubmkf bj pjr`ctàm c`pmrtcr bms bjhhcfojs kcmrcms pmrm bujaf mgmokfomr bm hmsm Grfuaetfo y emhjr bf quj sj bj motfnmsj jb rjstf kjb kàm y kj bm ofhej. Xj mbfnø jo Ecae Xylj Efusj, bm þbtc`m armonm kj Grfuaetfo, kfokj bm dm`cbcm Dcse mbqucbmgm humrtfs. Jb kfhtfr Jkwmrk Dcse, uof kj bfs kfs hcrunmofs kjb pujgbf, ‒tmo gfrrmhef hf`f uo bfrk‐873 , vcvàm hfo su jspfsm y 88 9). uom ecnm kj kcjhcfhef mýfs, @mramrjt (‒¡Fe! ¡@ujrtj y hfokjom!‐ 889 @mramrjt pmrjhj sjr bm nfvjo kj ‒rfstrf marmhcmkf, fnfs mzubjs…‐ quj bj kjshrcgcø m Nfeo Grfwo jo su hmrtm. Emgàm ftrfs kfs ocýfs jo bm hmsm, pjrf of bfs `johcfoø. Kurmotj su jstmohcm j`prjokcø hfo moc`mhcøo bmrams jxhurscfojs m pcj pfr bfs mbrjkjkfrjs kj bfs Bmafs trms bfs pmsfs kj Xfutejy y Hfbjrckaj, jxpbfrø jb hursf kjb ràf Kukkfo hfo jb bcgrf kj sfojtfs kj Qfrkswfrte jo bm `mof, uo vcmnj quj humtrf mýfs `ís tmrkj jvfhø hfo ofstmbacm ofst mbacm jo bfs `írajojs írajojs kjb kj b bcgrf b cgrf  Wm`g  Wm`gbjs bjs gy Wcvjr Wcvjrss, kj Nm`js [efroj. Jsms

oftms, quj duohcfomrfo hf`f uo kcmrcf kj vcmnj tmrkàf, rjacstrmo tm`gcão su  pmsf pfr uom uom tmgjrom kj Zbpem> Zbpem> ‒Zo ‒Zo kàm djbcz‐88= . Kj pmsf, jo sus moftmhcfojs

 

mb `mrajo hfrrcacø mb mutfr> ‒[efroj jvckjotj`jotj ouohm pmsø pfr jstm pmrtj kjb vmbbj, kfokj jb jshjomrcf js kjbchcfsf, muoquj ãb kcam bf hfotrmrcf‐ 887 . Ftrm vjz, emgàm johfotrmkf uo `fkf kj jxcstjohcm bcgrj j cokjpjokcjotj sc`cbmr mb kj bfs pfjtms y mrtcstms gfej`cfs m bfs quj moejbmgm j`ubmr. Cospcrmkf pfr jstfs pmsjfs pfãtchfs, hfrrcacø y rjjshrcgcø jb bmraf pfj`m ‒Xcr  Ejory [uostmbb‐ pmrm jovcmrbf, nuotf hfo hcohf trmkuhhcfojs kjb Bcgrf C kj bms Fkms kj Efrmhcf, m [ef`ms Kj ]ucohjy, quj jo jsj `f`jotf jstmgm vcvcjokf jo bm rjsckjohcm kj Qfrkswfrte. Hcohf kàms `ís tmrkj bj jshrcgcø m ftrf pfjtm kj bfs Bmafs, Emrtbjy Hfbjrckaj, jb ecnf `myfr kj Xm`ujb [mybfr Hfbjrckaj, y bj mknuotø uo pfj`m. Kjskj bfs tcj`pfs kj sus hmrtms m bfs jkctfrjs kjb  sus `fkmbjs `fkmbjs sj emgàmo kjpurmkf pfr hf`pbjtf. hf`pbjtf. bmhlwffk  sus Kjspuãs kj emgjr sckf caofrmkf kurmotj mýfs pfr jkctfrjs y pfjtms jo hmkm uof kj sus cotjotfs, pfr prc`jrm vjz rjhcgcø uom rjspujstm> Hfbjrckaj sj `fstrø c`prjscfomkf hfo su fgrm y bf covctø m vcsctmrbf jo Omg Hfttmaj, Bfs Bmafs. Of sj hfosjrvmo bms hmrtms quj cotjrhm`gcmrfo pjrf Grmowjbb rjarjsø kj su vcsctm, quj kurø uo kàm jotjrf, rjsujbtf m hf`pbjtmr bm trmkuhhcøo kjb Bcgrf C kj bms Fkms  kj Efrmhcf, trmgmnf quj Hfbjrckaj bj prf`jtcø bjjr. Js  prfgmgbjj quj jo jb johujot  prfgmgb johujotrf rf Hfbjrcka Hfbjrck aj bj emym emym `johcfomkf johcfomkf m Jnuxrcm, Jnuxrcm, uo `uokf c`macomrcf sc`cbmr mb kj Moarcm y Afokmb, quj ãb emgàm hrjmkf jo su ocýjz. Jo jsj `f`jotf, f uofs kàms kjspuãs, duj kjspjkckf pfr jb sjýfr  Yfstbjtewmctj. Bfs `ftcvfs kjb kjspckf sfo m`gcaums, bms vjrscfojs kcdcjrjo muoquj ocoauom hmrjhj kj hcjrtm vjrfsc`cbctuk. Mbauoms mtrcguyjo mb hfosjnf kj Hfbjrckaj kj coscstcr hfo bm bctjrmturm uo kjshuckf jo su bmgfr kj tutfr< ftrm m quj jb kàm jspjrmkf kj su rjtfrof kj Omg Hfttmaj of sj prjsjotø, y humokf bf 8888. eczf, ecz f, ‒jstmgm ‒j stmgm vcscgb vc scgbj` j`jot jotjj gfrrmhef‐ g frrmhef‐88 Dujotjs `ís rjhcjotjs fdrjhcjrfo uom rjvjbmhcøo c`pfscgbj kj vjrcdchmr quj

ftframràm uo sjotckf m su pfj`m ‒Jpàstfbm kj uo pmkrj jo bm [cjrrm m su ecnf jo bm tu`gm‐ kjb 8 kj mgrcb kj =5;4. Of sujom kjb tfkf c`prfgmgbj quj Grmowjbb

 

emym ‒kjnmkf mb sjýfr Yfstbjtewmctj hfo uo ecnf omturmb kj uom kj sus ecnms f 88 ;. scrvcjot scrvc jotms ms ‛jb humb `urcø‐ `urcø‐88; M bfs vjcotctrãs mýfs, Grmowjbb hfotmgm hfo jb johmotf quj bj prjstmgm su mspjhtf kj pfjtm rf`íotchf y uom sfdcstchmkm jrukchcøo, rjhursfs sudchcjotjs  pmrm jom`frmr jom`frmr m uom uom `uhemhem. uhemhem. Humokf Humokf sj trmtmgm kj kcshurrcr sfgrj mrtj f bctjrmturm, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø Drmohcs Dr mohcs Bjybmok, Bjybmok, ‒hmsc covfbuot covfbuotmrcm mrcm` `jotj jotj ãb sj mbzmgm mb zmgm sfgrj sus pcjs y, hfo rfstrf rmkcmotj, jxecgàm bfs rchfs mhjrvfs kj su smgckuràm hfo `mrmvcbbfsm jbfhujohcm‐88: . Xj kchj quj sj trmtø kj su prc`jrm jxpjrcjohcm sjxumb, muoquj uom armo hcukmk hf`f Grmkdfrk pukf emgjrbj prfpfrhcfomkf ftrms pfscgcbckmkjs pmrm tjojrbm. tjojrbm. Bm hmrtm ‒M bm Tcjnm Xftm kj [rcuodf‐ sjýmbm m @mramrjt Dcse, bm ecnm kj su hmsjrf, f su cohbcomhcøo emhcm jbbm. Bm þochm hjrtjzm jo rjbmhcøo hfo @mramrjt Dcse js quj jb hjosf grctíochf kj nuocf kj =5;=, uo mýf `ís tmrkj, bm rjacstrø sfbtjrm, sco ecnfs, vcvcjokf hfo sus pmkrjs. Bfs Yfstbjtewmctj of tjoàmo ecnms `unjrjs, pjrf sà sjrvckfrms nøvjojs. Jb mscstjotj kjb hurm kj bm cabjscm kj Grfuaetfo-co-Durojss gmutczø m trjs ecnfs cbjaàtc`fs jo jsj `f`jotf, kfs `unjrjs y uo vmrøo, bfs trjs kj `unjrjs nøvjojs sfbtjrms, pjrf ocoauof kj jbbfs  pfkràm emgjr sckf sc kf hfo hjrtjzm hjrtjzm jb ecnf f ecnm kj Grmowjbb. Jo fhtugrj kj =5:3 uo tmb bfrk Efuaetfo jotrjvcstø mb ejr`mof kj Nfeo Grfwo, Qcbbcm`, smhrcstío kj Emwfrte, qucjo bj `fstrø bm hfrrjspfokjohcm kj su ejr`mof hfo Grmowjbb. Kurmotj jb johujotrf bfrk Efuaetfo trmoshrcgcø hfo su puýf y bjtrm bfs pírrmdfs sugrmymkfs hfo tcotm rfnm kj bm hmrtm kcrcackm m bm ‒Tcjnm Xftm kj [rcuodf‐ (quj Nfeo Grfwo of kjstruyø). Jo jb `cs`f pmpjb, uoms bàojms `ís mgmnf, marjaø bm codfr`mhcøo sfgrj jb ecnf cbjaàtc`f. Jstj kmtf  pukf emgjrbf mgjrb f fgtjockf, fgtjockf, ym kj mbauo mbauom ftrm kj bms hmrtms pfstjrcfr m `mrzf (jb kjspckf duj mbrjkjkfr kj nubcf), ym kj uom codfr`mhcøo quj Qcbbcm` Grfwo bj kcf. Bms kfs pfscgcbckmkjs sfo pbmuscgbjs y jb codfr`motj, quj jo jsj jotfohjs

of sj emhàm bbm`mr bfrk scof Wchemrk @fohltfo @cbojs, jrm uo m`caf kj bm  prc`jrm gcøarmdm gcøarmdm kj Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb.

 

Jb j`pbjf kj tutfr jo jb Kcstrctf kj bfs Bmafs of kurø `ís quj sjcs `jsjs. Xc gcjo bfs kjtrmhtfrjs kj Grmowjbb bf `johcfomo hf`f uo qujgrmotf `ís jo su hmrrjrm, ãb søbf pjosmgm jo su prfkuhhcøo bctjrmrcm> pfhfs kàms kjspuãs kj su rjtfrof m Emwfrte tjr`coø bm trmkuhhcøo kj bfs prc`jrfs kfs bcgrfs kj bms Fkms kj Efrmhcf, bms hfrrcacø kurmotj trjs `jsjs y sj bms jovcø m Hfbjrckaj.

Mb pmrtcr jb =9 kj nuocf kj =5;9 emhcm Wjk Efusj, bm hmsm kj @mry [mybfr, Hemrbfttj bbjvmgm uom vmbcnm mgubtmkm of tmotf pfr bfs hecs`js sfgrj Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo hf`f pfr bfs kjtmbbjs kjb oujvf prfyjhtf dm`cbcmr. Bm ckjm kj jstmgbjhjr uom jshujbm hfo sus ejr`moms of jrm oujvm, pjrf motj hmkm tjotmtcvm kj j`pbjmrsj hf`f costctutrcz prcvmkm sj bj c`pfoàm hf`f uom ojhjsckmk.

Yjr`mojhcø uofs kàms jo Af`jrsmb y scaucø vcmnj m bm hmsm kj Jbbjo jo Gcrstmbb, m søbf kfs lcbø`jtrfs. Wjarjsø m Emwfrte m dco kj `js pmrm rjhcgcr m

 

@mry [mybfr [mybfr,, quj bj kjvfbvcø kjvfbvc ø bm vcsctm. vcsc tm. Bm prjsjohcm kj Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo jo bm rjhtfràm, quj jstm vjz hfotmgm omkm `jofs quj hfo Grmowjbb hf`f mbcmkf pmrm dfaujmr bms tjrtubcms ofhturoms, prf`jtàm rf`mohjs y mactmhcfojs. Hfo jsj íoc`f, Grmowjbb eczf bm hfrtj m @mry y jbbm sj `fstrø johmotmkm pjrf bujaf, tmb vjz m hmusm kj bm kjsvjoturm kj Grfuaetfo f m hmusm kj su mrrfamohcm f pfr mbauom ftrm rmzøo, ãb  pmrjhcøø rjtcrmrsj  pmrjhc rjtcrmr sj kj bm b m jshjom, hfsm quj johfbjrczø m Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Bm Bm hfokuhtm hfokuhtm kj @mry motj jb kjsmcrj kjgj kj emgjr sckf `uy scoaubmr pmrm quj Hemrbfttj bujaf bj jshrcgcjrm m Jbbjo quj ‒jo kfs f trjs fhmscfojs jb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo kjgcø hrjjr quj @mry sj emgàm vujbtf bfhm‐884 . @mry tjoàm uo tj`pjrm`jotf mpmscfomkf y vjej`jotj y of sfbàm fhubtmr sus sjotc`cjotfs `ís quj sus fpcocfojs pfbàtchms. ‒Of tj `johcfoã sfgrj uo pmrcjotj `àf quj sj cotjrjsø jo uom nfvjo km`m emstmm quj j`pjzø emst j`pjzø m sfspjhemr sfs pjhemr quj jbbm jstmgm vjrkmkjrm`jo vjr kmkjrm`jotj tj cotjrjsm cotjrjsmkm km jo ãb, y jotfohjs costmotíojm`jotj hfohcgcø uom jspjhcj kj kjsprjhcf pfr jbbm. [þ smgjs m qucão jstfy mbukcjokf, ouohm `johcfojs jstm hcrhuostmohcm. @mry js `c jstukcf jstu kcf sfgrj jb rj`frkc`cjo rj`frkc`cjotf…. tf…. Ofgbj, híbckm, hí bckm, ajojrfsm, kjvftm y prfdu prfduookm, sj rjvjbm kj`mscmkf bcgrj`jotj, kj`mscmkf drmohm`jotj y of js jstc`mkm jo su rjmb vmbfr. Kcfs bm gjokcam, of jspjrf johfotrmr jo jstj `uokf m uom  pjrsfom `ís vjrkmkjrm` vjrkmkjr m`jot jotjj ofgbj ‛jbbm pfkràm `frcr pfr qucjo m`j ‛ , su cotjbjhtf jstí jo jb `ís mbtf jstíokmr. Jo su þbtc`m vcsctm mquà… su hfokuhtm tuvf `f`jotfs kj uom armo cotjosckmk j crrjaubmrckmk rmrm`jotj caumbmkfs y  prfkunf uom uom kjsmdfrtuomkm kjsmdfrtuomkm c`prjsc c`prjscøo. øo. Sf of bm vmbfrf vmbfr f `jofs pfr jsf. Bm hf`prjokà, muoquj tjoaf kukms kj quj mbauom vjz sj hmsj‐ 881 , jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. Bm kjhjphcøo kj Hemrbfttj of sj kjtuvf jo su ejr`mof. Bms hfqujtjràms kj Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo hfo ftrms nøvjojs kj bfs mbrjkjkfrjs prfotf bf kjspfnmrfo

kj tfkf jb johmotf quj bj emgàm mtrcguckf humokf jrmo jbbm, Jbbjo f Mooj jb fgnjtf kj sus mtjohcfojs. Jstj rjsjotc`cjotf, hmsc uo jofnf mb kjshugrcr bfs

 

vjrsfs quj ãb emgàm jshrctf m uom `uhemhem kj Ljcaebjy (‒Yfr tfkfs sus truhfs, mrtc`mýms y dmbsms pmbmgrms kj m`fr jb hmgmbbjrf of tcjoj rcvmb jo vjcotj `cbbms m bm rjkfokm< gcjo pfkràm pjrsumkcr m humbqucjr `unjr `jofr kj trjcotm kj quj jstí kjsjspjrmkm`jo trjcotm kjsjs pjrmkm`jotj tj jom`frmkf jom`frmkf kj jbbm‐ jb bm‐ 885 ), of eczf `ís quj  pfojr jo jvckjohcm sus cbuscfojs pjrkckms, pjrkckm s, quj jrmo `uhems> uhems> ‒Of kjgjs supfojr, pfr tfkf jstf, quj jb sjýfr ―Q– y yf jstm`fs jo tãr`cofs `uy 88 3. m`mgbjs< m` mgbjs< omkm kj jsf. Xf`fs kcstmotjs, kcstmotjs, dràfs y rjsjrvmkfs‐ rjsjrvmkfs ‐883 Jb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo scaucø dbcrtjmokf hfo vmrcms nøvjojs hmsmkjrms kj Ljcaebjy y Emwfrte emstm quj duj bbm`mkf m Mppbjgy, kfokj jb mgmk bf frkjoø  prcfr jo bm Hmtjkrmb kj Wcpfo. Mkj` Mkj`ís ís kj uo sjkuhtfr, sjkuhtfr, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Qjcae Qjcaet` t`mo mo jrm uo pmstfr kjkchmkf> jo fpfrtuockmk kj uom vcsctm pmrrfqucmb, sj hfotmgm, emgàm fgsjqucmkf m uom nfvjo `frcguokm uom gftjbbm kj vcof y uo drmshf kj `jr`jbmkm. Jb sjýfr Grfotì rjsmbtmgm jb kjscotjrãs y prjfhupmhcøo kj su fvjo hfmknutfr, quj mscstàm m bfs pfgrjs y jodjr`fs humokf jrm su kjgjr, y m vjhjs humo h umokf kf of bf jrm. jr m. Bm trmkuhhcøo kj bms Fkms, jxemustcvm`jotj rjvcsmkm kurmotj `ís kj trjs `jsjs, sj sujbj hfosckjrmr jotrj bfs `jnfrjs trmgmnfs kj Grmowjbb. Yrfgmgbj`jotj sj eugcjsj jkctmkf y vjokckf sc Emrtbjy Hfbjrckaj eugcjrm  pmsmkf jo bc`pcf y kjspmhemkf kjs pmhemkf bm rjspujstm quj jshrcgcø, jshrc gcø, jo gfrrmkfr, gfr rmkfr, jb 89 kj ofvcj`grj f jb = kj kchcj`grj y quj Grmowjbb ouohm bjyø> ‒Kj ocoauom `mojrm js ustjk bm þochm pjrsfom quj em sfbchctmkf quj jvmbþj sus jshrctfs. Xforàf mb pjosmr quj uo mstjrfckj tmo pjqujýf hf`f yf tuvcjrm smtãbctjs… Xco j`gmraf ustjk js ‛hfo uom jxhjphcøo ‛  jb   jb þochf nfvjo pfjtm jo jb quj pujkf johfotrmr `ãrctf hf`f pmrm emhjr hf`jotmrcfs embmamkfrjs… Hrjf emgjrbj kchef hø`f `j sfrprjokcø bm dujrzm y jojraàm kj bfs vjrsfs quj `j jovcø motjs kj hfofhjrbf. Xu trmkuhhcøo kj Efrmhcf js uo trmgmnf quj  prf`jtj  prf` jtj `uhef uhef `ís y m pjsmr kj quj of mhfosjnf uom uom pugbchmhcøo kj bm fgrm

hf`pbjtm ‛hrjf quj `uhems Fkms pfkrío mpmrjhjr hfo `uy pfhms vmrcmhcfojs. M `joukf su vjrscdchmhcøo js `macstrmb y em kj`fstrmkf tjojr 

 

tmbjotf jo vmrcfs mspjhtfs. Jo su bjoaumnj sj mkvcjrtj uo coabãs mtrjvckf `uy rmrf kj johfotrmr. Hfosckjrmokf bf huckmkfsf quj js jb bmtào kj Efrmhcf, sus jxprjscfojs y ugchmhc ugchmhcøo øo kj bms pmbmgrm p mbmgrmss sfo uom uom prujgm sfgrj sfgr j su `mojnf `mojnf kj bfs bf s 8; 9. kfs ckcf`ms, cotjrjsmotj hf`f pmrm fgtjojr uom gujom gjhm‐ 8;9 [mb vjz Grmowjbb mtrcguyø jb scbjohcf kj Hfbjrckaj m uo pírrmdf quj emgàm kjsbczmkf jo bm hmrtm mknuotm m bms Fkms> ‒Of gushf uom hmotckmk kjtjr`comkm kj rj`uojrmhcøo ‛ym quj humbqucjr `fotf sjràm mhjptmkf‛ y sjm humb dujrj jb `cs`f kãnj`j kjhcrbj quj `cs eujsfs of kjshmosmrío mb `jofs quj pfr uo mhujrkf dcr`mkf sj jstcpubmrm uo rjpmrtf jo bms amomohcms (pjqujýf f armokj) jotrj bfs kfs‐. Kj mbaþo `fkf cotuyø quj pfkàm trmtmrsj kj uo kjsmtcof, pfrquj jo uom oftm mb pcj marjaø> ‒Xc mbaf kj jstm oftm bj kjsmarmkmrm, kàambf, sjýfr,

 pøoambf jo bm hujotm  pøoambf hujotm kj `c `c cojxpjrcjohcm cojxpjrcjohcm y of of kj `c `c c`prukjohcm‐ c`prukjohcm‐8;= . Bm oftchcm kjb trmzmkf kj bm bàojm kj djrrfhmrrcb quj uocràm bm zfom kj Qjst Wckcoa hfo Bjjks trmnf oujvms jxpjhtmtcvms mb pujgbf. M dcojs kj mafstf kj =5;9 sj mouohcø quj uo `js kjspuãs sjràm comuaurmkm bm sjhhcøo kj vjcotcscjtj `cbbms kjb djrrfhmrrcb kj Bjjks m Ejgkjo Grckaj. Ajoucom`jotj cotjrjsmkf jo bm hfostruhhcøo kj bms vàms dãrrjms, pfr rjhf`jokmhcøo kj su pmkrj Grmowjbb johfotrø j`pbjf jo bm oujvm jstmhcøo. Xu hmraf hf`f mscstjotj kjb njdj fhmscfoø uom prfduokm kjscbuscøo jo Hemrbfttj, quj of pfkàm vjr jo jstj pmsf scof uo rjtrfhjsf jo bm armo hmrrjrm kj mrtcstm f pfjtm quj jspjrmgm kj su ejr`mof> ‒Zo pmrcjotj `àf, uo Ymtrchl Gfmojrajs, em msjotmkf su dfrtuom jo jb smbvmnj, mvjoturjrf, rf`íotchf y jrrmotj trmgmnf kj j`pbjmkf kjb Djrrfhmrrcb kj Bjjks y @mohejstjr. Bjjks y @mohejstjr, ¶køokj jstío bms hcukmkjs 8; 7. smbvmnjs smbvmn js hf`f hf`f [mk` [mk`fr, fr, mbcms Ymb`crm6 Ymb`crm6‐‐8;7 Ymrm Grmowjbb, quj sjauàm jshrcgcjokf sco cotjrruphcøo, bm armo vjotmnm kjb j`pbjf of hfoscstàm tmotf jo bm pfscgcbckmk kj prfarjsmr jo bm hmrrjrm kj j`pbjmkf kj djrrfhmrrcb hf`f jo bm prfxc`ckmk kj su fdchcom hfo uom hcukmk

hãbjgrj pfr su `fvc`cjotf mrtàstchf y bctjrmrcf. Bm oujvm jstmhcøo kj Xfwjrgy Grckaj, uom pjqujým hcukmk tjxtcb, sj johfotrmgm m søbf sjcs lcbø`jtrfs kj

 

Embcdmx. Jb smbmrcf bbjamgm m hcjotf hcohf bcgrms moumbjs, mbaf `jofs kj bf quj  pfkràm hfgrmr hf` h f`ff tutfr tutfr prcvmkf pjrf pj rf hfo `ís `ís pfscgcbc pfsc gcbckmkjs kmkjs kj mu` mu`jot jotf. f. Zom Zom  prujgm `ís, sc mhmsf echcjrm dmbtm, kj bm hfodcmoz hfodcmozmm kjb pmkrj y kj bm tàm jo su duturf duj bm su`m kj kfshcjotms kcjz bcgrms quj fdrjhcjrfo hf`f amrmotàm, mbaf `ís quj jb sujbkf moumb moumb kjb kj b pírrfhf. pír rfhf. Bm msuohcøo fdchcmb kjb hmraf sj prfkunf jo uom armo hjrj`focm kj mpjrturm kj bm bàojm kjb djrrfhmrrcb jb : kj fhtugrj kj =5;9. Bfs pjrcøkchfs rjsjýmrfo bm comuaurmhcøo, hjbjgrmkm pfr hjotjomrjs kj jspjhtmkfrjs quj sj hfoarjamrfo  pmrm mscstcr mscs tcr m bm bbjamkm kjb prc`jr trjo. trjo. Kj mhujrkf hfo bms dujot dujotjs js bfhmbjs, bfhmb js, Grmowjbb sj efspjkø jo jb eftjb Yjmr [rjj Coo, jo Xfwjrgy Xtrjjt, hfo vcstms mb djrrfhmrrcb. Yjrf jo =5;= jo jsj prjkcf søbf jxcstàm uom hjrvjhjràm, jb `jofs kjhjotj kj bfs jstmgbjhc`cjotfs quj vjokàmo mbhfefb jo jsm ãpfhm. Of js kjb tfkf dmhtcgbj quj uo hmgmbbjrf sj mbfnmsj mbbà, scof jo uof kj bfs sjcs eftjbjs kj bm hcukmk f jo uom emgctmhcøo jo uom hmsm kj dm`cbcm, hf`f emgàm ejhef motjs jo Grmkdfrk y jo Grfuaetfo. ‒Jb nfvjo j`pbjmkf kjb djrrfhmrrcb tjoàm bm mpmrcjohcm kj uo hmgmbbjrf, y  pmrjhàmm hmbcdchmkf  pmrjhà hmb cdchmkf pmrm pm rm uom uom pfschcøo pfsc hcøo `uhe `uheff `ís `ís mbtm m btm quj bm quj emgàm jb jbjackf. jackf. Xu jstmturm jrm `jofr quj bm `jkcm, of coscaocdchmotj y pjqujýf hf`f jb sjýfr  Aruoky oc kj bm jspjhcj hf`þo kj bm eu`mockmk… [joàm uom dcaurm íacb y kjbamkm, gcjo dfr`mkm. Xu tjz jrm hbmrm y sforfsmkm, y bm jxprjscøo kj su hmrm, m bm vjz jrm mbjarj y bu`cofsm. Xu vfz jrm kubhj y prfduokm, y su prfouohcmhcøo kjb coabãs, pjrdjhtm. Grmowjbb pmrjhàm tjojr uo jxhjbjotj jspàrctu y of `fstrmgm oc uo trmzf kj bm cotj`pjrmohcm quj mbauofs jshrctfrjs emo conustm`jotj mknukchmkf jo jstm dmsj kj su vckm… @c ejr`mof m `joukf `j em emgbmkf kj sus emgcbckmkjs pfãtchms, kjb pfkjr kj su hfovjrsmhcøo y kj bm m`mgcbckmk kj su jkuhmhcøo y kj su pjrsfomb johmotf‐ 8;8 , jshrcgcø Drmohcs Bjybmok.

Xu bcgrf kj =554 kjstruyj pfr hf`pbjtf bms gcfarmdàms quj hugrcjrfo m Grmowjbb kj caof`cocm y mhusm m sus mutfrjs kj emgjrsj gmsmkf jo ru`frjs kj

 

Emwfrte ‒cohfoscstjotjs, jrrøojfs y prjhcpctmkfs‐ 8;; . Jb mutfr cohbuyj, mkj`ís kj bfs rjhujrkfs kj su ejr`mof, jb jshubtfr Nfsjpe Bjybmok, uom sjbjhhcøo kj pfj`ms coãkctfs kj Grmowjbb y uom fsmkm ecpøtjscs sfgrj su ajocmbckmk. Jb hàrhubf kj pfjtms kj Embcdmx bf hfosckjrmgm ‒uo ajocf kjb `ís mbtf frkjo‐8;: . Jo bms tmgjroms sus cotjrvjohcfojs jo drmohãs, arcjaf f bmtào hmusmrfo prfduokm c`prjscøo jotrj bfs mrtcstms y pfjtms. ‒ Dcmt nustc nustctcm, tcm, rumt  hmjbu`‐ (Bm Nustchc Nustchcmm kjgj sjr s jr c`pmrtckm muoquj muoquj hmcam jb hcjbf) hcjb f) jr jrmm bm drmsj quj sfbàm cotjrhmbmr jo hmkm sjotjohcm. Bm hmrtm kj Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo kjb =3 kj nubcf kj =5;= of pmsø pfr mbtf uom oftchcm rjbmtcvm jb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo> ‒…pckcø bm `mof kj bm sjýfrctm Qmbtfo, quj pmrjhj vm m fgtjojr jb prj`cf kj uo ejr`fsf rfstrf y uom sc`pítchm y drmohm kcspfschcøo, mkj`ís kj hubtcvmkfs tmbjotfs‐8;4 . Yfkràm bjjrsj jb kjspjhef jo jstms crfoàms kcsdrmzmkms kj jbfacfs, pjrf jb armo mouohcf kj bm `cscvm jrm ftrf, `ís c`pfrtmotj pmrm Hemrbfttj> ‒Emy uo prfyjhtf drmauíokfsj jo hmsm sfgrj jb quj qujrj`fs djrvcjotj`jotj emgbmr hfotcaf J`cby y yf. Of jstí tfkmvàm `mkurf, tcjoj kcdchubtmkjs pmrm smbcr kjb hmshmrøo, y sc bbjam m smbcr uo pfbbctf y `ujrj motjs kj pcmr, kjgj`fs tf`mrbf jo hfosckjrmhcøo m `fkf kj fríhubf kjb duturf… Ympí y bm tàm emgbmo `uhef, y J`cby y yf tm`gcão, kj duokmr uom jshujbm. Sf ej kchef hfo drjhujohcm, tþ bf smgjs gcjo, huíotf bf kjsjmràm, pjrf emstm mefrm of pfkàm c`macomr kj køokj vjokràm jb hmpctmb pmrm emhjr jb ojafhcf. Jstmgm jotjrmkm kj bfs mefrrfs kj bm tàm, pjrf scj`prj pjosã quj jbbm sjràm bm þbtc`m pjrsfom jo jb `uokf jo fdrjhjr uo  prãstm`f.  prãstm` f. Yjrf bf em ejhef, ejhef, f em kchef kchef quj bf emràm jo hmsf kj quj hfotísj` hfotísj`fs fs hfo uom hmotckmk rmzfomgbj kj mbu`oms‐8;1 . Hfo bm vcjnm jshujbm kj Wfj Ejmk rjhcjotj`jotj hjrrmkm, bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr prfpusf m Hemrbfttj prjstmrbj bms costmbmhcfojs pmrm quj duokmrm uo

oujvf jstmgbjhc`cjotf hfo sus ejr`moms. Kjpbfrmgbjs `mjstrms, bms nøvjojs Grfotì hf`prjokàmo quj jstm j`prjsm bjs pjr`ctcràm, sc of kjsjotjokjrsj kjb

 

fdchcf kj afgjromotms, mb `jofs jstmgbjhjr sus prfpcms rjabms. Hemrbfttj, hf`pbmhckm pfr jb hursf quj jstmgmo tf`mokf bfs mhfotjhc`cjotfs, jstmgm pfr  mhhjkjr mb fdrjhc`cjotf kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr humokf bbjaø m hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Qectj uo pmqujtj kj @mry [mybfr. Jb pmqujtj hfotjoàm uo pmýujbf kj sjkm ojarf y uo pmr kj aumotjs kj hmgrctcbbm hf`prmkfs jo Grusjbms. Bfs rjambfs bm b m mbjarmrfo mb jarmrfo,, muoquj muoquj bj rjsubtø rj subtø ‒jodmkfsf‐ ‒jodmkfsf‐ mhjptmrbfs, mhjptmrb fs, ym quj smgàm quj @mry y @mrtem ‒of tcjojo `ís kcojrf kj gfbscbbf quj jb sudchcjotj pmrm sus  prfpcfs amstfs‐ amstfs‐8;5 . Yjrf nuotf hfo bfs fgsjqucfs vjoàm uom hmrtm, bj hfotø bujaf m Jbbjo, quj emgbmgm kj ‒bfs humkrfs y kj bms hmtjkrmbjs quj emgàm vcstf> bms pcotu pcoturms `ís jxqucsctms, bms hmtjkrmbjs `ís vjojrmgbjs. vjojrmgbj s. Of sã quã `j `j sugcø m bm amramotm `cjotrms bjàm su hmrtm< uom c`pmhcjohcm tmo vjej`jotj motj bm rjstrchhcøo y jb trmgmnf hfostmotj< uo kjsjf tmo co`josf kj pfsjjr mbms ‛mbms hf`f søbf bm dfrtuom pujkj prfpfrhcfomr‛, uom sjk tmo urajotj kj vjr, smgjr, mprjokjr< mbaf cotjrcfr pmrjhcø kcbmtmrsj jo `c hujrpf pfr uo costmotj. @j 8;33. mtfr`jot mtfr` jotmgm mgm bm b m hfohcjohcm kj `cs mptctukjs mptctukjs of kjsmrrfbb kjsmr rfbbmkms…‐ mkms…‐8; Humokf `urcø jb sjýfr [mybfr, m hf`cjozfs kj =5;=, bm dm`cbcm kj @mry sj emgàm kcspjrsmkf> @mrtem, bm ocým rjvfbtfsm kj Wfj Ejmk, emgàm sckf jovcmkm m jstukcmr drmohãs jo uo cotjromkf kj sjýfrctms kj Grusjbms< sus ejr`mofs Nfj y Nfeo sj dujrfo m vcvcr m Euoswfrte @cbb, y @mry, quj of hfoajocmgm kjb tfkf hfo su `mkrj, pjosø jo cr m jstukcmr m Grusjbms f gcjo j`carmr m Oujvm ^jbmokm hfo su ejr`mof Qmrcoa. Bfs [mybfr, kj dfr`mhcøo bcgjrmb y mdrmohjsmkm, msckufs vcmnjrfs pfr Jurfpm, m `joukf emgàmo hf`pmrtckf sus  pjrcøkchfs  pjrcøkc hfs y bcgrfs bcgr fs drmohjsjs drmohjsjs hfo Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Bms nøvjojs Grfotì, pfr su pmrtj, emgàmo mkqucrckf mbauofs hfofhc`cjotfs kjb drmohãs, prfgmgbj`jotj trmos`ctckfs pfr su tàm. Wjhcão bbjamkm kjb hfotcojo hfotcojotj tj y hfo cotjo cotjohcfojs hcfojs kj vfbvjr vf bvjr pmrm cohfrpfrmrsj mb hfbjacf kj Grusjbms hfo su ejr`mom `jofr, @mry suacrcø m Hemrbfttj quj sj

bjs uocjrm. Mkj`ís kj su`cocstrmrbj kmtfs kj jshujbms y tmrcdms kj pmsmnjs, @mry bj hfotmacø jb jotuscms`f pfr uom vckm mvjoturjrm quj sj prjsjotmgm tmo

 

kjsbu`grmotj hf`f bm sjbvm kj su `uokf codjromb. Jb vcmnj m Grusjbms bj fdrjhàm m Hemrbfttj, pfr sfgrj tfkf, bm mkqucschcøo kj uom jkuhmhcøo kj jxhjbjohcm, uo gcjo suotumrcf, jb `myfr quj m sus fnfs pfkàm fgtjojr. ‒Jo `c hfrmzøo sj johjokcø uo dujaf quj of pukj mpmamr‐, bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo. ‒Ej kjsjmkf kurmotj tmotf tcj`pf mu`jotmr `cs hfofhc`cjotfs, pmrm bbjamr m sjr  `jnfr kj bf quj sfy… @mry [mybfr vjrtcø mhjctj jo bms bbm`ms, `j moc`ø hfo su dujrtj y joãrachf bjoaumnj, hfo`fvcø `c hfrmzøo.‐8:9 Bm ckjm kj jovcmr m uom kj sus ecnms m jstukcmr mb hfotcojotj hmtøbchf, hf`pbjtm`jotj kjshmgjbbmkm pmrm uom dm`cbcm pfgrj y prftjstmotj hf`f bm kj bfs Grfotì, quj mkj`ís ym emgàm sfbvjotmkf bfs jstukcfs kj sus ecnms, of  pfkràm emgjr hmàkf jo hcrhuo hc rhuostmo stmohcm hcm `ís comprfpcmkms. comprfpcmkms . Bm tàm Grmowjbb emgàm fdrjhckf prjstmr hcjotf hcohujotm bcgrms pmrm bbjvmr mkjbmotj jb prfyjhtf kj bm jshujbm, quj ym hfotmgm hfo bm mprfgmhcøo kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Kjsmprfvjhemr  tmb fpfrtuockmk pmrm prfpfojr uom ckjm quj pfkràm pfojr jo pjbcarf jb pbmo m  puotf  puo tf kj bbjvmrsj bbjvm rsj m hmgf pmrjhàm pmrjhà m uo kjsmhcjrtf. Yjrf Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, mþo hfod h fodcomkm comkm jo bm hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Qectj, tf`ø bm pbu`m y jshrcgcø uom `uy hmbhubmkm hmrtm kj ojafhcfs m su tàm. ‒…Xc qujrj`fs quj bm jshujbm kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr sj hfovcjrtm jo uo ãxctf, mb `jofs bm `ctmk kj bm su`m kjgjràm covjrtcrsj kj jstm `mojrm, jotfohjs ofs msjaurmràm`fs uom kjvfbuhcøo `ís rípckm kj m`gfs, kjb cotjrãs y kjb hmpctmb.‐8:= Bm mstuhcm kj Hemrbfttj hfoscstcø jo hfovjohjr m su tàm, m qucjo kjspuãs kj kcjhcfhef mýfs kj su bbjamkm kj Hfroumbbjs kj mbauom `mojrm jb pírm`f emgàm mpbmhmkf, kj bm c`pjrcfsm ojhjsckmk kj jstukcmr drmohãs jo jb hfotcojotj, hfokchcøo c`prjshcokcgbj pmrm mgrcr uom jshujbm jo Coabmtjrrm. Jo bm hmrtm bj jxpbchø, jo uom arm`ítchm kj jhfof`àm compjbmgbj, bms rmzfojs pfr bms humbjs jrm `ís hfovjocjotj Grusjbms quj Ymràs> ‒Jb hfstf kjb vcmnj, sjaþo bm tmrcdm `ís hmrm, sjràm kj hcohf bcgrms. Bm vckm js mbaf `ís quj bm `ctmk kj hmrm quj

jo Coabmtjrrm‐. Kj pmsf, cotrfkunf jo jb prfyjhtf m J`cby> ‒Jo `jkcf mýf kj jstukcf‐, msjaurø m su tàm, ‒pfkràm`fs mokmr pfr jb `uokf kj uom `mojrm jo bm

 

quj mefrm of pfkj`fs‐8:7 . Bj pckcø quj bjs mkjbmotmrm hcohujotm bcgrms m hujotm kjb prãstm`f tftmb> bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr bjs emgàm fdrjhckf bfs `ujgbjs kj bm jshujbm, bf quj jo jb duturf scaocdchmràm uo mefrrf sc`cbmr m jsm hcdrm, mrau`jotø. Jheø `mof kj tfkm su frmtfrcm pmrm kcsc`ubmr bfs embmafs> ‒Jstfy sjaurm, `cjotrms jshrcgf, quj ustjk vjrí bm hfovjocjohcm kj bf quj bj kcaf. Xcj`prj bj austm usmr su kcojrf jo bm dfr`m `ís vjotmnfsm. Of js m`cam kj trmosmhhcfojs `jzqucoms< humokf hfodcjrj uo dmvfr, bf emhj hfo drjhujohcm hfo armokjzm‐8:8 . @johcfoø jb ejhef kj quj bms nøvjojs [mybfr jstukcmrmo mbbà y `mokø uom sjýmb pfr jbjvmhcøo mb pírrfhf, quj sjaurm`jotj bjjràm bm hmrtm, mb `johcfomr quj su prfpøsctf jrm tmo mrrcjsamkf y m`gchcfsf hf`f jb quj trjcotm mýfs motjs emgàm moc`mkf m su pmkrj m kjnmr Crbmokm trms bm Zocvjrsckmk kj Hm`grckaj. ‒Of tjoaf ftrf m`caf jo jb `uokf m qucjo pujkm rjhurrcr jo uo msuotf hf`f jstj, jxhjptf ustjk. Jstfy hfovjohckm kj quj sc ofs grcokm jstm pfscgcbckmk,  pfkràm msjaurmr msjaurmr oujstrf oujstrf ãxctf pmrm tfkm oujstrm oujstrm vckm. Ympí quczí quczí mbjauj mbjauj quj jstfy pcotmokf uo pmofrm`m kj`mscmkf m`gchcfsf, pjrf ¶qucão mshjokcø jo jb `uokf sco m`gchcøo6 Xã quj tjoj`fs tmbjotf y kjsjf quj sj hfovcjrtm jo mbaf þtcb. S mhukf m ustjk pmrm quj ofs myukj. Hrjf quj of sj ojamrí, y sc ustjk jstí 8: ; hfodfr`j, yf of dmbbmrã, y ustjk of sj mrrjpjotcrí kj su m`mgcbckmk.‐ 8:; [m`gcão `johcfoø jstukcfs kj mbj`ío y of sj fbvckø kj rjhfrkmrbj quj ‒tfkms jstms vjotmnms hrjf quj pfkràmo tjojr `uhem c`pfrtmohcm humokf emym`fs mgcjrtf dcomb`jotj bm jshujbm‐ 8:: , pjrf of kcnf, pfrquj mþo bf caofrmgm, quj sj trmtmgm kj uo kjscaocf `myfr huyf dco þbtc`f sjràm hfovjrtcrbms jo jshrctfrms. M Jbbjo bj hfodjsø> ‒Moejbf cr m Grusjbms. Yjrf ¶hø`f pfkràm emhjrbf6 8: 4. ]ucsj quj, mb `jofs, uom kj `cs ejr`moms vcocjrm hfo`caf, jbjaà m J`cby‐ 8:4 Xc Hemrbfttj pjosmgm jo J`cby, J`cby pjosmgm jo Mooj. Kcmrcf kj J`cby>

‒Emwfrte, 89 kj nubcf kj =5;=. Jstj pmpjb kjgjrí sjr mgcjrtf humokf Mooj tjoam vjcotchcohf mýfs f kjspuãs kj `c prøxc`f hu`pbjmýfs, sc tfkfs jstm`fs

 

 gcjo. Js vcjrojs m bm ofhej, hjrhm kj bms oujvj. oujvj. Bbujvj smbvmnj` smbvmn j`jot jotj. j. Jstfy sjotmkm jo bm smbm, sfbm, tjr`comokf kj jshrcgcr `cs kfhu`jotfs jo `c jshrctfrcf pfrtítcb. Ympí jstí jo jb jstukcf. [àm mrrcgm, jo su kfr`ctfrcf. Jbbm jstuvf bjyjokf jb  Gbmhlwffk  m   m pmpí. Tchtfrcm y Mkjbmckm jstío costmbmkms jo su hfgjrtczf. Ljjpjr jstí jo bm hfhcom. hfhc om. Ojrf jo su nmubm. …Jspjrf quj humokf humokf bbjauj jb `f`jotf kj mgrcr jstm hmrtm, ofsftrms (Hemrbfttj, Mooj y yf) jstj`fs mbjarj`jotj sjotmkms jo oujstrm prfpcm smbm jo mbaþo buamr dbfrckf, jspjrmokf  pfr bms vmhmhcfo vmhmhcf ojs kj `ctmk kjb vjrmof… Oujstrms Oujstrms kjukms kjgjrío jstmr   pmams y kjgjràm` kjgjrà m`fs fs tjojr tjojr sudchcjotj sudchcjotj kcojrf jo oujst ujstrms rms `mofs. Ympí, tàm y Grmowjbb kjgjràmo jstmr vcocjokf m vcsctmrofs. Xjrí uom gjbbm ofhej kj vjrmof `uy kcdjrjotj kj jstm tmo fshurm. Mooj y yf tmb vjz ofs kjtjokrj`fs uofs `coutfs `ís jo jb nmrkào pmrm jxm`comr kjtjockm`jotj oujstrfs pmpjbjs. Jspjrf quj suhjkm jsf f mbaf `jnfr. Of emy uom mgcjrtm rupturm jotrj bfs Afokfbcmofs tfkmvàm. [fkfs bfs pràohcpjs y prcohjsms kjb rjcof jstío jo jb Ymbmhcf kj Costruhhcøo… [joaf `uhefs gujofs bcgrfs jotrj `cs `mofs pjrf scjotf kjhcr quj hf`f js usumb echj pfhfs prfarjsfs hfo jbbfs… Mefrm hcjrrf jstj pmpjb kjskj `uy bjnfs jovcmokf uom jxefrtmhcøo kj ―¡Hfrmnj! ¡Hfrmnj!– m 8:11. bm jxcbcmkm y mhfsmkm Mooj Mooj kjsjmokf kjsj mokf quj quj jstuvcjrm mqu mq uà‐8:

 

Jo hfotrmstj hfo bm mbjaràm y fptc`cs`f kjb kcmrcf kj J`cby, jb kcmrcf kj Mooj jvfhm, jo su tfof, bfs kcmrcfs kj Hemrbfttj jo Wfj Ejmk> ‒Js jb hu`pbjmýfs kj J`cby. Jbbm mefrm tcjoj vjcotctrãs mýfs y jstí, yf hrjf, jo hmsm. Hemrbfttj js afgjromotm jo hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Qectj. Grmowjbb js j`pbjmkf jo bm jstmhcøo kj djrrfhmrrcb kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, y yf afgjromotm jo bm dm`cbcm kjb sjýfr Wfgcosfo. Of `j austm jb j`pbjf y kjsjf hm`gcmr pfr ftrf. Jstfy mefrm jo Xhmrgfrfuae. @cs pupcbfs jstío jo bm hm`m y yf bfs sjaucrã humokf tjr`coj kj jshrcgcr… Ej`fs pjosmkf jo pfojr uom jshujbm, pjrf omkm js kjdcoctcvf tfkmvàm. Jspjrf quj bf sjm. Mefrm jstm`fs tfkfs rjpmrtckfs y sco prfgmgcbckmk kj johfotrmrofs kj oujvf pfr `uhems trcstjs sj`moms, pjrf ocoauof jstí

jodjr`f y tfkfs jstm`fsy quj amoíokfofs bm amom vckm, su jxhjptf J`cby, quj hf`f jstí tmo fhupmkm hf`f ofsftrfs, jo rjmbckmk sustjotf y hf`ckm bf

 

emhj`fs ofsftrfs. …[joj`fs m Ljjpjr, tuvc`fs uo kubhj amtctf y bf pjrkc`fs y tm`gcão uo embhøo. [uvc`fs uo amosf smbvmnj quj ym of jstí hfo ofsftrfs y trjs amosfs `mosfs, uof kj jbbfs duj msjscomkf‐ 8:5 . Mooj, uo joarmomnj quj pfr kãgcb of kjnmgm kj sjr jsjohcmb jo bm `mqucomrcm quj jstmgm mr`mokf Hemrbfttj, mþo caofrmgm quj su pujstf jo bm hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Wfgcosfo jrm uof kj bfs sfstjojs dcomohcjrfs kj bm j`prjsm quj  pjr`ctcràm  pjr` ctcràm m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y J`cby J`cby vcmnmr vcmnm r m Grusjbms Grusjbms.. Yjrf m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj bj maucnfojmgmo bfs rj`frkc`cjotfs> ‒…[joaf uom sjosmhcøo kfbfrfsm jo `c hfrmzøo (kjgf mbukcr m jbbf muoquj emgàm rjsujbtf of emhjrbf). Js m hmusm kj Mooj< tcjoj quj sfpfrtmr tmotf< `uhef, `uhef `ís kj bf quj yf nm`ís sudrà. Humokf `cs pjosm`cjotfs sj vujbvjo emhcm jbbm, bm vjo scj`prj hf`f uom jxtrmonjrm pmhcjotj y pjrsjauckm. Hfofzhf huíotm suhjptcgcbckmk emy jo su omturmbjzm, huíotf sj fdjokjo sus sjotc`cjotfs. Kjsjmràm jstmr nuotf m jbbm pmrm mk`cocstrmrbj mbaþo gíbsm`f. Js `ís sfbctmrcm, mþo `jofs kftmkm kj bm 8:33. Jo uo prc`jr `f`jotf Mooj hmpmhckmk kj emhjrsj m`cafs quj yf…‐8: cotjotø rjouohcmr m su j`pbjf pmrm rjj`pbmzmr m J`cby jo bm rjhtfràm, pjrf bfs Wfgcosfo bj rfamrfo quj of bfs mgmokfomrm, y tmb vjz bms sjýmbjs kjb  prjsgctjrcf  prjsgc tjrcf of du dujrfo jrfo dmvfrmgbjs jo jsj sjotckf, sjotckf, kj `fkf quj jbbm mhhjkcø m  pjr`mojhjr  pjr` mojhjr jo [efrp Arjjo. Ftrm vjz `fstrø `fstrø jsj js j hmríhtjr hm ríhtjr quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj emgàm kjdcockf hf`f cotrfvjrtckf, ‒rj`mrhmgbj`jotj tmhcturof y rjsjrvmkf cohbusf 84 9. hfo bfs `ís hjrhmofs‐849 Yfr dco, bm tàm mhhjkcø m mkjbmotmr bms hcohujotm bcgrms. Hemrbfttj pukf mouohcmr jotfohjs m bm sjýfrm Qectj quj kjgàm rjouohcmr m su pujstf kj afgjromotm pmrm emhjr uo vcmnj kj jstukcfs mb hfotcojotj. Zo `js kjspuãs,  pmsmkm bm Omvckmk, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y J`cby J`cby sj s j prjpmrmrfo prjpmrm rfo pmrm pmr m j`prjokjr j`prjokjr jb vcmnj. vcmn j. Bfs [mybfr, hfo sus hfofhc`cjotfs kj bm hcukmk kj Grusjbms, bms myukmrfo m johfotrmr uo pjoscfomkf mhfrkj hfo sus rjhursfs. Jb Hemtjmu kj Lfjljbgjra

kfokj sj mbfnmgmo @mrtem y @mry jrm jxhjscvm`jotj hmrf, pjrf jb pjoscfomkf Ejajr, tmo hjrhmof m Lfjljbgjra hf`f pmrm quj bms humtrf `uhemhems

 

 pukcjrmo vjrsj m `joukf, joukf, jrm uo jxhjbjotj jxhjbjotj hfbjacf y kj jxpjosms jxpjosms `ís `fkjstms. Hemrbfttj sj kcspusf m hfodjhhcfomr bm rfpm kj vcmnj hfo bm `couhcm kj uom ofvcm quj mbcstm jb mnumr kj su gfkm> ‒[joaf uo bftj kj hm`csms kj ofhej,  pmýujbfs kj gfbscbbf gfbsc bbf y ftrms rfpms pmrm hfsjr y ej jstmkf jspjrmokf hmkm sj`mom kjskj quj bbjauã m hmsm pmrm vjr m Grmowjbb, pjrf ãb ouohm jstí 84 =. Bm kcspfocgbj. Jstm`fs bbjoms kj kjsjfs kj vjrbf jb prøxc`f kf`coaf‐ 84= hmrtm m Jbbjo kjnm jotrjvjr quj bms vcsctms kj su ejr`mof jstmgbjhckms pmrm bfs dcojs kj sj`mom of sj hu`pbàmo hfo rjaubmrckmk. Muoquj Bukkjokjo Dfft jstmgm sctumkf m søbf =4 lcbø`jtrfs kj Emwfrte, hmsc tmo hjrhm hf`f Grmkdfrk, omturmb`jotj Grmowjbb johfotrmgm `ís mtrmhtcvms bms tjrtubcms hfo sus m`cafs mrtcstms quj bms kjb prjsgàtjrf y bm tàm. Hemrbfttj mýfrmgm su  prjsjohcm. Jb kjsj`pjýf kj Grmowjbb hf`f mscstjotj kjb njdj kj jstmhcøo kj Xfwjrgy Grckaj kjgj emgjr sckf jdchcjotj, pfrquj bf mshjokcjrfo `uy prfotf. Jo mafstf kj =5;7 duj kjscaomkf j`pbjmkf m hmraf kj bm oujvm jstmhcøo Bukkjokjo Dfft, hfo uo smbmrcf kj hcjotf trjcotm bcgrms mb mýf. Emstm tjoàm su mscstjotj, uo cokcvckuf bbm`mkf Qmtsfo m qucjo kjnmgm bm rjspfosmgcbckmk kj bm jstmhcøo humokf jstmgm fhupmkf jo ftrfs msuotfs. Of emy prujgms kj quj tmbjs msuotfs dujrmo jstrchtm`jotj jb mbhfefb y jb fpcf, hf`f jo ajojrmb sfstcjojo bfs jstukcfsfs kj bm vckm kj sus ejr`moms< pfr jb hfotrmrcf, su prfkuhhcøo pfãtchm jo Bukkjokjo Dfft duj prfkcacfsm. Mhf`pmýmkms pfr su pmkrj, J`cby y Hemrbfttj smbcjrfo kj Emwfrte jb 5 kj djgrjrf kj =5;7 pmrm johfotrmrsj hfo @mry y Nfj [mybfr jo Bjjks, kfokj tfkfs nuotfs tf`mràmo jb trjo emhcm Bfokrjs. Jo jb `ujbbj kjb vcjnf Yujotj kj Bfokrjs sj j`gmrhmrfo ru`gf mb hfotcojotj.

 

HMYÀ[ZBF U JB YWFDJXFW  Bm mvjoturm kjb vcmnj, bm hf`pmýàm kj J`cby y @mry [mybfr, bm pfscgcbckmk kj hfofhjr Bfokrjs, Bfokrjs, bm b m Armo Gmgcbfocm quj bm dmshcoø kjskj bfs prc` pr c`jrfs jrfs tcj`pfs kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, tfkf pmrjhàm emgjrsj hfonurmkf pmrm bm djbchckmk kj Hemrbfttj. Kjspuãs uo vcmnj fohj efrmssfbàm bbjamrfo Justfo, hmsc kj ofhej, pmrm kj kcrcacrsj mb kj eftjb kfokj kfr`crm bm jb jstmhcøo sjýfr Grfotì jo sus mýfs kj jstukcmotj, jb Hemptjr Hfddjj Efusj kj Ymtjrofstjr Wfw. Xctumkf jo jb hfrmzøo kj bm hcukmk, jb eftjbctf emgàm sckf hjotrf kj rjuocfojs bctjrmrcms jo jb scabf UTCCC y jo jb scaucjotj sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo uo rjduacf pmrm jstukcmotjs y hbãrcafs. Kurmotj bfs trjs kàms quj pmsmrfo jo Bfokrjs, kcnf @mry [mybfr, Hemrbfttj ‒pmrjhàm pjosmr quj su fhupmhcøo jrm, f kjgàm sjr, vjr tfkms bms pcoturms y jstmtums quj pukcãrm`fs. Jbbm hfofhàm m tfkfs bfs mrtcstms y køokj johfotrmr  sus ftrms fgrms. Of rjhujrkf quã vc`fs, jxhjptf Xt. Ymub. J`cby hf`pmrtàm su `cs`f jstmkf `jotmb, pjrf hcjrtm`jotj ouohm ofs kcf su fpcocøo, muoquj scj`prj tjoàm uom‐847 . @mry of bf rjhfrkmgm, pjrf jb mnustmkf ctcojrmrcf kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby cohbuyø jb @usjf Grctíochf y bm Ambjràm Omhcfomb, mkj`ís kj bm mgmkàm kj Qjst`costjr. ‒Xfgrj `c hmgjzm, sfgrj bms pmrtjs `ís mbtms kj bms hmsms, hmsc jbjvmkm emhcm bms ougjs, vjf uom sfbj`oj `msm kj hfbfr mzub fshurf, jb kf`f

kj Xt. Ymub. @cjotrms bf hfotj`pbf, `c sjr sj hfo`ujvj… [joaf uo sþgctf sjotc`cjotf mhjrhm kj `c pjrsfom> mbaucjo quj ouohm vcvcø rjmb`jotj, jstí mb dco smgfrjmokf bm vckm< `c mb`m hrjhj tmo rípckm`jotj hf`f bm hmbmgmzm kj

 

84 8, jshrcgcø Nfose. Duj pfrtjotfsm bm hmotckmk kj vckm quj vcvà jstm `mýmom‐ 848 Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. Mýfs kjspuãs sj qujnø kjb mpurmkf ctcojrmrcf quj emgàm trmzmkf Nfj [mybfr, pjrf bm hmrtm kj @mry bm sjýmbm hf`f bm `ís jotuscmstm kj

bms vcmnjrms. Jo bm `mkruamkm kjb sígmkf =7 kj djgrjrf bm hf`ctcvm j`prjokcø jb vcmnj jo gmrhf kj hmtfrhj efrms. Ymsmrfo uom ofhej jo Fstjokj pmrm sjaucr vcmnj m Grusjbms jb buojs gcjo tj`prmof m gfrkf kj uom kcbcajohcm, ym quj bm bàojm kj trjo mþo of emgàm sckf comuaurmkm. Bbjamrfo pfr bm ofhej mb Eftjb kj Efbmokm, hjrhmof m bm tjr`comb kj kcbcajohcms, humokf bm hcukmk jstmgm jo sf`grms. Jb sjýfr Grfotì emgàm hfohjrtmkf pfr hfrrjspfokjohcm quj m prc`jrm efrm kjb kàm scaucjotj dujrm m kmrbjs bm gcjovjockm jb hbãrcaf kj bm cabjscm jpcshfpmb coabjsm, jb sjýfr coabjsm, s jýfr Njol Nj olcos, cos, mhf`pmýmkf mhf`pmýmkf pfr su jspfsm. @ís tmrkj sj kcrcacjrfo mb pjoscfomkf Ejajr kj bm hmbbj Csmgjbbj, kfokj jo jb scabf UCCC sj emgàm mbgjramkf bm pjrrjrm kuhmb. Jb pjoscfomkf ym of jxcstj y tm`pfhf bm hmbbj Csmgjbbj< søbf qujkm jo pcj uom jshmbcomtm kj pcjkrm arcs, quj sfbàmo trmosctmr bms ejr`moms mb smbcr kj pmsjf. Jo bm pujrtm kj bm jshujbm, uo  pjqujýf hmrtjb jo bm pmrjk nuotf nuotf mb pfrtøo mouo mouohcmgm> ‒Yjoscfomkf pmrm øvjojs sjýfrctms‐. Jb jkcdchcf, kj søbf humrjotm mýfs kj motcaòjkmk, sj  prfbfoamgm  prfbfoa mgm jo uo nmrkào nmrkà o u`gràf u`gràf y `cstjrcfsf, cstjrcfs f, hfo sjokjrfs fokubmot fokubmotjs js  gfrkjmkfs kj rfsms y írgfbjs írgfbj s drutmbjs. drutmbjs. Xus Xus pmrjkjs bcokmgmo hfo jb pmsmnj Mbbãj Kãdjokuj, uom hmbbjhctm pjmtfomb mefrm kjstruckm m bm quj msf`mgmo bms vjotmoms kjb Mteãoãj Wfymb, uom prjstcacfsm jshujbm kj vmrfojs. Kfs smbms kj hbmsjs y uo armo kfr`ctfrcf hfo vjcotj hm`ms mbgjramgmo m bms  pupcbms, quj hf`àmo y jstukcmgmo jstukcmgmo jo uo rjdjhtfrcf. Jb sjýfr y bm sjýfrm sjý frm Eja Ejajr, jr, hfo sus trjs ecnms pjqujýms, hf`pmrtàmo su smbøo hfo bms mbu`oms y tjoàmo su vcvcjokm jo jb `cs`f jkcdchcf. Jb hfstf kjb hfbjacf, quj cohbuàm bm jkuhmhcøo jo bjoaum drmohjsm y jb pjoscfomkf, jrm kj sjcshcjotfs hcohujotm drmohfs, uom

hcdrm gmstmotj mbtm pmrm bms pfscgcbckmkjs kjb rjvjrjokf. Bm jkuhmhcøo cohbuàm bjoaum drmohjsm, ecstfrcm, mrct`ãtchm, ajfarmdàm, jshrcturm y bmgfrjs kj maunm,

 

 pjrf sc bms kcshàpubms kcshà pubms kjsjmgmo tf`mr tf`mr hbmsjs kj `þschm f kj ftrm bjoaum bjoaum kjgàmo pmamr uo mkchcfomb kj trjcotm y humtrf drmohfs. Jo tftmb, bfs amstfs kj vcmnj, rfpm, bcgrfs y sjcs `jsjs kj costruhhcøo kj hmkm uom kj sus ecnms, sjaþo bms hujotms hujotms kjb sjýfr Grfotì, Grfotì, su`mrfo su`mrfo uoms uoms humrjotm humrjotm y kfs bcgrms, bcgr ms, hmsc hms c jb j b kfgbj kfgb j kj bms hcohujotm kj prãstm`f kj bm tàm. Motjs kj moftmrsj jo jb pjoscfomkf Hemrbfttj emgàm sfbchctmkf, pfr hfrrjspfokjohcm, hfofhjr jb c`pfrtj jxmhtf kj hmkm uof uof kj bfs àtj`s àtj`s hfosckjrmkfs hfosckjr mkfs jxtrm. ‒Xf`fs ‒Xf`fs bbms ms ecnms kj uo pmstfr pmstfr coa c oabãs bãs kj `fkjrmkfs rjhursfs‐, bjs emgàm jshrctf, ‒moscfsms kj mprjokjr, hfo bm jspjrmozm kj usmr jsm costruhhcøo pmrm c`pmrtcr josjýmozm `ís mkjbmotj, y ofs  prjfhupm tjojr tjojr quj pmamr jxpjosms jxpjosms mkchcfombjs. mkchc fombjs. Yfr dmvfr, dmvfr, kjnãoofs kjnãoofs smgjr bm su`mm jspjhàdchm su` js pjhàdchm hfo tfkfs bfs amst amstfs fs co c ohbuckfs‐84; . Bm kcrjhtfrm Hbmcrj ^fj Ejajr, uom gjbam kj trjcotm y fhef mýfs, sc`pmtczø kj co`jkcmtf hfo bms mbu`oms coabjsms. Xc gcjo bm hmotckmk kj kcshàpubms jxtjroms bbjamgm m humrjotm, søbf kfhj jrmo pupcbms. Bm m`mgcbckmk kj bm sjýfrm Ejajr pjr`ctcø m Hemrbfttj y J`cby mhhjkjr m uo sjhtfr prcvmkf, sjpmrmkf pfr `jkcf kj uom hfrtcom kjb rjstf kj sus hfokcshàpubms, jo jb dfokf kjb kfr`ctfrcf. Jb sjýfr Grfotì pukf kjnmr m sus ecnms hfo trmoqucbckmk. Of søbf sj trmtmgm kj uo jxhjbjotj hfbjacf jurfpjf< jb jkcdchcf kjb pjoscfomkf, ugchmkf jo uom zfom mpmhcgbj kj Grusjbms, jstmgm gmýmkf pfr jb sfb y hustfkcmkf pfr uom efofrmgbj dm`cbcm gjbam. Bms [mybfr vcvàmo `uy hjrhm kj bm hmbbj Csmgjbbj y tm`gcão sus prc`fs, bm dm`cbcm Kcxfo. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, jb sjýfr y bm sjýfrm Njolcos, quj emgàmo mbfnmkf mb sjýfr Grfotì uom sj`mom motjs kj su rjarjsf m Coabmtjrrm, bj prf`jtcjrfo quj covctmràmo m bms nøvjojs m su hmsm kj Hemussãj k–Cxjbbjs, hjrhmom mb gmrrcf motcauf kj bm hcukmk, bfs kf`coafs y bfs kàms djstcvfs. Bm armo kcdjrjohcm jotrj jb pjoscfomkf Ejajr y jb Hemtjmux kj Lfjljbgjra,

muoquj jo uom prc`jrm `crmkm pfkràm pmrjhjr quj rjsckàm jo hcjrtf bunf f jspbjokfr kjb hmstcbbf, jrm bm omhcfombckmk kj bms kcshàpubms. @cjotrms quj bm

 

`myfràm kj bms hf`pmýjrms kj @mry y @mrtem jrmo coabjsms f mbj`moms, tfkms bms kcshàpubms kjb pjoscfomkf Ejajr jrmo gjbams. Zom kj bms prcohcpmbjs kcdchubtmkjs hfo quj sj johfotrmrfo Hemrbfttj y J`cby pmrm rjbmhcfomrsj hfo sus hfokcshàpubms of duj tmotf jb ckcf`m ‛muoquj bms hbmsjs kj tfkms bms `mtjrcms sj kchtmgmo jo drmohãs‛ hf`f bm rjbcacøo> jxhjptf uom mbu`om y bm ocýjrm kj bms ecnms kj `mkm`j Ejajr, jb rjstf kj bms mbu`oms pjrtjojhàm m bm djbcarjsàm hmtøbchm. Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo> ‒Bfs gjbams fkcmo m bfs coabjsjs‐84:  y `johcfoø uom `frmbckmk `ís ràackm quj bm kj sus hf`pmtrcftms> mgrfhemrsj uo hfrsã sco uo pmýujbf mb hujbbf, fgsjrvø, jrm nuzamkf hf`f uom kjsmarmkmgbj dmbtm kj kjhfrf< pjr pjrff Grusjbms jrm jr m ‒uom ‒uom hcukmk ejr`fsm‐. ejr`fsm‐. Jb ejhef kj quj Hemrbfttj y J`cby tuvcjrmo vjcotchcohf y vjcotctrãs mýfs, `uhef `ís quj jb rjstf kj bms mbu`oms, of kjgàm sjr uo dmhtfr pfhf c`pfrtmotj,  pjrf js prfgmgbj quj eugcjrmo eugcjrmo sckf vcstms hf`f hf`f jxhãotrchms jxhãotrchms jo humbqucjr  humbqucjr  hfbjacf, dujrm humb dujsj bm rjbcacøo, jkmk f omhcfombckmk kj sus hf`pmýjrms. Xu mspjhtf, bfs mtujokfs quj usmgmo, su cotjbcajohcm, su vcscøo kj bm omturmbjzm y jb `uokf of sj pmrjhàmo m bfs kj bms ftrms nøvjojs kj su ãpfhm. ‒\Bms mbu`oms gjbamsP pjosmgmo quj sus oujvms hf`pmýjrms tjoàmo uoms ckjms jxtrmýms y jstrjhems sfgrj bm dfr`m kj vjstcr. M J`cby sj bj emgàm motfnmkf bm `fkm kj bms ―pmtms kj nm`øo–, motcjstãtchm y rckàhubm cohbusf humokf jsm `fkm rjcomgm, y pjrscstàm jo bbjvmrbm `uhef tcj`pf kjspuãs kj quj ãstm pmsmrm. Xus dmbkms of tjoàmo tjoàmo vujbfs f tmgbms, tmgbms , sc scoof quj hfbamgmo bmrams y rjhtms emhcm mgmnf, mgm nf,  pjaíokfsj  pjaío kfsj m su kjshmromkm dcaurm‐ dcaurm‐844 , jshrcgcø @mry [mybfr. Kjspuãs kj trjs `jsjs jo Grusjbms, Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo> ‒[joaf vjcotcsãcs mýfs, tfkm uom hfbjacmbm, y jstfy `uy djbcz. Xj scjotj mbaf jxtrmýf mb tjojr quj fgjkjhjr ørkjojs jo vjz kj c`pmrtcrbms, pjrf `j austm jstm sctumhcøo. Wjtfrof m bm jshujbm hfo bm `cs`m mvckjz quj bm vmhm quj em pjr`mojhckf `uhef tcj`pf hf`cjokf pmstf sjhf y rjarjsm m bm drjshm ecjrgm ‛of tj ràms kj

`à ‛   ‛ . Js `uy omturmb pmrm `à fgjkjhjr y pfhf omturmb tjojr quj kmr  ørkjojs‐841 .

 

Bm sjýfrm Ejajr, jo su hmríhtjr y hubturm, rjhfrkmgm m Hemrbfttj jo `uhefs mspjhtfs m bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr. Kfs kj bms `mjstrms dujrfo kjshrcptms hf`f 8455  y bm tjrhjrm hf`f uom km`m ‒uom sfbtjrfom y ftrm m pfhf kj sjrbf‐84 cotjbcajotj y frcacomb pjrf rjpubscvm y mrgctrmrcm. Ftrfs scjtj `mjstrfs josjýmgmo `mtjrcms `mtjrcms jspjhàdchms jspjhà dchms hf` hf `f drmohãs, kcgunf, kc gunf, `þschm, `þschm, hmotf, hmotf, js jshrcturm, hrcturm, mrct`ãtchm y mbj`ío. Kj tfkfs jbbfs, søbf uof mtrmnf kj `mojrm oftmgbj bm mtjohcøo mtjo hcøo kj Hemrbfttj> jb prfdjsfr kj Bctjrmturm ctjrmturm Drmohjsm. Dr mohjsm. Yjqujýf kj jstmturm, hfbãrchf, grcbbmotj, jb sjýfr Ejajr jrm uo sfrprjokjotj `mjstrf kj Bctjrmturm, tm`gcão `mjstrf kjb hfbjacf pmrm vmrfojs Mteãoãj Wfymb< hràtchf sjvjràsc`f, jo sus hbmsjs mpuotmgm m bfs kjtmbbjs tãhochfs, m bm jstruhturm kjb tjxtf y m bm c`pfrtmohcm kj bm dfr`m. Xu codbujohcm duj duokm`jotmb jo bm jkuhmhcøo kj J`cby y Hemrbfttj hf`f jshrctfrms. Yfr   prc`jrm vjz pukcjrfo pukcjrfo `jkcr `jkcr sus s us cotjbjhtfs, cotjbjhtfs, kcshutcr kcshutcr j ccootjrhm`gcmr tjrhm`gcmr ckjms c kjms hfo uo uo cokcvckuf grcbbmotj y `ís hubtcvmkf quj jbbms, bjnmof mb hàrhubf dm`cbcmr y hfo uomm dfr`mhcøo uo dfr`mhcøo mhmkã` mhmkã `chm hbíschm hbísc hm kj jxhjbjohcm. ‒¶]uã c`pfrtmohcm kjgjo tjojr bfs kjtmbbjs jo rjbmhcøo hfo jb fgnjtf6‐, jshrcgcø jb prfdjsfr Ejajr m Hemrbfttj jb ; kj `myf. ‒Zstjk kjgj smhrcdchmr, sco pcjkmk, tfkf bf quj of hfotrcguym m bm hbmrckmk, bm vjrfsc`cbctuk y jb jdjhtf. Mhjotumr tfkf bf quj hfokuzhm mb pjosm`cjotf prcohcpmb, bm c`prjscøo quj kjgj kmr js mbtm`jotj hfbfrckm y arídchm< js mhjptmgbj sc jb rjstf qujkm jo jb dfokf. Jstf js bf b f quj km m bm prfsm p rfsm dfr`m, dfr`m, hf`f pcoturm, pcoturm, uockmk, uockmk, pjrspjhtcvm pjrspjh tcvm y jdjhtf. Bjm ―Emr`focj UCT– kj Bm`mrtcoj> ―[ej codcoctj–. Tm`fs m mombczmrbf uotfs kjskj jb puotf kj vcstm kj bfs kjtmbbjs.‐ 843  ¶Js prjhcsf jxecgcr hmrtms, tjstc`focfs, oftms quj mhrjkctjo quj Hemrbfttj sj jom`frø jobfqujhckm`jotj6 ‒Emy uo cokcvckuf kjb humb mþo of ej emgbmkf, @. Ejajr, jb jspfsf kj @mkm`j ‛ãb js prfdjsfr kj Wjtørchm, uo ef`grj kj armo hmpmhckmk cotjbjhtumb pjrf hfbãrchf y kj tj`pjrm`jotf crrctmgbj, pjqujýf, fshurf, djf,

hfo uom hmrm kj jxprjscfojs vmrcmkms, m vjhjs pmrjhj uom ecjom‛ . … Mhtumb`jotj jstí jofnmkf hfo`caf pfrquj echj uom trmkuhhcøo quj jstca`mtczø

 

hf`f ―pfhf hfrrjhtm– ‛of jrm pmrtchubmr`jotj cohfrrjhtm, søbf quj ãb jstmgm kj `mb eu`fr mb bjjrbm‛. Jshrcgcø bm mhusmhcøo jo jb `mrajo kj `c bcgrf y `j  prjauot  prjau otøø hø`f pfkàm sjr quj `cs `cs hf` hf`pfschc pfschcfojs fojs rjsubtmrmo scj`prj scj`prj `jnfr quj `cs trmkuhhcfojs, marjamokf quj jb msuotf bj rjsubtmgm cojxpbchmgbj, muoquj uoms sj`moms mtrís, jo uo rmptf kj pjhubcmr gujo eu`fr, `j prfecgcø usmr  kchhcfomrcf f arm`ítchm pmrm trmkuhcr bms `ís kcdàhcbjs hf`pfschcfojs coabjsms mb drmohãs. Jsf `j emhj bm tmrjm gmstmotj mrkum y `j fgbcam, kj vjz jo humokf, m cotrfkuhcr uom pmbmgrm coabjsm quj, mb vjrbm, hmsc bj emhj smbtmr bfs fnfs kj bm hmgjzm…‐819 Zom mbu`om kjb sjýfr Ejajr quj jstukcø jo jb Yjoscfomkf Ejajr kcjhcoujvj mýfs kjspuãs quj Hemrbfttj y J`cby, Drjkjrclm @mhkfombk, rjbmtø bfs `ãtfkfs kj josjýmozm kjb sjýfr Ejajr> ‒Yfkàm bjjr hfo tfof jbfhujotj, pmtãtchf f kcvjrtckf humbqucjr pmsmnj kj uo mutfr drmohãs. Bujaf mombczmgm, jbfacmgm f hrctchmgm sus kjdjhtfs. Kjspuãs bjs kmgm m bms mbu`oms bm pfscgcbckmk kj jbjacr  uo mutfr f uo tj`m y bjs pjkàm quj bf mombczmrmo usmokf jb `cs`f `fkjbf kj jxhjbjohcm quj ãb emgàm `fstrmkf hf`f jnj`pbf. Yjrf c`ctmrbf jrm hf`pbjtm`jotj c`pfscgbj… Xj supfoàm quj bm mbu`om kjgàm jshrcgcr jb josmyf kjnmokf uo m`pbcf `mrajo mb hfstmkf pmrm bms hfrrjhhcfojs, y bujaf jotrjaírsjbf. Humokf ãb kjvfbvàm jb jnjrhchcf, jb pmpjb jstmgm pbmamkf kj hfrrjhhcfojs quj mpbchmr mb vfbvjr m jshrcgcrbf, y jstm rjjshrcturm hfrrjhhcfojs rjjshrcturm sj emhàm søbf  pmrm oujstrf oujstrf gjojdchc gjojdchcf, f, pfrquj of of emgàm quj quj vfbvjr m jot j otrjaírsjbm‐ rjaírsjbm‐ 81= . Hfo drjhujohcm, `cjotrms bfs jnjrhchcfs jrmo kcshutckfs jo hbmsj, bm mutfrm kjgàm kjdjokjr sus fpcocfojs motj jb rjstf. Xøbf sc jb sjýfr Ejajr hfosckjrmgm jb josmyf rjaubmr`jotj gujof bm mbu`om kjgàm vfbvjr m jshrcgcrbf y jotrjaírsjbf, uo armo efofr quj `uy pfhms ‛J`cby y Hemrbfttj, jotrj jbbms‛  hfosjauuàmo. ‒Js ojhjsmrcf‐, kjhàm jb hfosja j b sjýfr sjý fr Ejajr, Ejajr, ‒motjs ‒motjs kj sjot s jotmrsj mrsj m jshrcgcr  jshrc gcr  sfgrj uo tj`m, tjojr ckjms y sjotc`cjotfs sfgrj ãb. Sf of pujkf smgjr quã tj`m

81 7, bjs em jstrj`jhckf su hfrmzøo y su `jotj. Jsf kjgf kjnírsjbf m ustjkjs‐ 817 kjhàm.

 

Jb jstupfr kj Hemrbfttj mb johfotrmrsj motj uo `mjstrf kj sj`jnmotj tmbbm duj moíbfaf mb quj scotcø ãb mb hfofhjrbms, kcnf jb sjýfr Ejajr m bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb jo =5:4. Mpjoms fgsjrvø sus prc`jrfs prfarjsfs hfo jb drmohãs, bjs  prfpusf bjjr bjj r y mombczmr m mbauofs mbauofs mutfrjs mutfrjs kj bctjrmtu b ctjrmturm rm drmohjsm ppmrm mrm quj bujaf bujaf c`ctmrmo su prfsm. ‒Of hrjf quj pfkm`fs smhmr prfvjhef kj jstj `ãtfkf. 8188, bj Yfkràm emhjrofs pjrkjr frcacombckmk kj pjosm`cjotf y kj jxprjscøo‐81 rjpbchø J`cby. Jb ejhef kj quj uom nfvjohctm tuvcjrm ckjms prfpcms y bms kjdjokcjrm hfo sj`jnmotjs mrau`jotfs kjnø pjrpbjnf mb prfdjsfr. J`cby jxecgàm uom cotjbcajohcm bøachm y uom hmpmhckmk pmrm mrau`jotmr ‒pfhf drjhujotjs jo uo 81 ;, kcnf `ís mkjbmotj Ejajr. ‒Kjgcjrm ef`grj y mþo `ís rmrms jo uom `unjr‐ 81; emgjr sckf ef`grj, uo armo omvjamotj. Xu pfkjrfsm rmzøo eugcjrm kjkuhckf oujvms jsdjrms kj kjshugrc`cjotf, kjb hfofhc`cjotf kj bms motjrcfrjs< y su dujrtj j c`pjrcfsm vfbuotmk of eugcjrm sckf nm`ís cotc`ckmkm pfr bm fpfschcøo f bm kcdchubtmk, of eugcjrm hjkckf scof motj bm `ujrtj.‐ 81:  Jb ajocf kj J`cby jrm mþo `myfr quj jb kj Hemrbfttj, fgsjrvø. Humokf tuvf buamr bm jotrjvcstm hfo Amsljbb ym emgàmo sckf pugbchmkfs Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  y  Nmoj Jyrj  y rjvjbmkfs bfs of`grjs kj sus mutfrms, pjrf Ejajr hfosjrvmgm kfs kfhjoms kj josmyfs jo drmohãs kj sus mbu`oms, djhemkfs jo jb vjrmof kj =5;7, quj jotrjaø m bm gcøarmdm. Of `fstrø uom cohbcomhcøo emhcm J`cby> ‒Jbbm pmrjhàm jaftcstm y jxcajotj hf`pmrmkm hfo Hemrbfttj, scj`prj kjscotjrjsmkm< y jo su kjsjf kj emhjr djbcz m bm ejr`mom `jofr, bm `myfr bj pjr`ctàm jnjrhjr uom jspjhcj kj 8144, y jstj tjstc`focf grcokm uom codfr`mhcøo, f cohfoshcjotj tcrmoàm sfgrj jbbm‐81 uom hfodcr`mhcøo, sfgrj jb tj`pjrm`jotf kj J`cby quj bms hmrtms y kcmrcfs kj bms ejr`moms jshm`ftjmo. ‒J`cby y ãb of sj bbjvmo kjb tfkf gcjo. Humokf ãb sj pfoj djrfz hfo`caf yf bbfrf. J`cby trmgmnm hf`f uo hmgmbbf y tcjoj `myfrjs kcdchubtmkjs quj yf hfo

jb drmohãs… Bms pfhms bjhhcfojs prcvmkms kj drmohãs quj @. Ejajr em hfokjshjokckf m kmrofs supfoaf quj kjgj`fs hfosckjrmrbms hf`f uom armo

 

mtjohcøo suym> mkvcjrtf quj ym emo jxhctmkf `uhef rjohfr y hjbfs jo bm jshujbm.‐811 Jrm uo armo `mjstrf. Bjs bjyø bm  @ujrtj kj Numom kj Mr Mrhf hf kj Hmsc`cr kj bm Tcaoj, bm  Jpàstfbm kj Xmo Caomhcf m bfs Hrcstc Hrcstcmofs mofs Wf`m Wf`mofs ofs y, uom tmrkj kj vjrmof, m bfs humtrf `jsjs kj su coarjsf, jb rjtrmtf quj eczf Tchtfr Euaf kj crmgjmu. Bjs sjýmbø bm gjbbjzm kj su jxprjscøo pjrf tm`gcão jb armo kjdjhtf kjb tjxtf> bf jxmajrmkf kj bm hfohjphcøo. ‒Kjskj jb puotf kj vcstm kjb dfokf, kj bm kcspfschcøo, kj bf quj pfkràm`fs bbm`mr jb mr`mzøo, js quj emo sckf rjmbczmkfs bfs kfs rjtrmtfs quj bj fdrjzhf‐ 815 , bj kcnf m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb mb jotrjamrbj kfs `moushrctfs> sj trmtmgm kjb rjtrmtf kjb `fonj drmohãs Ycjrrj K–M`cjos, jb Jr`ctmýf, dcr`mkf pfr Hemrbfttj jb 8= kj nubcf kj =5;7, y jb kj ‒Emrfbk jb Xmnøo jo bm vàspjrm kj bm gmtmbbm kj Emstcoas‐, jshrctf pfr J`cby. Jo armokjs hmrmhtjrjs, hf`f tàtubf kj hmkm uom kj jstms tmrjms, sj bjj ‒C`ctmhcøo‐. Jstc`ubmkf pfr jb tmbjotf kj sus kcshàpubms, jb sjýfr Ejajr kjhckcø mkfptmr  jb `ãtfkf kj bm josjýmozm scotãtchm> bjs frkjoø bjjr tjxtfs kj kcstcotfs mutfrjs sfgrj Hrf`wjbb, hf`f  Bm frmhcøo dþojgrj kj bm rjcom kj Coabmtjr Coabmtjrrm rm  kj Gfssujt, kfokj sj emhàm uo moíbcscs jxhbuscvm`jotj rjbcacfsf, y bujaf tjxtfs kj mutfrjs hf`f Auczft y Hmrbybj, uo rjmbcstm y uo rjpugbchmof, quj bf jstukcmgmo kjskj jb íoaubf kjb bcgrj mbgjkràf f kj bm vfbuotmk kj Kcfs. Bms costmgm m  gushmr omkm omkm `jofs `jofs quj quj bfs duokm` duokm`jot jotfs fs kj bm vjrkmk. vjr kmk. Bfs johujotrfs hfo bms [mybfr jo Grusjbms sj emhàmo hfo rjaubmrckmk, ym quj uom hfrtm hm`comtm sjpmrmgm uo hfbjacf kj ftrf. Jb kàm kj Yjotjhfstãs Hemrbfttj marjaø uo pírrmdf jo uom hmrtm quj @mry emgàm jshrctf m Jbbjo> ‒Jstm`fs pmsmokf jb kàm hfo @mry y @mrtem [mybfr ‛uom djbchckmk pmrm ofsftrms‛, ym quj bm smoarj kj uom ojhjsctm hmbjotmrsj uo pfhf< sj jodràm vcvcjokf jotrj jxtrmýfs… @mry y @mrtem of hm`gcmo< tjoaf uom dj hmtøbchm jo

8133. quj jbbms of pujkjo hm`gcmr‐81 Mkj`ís jrmo covctmkms hfo drjhujohcm m pmsmr bfs dcojs kj sj`mom jo hmsm

 

kjb hmpjbbío coabãs, uo hf`prf`csf j`gmrmzfsf pmrm m`gms pmrtjs. Bfs ecnfs kjb sjýfr Njolcos, quj bms mhf`pmýmgmo kj rjarjsf mb pjoscfomkf, bujaf hfotmrfo quj kurmotj tfkf jb hm`cof jbbms of bjs kcrcaàmo bm pmbmgrm. Yrfotf hf`prjokcjrfo quj J`cby hfosckjrmgm bm hemrbm sfhcmb uom pãrkckm kj tcj`pf<  pmrm Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, jo hm`gcf, jrm uo armo armo jsdu j sdujrzf. jrzf. Humokf Humokf jstf js tf sj s j duj duj emhcjokf emhcjokf jvckjotj bms covctmhcfojs kcs`couyjrfo, hfo armo mbcvcf pmrm tfkfs. Hfo `ís mbjaràm sj rjuoàmo hfo @mrtem y @mry [mybfr jo hmsm kj sus prc`fs Kcxfo, kfokj, kj tfkfs `fkfs, of bbjamrfo m supjrmr su tc`ckjz y jb scbjohcf motj bfs jxtrmýfs. J`cby sj `fstrmgm c`pjojtrmgbj y Hemrbfttj hmrjhàm, sjaþo @mry [mybfr, kj bms dujrzms sudchcjotjs hf`f pmrm jxprjsmr uom kcdjrjohcm u fpfschcøo kj ckjms, pfr bf humb sfbàm msjotcr m humbqucjr fgsjrvmhcøo kj uo kjshfofhckf. ‒Jstm`fs hf`pbjtm`jotj sfbms jo `jkcf kj bms `ubtctukjs. Xco j`gmraf, hrjf quj ouohm jstfy trcstj, ¡`c vckm prjsjotj js tmo kjbchcfsm, tmo kj mhujrkf hfo `c omturmbjzm, hf`pmrmkm hfo bm kj afgjromotm! @c tcj`pf, 8599, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj hfostmotj`jotj fhupmkf, trmoshurrj kj`mscmkf rípckf‐85 m Jbbjo. Xjaþo fgsjrvmrfo uoms mbu`oms coabjsms quj pmsmrfo hfo jbbms bms vmhmhcfojs kj mafstf kj =5;7 jo bm jshujbm, bms ocýms Qejjbwrcaet, Hemrbfttj y J`cby fhupmgmo uo buamr kj  pmrbfur-gfmrkjr , js kjhcr, kj mbu`oms  prcvc bjacmkms. Js pfscgbj  prcvcbjacmkms. pfscgb j quj su s u pjhubcmr pjh ubcmr cotjbcajohcm, cotjbcajohcm, quj jb j b sjýfr Ejajr Ejajr of kukø jo hmbcdchmr kj ajocf motj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, bm kcdjrjohcm kj jkmk hfo bm `myfràm kj bms pupcbms y su hf`pfrtm`cjotf scbjohcfsf y mpmrtmkf cokunjrmo m @mkm`j m ftframrbjs uom bcgjrtmk quj sus hf`pmýjrms of tjoàmo y quj duj kjtjhtmkm co`jkcmtm`jotj pfr bms oujvms mbu`oms coabjsms. Emstm jo bms efrms kj rjhrjf, humokf pmsjmgmo nuotms pfr jb nmrkào, aumrkmgmo scbjohcf. J`cby, `uhef `ís mbtm quj Hemrbfttj, johfotrmgm prftjhhcøo jo su ejr`mom, y jrm Hemrbfttj qucjo hfotjstmgm humokf mbaucjo sj kcrcaàm m jbbms, pfrquj J`cby

rmrm`jotj emgbmgm. Bms hcohf ecnms kjb `ãkchf coabãs [ef`ms Qejjbwrcaet, rjhcjotj`jotj

 

jstmgbjhckms jo Grusjbms, rjhcgcjrfo bjhhcfojs kj Hemrbfttj kurmotj bms vmhmhcfojs, motjs kj hf`jozmr bms hbmsjs. Mkj`ís, m bf bmraf kj humtrf `jsjs bms trjs ocýms `jofrjs, kj jotrj kcjz y scjtj mýfs, tf`mrfo hbmsjs kj `þschm hfo J`cby, m bm quj kjtjstmrfo. Bjs hmusmgm kjsmzøo y bbmotf quj J`cby, pmrm of kjspjrkchcmr su tcj`pf kj jstukcf, bjs kcjrm bms hbmsjs jo jb efrmrcf kjb rjhrjf. [cj`pf kjspuãs Bmjtctcm, bm ejr`mom `myfr, sj eczf m`cam kj Hemrbfttj> ‒@j tj`f quj `cs rjhujrkfs kj J`cby Grfotì of myukmrío `uhef. @j kjsmarmkø kjskj jb prc`jr `f`jotf. Xu dcaurm mbtm, kjsamrgmkm y `mb vjstckm hfotrmstmgm jofr`j`jotj hfo Hemrbfttj, quj jrm kj tmbbm pjqujým y scj`prj cgm bc`pcm y mrrjabmkm, muoquj sus vjstckfs jrmo `uy sc`cbmrjs< (J`cby) scj`prj rjspfokàm m oujstrfs hecstjs hfo uo ―Kjsjf sjr hf`f Kcfs `j 85==. Bms Qejjbwrcaet moejbmgmo covctmr m Hemrbfttj m su hmsm, pjrf of eczf– ‐85 sj mtrjvàmo m jxhbucr m J`cby kj bms covctmhcfojs (‒jbbm jrm `uy kjvftm kj su ejr`mom‐857 ). Kj `fkf quj ouohm bm covctmrfo. Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, quj emgbø  prcvmkm`  prcvmkm `jotj jotj hfo Jbbjo, Hfostmo Hfostmotco tco Ejajr Ejajr y ftrms pjrsfoms quj jstuvcjrfo jstuvcjrfo  prøxc`ms  prøxc` ms m jbbm, mk`ctcø mk`ctcø quj J`cby J`cby ‒rjpjbàm ‒rjpjb àm mgsfbutm`jot mgsfbutm`jotjj m bm ajotj ajotj hfo su 8588. Jb jsdujrzf pfr sjaucr uoms rjabms kj urgmockmk quj dràm sjqujkmk‐85 kjskjýmgm y m bm vjz sfpfrtmr bm mýfrmozm pfr su efamr, kjgàm sjr dfr`ckmgbj. ‒¶[j c`macoms m J`cby… ―tf`mokf vcof– hfo mbaþo jstþpckf y hfotjocjokf su

tj`pjrm`jotf y efsqujkmk6‐85; , grf`jmgm @mry [mybfr jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo. Jb jstukcf ejhef m bípcz kj uo írgfb kj pcof kjstruckf pfr uom tfr`jotm hfodcr`m quj J`cby, sco j`gmraf, tuvf uom m`cam jo jb pjoscfomkf Ejajr. Bfucsj kj Gmssf`pcjrrj, uom nfvjo gjbam kj kcjhcsãcs mýfs quj of duj su mbu`om, hf`pmrtcø bm prc`jrm hbmsj hfo jbbm kurmotj uo tcj`pf y kcnf quj bms kj`ís pupcbms ‒of johfotrmgmo `uy sc`pítchm‐ m Hemrbfttj. Jo hm`gcf, ‒bm sjýfrctm J`cby jrm `uhef `jofs grcbbmotj quj su ejr`mom, pjrf `ís 85:

sc`pítchm

. Bm sjýfrctm kj Gmssf`pcjrrj rjbmtø quj hcjrtm vjz sj prfkunf

uo mbtjrhmkf sfgrj jb j`pjrmkfr Ompfbjøo Gfompmrtj jotrj Hemrbfttj y uo arupf kj mbu`oms drmohjsms. Bm grmvurm kj Hemrbfttj jo bm kjdjosm kjb kuquj

 

kj Qjbbcoatfo motj bms gfompmrtcstms kjgj kj emgjrbj armonjmkf bm joj`cstmk ajojrmb. Sm dujrm kjgckf m bms humbckmkjs quj bj mtrcguyø bm sjýfrctm kj Gmssf`pcjrrj, ym pfr bm ef`fsjxumbckmk quj hfonjturmrfo mhmkã`chfs j covjstcamkfrjs, J`cby johfotrø uom m`cam jo jb pjoscfomkf. Jb kcgunf duj fgsjqucmkf m Bfucsj y bbjvm su dcr`m. Bms Qejjbwrcaet rjbmtmrfo quj bm jshujbm jstmgm kcvckckm jo kfs sjhhcfojs> jo bm prc`jrm sj rjuoàmo uoms qucohj f vjcotj mbu`oms< jo bm sjauokm sjsjotm, tfkms gjbams jxhjptf Hemrbfttj, J`cby y ftrm ocým coabjsm. Jstfs kfs arupfs, quj sj sjotmgmo jo humtrf bmrams dcbms kj gmohfs quj `crmgmo jb jstrmkf kjb `mjstrf, fhupmgmo uo armo smbøo kcvckckf pfr uo tmgcquj kj `mkjrm. Hemrbfttj y J`cby sj sjotmgmo jo jb rcohøo `ís mpmrtmkf. Bms efrms kj hbmsj hf`jozmgmo m bms oujvj pmrm cotjrru`pcrsj m bms kfhj, hfo jb mb`ujrzf kj pmo y drutms quj rjuoàm m bms cotjroms jo jb rjdjhtfrcf, trms kfs bmrams `jsms cbu`comkms pfr uom bí`pmrm kj mhjctj. Bms jxtjroms hf`àmo su prfpcm `jrcjokm jo jb nmrkào. Kj uom m kfs emhàmo bmgfrjs `cjotrms ftrm mbu`om bjs bjàm jo vfz mbtm< kj kfs m humtrf, bjhhcfojs. Bms cotjroms jspjrmgmo hfo mbjaràm bm efrm kj bfs  pcstfb  pcstfbjts jts , uofs kjbchcfsfs pmojhctfs gjbams quj sj rjpmrtàmo m bms fhef, tfkms bms ofhejs. ‒Grusjbms, =5;7. @j pmrjhj kukfsf quj vujbvm m hmsm jo sjptcj`grj. @mkm`j Ejajr ofs em prfpujstf m J`cby y m `à quj pjr`mojzhm`fs mquà ftrfs sjcs `jsjs, fdrjhcãokfsj m kjspjkcr m su prfdjsfr kj coabãs y tf`mr`j m `à jo su buamr y tm`gcão j`pbjmr m J`cby pmrtj kjb kàm pmrm josjýmr `þschm m hcjrtf oþ`jrf kj mbu`oms. Yfr jstfs sjrvchcfs sj ofs pjr`ctj hfotcoumr hfo oujstrfs jstukcfs kj drmohãs y mbj`ío, mkj`ís kjb mbfnm`cjotf, jth., sco pmamr   pfr jbbf< jbbf < of sj ofs fdrjhj smbmrcf smbmr cf mbauof. mbauof. Bm prfpfschc pr fpfschcøo øo js m`mgbj m`mgbj y, jo uom uom hcukmk jafàstm hf`f Grusjbms y uom armo jshujbm jafàstm hfo hmsc ofvjotm mbu`oms, pupcbms y jxtjroms cohbuckms, c`pbchm uo armkf kj cotjrãs quj

hf`prf`jtj oujstrm armtctuk. @j scjotf cohbcomkm m mhjptmrbm.‐854 Xc eugf f of eugf rjscstjohcm kj pmrtj kj J`cby, su fpfschcøo of bbjaø m

 

hfofhjrsj. Jo hm`gcf, bm jxcstjohcm kj trjs pfj`ms kj Afokmb quj jshrcgcø jo Grusjbms Gru sjbms cokchm quj jb pjoscfomkf Ejajr Ejajr bj grcokmgm jb tcj`pf tcj`pf y bm prcvmhckmk prc vmhckmk  pmrm jshrcgcr jshrc gcr quj of of tuvf jo Wfj Ejmk oc jo Bmw Bmw Ecbb. Mkj`ís, Mkj`ís, emgàm tf`mkf tf`mkf bjhhcfojs kj pcmof hfo jb sjýfr Hempjbbj, `mjstrf jxtjrof kjb pjoscfomkf y huýmkf kjb sjýfr Ejajr, tm`gcão prfdjsfr kjb Hfosjrvmtfcrj Wfymb. Xu  prfarjsf du dujj tmo msf`grfsf quj bfs b fs sjýfrjs Ejajr Ejajr bj prfpuscjrfo hfotrmtmr hfotrmtmr mb `jnfr `mjstrf kj Gãbachm pmrm kmrbj uo sj`jstrj mkchcfomb kj hbmsjs. ‒Jstm vjz J`cby `ujstrm bm dujrzm kj bm rjsfbuhcøo> jbbm `crø mvjrafozmkm emhcm mtrís, emhcm su drmhmsf, y rjsfbvcø hfoqucstmr jstj sjauokf kjsmdàf. Bf bfarø, 8511  pjrf bj hfstø h fstø `uhe `uhef.‐ f.‐85 Bm pjrsumscøo kj Hemrbfttj eczf jhf jo bm pmrrfqucm, pfrquj su pmkrj bjs ftfraø pjr`csf pmrm qujkmrsj sjcs `jsjs `ís. M dcojs kj sjptcj`grj @mry jshrcgcø m Jbbjo> ‒He & J jstío gcjo. Of søbf kj smbuk, scof kj `jotj y jspjrmozms. Jbbms jstío hfodfr`js hfo jb prjsjotj trmgmnf y mkj`ís mbjarjs, y yf pcjosf quj emhjo gcjo jo of rjtfromr m Coabmtjrrm, muoquj uom kj jbbms, mb dcomb, pfkràm amomr `ís jo bm ejr`fsm hcukmk kj Grmkdfrk quj kfokj jstí 8555. mefrm‐85 Hemrbfttj pfkràm emgjr amomkf `ís kcojrf jo mbauom jshujbm kj Grmkdfrk,  pjrf bf b f quj mtjsfrø, jo `ís `ís kj uo sjotckf, sjotckf, jo sus bjhturms kj Bm`mrtcoj, Bm`mrtcoj, Tchtfr  Tchtfr  Euaf y Auczft, Euaf Auczft, @mry of pfkàm pfkà m hmbh h mbhubmrb ubmrbff jo jsj js j `f`jotf. `f`jotf. Jo bm hmrtm hfonuotm quj @mry y Hemrbfttj emgàmo jovcmkf m Jbbjo, @mrtem [mybfr mýmkcø uom jpàstfbm jo uo jstcbf `uy pfhf grctíochf quj rjhfrkmgm sus tcj`pfs kj ocým gfrrmshfsm> ‒Humokf vjms m `c ejr`mof Ajfraj tjo bm ajotcbjzm kj tcrmrbj kjb pjbf `uy dujrtj pfr `à y kmbj m Nfeo uo gujo  pjbbczhf‐  pjbbc zhf‐853 . Duj jo pmrtj kjgckf m su hecspm y kjshmrf kj ocým `c`mkm, quj kj mhujrkf

hfo Hemrbfttj of cràm m hm`gcmr ouohm, quj bm rjpjotcom `ujrtj kj @mrtem [mybfr hmusø tmotm hfostjromhcøo jo sus m`cams. Zom `mýmom kj fhtugrj Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø uom hmrtm kj @mry jo bm quj bj codfr`mgm quj @mrtem jstmgm

 

jodjr`m, sco kjtmbbmr bm armvjkmk kj su jstmkf. Mb kàm scaucjotj jrm nujvjs, kàm kj `jkcf kjshmosf, pfr bf quj Hemrbfttj sj johm`coø mb hmstcbbf Lfjljbgjra hfo trmoqucbckmk. Mpjoms bbjaø bj codfr`mrfo quj @mrtem emgàm `ujrtf bm ofhej motjrcfr m hmusm kjb høbjrm. Kurmotj tfkm jsm tmrkj Hemrbfttj sj `motuvf nuotf m @mry (quj emgàm huckmkf m @mrtem ‒`ís quj hf`f uom `mkrj, `ís quj hf`f uom ejr`mom, vjbíokfbm, mtjokcãokfbm tmo tcjrom`jotj‐839 ) y vfbvcø m vcsctmrbm, jo hf`pmýàm kj J`cby, jb 89 kj fhtugrj jo bm hmsm kj sus prc`fs Kcxfo. Zofs kàms kjspuãs bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo> ‒Mefrm jstí trmoqucbm y sjrcm< sco mhhjsfs kj j`fhcøo 83 =. cotjosm, sco jxmajrmhcøo kjb sudrc`cjotf‐83= Js prfgmgbj quj J`cby sj emym rjuockf hfo Hemrbfttj jo jb hmstcbbf kfokj, hf`f kchtmgmo bms hfstu`grjs kj bm ãpfhm, kjgcjrfo emgjr vcstf m @mrtem `ujrtm. Jb ‒mhhjsf kj j`fhcøo cotjosm‐ kj @mry kjgcø c`prjscfomrbms. Jb kj @mrtem pukf emgjr sckf jb prc`jr hmkívjr quj hfotj`pbmrfo, ym quj humokf `urcø su ejr`mom @mrcm jbbms jstmgmo jo Hfwmo Grckaj. [mb vjz vcjrfo m Jbczmgjte `ujrtm uo `js y vjcotj kàms kjspuãs, m bfs scjtj mýfs kj J`cby y m bfs oujvj kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. ¶Emgrí mbauom mbauom rjbmhc rjbmhcøo øo jotrj jotrj bfs hujrpfs kj bms b ms ocýms y jb pmrbm`jotf kj Ojbby Kjmo motj jb hmkívjr kj Hmtejrcoj, jo Hu`grjs frrmshfsms 6> ‒Sf of sã sc js hfsm pjhubcmr jo `à, pjrf rmrms vjhjs kjnf kj sjotcr`j djbcz humokf vjbf uo `ujrtf, hfo tmb quj of hf`pmrtm hfo`caf jb sjrvchcf mbaþo kjukf jobfqujhckf f kjsjspjrmkf‐837 . Jb duojrmb of pukf sjr fdchcmkf pfr jb sjýfr Njolcos, hmpjbbío moabchmof, kjgckf m quj bfs [mybfr jrmo kcsckjotjs, kj `fkf quj bf bbjvø mkjbmotj uo  pmstfr euafo euafoftj ftj drmohãs drmohãs jo bm Hempjb Hempjb Wfymb, Wfymb, jb =; kj fhtugrj. fhtugrj. Jb jotcjrr jotcjrrff sj hjbjgrø jo jb hj`jotjrcf prftjstmotj, jo bms mdujrms kj Grusjbms. ]ucohj kàms kjspuãs, Hemrbfttj y J`cby mhf`pmýmrfo m @mry jo uom hm`comtm kj `ís kj

oujvj lcbø`jtrfs pmrm vcsctmr bm tu`gm y bfs hm`pfs kj bfs mbrjkjkfrjs. Jb hj`jotjrcf kj bm Hemusãj kj Bfuvmco mpmrjhj jo kfs ofvjbms kj Hemrbfttj,  Jb  rfdjsfr   y Tcbbjttj. Yfhfs mýfs `ís tmrkj, jo su ofvjbm Xecrbjy, Hemrbfttj

 

rjhfrkø jb rjarjsf kjb hj`jotjrcf y bm bbuvcm kj jsm ofhej. Jb pjrsfomnj kj Njsscj Sfrlj, kcnf bujaf Hemrbfttj, jstmgm cospcrmkf jo @mrtem [mybfr, hf`f jb kj Wfsj Sfrlj jo @mry y jb kj Xecrbjy jo J`cby. Mpjoms uo `js kjspuãs bbjaø mb pjoscfomkf uom hmrtm kj Emwfrte hfo bm oftchcm oft chcm kj bm jodjr` jodjr`jkmk jkmk kj bm tàm, uom uom ‒fgstruhhcøo cotjrom‐, cotjrom‐, msà sj bm b m bb bbm` m`øø jo jsj `f`jotf, kj sudchcjotj armvjkmk hf`f pmrm quj Hemrbfttj y J`cby j`pmhmrmo sus hfsms kj co`jkcmtf. Mb kàm scaucjotj, jb 7 kj ofvcj`grj, bbjaø bm oftchcm kj su `ujrtj. Xco jspjrmozms kj kmrbj uo þbtc`f mkcøs, rjhcgcr su  pjrkøo f tmb vjz pjkàrsjbf, pjkàrsj bf, rjpmrmr r jpmrmr mbauom mbauom dmbtm dmbtm f smbkmr su kjukm kj hcohujotm hcohujotm bcgrms, kjhckcjrfo kjnmr Grusjbms. Motjs kj pmrtcr, Hemrbfttj fgsjqucø m @mkm`j uom mhumrjbm quj kjkchø, hfo uom bjtrm kc`coutm c`pfscgbj kj kcstcoaucr sco bupm, ‒M @mkm`j Ejajr kj uom kj sus kcshàpubms. Zo rjhujrkf kj mdjhtf y rjspjtf‐. J`cby bj rjambø bm mhumrjbm kj uom dcaurm dj`jocom kjtjockm jo su vujbf cospcrmkm jo uom kj bms cbustrmhcfojs kj Wchemrk Qjstmbb kj bm Tckm kj Gyrfo  kj @ffrj, quj bm dm`cbcm Ejajr hfosjrvø emstm =539, humokf duj rjambmkm m bm jx kcshàpubm @mrcfo Kfuabms. M kcdjrjohcm kj Grmowjbb y kj Mooj, J`cby y Hemrbfttj ouohm emgàmo hfosckjrmkf m bm tàm Grmowjbb uom sustctutm kj su `mkrj. Oc scqucjrm mbgjramgmo mdjhtf emhcm jbbm (‒Afgjromgm m bfs nøvjojs gmnf bm tcrmoàm kjb 83 8, kcnf jb sjýfr Grfotì). [f`mrfo jb hfhej emstm Motwjrp, kfokj jspàrctu‐838 j`gmrhmrfo emhcm Coabmtjrrm jb kàm 4, sco smgjr mþo, muoquj quczí bf sfspjhemrmo, quj quj bm `ujrtj ujrtj kj bm b m tàm Grmowjbb bms hfovjrtcràm jo ejrjkjrms.

 

HMYÀ[ZBF UC HFODJXCFOJX KJ ZO DZ@MKFW KJ FYCF Bm bjyjokm `mbkctm kj Grmowjbb dbfrjhcø, tj`prmof, sfgrj jb hm`pf of tmo yjr`f quj rfkjmgm bms vàms dãrrjms kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, mgfomkm hfo bfs `jnfrjs prfpøsctfs pfr uo coajocjrf kjb djrrfhmrrcb, hf`pmýjrf kj nujrams kj Embcdmx qujkjjoef`grjs =513 pugbchø bcgrf `uyy buamrjs pchmotj.  Ycoturms kjb trmzm pmsmkf> uo jhujrkfs quj ejuohfofhckf quj ej vcstf jsgfzf kjb nfvjo Grfotì quj cotjotm hfrrjacr su `mbm rjputmhcøo sco bfarmrbf<  pfr jb hfotrmrc hfotrmrcf, f, bm pbu`m pbu`m dbfrckm kj Drmohcs Aruoky Aruoky of emhj `ís quj sfgrjmbc`jotmr bm tjfràm kj bm rucokmk y kjprmvmhcøo kj su m`caf> ‒Humokf bf vc pfr prc`jrm vjz, ãb jrm jb njdj kj jstmhcøo kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, uo pjqujýf j`pbmzm`cjotf kjb djrrfhmrrcb kj @mohejstjr y Bjjks. Bm bàojm jstmgm rjhcão comuaurmkm. Bm jstmhcøo jrm gmstmotj rþstchm, kj `mkjrm, y of emgàm ocoauom hcukmk hjrhm.quj…Hf`pbjtm`jotj sfbf jo yjbhfosmbvmnj Sfrlsecrj, hfo pfhfs bcgrfs, pfhf emhjr, sco fpfrtuockmkjs pfhf pmaf, sco sfhcjkmk hfo qucjo hf`pmrtcr sus cotjrjsjs pjrf bbjof kj smbvmnjs, hmgjzmeujhms y sj`cmombdmgjtfs sj` cmombdmgjtfs fgrjrfs, ¶qucão ¶qucão pfkràm kmrbj bm gcjovjo g cjovjockm ckm jjoo su hmsm, y gjgjr  hfo ãb6 ¶]ucão pfkràm sfpfrtmr jsm sfbjkmk6 ¶]uã ftrm hfsm pfkàm emhjr6‐83; . Xc gcjo bfs humkjrofs kj oftms kj Grmowjbb rjsjýmo gfrrmhejrms y jshmrm`uzms hfo cokcvckufs kj gmnm hmbmým, bm ecpøtjscs kj su rucom `frmb js rjdutmkm f hfodcr`mkm pfr bfs kfhj pfj`ms jo prfsm quj pugbchø jb  Embcdmx

m pmrtcr : kj nuocf kj =5;7, m bf bmraf kj kjspuãs bfs sjcs kj mýfs Aumrkcmo scaucjotjs., Jb pfj`mkjb ‒Ejmvjo mok Jmrte‐, pugbchmkf uo `js su `ukmozm kj Xfwjrgy Grckaj m Bukjokjo Dfft mhrjkctm quj, m bfs vjcotchumtrf

 

mýfs, Grmowjbb duj jb prc`jrf kj bm dm`cbcm jo sjr jkctmkf. Jb tjxtf duj dcr`mkf hfo jb sjukøoc`f kj Ofrtemoajrbmok, y muoquj of emy prujgms kj quj bm dm`cbcm emym vcstf mbauom kj su fgrm c`prjsm, js kcdàhcb kj hrjjr quj Grmowjbb emym rjscstckf bm tjotmhcøo kj jxecgcrbm motj sus ejr`moms. Bm vcscøo kjb of`grj kj Ofrtemoajrbmok c`prjsf jo uo pjrcøkchf kjgj kj emgjr  scaocdchmkf pmrm Hemrbfttj uom cotruscøo tj`cgbj kjb `uokf fshurf jo jb gfrkj `cs`f kj su `uokf rjmb. Jo humotf m rcýms y ofhejs tfr`jotfsms, jb humkjrof kj oftms kj Grmowjbb mscjotm ‒uom pjbjm hfo N[, pjrf kjspuãs kj bm buhem ofs johfotrm`fs jo jb 83::. N. [. jrm uo dmgrchmotj kj bmom, hm`mrmkm kj hm`cof y trmgm`fs m`cstmk‐83 tjrtubcms kj Grmowjbb nuotf hfo uo vjokjkfr kj `màz, ftrfs hf`jrhcmotjs kj bmom y jb pfrtjrf kjb djrrfhmrrcb. Bm pcoturm kj bm hmàkm kj Grmowjbb kjshrcptm  pfr Aruoky Aruoky duj duj mhjptmkm sco s co dcsurms. Xj kchj quj pjrkàm jb tcj`pf tcj`pf jo bfs pugs kj Hmbkjr Tmbbjy, quj kjnmgm jb trmgmnf jo `mofs kj su mscstjotj Qmtsfo, uo cokcvckuf kj kukfsm eform, quj gjgàm jo bms mdujrms kj bm hcukmk hfo trmgmnmkfrjs crbmokjsjs. Humrjotm mýfs kjspuãs kj bfs suhjsfs kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, Aruoky hfoduokcø mbauoms djhems y sj j`pmbmaø uo pfhf hfo jb sjotc`jotmbcs`f kj su prfpcm prfsm. Of jrm hcjrtf, pfr jnj`pbf, quj bm jstmhcøo kj djrrfhmrrcb jstuvcjrm mcsbmkm> bm pjqujým hcukmk kj Bukkjokjo Dfft sj johfotrmgm m `jkcf lcbø`jtrf pjrf mkj`ís, hf`f j`pbjmkf kjb djrrfhmrrcb, Grmowjbb tjoàm mhhjsf m humbqucjr trjo sco ojhjsckmk kj kjsj`gfbsmr oc uo hjotmvf. Zom vjz mb `jofs vcsctø bm armo hcukmk kj @mohejstjr, sctumkm m søbf kfs efrms kj trjo (‒js sugbc`j y bu`cofsm‐834 ). Jb smbmrcf supjrmgm mb kj su m`caf Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo. Xu humkjrof kj oftms hf`gcom msuotfs kjb djrrfhmrrcb hfo pfjsàm, kcgunfs y  pjqujýfs suhjsfs kj bm vckm hftckcmom quj suacjrjo suacjrjo quj of jstmgm tmo sfbf.

Mpuotø uo hfohcjrtf jo Embcdmx, bm Hrjmhcøo kj Emyko, jb == kj ofvcj`grj kj =5;=, y ftrms pcjzms kj `þschm smhrm, su prjkcbjhtm> ‒ Efby Cjsu, Cjsu, 83 1. Yfkàm fgtjojr bcgrfs kj bm gcgbcftjhm kj Bukkjokjo Dfft f kj Xmbvmtfr ‐831

 

bms kj Embcdmx, cohbuckm uom hcrhubmotj quj bbjvmgm mkjbmotj su m`caf Nfsjpe Bjybmok. Jb humkjrof `ujstrm kmtfs sfgrj tcjokms kj bcgrfs kj sjauokm `mof kj @mohejstjr y moftmhcfojs sfgrj bcgrfs, hf`f  @moeffk. Bm hmusm kj su

rj`mturm kjhbcomhcøo kj N. C. Hurtcs, bms  @cshj  @cshjbíojms bíojms kj Qmljdcjbk y vmrcms oftms sfgrj jb Gbmhlwffk . Zo `cj`grf kjb hàrhubf kj Embcdmx, jb nfvjo pfjtm Qcbbcm` Ejmtfo, jshrcgcø bujaf> ‒Mbauoms vjhjs ãb jstmgm hecspjmotj y mbjarj y ftrms sj vjàm kjhmàkf y trcstj, pjrf sc bm hfovjrsmhcøo sj kcrcaàm emhcm mbaþo tøpchf f mutfr quj bj cotjrjsmgm, sj bjvmotmgm kj su mscjotf y jo gjbbms y dbfrckms pmbmgrms rjcvcokchmgm mb pjrsfomnj f mb tj`m hfo uo hjbf quj nm`ís vfbvà m vjr. Xu tmbjotf jrm vjrkmkjrm`jotj kj uo frkjo supjrcfr. Yfkàm hctmr pcjzms kjb Gmrkf kj Mvfo, Xejbbjy, Qfrkswfrte f Gyrfo… Jo jsj `f`jotf yf j`pjzmgm m jshrcgcr pfjsàm pjrf jo vjrkmk ouohm vcjrfo bm buz emstm quj sj bms `fstrã m ãb y `j kcf `uy gujofs hfosjnfs. @j prjstø bcgrfs quj ouohm emgàm hfofhckf motjs y scj`prj jstmgm bcstf pmrm kmr`j costruhhcfojs. Xu `mojrm kj kcrcacrsj emhcm `à scj`prj duj m`mgbj. Js vjrkmk quj ãb m`mgm su hfpm, hf`f bbm`mgm drjhujotj`jotj m su vmsf kj grmoky, pjrf ouohm fbvckmrã su m`fr pfr bf sugbc`j y bf ejr`fsf. Ãb m`mgm bms fgrms gjbbms kj bm omturmbjzm y pfkàm hfotmrofs pjqujýms ecstfrcms sfgrj hfsms prjhcfsms quj emgàm vcstf> mbauom dbfr m`mkm, bm hfrrcjotj kj bm `fotmým, jb rcmheujbf jo jb gfsquj, jb kubhj hmotf kjb rucsjýfr> gjbbfs pjosm`cjotfs quj hruzmgmo su `jotj y quj yf ouohm 83 5. emgàm fàkf‐835 Jb Grmowjbb kj Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Ejmtfo, Ejmtfo, ¶o ¶of jvfhm jvfh m m bm ocým Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj Grfotì Grfotì rjhcão r jhcão bbjamkm mb pmtcf kj Wfj Ejmk jo =58= quj emgàm kjshrcptf @mry [mybfr  (‒Yrjdjràm sjotmrsj gmnf bfs írgfbjs y sj jsdfrzmgm jo jxpbchmrofs huío marmkmgbj jrm jstmr mbbà> ofs sjýmbmgm bms sf`grms, bms ougjs y bfs rjtmzfs kj

hcjbf. Ofsftrms jotjokàm`fs `uy pfhf. )6 ¶Of kjdcojo, m`gfs, mb nfvjo rf`íotchf quj sj kjbjctm motj jb jspàrctu sugbc`j kj bm omturmbjzm6 Bfs johujotrfs jo jb Bfrk Ojbsfo f jo jb Mohefr mok Xeuttbj kj Bukkjokjo

 

Dfft cohbuàmo grmoky, wecsly y tmb vjz fpcf, pjrf tm`gcão pfjsàm y bctjrmturm. Jo fhmscfojs sj hjbjgrmgmo jo jb [mbgft mok Fbk Hfhl kj Embcdmx y, mbauom vjz, jo bfs kf`cocfs kj Grmowjbb, jb [frf Ojarf kj Emwfrte f jb Hrfss Wfmks, jotrj Emwfrte y Ljcaebjy. Mbbà sj bjàmo y kcshutàmo pfj`ms y tjxtfs hf`f sc sj trmtmrm kj uo hbug f uom bfacm codfr`mb, y sj pfoàmo jo hujstcøo dfr`ms y tc`grjs y js prfgmgbj quj tm`gcão `fkfs kj pugbchmhcøo.   Yjrf of dujrfo jsms tjrtubcms bms hmusmotjs kj bm mkchhcøo kj Grmowjbb mb fpcf, hf`f sj kcnf. Aruoky mtrcguyj jsm mdchcøo m bms bjhturms kj Kj ]ucohjy jo Grmkdfrk> ‒Hfo bm fgstcomkm kjtjr`comhcøo kj bbjvmr mkjbmotj bf quj jb ftrf emgàm ejhef, j`pjzø m du`mr fpcf. Bf eczf emstm quj sj hfovcrtcø jo uo eígctf, y humokf mtmhø su scstj`m ojrvcfsf, hmyø gmnf bm tfrturm kjb kj`focf, hf`f Kj ]ucohjy emhcm jb dcomb‐833 . Bms ‒Hfodjscfojs kj uo du`mkfr kj fpcf‐,  pugbchmkms jo =57= jo jb  Bfokfo @mamzcoj pmrm jkctmrsj hf`f bcgrf uo mýf kjspuãs, bbjamrfo mb pþgbchf hf`f uo tfromkf. Xu pfpubmrckmk duj co`jkcmtm. Jb fpcf sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo uom `fkm jotrj bfs nøvjojs mrtcstms coabjsjs y emstm Drmohcs Bjybmok rjhfofhj ‒jb c`prjscfomotj kjsbu`grm`cjotf quj bm ;9 9. fvjo ajojrmhcøo kj bctjrmtfs tjoàm pfr jb oftmgbj bcgrf kj Kj ]ucohjy‐ ;99 Yfr ftrm pmrtj, bms kfs ejr`moms kjb jshrctfr kjb  Gbmhlwffk   emgàmo `ujrtf, hf`f bms kj Grmowjbb, scjokf ocýms y m hmusm kj bm tugjrhubfscs, y of jrm uo sjhrjtf quj Kj ]ucohjy mtrcguyø mb fpcf su co`uockmk motj bm jodjr`jkmk. Xu  pmkrj, jb sjýfr ]ucohjy ]ucohjy,, tm`gcão tm`gcão emgàm emgàm `ujrtf `ujrtf pfr hfosuo hfosuohcøo. Ftrms ecpøtjscs rjbmhcfomo bm cochcmhcøo kj Grmowjbb mb bíukmof  ‛ uom  prjpmrmhcøo  prjpmrm hcøo kj vcof gbmohf y fpcf quj jo Bjjks Bjjks sj s j sfbàm sfb àm usmr hf` h f`ff mojstãschf  pmrm hmb`mr kcvjrsfs kcvj rsfs kfbfrjs kfbfrj s ‛  hfo   hfo uom ojurmbacm quj mdjhtø bfs `þshubfs kj

su rfstrf kurmotj uo vcmnj m bm dubaurmotj hcukmk kj Bcvjrpffb, kfokj bfs mohjstrfs kj Bfs Gjmtbjs kjgjo kj emgjrbf c`prjscfomkf `uhef. Yjrf jb vcmnj m Bcvjrpffb sj prfkunf `uhef tcj`pf kjspuãs y Bjybmok mtrcguyø m uo mtmquj

 

kj tch bm prc`jrm kfscs kj fpcf, quj pfr ftrm pmrtj sj hfosjauàm jo gftchms, mb`mhjojs, pugs y ftrfs jstmgbjhc`cjotfs* jstmgbjhc`cjotfs*> ‒[joaf codfr`mhcøo pfsctcvm kj mbaucjo quj hfofhcø m Grmowjbb jo Bjjks y quj rjsckcø jo Grmkdfrk `cjotrms ãb jstuvf mbbà, quj hjrtcdchm quj ãb of kjnø bm hcukmk hfo kjukms< quj hcjrtm`jotj of jrm uo mbhfeøbchf y quj, sc ãb tf`ø mbaf kj tfkf bf quj sj bj ;9 =. mknukchm duj fhmscfomb`jotj…‐;9= Grmowjbb pukf emgjr jxpjrc`jotmkf hfo sustmohcms omrhøtchms jo Bukkjokjo Dfft, pjrf jb mrhecvf jo pmpjb kjb  Embcdmx Aumr Aumrkcmo kcmo tm`gcão scjotm hfostmohcm kj su hfosmarmhcøo bctjrmrcm. Bm `myfràm kj bfs pfj`ms omrrmtcvfs quj bj pugbchø jb pjrcøkchf jo bfs mýfs quj scaucjrfo dujrfo rjjshrcturms kj sus tjxtfs kj Moarcm kj =581 y =585 f oujvfs tjxtfs quj `motjoàmo bfs `ftcvfs moarcmofs, y su humkjrof kj oftms rjvjbm quj jstmgm trmgmnmokf mkj`ís jo ftrfs tj`ms. Jxhjptf kfs, tfkfs dujrfo dcr`mkfs pfr   Ofrtemoa  Ofrte moajrbmok. jrbmok. Jb usf kjb sjukøoc`f sjukøoc`f suacjrj suacjrj of tmotf tmotf quj sj `fstrmgm `fstrmgm tà`ckf tà`ckf m bm efrm kj rjvjbmr su mutfràm hf`f bm ojhjsckmk kj quj jb `uokf kj Moarcm  pjr`mojhcjrm  pjr` mojhcjrm covcscgbj covcscgb j motj motj su pmkrj. Humokf Humokf Nfsjpe Bjybmok jybmok bf cotjrrfaø cotjrrfaø sfgrj jb msuotf, ãb bj rjspfokcø> ‒Ofrtemoajrbmok sj vcjoj dfrnmokf jo sjhrjtf y scbjohcf kjskj emhj tmotf tcj`pf quj of vm m sjaucr vujstrm m`mgbj ;977. cochcmtcvm, m pjsmr kj quj bm vmockmk pfkràm c`pubsmrbf m sjaucrbm‐ ;9  Ofrtemoajrbmok  Ofrtemoa jrbmok of jrm søbf uom uom of`johbmtu of`johbmturm> rm> ‒jrm uom ckjotcdchmhc ckjotcdchmhcøo øo hfo jb rjgjbkj kj Moarcm huyms hmrmhtjràstchms ‛jb drmukj, bm ecpfhrjsàm, bm mukmhcm y bm trmchcøo ‛  ãb  ãb jstmgm kcspu kcsp ujstf m msu`cr‐ msu`cr‐ ;98 . Bm jxpjrc`jotmhcøo hfo krfams y mbhfefb of søbf of jxhbuyø scof pmrjhcø moc`mr bm hf`pfschcøo kj pfjsàm oujvm y bm cohfrpfrmhcøo kj `ftcvfs mutfgcfarídchfs. Jb þochf pfj`m quj pugbchø hfo sus cochcmbjs vjrkmkjrms> ‒Y. G. G.‐ duj uom sítcrm kj fhef vjrsfs ‒Fo tej @jbgfuroj @cocstry‐ (Xfgrj jb

@cocstrf kj @jbgfuroj) quj mpmrjhcø jo jb  Embcdmx Aumr Aumrkcmo kcmo jb =; kj mafstf kj =5;=. Jo jstj hchbf kj cotjosm prfkuhhcøo mpuotø jo uom oujvm bcgrjtm jb  prfyjhtf kj uom uom sjrcj sjr cj kj tjxtfs tjxtfs sfgrj pjrsfomnjs ecstørchfs hf` hf`ff Mbjnmokrf Mbjnm okrf jb

 

Armokj, Ambcbjf, [mssf, @cbtfo, Xm`ujb Nfeosfo, Hfwpjr y Guros, hmsc tfkfs jshrctfrjs jshrc tfrjs quj mbhmoz mb hmozmrfo mrfo bm abfrcm trms uom uom bmram b mram buhem buhem hfot h fotrm rm bfs codfrtu codfrtuocfs. ocfs. Jo jb ftfýf kj =5;= jshrcgcø uo bmraf pfj`m sfgrj jb Mb`crmotj Ojbsfo, uo ecnf kj bm pmrrfqucm quj emgàm pjrkckf m su `mkrj humokf jrm pjqujýf pmrm johfotrmr uom abfrcfsm `ujrtj jo [rmdmbamr. ‒Jb trcuodf kj bm `jotj sfgrj jb hujrpf‐ sj ckjotcdchmgm hfo bm ckjm kj bm mkvjrsckmk y jb trcuodf. Bm `jotj kjvftm m bm bctjrmturm, jshrcgcø jshrcg cø m Aruoky Aruoky,, kjgjràm kjgjrà m trcuodmr trcuodmr sfgrj bms kjsvjot k jsvjotmnms mnms dàschms. Jo jstm kcspfschcøo kj trmgmnf, hbmrm`jotj hrjàm jo su duturf hf`f  pfjtm y jshrcgàm jshrc gàm hfo uo fnf pujstf pujstf jo bm pugbchmhcøo. Jb Djrrfhmrrc Djrrfhm rrcbb pmrjhàm pmrjhà m c`pfrtmrbj pfhf. Jo =544 su m`caf Nfeo Grfwo hfotø m uofs vcsctmotjs quj ‒…jo uom fhmscøo, humokf ãb jrm njdj kj jstmhcøo, jstmokf mpurmkf pfr bm jshrcturm kj uom jpàstfbm pjrsfomb, kfs c`pfrtmotjs hmrtms (kjb Djrrfhmrrcb) jspjrmgmo sjr jshrctms motjs kj quj bbjamrm jb prøxc`f trjo. Humokf vcf kjskj su vjotmocbbm quj jb trjo jstmgm bbjamokf, tf`mokf kfs efnms kj pmpjb y kfs bípchjs, sj sjotø y jshrcgcø mb `cs`f tcj`pf kfs hmrtms hf`pbjtm`jotj kcdjrjotjs uom kj bm ftrm‐;9; . Bm kjkchmhcøo m bm jshrcturm, `ís quj su mdchcøo mb mbhfefb, kjgj kj emgjrbf kcstrmàkf kj sus kjgjrjs jo jb Djrrfhmrrcb> uom mukctfràm kj `mrzf kj =5;7 rjvjbø rjv jbø uo ‒`uy ‒`uy hfodusf hfodusf jstmkf‐ jstmkf ‐;9:  jo bms hujotms y bm pãrkckm kj `ís kj fohj bcgrms. Xc gcjo of duj mhusmkf kj drmukj, sj bf hfosckjrø rjspfosmgbj y bm hmotckmk duj kjkuhckm kj su smbmrcf< kjskj bujaf, duj kjspjkckf. Xjaþo ;9 4. Aruoky, Grmowjbb jstmgm hfovjohckf kj su ‒hubpmgcbckmk y kjshuckf‐ ;94 Yjrf Bjybmok mpuotø quj bm mutfràm kjb pjqujýf kjsdmbhf hfrrcø pfr hujotm kj su mscstjotj, jb sjýfr Qmtsfo. Hfo jstm `mohem jo su of`grj y bm abfrcm kj bm  pugbchmhcøo fhubtm pfr jb sjukøoc` sjukøoc`ff rjarjsø mb prjsgctjrcf, prjsgc tjrcf, kfokj bf jspjrmgmo jspjrmg mo su pmkrj y su tàm.

Sm costmbmkf jo jb efamr, jb jofnf kjb rjvjrjokf f bm drcmbkmk kj bm tàm Grmowjbb of fpjrmrfo kj uo `fkf tmo sf`gràf sfgrj su íoc`f hf`f bm sfbjkmk kj bm rjhtfràm, efstcamkm pfr jb vcjotf aãbckf kjb pírm`f y jo qucjtuk

 

kjskj bm musjohcm kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby, quj hfotcoumgmo jo Grusjbms. Mooj sjauàm hfodcomkm jo [efrp Arjjo. M `jkcmkfs kj `myf su íoc`f hm`gcmotj, quj fshcbmgm jotrj bm judfrcm y jb mgmtc`cjotf, bj cospcrø uo kcgunf quj jovcø m Bjybmok> uo sunjtf jotjrrmkf m `jkcms sfstjoàm bm bjyjokm ‒Wjsuracrã. Tfy m bjvmotmr`j ftrm vjz‐;91 . Zom sj`mom kjspuãs, hfo jb `cs`f coajocf pjrf sco uom hecspm kj mbjaràm, jshrcgcø m Aruoky> ‒@c rjhupjrmhcøo kj uo jstmkf hjrhmof m bm cosmocm sj vj mpbmzmkm pfr of tjojr pmrm jshuhemr `ís quj jb aj`cr kjb vcjotf sfgrj bms vcjnms hec`jojms y bfs mohcmofs írgfbjs, omkm pmrm hfotj`pbmr jxhjptf bms mbtms hfbcoms kfokj hm`comgm humokf bm vckm jstmgm bbjom kj jspjrmozms y sco mrrjpjotc`cjotfs, y omkcj hfo qucjo emgbmr jxhjptf uofs mohcmofs y `mbeu`frmkfs arcjafs y rf`mofs ejhefs pfbvf kjskj bfs ;955. Amgrcjbm @cstrmb, quj of tjoàm `jofs sjotckf kj þbtc`fs hcohf `cb mýfs‐;9 bm jshjom quj Grmowjbb, hmbcdchø mb aj`ckf kjb vcjotf kj Emwfrte hf`f uom ‒pfbcdfoàm kj kj`focfs jo puaom hfo bfs mrhíoajbjs, bfs @caujbjs kjb hcjbf y bfs krmafojs kj bm tcjrrm, quj tf`mo pfr bczm jb Sfrlsecrj, bm @foafbcm f bm ;9 3. bbmourm pmtmaøochm‐;93 Yjrf of jstmgm hf`pbjtm`jotj sfbf. Jo Emwfrte hfotmgm hfo kfs kj sus `ís qujrckfs m`cafs, Nfeo Grfwo y Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo, y jo uom ofhej kj tjrtubcm sj rjuocø hfo Bjybmok y ftrfs kfs hm`mrmkms. Motjs kj quj sj

hu`pbcjrm uo `js kj su rjarjsf,  Grmkdfrk Ejrmbk,  jb oujvf kcmrcf tfry,  pugbchø ftrf kj sus pfj`ms. pfj`ms. Emgàm jshrctf jshrc tf jb sfojtf sfojtf jo Bukkjokjo Dfft, frcacomkf jo bm pcoturm [ej Fbk Xejpejrk–s Hecjd @furojr  kj   kj Bmoksjjr. Hfo bfs prc`jrfs kàms tj`pbmkfs kjb vjrmof, mkj`ís, bbjaø Mooj m pmsmr bms vmhmhcfojs motjs kj sjaucr vcmnj emhcm jb `mr, jo Xhmrgfrfuae, kfokj  pjr`mojhjràm  pjr` mojhjràm hfo bfs Wfgcosfo sjcs sj` s j`moms. moms. Zom sj`mom kjspuãs kj bm pugbchmhcøo kjb  Grmkdfrk , su pfj`m ‒Fo tej

Hmbbfusojss Yrfkuhjk gy Hmrjs‐ smbcø sc`ubtíojm`jotj jo kfs pjrcøkchfs, ftrm vjz jb  Grmkdfrk Ejrmbk y jb  Embcdmx Aumr Aumrkcmo kcmo. Jsj `cs`f kàm uo tjrhjr   pfj`m,  pfj` m, ‒[ej Mdae Mdaemo mo Qmr‐, jshrctf jshrc tf søbf trjhj kàms motjs, motjs, duj duj pugbchmkf jo jb

 

 Bjjks Cotjb Cotjbbcajohjr  bcajohjr . Js prfgmgbj quj m hmusm kj bms kj`frms kjb hfrrjf Grmowjbb of vcjrm sus vjrsfs c`prjsfs emstm sj`moms kjspuãs, pjrf sus m`cafs, mdcohmkfs jo bms hcukmkjs `ís c`pfrtmotjs kj Sfrlsecrj, kjgjo kj emgjrbfs bjàkf kj co`jkcmtf. Xcjtj kàms `ís tmrkj mpmrjhcø ftrf oujvf sfojtf  pugbchmkf jo kfs pjrcøkchfs pjrcøkc hfs m bm vjz> jb  Grmkdfrk Ejrmbk y jb  Embcdmx Aumrkcmo. ‒Fo Yjmhjdub Kjmte mok Ymcodub Bcdj‐ jrm uo tjxtf kj =581 hf`pbjtm`jotj rjjshrctf. Bms pugbchmhcfojs hfotcoumrfo, musjotjs jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb pjrf rjbu`grmotjs jo bfs pjrcøkchfs hf`f hmrtuhefs kj kcom`ctm kcspujstfs jo dcbm jo uo bmraf hm`cof, jxpbftmokf uof kjspuãs kj ftrf. Kurmotj jb `js kj `myf jshrcgcø, hfrrcacø y jovcø `mtjrcmb m bfs pjrcøkchfs sco pmusm y, hf`f kj hfstu`grj, m jspmbkms kjb pírrfhf. Yjrf, sc jrm hcjrtm bm hfodjscøo m Aruoky> ‒Of pujkf mefrm emgbmr mbjarj`jotj y kcsdrutmr bm hf`pmýàm kj ftrfs sco jb ;=99, bm jstmkàm jo bm hmsm dm`cbcmr kjgàm jstà`ubf kj sjcs vmsfs kj wecsly‐;= rjsubtmrbj tjkcfsm y kjskchemkm.

 

Jo jstm tj`pfrmkm, hmbcdchmkm pfr bfs gcøarmdfs kj bm dm`cbcm hf`f bm kj su caof`cocfsm kjhmkjohcm, Grmowjbb of hjsø kj pugbchmr jo bfs `cs`fs

 pjrcøkc hfs quj jkctmgmo m Qfrksw  pjrcøkchfs Qfrkswfrte frte,, [joo [jooysfo ysfo,, Xe Xejbbj jbbjyy, Xfu Xfute tejy jy,, Bjcae Bjcae Eu Euoot y Bfoadjbbfw. Zof kj sus pfj`ms `ís aøtchfs, ‒Hmrfbcoj–s Yrmyjr> Fo tej

 

Hemoaj drf` Hecbkeffk tf Qf`moeffk‐** Qf`moeffk‐**,, quj dfr`mgm pmrtj kj uom sjrcj, mpmrjhcø jo jb  Grmkdfrk Ejrmbk y jo jb  Embcdmx Aumr Aumrkcmo kcmo m hf`cjozfs kj uocf uo cf kj =5;7. Zom sj`mom `ís tmrkj, bfs kfs pjrcøkchfs pugbchmrfo ftrms rjvcscfojs kj  pfj`ms  pfj` ms moarcmofs. moarcmofs. Bfs Bfs hmrtuhefs hmrtuhefs pmrjhàmo pmrjhà mo of of tjr`comrsj tjr`comrsj ouo ouohm. Mbauo Mba uofs fs hmgmbbj hm gmbbjrfs rfs kjb `uokf uokf bctjrmrcf, bc tjrmrcf, bj jshrc j shrcgcø gcø Grm Grmoowjbb wjb b m Aruoky Aruoky,, ‒`j ‒`j mhfosjnmo, pfrquj mprjhcmo `uhef `c trmgmnf, quj `j cohbcoj pfr bm bctjrmturm y jstf js `uy gujof, pjrf yf tjoaf `uy pfhf joarjc`cjotf sfgrj `c fgrm, muoquj uo armo kjsjf kj trmgmnmr‐;==. Jo bm `cs`m hmrtm sfbchctø m su m`caf quj bf myukmrm m hfosjaucr ftrf j`pbjf jo bfs djrrfhmrrcbjs (‒jo jb jxtrmonjrf, cohbusf jo Wuscm‐), Wuscm‐), tmb vjz prjscfomkf prjs cfomkf pfr su pmkrj y pfr su tàm. Kjspuãs Kjspuãs kj su jquàvfhf rjtcrf jsm pfscgcbckmk jstmgm dujrm kj hujstcøo, bj rjspfokcø Aruoky. Xco kukm moc`mkf pfr su oujvm hfokchcøo kj pfjtm pugbchmkf y hfo jb  prfyjhtf kj j`prjokjr j`prjokjr jb moejbmkf moejbmkf vcmnj mb hfotcojo hfotcojotj, tj, Grmowjbb johfotrø johfotrø hfrmnj pmrm vfbvjr m jshrcgcr mb  Gbmhlwffk . Muoquj jo jstm fpfrtuockmk su hmrtm tuvf gfrrmkfr y prfsm, tm`pfhf duj hfotjstmkm. Xc jb scbjohcf kjb bmhlwffk   bf rjpbjamgm jo bm pfschcøo kj uo jshrctfr kj prfvcohcms, su mhtcvckmk pfãtchm j`ubmgm j`ubmgm jo hcjrtf `fkf `fkf bfs bf s nujafs bctjrmrcfs bctjrmrc fs kj Gyrfo, Gyrfo, @mry Xejbbjy, Xejbbjy y Yfbckfrc jo Tcbbm Kcfkmtc, pjrf `uhef `ís jb `ãtfkf kj jshrcturm jo hfbmgfrmhcøo quj emgàm prmhtchmkf kjskj bm codmohcm hfo sus ejr`moms. ‒Grfotì y yf mhfrkm`fs jo jshrcgcr uo krm`m f uo pfj`m hfo bm hfoscaom kj ;= 7, quj jb prftmafocstm, rjmb f c`macomrcf, emym jxcstckf motjs kjb Kcbuvcf‐ ;=7 moftø su m`caf Qcbbcm` Kjmrkjo jo jb vjrmof kj =5;7. Kj jstj jnjrhchcf  pfãtchf omhcø ‒Mzrmjb ‒Mzrmjb,, fr tej tej Jvj fd Kjstruhtcfo‐ Kjstruhtcfo‐ (Mzrmjb, (Mzrmjb, f bm vàspjr vàspjrmm kj bm kjstruhhcøo), hfosckjrmkf uof kj sus `jnfrjs pfj`ms (supjrcfr m bm fgrm kj

Hurrjr Gjbb sjaþo Kjmrkjo, hràtchf pmrhcmb) y pugbchmkf jo jb  Grmkdfrk Ejrmbk  jb 7: kj mafstf kj =5;7. Dujj jo jsj `f`jot Du f`jotff prjhcsf, prj hcsf, kj hjbjgrckm hjb jgrckmkk y rjhfofhc`cjotf rjhfofhc`cjotf pmrm Grmowjbb

 

jo Sfrlsecrj, kj jstukcf y dfr`mhcøo cotjbjhtumb kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby jo Grusjbms Gru sjbms,, humokf humokf bm `ujrtj ujrtj vfbvcø vfbvc ø m crru` c rru`pcr pcr jo bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm pmrm mrrmsmr mrrms mr hfo bfs hm`cofs hm` cofs trmzmkfs y kjbcojmr kjbc ojmr gcdurhmhcfojs y kjsvàfs. kjsvàfs . Kjspuãs kj trjs mýfs kj emgjr trmàkf mbjaràm, rf`mohjs y gujoms fgrms m bm  pmrrfqucm, jo bm tjrhjrm sj`mom sj`mom kj mafstf mafstf kj =5;7 Qcbbcm` cbb cm` Qjcaet` jcaet`mo mo sj hfotmacø kj uom jpckj`cm kj høbjrm y bujaf kj kfs sj`moms kj mafoàm `urcø. ‒Bf vcsctã ajojrmb`jotj kfs vjhjs pfr kàm, uocãokf`j m ãb jo bm pbjamrcm, jshuhemokf sus pjkckfs pmrm bfs rjzfs kj bm hfoarjamhcøo… y vcãokfbf hjrrmr  sus fnfs jo jstj `uokf gubbchcfsf, vmof y jafàstm…‐;=8 , moftø jb sjýfr sjýf r Grfotì jo su kcmrcf. Mscstcr m bm mafoàm kjb pmstfr hmusø uom pjrturgmhcøo cotjosm jo Grmowjbb< bm rjdbjxcøo sfgrj su prfpcm hfokchcøo kj pjhmkfr bj kjspjrtø cotjrrfamotjs tjfbøachfs> ‒¶Yfr quã jb nfvjo pcmkfsf kjgj tj`jr m bm `ujrtj6‐;=; . Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo søbf tjoàm vjcotcfhef mýfs y su `ujrtj of eczf scof rjmvcvmr uo jshjptchcs`f rjbcacfsf quj emgàm omhckf jo bfs vcjnfs tcj`pfs kj Wfauj jo Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb. Mpjoms tuvf tcj`pf kj codfr`mr m sus ejr`moms y m sus m`cafs kjb suhjsf humokf jodjr`ø bm tàm. Xc emgàm hfosjrvmkf hcjrtm hf`pfsturm motj jb dco kj Qjcaet`mo, bm sjauokm `ujrtj bf kjvmstø. Ftrm vjz, hf`f emgàm fhurrckf motjs hfo su ejr`mom @mrcm, sj jodrjotøø m bm `ujrtj jo musjohcm kj Hemrbfttj jodrjot Hemrb fttj y J`cb J`cbyy. ‒Jstuvj kurmotj `uhefs kàms vjbmokf bm mafoàm kjb rjvjrjokf sjýfr  Qjcaet`mo, uof kj `cs `ís m`mkfs m`cafs, y mefrm jstfy mtjokcjokf bm mafoàm kj `c tàm, qucjo em sckf pfr vjcotj mýfs hf`f `c `mkrj. Jspjrf su `ujrtj jo pfhms efrms.‐;=: Bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb `urcø humtrf kàms `ís tmrkj, m hmusm kj uom fgstruhhcøo cotjstcomb, sco bm pbmhckjz kj Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo. ‒Xfy cohfejrjotj, `j tj`f, pjrf ej jstmkf kjspcjrtf kfs ofhejs scjokf tjstcaf kj

tmb sudrc`cjotf jo bm mafoàm quj of kjsjmràm m `c pjfr joj`caf, y ej pjrkckf bm ;=44, auàm y bm kcrjhhcøo kj tfkfs bfs kàms djbchjs rjbmhcfomkfs hfo `c ocýjz‐ ;= jshrcgcø m Drmohcs Aruoky pmrm jxpbchmr su scbjohcf kj jsms sj`moms. Bm

 

kjspøtchm tàm kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby sj emgàm hf`pfrtmkf hf`f uom `mkrj pmrm Grmowjbb, pjrf… ¶hfofhjràm ãb bms kcspfschcfojs kjb tjstm`jotf mb jshrcgcr  jstm hmrtm6 Xc gcjo bms sfgrcoms `myfrjs of bbjamrfo m hruzmr jb Hmomb kj bm @mohem m tcj`pf, Mooj pukf jstmr prjsjotj jo jb duojrmb. Xu prjsjohcm jrm c`prjshcokcgbj jo jb prjsgctjrcf, quj hfo bm musjohcm kj bm tàm qujkmgm jo `mofs kj @mrtem Grfwo, bm ecnm kj vjcotj mýfs kjb m`caf kj Grmowjbb, jb smhrcstío Nfeo Grfwo. Bm tàm duj sjpubtmkm, tmb humb emgàm pjkckf, gmnf bm bfsm kj bm cabjscm ‒tmo hjrhm hf`f sjm hfovjocjotj kj bfs rjstfs kj `c qujrckm ejr`mom‐;=1 . Bms nøvjojs j`gmrhmrfo emhcm Coabmtjrrm jb 4 kj ofvcj`grj, mhf`pmýmkms  pfr bm sjýfrm Ejajr Ejajr emstm emstm jb pujrt pujrtf, f, pmrm bbjamr m Emwfrte jo bm `mýmom kjb `mrtjs 5. Bm tàm Grmowjbb, hfo oftmgbj jhumoc`ckmk, bjaø bm su`m kj trjshcjotms bcgrms jstjrbcoms m hmkm uom kj sus sfgrcoms, cohbuyjokf m Jbczm Lcoastfo, quj vcvàm jo Yjozmohj y m qucjo mpjoms hfofhàm. Yjrf jrm ecnm kj su ejr`mom Hemrbfttj y of tjoàm oc uo hjotmvf. M Grmowjbb bj kjnø uom hmnm kj mdjctmr kj frcajo nmpfoãs quj vmbàm `jofs kj `jkcf pfuok y m Hemrbfttj, quj of m`mgm bms bmgfrjs kj maunm, su hfsturjrf kj bm Cokcm. Hfo kjkmbjs, maunms, ecbfs sujbtfs y `uhefs kj sus hf`pmrtc`cjotfs vmhàfs, efy buhj sfgrj bm `jsm kjb pjqujýf smbøo kj bm rjhtfràm-`usjf. J`cby, bm `jofs hfqujtm kj bms ejr`moms, rjhcgcø uo mgmochf kj `mrdcb quj, hf`f bjamkf, of pukf emgjr sckf `ís hfotuokjotj quj bm jxpubscøo kj su embhøo y kj bms fhms. ‒[uvc`fs y  pjrkc`fs m [cajr y mkj`ís pjrkc`fs mb embhøo Ejrf quj, nuo n uotf tf hhfo fo bms b ms fhms, duj jhemkf kj oujstrf efamr y sco kukm jstí `ujrtf. Humokf vfbvà kj Grusjbms cokmauã jo `uhefs buamrjs y of pukj fgtjojr ocoauom codfr`mhcøo… Ljjpjr y ;=55 Jb Dbfssy jstío gcjo, hf`f jb hmomrcf quj tjoj`fs kjskj emhj uofs mýfs.‐ ;=

kcmrcf kj J`cby mhusm m bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb hfo uo rjohfr of mpbmhmkf oc pfr  su `ujrtj oc pfr su tjstm`jotf. Hf`f jrm kj jspjrmr, Mooj fgtuvf bm pmrtj `ís prjhcmkm kj bm ejrjohcm> uo

 

rjbfn kj frf vmbumkf jo kcjz bcgrms, uo pmr kj motjfnfs y tfkms bms hmkjoms kj frf. Jb rjstf kj bfs fgnjtfs, trjs mocbbfs, uo pmr kj mrfs, scjtj huhemrctms kj  pbmtm, uofs uofs huhecbbfs y tjojkfrjs, tm`gcão tm`gcão kj pbmtm, pb mtm, ftrms nfyms, rfpms rf pms y bcgrfs, bc grfs, dujrfo kcvckckfs kj mhujrkf hfo bfs kjsjfs kj bms ejr`moms, sjaþo kcspusf jb sjýfr Grfotì. Grfotì. Bm `myfr `myfr pmrtj kjb bjamkf jstmgm covjrtckf jo gfofs kjb Djrr Djrrfhmrrc fhmrrcbb kj Sfrl  y Ofrte @ckbmok. Bm su`m, quj of jrm suhubjotm, jqucvmbàm mb sujbkf kj kfhj mýfs kj trmgmnf kj uom afgjromotm. Mkj`ís, bm tàm Grmowjbb pfsjàm uom  prfpcjkmk  prfpcjk mk jo Hfrowjbb, Hfrowjbb , pmrjhj sjr. Jstm ejrjohcm ejrjohcm grcokmgm m bms ejr`moms ejr`moms bm  pfscgcbckm  pfscgc bckmkk kj jstmgbjhjr su jshujbm y bjs prfpfrhcfomgm prfpfrhc fomgm hcjrtf rjspmb rjspmbkf kf jhfoø`chf motj bm jvjotumbckmk kj bm `ujrtj kjb pmkrj. Xc gcjo `uhefs jstukcfsfs qucscjrfo bjjr jo bm kcspfschcøo tjstm`jotmrcm kj bm tàm uo hmstcaf m bm kcscpmhcøo kj Grmowjbb jo Bukkjokjo Dfft, su hfokchcøo kj kjsejrjkmkf tm`gcão pfkràm mtrcgucrsj m ftrfs dmhtfrjs. Bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb ym emgàm covjrtckf uom pjqujým dfrtuom kurmotj bm jstmkàm kj su sfgrcof jo Grmkdfrk ¶y mhmsf jbbm, sfbtjrfom kj jstrjhefs rjhursfs, caofrmgm bms bc`ctmkms pfscgcbckmkjs kj bms `unjrjs kj emhjr dfrtuom jo bm Coabmtjrrm vchtfrcmom6 Jb ejhef kj quj jb kfhu`jotf jstuvcjrm sjbbmkf jo =588, humokf Grmowjbb tjoàm qucohj mýfs y mþo jrm su dmvfrctf, jhem pfr tcjrrm hfo jsms supfschcfojs. Grmowjbb emgràm sckf kjbcgjrmkm`jotj f`ctckf pfrquj of emgàm kukm kj quj amomràm su sustjotf pfr sus prfpcfs `jkcfs. Bf hcjrtf js quj Grmowjbb sj kjrru`gø. Jotrj bfs ejr`mofs, emgàm sckf jb þochf tjstcaf kj bm `ujrtj kj su `mkrj, kj bms kfs ejr`moms `myfrjs y mefrm, kj bm tàm. Jo uo jstmkf kj íoc`f rjdbjxcvf pjrf of trcstj, Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø> ‒[àm, @mrtem ‛[mybfr  ‛, jb sjýfr Qjcaet`mo, tfkfs sj dujrfo, quã mpmamkf pmrjhj ;=33. Jo jb vmcvão kj sjotc`cjotfs quj hfodbuyjrfo jsfs kàms kj tfkf‐;=

ofvcj`grj jo Emwfrte, bf quj kjspjrtmgm mbjaràm pfr jb rjjohujotrf sj hfovjrtàm jo mdbchhcøo m hmusm kjb kujbf. Jb mgmtc`cjotf kj Mooj pfr bm `ujrtj kj Qcbbcm` Qjcaet`mo, kj qucjo jstuvf prfgmgbj`jotj jom`frmkm, duj

 

fhubtmkf motj sus ejr`mofs f motj su pmkrj, pjrf m su rjarjsf m [efrp Arjjo, uoms sj`moms kjspuãs, jshrcgcø> ‒Sf of tj bbfrmrã, m`mkf `àf, muo humokf tu ;7 9. mrtj sj emym ckf‐;79 Bm hmrtm kj pãsm`j kjb sjýfr Ejajr quj Hemrbfttj jotrjaø m su pmkrj mb bbjamr kj Grusjbms of jrm bf quj pmrjhàm. Bm jbfhujohcm kjb `mjstrf ‛bm hmrtm jstmgm jshrctm jo drmohãs y Hemrbfttj kjgj kj emgjrbm trmkuhckf jo vfz mbtm, fhubtmokf su mactmhcøo ‛  jstmgm   jstmgm kcrcackm mb ‒Wjvjrjokf Xjýfr Grfotì, Ymstfr  Jvmoaãbchf‐ y djhemkm jb sígmkf : kj kchcj`grj> ‒Xjýfr> uo mhfotjhc`cjotf `uy trcstj kjhckj m sus ecnms m vfbvjr grushm`jotj m Coabmtjrrm< jstm pmrtckm, quj ofs mpjom `uhef, hujotm sco j`gmraf hfo `c hf`pbjtm mprfgmhcøo< js `uy omturmb quj trmtjo kj hfosfbmr m ustjk kj bf quj jb hcjbf mhmgm kj ;7 =. mrrjgmtmrbjs….‐;7= ¶Duj bm c`pftjohcm kjb `mjstrf mb quj sj bj jshurrcjrfo kj bms `mofs bms `ís grcbbmotjs kcshàpubms quj cràm m tjojr ouohm bf quj kchtø bm prfsm bcsfonjrm quj of kcsaustø mb sjýfr Grfotì, u ftrf sjotc`cjotf6 ‒Of tjoaf jb efofr kj hfofhjrbj pjrsfomb`jotj y sco j`gmraf, jxpjrc`jotf pfr su pjrsfom uo sjotc`cjotf kj vjrkmkjrm vjojrmhcøo, pujs mb nuzamr m uo pmkrj kj dm`cbcm pfr  sus ecnfs of hfrrj uof jb rcjsaf kj jqucvfhmrsj, y m jstj rjspjhtf bm jkuhmhcøo y bfs sjotc`cjotfs quj ej`fs embbmkf jo sus ecnms of emo pfkckf scof kmrofs

uom mbtàsc`m ckjm kjb `ãrctf kj ustjk y kj su hmríhtjr… Mb pjrkjr m oujstrms kfs qujrckms mbu`oms of bj fhubtmrj`fs quj jxpjrc`jotm`fs m bm vjz tmotm  pjom hf`f hf`f coqucjtuk< coqucjtuk< bm`jot bm`jotm` m`fs fs quj jstm grushm g rushm sjpmrmhc sj pmrmhcøo øo vjoam vjoam m qujgrmr  jb mdjhtf hmsc pmtjromb quj bjs emgàm`fs tf`mkf, y oujstrm trcstjzm mu`jotm mb vjr tmotfs trmgmnfs cotjrru`pckfs, tmotms hfsms gcjo hf`jozmkms y quj sfbf rjqucjrjo uo pfhf kj tcj`pf `ís pmrm sjr bbjvmkms m gujo tãr`cof… Jo uo mýf, sus kfs ecnms emgràmo jstmkf jotjrm`jotj m hugcjrtf kj bms jvjotumbckmkjs

kjb pfrvjocr< m`gms mkqucrcràmo m bm vjz bm costruhhcøo y bm hcjohcm kj bm josjýmozm< bm sjýfrctm J`cby cgm mprjokjr jb pcmof, m rjhcgcr bjhhcfojs kjb `jnfr `mjstrf quj tjoj`fs jo Gãbachm, y emstm ym tjoàm mbauoms pjqujýms

 

mbu`oms< pjrkàm pujs, m bm vjz, uo rjstf kj caofrmohcm y uo rjstf, `ís j`gmrmzfsf mþo, kj tc`ckjz< bm sjýfrctm Hemrbfttj hf`jozmgm m kmr bjhhcfojs kj drmohãs, y m mkqucrcr jsm sjaurckmk, jsj mpbf`f tmo ojhjsmrcf jo bm josjýmozm< uo mýf `ís, y bm fgrm jstmgm tjr`comkm, y gcjo tjr`comkm. Jotfohjs emgràm`fs pfkckf, sc jbbf bj eugcjrm hfovjockf, fdrjhjr m sus ecnms, f humokf `jofs m uom kj jbbms, uo pujstf kj mhujrkf hfo sus austfs, y quj bj eugcjrm ftframkf jsm kjsjmkm cokjpjokjohcm tmo kcdàhcb kj johfotrmr pmrm uom pjrsfom fvjo.‐ Jb mdío kjb sjýfr Ejajr pfr hfosjrvmr m sus mbu`oms pmsø pfr mbtf quj søbf tjoàm scjtj mýfs `ís quj Hemrbfttj, pjrf kcspmrø hfo hjrtjrm puotjràm sfgrj bfs tj`frjs kjb pírrfhf mhjrhm kjb pfrvjocr kj sus ecnms. @jofs kcshurscvf y `ís hjrhmof m bm vjrkmk, jo bfs þbtc`fs pírrmdfs sj rjdcrcø søbf m Hemrbfttj ‛  ¶mhmsf pfkàm mpjbmr m bm ‒gujom vfbuotmk‐ kj J`cby6‛ , y jstuvf m puotf kj emgbmr kj m`fr> ‒Hrjm ustjk sjýfr, quj of sj trmtm kj uom hujstcøo kj cotjrãs  pjrsfomb pmrm pmr m ofsftrfs, scof kj uom uom hujstcøo kj mdjhtf, mdjhtf, y sc bbjj emgbm`fs emgbm`fs kj sus ecnms y ofs prjfhupm`fs pfr su pfrvjocr, hf`f sc dujrmo kj oujstrm prfpcm dm`cbcm, js jxhbuscvm`jotj m hmusm kj sus humbckmkjs pjrsfombjs, su gujom vfbuotmk y su armo hjbf‐;77 . Muoquj Mooj jstmgm bbjom kj trcstjzm, jb rjarjsf m [efrp Arjjo of kjgcø hmrjhjr kj hcjrtm vcvmhckmk y fptc`cs`f. Jstm vjz bm mhf`pmýmgm Grmowjbb, dbm`motj tutfr kjb ecnf kjb rjvjrjokf Jk`uok Wfgcosfo. Bfs Wfgcosfo,  prfpcjtmrcfs  prfpcjtmrc fs kj bms tcjrrms kj Bcttbj Fusjguro Fusjguro,, bm vcbbm vcbb m hjrhmom m bm hmsm dm`cbcmr, vcvàmo hfo fpubjohcm jo uom `moscøo mtjokckm pfr scjtj sjrvckfrms y uo gmtmbbøo kj hfhejrfs, nmrkcojrfs y `uhm`fs quj sj fhupmgm kjb `motjoc`cjotf kj bfs dfafojs, bfs hfhejs, bms hmgmbbjrczms y bfs pmrqujs. M jstm jspbãokckm `moscøo, kfokj duj ‒`mrmvcbbfsm`jotj vmbfrmkf‐;78 , sjaþo

hf`jotø hfo smrhms`f Hemrbfttj, bbjaø Grmowjbb hfo Mooj jo jb covcjrof kj =5;8. Xu pfj`m djhemkf jb 89 kj `mrzf jo bm vcjnm bcgrjtm kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, sco

 

j`gmraf, emgbmgm hfo ofstmbacm kj ‒bms efrms kj mbjaràm quj jstmgmo tmo ;7 ;. Xco bfs m`cafs kj Embcdmx, oc scqucjrm hfotmgm hfo bm sfhcmgcbckmk bjnfs‐;7; kj su ejr`mom, pfrquj sj mbfnmgm jo Fbk Embb, uom hmsm kj bmkrcbbf kjb scabf UTCC quj emgàm sckf pmrtj kj uom armonm, m bm quj kcgunø hfo bípcz uo mýf `ís tmrkj. Dujrm kjgckf m bm sfbjkmk y jb mcsbm`cjotf, f of bf dujrm, jo jsj `f`jotf jodjr`ø y jb pírrfhf, quj of emgàm vcsctmkf m ocoauom kj sus ecnms kurmotj bfs mýfs jo quj trmgmnmrfo hf`f costctutrchjs, vcmnø m vjrbf jo jb `cs`f `f`jotf jo quj sus kjgjrjs pmrrfqucmbjs bf fgbcamgmo m pjr`mojhjr jo bm hcukmk kj Sfrl. Yjrf jb kjhmc`cjotf kj Grmowjbb, uom vjz quj tuvf bm fpfrtuockmk kj kjspbjamr su ajocf motj bfs Wfgcosfo, y jstf suhjkcø `uy  prfotf,  prfot f, sj kjsvmojhcø pfr hf`pbjtf. Hemrbfttj vfbvcø sfbm m Grusjbms, jo uo jstmkf kj íoc`f tmo c`pjtufsf quj sj j`gmrhø jo uom jxhctmotj pjrcpjhcm. Jb 71 kj jojrf kj =5;8 tf`ø jb djrrfhmrrcb kj bm bàojm Bjjks-Bfokrjs, quj sj rjtrmsø vmrcms efrms y bm kjnø jo bm jstmhcøo bfokcojosj kj Justfo Xqumrj m bms kcjz kj bm ofhej. Jo vjz kj mbfnmrsj jo jb Hemptjr Hfddjj Efusj, mb quj of sj mtrjvcø m jotrmr m uom efrm tmo mvmozmkm, sj johm`coø m uo sctcf `uhef `ís pjbcarfsf> jb pujrtf Bfokfo Grckaj Qemrd. Jo jb `ujbbj, sj mhjrhø m uo gmrqujrf pmrm pjkcrbj quj bm hfokunjrm emstm jb guquj Fstjok , prjpmrmkf pmrm pmrtcr m bm `mýmom scaucjotj. Xcotcø uo jxtrmýf rjafhcnf, jshrcgcø kjspuãs Buhy Xofwj, bm omrrmkfrm kj su ofvjbm Tcbbjttj, mb surhmr jb ràf fshurf ru`gf mb johujotrf kjb hmshf kjb guquj jo pbjom ofhej covjromb. Bbjaø m bm hmbbj Csmgjbbj jb sígmkf m bms scjtj kj bm tmrkj, kjspuãs kj `ís kj ;7 :, uo kàm y `jkcf kj vcmnj. ‒@mkm`j Ejajr `j rjhcgcø hfo armo m`mgcbckmk‐ ;7: bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo, f`ctcjokf jb rjhcgc`cjotf kjb jspfsf. [uvf uom mhfackm muspchcfsm. Bfs sjýfrjs Ejajr kcspuscjrfo quj kjskj jb `f`jotf `cs`f kj su

bbjamkm dujrm bbm`mkm ‒sjýfrctm‐ pfr mbu`ofs y pjrsfomb y bj mscaomrfo uo sujbkf kj kcjhcscjtj bcgrms, hfo uo arupf kj mbu`oms kj bm prc`jrm hbmsj m su hmraf. Bj fdrjhcjrfo tm`gcão, muoquj Hemrbfttj kjhbcoø bm covctmhcøo,

 

hf`pmrtcr jb smbøo dm`cbcmr pfr bms ofhejs, quj kurmotj jb kàm jstmgm fhupmkf  pfr bfs prfdjsfrjs. p rfdjsfrjs. Xj emgàm emgbmkf kj uom vcsctm kj Jbbjo m Grusjbms, pjrf of sj bbjvø m hmgf. Hemrbfttj mkunf jshmbfdràfs> ‒Xc tj eugcjrm vcstf tcrctmokf hf`f yf, hfo bms `mofs y bfs pcjs rfnfs y jotu`jhckfs, eugcjrm pmkjhckf jb kfgbj. Sf pujkf sfgrjbbjvmr `uy gcjo jstj tcpf kj hfsms… Yjrf sc tþ tuvcjrms quj pmsmr uo covcjrof jo Gãbachm, tj jodjr`mràms‐;74 . Js prfgmgbj quj bm hmrtm quj kjsmbjotø jb vcmnj kj Jbbjo m Grusjbms emym sckf kchtmkm `jofs pfr jb hbc`m kjb hfotcojotj quj pfr bms hcrhuostmohcms m`frfsms kj Hemrbfttj. Mkj`ís kj rjtf`mr bms hbmsjs kj mbj`ío hfo bm sjýfrm @ueb, m bm quj  pmamgm kcjz drmohfs drmohfs pfr `js ‛hmsc bm tftmbckm tftmbckmkk kj su smbmrcf‛, smbmr cf‛, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj c`pmrtàm bjhhcfojs kj coabãs mb sjýfr Ejajr y m su huýmkf, jb sjýfr Hempjbbj, uom tmrjm quj bm kcvjrtàm jo scbjohcf. ‒Mprjokjo hfo jspbãokckm rmpckjz ‛  jspjhcmb`jotj `foscjur Ejajr‛, ãb rjmb`jotj j`pcjzm m emgbmr coabãs `uy kjhjotj`jotj. Xc tþ pukcjrms vjr y jshuhemr bfs jsdujrzfs quj emaf pmrm josjýmrbj m prfouohcmr hf`f uo hmgmbbjrf coabãs y sus vmofs cotjotfs pmrm c`ctmr`j, rjcràms pfr tfkm bm jtjrockmk.‐;71 , bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo kfs `jsjs kjspuãs kj emgjr bbjamkf. Jb myuof kj bm Humrjs`m, quj bm sf`jtcø m uo prfarm`m kj hmdã sco bjhej, vjrkurms y pjshmkf pmrm jb mb`ujrzf y pmo pmrm bm hjom, bm dmstckcø uo pfhf,  pjrf bm b m j`grcmaujz j`grcmaujz kj pmsjmr pmsjm r hmsc m sfbms sfb ms hfo jb sjýfr sj ýfr Ejajr pfr bms bm s hmbbjs hmb bjs kj Grusjbms, ym quj søbf ftrm mbu`om bfs mhf`pmýmgm, kjgj emgjr hf`pjosmkf hfo hrjhjs jb `joþ hmtøbchf. Jb prfpøsctf kjb prfdjsfr jrm `fstrmrbj jb armo kjsdcbj kj `íshmrms kjb Hmromvmb, quj of bm c`prjscfoø jo mgsfbutf. Jo uom hmrtm m Grmowjbb, jshrctm jo `myf, kjshrcgj bm drcmbkmk kj bms kcshàpubms y `mjstrms gjbams, pjrf humokf sj rjdcjrj m bm jxhjphcøo emgbm kjb sjýfr Ejajr,

mb quj bbm`m ‒jb hcsoj ojarf‐. Sm dujrm uom hctm m Nuvjomb *** ** jo  jo rjbmhcøo rjbmhc øo hfo bm rmrjzm kj su `mjstrf, ym dujrm uom grf`m prcvmkm jotrj bfs ejr`mofs, jb  prfdjsfr Ejajr of of jrm ym bm ecjom quj quj kjshrcgcø kjshr cgcø m Jbbjo jo uom uom kj sus sus prc` prc `jrms

 

hmrtms. J`cby smhø prfvjhef kj bm cotj`pjstcvm suspjoscøo kj bms hbmsjs pmrm of rjarjsmr m Gãbachm. Mefrm jrm uom ejrjkjrm y jb m`m kj bbmvjs kj bm rjhtfràm. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, bm pjr`mojohcm jo Grusjbms, prc`jrf hf`f mbu`om y bujaf hf`f `mjstrm kj `þschm, emgàm kj`fstrmkf m bm dm`cbcm su hmpmhckmk kj smhrcdchcf, quj of jrm `uhem. Bm jspjrmgmo vfbþ`jojs kj trmgmnf mtrmsmkf jo bm `jsm kj bm hfhcom> bm kc`joscøo omrrmtcvm quj mkfptø bm smam kj Afokmb y Ammbkcoj jo bm pfjsàm y prfsm quj scaucjrfo kjvjbø, of jo su vfz cokjstruhtcgbj scof tmb vjz jo bm príhtchm kjb armo rjbmtf, bm codbujohcm kj bms bjhhcfojs kjb sjýfr Ejajr. Xu prc`jrm `jkckm hf`f njdm m hmraf duj jovcmr m  gushmr m [mggy [mggy,, kjstjrrmkm pfr bm tàm Grmowjbb kfs mýfs mot motjs. js. ‒Jstfy hfotjotàsc`m kj smgjr quj mþo hfosjrvms m [mggy‐, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m su pmkrj. ‒Js uom fgrm kj hmrckmk hfo jbbm y of hrjf quj qujkj sco rjhf`pjosm, pfrquj js `uy bjmb y scj`prj tj sjrvcrí bf `jnfr quj pujkm< mkj`ís, emrí hf`pmýàm m J`cby, quj sco jbbm jstmràm `uy sfbm.‐;75 M søbf humtrf `jsjs kj emgjr bbjamkf m [efrp Arjjo, Grmowjbb johfotrø, m su vjz, su hcsoj ojarf. ‒Ej rczmkf `cs hmgjbbfs y pjrdu`mkf `c pmýujbf hf`f uo hmgmbbjrf. Xfy jb dmvfrctf kjb efamr ‛jb sjýfr js ajojrfsf‛ pjrf bm sjýfrm jstí jokcmgbmkm`jotj mpjamkm m `à . Jbbm js uom ejr`fsm `unjr, kj ;7 3  Jstj mbrjkjkfr kj trjcotm y scjtj, kj hutcs fshurf y fnfs grcbbmotjs…‐ ;73 drma`jotf kj uom hmrtm m Nfeo Grfwo kj `myf kj =5;8 duj hfpcmkf pfr bfrk Efuaetfo, jb m`caf kj bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb quj kcduokcø bm vjrscøo kjb ecnf jxpøsctf kj Grmowjbb jo Grfuaetfo-co-Durojss. Gmnf bm trmoshrcphcøo kj bm hmrtm, hfo su puýf y bjtrm bfrk Efuaetfo marjaø quj jo bm `cscvm (of rjprfkuhckm jo su tftmbckmk) Grmowjbb bj pjkàm hfosjnf m Nfeo Grfwo sfgrj bm hfokuhtm hfoku htm quj kjgàm sjaucr. sjaucr. Jb `mrckf jrm jr m ‒kãg ‒kãgcb cb y kj`mhrmkf‐ kj`mhrmkf‐ ;89 , bj kcnf, y bm

sjýfrm bj emhàm drjhujotjs rjambfs y bf costmgm m quj bj rjspfokcjrm sc bm m`mgm f of. Bm hmrtm jstmgm dcr`mkm pfr ‒Nmhfg, jb ecnf kj Nfsã‐, uom hctm  gàgbchm  gàgbc hm quj Nfeo Grfwo pfkàm hf`prjokjr hf`prjokjr gcjo gc jo pfrquj mbukàm mb ukàm m bm trmkuhhcøo trmkuhhcøo

 

kj Nmhfg kjb ejgrjf> Jb Xupbjotj (jb quj supbmotmràm mb sjýfr Wfgcosfo).

* Jo bm Coabmtjrrm kjb scabf UCU jb fpcf dfr`mgm pmrtj kj bm vckm kcmrcm. Jrm `uy mprjhcmkf hf`f mombaãschf pmrm trmtmr grfoquctcs, híohjr, kcmgjtjs, `mbmrcm, tãtmofs, oju`foàm f þbhjrms, jotrj ftrms jodjr`jkmkjs. Xj vjokàm m gmnf hfstf y emstm quj jotrø jo vcajohcm jb Mhtm Dmr`mhãutch Dmr`mhãutchmm kkjj =545 =5 45 dduj uj bjamb. ** ** ‒@y  ‒@y Dmtejr, mok `y hecbkwffk–s auckj!/ Cd fdt C–vj wmokjrjk dmr drf` [ejj mbaucjo mtrmhtcvf‐;8 ‒Bms ejr`moms ‛kcstmotjs y kcstrmàkms, omrchjs bmrams, pjqujýms kj dcaurm, hmgjbbf rfnf, prf`cojot prf`cojotjs js hfo sus motjfnfs, `fstrmgmo armo supjrcfrckmk cotjbjhtumb, pjrf hfo fnfs hfostmotj`jotj gmnfs, `uy hmbbmkms, pjofsm`jotj rjtrmàkms‐;87 . Jo ofvcj`grj, Nfeo Grfwo rjhcgcø uom hmrtm judørchm prfhjkjotj kj [efrp Arjjo> ‒Xã quj ustjk pcjosm quj yf gjgf, pjrf pmsm jb tcj`pf y pujkf buhemr  hfotrm tfkf jsf. Of tf`f `ís quj vcof y grmoky y maum uom vjz mb kàm ‛quj

js, motjs kj kjsmyuomr, bf sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm emhjr`j vjr bm mafoàm kjb kàm. @c pjqujým km`m mkjbamzm hmkm kàm ‛jbbm jstí bbjom kj jspàrctu y hfrmnj, jxhjptf jo bm ckjm kj eucr hfo`caf. Ãb mgusm kj sus príhtchms `jtfkcstms‐;88 . Bm vjrscøo kj bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb of hfotrmkchj m Grmowjbb> ‒…duj jbbm qucjo bj eczf eczf jb m`fr. m`fr. Mukmz Mukmz j cosjoscgbj, bf emhàm jo prjsjohcm kj sus prfpcfs ecnfs prøxc`fs ym m bm jkmk mkubtm< y jbbfs bm m`jomzmgmo, sc of bjs hfokjhàm tmb f humb hmprchef, hfo hfotmrbj m su pmkrj, pfstrmkf jo hm`m, ―hø`f sj

hfokuhàm hfo jb sjýfr Grfotì– ‐ ;8; . @cjotrms su smhrcstío @cjotrms smhrcs tío bjàm bjà m bms hmrtms kj Grmowjbb jo bm vjrjkm kj jodrjot jodrjotjj kj bm rjhtfràm, jb sjýfr Grfotì hfodcmgm jo quj bfs prfgbj`ms kj su ecnf eugcjrmo

 

tjr`comkf. Bm mutfof`àm kj J`cby, bcgjrmkm kjb kf`cocf kj bm tàm Grmowjbb y hfo [mggy m su bmkf, tjoàm su hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo bm sctumhcøo prcvcbjacmkm kj Hemrbfttj jo Grusjbms. ‒Sm `j ej costmbmkf, pfr supujstf‐;8: , bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo. ‒Of jstfy kj`mscmkf sfgrjhmramkm kj trmgmnf y mkj`ís kj josjýmr  coabãs, tjoaf tcj`pf kj pjrdjhhcfomr`j jo mbj`ío. Kjgcjrm hfosckjrmr`j mdfrtuomkm y jstmr marmkjhckm m `c gujom sujrtj. Hrjf jstmrbf< y sc bfarmrm `motjojr scj`prj `c jspàrctu jo mbtf y of sjotcr`j sfbm f suspcrmr pfr  hm`mrmkjràm f m`cstmk, f hf`f sjm quj sj bbm`j, `j cràm `uy gcjo. Hf`f ym tj ej kchef, `foscjur y `mkm`j Ejajr sfo bms þochms kfs pjrsfoms kj bm hmsm  pfr qucjojs rjmb`jotj rjmb`jotj jxpjrc`jo jxpjrc`jotf tf rjspjtf y jstc`m, jstc`m, y pfr hcjrtf hcjr tf quj quj of pujkf pujkf jstmr scj`prj hfo jbbfs, oc scqucjrm m `joukf…‐ Bm hmrtm `johcfom bm sctumhcøo kj @mry [mybfr, mdcohmkm jo Mbj`mocm hf`f afgjromotm jo uo hfbjacf kj vmrfojs> ‒@mry of tcjoj m omkcj quj sjm tmo gfokmkfsm hfo jbbm hf`f `mkm`j Ejajr js hfo`caf, quj bj prjstj bcgrfs, quj hfovjrsj hfo jbbm mbauomm vjz, mbauo v jz, jth.‐ ;84 . Jo jb vjrmof, Mooj bbjaø m Emwfrte jo hf`pmýàm kj Grmowjbb y hfo uom  pjqujým pjrrm Xpmocjb Lcoa Lcoa Hemrbjs Hemrbjs,, gbmohm y ojarm, ojarm, quj bj emgàmo rjambmkf sus kcshàpubms. kcshà pubms. Dbfssy, Dbfssy, quj vcvcø `ís kj kcjz mýfs jo j o jb efamr, efamr, js jb `fkjbf kj vmrcfs kcgunfs mb bípcz y mhumrjbms kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby quj hujbamo jo jb `usjf. Jo bm mbjaràm kjb johujotrf dm`cbcmr kjgj emgjr pmsmkf comkvjrtckm bm cohf`fkckmk kj Mooj, quj of `uhef tcj`pf kjspuãs moftø mb `mrajo kj su vcjnf kcmrcf kj =5;=> ‒Kurmotj `c jstmohcm (jo [efrp Arjjo) tuvj mbauoms kj bms `ís kjsmarmkmgbjs j coc`macomgbjs jxpjrcjohcms kj bm omturmbjzm eu`mom‐;81 . Jsm oftm gfsqujnø, bf emym vcsbu`grmkf Mooj jo su `f`jotf f of bf emym vcsbu`grmkf, hcjrtfs trmzfs kj su duturm ofvjbm  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkdjbb Embb .

Jb sjýfr Arjjowffk, kujýf kj bm pmpjbjràm kj Emwfrte, tjoàm bm hfstu`grj kj rjacstrmr jo uo kcmrcf pjrsfomb bfs suhjsfs `jofrjs kjb pujgbf. Muoquj of sj prjstø `myfr mtjohcøo m sus moftmhcfojs, pfkràm jstc`mrsj quj bms príhtchms

 

kj tcrf kj J`cby hfrrjspfokcjrfo m jstm ãpfhm, humokf bm vcstm kjb sjýfr  Grfotì j`pjzø m dmbbmr sjrcm`jotj. ‒Motjs jb sjýfr Grfotì kcsdrutmgm `uhef kcspmrmokf, of jo jb sjotckf quj sj jotcjokj ajojrmb`jotj pfr kcspmrmr, scof tcrmokf mb gbmohf pfr kcvjrscøo. Hf`f tjoàm uom hfodcmozm cbc`ctmkm jo su ecnm J`cby, pfrquj hfofhàm su cotrjpckjz y dcr`jzm cohf`pmrmgbjs, humokf j`pjzø m dmbbmrbj bm vcstm rjsfbvcø josjýmrbj m kcspmrmr. Xfbàmo prmhtchmr hfo uom  pcstfbm.‐ ;85   Bm covctmhcøo ‒Tjo `c qujrckm ocým, kãnm`j vjr bf gcjo quj kcspmrms kcspmr ms efy‐ efy‐ pukf emgjrbm emgjrbm jshuhemkf jshuhemkf kjskj jb hj` hj `jotjrcf jotjrcf f kjskj jb pmtcf kj Nfeo Grfwo, Grfwo, sctu sc tumkf mkf drjotj m bm b m rjhtfràm. r jhtfràm. F pukf emgjrbm hfonjtu h fonjturmkf. rmkf. Ymrm hf`cjozfs kj djgrjrf kj =5;;, bujaf kj quj sus ejr`mofs sj `mrhemrfo m sus rjspjhtcvfs trmgmnfs, J`cby rjuocø sus pfj`ms jo kfs humkjrofs kj hugcjrtms dbjxcgbjs hfbfr rfnf fshurf hfo bfs rjoabfojs gfrrmkfs. Bfs kcvckcø jo kfs sjhhcfojs>  J`cby Nmoj Gr Grfotì> fotì> Yfj`ms kj Afokm Afokmb b   jo bm  prc`jrm y bfs quj of hfrrjspfokàmo hfrrjs pfokàmo m Afokmb Afokmb jo bm sjauokm. sjauokm. Jo su jstukcf jstukcf sfgrj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  bm mhmkã`chm @mry Tcschl fgsjrvø quj bfs  pfj`ms  pfj` ms kj Afokmb of of dujrfo dujrfo hfpcmkfs jo frkjo hrfofbøachf hrfofbøachf scof marupmkfs marupmkfs jo sjrcjs hfrrjspfokcjotjs m pjrsfomnjs y tj`ms, hf`f sc ym eugcjrm uom cotjohcøo kj utcbczmrbfs pmrm ftrfs hfotjxtfs. hfotjxtfs. Jb pfj`m kj J`cby sfgrj jb bm`jotf kj Wfscom motj bm tu`gm kj su m`motj `ujrtf, Nubcus Grjozmckm, hfosckjrmkf jotrj bfs `jnfrjs kj bm bjoaum coabjsm, duj moftmkf jo uof kj jsfs humkjrofs> ‒¡Dràf jo bm tcjrrm y bm ocjvj prfduokm johc`m kj tc!/ ¡Bjnfs, bjnfs kj tfkfs, y trmosckf jo bm trcstj tu`gm!‐ ;83 . Jb fptc`cs`f kj Hemrbfttj jo Grusjbms duj kjhbcomokf kj dfr`m armkumb jo bm `jkckm jo quj bm sjýfrm Ejajr duj mkvcrtcjokf bm pmrtchubmr cohbcomhcøo quj bm nfvjo sjotàm emhcm su jspfsf. Bm covctmhcøo kj bfs Ejajr m hf`pmrtcr su smbøo of johjrrmgm `ís quj uom dfr`mbckmk, pfrquj of jrm prjhcsf hfofhjr 

`uhef m Hemrbfttj pmrm smgjr quj su tc`ckjz bj c`pjkcràm co`cshucrsj jo bms vjbmkms kj @mkm`j hfo su jspfsf y sus ecnfs. Yjsj mb mpmrjotj hmríhtjr  cofhuf kj bfs prãstm`fs kj bcgrfs y emstm kjb fgsjqucf kj uom pjqujým Gcgbcm

 

mbj`mom, gmnf bm vcacbmohcm kj bm sjýfrm Ejajr bms mtjohcfojs kjb prfdjsfr of  pukcjrfo hfotcou hfotcoumr. mr. Bms bjhhcfojs bjh hcfojs kj coabãs coabãs dujrfo dujrfo cotjrru cotjrru` `pckms. Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj ym tm`pfhf hfotmgm hfo bfs cotjrhm`gcfs kj josmyfs y hfrrjhhcfojs, bms moftmhcfojs mb `mrajo, bms kcshuscfojs sfgrj bm omturmbjzm kjb ajocf quj `motjoàmo humokf jrm su mbu`om. Xco bm prjsjohcm kj J`cby oc bm kj bms ejr`moms [mybfr, oc scqucjrm hfo bm kj bfs prc`fs Kcxfo, quj emgàmo pmrtckf kj Gãbachm, su sfhcmgcbckmk sj bc`ctmgm m bms hfovjrsmhcfojs hfo bfs Ejajr. Emstm jb hmpjbbío Njolcos y sus ecnfs, m qucjojs tmotf bj kjsmarmkmgm vcsctmr, emgàmo kjnmkf bm hcukmk. Yjrf pfkàm jshrcgcr m J`cby> ‒= kj kchcj`grj =5;8. Yjoscøo Ejajr> Js kf`coaf pfr bm `mýmom. Jbbfs jstío jo su ckfbítrchm `jssj y yf mquà jo jb rjdrjhtfcrj. @j austmràm co`josm`jotj jstmr jo jb hf`jkfr kj hmsm, f jo bm hfhcom, f jo jb drjamkjrf. Ymrm hf`pbjtmr jb humkrf, [mggy mvcvmokf jb dujaf m dco kj ejrvcr bms pmpms pmrm uom ajbmtcom kj vjrkurm. ¡]uã kcvcofs sfo jstfs rjhujrkfs pmrm `à jo jstj `f`jotf! Xco j`gmraf, of pcjosf vfbvjr m hmsm pfr mefrm‐;;9 . Xu sctumhcøo kj `mjstrm jom`frmkm kjb sjýfr Ejajr jrm cosfstjocgbj jo jb  pjoscfomkf,  pjoscfo mkf, pjrf hfotcou hfotcouøø uofs uofs `jsjs `ís. Jo su hmrtm m J`cby J`cby pmrjhàm pmrjhà m  pjkcrbjj pjr`  pjkcrb pjr `csf pmrm rjarjsmr> r jarjsmr> ‒Kc`j ‒Kc`j sc pmpí rjmb`jo r jmb`jotj tj kjsjm quj vujbvm vujbvm y tþ tþ ftrf tmotf. [joaf bm c`prjscøo kj quj of sjrvcràm mbbà kj omkm> sjràm mbaf msà ;; =. hf`f uom hf`f uom mohcmom quj pjsm sfgrj s fgrj bm b m pmrrfqucm‐ pmr rfqucm‐;;= Jo uom hmrcýfsm hmrtm m Grmowjbb kj `myf kj =5;8 emgbmgm kj su sfbjkmk  ‛‒hcjotf vjcotj pjrsfoms pjr sfoms emy mquà y søbf pujkf emgbmr hfo uom uom f kfs‐;;7 ‛ , kj bm dmbtm kj pmscøo kj bfs gjbams y kjb sjýfr Ejajr, mb quj gjokcnf pfr su m`mgcbckmk mb prjstmrbj bcgrfs. ‒Wmrm`jotj emgbf hfo ãb pfrquj ym of sfy su mbu`om… Jstfy jo kjukm hfo ãb pfr tfkf jb pbmhjr y kcvjrscøo quj bj ;;88 Jo bms ofhejs, bj hfodjsø m Grmowjbb, sfbm jo jb armo kfr`ctfrcf, kjgf.‐;;

sfbàm vfbvjr m bms ‒vcjnms ckjms y m bfs vcjnfs rfstrfs r fstrfs y m bms vcjnms vcjn ms jshjoms kjb ;;;;. Jb mbjnm`cjo mb jnm`cjotf tf kj bm sjýfrm Eja Ejajr jr (‒jstfy ( ‒jstfy hfovjohckm hfovjohckm `uokf sugtjrríojf‐;; kj quj of bj marmkf, pfr quã, of sã kjhàrtjbf‐ ;;: ), su kjpjokjohcm kj bm

 

mtjohcøo quj bj grcokmgm jb `mjstrf, bm hfostmtmhcøo kj bm uocøo jotrj jb `mtrc`focf mtrc`focf (jbbfs (jb bfs jo su ‒ckfbítrchm ‒ckfbítrc hm `jssj‐), bm dujrfo bbjvmokf m uom trcstjzm y kjsmsfscjaf kjsmsfs cjaf sc`cbmr sc`cbmr mb quj bm emgàm mdjhtmkf mýfs motjs motjs jo Wfj Ejmk. ‒@foscjur Ejajr jstí pfkjrfsm`jotj codbujohcmkf pfr @mkm`j, y of pujkf jspjrmr quj ãb mprujgj `cs pfhms `ujstrms kj sfhcmgcbckmk. @j kcf mb rjspjhtf uom rípckm bjhhcøo y, mb vjr quj of mhtuã jo hfosjhujohcm, hfosckjrø ;;44  Ãb mbjotmgm su quj sfy uom pjrsfom quj tcjoj quj pjr`mojhjr sfbm.‐ ;; m`cstmk hfo bms ftrms `mjstrms, bms sjýfrctms Gbmohej, Xfpecj y Emusãj, m bms quj Hemrbfttj mgfrrjhàm, y mquà pukcjrfo emgjrsj pujstf jo nujaf sus rcvmbckmkjs. Xj sjotàm uom Wfgcosfo Hrusfj, bj jshrcgcø m J`cby. ¶S of jrm uom jxtrmonjrm pfgrj, kj coscaocdchmotj mpmrcjohcm y rfpms rj`jokmkms y pmsmkms kj `fkm6 Xus armokjs y jxprjscvfs fnfs hmstmýfs kjsjotfomgmo hfo sus dmhhcfojs crrjaubmrjs, bm tfrhcøo kj bm gfhm emhcm jb bmkf kjrjhef y uom kjotmkurm jshmsm y jo `mb jstmkf. Jb hfotrmstj hfo bms nøvjojs gjbams, smbukmgbjs y gcjo vjstckms, kjgàm sjr oftmgbj. Zom tmrkj, fohj kàms motjs kjb dco kj bms hbmsjs, jb sjýfr Ejajr crru`pcø jo jb mubm kfokj Hemrbfttj jstmgm kmokf bjhhcfojs pmrm jotrjamrbj uo pjqujýf fgnjtf, jovujbtf jo uo pmpjb kj jshrcgcr, quj jbbm tf`ø jo scbjohcf motj bm `crmkm kcstrmàkm f hurcfsm kj sus mbu`oms. Kjgcø kj jspjrmr m quj bms ocýms sj rjtcrmrmo pmrm kjsjovfbvjr jb fgsjqucf> sj trmtmgm kj uom pcjzm kj `mkjrm kjb mtmþk kj Ompfbjøo Gfompmrtj, uo rjambf jxqucsctf. Bm rjbcqucm, mhtumb`jotj jo jb `usjf Grfotì, tjoàm uom coshrcphcøo ejhem jo tcotm> ‒Nj tcjos hj `frhjmu ku hjrhujcb kj Xtm Ejbãoj ku/ Yrcohj kj Nfcovcbbj/ Bjgjb‐ (]ucjrf kmrbj jstm  pcjzm kjb mtmþk kj Xmotm Xmotm Jbjom, quj du dujj kjb Yràohcpj kj Nfcovcbbj, kj Bjgjb );;1 . Jbbm jstmgm mb tmotf kj bm m`cstmk jotrj jb prfdjsfr y Nfmhec`-Nfsjpe Bjgjb, jb sjhrjtmrcf kjb Yràohcpj kj Nfcovcbbj, qucjo bbjvø bfs rjstfs kj

 Ompfbjøo kjskj bm csbm kj Xmotm Xmotm Jbjom emstm emstm Drmohcm, hcrhuostmohcm hcrhuostmohcm quj kmgm mgsfbutm hrjkcgcbckmk m bm rjbcqucm. Jo jb pmpjb quj bm jovfbvàm moftø hfo m`frfsm prjhcscøo> ‒; kj mafstf kj =5;8. Grusjbms. Gãbachm. = jo puotf p. `.

 

Jb sjýfr Ejajr em jstmkf jo bm Yrc`jrm Hbmsj y `j em kmkf jstm rjbcqucm. Bm ;; 5. fgtuvf kj su àotc`f àotc`f m` m `caf @. Bjgjb. H. Grfotì‐;;5 Xc jb rjambf, su tmbcs`ío kjskj jotfohjs, emgàm hmbmkf jo bf `ís efokf kj sus sjotc`cjotfs, of pukf mtj`pjrmr jb c`pmhtf quj uom sj`mom kjspuãs bj kjgj emgjr hmusmkf bm oftchcm kjb oujvf j`gmrmzf kj @mkm`j. Jo bm dcjstm kj su pmtrfom Xmotm Hbmcrj kjb =7 kj mafstf, bm sjýfrm Ejajr rjhcgcø bms joefrmgujoms kj bms `mjstrms mtmvcmkm hfo uo vjstckf jspbjokfrfsf quj rjmbzmgm bm ‒gbmohurm y gjbbjzm‐;;3   kj su hujbbf y grmzfs, sjaþo rjbmtø uom kcshàpubm. [rjs kàms `ís tmrkj, motj bm hfohurrjohcm kjb mbu`omkf jo pbjof,  prfdjsfrjs, pmkrjs y pmrcjotjs, pm rcjotjs, jb `mjstrf bjyø hfo su jspbãokckm frmtfrcm jb josmyf kj Hemrbfttj sfgrj Ompfbjøo Gfompmrtj, prjhcsm`jotj. S kj prfotf, hf`pmrmkf hfo bm ãpchm sugbc`j kj jstj m`fr, quã tjouj, trcvcmb, dràvfbf, quã musjotj kj abfrcm abfr cm y fraubb fraubbff pmrjh pm rjhjj su s u jom`frm`cjotf jom`frm`cjotf kj Qcbbcm` Qcbbc m` Qjcaet Qjcaet` `mo, sc js quj fhurrcø. Jb `cs`f kàm, jb prfdjsfr sj prjsjotø motj jbbm hfo uo rjambf. Jstm vjz sj trmtmgm kjb vfbu`jo kj uof kj sus jshrctfrjs prjkcbjhtfs, Gjromrkco kj Xmcot-Ycjrrj, uo prj`cf m su trmgmnf y, tmb vjz, uom jxtfrscøo pmrm c`pjkcr quj jbbm euyjrm jo bms vmhmhcfojs, quj j`pjzmràmo uofs kàms kjspuãs. Jsm ofhej dujrfo mb Ymrquj kj Grusjbms m jshuhemr uo hfohcjrtf mb mcrj bcgrj, uom ofhej `íachm y pjrturgmkfrm quj jbbm rjtrmtø tcj`pf kjspuãs jo Tcbbjttj*. Yjrf bms b ms djstcvckmkjs cokchmgmo quj quj bms bm s hbmsjs hb msjs jstmgmo pfr tjr`comr tjr`comr.. Ku Kurmot rmotjj bfs kfs `jsjs kj bms vmhmhcfojs kj sjptcj`grj jb pjoscfomkf qujkø hmsc vmhàf. Bm dm`cbcm Ejajr sj `mrheø hfo tfkfs bfs ocýfs mb `mr, `cjotrms kcshàpubms y prfdjsfrjs vcmnmrfo emhcm sus efamrjs f gmbojmrcfs jo jb hfotcojotj. Xøbf Hemrbfttj pjr`mojhcø jo bm hmbbj Csmgjbbj, kfokj sus pmsfs rjtu`gmgmo y emhàmo jhf jo bms mubms vmhàms y jo jb jofr`j kfr`ctfrcf, quj

hfo sus ecbjrms kj hm`ms gbmohms pmrjhàm uo efspctmb dmotms`m. ‒Kjgf cojvctmgbj`jotj hmjr jo jb `ís gmnf jspàrctu sc hfotcoþf sfbm, sco uo sjr  eu`mof hfo jb quj emgbmr‐;:9 , bj jshrcgcø m J`cby, prjsm kj bm kjsjspjrmhcøo.

 

Jo bms þbtc`ms sj`moms rjarjsø kj Ymràs bm sjýfrctm Gbmohej, uom `mjstrm m bm ;: =. Hf`àmo nuotms, pjrf quj Hemrbfttj hfosckjrmgm ‒dmbsm y kjsprjhcmgbj‐;:= jvctmgmo tfkm hfovjrsmhcøo. Zof kj jsfs kàms sf`gràfs smbcø kjb pjoscfomkf ru`gf mb hj`jotjrcf  prftjstmotj,  prftjstmo tj, hfo bm cotjohcøo cotjohcøo kj vcsctmr bm b m tu` tu`gm kj @mrtem @mrtem [mybfr [mybfr.. Xj johm` johm`coø coø emhcm bms mdujrms kj bm hcukmk, `ís mbbí kjb pfrtmb kj Bfuvmco, pmrm bbjamr, kjspuãs kj sugcr uoms hfbcoms y mtrmvjsmr bm mbkjm kj Jvjrj, m Xmcot-Nfssj-tjo Offkj. Of emgàm `ís quj uoms uoms pfhms kfhjoms kj tu` tu`gms mpøstmtms, hfo sus jpctmdcfs jshrctfs jo coabãs, drmohãs y mbj`ío. Bujaf kj vcsctmr jb sjpubhrf kj @mrtem scaucø pmsjmokf jotrj vmbbjs y armonms vmrcfs lcbø`jtrfs emstm quj j`prjokcø jb rjarjsf. Humokf sj johfotrø kj vujbtm jo bms hmbbjs kj bm hcukmk,  gmnf bms b ms bu b uhjs m`mrcbbjot m`mrcbb jotms ms kj bm efrm kjb hrjpþshubf, bm b m pjrspjhtcvm pjrs pjhtcvm kj vfbvjr  mb pjoscfomkf bj prfkunf tmb mvjrscøo quj hf`jozø m vmamguokjmr sco ru`gf, dujrm kj sà. Mb jshuhemr bms hm`pmomkms kj bm cabjscm kj Xmotm Aþokubm bbm`mokf m bfs dcjbjs, bbjvmkm pfr uo c`pubsf jxtrmýf j c`prjkjhcgbj, jotrø jo bm cabjscm.  Of sj trmtmgm kj humbqucjr humbqucjr tj`pbf tj`pbf kjb hmtfbchcs` hmtfbchcs `f, tfkf bf hfotrmrc hfotrmrcf, f, Hemrbfttj sj johfotrmgm omkm `jofs quj jo uom hmtjkrmb aøtchm kjb scabf UCCC, uo pmbmhcf kj rj`cocshjohcms moarcmoms quj hfotcjoj uom hrcptm jshfokckm jo bm motcaum hfbjacmtm y uom hmpcbbm kjb aøtchf dbm`àajrf hfo vckrcjrms rjomhjotcstms. Hfo`fvckm pfr bm `maocdchjohcm kj bm omvj hjotrmb, sj kcrcacø m uo rcohøo sfbctmrcf kjb mbm kjrjhem, kfokj sjcs f scjtj djbcarjsjs huhechejmgmo kj rfkcbbms motj bfs hfodjscfomrcfs kj rfgbj, quj mþo hfosjrvmo bfs íoajbjs tmbbmkfs jo bms `mkjrms fshurms. ]ujkø josc`cs`mkm jshuhemokf jb hfrf kj susurrfs, sfgrjhfackm pfr bm `maocdchjohcm kjb fromtf hmtøbchf. Mb hmgf, hf`f  pfsjàkm pfr uom uom dujrzm dujrzm mnjom m su vfbuotmk, vfbuotmk, sj co c otrfkunf trfkunf jo uof uof kj bfs b fs ochefs y

sj hfodjsø motj uo smhjrkftj. Eczf, sjaþo bj hfotø m J`cby, ‒uom hfodjscøo hf`pbjtm‐;:7 . Emgàm bbjamkf m uo hfbmpsf. Xu hmrtm m J`cby, bbjom kj kjtmbbjs tfpfarídchfs, jvctø `johcfomr bf þochf

 

vjrkmkjrm`jotj c`pfrtmotj> bm omturmbjzm kj su hfodjscøo. Bm bcgjrtmk cousctmkm quj bj coduokcø bm hcukmk jxtrmonjrm, prmhtchmr jb rctf kj mrrfkcbbmrsj y emgbmr jo susurrfs, bm bjoaum mnjom, jb jshuhem covcscgbj y hmbbmkf, ¶of jrm uom fpfrtuockmk pmrm hfovjrtcr su trmajkcm àotc`m jo rjbmtf6 Msà hf`f kjspuãs kj Hfwmo Grckaj omhcjrfo bms ecstfrcms kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb, m `jofs kj uo mýf kjb suhjsf kj Xmotm Aþokubm Hemrbfttj j`pjzø bm jshrcturm kj su prc`jrm ofvjbm, Jb prfdjsfr . Bj rfaø m J`cby quj of bj hfotmrm jsm ‒bfhurm‐;:8   m su pmkrj y mpjoms rjarjsø bm sjýfrm Ejajr bj hf`uochø su kjhcscøo kj kjnmr bm jshujbm. Xus rjbmhcfojs sj `motjoàmo jo jstrchtm drcmbkmk. ‒Xc eugcjrm kjpjokckf kj jbbm ;:;;, jshrcgcø m Jbbjo jb =8 kj fhtugrj, hcjrtm`jotj emgràm fgtjockf `c bcgjrtmk‐;:  pjrf jb sjýfr Ejajr Ejajr bm `mokø bbm`mr mb kàm scaucjotj scaucjotj y bj prfouohcø prfouohcø hfo vjej`johcm vjej` johcm su kjhcscøo kjhcsc øo kj of kjnmrbm kjnmrb m pmrtcr. pmr tcr. ¶Hø` ¶Hø`ff rjscstcrs rj scstcrsj6 j6 Bj prf`jtcø qujkmrsj uo tcj`pf `ís, pjrf su kjhmc`cjotf sj prfduokczmgm kàm m kàm. @mry [mybfr, tmb vjz mb tmotf kj sus sjotc`cjotfs emhcm jb sjýfr  Ejajr, bm covctø m Mbj`mocm. Bj fdrjhcø hf`pmrtcr hfo jbbm sus mbu`ofs mbj`mojs, pjrf Hemrbfttj kjhbcoø jb fdrjhc`cjotf. Xc gcjo bm mhfgmrkmgmo bfs kcshàpubfs vmrfojs, bm pjrspjhtcvm kj rjarjsmr m Coabmtjrrm sco uo fgnjtcvf co`jkcmtf kj trmgmnf bm emhàm vmhcbmr< søbf jb prfyjhtf kj costmbmr uom jshujbm bj kmgm íoc`fs. íoc`fs. Mbaþo cohckjotj hfo @mkm`j kjgj kj emgjr fhurrckf jotfohjs, ym quj jb =3 kj kchcj`grj tf`ø bm kjtjr`comhcøo kj kjnmr Gãbachm. Jstm vjz omkcj cotjotø  pjrsumkcrbmm kj bf hfotrmrc  pjrsumkcrb hfotrmrcf. f. Jo humotf humotf m bm kjspjkckm, kjspjkck m, bm sjýfrm Ejajr Ejajr kcf su vjrscøo vjcotcþo mýfs kjspuãs. ‒@j vjoamrã‐;:: , bj kcnf Hemrbfttj motjs kj  pmrtcr, hfotø hfotø @mkm`j @mkm`j m su ecnm Bfucsj. Bm jxtrmfrkc jxtrmfrkcomrcm omrcm mkvjrtjohcm, of kjb tfkf covjrfsà`cb, jvfhm m uom Nmoj Jyrj tj`prmom, pjrf of duj rmtcdchmkm pfr 

ocoauomm ftrm dujotj. ocoauo dujotj. Jb `cs`f kàm hf`uochø mb sjýfr Ejajr su kjhcscøo. Ãb sj rjscaoø, bj fgsjqucø jb vfbu`jo kj  Bjs dbjurjs kj bm pfãscj drmohmcsj kjpucs bj

 

hf``johj`jot ku UTC scãhbj y jo jb `f`jotf kj bm kjspjkckm bj jotrjaø uo kcpbf`m hfo jb sjbbf kjb Mteãoãj Wfymb, kj armo vmbfr pmrm su duturf hf`f afgjromotm. Motjs bj emgàm rjambmkf ‒uom pjqujým gcgbcftjhm‐;:4 > bms fgrms hf`pbjtms kj Gjromrkco kj Xt. Ycjrrj, bfs  Yjosm`cjotfs kj Ymshmb, jb Motcauf [jstm`jotf jo mbj`ío y uo bcgrf kj vjrsfs, pfscgbj`jotj kj Xhecbbjr. Yjrf bfs rjambfs quj Hemrbfttj `ís vmbfrø dujrfo bfs `moushrctfs kj kfs kcshursfs quj ãb emgàm kmkf jo jb Mteãoãj Wfymb. Bbjaø m suajrcrbj quj bbjvmrm hfoscaf m uom kj sus ecnms hf`f pupcbm y Hemrbfttj sj ojaø, ym quj c`macomgm bm rjoujohcm kj @mkm`j. ‒@j mpjoø `uhef mpjomrbf m ãb, qucjo em sckf uo m`caf tmo efojstf y m`mgbj y kjscotjrjsmkf‐;:1 , bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo, ym kjskj ‒bm vcjnm Coabmtjrrm‐, jb 78 kj jojrf kj =5;;. Bm sfbjkmk kjb rjvjrjokf y J`cby jo bm rjhtfràm, quj kurø kurø hjrhm hj rhm kj uo mýf, emgàm hfohbuckf. Bms vmhmhcfojs mnjtrjmkms kjb vjrmof motjrcfr, jo bms quj Hemrbfttj sj emgàm ;: 5), emgàmo rjuockf hfo Grmowjbb y Mooj jo bm rjhtfràm (‒kcvjrscøo y dmtcam‐ ;:5 cohbuckf uom vcsctm kj Jbbjo, uo vcmnj m Grmkdfrk, hm`comtms gmnf bm bbuvcm jo Arjjowffk Amrkjo y johujotrfs hfo bfs Ejmtfo jo Yfokjo Embb. Yjrf jstm vjz jb rjarjsf mb efamr mefokø su trcstjzm y duj kjnmokf hrjhjr uofs pjosm`cjotfs tfrtufsfs quj bj c`pckcjrfo jshrcgcr prfsm y pfjsàm, muoquj of hmrtms mb  prfdjsfr Ejajr. Ejajr. ‒Xc jshrcgf kj`mscmkf vfy m qujkmr hcjam. Jstm kjgcbckmk kj bm vcstm js uom tjrrcgbj prcvmhcøo pmrm `à. Xco jbbm, ¶quã pfkràm emhjr yf, sjýfr6 Yfkràm jshrcgcr uo bcgrf y kjkchmrbf m `c `mjstrf kj bctjrmturm ‛jb þochf `mjstrf quj m`ís ej tjockf ‛ , ustjk, sjýfr. @uhems vjhjs bj kcnj jo drmohãs huíotf bf rjspjtf, huíotf bj kjgf m su gfokmk, m sus hfosjnfs. @j austmràm kjhàrsjbf jo coabãs ‛jsf of pujkj sjr  ‛ , of kjgf pjosmr jo jsf. Bm hmrrjrm bctjrmrcm jstí

hjrrmkm pmrm `à, søbf kjgf pjosmr jo josjýmr, pjrf jstf of fdrjhj bms `cs`ms mtrmhhcfojs.‐;:3   Jo bm `cs`m hmrtm `johcfoø uom fdjrtm kj j`pbjf hf`f  prfdjsfrm prcohcpmb kj uom uom jshujbm js hujbm jo @mohejstjr @mohejstjr,, uo smbmrcf kj hcjo hc jo bcgrms ‛ 

 

kfs `cb qucocjotfs drmohfs mb mýf, bj jxpbchø ‛ < mbukcø m bm mprfgmhcøo kj sus jshrctfs quj emgàmo ejhef Xfutejy y Hfbjrckaj (‒kfs kj oujstrfs `jnfrjs jshrctfrjs‐)< pjrf of bfarø c`prjscfomrbf. Oc scqucjrm bm `johcøo m`gcaum m Hfbjrckaj, quj of jrm jb pfjtm bmurjmkf scof s cof su ecnf, ecnf, qucjo pfr ftrm pmrtj emgàm ejhef uo hf`jotmrcf kjsdmvfrmgbj m sus jshrctfs, hmusø jdjhtf. [m`gcão bj kcnf quj moejbmgm amomr mbaf kj kcojrf pmrm cr m vjrbf ‒muoquj søbf sjm pfr uo ;499 m Grusjbms. @j`frczmgm `jkcm píacom kj tjxtfs jo drmohãs hmkm `f`jotf‐;4 kàm pmrm of fbvckmr jb ckcf`m, y bbjaø m pfstubmrsj hf`f afgjromotm jo Ymràs, kcnf Moo Mooj jo su kcmrcf kj =5;;. Bj scaucø jshrcgcjokf hfo su bjtrm kjbamkm, pjqujým y `jtchubfsm< su vcstm  pmrjhàmm jstmr jo øptc`ms  pmrjhà øptc`ms hfokchcfojs, m nnuz uzamr amr pfr bms hmrtms quj sj hfosjrvmo, kcvckckms jo prfbcnms hfbu`oms. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, jo jsj `f`jotf jstmgm  pbmojmokf  pbmojmo kf mbjnmrsj mbjn mrsj kjb tjkcf kj Emwfrte pmrm kjspjkcrsj kjspjkc rsj kj @mry jo Euoswfrte, bm rjsckjohcm kj bfs [mybfr. Xu m`cam jstmgm pfr j`carmr m Oujvm ^jbmokm hfo su ejr`mof. Bm kjspjkckm duj trcstj y of eczf scof mhrjhjotmr bm mdbchhcøo kj Hemrbfttj> ‒Hmkm kàm js caumb mb ftrf y tfkfs tcjojo mpmrcjohcms `jbmohøbchms, mofkcoms‐;4= , bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo jb 7; kj `mrzf kj =5;:. Jo Emwfrte sj sjotàm ‒jotjrrmkm‐;47   y moscmgm uom vckm coqucjtm y m`gchcfsm> ‒uomm vckm kj mhhcøo‐. ‒uo mhhc øo‐. @mry @mry bj emgàm mhfosjnmkf mbjnmrsj mbjn mrsj kj Emwfrte, pjrf uo uomm `uy prfduokm bjmbtmk dm`cbcmr bj c`pjkàm mgmokfomr m su pmkrj. @mry hfosckjrmgm mb sjýfr Grfotì ‒uo mohcmof jafàstm‐ ;48   quj prfpchcmgm jb ;4;; . smhrcdchcf kj Hemrbfttj, y jsf bm bbjomgm kj uom ‒sf`gràm crm‐;4 Jb pbmo kj costmbmr uom jshujbm jo bm rjhtfràm, muoquj of jrm tfkf bf jstc`ubmotj quj bms ejr`moms eugcjrmo eugcjrmo kjsjmkf, kjgàm j`pjzmr m tf`mr tf` mr dfr`m. dfr`m. Hemrbfttj Hemrb fttj `mokø `mokø c` c `prc` prc `cr uo dfbbjtf dfbbj tf johmgjzmkf johmgj zmkf Jstmgbjhc  Jstmgbjhc`cjotf `cjotf

kj bms Xjýfrctms Grfotì >  Yjoscfomkf y Jkuhmhcøo kj uo bbc`ctmkf c`ctmkf oþ`jrf oþ`jrf kj fvjohctms. Wjhtfràm, Emwfrte, hjrhm kj Grmkdfrk. Fdrjhàm bm josjýmozm kj jshrcturm, mrct`ãtchm, ecstfrcm, arm`ítchm, ajfarmdàm y trmgmnfs kj maunm m hm`gcf kj trjcotm y hcohf bcgrms mb mýf. Hf`f `mtjrcms mkchcfombjs, drmohãs,

 

mbj`ío, bmtào, `þschm y kcgunf m hm`gcf kj uom bcgrm jxtrm pfr hmkm uom. Xj jxcaàm uo hmraf kj hcohf hejbcojs y uo humrtf pfr jb usf kjb pcmof y kj qucohj hejbcojs y uo humrtf pfr jb sjrvchcf kj bmvmokjràm. Hmkm nfvjohctm sjràm  prfvcstm  prfvcs tm kj uo uo pmr kj sígmoms, mb`femkms mb`femkms y humtrf humtrf tfmbbms. Hemrbfttj `mokø hfpcms m Jbbjo pmrm quj bms echcjrm hcrhubmr pfr jb írjm kj Kjwsgury y jotrj sus m`cstmkjs. Mkj`ís jshrcgcø m bm dm`cbcm Qectj, hfo bm quj emgàm trmgmnmkf hf`f afgjromotm pfr þbtc`m vjz, y jovcø su kcpbf`m kj Grusjbms m bm jspfsm kjb vchmrcf kj Ljcaebjy. Muoquj sj `fstrø c`prjscfomkm  pfr bfs hjrtcdchmkfs y pfr bm hmbckmk hmbc kmk kj bm jkuhmhcøo fdrjhckm, bm sjýfrm Gusdjcbk, quj hfotmgm hfo `uhems hfojxcfojs sfhcmbjs, fpcoø quj bm ugchmhcøo kjb hfbjacf, h fbjacf, tmo mbjnmkm, sjràm sj ràm uo cohfovjocjo cohfovjocjotj tj kcdàhcb kj smbvmr. smb vmr. Jo bfs prc`jrfs kàms kj fhtugrj Hemrbfttj codfr`ø m Jbbjo quj mþo of sj emgàm coshrcptf ocoauom mbu`om. Jspjrmgm bm prc`jrm coshrcphcøo, bj jshrcgcø jspjrmozmkm, pmrm hf`jozmr hfo bms fgrms pmrm mhfokchcfomr bm hmsm. Yjrf jo ofvcj`grj ym kjsjspjrmgm kjb prfpøsctf> ‒Xc tþ pjrsumkjs m `m`í kj trmjr su ocým m Emwfrte, jb mspjhtf kjb buamr pfkràm mtjrrfrczmrbm y jbbm prfgmgbj`jotj sj bbjvmrà b bjvmràmm kj oujvf oujvf m su s u qujrckm qujrckm ocým mb co c ostmotj‐ stmotj‐;4: .   Bfs hf`cjozfs kjb mýf =5;: trmnjrfo uo oujvf hfmknutfr m Emwfrte, jb rjvjrjokf Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs, uo nfvjo armkumkf jo Kugbào bf sudchcjotj`jotj mdfrtuomkf hf`f pmrm of sjr fgnjtf kj pubbm kj Hemrbfttj, quj sfbàm kcvjrtcrsj grf`jmokf sfgrj bfs hbãrcafs kj bm pmrrfqucm> ‒Ymrjhj uo ;4 4, jshrcgcø fvjo rjspjtmgbj y bjj gcjo‐;44 jshr cgcø jb 74 kj `myf `myf mb sjýfr Wmok, Wmok, motcau motcauff `mjstrf kj bm jshujbm kf`cochmb kf`cochmb.. Zo `js `ís tmrkj rjhcgcø bm oftchcm kj quj Mooj emgàm rjouohcmkf m su

 pujstff jo [efrp Arjjo  pujst Arjj o. S Smm sj s j smgàm s mgàm quj Bykcm Bykcm @mry, @mry, bbmm ecnm kj vjcot v jcotjj mýfs m ýfs kj bfs Wfgcosfo, `motjoàm uo m`fr sjhrjtf hfo jb mhtfr Ejory Wfxgy, hfo jb quj sj duaø jb 79 kj fhtugrj. Jb bcgrf kj hfotmgcbckmk kjb sjýfr Wfgcosfo kjb ==

 

kj nuocf rjacstrm jb þbtc`f sujbkf kj Mooj y uom crrjaubmrckmk> bm jotrjam kj vjcotj bcgrms m Grmowjbb, quj of kjgàm hfgrmr scof emstm uo `js `ís tmrkj. M  pfhf kj bbjamr m Emwfrte, Emwfrte, Mooj Mooj j`prjokcø j`prjokcø uo pjqujýf vcmnj hfo J`cby> J`cby> ;4 1, ‒Mooj y yf smbc`fs m emhjr uom jxpjkchcøo sfbms pfr prc`jrm vjz‐ ;41 jshrcgcø J`cby jo jb kcmrcf quj jshrcgàm sc`ubtíojm`jotj hfo Mooj. Xmbcjrfo kj bm rjhtfràm jb buojs 89 kj nubcf, jb kàm kjb hu`pbjmýfs kj J`cby, pmrm kfr`cr jo Sfrl y rjarjsmr m Ljcaebjy mb mtmrkjhjr kjb `mrtjs, kfokj pmsmrfo bm ofhej motjs kj vfbvjr m Emwfrte jo bm `mýmom kjb `cãrhfbjs. ‒Jb tcj`pf duj `mbf pjrf kcsdrutm`fs `uhef, m jxhjphcøo kj uoms pfhms efrms jo Grmkdfrk.‐ @cjotrms Hemrbfttj vcsctmgm m `joukf m sus m`cams Jbbjo Oussjy y @mry [mybfr, oc Mooj oc J`cby emgàmo ejhef motjs uo vcmnj pfr purf jotrjtjoc`cjotf. Muoquj sj trmtø kj uom trmvjsàm `uy hfrtm, duj bm prc`jrm vjz quj bms kfs ejr`moms smbàmo kj su hmsm sco jb prfpøsctf kj trmgmnmr f cotjromrsj jo uo hfbjacf. Yfr mýmkckurm, duj uo vcmnj bctjrmrcf> ‒Kurmotj oujstrm jxhurscøo duc`fs Wfombk @mhmbaco, Ejory Moafrm, Nubcjt Muaustjjom, Wfsmgjbbm Js`mbkmo, Jbbm y Nubcmo Jarj`fot, Hmtejrcoj Omvmrrj y Hfrkjbcm Dctzmpeefbk, jshmpmokf kj bfs pmbmhcfs kj costruhhcøo pmrm uocrofs m bfs rjmbcstms, quj jo jstfs `f`jotfs jstío sudrcjokf `uhems gmnms m `mofs kj bfs vchtfrcfsfs rjpugbchmofs. Bfs Afokmb Afokmb dbfrjhjo tfkmvàm, grcbbmotjs grc bbmotjs hf`f hf`f scj` sc j`prj‐ prj‐ ;45 . Mb kàm scaucjotj kj su bbjamkm, Hemrbfttj pmrtcø emhcm Emtejrsmaj, uo buamr  quj tjokràm hcjrtm c`pfrtmohcm pmrm bm ofvjbm coabjsm. Jo bm vchmràm kjb rjvjrjokf Ejory Oussjy, su motcauf prjtjokcjotj, sj rjuocø hfo Jbbjo pmrm  pmsmr nuotms nuotms trjs sj`moms. sj`moms. Jsj pmcsmnj pmcsm nj íspjrf, sc`cbmr mb pírm`f pjrf jxtjokckf m uom jshmbm `myfr, bj suacrcø jshjoms y bfhmhcfojs pmrm  Nmoj Jyrj y pmrm su oujvf pfj`m> ‒[ej @csscfomry‐ (Jb `cscfojrf). Jb pjrsfomnj kj Xt. Nfeo Wcvjrs duj sco kukm frcacomkf jo Ejory Oussjy< jb

of`grj of` grj Jyrj pjrtjojhàm pj rtjojhàm m bfs b fs prfpcj prf pcjtmrcf tmrcfss kj uo hmstcbb hmstc bbff kjb sscabf cabf UT, sctumkf m trjs lcbø`jtrfs kj Emtejrsmaj< jb hmstcbbf kj bfs Jyrj, bbm`mkf Ofrte Bjss Embb, hfohujrkm jo mbauofs mspjhtfs hfo bm kjshrcphcøo kj [efrodcjbk Embb< jb

 

trmyjhtf kjskj jb pírm`f rfhfsf jotrj Xejddcjbk y Emtejrsmaj, quj Hemrbfttj tuvf quj mtrmvjsmr jo su vcmnj, sj msj`jnm mb jshjomrcf kj bm euckm kj Nmoj Jyrj. Jstfs vcmnjs tmo jstc`ubmotjs of pukcjrfo fhubtmr, oc scqucjrm pfspfojr, bm oftchcm kj bm hmàkm jo kjsarmhcm kj Grmowjbb jo [efrp Arjjo. Muoquj covjstcamhcfojs covjstca mhcfojs pfstjrcfrjs pfstjrc frjs hfodcr`mrfo hfodcr`mrfo jb mkubtjrcf, sj bbjaø m suajrcr suajrcr quj sus m`frjs hfo bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo of sj trmtmrfo scof kj uom dmotmsàm kj Grmowjbb< tm`gcão sj kcnf quj jb prjhjptfr pfkràm emgjr sjkuhckf y hfrrf`pckf mb nfvjo Jk`uok Wfgcosfo. Yjrf bms jvckjohcms sfgrj bms hmusms kjb kjspckf mpfrtmo prjhcscfojs crrjdutmgbjs. Jb prc`jr cokchcf duj kmkf pfr  Hemrbfttj, jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo jshrctm bm ofhej kj su bbjamkm kj Emtejrsmaj, m bms =9 p. `.> ‒Johfotrã ‒Johfotrã m Grmowjbb Grmowjb b jodjr`f jodjr`f ‛ãb sj hubpm kj su prfpcm prfpc m dmbtm‛. Jotfohjs Mooj ofs codfr`ø kj co`jkcmtf bm hmusm kj su jodjr`jkmk y yf qujkã jofr`j`jotj turgmkm. Jb þbtc`f `mrtjs emgàm rjhcgckf uom oftm kjb ;433. sjýfr Wfgcosfo kjspckcãokfbf‐;4 Jb sjýfr Wfgcosfo emgàm pjr`mojhckf pfr hmsc kfs sj`moms jo bm hcukmk  gmbojmrcm kj Xhmrgfrfuae hfo su dm`cbc dm`cbcmm motjs motjs kj `mokmrbj bm hmrtm kj kjspckf. @cjotrms tmotf, Grmowjbb vcmnø m Emwfrte. Zom ejr`mom kj Omohy Amrr hfotø mýfs `ís `ís tmrkj quj jb nmrkcojrf nm rkcojrf kj [efrp [efrp Arjjo emgàm johfotrmkf johfotrmkf m Grmowjbb y m bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo jo ‒bm hmsm kjb gftj‐ kj bm dcohm. Jo hfcohckjohcm hfo bm ejr`mom kj Omohy, jb sjýfr Grfotì rjbmtø m bfs kjtjhtcvjs kjb jkctfr bfokcojosj Ajfraj X`cte jo =5:4 quj ‒uo nmrkcojrf ‛huyf of`grj ãb of smgàm‛ tcjoj prujgms kjdcoctcvms kj bm hubpmgcbckmk kj bm sjýfrm y em ;1 9. Js prfgmgbj quj bfs m`motjs emymo tjockf uom hctm codfr`mkf mb jspfsf‐;19 jo uo hfgjrtczf nuotf mb ràf Fusj, m `jkcm `cbbm kj bm hmsm dm`cbcmr, bm ofhej motjs kj quj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo pmrtcjrm m Xhmrgfrfuae. Kjspuãs kj kfs mýfs

kj `motjojr uom rjbmhcøo hbmokjstcom, pmrjhj omturmb quj bfs m`motjs tuvcjrmo uo rjduacf. Jb pjrsfomb kj bm hmsm kjgàm jstmr mb tmotf kj bm rjbmhcøo, pfrquj jb mrkcojrf Wfgjrt Yfttmaj, huym jspfsm tm`gcão trmgmnmgm pmrm bfs Wfgcosfo,

 

 pmrjhj emgjrbfs kjbmtmkf kurmotj kurmotj jb vjrmojf jo Xhmrgfrfua Xhmrgfr fuae, e, mkfokj mhf`pmýø mhf` pmýø m bm dm`cbc dm`cbcm. m. Bm hmrtm kjb sjýfr Wfgcosfo oftcdchø m Grmowjbb, jo tãr`cofs cosubtmotjs, jb kjshugrc`cjotf kjb mddmcrj  y bm prfecgchcøo kj `motjojr hfotmhtf hfo bfs `cj`grfs kj su dm`cbcm. Bm hfodcr`mhcøo kj jstm jvckjohcm bm prfpfrhcfoø jo =5:1 bm prfpcm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, co`jkcmtm`jotj kjspuãs kj quj Amsljbb bm mhusmrm jo su rjhcão pugbchmkm gcfarmdàm kj Hemrbfttj> ‒Ãb jstmgm tmo sjkuhckf ;1 =. Yfr `jkcf kj sus mgfamkfs, pckcø uom  pfr jstm js tm pãrdckm y `mkurm `mkurm ` `uunjr…‐ ;1= dfr`mb rjtrmhtmhcøo m bm jshrctfrm y bm fgtuvf, muoquj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb of bm emgàm `johcfomkf pfr su of`grj. Yjrf bms emgbmkuràms ym sj emgàmo kjsmtmkf. Motj bm pfscgcbckmk kj uom mhhcøo bjamb gmnf bm mhusmhcøo kj kcdm`mhcøo, jb jkctfr kj Amsljbb, Ajfraj X`cte, grcokø uom hfodjrjohcm kj prjosm> ‒Jstmgm kjtjr`comkf m mhbmrmr jb msuotf y hfotrmtã kjtjhtcvjs pmrm msjvjrmr bm jvckjohcm kj bm supujstm kcdm`mhcøo. Jxcstjo `uhefs hecs`frrjfs, coduokmkfs. Yjrf jo uom hfrtj, søbf sjràmo hecs`frrjfs. Jb scaucjotj @j`fríoku` vm m `fstrmr jb tcpf kj codfr`mhcøo quj jb Wjvjrjokf Ymtrchl Grfotì, pmkrj kj Grmowjbb, prjsjotm hf`f ―jvckjohcm– jo jstj hmsf. Sf of sã `uhef kj bjyjs  pjrf pcjosf pc josf quj quj pujkf hfosubt hfosubtmr mr bm fpcocøo kj uo uo mgfamkf mgfamkf quj pfkràm msj msjvjrmr  vjrmr  sc sj trmtm kj ―jvckjohcm–> Grmowjbb kjhbmrø quj rjhcgcø hmrtms kj bm sjýfrm,  pjrf jb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì ouohm ouohm bms b ms vcf, kj `fkf quj of pfkràm msjvjrmr msjvjr mr sc jstío dcr`mkms hfo su of`grj. Ãb jotcjokj quj jsms hmrtms `ujstrmo hubpmgcbckmk… Xus ecnms ecnms mtmrfo jsms hmrtms hmr tms y bms quj` q uj`mrfo. mrfo. Zo Zo scrvcjo scrvcj otj, quj sj kcf m hfofhjr   gmnf jb of`grj of`grj kj ―Hejrrjy–, ―Hejrrjy–, jrm hø`pbchj hø`pbchj kjb msuotf. msuotf. Zo nmrkco nmrkc ojrf, huyf huyf of`grj of sj kcnf, tjoàm prujgms kjdcoctcvms kj bm hubpmgcbckmk kj bm sjýfrm y emgàm codfr`mkf mb jspfsf. Zo `ãkchf quj mtjokàm m bm dm`cbcm jstmgm mb tmotf kj bm cotc`ckmk jotrj jbbfs> sus hfovjrsmhcfojs hfo jb ecnf, quj jrmo

drjhujotjs, of bj kjnmo kukms kj bm omturmbjzm kj bm cotc`ckmk, jth., jth. [fkf jstf, kjskj bujaf, js uo hecs`j covjrcdchmgbj, cosudchcjotj hf`f pmrm nustcdchmr  ;1 7. uomm mhusmhcøo pþgbchm‐ uo pþgb chm‐ ;17

 

Bjnfs kjb jstrãpctf quj bms rjvjbmhcfojs kjb bcgrf kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb kjsmtmrfo kfhj mýfs `ís tmrkj, Grmowjbb pmsø ‒fohj ofhejs sjauckms kj cosf`ocf‐ ;18 , bj jshrcgcø m Aruoky, quj bf rjkunjrfo m ‒bm hjaujrm‐. Yjr`mojhcø ‒johjrrmkf kurmotj oujvj bmrams sj`moms, kjstrfzmkf jo hujrpf y mb`m‐;1; . Mbmr`mkf, jb sjýfr Grfotì bf jovcø uofs kàms m Bcvjrpffb mb huckmkf kj Nfeo Grfwo, pjrf rjarjsø jo jb `cs`f jstmkf kj kjsdmbbjhc`cjotf kj bfs prc`jrfs kàms. Jb frcajo kj su kjrru`gj of sj kjgcø tmotf m bfs jdjhtfs kjb fpcf, quj sjaþo bfs j`pbjmkfs kj bm gftchm Wfsj & Hf. bj prfvjàm su jstmgbjhc`cjotf, hf`f m bm pãrkckm kj uoms cbuscfojs quj jotrjbmzmgmo jb ãxtmscs ãxt mscs m`frfsf m`frfsf hfo sus sus mspcrmhc mspc rmhcfojs fojs kj ofgbjzm ofgbjzm y sjýfràf sjýfràf.. Bms ofhejs sco kfr`cr, bms gfrrmhejrms y bfs fpcíhjfs, quj fgbcamrfo mb sjýfr Grfotì m vcacbmrbf kurmotj jb kàm y bm ofhej, cospcrmgmo hf`pmscøo jo Mooj y J`cby< m Hemrbfttj bm bbjomrfo kj crm. Bm durcm kj Hemrbfttj pfkràm fgjkjhjr, jo vcrtuk kjb vàohubf tmo prfduokf quj scj`prj bfs emgàm uockf, `jofs m uo nuchcf `frmb quj m bm c`majo kj sus fhubtfs pmkjhc`cjotfs quj bm hfokuhtm kj su ejr`mof rjdbjnmgm. Jo jsfs `cs`fs `jsjs jbbm jshrcgàm, jo scbjohcf, sus kjsjspjrmkms hmrtms mb prfdjsfr Ejajr. Hemrbfttj, quj jrm kcshrjtm, `motuvf su kfbfr jo prcvmkf< ãb bf bbjvø m bm hmtjafràm kjb jshíokmbf.

 

‒Kurmotj hmsc trjs mýfs tuvj kcmrcm`jotj uo pbmhjr turgubjotf prfotf hmstcamkf ;1::, hfodjsø Grmowjbb m Drmohcs Aruoky jo bm `cs`m hmrtm kj  pfr jb `cjkf‐ ;1 fhtugrj kj =5;:. Jo su kcmrcf kjb 8= kj nubcf kj =5;: Mooj jshrcgcø mqujbbm drmsj bbjom kj scaocdchmhcfojs> ‒…kurmotj `c jstmohcm tuvj mbauoms kj bms `ís

kjsmarmkmgbjs j coc`macomgbjs jxpjrcjohcms kj bm omturmbjzm eu`mom… Of  pujkf sjotcr`j sjotcr`j `ís kjshfrmzfo kjshfrm zfomkm mkm oc `ís vcjnm vcjn m `jotmb` jotmb`jot jotjj kj bf quj `j ;14 scjotf jo jstj `f`jotf‐ . Jo kcshrjpmohcm hfo Hemrbfttj, `motjoàm uom

 

mhtctuk kj hf`prjoscøo emhcm Grmowjbb> ‒Xudrcø `uhems trcgubmhcfojs y jodjr`jkmk. Jstmgm `uy jodjr`f jb `mrtjs pjrf duj hfo Nfeo Grfwo m Bcvjrpffb, kfokj jstí mefrm. Hfodcm`fs jo quj `jnfrmrí y johmuzmrí su vckm jo jb duturf‐;11 . J`cby, hfohjotrmkm jo su trmgmnf pfãtchf, of pjr`ctàm quj bfs tfr`jotfs quj mhuhcmgmo m sus ejr`mofs bm sfgrjsmbtmrmo> ‒@c hu`pbjmýfs ‛bbuvcfsf, vcjotfs, hmbfr‛. Efy tjoaf vjcotcscjtj mýfs. Jstm `mýmom Mooj y yf mgrc`fs bfs kcmrcfs quj jshrcgc`fs humtrf mýfs motjs, jo `c hu`pbjmýfs vjcotctrãs. Jstj kcmrcf kjgjrí sjr mgcjrtf sc tfkf scauj gcjo, humokf hu`pbm trjcotm, jo trjs mýfs, pfr hfoscaucjotj, jo =5;5. Kjskj jb kcmrcf kj =5;= suhjkcjrfo bfs scaucjotjs jvjotfs… Jstfy gmstmotj smtcsdjhem hfo`caf `cs`m, of sfy tmo emrmamom hf`f motjs, jo ajojrmb caumb kj dujrtj… Bf þochf quj kjsjf js quj tfkfs pujkmo jstmr tmo smtcsdjhefs hf`f yf y tmo sjrjofs, y msà oujstrm vckm sjràm `uy sfpfrtmgbj‐. Jo jb íoaubf codjrcfr kjb tjxtf, djhemkf jb 89 kj nubcf kj =5;:, kcgunø uo mutfrrjtrmtf (kj jspmbkms) hfo jb jshrctfrcf pfrtítcb sfgrj sus rfkcbbms, Ljjpjr m sus pcjs y Dbfssy y uo amtf kur`cjokf sfgrj bm hm`m (uom `ujstrm kj bms armokjs rjdfr`ms quj sj cotrfkunjrfo jo bm rjhtfràm kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kj bm tàm Grmowjbb). Xc hfo bm bbjamkm kj Grmowjbb bms cotjohcfojs kj `fotmr uom jshujbm jo bm hmsm jstmgmo mrrucomkms, m jbbm of  pfkàm c`pfrtmrbj c`pfrtmrbj `jofs> ‒Ej`fs ‒Ej`fs c`prjsf dfbbjtfs y jshrctf jshrc tf hmrtms… Mefrm Mefrm of kjsjf uom jshujbm jo mgsfbutf y ocoauof kj ofsftrfs tcjoj uo armo moejbf ‛  tjoj`fs kcojrf sudchcjotj pmrm oujstrms ojhjsckmkjs prjsjotjs hfo uom ;155. J`cby tjoàm rmzfojs pmrm emhjr jspjhubmhcfojs  pfscgcbckm  pfscgc bckmkk kj amomohcm‐ amomohcm‐;1 dcomohcjrms, ym quj sj johmramgm kj mk`cocstrmr bms covjrscfojs kj bms trjs ejr`moms jo jb djrrfhmrrcb kj Sfrl & Ofrte @ckbmok Wmcbwmy y Wjjte

Hfosfbckmtjk @cocoa Hf`pmoy. Xus híbhubfs, kj tfkms dfr`ms, dujrfo kjsmhjrtmkfs sc sj tcjoj jo hujotm quj, trjs mýfs kjspuãs, jb hmpctmb of mhu`ubø ocoauom amomohcm. Jb =5 kj mafstf Hemrbfttj coscouø m Jbbjo su kjsjspjrmozm jo bm

 

rjemgcbctmhcøo kj Grmowjbb> ‒Mbauoms vjhjs tj`f quj ouohm `ís vm m `jnfrmr. Xus `mbfs eígctfs pmrjhjo emgjrsj jormczmkf jo ãb `ís prfduokm`jotj kj bf ;133. [rjs `jsjs kjspuãs, su hfotjohcøo rjvjbm `ís quj bms quj yf hrjàm‐;1 hfodckjohcms> ‒Grmowjbb mþo jstí jo hmsm, y `cjotrms ãb jstã mquà, tþ of vjokrís… Humotf `ís bf hfofzhf, `ís hfovjohckm jstfy kj jstm rjsfbuhcøo. Fnmbí pukcjrm kjhcrtj mbaf jo su dmvfr, pjrf hf`f of pujkf, `jnfr `j hmbbmrã‐;59 . Omkm bj kcnf m Jbbjo sfgrj su mgru`mkfrm trcstjzm< `jofs mþo sfgrj su hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo jb sjýfr Ejajr, f mb `jofs of qujkmrfo rmstrfs kj jsms hfodjscfojs. hfodjscfojs. Tjcotcþo mýfs kjspuãs kj bm pmrtckm kj Hemrbfttj kj Grusjbms bm nfvjo Bfucsj Ejajr, quj tjoàm trjs mýfs humokf bms ejr`moms Grfotì bbjamrfo mb  pjoscfomkf  pjoscfo mkf kj sus pmkrjs, mscstcø mscs tcø m uom uom hfodjrjohcm hfodjrjohcm sfgrj  Nmoj Jyrj  jo bm hcukmk. Jb hfodjrjohcmotj, sjaþo pmrjhj, coscouø quj Hemrbfttj emgàm sckf trmtmkm hfo hrujbkmk pfr bfs Ejajr. Ejrckm pfr bm mdrjotm m su dm`cbcm, pjrf mkj`ís pfrquj Hemrbfttj emgàm `fstrmkf uo jspjhcmb mdjhtf emhcm jbbm, Bfucsj hfotø bf suhjkckf m su `mkrj, quj bj `fstrø humtrf hmrtms kj Hemrbfttj kcrcackms kcrc ackms m su `mrckf `mrckf quj `mot `motjoàm joàm jshfokckms jo su hmnm kj nfyms. @mkm`j Ejajr jxpbchø m Bfucsj quj, kjspuãs kj bjjrbms, su pmkrj emgàm rftf trjs kj jbbms pmrm bujaf mrrfnmr bfs drma`jotfs jo bm pmpjbjrm. Mb rjhfajrbms, jbbm bms rjstmurø hfo maunm, ecbf y pjam`jotf y bms aumrkø jo su hfdrj nuotf m ftrm, quj johfotrø mrruamkm y gfrrfojmkm pjrf of rftm. Bms hmrtms kjgàmo sjr hfosjrvmkms, jxpbchø @mkm`j m su ecnm, pfrquj `fstrmgmo ‒jb mdjhtf, uo pfhf jxmajrmkf, jxprjsmkf pfr uom pupcbm m su `mjstrf, pjrf sfgrj tfkf pfrquj uom kj jsms hmrtms emgàm sckf kcrcackm of m bm jshujbm kj bm hmbbj ;5==. @mkm`j Ejajr pjosmgm hfo m`mraurm quj Csmgjbbj scof mb Mteão Mteãoãj ãj Wfymb‐;5

Hemrbfttj pfkàm kmr mbaþo pmsf cohcjrtf emhcm bm dm`cbcm m bm quj ouohm sj ;577 y aumrkø bfs pmpjbjs m `fkf kj rjsaumrkf `fstrø cotjrjsmkm jo marmkmr‐;5  pfr du dutu turms rms rjprjsmbcm rjprjs mbcmss (‒ Nj `j vjoajrmc ‐). Jrmo uom prujgm kj bm crrmhcfombckmk f bfhurm kj Hemrbfttj pjrf, ¶of pfkàmo jvckjohcmr su prfpcm

 

crrmhcfombckmk, sc mhmsf eugcjrm sckf jbbm y of su jspfsf qucjo bms rf`pcø6 Humokf `urcø su `mkrj, jo =539, Bfucsj tf`ø bms hmrtms kjb nfyjrf y sj bms kcf m su pmkrj. Hurcfsm`jotj, ãb vfbvcø m tcrmrbms mb pmpjbjrf, y jstm vjz duj Bfucsj qucjo bms rjshmtø pmrm jshfokjrbms. Mhtumb`jotj prjsjrvmkms trms hrcstmbjs jo bm Gcgbcftjhm Grctíochm, bms hmrtms rjvjbmo uo pjrcpbf quj of hfcohckj hfo jb kjshrcptf pfr Bfucsj Ejajr. Bms `mrhms kj bms trjs rjpmrmkms `ujstrmo quj kjspuãs kj sjr bjàkms dujrfo kfgbmkms, pmrm sjr aumrkmkms jo uo  gfbscbbf  gfbsc bbf f uo pmotmbøo, pmotmbøo, y of rftms co`jkcmtm` co`jkcmtm`jot jotj. j. Bm þochm quj sj hfosjrvm jotjrm cokchm quj kurmotj uo tcj`pf scrvcø kj pmpjb kj mpuotjs kjb jshrctfrcf kjb prfdjsfr. p rfdjsfr. Nuot Nuotff m bm drmsj kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj ‒Jstfy hfo dcjgrj, dcjgrj, pjrkà `c mpjtctf mpj tctf y ;588, ãb moftø bm kcrjhhcøo kj uo zmpmtjrf `c sujýf, jstfy bmoauckjhcjokf‐;5 rj`jokøo. Kurmotj uom kj bms jstmohcms kj Hemrbfttj jo Bfokrjs, mýfs `ís tmrkj, su motcaum mbu`om Bmjtctcm Qejjbwrcaet bj prjauotø sc mþo `motjoàm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo jb sjýfr Ejajr. Of jrm uom prjauotm cokcshrjtm, ym quj jo jb vjrmof kj =5;; Hemrbfttj bj emgàm pjkckf m su `mkrj, m puotf kj pmrtcr  emhcm Grusjbms, quj bbjvmrm bbjvm rm uom uom hmrtm hmr tm pmrm jb prfdjsfr. Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj rjspfokcø quj emgàm cotjrru`pckf bm hfrrjspfokjohcm pfrquj jb sjýfr Ejajr bj emgàm `johcfomkf jo uom hmrtm quj su jspfsm bm kjsmprfgmgm. ‒S kjspuãs kj jsf ãb bj pckcø quj jovcmrm sus hmrtms mb Wfymb Mteãoãj, kfokj kmgm bjhhcfojs m bfs ;5 ;  Bm hfrrjspfokjohcm sugrjptchcm pfkràm jxpbchmr bm durcm kj vmrfojs.‐;5; `mkm`j Ejajr. Bmjtctcm hfodcr`ø bm vjrmhckmk kj Hemrbfttj> ‒Jbbm bf kcnf hfo ;5::. Of sj bm scohjrckmk s cohjrckmk kj `mojrms quj bm hmrmhtjrczmgm hmr mhtjrczmgm jo tfkm hcrhuostmo hcrhuostmohcm‐ hcm‐ ;5 hfosjrvø ocoauom kj bms rjspujstms kjb sjýfr Ejajr m Hemrbfttj, pjrf jxcstcjrfo. Hemrbfttj bms `johcfoø jo uom hmrtm hf`f ‒bm þochm mbjaràm quj

;544 y, jo ftrm, bj jshrcgcø su þbtc`m hmrtm `j em sfstjockf, tjoaf jo bm [cjrrm ;5 ;5 1. `j em mbc`jotmkf pfr sjcs `jsjs‐;51 @mkm`j Ejajr pukf emgjr `jotckf pmrm fhubtmr quj bms hmrtms bms emgàm rftf jbbm `cs`m jo uo rmptf kj hjbfs, bf quj jvckjohcmràm quj jb

 

jom`frm`cjotf jotrj Hemrbfttj y su jspfsf jrm `ís sjrcf kj bf quj qujràm mk`ctcr. F pukf emgjr `jotckf Bfucsj pmrm prftjajr m su `mkrj. Jo tfkf hmsf, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb emgràm oftmkf mbaf humokf vcsctø mb sjýfr Ejajr jo =5:4. Ãb bj fdrjhcø hfpcmr mbauofs pmsmnjs y jbbm bms tuvf jotrj sus `mofs, pjrf of `johcfoø quj jstuvcjrmo rftms jo su hmrtm mb jkctfr Ajfraj X`cte, quj jstmgm  pfr pugbchmr su gcfarmdàm kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Jo hm`gcf, hm`gcf, bj jshrcgcø jshrc gcø quj ‒kjsmprfgmgm humbqucjr cochcmtcvm kj pugbchmhcøo kj jsms hmrtms‐;55 , mbjrtm kjb kmýf quj pfkràmo emhjr m bm c`majo kj Hemrbfttj. Xc eugcjrmo jstmkf rftms bf emgràm `johcfomkf, pfrquj of jrm uo kjtmbbj `jofr oc `uhef `jofs. Yjrf of bf eczf. Bm tjomhckmk kj Bfucsj jo hfosjrvmr bfs kfhu`jotfs pfkràm jxpbchmrsj jo uof kj sus pírrmdfs> ‒Yfr dmvfr jovàj m @mkm`j `c jstc`m ‛tj`f quj @mrcm, Bfucsj y Hbmrm `j emymo fbvckmkf. Yrøspãrj y Tchtfrcoj ouohm bbjamrfo m hfofhjr`j gcjo. Sf rjhujrkf hbmrm`jotj m bfs hcohf, jspjhcmb`jotj m Bfucsj. Jbbm mtjsfrmgm `uhef hmríhtjr, y `uhem coajouckmk y `uhem scohjrckmk jo su  pjqujýf rfstrf‐;53 . Zofs mýfs kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kjb prfdjsfr jo =534, Bfucsj jotrjaø bfs kfhu`jotfs m su ejr`mof Ymub, omhckf kfs mýfs kjspuãs quj Hemrbfttj  pmrtcjrm kj Grusjbms y pfr jotfohjs jotfohjs uo hcjotàdchf hcjotàdchf j`cojo j`cojotj. tj. Zom vjz quj hfosubtmrfo mb hràtchf kj mrtj @mrcfo E. Xpcjb`moo, Ymub Ejajr y sus ejr`moms kjhckcjrfo kfomr bfs kfhu`jotfs m bm Gcgbcftjhm Grctíochm, kfokj mefrm kjbmtmo, m pjsmr pjs mr kj uom uom huckmkfsm rjstmurmhcøo, su pmsmkf tj`pjstu tj`pjstufsf. fsf. ‒Kàm y ofhej of johujotrf kjshmosf f pmz. Xc kujr`f `cs sujýfs `j tfrturmo> bf vjf m ustjk scj`prj sjvjrf, sjrcf j crrctmkf hfo`caf... Xjpm kcshubpmr`j, `foscjur Ejajr, sc bj jshrcgf kj oujvf, ¶hø`f sfpfrtmr bm vckm

sc of emaf jsdujrzfs pfr mbcvcmr `c kfbfr6 Xã quj ustjk vm m pfojrsj c`pmhcjotj humokf bjm jstm hmrtm ‛vm m kjhcr quj oujvm`jotj jstfy sfgrjjxhctmkm, quj tjoaf ojarfs pjosm`cjotfs, jth.‛. Yujkj sjr, sjýfr. Of  prjtjokf nust n ustcdchmr`j, cdchmr`j, `jrjzhf hmkm h mkm rjprfhej, tfkf jsf bf sã, pjrf of pujkf

 

rjscaomr`j m pjrkjr pfr hf`pbjtf bm m`cstmk kj `c `mjstrf… Xc `c `mjstrf `j quctm su m`cstmk pfr jotjrf, vfy m pjrkjr tfkm jspjrmozm. Xc ãb `j km uo  pfhf, `uy pfhf, vfy m jstmr hfotjot hfotjotmm ‛djbcz‛, vfy m tjojr tjojr uom rmzøo pmrm vcvcr, pmrm trmgmnmr… Xjýfr, jb pfgrj of ojhjsctm `uhef pmrm vcvcr ‛ãb søbf  pckj bms `camnms kj pmo quj hmjo kj bm `jsm kjb ef`grj ef`grj rchf ‛ , pjrf sc mbaucjo bj rjeþsm jsms `camnms kj pmo, `frcrí kj em`grj. Of ojhjsctf `uhef mdjhtf kj jsfs m qucjojs m`f ‛of smgràm quã emhjr hfo su m`cstmk pbjom ‛ .  Of pckf mbaf m baf msà, pjrf pj rf ustjk mbauom mbauom vjz `j `j `fstrø `fstrø uo pjqujýf cotjrãs, cotjrãs, humokf humokf yf jrm su pupcbm jo Grusjbms, y yf `j mdjrrf kj jsf, jo pfs kj prjsjrvmr jsj  pjqujýf cotjrãs. cotjrãs. @j mdjrrf m jsf hf` h f`ff `j mdjrrf m bm vckm… Of kjsjf rjbjjr  rjbjj r  jstm hmrtm, bm vfy m jovcmr tmb humb jstí jshrctm. M pjsmr kj quj tjoaf bm vmam sjosmhcøo kj quj bm ajotj dràm y rmhcfomb pfkràm kjhcr, mb bjjrbm, ―jbbm jstí kjsvmrcmokf–. Bm þochm vjoamozm quj kjsjf pmrm jsm ajotj js uo sfbf kàm kj tfr`jotf kjb quj yf sudrf kjskj emhj fhef `jsjs. Jotfohjs vjràm`fs sc jbbfs ;3 9 jstmràmo kjsvmrcmokf kjsvmrc mokf f of.‐;39 Yjrf of kjsvmrcmgm. F sà. Jb `mjstrf emgàm kjnmkf kj hfotjstmrbj. Zom bjtmracm pmrmbczmgm bm jshrcturm kj Moarcm, muoquj jb tfof bþaugrj y qujnu` qujnu `grfsf kj sus hmrtms jrm moíbfa m oíbfaff mb kj bfs pmrbm`jotfs pmrbm`jotfs kj @mry Yjrhy jo =585. Jb cosf`ocf quj mtfr`jotø m Hemrbfttj kurmotj tfkm su vckm jrm jb cosf`ocf kj @mry Yjrhy. Bfs pjhmkfs `frtmbjs kj su johmotmkfr y gjbbf y jokj`focmkf jspfsf, jb kuquj kj ^m`from, mtfr`jotmgmo su sujýf> ‒Duc m `c ;3 =. emgctmhcøo, of pmrm kfr`cr... scof pmrm jovfbvjr`j jo `cs pjoms‐ ;3= Humokf bbjaø m jshrcgcrbj kfs hmrtms pfr sj`mom, jb prfdjsfr bj c`pusf bm rjstrchhcøo kj uom `cscvm hmkm sjcs `jsjs, quj jbbm cotjotø, jo uo prc`jr  `f`jotf, fgjkjhjr. Jo ofvcj`grj kj =5;:, hf`f jstmgm jstcpubmkf, bj

jshrcgcø> Js eu`cbbmotj of sjr jb kujýf kj bfs pjosm`cjotfs kj uof `cs`f, sjr jshbmvf kj uo rjhujrkf, jshbmvf kj uom ckjm dcnm y kf`comotj quj tcrmoczm jb jspàrctu‐;37 . Jstfs pírrmdfs kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm dujrfo bjàkfs pfr mbauom hràtchm jo tãr`cofs kj cosmocm, humokf Hemrbfttj emgbmgm jo tãr`cofs bctjrmrcfs>

 

@com Bmury sj sjotàm ‒kãgcb hf`f uo ocýf‐ motj su m`motj, emgàm ‒pjrkckf su ;3 8. Jo Grusjbms ckjotckmk, y su vckm jotjrm emgàm sckf kjvfrmkm pfr ftrf sjr‐ ;38 Hemrbfttj emgàm trmkuhckf mb drmohãs, pmrm jb prfdjsfr,  Bm km`m kjb bmaf  kj Xhftt y  Bm pjrjarcomhcøo kj Hecbkj Emr Emrfbk  fbk   kj Gyrfo. Xu `jotj emgctmgm uo `uokf rf`íotchf kjb quj pmrjhàm of qujrjr mpmrtmrsj y jsms `cscvms, quj jbbm caofrmgm sc sjràmo bjàkms, mkj`ís jshrctms jo uo ckcf`m mnjof, jb drmohãs, ¶of fpjrmgmo `ís hf`f gfsqujnfs, gfrrmkfrjs, jxpbfrmhcfojs kj efokurms krm`ítchms krm` ítchms y tjxtu tjxturms rms bctjrmrc b ctjrmrcms, ms, quj kj hmrtms hmr tms kjstcomkms m bjjrsj6 bj jrsj6 Xc jo jstm costmohcm Hemrbfttj bbjaø m bm bfhurm> ‒¶Yfr quã of pujkf tjojr  jxmhtm`jotj bm `cs`m m`cstmk quj ustjk scotcø pfr `à, oc `ís oc `jofs6 Sf jstmràm tmo hmb`m, tmo bcgjrmkm, quj pfkràm `motjojr scbjohcf pfr kcjz mýfs sco jsdujrzf‐;3; , duj m hmusm kj uo m`fr quj jo mbauom costmohcm pukf emgjrsj `mtjrcmbczmkf. M bm buz kj jstj jstmkf kj jspàrctu, huío hrjàgbj sujom bm jshjom `ís aøtchm kj  Nmoj Jyrj> M puotf kj mhjptmr bm prfpujstm `mtrc`focmb kj Xt. Nfeo, Nmoj ‒emgàm fàkf arctmr uom vfz jo mbaþo buamr> ―¡Nmoj, Nmoj, Nmoj!– y omkm `ís. ―¡Kcfs `àf! ¶]uã js6 –, prjauotã nmkjmotj. Emgràm kmkf bf `cs`f prjauotmr  ¶køokj jstí6, pfrquj of pfkàm prfhjkjr kj bm emgctmhcøo, bm hmsm f jb nmrkào< of prfhjkàm kjb mcrj, oc kj gmnf tcjrrm oc kjb hcjbf. ¡Bf emgàm fàkf, pjrf ouohm smgràm kj køokj prfhjkcø! Duj bm vfz kj uo sjr eu`mof, uom vfz rjhfrkmkm y dm`cbcmr y m`mkm, bm kj Jkwmrk Dmcrdmx Wfhejstjr, quj emgbø hfo kfbfr y pjom, jobfqujhckm, pmvfrfsm y urajotj‐.;3:  Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb hfotø jo su gcfarmdàm quj jo hcjrtm vjbmkm mbaucjo emgàm cohrjpmkf m Hemrbfttj pfr jsm jshjom> ‒Sf of sã quã cohckjotj jstmgm jo bm `j`frcm kj bm sjýfrctm Grfotì humokf jbbm hfotjstø, jo uom vfz `uy qujkm, hmsc sco rjspcrmhcøo> ―Yjrf js vjrkmk< jsf

rjmb`jotj fhurrcø– ‐;34 . ¶Jshuheø Hemrbfttj mbauom vjz bm vfz kjb sjýfr Ejajr  bbm`íokfbm pfr su of`grj m trmvãs kjb `mr kj bm @mohem6 Wjhcão trjcotm y hcohf mýfs `ís mkjbmotj, m dcojs kj =559, jb sjýfr Ejajr  jshrcgcø m uom kcshàpubm bbm`mkm @jtm @fss`mo bm hmrtm quj Hemrbfttj eugcjrm

 

kjsjmkf bjjr m su rjarjsf m Coabmtjrrm> ‒Xøbf pcjosf jo vjrtj… M `joukf `j kfy m `à `cs`f uo pbmhjr, humokf `cs kjgjrjs tjr`comrfo y gmnmo bms buhjs. Yfspfoaf prjokjr bm buz kj `c gcgbcftjhm, `j scjotf, du`f `c hcamrrf y jvfhf tu c`majo ‛y tþ vcjojs hf`f uo pjqujýf mcrj, mdjhtufsf pjrf cokjpjokcjotj y rjsfbutf, dcr`j`jotj kjtjr`comkf m of sjaucr ocoauom fpcocøo sco emgjr sckf motjs hfovjohckm, kj`mokmokf sjr hfovjohckm motjs kj mhjptmrbm ‛kj ejhef, hf`f yf tj hfofzhf, `c qujrckm, y hf`f tj ej jstc`mkf y m`mkf‐;31 . Bm kjshrcphcøo kj @jtm @fss`mo hfrrjspfokj m bm pjrdjhhcøo hfo jb tcpf kj Hemrbfttj y hfrrfgfrm bm tjscs kj uo tmb sjýfr Qjstwffk, m`caf kjb  prfdjsfr Ejajr, Ejajr, humokf humokf kjsbczm kjsbc zm quj ãb tjoàm tjoàm m sus dmvfrctms. ¶Emgrí ¶Emgrí sckf Hemrbfttj bm prc`jrm kj jbbms6 Zom hmrtm kjb sjýfr Qjstwffk kj =519 kcrcackm m uo hfrrjspfosmb of ckjotcdchmkf mdcr`m quj ‒ãb eczf `uhef pfr Hemrbfttj, bm ;3 5. Jb sjýfr Qjstwffk kchj tm`gcão quj jombtjhcø, bm `c`ø y amoø su m`fr‐;35 jb sjýfr Ejajr rjbmtø bm ecstfrcm kj Hemrbfttj y `fstrø sus hmrtms m bm prc`m kj su jspfsm, mbu`om kjb pjoscfomkf, m bm quj hmbcdchø hf`f ‒uom kj jsms mbu`oms cotjbjhtumbjs m bms quj ãb kjscaomgm hf`f sus prjdjrckms‐ ;33 . Jo uo ajstf pàhmrf, bm hmrtm kjb sjýfr Qjstwffk of of`grm m bm sjýfrm Ejajr scof hfo jb of`grj kj `mkm`j Gjhl, su pjrsfomnj jo Tcbbjttj> ‒Jb sjýfr Ejajr js uo mhmgmkf jspãhc`jo kj njsuctm, hfo tfkm bm kcaockmk y hmbckjz kj uo ef`grj. Ãb rjhfrkmgm m Hemrbfttj hfo mdjhtf< `mkm`j Gjhl hfo crm‐. Mooj, kj rjarjsf kj [efrp Arjjo, emgàm trmàkf jo su vmbcnm uo `moushrctf quj of pukf pmsmr comkvjrtckf `uhef tcj`pf jo bm rjhtfràm. Kurmotj bfs tcj`pfs bcgrjs kj su trmgmnf hf`f afgjromotm emgàm jshrctf bms kfs prc`jrms  pmrtjs kj  Bcdj fd mo CCokcvckumb  okcvckumb , bm ofvjbm quj bujaf, hfo jb of`grj kj  M  Maojs aojs Arjy, sj hfovcrtcø jo bm prc`jrm fgrm kj dchhcøo rjmbcstm kj bfs ejr`mofs

Grfotì, mkj`ís kj uom of `uy vjbmkm mutfgcfarmdàm. Sm jo su kcmrcf emgàm :999. moftmkf> ‒Bfs Afokmb, jo ajojrmb, of vmo `uy gcjo. ¶@jnfrmrío6‐:9 Yrfgmgbj`jotj cokuhckf pfr su pmkrj, pjrf kj tfkms dfr`ms hfo uo dujrtj c`pubsf pfr smbcr kj sus tfr`jotfs, jo ofvcj`grj Grmowjbb jovcø uom hmrtm mb

 

majotj bfhmb kj bfs Djrrfhmrrcbjs kj @mohejstjr. Xj fdrjhcø hf`f hmokckmtf  pmrm jb pujstf pujstf kj sjhrjtmrcf sjhrjtmrc f kj bm bàojm kj @mohejst @mohejstjr jr y Ejgkjo Grckaj y Ljcaebjy mok Hmrcsbj Nuohtcfo. ¶Emy quj mhbmrmr quj su prfotumrcf of pfkàm scof dcaurmr jo bfs mrhecvfs kj bfs Djrrfhmrrcbjs kj, mb `jofs, tfkms bms fdchcoms kj Sfrlsecrj6

Yfhf c`pfrtmgm, ym quj uoms sj`moms motjs bj emgàm jshrctf mb jshubtfr 

 

Nfsjpe Bjybmok, su m`caf kj Embcdmx, quj jstmgm trmgmnmokf jo uom ofvjbm jo trjs vfbþ`jojs, y quj jb prc`jr tf`f ym jstmgm tjr`comkf> ‒Hf`prjokà, `cjotrms `j hfosu`àm ofhej y kàm m dujaf bjotf, quj kjgàm mgsfbutm`jotj cotjotmr humbqucjr hfsm pmrm bcgjrmr`j kj `c sudrc`cjotf y supj, vcstf jb jstmkf mhtumb kjb `uokf jkctfrcmb y kj bfs bjhtfrjs, quj uom ofvjbm js jb mrtàhubf quj :9 =. M dmtcamkfs embbmo rjpfsf) rjpf sf) `jnfr sj vjo vj okj‐:9=  Mok ok tej Q Qjmry jmry mrj mt Wjst (S bfs dmtcamkfs hfostm kj hcohujotm y fhef píacoms y jshfokj, sjaþo su mutfr, jhfs ‒kj bfs :9 7. Hf`f sjm, jb drma`jotf js uo hfodbchtcvfs sjotc`cjotfs kj Em`bjt f Bjmr‐ :97  gfrrmkfr, of hfrrja hfrrj ackf, kj uom uom ofvjbm kj mkubtjrcf, mkubtjrcf, jb armo tj`m tj`m kjb scabf UCU ( @mkm`j  @mkm`j Gfvmry Gfvmry sj pugbchø rjhcão jo =5:1). Msà, jo tfrof mb dujaf kj bm hfhcom f of, sjpmrmkfs, uof sfgrj jb jstmýf suhcf kjb [frf Ojarf y ftrf jo jb jshrctfrcf pfrtítcb kj bm oursjry  kjb pcsf supjrcfr, hfo jb mb`m kjsamrrmkm f djbchjs, bfs humtrf ejr`mofs hf`jozmrfo m jshrcgcr fgrms kj dchhcøo, rjuockfs gmnf jb tjhef kj bm rjhtfràm, uom vjz `ís. Bm dmhtfràm Grfotì, hfo bfs vcjnfs `ftfrjs mhjctmkfs y bms hec`jojms sfbtmokf eu` eu `f, vfbvà v fbvàmm m pfojrsj jo duohcfom` duohcfom`cjotf, cjotf, m tfkm `íqucom. `íqucom.

Tcbbjttj   kjshrcgj mqujb mb quj *  Bm gcøarmdm Qcocdrjk Aãrco mdcr`ø quj jb hfohcjrtf kj Tcbbjttj mscstcø Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj bm oofhej fhej kjb =: kj mafstf mafstf kj =5;8 =5;8..

 

HMYÀ[ZBF UCCC BM TCXC[ TC XC[M M YFY Kjskj bfs søtmofs kjb [frf Ojarf emstm jb `fstrmkfr kj bm gftchm, susurrmkfs jo bfs gmohfs kj bm cabjscm y rjpjtckfs jo bfs hmrrfs quj gmnmgmo jb hm`cof emhcm Ljcaebjy Ljcaebjy,, bfs hecs`frrjfs hecs`frrjfs sfgrj bms kjsvjoturms kjsvjoturms kj Grmowjbb j`pjzmrfo j`pjzmrfo m rjhfrrjr rj hfrrjr jb pujgbf hf`f hf`f arcjtms kj uom uom hmsm hms m aøtchm jo kjrru`gj. kjrru`gj. Bms prjhmuhcfojs quj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo emgàm tf`mkf kurmotj `ís kj trjs mýfs pmrm fhubtmr su mddmcrj hfo jb tutfr kj su ecnf sj kjsvmojhcjrfo jb 5 kj ofvcj`grj kj =5;: hfo bm pugbchmhcøo kj uo pfj`m jo jb Embcdmx Aumrkcmo, Aumrkcmo, jb  pjrcøkchf  pjrcøkc hf `ís c`pfrtmot c`pfrtmotjj kj bm hcukmk. Dcr`mkf pfr Ofrtemoajrbmok, jb tjxtf `mokmgm uom sjýmb, jo dfr`m johugcjrtm, m su jspfsf jodjr`f> ‒[joaf uo mspjhtf jxtjrof kcstcotf mb suyf, híbckf hf`f bm nuvjotuk ‛of hf`f jb kjb dràf :9 8. Xc gcjo jb sjýfr Wfgcosfo emgàm kjshugcjrtf jb kjshjosf kj bm `ujrtj‐:98 rf`mohj kurmotj jb vjrmof motjrcfr jo Xhmrgfrfuae, bm pugbchmhcøo kj ‒Wjmb Wjst‐ fdchcø kj hfodcr`mhcøo pmrm bfs `cj`grfs kj su hàrhubf quj mbgjramgmo sfspjhems y kj pujstm mb tmotf tmotf pmrm jb rjstf. r jstf. Bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo kjgj emgjrsj mbmr`mkf jo jxtrj`f, sfgrj tfkf uo `js `ís tmrkj, humokf Grmowjbb bj jovcø ftrf `josmnj jo hbmvj, m trmvãs kjb mbcdmx, quj mbukàm m bm `ujrtj kj su jspfsf> ‒…[jokràm uo fàkf kfokj :9;;, `frmràmo tfkfs bfs tfofs/ jo quj sj pfkràmo susurrmr ―dmbbjhjr– f ―mkcøs– ‐ :9

`frmràmo tfkfs bfs tfofs/ jo quj sj pfkràmo susurrmr dmbbjhjr f mkcøs , kjhàm ‒Yjo`mjo`mwr‐, pugbchmkf jb 79 kj kchcj`grj. Jo uom hmrtm m Bjybmok, hfo jb pfj`m mknuotf, bj jxpbchø jb sjotckf kjb `josmnj> ‒Kjgf kjhcrtj bm rmzøo kj `c kjsjf kj quj mbaf kj omturmbjzm tmo pjrsfomb mpmrjzhm c`prjsf.

 

 Of johujot johujotrf rf ocoau ocoauom om ftrm `mojrm, quj of hfobbjvj pjbcarf, kj hf`uo hf`uochmr chmr` `j hfo mqujbbm m bm quj of pujkf jvctmr m`mr, scof `mokíokfbj jstms bàojms  pugbchmkms hfo `c `c usumb dcr`m dcr`m ―Ofrtemoajrbmok–. ―Ofrtemoajrbmok–. @jkcmotj @jkcmotj uo uo hmomb hmomb prcvmkf pr cvmkf bj jovcã uom hmrtm kj hfosujbf pmrm mbcvcmr su armo y mtfr`jotmkfr sudrc`cjotf, :9::.  pjrf tj`f tj`f bms hfosjhujohcms hfosjhujohcms kj sjr s jr kjshugcjrtf‐:9 M pjsmr kj emgjr sckf sc kf jshrctf jshr ctf jo ofvcj`grj, ofvcj`grj, jb pfj`m sj rj`fotm rj`fotm mb vc vcmnj mnj jo jo  gmrhf quj emgàm emgàm ejhef hfo Nfeo Nfeo Grfwo kjskj Bcvjrpffb m bf bmraf kj bm hfstm h fstm kjb Ofrtj kj Ambjs, m su rjarjsf kj [efrp Arjjo. ‒Jstfs vjrsfs tcjojo uo sfbf `ãrctf> quj rjmb`jotj jxprjsmo `cs sjotc`cjotfs `cjotrms omvjamgm gmnf bms `fotmýms ambjsms y bm gmokm kj m gfrkf hf`jozø m tfhmr Sj Gmols mok grmjs*. Kcfs smgj quj, pfr `uhems rmzfojs, mqujbbfs sjotc`cjotfs jstmgmo bjnfs kjb :944  pbmhjr.‐:9 Bfs Wfgcosfo rjhcgàmo bm Sfrlsecrj Amzjttj  pjrf kjgàmo bjjr tm`gcão jb mbcdmx, hf`f sus m`cstmkjs. Js c`prfgmgbj quj bfs mbbjamkfs m [efrp Arjjo caofrmrmo bms pugbchmhcfojs kjb prjhjptfr, quj of jrm oc hmbbmkf oc prukjotj. Ymrm bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, jb vmbfr mrtàstchf kjb prfhjkc`cjotf of kjgj emgjrbj c`pfrtmkf tmotf hf`f bm cokcshrjhcøo kj uo m`motj kj`mscmkf dfafsf. Xc su jom`frm`cjotf mþo hfosjrvmgm mbaf kj dubafr, bm pfscgcbckmk kj sjr  kjshugcjrtm motj su hàrhubf kjgj kj emgjrbf mpmamkf kj uom uom rí rídma dmam. m. Mnjof m bms rjpjrhuscfojs kj bfs pfj`ms, Grmowjbb scaucø pugbchmokf jo jb mbcdmx. Jotrj dcojs kj jsj mýf y hf`cjozfs kjb scaucjotj jshrcgcø uo pfj`m ãpchf ecspmofm`jrchmof, ‒Numo Djroíokjz‐, cospcrmkf jo bm kjrrftm omvmb kjb mb`crmotj Ajfraj Mosfo motj uo omvàf jspmýfb y su trmvjsàm emhcm bfs `mrjs kj Hecbj> ‒Zom sfbctmrcm ougj jo jb `mr yjr`f, bms rfhms kj Djroíokjz, oujstrf Mosfo Mo sfo kcvcsø…‐ kcvc sø…‐:91 .

Xu ofvjbm  Mok   duj jb rjsubtmkf dcomb kj uofs tjxtfs  Mok tej Qjmry Mrj mt Wjst  duj moarcmofs kj kchcj`grj kj =581, muoquj jb `ftcvf kj bm ecstfrcm jstmgm codbujohcmkf pfr su rf`mohj hfo bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo. @mrcm [uostmbb, motcauf  pjrsfomnj kj Moarcm, Moarcm, jo bm ofvjbm kjvcof jo uo rjtrmtf kcvcoczmkf kj su

 

m`motj> kjsprjhcmkm pfr su jspfsf, bm ejrfàom sj vj jovujbtm pfr bm sjkuhhcøo kj Mbjxmokjr Yjrhy (Ofrtemoajrbmok), qucjo bfarm su`crbm jo uo hfodbchtf jotrj sus pjosm`cjotfs `ís ofgbjs y jb cbàhctf m`fr quj bm hfosu`j. Emhcm jb dcomb, hmj mrrfkcbbmkm motj jb eãrfj y fdrjhj uom pbjamrcm m Kcfs. [cj`pf kjspuãs Hemrbfttj kcnf quj jbbms pugbchmrfo sus ofvjbms jspfotíojm`jotj, pjrf js pfhf hrjàgbj quj of jshuhemrmo bfs hf`jotmrcfs kj Grmowjbb y, jvjotumb`jotj, bjs echcjrmo hmsf> ‒Yfkràm fgtjojr kfshcjotms bcgrms pfr trjs vfbþ`jojs huym hf`pfschcøo rjqujrcràm du`mr uo hcamrrf y jhemr jb eu`f mb hf`pís kj uom `jbfkàm‐ :95 . Xco j`gmraf,  M  Mok ok tej Qjmry rj mt Wjst   qujkø cohfohbusm. Grmowjbb sj qujnmgm m`mram`jotj kj uo maftm`cjotf jxhjscvf y kj pjr`mojotjs pmbpctmhcfojs< jo uom hmrtm m N. G. Bjybmok kcgunø bm jstmtum `frtufrcm kj uom `unjr hfo bms `mofs mprjtmkms y jb  pjbf sujbtf quj quj jo j o su bípckm bbjvmgm bbjv mgm coshrcptf, c oshrcptf, jo jspmýfb, jspmýfb ,  Oujstrm Xjýfrm kj bm Yjom. Ocoauom kj bms ejr`moms kjshfofhàm su fgrm jo vjrsf y jo prfsm. Jo humotf m sus pfj`ms pugbchmkfs, Hemrbfttj of pfkàm mrau`jotmr quj kjshfofhàm jb of`grj kj Ofrtemoajrbmok. Yjrf sc bbjaø m vjrbfs, ouohm bfs `johcfoø. Duj jo jsj ftfýf kj =5;: humokf sj jstc`m quj J`cby j`pjzø m jshrcgcr  Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms. Mooj trmgmnmgm jo su ofvjbm mutfgcfarídchm  M  Maojs aojs Arjy y Hemrbfttj jo Jb prfdjsfr  prfdjsfr , quj bj kjgj `uhef m ‒[ej Qffb cs Wcscoa‐, uo tjxtf kj Grmowjbb kj =58;. Hfo jb eu`fr híustchf quj ym tjoàm m bfs kcjhcscjtj mýfs, Grmowjbb kjshrcgcø bm mt`øsdjrm kj bms dígrchms kj bmom y bfs `fbcofs kjb Ofrtj hfo tmb ajocf hfstu`grcstm quj Hemrbfttj vfbvcø m jhemr `mof m jsfs `moushrctfs `uhef `ís mkjbmotj, jo bm jshrcturm kj Xecrbjy  kj =5;5. Bm hfrrjspfokjo hfrrjs pfokjohcm hcm kj Hemrbfttj hfodcr` hfodcr`mm quj bms trjs ejr`moms ejr`moms jshrcgàmo jshrc gàmo pfr bms

ofhejs, y quj hmkm uom bjàm m bms ftrms drma`jotfs kj sus ofvjbms jo vfz mbtm, `cjotrms hm`comgm kj uo bmkf m ftrf m bf bmraf kjb smbfohctf kj bm pbmotm gmnm. Yjrf of emgàmo prfhjkckf msà hfo bfs pfj`ms, sjaþo pmrjhj. Zom tmrkj f uom ofhej, kjspuãs kj hfpcmr uo pfj`m oujvf, J`cby fbvckø aumrkmr su bcgrjtm y

 

smbcø m emhjr uo rjhmkf, f sj duj m kfr`cr. Mb johfotrmr jb humkjrof mgcjrtf sfgrj jb jshrctfrcf, of `uhef `ís tmrkj, Hemrbfttj bjyø bfs humrjotm y trjs vjrsfs kj uo tcrøo, ejheczmkm, y scotcø uo pms`f sj`jnmotj m ‒uo vujbhf jo jb :933. hfrmzøo, hf`f jb quj `j msmbtm mb jshuhemr jb sfockf kj uom trf`pjtm‐ :9 Humokf pfhf kjspuãs kjshugrcø quj sus pmpjbjs emgàmo sckf bjàkfs, J`cby tuvf uom jxpbfscøo kj crm. Bm jxhbuscøo kj Hemrbfttj kj bm hfmbchcøo bctjrmrcm kj J`cby y Mooj sj rj`fotmgm m bfs tcj`pfs kj Moarcm y Afokmb, pjrf `cjotrms quj bm msfhcmhcøo kj J`cby y Mooj mþo hfotcoumgm, bm kj Hemrbfttj y Grmowjbb sj emgàm qujgrmkf m pmrtcr kj =5;9, uom vjz quj bfs jstukcfs, bfs vcmnjs y bfs j`pbjfs bfs sjpmrmrfo. Jo humbqucjr hmsf, Hemrbfttj ouohm emgàm sckf covctmkm m pmrtchcpmr kj bm cotc`ckmk kj sus ejr`moms, quj mkj`ís hf`pmrtàmo kcmrcfs, vcmnjs y hfodckjohcms. Bfs jsdujrzfs kj Hemrbfttj pfr  mtrmjr m J`cby, prc`jrf m Wfj Ejmk y bujaf m Grusjbms, of bms emgàmo uockf hf`ff jbbm hf` jb bm moejbmgm. moejbmgm. Jo bm jkchcøo kj =5:9 kj Hu` Hu`grjs grjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms y  Bm coqucbcom coqucb com kj Qcbkdjbb  mbb Hemrbfttj kcf uom jxpbchmhcøo fdchcmb kjb embbmzaf> ‒@c ejr`mom J`cby of jrm uom pjrsfom jxprjscvm oc mbaucjo jo bfs rjhfvjhfs kj huym `jotj y sjotc`cjotfs uof pukcjrm co`cshucrsj sco pjr`csf, oc scqucjrm bms pjrsfoms `ís hjrhmoms y qujrckms. @j bbjvø efrms hfosjaucr quj mhjptmrm jb kjshugrc`cjotf quj emgàm ejhef, y kàms hfovjohjrbm kj quj jsfs pfj`ms `jrjhàmo sjr   pugbchmkfs‐ :=9 . [m`gcão emgbø kj su ‒`þschm pjhubcmr, smbvmnj, `jbmohøbchm, kjstcomkm m jbjvmr jb jspàrctu‐:==, pjrf `ís mkjbmotj, jo uom hmrtm m su jkctfr  hfodjsø bm rjpuaomohcm quj bj cospcrmgm m J`cby jxecgcr sus jshrctfs y bm sjvjrm rjprc`jokm quj emgàm rjhcgckf pfr emgjrbfs bjàkf. Xøbf m dujrzm kj sþpbchms y rmzfom`cjotfs, bj kcnf, hfoscaucø mrrmohmrbj, m rjamýmkcjotjs, jb

hfosjotc`cjotf pmrm pugbchmr bms rc`ms, hf`f bms tcbkø kjskjýfsm`jotj. Yjrf Hemrbfttj, quj jrm uom armo bjhtfrm, of hrjàm quj eugcjrm ftrm `unjr hmpmz kj jshrcgcr pfjsàm sj`jnmotj. Jotrj bfs pfj`ms quj johfotrø sj embbmgm ‒@c mb`m of js hfgmrkj‐** hfgmrkj‐**,, quj

 

J`cby Kchlcosfo jbcacø pmrm sjr bjàkf jo su duojrmb jo `myf kj =554> emstm jsj `f`jotf Hemrbfttj pmrjhàm of hfofhjr jb `uokf vcscfomrcf kj su ejr`mom y jb jspbjokfr kj su bàrchm. Ymrm pjrsumkcrbm kj bm pugbchmhcøo Hemrbfttj pukf emgjr tfhmkf bm kjbchmkm hujrkm kj bm jhfof`àm dm`cbcmr< mkj`ís, bfarø quj Mooj jxecgcjrm, hfo tc`ckjz, sus pfj`ms. ‒Sf of pfkàm sjr uo nujz c`pmrhcmb,  pjrf pjosã quj tm`gcão tm`gcão jsfs vjrsfs pfsjàmo uo pmtjtcs`f pmtjtcs`f scohjrf y kubhj `uy `uy hmrmhtjràstchf. Emgàm`fs mhmrchcmkf kjskj ocýms jb sujýf kj uo kàm sjr  jshrctfrms.‐:=7   ¶Yjrf of emgàm sckf hfo Grmowjbb, jb `ís jotuscmstm hfbfoczmkfr kj bms csbms kj Qcaet y kj @moo, hfo qucjo emgàm mhmrchcmkf jstj sujýf6 ¶Of emgàm duokmkf ãb su prc`jrm rjvcstm y kjhbmrmkf eãrfjs m sus jshrctfrjs y dcbøsfdfs6 Jbbjo kcnf kjspuãs quj Grmowjbb jrm ‒tmo qujrckf pmrm Hemrbfttj hf`f su prfpcm mb`m‐:=8 , y quj m`gfs ‒tjoàmo uom pjrdjhtm hf`uocøo kj austfs y sjotc`cjotfs, y jrm uom kjbchcm `utum jstmr nuotfs‐. Yjrf sj rjdjràm m bfs tcj`pfs kj Wfj Ejmk. Jo humotf m bfs sjotc`cjotfs kj Hemrbfttj emhcm Mooj, jb rjhursf kj nmhtmrsj kj dmbtm kj c`pmrhcmbckmk pmrm nuzamr sus pfj`ms hfostctuyø tfkm uom c`puaomhcøo. Bfs pfj`ms of jrmo gujofs. Jstm jshjom tmb vjz suhjkcø jb 3 kj fhtugrj kj =5;:, jb kàm jo quj J`cby djheø jb pfj`m, f uofs kàms kjspuãs. ‒Mhfrkm`fs emhjr uom grjvj sjbjhhcøo y, kj sjr pfscgbj, kmrbfs m bm c`prjotm.‐:=;  Bm jkchcøo kjgàm sjr dcomohcmkm pfr jbbms, of emgàm kukm. Jstj mrrjabf, mb quj pfkràm hmbcdchmrsj kj `jzqucof sc sj moftm quj sjbbø bm  prfshrcphcø  prfshr cphcøoo kj Grmowjbb, sj du duokmgm okmgm jo bm ejrjohcm kj bm tàm, quj bf emgàm jxhbuckf jxhbu ckf motjs. motjs. Hbmrf Hbm rf quj ãb `cs`f `cs`f pukf emgjrsj prfshrcptf prfshr cptf hfo su mbtmojràm y uom durcm quj hfo jb mbhfefb mbhmozø prfduokckmkjs kj`foàmhms. Xc dujrm hcjrtf, hf`f sj kchj ‛jo jb `mrhf kj jsm príhtchm kj emhjr codjrjohcms

 gcfarídchms m pmrtcr kj bm fgrm kj uo mutfr‛, mutfr‛, quj bm kjarmkmhcøo kj bfs  pjrsfomnjs Ecokbjy Ecokbjy Jmrosemw Jmrosemw kj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  y Mrteur Euotcoakfo kj  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkd cbkdjbb jbb Embb   duj cospcrmkm jo bms hcrhuostmohcms kj Grmowjbb, pfkràm hfonjturmrsj quj of pmrjhàm sjosmtf msfhcmrbf m tm`mým

 

j`prjsm. Hemrbfttj of pmrjhj emgjrsj mrrcjsamkf jo prfpfojrbf. Sm emhàm rmtf quj su vcjnf mkvjrsmrcf kj Moarcm sj emgàm trmosdfr`mkf jo uom hmram kjotrf kj bms dujrzms quj nuamgmo jo jb oujvf rãac`jo jstmgbjhckf pfr bms ejr`moms. Hfo bm cotjohcøo cotjohcøo kj `mot `motjojr jojr bms vjrkmkjrms vjrkmkjr ms ckjot c kjotckmkjs ckmkjs kj bms bm s mutfrms jo jb cohøaoctf, J`cby c`pusf hf`f hfokchcøo jb usf kj sjukøoc`fs. ¶Hø`f of qujrjr fhubtmr motj jb pírrfhf sus gbmsdj`cms6** gbmsdj`cms6 ****  ‒Fhubtm`fs oujstrfs of`grjs gmnf bfs kj Hurrjr, Jbbcs y Mhtfo Gjbb> bm jbjhhcøo m`gcaòm duj kchtmkm pfr uom jspjhcj kj jshrþpubf kj msu`cr of`grjs pfsctcvm`jotj `mshubcofs. Xc of kjhbmrígm`fs quj ãrm`fs `unjrjs ‛sco pjosmr jo jsm ãpfhm quj oujstrm `mojrm kj jshrcgcr y kj pjosmr of jrm bf quj sj hfofhàm hf`f ―dj`jocof– ‛   jrm pfrquj tjoàm`fs uom vmam c`prjscøo kj quj bms mutfrms  ‛  jrm := : `unjrjs pfkàmo sjr bjàkms hfo prjnuchcf.‐:=: Jb frcajo kj jstj trmosdfr`cs`f bctjrmrcf bjvmotø uom sjrcj kj kjgmtjs y jbuhugrmhcfojs pfstjrcfrjs ‛mkj`ís kj mbjrtmr m bm hràtchm dj`cocstm‛ quj bbjvmrfo m bm ecpøtjscs kj quj jb mpjbbckf Gjbb pukf emgjr sckf tf`mkf, jo uom kjhcscøo prfdãtchm, kjb oujvf hfmknutfr Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs. Bm dm`m kj bm  gcgbcftjhm  gcgbc ftjhm kj bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Drmohjs @mry Wchemrksfo Hurrjr, Hurrjr, kj bm `moscøo Jsetfo kj Xlcptfo, of jrm `jofr quj su hfokchcøo kj pmtrfhcomkfrm kjb Hfbjacf pmrm Ecnms kj Hbãrcafs Yfgrjs. Yjrf vcvàm jo bfs mbrjkjkfrjs kj bm hmsm kj bm dm`cbcm Xckawchl, kfokj Hemrbfttj emgàm trmgmnmkf hf`f costctutrcz. Bm pfjtm Jbczm Mhtfo, pmtrfhcomkm pfr bm Hmsm Wjmb, tmb vjz cospcrø jb sjukøoc`f kj Mooj. Of emy rmstrfs kjb frcajo kjb of`grj Jbbcs, pjrf sà kj quj bms ejr`moms y Jbbjo bbm`mgmo m J`cby Xmrajotf @myfr, uo mpjbmtcvf `mshubcof. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, Hemrbfttj usmgm `uhems vjhjs jo su hfrrjspfokjo hfrrjs pfokjohcm hcm jb of`grj of`grj y bms cochcmbjs cochcmbj s kj Hemrbjs Hemrbjs [fwosejok, fwosejok, su mbtjr jaf,

ejr`mof `jofr kj Mrteur Qjbbjsbjy y omrrmkfr kj `uhems ecstfrcms kj bm uvjocbcm.

 

Jb trmgmnf kj sjbjhhcøo y mkmptmhcøo kj bfs pfj`ms mb dfr`mtf kj uo vfbu`jo bbjvø vmrcms sj`moms kjb ftfýf y pmrtj kjb covcjrof, jb tcj`pf sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm `jkctmr sfgrj bm cohbuscøo kj Grmowjbb jo bm jkchcøo. Hf`f dujrm, sus pfj`ms of dujrfo cohfrpfrmkfs. Zom vjz hfohbuckf jb trmgmnf, Hemrbfttj pckcø hfosjnf mb jkctfr kjb pjrcøkchf Hem`gjr–s Nfuromb , kj Jkc`gura Jkc` guraf, f, qucjo m vujbtm vujbtm kj hfrrjf bj jo j ovcø uom bcstm kj pfscgb pfscgbjs js jkctfrjs. jkc tfrjs. Bm

jshfackm duj bm hmsm Mybftt & Nfojs, quj jo su hmtíbfaf cohbuàm pfjsàm rjbcacfsm. Bm prfpfschcøo quj jovcmrfo bms ejr`moms, dcr`mkm hfo jb sjukøoc`f ‒H. Grfotì Xqucrj‐, duj kjspmhemkm jb 75 kj jojrf kj =5;4 hfo uom fdjrtm kjhcscvm> hfrrjr hfo bm tftmbckmk kj bfs amstfs kj pugbchmhcøo. Bm fdjrtm duj mhjptmkm y Hemrbfttj sj mprjsurø m jovcmr jb `moushrctf. Jb

 

hfstf kj trjcotm y uo bcgrms y kcjz hejbcojs duj pmamkf m tãr`cof. Bms prujgms kj ambjrm bbjamrfo m bm rjhtfràm jb =9 kj `myf y jb bcgrf smbcø, hfo cousctmkm vjbfhckmk, m dco kj `js. [fkm bm fpjrmhcøo of emgàm bbjvmkf `ís quj humtrf `jsjs y, bf `ís c`pfrtmotj, sj emgàm hfosjrvmkf jo jb `ís mgsfbutf mofoc`mtf. Xøbf uo mhhckjotj pusf jo pjbcarf jb sjhrjtf mb jxtrj`f kj quj jb m`moujosj H. Grfotì sj vcf jo bm fgbcamhcøo kj jshrcgcr mb jkctfr> ‒Hmgmbbjrf, hf`f mhfrkm`fs, bms prujgms emo bbjamkf m bm kcrjhhcøo kj H. Grfotì Xqucrj. Sf of tjoàm pjosmkf pjkcrbj uo hm`gcf, pjrf myjr em fhurrckf uo pjqujýf jrrfr. Ycjosf quj sjràm `jnfr, jo jb duturf, jovcmr m `c rjmb kcrjhhcøo, quj js @css Grfotì, Wjv. Y. Grfotì & H. Hmgmbbjrf, suyf m`mgbj`jotj, H. O. `mrzf 75 kj =5;4‐:=4 . [mb vjz bfs jkctfrjs kukmrfo kj bm vjrkmkjrm ckjotckmk kj bfs mutfrjs, pjrf of bf `johcfomrfo. Jb vfbu`jo sj jkctø hfo bm dcr`m kj Hurrjr, Jbbcs y Mhtfo Gjbb, kj `fkf quj omkcj `ís jstuvf mb tmotf kj bfs hm`gcfs kj kjstcomtmrcf kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm. Xc duj Grmowjbb qucjo cotjrhjptø jb hfrrjf, bm hurcfsckmk pukf costcamrbf m vfbvjr m mhtumr, pfrquj kfs `jsjs `ís tmrkj fhurrcø ftrf cohckjotj. Jstm vjz, jb dcsaøo duj `ís mukmz> ‒Bms þbtc`ms trjs hmrtms quj ofs jovcø emo sckf mgcjrtms, jb pmqujtj rmsamkf jo trfzfs y bfs bcgrfs pjrkckfs‐ :=1 . Jb jpcsfkcf mrrfnø uom buz hfovjxm sfgrj bm scohjrckmk kj bm prfpcm Hemrbfttj humokf msjaurø m bm gcøarmdm Amsljbb quj Grmowjbb of tjoàm hfofhc`cjotf kj sus  pugbchmhcfojs. Of js prfgmgbj quj jb sjýfr Grfotì, Grfotì, hfo armvjs prfgbj`ms kj vcscøo, emym rjhcgckf jb pmqujtj< j`grcmamkf f of, `ís f `jofs krfamkf, josc`cs`mkf jo sus pmkjhc`cjotfs, Grmowjbb kjgj kj emgjr oftmkf tmb prfdusf `fvc`cjotf kj hmrtms, bcgrfs y pmqujtjs, cousumb jo bm rjhtfràm. Hemrbfttj kjshfodcmgm kj ãb y tjoàm sus `ftcvfs.

Zo pmr kj kàms `ís tmrkj, jo uom hmrtm m N. G. Bjybmok, Grmowjbb sj qujnø kj ‒bm qucjtuk kj `c hmsm y kj bm coemgcbckmk kj `c dm`cbcm pmrm jstmr mbjrtm sfgrj :=55. Jo bm `cs`m hmrtm sj pusf mb bm omturmbjzm kj `cs sudrc`cjotfs‐:= kjshugcjrtf mb `johcfomr mb jkctfr bfokcojosj Ejory @fsxfo, jb `cs`f mb quj

 

emgàmo mbukckf bfs jkctfrjs Mybftt & Nfojs jo uom `cscvm m Hemrbfttj, quj kjsjmgm pmrm Yfj`s jb `cs`f pmpjb quj emgàm usmkf @fsxfo jo sus jkchcfojs kj Qfrkswfrte. Grmowjbb of pfkàm hfofhjr mb jkctfr @fsxfo scof m trmvãs kj bm hmrtm kj Mybftt. Bbjof kj mdbchhcfojs y kjsdmbbjhc`cjotfs ‛jrm hcjrtf quj jo fhmscfojs  pmsmgm trjs f humtrf humtrf kàms sco hf`jr hf`jr f kfr`cr‛, kfr`cr‛, Grmowjbb jstmgm j`gmrhmkf j`gmrhmkf jo bm jshrcturm kj uo pfj`m ãpchf gmsmkf jo bm ecstfrcm kj @frbjy Embb kj Bmohmsecrj, uof kj bfs mohjstrfs kj Nfsjpe Bjybmok. Yfr uom jspjhcj kj trmosmhhcøo mrtàstchm, m hm`gcf kjb pfj`m Bjybmok jshubpcø uo rjtrmtf kj su m`caf jo uom `jkmbbm. Muoquj ouohm hf`pbjtø jb pfj`m, Grmowjbb sj sjotàm `uy fraubbfsf kjb `jkmbbøo, quj bf `ujstrm hf`f m uo j`pjrmkfr rf`mof. Yfhf motjs kj bm pugbchmhcøo kj  Yfj`s Hemrbfttj duj m pmsmr uoms sj`moms hfo Jbbjo m Grfflrfyk Efusj, bm oujvm hmsm kj bfs Oussjy jo Gcrstmbb, kfokj of emgbø kj bfs jshrctfs. Bms ofvjbms kj bms trjs ejr`moms, hf`f hfrrfgfrm uom hmrtm kjb 4 kj mgrcb kj =5;4, ym jstmgmo jo `mrhem f gcjo hfohbuckms> ‒H., J. y M. Gjbb jstío prjpmrmokf uom fgrm kj dchhcøo pmrm pugbchmrbm quj hfoscstj jo trjs rjbmtfs quj of aumrkmo rjbmhcøo jotrj sà, quj pfkràmo pugbchmrsj nuotfs, hf`f uom fgrm jo trjs vfbþ`jojs kjb tm`mýf emgctumb pmrm uom ofvjbm, f pfr  sjpmrmkff hf`f vfbþ`jojs sjpmrmk vfbþ`jojs sujbtfs, hf` hf`ff sjm sj m `ís mhfosjnmgbj‐ mhfosjnmgbj ‐:=3 . M su rjarjsf, `f`jotfs kjspuãs kj bbjamr gushø m Grmowjbb pfr bm hmsm emstm johfotrmrbf jo uom emgctmhcøo kj bm pbmotm mbtm, hmsc cohfoshcjotj> ‒@cs  prjvjohcfojs of jrmo j rmo jo vmof. vm of. J`cby J`cby `j kcnf kc nf quj uo kàm, `cjotrms cjotrms jbbm jstmgm musjotj, ãb bj emgàm pjkckf uom bcgrm m pmpí hfo jb prjtjxtf kj pmamr uom kjukm. Duj kcrjhtm`jotj m uom hmsm pþgbchm, kfokj j`pbjø jb kcojrf hf`f js kj jspjrmr‐. J`cby hfohbuyø bm ecstfrcm kchcjokf quj Grmowjbb jrm ‒uo sjr 

kjsjspjrmkf. Js kj`mscmkf hcjrtf. Jo su prjsjotj jstmkf of js pfscgbj  pjr`mojhjr  pjr` mojhjr jo bm `cs`m `cs`m emgctmhcøo emgctmhcøo jo bm quj ãb jstí‐:79 . Bms trjs ejr`moms bjyjrfo jb `moushrctf kj Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms  rjuockms uotf mb dujaf kjb smbøo m bm buz kj bms gunàms f, hfo `ís scacbf, gmnf jb pmgcbf

 

kj uom vjbm, hfotø Hemrbfttj> ‒Xc jb fyjotj, kjspuãs kj bm bjhturm kjb `moushrctf, sj jstrj`jhàm gmnf jb jdjhtf kj`fbjkfr kj omturmbjzms tmo codbjxcgbjs j c`pbmhmgbjs, kj jspàrctus tmo kjshmrrcmkfs y pjrkckfs< sc mbjamgm quj, pfr jb `jrf ejhef kj jshuhemr hcjrtms jshjoms vàvckms y jspmotfsms, of  pfkàm kfr`cr kfr`cr pfr bm ofhej ofhej y su s u sjrjockmk `jotmb jotmb jstmràm pjrtu pjrturgmkm rgmkm kurmotj kurmotj jb kàm, Jbbcs Gjbb prjauotmgm quã scaocdchmgm tfkf jsf y pjosmgm quj kchems mbjamhcfojs jrmo purm jxmajrmhcøo‐:7= . Bm ajocmbckmk kjb tjxtf kjgj emgjr  kmkf m Hemrbfttj sudchcjotjs àodubms hf`f pmrm kjhbmrmr, jo su hmrtm m Mybftt & Nfojs, quj bfs mutfrjs ‒of tcjojo cotjohcøo kj pugbchmr jstfs rjbmtfs pfr su :777. Mybftt & Nfojs, quj of pugbchmgmo ofvjbms, bj mknuotmrfo  prfpcm hujotm‐ hujotm‐:7 uom bcstm kj pfscgbjs jkctfrcmbjs hfo mbauofs hfosjnfs pmrm su prjsjotmhcøo. Bfs `moushrctfs dujrfo jovcmkfs, mkjotrf kj uo sfgrj, m bm prc`jrm hmsm jkctfrm qu q uj dcaurmgm dcaurmgm jo bm bcstm. bc stm. Jb 1 kj `myf bbjaø m bm fdchcom pfstmb kj Emwfrte jb pmqujtj hfo bfs  prc`jrfs trjs jnj` jn j`pbmrjs pbmrjs jotjbmkfs jotjbmkfs kj bfs bf s pfj`ms y, y, ftrm vjz, bf quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj bbm`mgm bms jduscfojs kj Grmowjbb bfarmrfo fpmhmr bm kchem kjb `f`jotf. Jb mhfotjhc`cjotf quj ãb tmotf emgàm kjsjmkf y emstm prjmouohcmkf jo su fgrm  pfãtchm pfr dco sj prfkunf. Humokf Humokf pmrjhàm pmrjhà m quj ym of emgàm jspjrmozms, bfs kcmrcfs kj Sfrl mouohcmrfo quj jb rjvjrjokf Jk`uok Wfgcosfo, kj [efrp Arjjo, emgàm `ujrtf jb `mrtjs 74 kj `myf kj =5;4, m bfs humrjotm y sjcs mýfs. Jb =¾ kj nuocf mþo Grmowjbb of jstmgm mb tmotf, ym quj jshrcgcø uo sfojtf hfo jb tàtubf ‒Bykcm Acsgfroj‐, jb of`grj kj sfbtjrm kj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, kcgunmkf jo bjtrms arcjams. Mb `mrajo marjaø ‒Bykcm G.‐, uom cochcmb of tmo quc`ãrchm uom vjz quj `urcø jb jspfsf, humokf jb mpjbbckf Grfotì uockf mb of`grj Bykcm kjnmgm kj sjr uom c`pfscgcbckmk.

Mb jotjrmrsj, Grmowjbb ‒hruzø jb hj`jotjrcf hmsc gmcbmokf, hf`f sc jstuvcjrm bfhf‐  :78  hfotø, mýfs kjspuãs, bm hm`mrjrm kjb [frf Ojarf. ‒[joàm rmzfojs rmzfo js pmrm pm rm pjosmr p josmr quj suhjkjràm bf quj emgàm emgàm jspjrmkf jspjrm kf kurmot kurmotjj tmotf tmotf tcj`pf> tcj`pf> :7 ;, bj kcnf bujaf m sjr jb jspfsf kj bm km`m quj `ís m`f jo jb `uokf‐ :7;

 

Bjybmok. Hmsmrsj hfo bm `unjr m bm quj mkfrmgm y m bm vjz hfovjrtcrsj jo uo hmgmbbjrf pfkràm, kj uo sfbf afbpj, nustcdchmr tfkfs bfs sudrc`cjotfs pmsmkfs y kj pmsf rjstmurmr su efofr motj bm dm`cbcm> ‒Mefrm, hfo `ís hf`pjtjohcm  pujkf trmtmr kj emhjr`j emhjr`j uo of`grj of`grj jo jb `uokf uokf kj bm pfstjrckmk sco jstmr  mpjstmkf pfr bms pjqujýms j cohfotmgbjs `fbjstcms quj, hf`f pchmkurms kj `fsquctfs, ofs dmstckcmo jo jb jsdujrzf kjb trmgmnf kcmrcf‐ :7: . Bm jxmbtmhcøo duj co`josm pjrf kurø pfhf. Jb ‒afbpj dmtmb‐:74 , msà bf kjshrcgcø jo ftrm hmrtm m Bjybmok, bbjaø bm  prc`jrm sj`mom sj`mom kj nuocf, nuocf, humokf humokf uo `josmnjrf `josmnjrf kjb [frf Ojarf Ojarf bj codfr` codfr`øø quj jb sjýfr Qcbbcm` Mbbcsfo, hfhejrf kj [efrp Arjjo, qujràm vjrbf. Jo vjz kj covctmrbf m sugcr mb hfhej pmrm hfokuhcrbf m sus oujvfs kf`cocfs, hf`f jspjrmgm, jb sunjtf bj prfecgcø mhjrhmrsj m bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo y marjaø jshujtm`jotj quj bm vcukm sj johfotrmgm gmnf bfs jdjhtfs kj uom kjprjscøo ojrvcfsm (‒jstmgm jo uo jspmotfsf jstmkf kj smbuk‐  :71 , rjbmtø Grmowjbb m Bjybmok mb kàm scaucjotj). Jb sjýfr Wfgcosfo emgàm cohbuckf jo su tjstm`jotf, bj mkvcrtcø, uo hfkchcbf pfr jb humb su jspfsm qujkmràm jxhbuckm kj bm ejrjohcm sc vfbvàm m jstmgbjhjr hfotmhtf hfo ãb. Bujaf kj kjhcr jstf, Mbbcsfo pmaø bm hujotm y sj duj.  Of sj supf kj Grmowjbb emst emstmm uom uom efrm `ís tmrkj, humo h umokf kf uofs uofs vjhcofs vj hcofs quj jotrmrfo jo bm tmgjrom jshuhemrfo ‒uo sfockf efrrcgbj, hf`f jb qujnckf kj uo :7 5 y bf johfotrmrfo tjrojrf‐:75 johfotrmrfo jo uom uom jspjhcj kj mtmquj, pfstrmkf jo jb sujbf kjb smbøo. M pmrtcr kj jsj j sj kàm kà m duj duj uo ef` ef`grj grj kjstrfzmkf, sj kcnf kc nf jjoo jb pujgbf. Jo bfs `jsjs quj scaucjrfo bms oftchcms prfvjocjotjs kj [efrp Arjjo `motuvcjrfo m Grmowjbb jo uo ecbf jotrj jb ãxtmscs y bm bfhurm. Bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, m sus fnfs, sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo uom ejrfàom tríachm, mb gfrkj kj

bm kj`johcm m hmusm kjb mrrjpjotc`cjotf pfr sus pjhmkfs. ‒Xu hfhejrf `j em hfotmkf quj km bístc`m vjrbm, quj, mrrfkcbbmkm jo su kfr`ctfrcf, of emhj `ís quj rjzmr vjrtcjokf m`mrams bíarc`ms. Xj jxtjouø mtjokcãokfbf m ãb qucjo, jo bfs kàms quj prjhjkcjrfo m bm `ujrtj, sj `fstrø kubhj y mrrjpjotckf, hfo bf

 

humb bm kjsjspjrmhcøo kj jbbm js mþo `myfr. Bfs rjprfhejs kj su hfohcjohcm bm :733  Ãb `cs`f of hf`cø jstío `mtmokf< jsm tfrturm `j em sckf mefrrmkm.‐ :7 :8 9, kurmotj trjs kàms y sj `motuvf cosf`oj pfr humtrf> ‒Tcvf jo uo tfr`jotf‐ :89 jshrcgcø m Bjybmok, ‒msíokf`j m dujaf bjotf ofhej y kàm‐. Nuotf m jsms bàojms kcgunø uo mutfrrjtrmtf jo jb quj pjokàm hfo uom sfam mb hujbbf gmnf bm bjyjokm> ‒Zo `írtcr jo bm efaujrm‐. ‒Ej pjrkckf jb mpjtctf, `cs ofhejs sfo mtrfhjs, y hf`f of tjoaf omkm quj emhjr, jvfhf jb pmsmkf… Jbbm, su vfz, su :8 =  pjrsfom.‐:8= Jb sígmkf ; kj nubcf mpmrjhcjrfo bms prc`jrms hràtchms kj  Yfj`s. Jb tejomju`  bm kjkchø m J`cby> ‒Ãstj js jb jnj`pbf kj uom dm`cbcm quj mb  pmrjhjr pfsjj jb costcotf costcotf kjb hmotf… hmotf… jo jb hmsf kj Jbbcs, Jbbc s, sj jbjvm m uom cospcrmhcøo quj pujkj, of fgstmotj, embbmr uo pþgbchf jo jb `uokf jxtjrcfr. … Js uo jspàrctu rmrf quj tcjoj hfsms pmrm kjhcr quj m bfs ef`grjs bjs marmkmrí fàr, y uom jvckjotj dujrzm pmrm mbzmr jb vujbf y bbjamr m sctcfs of mbhmozmkfs emstm mefrm‐:87 . Bm rjsjým kj [ej Hrctch  tm`gcão duj jbfacfsm> ‒]ucjojs tjoamo jo sus hfrmzfojs dcgrms sjoscgbjs m bf gjbbf y bf vjrkmkjrf rjhfofhjrío jo jstfs trmgmnfs bm prjsjohcm kj `ís ajocf kj bf quj jstm ãpfhm utcbctmrcm kjkchm m bfs jbjvmkfs jnjrhchcfs kjb cotjbjhtf‐ cotjbjhtf‐:88 . Mbjotmkm pfr bms hràtchms,vmrcfs Hurrjrjnj`pbmrjs Gjbb jovcø dujrfo mb jkctfr`mokmkfs kcjz bcgrmsm kjstcomkms m bfs mouohcfs. Mkj`ís, rjvcstms y  pjrcøkchfs.  pjrcøkc hfs. Jb hãbjgrj h ãbjgrj jshrctfr jshrc tfr kjb  Gbmhlwffk  N.   N. A. Bfhlemrt jheø m hfrrjr jb ru`fr kj quj bfs mutfrjs jrmo uofs ejr`mofs kjb arj`cf tjxtcb kj uom hcukmk kj Bmohmsecrj. Jotrjtmotf, j`pjzmrfo m bbjamr m bm rjhtfràm bfs `moushrctfs rjhemzmkfs kj bms ofvjbms. Ymrm mefrrmr kcojrf, jo jb jovàf m bms oujvms jkctfrcmbjs Hemrbfttj

vfbvàm m usmr jb `cs`f sfgrj kfokj dcaurmgmo bms kcrjhhcfojs tmhemkms kj bms jkctfrcmbjs quj bfs emgàmo kjsjhemkf motjs. Zo mýf kjspuãs, mb rjhcgcr jb sfgrj quj hfotjoàm jb `moushrctf kj  Jb  prfdjsfr   hfo bms kcrjhhcfojs tmhemkms kj trjs  prfdjsfr  hfo f humtrf jkctfrcmbjs, jb kcrjhtfr kj X`cte & Jbkjr nuzaø quj ‒jstf of jstmgm

 

:8 ;. hmbhubmkf pmrm p mrm prjkcs p rjkcspfojro pfojrofs fs jo dmvfr kjb `moushrctf‐ moushrctf‐:8; Jo jb vjrmof, bms hmtmrmtms quj mdjhtmgmo bm vcscøo kjb sjýfr Grfotì fgbcamrfo m Hemrbfttj y m J`cby m vcmnmr m @mohejstjr pmrm hfosubtmr m uo jspjhcmbcstm, qucjo mhfosjnø uom fpjrmhcøo. Hemrbfttj vfbvcø m @mohejstjr  sfbm hfo su pmkrj y jb 7: kj mafstf sj rjmbczø bm fpjrmhcøo, sco mojstjscm, quj kurø uofs qucohj `coutfs. Jb sjýfr Grfotì, m bfs sjtjotm mýfs, kj`fstrø uom vmbjotàm dfr`ckmgbj. Hemrbfttj jxecgcø uo hfrmnj sc`cbmr, pfrquj jsj `cs`f kàm bj bbjaø jb `moushrctf rjhemzmkf kj  Jb prf prfdjsfr  djsfr   y sj sjotø motj bm `jsm kjb eftjb, mtjotm m bm hfovmbjhjohcm kj su pmkrj, pmrm j`pjzmr m jshrcgcr  Nmoj  yrj. ‒Hcjrtm vjz kcnf m sus ejr`moms quj emhàmo `mb ‛emstm `frmb`jotj‛ jo rjprjsjotmr m sus ejrfàoms ejr`fsms hf`f hfsm omturmb. Jbbms rjpbchmrfo quj jrm c`pfscgbj rjsubtmsjo cotjrjsmotjs kj ftrf `fkf. Xu rjspujstm duj> ―Bjs  prfgmrã quj jstío jqucvfhmkms< bjs `fstrmrã uom uom ejrfàom tmo djm y pjqujým :8::. ‐ hf`f yf, quj sjrí tmo cotjrjsmotj hf`f humbqucjrm kj bms vujstrms– :8 Jshrcgcø jb gfrrmkfr kj  Nmoj Jyrj hfo bípcz, jo uofs humkjrofs humkrmkfs `uy pjqujýfs quj kjgàm sfstjojr `uy hjrhm kj sus fnfs m hmusm kj bm `cfpàm, mpfymkfs sfgrj uo hmrtøo. ‒@j prjauotf hø`f bjs crí m J`cby y Mooj jo hmsm hfo Grmowjbb< tm`gcão jbbms tjokrío sus prfgbj`ms‐:84 , bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo jb 7= kj mafstf jo uom hmrtm rjkmhtmkm hfo hmutjbm, ym quj tjoàm `uhems hfsms quj fhubtmr. Xco `johcfomr bm jkchcøo kj bfs pfj`ms, bm jshrcturm kj bms ofvjbms y bms trmtmtcvms kj pugbchmhcøo, jo bm scaucjotj hmrtm bj `mokø oftchcms kj bm rjhtfràm> ‒Mosàf bbjamr m hmsm, m pjsmr kj quj, kjskchemkm`jotj, oujstrf efamr of js mefrm uo buamr prfpchcf pmrm kjshmosmr. Js trcstj pjosmr jo bm cotrmoqucbckmk quj rjcom

mbbà pfr hubpm kj bm b m hfostmotj hfostmotj prjsjohcm kj uo dmot dmotms` ms`m< m< `jnfr `jnfr kchef kj kfs> kfs > jb jb Yjhmkf y jb Xudrc`cjotf. [mb pmrjhj quj fshurjhjo bm mbjaràm kjb kàm y  pjrturgmo  pjrtu rgmo jb gcjojstmr kj bm ofhej‐ ofhej‐:81 . Mbukàm m Grmowjbb, pjrf tm`gcão mb ejr`mof kj Jbbjo, Nfsjpe Oussjy, quj pmkjhàm kj trcgubmhcfojs sj`jnmotjs.

 

Jsj covcjrof tfkm hbmsj kj pjqujýfs msuotfs `motuvcjrfo jo vcbf m bfs djbcarjsjs kjb sjýfr Grfotì. M dco kj mýf sj prjsjotø jo bm rjhtfràm uo majotj ukchcmb hfo uom cotc`mhcøo pmrm Grmowjbb> kj of pmamr sus kjukms, quj omkcj jo bm hmsm hfofhàm, sjràm hfokuhckf m bm prcscøo kjb hfokmkf. ‒Of rjsubtm marmkmgbj pjrkjr kcojrf vjz trms vjz kj jstm dfr`m, pjrf js kcjz vjhjs pjfr  :855,  prjsjohcmr bm `jzqucokmk jzqucokmk kj su hf`pfrtm` hf`pfrtm`cjot cjotff jo jsms fhmscfo fhmscf ojs‐:8 jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. Jb hbc`m kj jsj covcjrof ‛bf hf`pmrø mb kj bm ^fom Írtchm f kjb Yfbf Ofrtj‛, quj c`pjkàm `motjojr bm hmsm hmbkjmkm,  prfvfhø rjsdràfs m tfkm bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm y kfs ofhejs kj tfs y mtmqujs mtmqujs kj ms`m ms`m m :8 3, kcnf kcn f Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Mooj. ‒Mk`crf su vmbcjotj ejrfàs`f‐:83 Bm hfoduscøo y krm`mtcs`f kj bfs `josmnjs quj bbjamgmo kj [efrp Arjjo, dujrm pfr `jkcf kj Moo @mrsembb, bm kfohjbbm kj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, dujrm  pfr jb kfhtfr Hrfsgy Hrfs gy,, `ãkchf kj bm dm`cbc dm`cbcm, m, mdjht m djhtmrfo mrfo m Grmowjbb kj tmb `fkf quj bbjaø m c`macomr, sco jstmr kjb tfkf kjsmhjrtmkf, quj jrm fgnjtf kj uom hfospcrmhcøo. Jb mbhfefb y bms sustmohcms quj hfosu`àm pukcjrfo codbucr jo sus  pjosm`cjot  pjosm` cjotfs, fs, ym quj mkj`ís mkj`ís kj hubpmr mb mk`cocstrmkfr mk`cocstrmkfr kj [efrp [efrp Arjjo, jb sjýfr Jvmos, y mb mrheckcíhfof [efrpj, kj cotjotmr mpmrtmrbf kj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, mbauom vjz bbjvø hfoscaf uo trcohejtj ‒pfr sc sj johfotrmgm hfo :; 9. Xmtmoís‐:;9 Mkj`ís kj bfs `josmnjs quj trmos`ctàm kjskj [efrp Arjjo, jb kfhtfr  Hrfsgy bbjaø m `mokmrbj vjcotj bcgrms, jqucvmbjotjs mb coarjsf moumb kj uo tutfr, quj Grmowjbb amstø jo bms tmgjroms kj Emwfrte y Embcdmx. ‒Ej rjhcgckf jstm `mýmom uom bmram, m`mgbj y kjtmbbmkm hmrtm kjb `ãkchf quj mtjokcø mb sjýfr Wfgcosfo y quj em tjockf kjspuãs uom jotrjvcstm hfo mqujbbm m bm quj m`ís fbvckmrã… Humokf ãb prfouohcø `c of`grj, jbbm bf `crø dcnm`jotj y sj

kjsvmojhcø… @c jstmkf kj smbuk js tmo prjhmrcf quj tj`f of pfkjr supjrmr  dàschm`jotj jb afbpj `frtmb. Ouohm `j emo cotjrjsmkf sus gcjojs. Sf bm m`mgm m jbbm… jb bm… y bm m`mrã m`mrã scj`prj. s cj`prj. ]uj ]uj Kcfs bm gjokcam, gjokcam, ¡pjrf fnmbí fn mbí ouohm ouohm bm eu eugcjrm gcjrm :; =. hfofhckf!‐:;=

 

Grmowjbb hrjàm m su m`motj hfosu`ckm pfr bfs rj`frkc`cjotfs y `frcguokm m hmusm suym pjrf, m bm buz kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm quj `motuvf hfo su mgfamkf y sus majotjs dcomohcjrfs jo jsm djhem, bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo afzmgm kj uom rfgustm smbuk. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, vjbmgm hfo buhckjz pfr sus cotjrjsjs, hf`f kj`fstrø bm huckmkfsm pbmocdchmhcøo kj su `mtrc`focf hfo jb mhmukmbmkf Xcr  Jkwmrk Kfb`mo Xhftt, quj tcj`pf kjspuãs bj ftfraø jb tàtubf kj Bmky Xhftt. Zom vjz quj tuvf bm sjaurckmk kj quj Grmowjbb of crru`pcràm jo [efrp Arjjo, bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo duj pmusmokf jb rct`f kj bfs `josmnjs quj bj jovcmgm. Emstm jb mrau`jotf kjb hfkchcbf jo jb tjstm`jotf kj su jspfsf of emgàm sckf `ís quj uom trjtm pmrm kjsj`gmrmzmrsj kj ãb, hf`f bms ecstfrcms kj sus kjs`myfs, bfs rjzfs, bfs mrrjpjotc`cjotfs y bm dcoackm kj`johcm. Jb pmpjbjrf pmpjb jrf Nfeo N feo Arjjowffk hfotø hfotø jo sus kcmrc kcmrcfs fs quj bujaf bujaf kj quj jb sjýfr  Grfotì rjarjsø kj @mohejstjr, Grmowjbb, sj`chfoshcjotj m hmusm kj su jgrcjkmk jgrcj kmk f co c otfxchmkf tfxchmkf pfr jb fpcf, uom uom ofhej ofhej prjokcø dujaf dujaf m bbms ms hfrtco hfr tcoms ms kj su hm`m. Jo jsj costmotj Mooj pmsø pfr kjbmotj kj su humrtf j cotjotø mpmamrbms,  pjrf mb rjpmrmr rjpmrm r jo j o quj quj jb du dujaf jaf of of hjsmgm hjs mgm hfrrcø hf rrcø m bbm`mr b bm`mr m J`cby jo gushm gushm kj myukm. Xjaþo Arjjowffk, J`cby mrrmstrø hfo prj`urm m su ejr`mof emstm uom jsqucom kj bm emgctmhcøo y vfbvcø m mhjrhmrsj mb dujaf pmrm mrrmohmr bms hfrtcoms jo bbm`ms y mpmamrbms hfo `fvc`cjotfs scbjohcfsfs y kjhckckfs. ‒Of bj hujotjs m pmpí‐:;7 , bj kcnf m Mooj. M pmrtcr kj jstj jpcsfkcf Grmowjbb duj trmsbmkmkf mb humrtf kjb pírrfhf, pmrm kfr`cr nuotf m ãb. Xj kjhàm, y Arjjowffk of duj jb þochf jo kcduokcrbf jo jb pujgbf, quj J`cby hruzmgm m tfkm prcsm jb hj`jotjrcf pmrm afbpjmr jo bm vjotmom trmsjrm kjb [frf Ojarf y mvcsmr m Grmowjbb quj su pmkrj bf jstmgm gushmokf. Bms ofhejs jo quj qujkmgm cohfoshcjotj jo jb søtmof, kfokj sj rjduacmgm pmrm

tf`mr fpcf f mbauom gjgckm jspcrctufsm, jbbm `cs`m bf mhmrrjmgm emstm bm rjhtfràm. M `joukf pjr`mojhàm mhfstmkf kurmotj tfkm bm nfromkm, hfo jb  pírrfhf vjbmokf v jbmokf m su bmkf pmrm pmr m c`pjkcr c`pjkcr quj sj quctmrm bm vckm. [mo [mo prjfhupmkf prjfhupmkf  pfr bm jxcstjohcm jxcstjohcm kj su pmkrj hf`f hf`f ãb pfr bm suym, suym, Grmowjbb jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m

 

Bjybmok> ‒M `c pmkrj of bj kjgj qujkmr `uhef pfr vcvcr, y humokf ãb `ujrm, :;88. Jotrj hctms m Gyrfo, `c vckm, vc km, quj ym jstí jo jb hrjspþshubf, hr jspþshubf, sj emrí ofhej‐ ofhej‐:; kcgunfs `mhmgrfs y drmsjs bmtcoms, sus hmrtms m Bjybmok cotjrhmbmgmo kjbchmkms sfbchctukjs kj kcojrf, muoquj hcjrtm vjz bj jovcø uo gcbbjtj pmrm prfpchcmr uo vcmnj kj su m`caf m Emwfrte. ‒Yjrf of hrjf quj ustjk jstã jo hfokchcfojs kj hf`prjokjr `cs cohfejrjotjs pmbmgrms, sjýfr. ]ucjo of tcjoj ym jspjrmozms, y smgj quj su rjbfn bbjaø m bms kfhj kj bm ofhej, of pujkj hf`uochmr sus :;;; sjotc` sjot c`cjot cjotfs fs m mqujb quj tcjoj tcjoj jb suyf suyf m bms kfhj kjb kj b `jkcfkàm.‐:; M hf`cjozfs kj jsj vjrmof, jo jb oþ`jrf kjb : kj nuocf, jb  Embcdmx ‒[ej Jok Jok fd Mbb‐ (Jb dco kj tfkf), jb pfj`m pfj`m kj =581 sfgrj Aumrkcmo  pugbchø ‒[ej bm `ujrtj kj @mry Yjrhy quj pfkràm emgjr sckf hfosckjrmkf prj`foctfrcf> ‒Of efrms, scof mýfs hf`f hf`f ãstj `j mau maumrkmrío> mrkmr ío> kjspjrtmr, bbfrmr bbfr mr y bm vcacbcm jo :;::. sfbjkmk…‐:; @jofs quj bm kjgcbckmk dàschm f bm hjrtjzm kj quj su `mtrc`focf hfo bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo of cràm m prfkuhcrsj ouohm, pmrjhj emgjrbf mpbmhmkf bm dmbtm kj kcojrf, quj bj c`pjkàm hf`prmr mbhfefb y fpcf. Duj jotfohjs humokf Hemrbfttj sj mvjoturø m covctmr m Jbbjo m bm rjhtfràm> ‒Xj em tjr`comkf uom hfosckjrmgbj su`m kj kcojrf quj ãb pfsjàm jo bm prc`mvjrm, y ojhjsmrcm`jotj jstí fgbcamkf m rjstrcoacrsj jo hcjrtf msuotf. Kjgjs smgjr quj bf johfotrmrís `jotmb`jotj kjstruckf y hf`pbjtm`jotj hm`gcmkf kj mspjhtf. Of tj`f quj :;44. vmym m sjr kjshfrtãs hfotcaf< hfotcaf< mb hfotrmrc hfotrmrcf, f, jstmrí tmo sumvj hf`f hf`f jb mhjctj‐:; Yfhf motjs Hemrbfttj emgàm rjhemzmkf uom prfpujstm kj Jbbjo kj jstmgbjhjr  uotms uom jshujbm sco kjhcrbj bfs vjrkmkjrfs `ftcvfs kj su rjoujohcm. Jotrj bfs pmqujtjs kj bfs `moushrctfs rjhemzmkfs quj trmàm jb hfrrjf, jo jsfs kàms bbjaø uo codfr`j kj Mybftt & Nfojs hfo jb rjsu`jo kj bms vjotms kj  Yfj`s>

kfs jnj`pbmrjs. Jb =4 kj nuocf Hurrjr Gjbb jovcø jb bcgrf kj pfj`ms, mhf`pmýmkf kj uom hmrtm johmotmkfrm, m bfs prcohcpmbjs pfjtms y hràtchfs kjb `f`jotf> Qfrkswfrte, Emrtbjy Hfbjrckaj, Kj ]ucohjy, Bfhlemrt y [jooysfo. ‒Xjýfr> @cs pmrcjotjs Jbbcs y Mhtfo Gjbb y yf `cs`f, kjsfyjokf bms

 

mkvjrtjohcms kj vmrcfs jkctfrjs rjspjtmgbjs, ofs ej`fs prjhcpctmkf jo bm  pugbchmhcøo kj uo vfbu`jo vfbu`jo kj pfj`ms. pfj`ms. Bfs prjvcscgbjs prjvcs cgbjs rjsubtmkfs, kjskj bujaf, ofs emo sfrprjokckf< oujstrf bcgrf em rjsubtmkf covjokcgbj, omkcj bf ojhjsctm oc bj prjstm mtjohcøo. Jo jb jspmhcf kj uo mýf, oujstrf jkctfr em hfbfhmkf søbf kfs jnj`pbmrjs, y `jkcmotj quã pjofsfs jsdujrzfs em bfarmkf kjsemhjrsj kj jbbfs js mbaf quj søbf ãb smgj. Motjs kj jovcmr bm jkchcøo m bfs dmgrchmotjs kj gmþbjs, ej`fs kjhckckf kcstrcgucr m `fkf kj fgsjqucf bfs  pfhfs jnj`pbmrjs quj of pfkj`fs pfkj`fs vjokjr, vjokjr, y bj rfam`fs rfam`fs quj mhjptj uof jo rjhfofhc`cjotf pfr jb pbmhjr y jb prfvjhef quj tmotms vjhjs ej`fs embbmkf jo sus bcgrfs. @uy rjspjtufsm`jotj suyf, Hurrjr Gjbb‐:;1 . Hfo jstj mkj`ío, y m bm vcstm kj quj bms trjs ofvjbms emgàmo acrmkf m bf bmraf kjb mýf pfr bms  prcohcpmbjss jkctfrcmbjs  prcohcpmbj jkctfrcmb js kj Bfokrjs sco embbmr rjspujstm, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj pmrjhàm pmrjhà m emgjr hjrrmkf bm jspcrmb kj cotjohcfojs kjsmtmkm hfo jb embbmzaf kj bfs pfj`ms kj J`cby. Yjrf sj`moms kjspuãs bbjaø uom hmrtm kj [ef`ms Hmutbjy Ojwgy, jb kujýf kj uom pjqujým jkctfrcmb kj bm hmbbj @frtc`jr, jo Hmvjokcse Xqumrj, bm þbtc`m jo rjhcgcr bfs `moushrctfs. Jb sjýfr Ojwgy mdcr`ø jstmr kcspujstf m pugbchmr  bms ofvjbms y fdrjhcø m bfs sjýfrjs Gjbb uom jkchcøo kj trjshcjotfs jnj`pbmrjs,  pmrm bm humb bfs mutfrjs mutfrjs kjgàmo mkjbmotmr hcohujot hcohujotmm bcgrms, bcgr ms, quj sjràmo sjràm o rjj`gfbsmkms uom vjz vjokckfs bfs prc`jrfs kfshcjot kfsh cjotfs fs hcohu h cohujot jotm. m. Jo fpcocøo kj Hemrbfttj, `ís quj kjsvjotmnfsm, bm fdjrtm jrm drmukubjotm, pjrf J`cby y Mooj bm mhjptmrfo jb =: kj nubcf. Xc Jb prfdjsfr  prfdjsfr  duj  duj rjhemzmkf pfr Ojwgy f sc duj Hemrbfttj qucjo sj rjeusø m pugbchmr jo sj`jnmotjs hfokchcfojs, of jstí kjb tfkf hbmrf. Bf hcjrtf js quj, sco pjrkjr tcj`pf, `mokø su `moushrctf m bm scaucjot scau cjotjj hmsm hms m jkctfrm jkc tfrm kj bm b m bcstm, bc stm, X` X`cte cte,, Jbkjr & Hf. ‒Jo nuocf nuocf kj =5;1 bbja bbj aø m

oujstrm fdchcom uo pmqujtj hfo uo `moushrctf,  Jb prf prfdjsfr  djsfr , hfo trjs f humtrf kcrjhhcfojs kj ftrms jkctfrcmbjs tmhemkms jo jb sfgrj, bf humb cokchmgm quj jb  pmqujtjj emgàm sckf prjsjotmkf prjvcm`  pmqujt prjvcm `jotj jotj m ftrfs jkctfrjs‐ :;5 , jvfhø Ajfraj X`cte jo uo mrtàhubf kj kchcj`grj kj =399 kj bm Hfroecbb @mamzcoj.

 

Bm hmsm X`cte & Jbkjr jrm bm sjxtm jkctfrcmb jo rjhcgcr jb bcgrf. Bm rjspujstm bbjaø, jo uom hmrtm kj kfs efnms kj jxtjoscøo, pfhms sj`moms  k j  Jb prf kjspuãs. X`cte & Jbkjr mprjhcmgm ‒jb armo pfkjr bctjrmrcf‐ :;3  kj prfdjsfr  djsfr   pjrf bf hfosckjrmgm h fosckjrmgm kj`mscmk kj`mscmkff hfrtf pmrm sjr pugbchmkf< pugbchm kf< jo hm`gcf, hm`gcf, kjhàm kjhà m quj mhjptmràm uom ofvjbm jo trjs vfbþ`jojs kjb `cs`f mutfr. Xc pmrjhàm uom `mbm oftchcm, of bbjaø m sjrbf. Hemrbfttj tjoàm `uy mvmozmkm, prjhcsm`jotj, uom ofvjbm jo trjs vfbþ`jojs>  Nmoj Jyrj. Hmbhubmgm quj tjr`comrbm bj bbjvmràm uo `js `ís, pjrf bm mbjaràm pfr emgjr johfotrmkf mb dco uo jkctfr, bm c`pubsø m trmgmnmr hfo tmb drjojsà quj kfs sj`moms `ís tmrkj bbjaø m bm þbtc`m bàojm. @cjotrms @cjo trms Mooj Mooj y J`cby J`cby hfrrjaàmo hfrr jaàmo bms ambjrms rjhcão rjhcã o bbjamkms kj sus oofvjbms fvjbms,, jb 7; kj mafstf jbbm jovcø Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj m bm hmbbj Hfroecbb 4: kj Bfokrjs.  

Jb prc`jr bjhtfr kj bm jkctfrcmb sj vcf tmo ‒pfkjrfsm`jotj smhukckf‐::9  pfr bm ofvjbm quj jb jkctfr Ajfraj X`cte kjshfodcø kj su c`prjscøo. Jb sjauokf, jb jkctfr Qcbbcm` X`cte Qcbbcm`s, pmsø bm `ctmk kj bm ofhej jo vjbm pmrm tjr`comr kj bjjrbm y mb kàm scaucjotj, uo sígmkf, jotrjaø jb `moushrctf m su njdj. Ajfraj X`cte bf bbjvø m su hmsm hfo bm cotjohcøo kj jhemrbj uo vcstmzf jo bm `mýmom kjb kf`coaf. Of kcspfoàm kj `uhef tcj`pf, ym quj m bms kfhj tjoàm uom hctm hfo uo m`caf jo bms mdujrms kj Bfokrjs. Kjspuãs kjb kjsmyuof sj johjrrø jo su jstukcf y j`pjzø m bjjr. Humokf bj codfr`mrfo quj su hmgmbbf bf jspjrmgm jo bm hmbbj pmrm smbcr sj mprjsurø m jshrcgcr uom oftm kj kcshubpm m su m`caf y scaucø bjyjokf sco cotjrruphcfojs, tmo hmutcvmkf pfr bm bjhturm quj sj sfgrjsmbtø mb jshuhemr ftrf afbpj jo su pujrtm. Emgàm mofhejhckf. ‒Xj

 prjsjotø `c scrvcjot scrv cjotjj kchcão kchcã okf`j kf`j quj bm b m hjom jstmgm sjrvckm< sjrvc km< bj pjkà quj `j trmnjrm uo síokwche y uo vmsf kj vcof y vfbvà hfo  Nmoj Jyrj. Tcof bm hjom, quj hf`à prfotm`jotj< motjs kj cr`j m bm hm`m, jsm ofhej, emgàm tjr`comkf jb :: =, rjbmtø Ajfraj X`cte mýfs kjspuãs kj quj  Nmoj Jyr `moushrctf‐ ::= Jyrjj  sj

 

hfovcrtcjrm jo jb suhjsf s uhjsf bctjrmrcf bc tjrmrcf `ís c`pfrtmot c`pfrtmotjj kj Coabmt Coabmtjrrm. jrrm. Jb jotuscms`f, sco j`gmraf, of bj ougbø jb jotjokc`cjotf, ym quj fdrjhcø søbf hcjo bcgrms pfr bfs kjrjhefs humokf bfs mutfrjs kj ofvjbms jo jsfs mýfs sfbàmo rjhcgcr uoms qucocjotms. Hcohf mýfs kjspuãs, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb rjhcgcø fhefhcjotms fhefhcjot ms pfr bfs kfs vfbþ`jojs vfbþ`jojs kj bm gcfarmd gc farmdàm àm kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Xc gcjo mhjptø bms hfokchcfojs kj X`cte, `uy vjotmnfsms jo rjbmhcøo hfo bms quj emgàmo dcr`mkf sus ejr`moms, Hemrbfttj of kjnø kj fgnjtmr quj sj trmtmgm kj uom su`m pjqujým pmrm uo mýf kj trmgmnf cotjbjhtumb y prfpusf quj sj bj mknukchmrm uom mkchcøo prfpfrhcfomb m bms vjotms. Of mhhjkcø m hfrrjacr, hf`f bj pckcjrfo, bfs prc`jrfs hmpàtubfs sfgrj bm jshujbm Bfwffk pmrm ecnms kj hbãrcafs pfgrjs> ‒[mb vjz bm prc`jrm pmrtj kj  Nmoj Jyrj pujkj austmr `ís mb  pþgbchff kj bf quj ustjkjs  pþgbch ustjkjs motchcpm motchcpmo, o, pfrquj js vjrkmk y bm Tjrkmk tcjoj tcjoj uo ::77, jshrcgcø m bfs jkctfrjs. Bm vjrkmk covfhmkm of jrm johmotf pfkjrfsf‐:: tmotm, pfrquj Hemrbfttj kjspuãs kjs`cotcø quj bm kjshrcphcøo kj Bfwffk sj mnustmrm prjhcsm`jotj m Hfwmo Grckaj y bujaf sj vfbvcø m kjskjhcr. Yjrf of quctø oc uom hf`m y Nmoj Jyrj sj c`prc`cø tmb humb emgàm sckf jshrctm. Humokf sjcs kàms kjspuãs bbjamrfo m bm rjhtfràm bms prc`jrms prujgms, jbbm sj johfotrmgm oujvm`jotj jo Grfflrfyk vcsctmokf m Jbbjo. Xco c`pfrtmrbjs  pfojr jo rcjsaf jb pmhtf sjhrjtf, sjhrj tf, sus sus ejr`moms ejr`moms sj bms b ms rjjovcmrfo r jjovcmrfo jb `cs`f `cs`f kàm. Hemrbfttj bms hfrrcacø gmnf bms omrchjs kj su m`cam y bms jovcø kj rjarjsf m bm hmbbjj Hfroecbb hmbb Hfroecbb.. Jbbjo Jbb jo ouo ouohm hm kcnf kc nf uom uom pmbmgrm. pmb mgrm. Hemrbfttj rjarjsø m su hmsm jb 78 kj sjptcj`grj of sco hfotrmtcj`pfs, kjspuãs kj pjrkjr bm hfojxcøo kjb djrrfhmrrcb jo Bjjks y jspjrmr jo bm jstmhcøo ::88. Bujaf kj tf`mr jb scaucjotj trjo ‒hfo bfs pcjs ejbmkfs kurmotj kfs efrms‐:: m Ljcaebjy j`prjokcø bm hm`comtm ‒bbuvcfsm y vjotfsm‐, emstm Emwfrte. Xu

jqucpmnj bbjaø mb kàm scaucjotj, bbjof kj rjambfs quj Jbbjo emgàm kjsbczmkf hmbbmkm`jotj jotrj sus pmqujtjs. Zo hecspjrf pmrm bm hec`jojm kjb sjýfr  Grfotì, uom hmpm pmrm [mggy, quj kjhbmrø jstmr ‒johmotmkm‐ ::;   hfo jb fgsjqucf, uo gíbsm`f kj qujsf kj hmoarjnf pmrm Mooj, `uy mprfpcmkf pmrm

 

mbcvcmr sus mtmqujs kj tfs y kj ms`m, y uoms `mozmoms y uo hujbbf pmrm J`cby. Jotrj bms ofvjkmkjs kjb pujgbf, quj Mooj rjpfrtø jo su oftm kj marmkjhc`cjotf m Jbbjo, of emgbø kj su ofvjbm jo prfhjsf kj jkchcøo oc kj bm jshrctu jshrc turm rm kj bm sjauokm. sjauokm. Jo hm`gcf, hm`gcf, `johcfoø `johcfoø bm bbjamkm kjb vcjotf kjb Jstj, mb quj J`cby hfosckjrmgm ‒sjhf y pfhf cotjrjsmotj‐:::   pjrf quj m jbbm bm jodjr`mgm sco rj`jkcf, y bm pmrtckm m Crbmokm kjb sjýfr Mrteur Ochefbbs, jb hfmknutfr kj su pmkrj. ‒Xcjotf kjhcr‐, marjaø Hemrbfttj jo ftrm hmrtm m Jbbjo sfgrj jb `cs`f msuotf, ‒quj `uhefs kj bfs djbcarjsjs jxprjsmo jb kjsjf kj quj jb sjýfr Ochefbbs of tjoam prfgbj`ms mb hruzmr jb hmomb, pjrf quj kjgjràm qujkmrsj trmoqucbm`jotj kfokj jstí. Ãstj of js jb sjotc`cjotf quj kjgjràm jxcstcr jotrj jb pmstfr y jb rjgmýf… y of js prjhcsm`jotj jb quj kjspjrtmgm jb ::44. Bm `frkmhckmk kj Hemrbfttj prfhurmgm mpbmhmr   pfgrj sjýfr Qjcaet` jcaet`mo‐ mo‐:: bms coscoumhcfojs kj Jbbjo sfgrj jb mtrmhtcvf kjb nfvjo pmstfr> ‒bm `jkcfhrckmk ::11. kj su `jotj `j mpbmstm‐:: Mooj jstmgm jodrmshmkm jo bm jshrcturm kj su oujvm ofvjbm, j`pjýmkm jo rjhemzmr bms covctmhcfojs kj sus ejr`moms m j`prjokjr hm`comtms f m hfovjrsmr, sj qujnmgm Hemrbfttj motj Jbbjo. Bm jshrcturm kj  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkdjbb Embb , mb pmrjhjr, bm fgbcamgm m bbjvmr uom vckm sjkjotmrcm y mcsbmkm, of `uy kcdjrjotj, kj tfkfs `fkfs, kj bm quj bbjvmgmo sus ejr`moms.  Nmoj Jyrj sj pugbchø kfs `jsjs kjspuãs, jb =4 kj fhtugrj, y prfkunf uom hfo`fhcøo jotrj jb pþgbchf bfokcojosj. Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  y  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy hfotcoumgmo kjtjockms jo bm c`prjotm m hmusm kj bfs rjsquj`frjs kj Ojwgy,  pjsj m bms rjctjrmkms hmrtms kj rjhbm` rjhbm `f kj sus mutfrjs. mutfrjs. Wjhcão humokf humokf  Nmoj h fovcrtcø jo uo uo ãxctf, ãxctf, Ojwgy pugbchø pugbchø bms ftrms kfs ofvjbms. fvjbms .  yrj sj hfovcrtcø Mpmrjhcjrfo m dcojs kj kchcj`grj, jo trjs tf`fs johumkjromkfs jo rfnf

fshurf, jstm`pmkfs hfo uoms aumrkms kj kcgunfs kjdjhtufsfs y bjtrms kfrmkms. Hu`grjs Hu`g rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms mgmrhø bfs kfs prc`jrfs tf`fs<  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy jb tjrhjrf.  Ocoau  Oco auof of kj bfs trjs cohbuyø cohbuyø bms hfrrjhhcfojs hfrrjhh cfojs quj J`cby y Mooj Mooj emgàmo ejhef sfgrj bfs jrrfrjs kj bm tcpfarmdàm frcacomb. Hemrbfttj sj bm`jotø kj quj bms

 

ofvjbms kj sus ejr`moms of eugcjrmo rjhcgckf jb ‒trmtm`cjotf kj :: 5  kj su jkctfr. ‒Bfs bcgrfs of jstío gcjo ejhefs, tcjojo `uhefs hmgmbbjrf‐::5 jrrfrjs kj c`prjotm. Xcjotf `uhef quj Jbbcs y Mhtfo of emymo sckf trmtmkms :: 3, bj  pfr Ojwgy hfo jb `cs`f rjspjtf quj yf rjhcgà kj X` X`cte cte & Jbkjr‐ ::3 jshrcgcø m Qcbbcm` X. Qcbbcm`s. Humokf mpmrjhcø Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms, kcjhcscjtj pjrcøkchfs bfokcojosjs y scjtj kj prfvcohcms ym emgàmo rjsjýmkf dmvfrmgbj`jotj Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj. Bf mbmgø [emhljrmy, quj jrm bf `cs`f quj kjhcr bm bctjrmturm moabfsmnfom, y emstm A. E. Bjwjs, jb `ís rjputmkf hràtchf kj bm ãpfhm. r jhcgcø conurcms. conurcms. Jb hràtchf hr àtchf kjb  M Hu`grjs Hu` grjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms søbf rjhcgcø  Mtejomju` tejomju` nuzaø :49

hfo ‒bm gmnmjs hfokuhtm kj bfskfbfrfsf< pjrsfomnjs bfs Gjbb‐jo tfkm . Jb   kcnf quj ‒jb jdjhtf cokjhcgbj`jotj of kj hfofhj`fs tbms`mbjvfbjohcm oujstrm bctjrmturm kj dchhcøo omkm quj rjprjsjotj kj `mojrm `ís hefhmotj bms :4 =. Jb hràtchf kjb  Grctmoocm  duj `ís prjhcsf>  pjfrjs dfr`ms dfr`ms kj bm b m eu` eu`mockmk‐:4= ‒Of emy jo bfs krm`mtcs pjrsfomj uo sfbf pjrsfomnj quj of sjm mgsfbutm`jotj mgf`comgbj mgf` comgbj y hf`pbjtm` hf`pbjtm`jot jotjj kjsprjhcm kjs prjhcmgbj. gbj. Xc uof uof of mgfrrjh mgfrrjhjj m bm pjrsfom, bf kjsprjhcm m ãb, y humokf of bf kjsprjhcm, bf mgfrrjhj hfo tfkm jb mb`m… bfs  pjrsfomnjs jstmgmo j stmgmo smhmkfs kj bf `ís gmnf kj bm vckm< vc km< sfo bfs emgctmotjs emgctmotjs kj uo kcstrctf mcsbmkf cohcvcbczmkf,kjbf Kfuabms jstío sf`jtckfs m uom codbujohcm :47 . Jbj hf`jotmkfr kj`foàmhm‐   mkvjrtàm quj Njrrfbk– Njrrfbk–ss Qjjlby ‒hcjrtfs kjtmbbjs kj hrujbkmk, coeu`mockmk, fkcf y vjoamozm sfo sushjptcgbjs kj jshmokmbczmr mb bjhtfr, kcsaustmrbf y emhjrbf jodjr`mr‐, muoquj mk`ctj quj jb mutfr mutfr pfkràm pfkr àm sjr s jr ‒uo armo armo mrtcstm krm`ítchf‐ krm`ítchf‐ :48 .  Of pfkàm kjhcrsj kjhcr sj quj jb bcgrf bcgr f kj J`cby J`cby eugcjrm eugcjrm pmsmkf comkvjrtckf. Jb

hràtchf kj  Ofrte M`jrchmo Wjvcjw, kjb ftrf bmkf kjb Fhãmof, duj `ís jhuíoc`j> bbm`ø m Ejmtehbcdd ‒kj`focf grutf‐ :4;   y m su mutfr ‒fgstcomkf,  grutmb y `frgfsf‐,  grutmb `frgfsf‐, pjrf pjr f rjhfofhcø quj jrm uo ‒ef`grj ‒ef`grj kj cousctmkf ttmbjotf‐. mbjotf‐. Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb kcnf quj Hemrbfttj of pukf rjhfrkmr ocoaþo costmotj kj  pbmhjr pfr bms hràtchms dmvfrmgbjs m su s u bcgrf m hmusm kj bms bm s fdjosms fdjosms msjstmkms ms jstmkms mb

 

kj su ejr`mom, quj of pfkàm sjotcr omkm vcjokf bm jotjrjzm kj J`cby y smgcjokf bf quj jo jb dfokf sjotàm. Yjrf, ¶smgràm Hemrbfttj bf quj jo jb dfokf sjotàm J`cby6 Jb =9 kj kchcj`grj Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø uo hejquj kj bm dcr`m X`cte & Jbkjr  kj hcjo bcgrms, hfo bm prf`jsm kj ftrf pfr bm sjauokm jkchcøo. Ouohm emgàm amomkf tmotf kcojrf. Bm prc`jrm jkchcøo, kj prfgmgbj`jotj kfs `cb qucocjotfs jnj`pbmrjs, sj emgàm maftmkf jo trjs `jsjs. Xj rjc`prc`cø jo jojrf y oujvm`jotj jo mgrcb. Hemrbfttj ym jstmgm trmgmnmokf jo Xecrbjy, su tjrhjrm ofvjbm, y Mooj jo  Bm coqucbcom c oqucbcom kj Qcbkdjbb Embb , su sjauokm, kjskj jb vjrmof motjrcfr. Muoquj Hemrbfttj of jstmgm mb tmotf, J`cby `motjoàm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo Ojwgy sfgrj uom uom sjauo sjauokm km ofvjbm. M pjsmr kj bbms ms hràtchms hr àtchms f tmb vj vjzz m hmusm kj jbbms, bm ofvjbm kj J`cby sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo uo suhjsf jkctfrcmb.  M  Maojs aojs Arjy, quj mpjoms emgàm sckf tjockm jo hujotm pfr bm hràtchm, tm`gcão vjokàm `ís kj bf jspjrmkf. ‒Jstc`mkf sjýfr> Bj marmkjzhf `uhef su m`mgbj hmrtm y tjokrã `uhef  pbmhjr jo bbjamr m uo hf`prf` hf`prf`csf csf hfo ustjk ustjk rjspjhtf r jspjhtf m su prøxc` prøxc`mm ofvjbm. Of bj kcrã quj sj kã ustjk prcsm jo tjr`comrbm. Yujs hrjf quj tcjoj rmzøo jo of kmrbm m hfofhjr mb pþgbchf pþgbch f emstm jstmr smtcsdjhef hfo jbbm, ym quj quj emy ` `uhe uheff jo ujaf hfo su prøxc`f bcgrf> sc js `jnfr quj jb motjrcfr, ustjk sj vm m hfosmarmr  hf`f uo ofvjbcstm kj prc`jr ocvjb, pjrf sc bfs hràtchfs bf hfosckjrmo codjrcfr, :4 :, jshrcgcø vmo m nuzamr quj kjspjrkchcø tfkf su tmbjotf jo jb prc`jrf…‐:4:  Ojwgy m J`cby J`cby jb =: kj djgrjrf kj =5;5. Jstm hmrtm, jo pfkjr kjb @usjf @usjf Grfotì, js jb kfhu`jotf `ís c`pfrtmotj quj hfrrfgfrm bm jxcstjohcm kj uom sjauokm ofvjbm kj J`cby. Kj tfkms `mojrms, mbauofs jstukcfsfs sfstcjojo quj  pukf emgjrsj rjdjrckf m  Bm coqucbcom c oqucbcom kj Qcbkd cbkdjbb jbb Embb , bm scaucjotj ofvjbm kj

Mooj, ym quj jb `cs`f Ojwgy sj hfoduokàm m bfs mutfrjs y bms fgrms> jo uo mvcsf jo [ej Jxm`cojr   kjb `js motjrcfr emgàm kjshrcptf Hu`grjs frrmshfsms   hf`f ‒bm oujvm ofvjbm kjb jxctfsf Mhtfo Gjbb‐:44 . Yjrf bm rjdjrjohcm m bfs b fs hràtchfs hrà tchfs quj emhj jo su hmrtm pfoj jo kukm kukm quj smhmrm m rjbu rjb uhcr 

 

 aojs Arjy Arjy, quj duj príhtchm`jotj caofrmkm. [mb vjz of tmo mnjof mb ãxctf kj sus ejr`moms hf`f jbbms hrjàmo, Grmowjbb  pmsmgm bm `myfr pmrtj kjb kàm jo bm hm`m. hm`m. Jsj prfhjkc` prfhjkc `cjotf cjotf usmkf pfr Bykcm Wfgcosfo kj jovcmrbj kcojrf pmrm `motjojrbf m bm kcstmohcm, ¶of pfoàm jo nujaf uom jspjhcj kj kjseforfsf hemotmnj `frmb6 Jo nuocf kj =5;5 Grmowjbb mþo sj johf`jokmgm m jbbm humokf kcnf m sus mhrjjkfrjs kjb Fbk Hfhl y jb [mbgft kj Embcdmx quj ‒`c amrmotàm dcomohcjrm, m trmvãs kjb kfhtfr Hrfsgy, js `frmb`jotj hfodcmgbj‐:41 . Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb kjshrcgcø bm rucom kj Grmowjbb hfo su jstcbf `ís kjpurmkf y pfr uom vjz of jxmajrø> ‒[joàm mtmqujs kj kjbcrcu` trj`jos mtjrrmkfrjs. Mbauoms ofhejs, jo bm emgctmhcøo kj su pmkrj, kjhàm quj motjs kjb m`mojhjr ãb f su pmkrj `frcràmo. Bms tj`jrfsms ejr`moms, jodjr`ms kj `cjkf, c`pbfrmgmo mb pmkrj of jxpfojrsj m jsj pjbcarf… Jo bm `mýmom, hfo bm cohfotcojohcm vjrgmb kjb mbhfeøbchf, jb nfvjo Grfotì kjhàm> ―Jb pfgrj vcjnf y yf ej`fs tjockf uom tjrrcgbj ofhej. Ãb emhj bf `jnfr quj pujkj, pfgrj vcjnf. Yjrf tfkf hmj sfgrj `à– (bbfrcqujmokf)> ―Js hubpm kj jbbm, js hubpm kj jbbm– ‐:45 . Jb vfbu`jo kj @jkchc  @jkchcom om Kf` Kf`ãstc ãstchm hm @fkjrom kj [ef`ms Armem` kjb sjýfr  Grfotì tcjoj `mrhmkf hfo uo mstjrcshf bm sjhhcøo Bfhurm f Kjsmrrjabf @jotmb. Jo jb `mrajo pujkj bjjrsj, hfo bjtrm kjb pírrfhf, uom oftm> ‒Jxcstj tm`gcão kjbcrcus trj`jos hmusmkf ‛m vjhjs‛ pfr cotfxchmhcøo ‛jb pmhcjotj quj jstí  pfsjàkf pfr kj`focfs, kj`focfs, jo su c`maco c`macomhcøo mhcøo vj bu` bu`cofsms cofsms sustmohcms, sustmohcms, bms jxtrj`ckmkjs m `joukf bj tcj`gbmo, sc jstí cotfxchmkf of sj bf kjgj kjnmr  sfbf. Jstfs kjsmrrjabfs jo ajojrmb kcs`couyjo‐:43 . Gmnf bms hmusms kj bm bfhurm, jb kchtm`jo ‒kcspfschcøo ejrjkctmrcm‐ jstí sugrmymkf y jstj sugrmymkf

bfhurm, jb kchtm`jo kcspfschcøo ejrjkctmrcm jstí sugrmymkf y jstj sugrmymkf sjýmbm jb joca`m y bm trmajkcm kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Ymscfojs y j`fhcfojs, ftrm hmusm jou`jrmkm jo bm bcstm, of jstí sugrmymkm. Yjrf `mrhø uom pøhc`m> ‒Kfhj aftms kj m`foàmhf kcbuckms‐ y uom cokchmhcøo> ‒Cotjrvjohcfojs kurmotj bms  pjsmkcbbms  pjsmkcb bms f jb sfom`gubcs` sfom`gubcs`f‐. f‐.

 

****,, Xtjbbmo Xlmrsaêrk jxpbchm m Hemrbfttj Jo jb dcb`  Oy`pef  Oy`pef`mocmh `mocmh**** Amcosgfura, tm`gcão prftmafocstm kj Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj jo =334, quj ‒Yfj `urcø kj bm dfr`m `ís tjrrcgbj c`macomgbj, kj mbaf bbm`mkf kjbcrcu` trj`jos. Fhurrj humokf uo bmraf pjràfkf kj mgusf kj mbhfefb js sjauckf pfr uom sþgctm mgstcojohcm. [u hujrpf jotrm jo uo jstmkf kj sefhl ecpjrsjoscgbj. Yujkjs tjojr  bms mbuhcomhcfojs `ís efrrcgbjs, hf`f vjr rmtms, sjrpcjotjs y huhmrmhems smbcjokf kjb sujbf y ausmofs mrrmstríokfsj pfr bms pmrjkjs. [fkf jb scstj`m ojrvcfsf jotrm jo mbjrtm y pmkjhjs píochf y pmrmofcm hfostmotj y bujaf, jb scstj`m hcrhubmtfrcf dmbbm, pjrf jb píochf y jb tjrrfr pjr`mojhjo emstm jb `f`jotf kj bm `ujrtj‐.   M hf`cjozfs kjb mýf =5;5, jb vcjotf kjb jstj quj sfbàm jodjr`mr m Mooj  prfvfhø codbujo codbujozm zm y dujrt dujrtjs js rjsdrcmkfs r jsdrcmkfs jo tfkm bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm ‒`ís kj kfs vjhjs jo jb hursf kj pfhms sj`moms‐ :19 . Xc bm pmbckjz kj bfrk Gyrfo fgjkjhàm m bm coajstm kj vcomarj, bm kj J`cby y Mooj jrm hfosjhujohcm kj bms jpckj`cms quj emgàmo grftmkf jsj covcjrof jo jb pujgbf. Bm vcafrfsm [mggy duj bm þochm jo rjscstcr bms cohbj`johcms kjb hbc`m, codfr`ø Mooj jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo ‒sco tjojr `ís oftchcms pmrm hfotmrbj, pfrquj of ej`fs jstmkf jo ocoaþo buamr oc vcstf m omkcj, oc ej`fs ejhef omkm kj bf quj pfkm`fs emgbmr kjskj quj ustjk :1 = muoquj, mhbmrø, jstmgmo fhupmkms kj bm `mýmom m bm ofhej. Jb jstuvf mquà‐:1= acrf ‒omkm kj bf quj pfkm`fs emgbmr‐ kjbmtm bm efojstckmk kj Mooj, fgbcamkm m `motjo `motjojr jr jb sjhrjtf s jhrjtf y m bm b m vjz rjmhcm rjmh cm m bm `jotcrm. `jotcrm. Bm hmrtm f`ctj bms drjhujotjs m`jomzms kj suchckcf kj Grmowjbb, muoquj Hemrbfttj, jo ftrm hmrtm m Jbbjo, `johcfom su crrctmgcbckmk jxtrj`m y bm

coqucjtuk kj su pmkrj. Ftrm vjz hfo kcojrf jo su gfbscbbf, huyf frcajo pfkràm mtrcgucrsj m bm sjýfrm s jýfrm Wfgcosfo, Wfgcosfo, Grmowjbb covctø m Bjybmok Bjybmok y Grfwo m amstmrbf amstmrbf jo bms tmgjroms kj Embcdmx. Mbauom jshjom quj prftmafoczø mbbà bf bbjvø m jshrcgcr uom hmrtm kj kcshubpm m Bjybmok jo jojrf> ‒…Sf jstmgm `uy bjnfs kj

 

sjotcr`j gcjo humokf bf vc bm sj`mom pmsmkm jo Embcdmx‐:17 , bj kcnf. ‒Xc ustjk bbjamrm m vjr m bm sjýfrm Xuakjo kjb [mbgft, `j austmràm quj bj trmos`ctm quj hfosckjrf su hfokuhtm emhcm `à kj bf `ís m`mgbj y `mtjromb, y sc yf echj mbaf  pmrm fdjokjrbm fdjokjrbm,, jo uo `f`jot f`jotff kj jodjr` jodjr`jkmk jkmk tj`pfrmb, tj`pfrmb, `j mrrjpcjot mrrjpc jotff  prfduokm`  prfdu okm`jot jotjj y bj rujaf rujaf quj mhjptj `c mrrjpjot mrrjpj otc` c`cjot cjotff y `c kcshubpm emstm emstm quj bm vjm kj oujvf. Jo rjbmhcøo mb kcojrf quj jstfy jspjrmokf, qucjrf trmos` trmo s`ctcrbj ctcrbj m jbbm jb bm quj bm hujotm hujotm quj bj kjgf… Of jstmgm js tmgm cotfxchmkf cotfxchmkf humo humokf kf bf bf vc m ustjk, qujrckf sjýfr, scof kj`mscmkf pubvjrczmkf y m`mramkf jo `c hfrmzøo hf`f pmrm ojhjsctmr `ís jstà`ubfs> sudrà uo kjsvmojhc`cjotf jo jb [mbgft bujaf kj vjrbf m ustjk, y ftrf `ís sjvjrf jo jb Hf. kjb sjýfr  :188. Xus Hrfwtejrs, jb eftjb Hf``jrhcmb, hjrhm kj Ofrteamrj‐:1 kjsvmojhc`cjotfs, bms mbuhcomhcfojs y vmrcfs hfbmpsfs, jxm`comkfs mýfs `ís tmrkj, dujrfo rjbmhcfomkfs hfo sàotf`ms kj kjbcrcu` trj`jos  y hfo bm hfosuohcøo of kjtjhtmkm jo jsj `f`jotf. Emstm jsm djhem, bms ejr`moms `jofrjs of emgàmo rjhcgckf oc uom bcgrm kj su jkctfr. Muo msà, Mooj dcr`ø hfo Ojwgy jb hfotrmtf kj jkchcøo kj  Bm coqucbcom coqucb com kj Qcbkdjbb Embb , quj cràm m prfvfhmr ‛Ojwgy of pfkàm tjojr kukms kjspuãs kj emgjr bjàkf jb `moushrctf‛ uo mbgfrftf `myfr quj jb kj Hu`grjs frrmshfsms . Jb kfhu`jotf jstmgbjhàm quj jb mutfr of søbf of pmrtchcpmràm jo bfs amstfs kj prfkuhhcøo scof quj mkj`ís rjhcgcràm vjcotchcohf bcgrms mb `f`jotf kj bm jotrjam kj bfs frcacombjs y ftrms vjcotchcohf pfr bfs prc`jrfs kfshcjotfs hcohujotm jnj`pbmrjs vjokckfs. Muoquj bms hfokchcfojs kj jkchcøo jrmo bmstc`fsms jo rjbmhcøo hfo bms kj X`cte & Jbkjr, J`cby of hjkcø m bms  prjscfojs  prjsc fojs kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj pmrm hm`gcmr hm`gcmr kj jkctfrcmb. jkctfrcmb . Jstm pfschcøo, pfschc øo, hf`f hf`f jb sjhrjtf sfgrj su sjauokm ofvjbm, emgbm tmotf kjb j`pjýf kj Hemrbfttj pfr 

hfokuhcr bfs msuotfs kj sus ejr`moms hf`f kjb kj J`cby kj `motjojrbm mb `mrajo. M dcombjs kj nuocf Ojwgy mouohcø bm pugbchmhcøo kj  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkdjbb Embb   hfo uom sjrcj kj mvcsfs quj suajràmo, jo pmbmgrms

 

kjbcgjrmkm`jotj hfodusms, quj su mutfr jrm jb `cs`f kj Nmoj Jyrj. (‒Bfs trjs bcgrfs pfkràmo sjr fgrms kj uo `cs`f mutfr‐< ‒Bm ofvjbm prjsjotm uom mdcockmk hfo  Nmoj Jyrj‐< ‒Ofs rjhujrkm m  Nmoj Jyr Jyrjj‐:1; .) Duj uo suhjsf rftuokf, c`pjosmkf. c` pjosmkf. Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, m pjsmr kj bm c`pmrhc c`pmrhcmbckm mbckmkk hfo qu qujj kjhàm kjhà m nuz nuzaamr bbmm fgrm kj Mooj, jo su Oftm Gcfarídchm m bm jkchcøo kj =5:9 mocqucbø jb bcgrf> ‒Bm jbjhhcøo kjb tj`m duj uom hf`pbjtm jqucvfhmhcøo… Jbbm jshrcgcø gmnf uom :1 :. jxtrmým y `jkcf mshãtchm ofhcøo kj hu`pbc`cjotf kj uo sjvjrf kjgjr‐:1: Jotrjtmotf Hemrbfttj sj hf`prf`jtàm hfo X`cte & Jbkjr m pugbchmr hfo jbbfs su prøxc`m fgrm, Xecrbjy, bm jkctfrcmb prjpmrmgm bm sjauokm jkchcøo kj  Nmoj  yrj. Hemrbfttj bm kjkchø m su eãrfj bctjrmrcf, Qcbbcm` @mljpjmhj [emhljrmy sco hfofhjr, hf`f tfkf Bfokrjs hfofhàm, su trmajkcm prcvmkm. Jo =5;9, kjspuãs kj humtrf mýfs kj `mtrc`focf, bm jspfsm kj [emhljrmy emgàm sckf kjhbmrmkm cosmom y rjhbuckm jo uo efspctmb pmrm jodjr`fs ojrvcfsfs. Bm kjkchmtfrcm kjsjohmkjoø uo ru`fr quj rípckm`jotj sj cotrfkunf jo bfs efamrjs kj bfs bjhtfrjs bfokcojosjs> jb of`grj kj Hurrjr Gjbb, sj `ur`urmgm, johugrcràm m uom motcaum afgjromotm kj bm dm`cbcm [emhljrmy, m`motj kjb jshrctfr jshrc tfr.. Hemrbfttj jstmgm jspmot j spmotmkm. mkm. Bms dígubms sfgrj bfs Gjbb, kjspuãs kj bms emgbmkuràms sfgrj [emhljrmy, j`pjzmrfo m c`pmhcjotmr m bm prjosm, quj emhcm dco kj mýf bbjaø m mhusmr m bfs mutfrjs kj arfsjrfs, vubamrjs y pjrochcfsfs. Jb Mtbms kjsbczø quj  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy jrm uom hfpcm vubamr kj uom ofvjbm kj Nmoj Mustjo. M `jkcmkfs kj jojrf bfs hràtchfs sjauàmo hfoduokcjokf sus ckjotckmkjs y jb msuotf bbjaø m bm hc`m humokf Ojwgy vjokcø bms prc`jrms píacoms kj  Bm coqucbcom coqucb com kj Qcbkdjbb Embb , bm ofvjbm kj Mooj ,  m bfs Ejr`mofs Emrpjr kj Ojw Sfrl msjaurmokf quj su

mutfr jrm Hurrjr Gjbb. Jotfohjs bm Hmsm X`cte & Jbkjr sj kcspusf m mhtumr. Bm `mýmom kjb vcjrojs 1 kj nubcf, ougbmkm y bbuvcfsm, Hemrbfttj rjhcgcø uom suspchmz jsqujbm kj Ajfraj X`cte> ‒@j austmràm pfkjr hfotrmkjhcr bm mdcr`mhcøo kjb sjýfr Ojwgy‐. Muoquj sfspjhemgm quj jbbm emgàm mhfrkmkf hfo Ojwgy bm vjotm kj  Jb prfdjsfr  marjaø,   marjaø, hfo uom ajotcb dmbtm kj drmoqujzm,

 

:144. quj ‒of ‒of hrjàm hrjà m jo bm mdcr`mhcøo kjb sjýfr Ojwgy‐ :1 Mb bjjr bm hmrtm, Hemrbfttj hf`prjokcø quj søbf uom ‒prujgm fhubmr‐ :11   kj

quj bfs Gjbb jrmo trjsBmpjrsfoms pfkràm kj uomsjvjz bms mrtc`mýms kj Ojwgy. prujgm, sjpmrmkms sco kukm, jrmo jbbmskjsgmrmtmr `cs`ms. J`cby fpusf hfo kjtjr`comhcøo m bm ckjm kj prjsjotmrsj motj jb jkctfr, quj sj kjgmtcø jo scacbf kurmotj tfkm bm tmrkj. Motjs kjb mofhejhjr, humokf jstmgm pfr kjsmtmrsj bm tfr`jotm, bbjamrfo m uo mhujrkf. M bm efrm kjb tã Mooj y Hemrbfttj jovcmrfo su jqucpmnj m Ljcaebjy y bujaf j`prjokcjrfo bm hm`comtm emhcm bm jstmhcøo kj trjo, gmnf uom bbuvcm tj`pjstufsm. [f`mrfo jb vmaøo kj sjauokm hbmsj emstm Bjjks y mbbà hf`prmrfo kfs tchljts kj prc`jrm hbmsj pmrm jb trjo ofhturof m Bfokrjs. M bms fhef kj bm `mýmom kjb sígmkf bbjamrfo mb Hemptjr Hfddj Efusj kj Ymtjrofstjr Wfw :155, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj hfo ofstmbacm m @mry  ‛‒oujstrf  ‛‒ou jstrf vcjnf buamr, buamr, Yfbby‐:1 [mybfr‛, kfokj sj bmvmrfo y tf`mrfo uo kjsmyuof pmrm vfbvjr m smbcr uofs `coutfs kjspuãs hfo kjstcof m bm hmbbj Hfroecbb hfo uom ‒jxtrmým jxhctmhcøo cotjrcfr‐:13 . Johfotrmrfo jb oþ`jrf 4: jo uo gmrrcf ‒tmo gubbchcfsf hf`f jb Xtmok‐, kfokj sj jrcaàm bm jofr`j bcgrjràm kj X`cte & Jbkjr. Jo hm`cof emhcm jb `fstrmkfr hfo uofs‒¶Yujkf nøvjojsvjrkjmb mspjhtf `maoàdchf quj of cotc`ckmrfo sjkjbhruzmrfo tfkf m Hemrbfttj> sjýfr X`cte6‐, prjauotø mb  prc`jr j`pbjmkf j`pbjmkf quj tuvf tuvf motj motj sus fnfs. Ãb vmhcbø, vmhcb ø, bms `crø sfrprjo sfrprj okckf uo costmotj y kjsmpmrjhcø trms uom pujrtm, jo jb dfokf kjb smbøo. Bms nøvjojs sj sjotmrfo m jspjrmr, ‒`cjotrms tmotf `crígm`fs mbauofs bcgrfs kj bms jstmotjràms kjb `fstrmkfr, pugbchmhcfojs suyms gcjo hfofhckms pmrm ofsftrms, pfrquj

`uhems kj jbbms ofs bms emgàmo `mokmkf hf`f rjambf :59 . Jo bm pjqujým fdchcom kjb sjýfr X`cte sj prfkunjrfo bms jxpbchmhcfojs :5=

sfgrj jb sjýfr Ojwgy, ‒quj duj momtj`mtczmkf‐ , scaucø jb bmraf rjbmtf kj Hemrbfttj m @mry [mybfr, ‒`j tj`f quj hfo kj`mscmkm vjej`johcm‐. Jb sjýfr  Qcbbcm` X`cte Qcbbcm`s, su mdjhtufsf y hmsà àotc`f hfrrjspfosmb, eczf uom

 

tà`ckm mpmrchcøo (‒uo píbckf, mpmhcgbj, johfrvmkf ef`grj kj hcohujotm‐) pmrm mscstcr jo scbjohcf m bm jxmbtmhcøo kj su jkctfr njdj> ‒¶@j pjr`ctcrío  prjsjotmrbjs m `c `mkrj y `cs ejr`moms6 ejr`moms6 ¶Hu ¶Huíot íotff tcj`pf tcj`pf vmo m jstmr jo bm hcukmk6 Jstm ofhej tcjojo quj cr m bm Øpjrm Ctmbcmom< kjgjo vjr bm Armo Jxecgchcøo< jb sjýfr [emhljrmy vm m jstmr johmotmkf kj hfofhjrbms< ¡sc jb sjýfr Bjwjs supcjrm quj Hurrjr Gjbb jstí jo bm hcukmk qujkmràm `ukf! Bjs :5 7. Mquà Hemrbfttj vfy m prjauotmr m m`gfs sc qucjrjo hjomr jo `c hmsm…‐:57 tuvf quj cotjrru`pcrbf pmrm jxpbchmrbj quj sc gcjo bjs marmkmràm `uhef hfofhjr mb sjýfr Bjwjs y mþo `ís mb sjýfr [emhljrmy, sus ckjotckmkjs kjgàmo hfotcou hfot coumr mr pjr`mojhcjokf pjr`mojhcjokf jo jb sjhrjtf. s jhrjtf. Jxhjptf mot motjj sus s us jkctfrjs, pmrm jb rjstf kjb `uokf `uokf sjau sjaucràmo crà mo scjokf bfs sjýfrjs sj ýfrjs Gjbb. M Ajfraj X`cte sj bj fhurrcø jotfohjs framoczmr uom pjqujým dcjstm ‒kj cohøaoctf‐ kfokj bms prjsjotmràm hf`f sus ‒prc`ms kjb hm`pf‐. Bm prfpujstm of pfkàm sjr `ís jstrm`gøtchm y Hemrbfttj bm kjsjheø kj co`jkcmtf. [m`gcão bms covctø m efspjkmrsj jo su hmsm y jbbms sj rjeusmrfo, kjskj bujaf. Sm sj rjtcrmgmo humokf ãb kjsbczø quj bbjvmràm jsm ofhej m sus ejr`moms m Ymtjrofstjr Wfw pmrm prjsjotmrbms. Jb sjýfr X`cte y sus ejr`moms, c`macoø jbbm, ‒ouohm motjs emgràmo vcsctmkf jb sf`gràf y tjojgrfsf eftjb y bms hmbbjs :588. fshurms y jstrjhems kj bms hjrhmoàms‐:5 Hemrbfttj pmsø jb rjstf kjb kàm mtfr`jotmkm pfr uom nmqujhm y uofs `mrjfs quj `jnfrmrfo kjspuãs kj tf`mr uom dujrtj kfscs kj smbjs vfbítcbjs, pjrf humokf bfs vcsctmotjs dujrfo mouohcmkfs of sj sjotàm `uhef `jnfr. Jb sjýfr  X`cte, rfpm kj ofhej, aumotjs gbmohfs, bjs prjsjotø m kfs nøvjojs vjstckms kj ambm (‒jbbms of smgàmo qucãojs ãrm`fs ofsftrms‐) hfo bm cotjohcøo kj

hfokuhcrbms m bm Øpjrm Wjmb jo jsj `cs`f `f`jotf, mbaf quj Hemrbfttj y Mooj of emgàmo hmbhubmkf. ‒Of jstígm`fs bcstms. Mkj`ís of tjoàm`fs vjstckfs dcofs y jbjamotjs oc mbbà oc jo ocoaþo buamr jo jb `uokf, pjrf pjosã quj bf `ís smgcf jrm of pfojr fgnjhcfojs y aumrkmr `c nmqujhm jo jb gfbscbbf‐. Kj `fkf quj sj mtmvcmrfo hfo sus vjstckfs ‒sc`pbjs y prfvcohcmofs‐ pmrm sugcr mb hmrrumnj,

 

kfokj bms jspjrmgm jb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s vjstckf, ãb tm`gcão, hfo uo trmnj kj ofhej. Bm jshrupubfsm hfrtjsàm kjb sjýfr X`cte hfo jsms ‒coscaocdchmotjs sfbtjrfoms‐:5; , kjgj emgjr kjnmkf pjrpbjnms m sus ejr`moms. Jb jxtrmvmamotj arupf hmusø sjosmhcøo. Hfokuhckm pfr jb sjýfr X`cte, jo uo trmohj kj jxhctmhcøo y kjbjctj Hemrbfttj, quj of jrm uom sfbtjrfom, mtrmvjsø bm mbdf`grm rfnm kjb dfyjr gmnf bfs kjstjbbfs kfrmkfs kj bfs hmcrjbjs, rfkjmkm kj ‒kcstcoauckms km`ms y grcbbmotjs hmgmbbjrfs quj ofs `crmgmo hfo uom bjvj, :5 :. armhcfsm mrrfamohcm‐:5: Zofs `coutfs kjspuãs, hfo`fvckm pfr jb jspbjokfr kj bm jshjom, mb sugcr   pfr bm jshmbjrm jshmbj rm kj `ír`fb ír`fb Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj mprjtø covfbuot covfbuotmrcm mrcm` `jotj jotj jb grmzf kjb sjýfr Qcbbcm`sm jstj y bjtcpf kcnf, uo :54 susurrf> ‒Zstjk smgj qujbmsyfhfrtcoms of jstfy :5 4. Jotfohjs mhfstu`grmkm kj jo hfsms‐ sj hfrrcjrfo kj tjrhcfpjbff hmr`jsà y bm hf`ctcvm tjrhcfpjb hf`ctcvm jotrø jo jb pmbh pmbhf. f. Mb kàm scaucjotj jb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s bms bbjvø m bm cabjscm y pfr bm ofhej hjomrfo jo hmsm kj Ajfraj X`cte, jo jb jbjamotj gmrrcf kj Ymkkcoatfo. Mbbà hfofhcjrfo m su `mkrj, uom m`mgbj y gjbbm vcukm kj hcohujotm y uo mýfs quj of sj jshmokmbczø mb hfofhjrbms, hf`f mprjhcø Hemrbfttj. Gmnf jb of`grj dchtchcf kj ‒sjýfrctms ‒sj ýfrctms Grfwo‐, Grfw o‐, mb ftrf kàm du dujrfo jrfo jshfbtmkms m bm Wfymb Wfymb Mhmkj`y y m bm  Omtcfo  Omtcfomb mb Ambbjry Ambb jry,, pmrm hf`jr hf` jr kj oujvf ou jvf hfobmAjfraj X` cteQcbbcm`s, y tf`mr tf`mr jb uom tã jokjhmsm kjb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s y su jspfsm. Kurmotj vcsctm mX`cte bfs bms ecnms kjb pfjtm y hràtchf Bjcae Euot hmotø uom hmohcøo drjotj mb pcmof pmrm Mooj y Hemrbfttj, quj kjgàmo jstmr jo ãxtmscs. Motjs kj tf`mr jb trjo kj vujbtm jo Justfo dujrfo m hfodrfotmr m Ojwgy. Xc gcjo bbjvmrfo mkjbmotj su prfpøsctf kj `fstrmr mb jkctfr quj bfs Gjbb jrmo trjs, f mb `jofs kfs pjrsfoms kcdjrjotjs,

jb moejbf kj Hemrbfttj kj quj sus ejr`moms sj kjsvcohubmrmo kj bm dcr`m of sj hu`pbcø. hu` pbcø. Js prfgmgbj pr fgmgbj quj J`cby J`cby y Moo Mooj qucscjrmo qucscj rmo rjhfgrmr rjhfgr mr bms hcohujot hcohujotmm bcgrms b cgrms quj emgàmo covjrtckf y, kj pmsf, `motjojr kcstmohcm kj bm codbujohcm kj Hemrbfttj. Tfbvcjrfo m Emwfrte jb `mrtjs == kj nubcf, jxemustms y hmramkms kj bcgrfs,

 

fgsjqucf kj Ajfraj X`cte.

 Gmbmkm bmkm jshfhj jsh fhjsm sm hf`pujstm pfr Wfgjrt Guros. * Gm ** **   Of hfwmrk sfub cs `coj/ Of trj`gbjr co tej wfrbk–s stfr`-trfugbjk spejrj/ C sjj Ejmvjo–s abfrcjs secoj/ Mok Dmcte secojs jqumb mr`coa `j drf` djmr…‐, JG, [ej Hf`pbjt Yfj`s, Yfj`s, Bfokfo, Yjoauco Hbmsschs, =337, p. =57. (@c mb`m of js hfgmrkj,/ oc tcj`gbm jo bm mtfr`jotmkm jsdjrm kjb `uokf./ Tjf bms abfrcms kjb hcjbf grcbbmr/ y bm dj  grcbbm caumb, caumb, mr`íok mr`íokf`j f`j hf hfotrm otrm jb `cjkf...) ** ****  ‒...Yjosmrã quj of jxcstj uo `uokf `ís mbbí,/ emstm kfokj `cs fnfs hmosmkfs pujkmo vjr,/ kfokj bm Xmgckuràm sj ràm kjb M`fr/ y bm Tcrtuk sj kfgbjauj motj bm Codm`cm./ Kfokj, supbchcmkf pfr bfs afbpjs kjb Kjstcof,/ jb pfgrj codjbcz jstã fgbcamkf m sforjàr/ pmrm jqucpmrmr su pmhcjohcm hfo su fkcf,/ muoquj su hfrmzøo scam jo rjgjbkàm

‒@uhemhems, Hemrbfttj em jstmkf jshrcgcjokf uo bcgrf. S hrjf quj js `jnfr kj bf quj jspjrmgm‐:53 . Jb fraubbf kjb pmkrj, muo sumvczmkf pfr su tj`pbmozm crbmokjsm, bf c`pubsø m `fstrírsjbf m uof kj sus m`cafs hbãrcafs huyms ecnms emgàmo sckf mbu mb u`oms kj kjbb hfbjacf h fbjacf kj Hfwmo Grckaj.

 

M jsm mbturm, Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj ym hcrhubmgm jo jb pujgbf. Zom tmrkj Hemrbfttj vcf m uo mohcmof hbãrcaf bjyjokf uo jnj`pbmr, y hjbjgrø jo scbjohcf sus jxhbm`mhcfojs mb ckjotcdchmr m bfs pjrsfomnjs kjb rjvjrjokf Hmrus Qcbsfo y bm supjrcotjokjotm> ‒Sf `j prjauotmgm sc ãb pfkràm rjhfofhjr bfs rjtrmtfs, y `j sjotà armtcdchmkm mb johfotrmr quj bf emgàm ejhef, y pfr mýmkckurm, quj sj  prfouohcø  prfou ohcø sfgrj jbbfs hfo dckjbckmk dckjbc kmk y nustchcm. Jb hbãrcaf hbãrc af [ef`ms [ef`ms kcnf quj jb sjýfr Hmrus Qcbsfo ―`jrjhàm jb hmstcaf quj emgàm tjockf– ‐ :39 . Bm mbjaràm kjb sjýfr Grfotì duj cotjrru`pckm mgruptm`jotj pfr uom oftm kj [ef`ms Ochefbsfo, prfpcjtmrcf kjb Fbk Hfhl Coo kj Embcdmx. Bm jsqujbm, kj `jkcmkfs kj nu n uocf, codfr` codfr`mgm mgm mb pírrfhf quj bms hujotms hujotms c`pma c`pmams ms kj Grmowjbb sj emgàmo msjotmkf motj bm Hfrtj y quj sj mvjhcomgm uo mrrjstf. Of emhàm dmbtm sjr uo bjhtfr kj Kchljos jo bm Coabmtjrrm vchtfrcmom ‛y bfs Grfotì bf jrmo ‛  hf`ff pmrm hf` pmr m tjojr hfofhc`cjotf hfofhc`cjotf kj bm prcscøo prcs cøo pfr kjukms quj c`pfoàmo c`pfoàmo bms bbjyjs jyjs kj bm ãpfhm. Grmowjbb jovcø m su mhrjjkfr kcjz bcgrms pfr `jkcf kj Nfeo Grfwo y bm prf`jsm kj bcquckmr jb rjstf hfo bm myukm kjb kfhtfr Hrfsgy> ‒Xc ãb rjeþsm `c fdjrtm y `j prjscfom hfo bm bjy yf jstfy mrrucomkf. [uvj hcohf `jsjs sco pfkjr hfohcbcmr jb sujýf s ujýf y hfo uo uo vcfbjotf vcfbjotf rjsdràf rjs dràf y tfs, pjrf mkj`ís mkj`ís :3==. Hemrbfttj, quj hfo uom mafoàm kj `jotj quj `j kjstrfzø pmrm scj`prj‐ :3 sfbàm mhusmr m su ejr`mof kj mutfcokubajohcm, of kjgj kj emgjr bjàkf bms þbtc`ms þbtc` ms bàojms, b àojms, quj mbukjo m uom uom cot c otfbjrm fbjrmgbj gbj kjskchem kjskch em `jot `jotmb mb y kjgcbckmk kjgcbc kmk dàschm. dàsc hm. Ftrm vjz, sj bm`jotø motj Jbbjo> ‒Ympí ‛y m vjhjs tfkfs ofsftrfs ‛  pmsm`fs   pmsm`fs ofhejs `uy kjskchemkms pfr su hmusm. Kujr`j kurmotj tfkf jb kàm, y jo :3 7. hfosjhujohcm hfosjhu johcm jstí kjspcjrtf kjspc jrtf pfr bms b ms ofhejs‐ ofhejs‐:37 Yjrf Grmowjbb of kjnmgm kj trmgmnmr jo sus tjxtfs y kj pjosmr jo bm

 pugbchmhcøo. Hf`f Hf`f Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, ãb sj smgàm kjstcomkf m uom uom vckm bctjrmrcm bctjrmrc m y scj`prj hrjyø quj su prc`jr bbm`mkf jrm sjr pfjtm. Jo jojrf kj =5;5 jshrcgcø m Bjybmok uom hmrtm bbjom kj buhckjz> ‒Humokf `j kjvujbvms jb vfbu`jo kjb `moushrctf quj pusj jo tus `mofs (sc js quj pujkjs díhcb`jotj rjpfsmr tus `mofs jo ãb) cohbuyj jsj `moushrctf bbm`mkf ―Hmrfbcoj–, quj tj ej kjnmkf emhj

 

:3 8. (Jrm mqujb pfj`m sfgrj bm `ujrtj kj @mrcm> ‒[fkf bf `uhefs `jsjs‐:38 kj`ís sj prjsjotm jo gbmohf> jb `mrzf kfbcjotj, jb c`pfojotj kjsdcbj kj

kjsfbmhcøo, `mrhem jb mrhf kjb :3; hj`jotjrcf kj bm cabjscm, bm .) `uhejku`grjbmquj sj uoàm gmnf m bm rjprjsjotmhcøo‐ Hfo tfkf, bm oftfrcjkmk kj Nmoj Jyrj of pukf scof cotrfkuhcr hcjrtms oftms kj vcvmhckmk jo jb prjsgctjrcf. Bms hmrtms kj djbchctmhcøo kj Qcbbcm` @mljpjmhj [emhljrmy y kj bms ofvjbcstms Nubcm Lmvmoma y Emrrcjt @mrtcojmu of pfkàmo scof embmamr m Hemrbfttj y prfpfrhcfomr hcjrtf mbcvcf m su  pjsmku`grj  pjsmku` grj emgctumb. emgctumb. Jb dm`fsf dm`fsf hràtchf hrà tchf A. E. Bjwjs Bjwjs bj mhfosjnø mh fosjnø ‒huckmrsj kj kjbb `jbfkrm`m‐ y bj suacrcø bm bjhturm kj Nmoj Mustjo, quj of bj austø. Bms bmrams hmrtms kjb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s, cotjbcajotj y mtjotf hfrrjspfosmb, bfs Qcbbcm` pjrcøkchfsX`cte hfo bms rjsjýms su kj oujvf, bfs bcgrfs kj bfs Gjbb y bfs  pmqujtjs  pmqujt js kj bcgrfs bcgr fs quj bj jovcmgm jb sjýfr X`cte X`cte jrmo mpjoms uoms uoms bcajrms, muoquj hfotuokjotjs, sjýmbjs kj bm mt`øsdjrm kj sfbchctuk y prftjhhcøo quj bm rfkjmgm mefrm, jo su hmbckmk kj mutfrm. Hemrbfttj marmkjhàm mb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s bm drjhujohcm kj sus hmrtms> ‒Yujkf kmrbj søbf uom sf`jrm ckjm kjb pbmhjr quj `j hmusmo> jbbms cotrfkuhjo buz y vckm jo jb mbjtmramkf rjtcrf kfokj vcvc`fs mkfr`cbmkfs‐:3: . Jo vjz kj jspjrmr, hf`f kj hfstu`grj, m quj bfs bcgrfs quj kjsjmgm bjjr bbjamrmo m bmsmhhjsf gcgbcftjhms hcrhubmotjs kj pugbchmkm. Ljcaebjy, Mgru`mkm f quj of bbjamrmo ouohm, mefrm tjoàm m bm bctjrmturm rjhcão  pfr tmb hmotckmk hmotckmk kj fgsjqucfs, sj fdrjhcø m kjvfbvjr bfs vfbþ`jojs vfbþ`jojs buja bujaff kj emgjrbfs bjàkf> msà, m pmrtcr kj jotfohjs bfs jovàfs kj pmqujtjs jotrj bm hmbbj Hfroecbb Hfroe cbb y Emwfr Emwfrte te sj hfovcrtcjrfo hfovcrtcjr fo jo pjrcøkchfs. @cjotrms Hemrbfttj sj qujnmgm m Jbbjo kj bm hfokuhtm fprfgcfsm kj

Grmowjbb, quj tjýàm kj kjsvjoturm bm vckm dm`cbcmr, bbjamgmo oftchcms kj [efrp Arjjo m trmvãs kj bms motcaums kcshàpubms kj Mooj, Jbczmgjte y @mry Wfgcosfo> :3 :344

‒Yfgrjs jbbms bm`jotmo kjjb bmhf`pfrtm`cjotf su `mkrj‐ Hemrbfttj`uhemhems, qucsf jxpbchmr bm hfokuhtm motcaum m`motj kj kj Grmowjbb hf`f. ‒uom `jzhbm kj kjgcbckmk, pjrvjrscøo y joamýf‐, pjrf mb jotjrmrsj kj quj jbbm

 

jstmgm maumrkmokf bm `ujrtj kj Bmky Xhftt, pfr jotfohjs `frcguokm, pmrm tf`mr su buamr hf`f jspfsm kj Xcr Xhftt, prc`f kj su jspfsf, bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo ‒of hrjf omkm kj bf quj jbbm kchj‐. Jo uom hmrtm m Mooj, Jbczmgjte y @mry bj mkjbmotmrfo bfs pbmojs kj bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo, quj jo pmrtj sj hu`pbcjr hu` pbcjrfo fo m bfs sjcs `jsjs, mb m b `frcr Bmky Xhftt. Xhftt. ¶¶Emgrí Emgrí rjhfrkmkf rj hfrkmkf Grmowjbb, jo su kjsjspjrmhcøo, jb hfkchcbf mpøhrcdf kjb tjstm`jotf kjb sjýfr Wfgcosfo quj c`pjkàm m su vcukm vfbvjr m hmsmrsj6 Jotrjtmotf, bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo bj sjauàm jovcmokf kcojrf pfr cotjr`jkcf kjb kfhtfr Hrfsgy, quj Grmowjbb sj mprjsurmgm m amstmr jo bm gftchm y jo jb [frf Ojarf u ftrms tmgjroms. Bfs mtmqujs kjsjodrjomkfs kj vcfbjohcm, bfs bbmotfs, tj`gbfrjs, kjbcrcfs y mbuhcomhcfojs, bj kjgcjrfo `ís m su kjpjokjohcm kjb mbhfefb quj m bm kjb fpcf, sj kjhàm. Bm mkmptmhcøo m kmptmhcøo kj  Nmoj Jyrj mb tjmtrf hfovcrtcø jb ãxctf jo pfpubmrckmk> hfo jb tàtubf tàtubf  Nmoj Jyrj. [ej Xjhrjts fd [efrodcjbk @mofr , sj `fotø jo jb Tchtfrcm [ejmtrj kj Bfokrjs. Bujaf kj kjhbcomr bm covctmhcøo mb jstrjof, Hemrbfttj of kukø oc pfr uo `f`jotf kj quj bm fgrm scaocdchmràm uom vubamrczmhcøo kj su bcgrf. Yjrf bj fdrjhcjrfo trmkuhcrbf mb drmohãs y X`cte & Jbkjr bj jovcø uo hejquj pfr hcjo bcgrms. Bm tjrhjrm jkchcøo bj trmnf oujvfs cohfovjocjotjs. Bfs ru`frjs sfgrj bms ckjotckmkjs y aãojrf kj bfs Gjbb rfokmgmo bms tjrtubcms, ívckms kj ofvjkmkjs, kj bfs hàrhubfs kj sus motcaums hfokcshàpubms kj Wfj Ejmk> jo Gcrstmbb y Af`jrsmb bms m`gchcfojs bctjrmrcms kj Hemrbfttj y su jxpjrcjohcm jo jb hfbjacf  pmrm ecnms kj hbãrcafs hbãrc afs jrmo jr mo `u `uy hfofhckms. Mhfsmkm pfr sus m`cstmkjs, y hfo bm sfspjhem hmsc hcjrtm kjb of`grj kjb mutfr, Jbbjo cotjrrfaø m su m`cam. Bm

rjspujstm kj Hemrbfttj kjb 75 kj mgrcb kj =5;5 duj dràm y `jotcrfsm> Sf of ej kmkf m omkcj kjrjhef kj mdcr`mr f coscoumr, kj bm `ís rj`ftm `mojrm, quj sfy ―pugbchmkm–. ]ucjoqucjrm quj bf emym kchef ‛sc mbaucjo bf eczf, bf humb kukf of js m`caf `àf… Bm `ís prfduokm fshurckmk js codcoctm`jotj prjdjrcgbj m  ‛   of bm vubamr oftfrcjkmk. S jsm oftfrcjkmk yf of bm ej gushmkf oc vm m vjocr. Xc

 

jotfohjs humbqucjr gcrstmbcmof f af`jrsmbcmof pfkràm prjsu`cr kj mgurrcrtj hfo jb tj`m ‛prjauotmrtj quã ―ofvjbm– em ―pugbchmkf– bm sjýfrctm Grfotì‛, tþ  pujkjs sc`pbj`jo sc`pbj`jotj tj mbjamr, hfo bm kcstmotj kcstmotj dcr`jzm dcr`jzm quj, humokf humokf qucjrjs, `mojnms m bm pjrdjhhcøo, quj jstís mutfrczmkm pfr bm sjýfrctm Grfotì m kjhcr  quj jbbm rjpjbj hmkm mhusmhcøo mb rjspjhtf. Yujkjs marjamr, sc bf kjsjms, quj sc :311. mbaucjo js su hfodckjotj jrjs tþ, y quj m tc of tj em hfodjsmkf omkm‐ :3 Hemrbfttj jstmgm jo uom pfschcøo m`gcaum, prjscfomkm jo uo sjotckf pfr  J`cby, jo pfs kj bm hfosjrvmhcøo kjb ejr`jtcs`f kjb sjhrjtf, y, jo ftrf, pfr su dckjbckmk emhcm Jbbjo. Hfo emgcbc emgcbckmk, kmk, jo bm hmrtm h mrtm of ocjam ocjam sjr bm mutfrm kj Nmoj  yrj, scof quj rjhemzm emgãrsjbf hf`uochmkf. Bm `jotcrm hfgrmgm rjbcjvj pfr  jb ejhef kj emgjrbj hfodjsmkf bm vjrkmk m @mry [mybfr, m qucjo, mkj`ís, bj emgàm jovcmkf pfr hfrrjf jnj`pbmrjs kj  Nmoj Jyrj,  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy  y Hu`grjs frrmshfsms . @mry [mybfr, bm m`cam mvjoturjrm j cotjbjhtumb, m qucjo Hemrbfttj hfotø cotc`ckmkjs y pjosm`cjotfs quj jshm`ftjø m Jbbjo jo su hfrrjspfokjohcm, `motuvf jb sjhrjtf y duj `uhef `ís mbbí> jo uo jxhjsf kj prjhmuhcøo quj`ø tfkms sus hmrtms. Kjskj Oujvm ^jbmokm hrctchø  Nmoj Jyrj  (‒Of hrjf jo Xt. Nfeo Wcvjrs… Xøbf tu mgsurkm hmrckmk hmrckm k pujkj hrjmr uo pjrsfomnj hf` hf `f ãb‐ :35 ) y hmbcdchø m Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms hf`f ‒uom hfsm jxtrmým‐ bujaf kj rjhcgcr  bfs jnj`pbmrjs. Mkj`ís, eczf maukms hràtchms sfgrj bm fgrm kj Mooj y bj hfotø sus prfyjhtfs prfyjhtfs bctjrmrcfs bc tjrmrcfs y josmyàstchfs. josmyàstchfs. Bm hcrhuostmohcm kj quj vmrcfs mýfs kjspuãs, jo =5:;, @mry quj`ø tfkm bm hfrrjspfokjohcm kj Hemrbfttj humokf jbbm sj bf pckcø, y quj Jbbjo of bf emym ejhef, muoquj tm`gcão sj bf emgàm pjkckf, cokchm quj Hemrbfttj of emgàm

jstmkf jqucvfhmkm mb nuzamr bm rjsjrvm kj hmkm uom. Bm rjhfostruhhcøo kj bm vckm kj bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm Grfotì Grfotì sj eczf sfgrj bfs b fs hc` hc `cjotfs cjotfs kj bm b m hfrrjspfokjo hfrr jspfokjohcm hcm ‛   pcmkfsm,, hfosjrvmkfrm, kf`ãstchm,  pcmkfsm kf`ãstchm, hmsc uom uom oø`com oø`com kj jodjr` jodjr`jkmkjs jkmkjs y kfbjohcms ojrvcfsms ‛  kj  kj bms b ms sjcshcjotms sjc shcjotms hmrtms quj hfosjrvø Jbbjo Jbb jo Oussjy Oussjy.. ‒Humokf ‒Hu mokf vc pfr prc`jrm vjz m Jbbjo Jb bjo of `j `j sjot sj otàà mtrmàkm m trmàkm pfr pf r jbbm. jb bm. Ãrm` Ãr m`fs fs tmo

 

kcstcotms... Ofs mkmptm`fs `utum`jotj y johmnm`fs… Jbbm js uom hechm kj Sfrlsecrj gcjo mbc`jotmkm… Yjrf of jotcjokj jb Wf`motchcs`f. Xc cotjotm bjjr   pfjsàm f prfsm pr fsm pfãtchm jo j o vfz mbtm, `j `j jodmkf y bj mrrjgmtf mrrjgm tf jb bcgrf… bcgr f… Yjrf Yjr f js :333  gujom,  gujo m, js scohjrm, bjmb bjm b y bm qucjrf.‐ qucjrf.‐ :3 Bm hmrtm kj Hemrbfttj m @mry hfo jb rjbmtf kj bm ‒vcsctm pfp‐, hf`f bbm`ø @mry [mybfr m bm crruphcøo kj Hemrbfttj y Mooj jo bm hmbbj Hfroecbb jb 5 kj ubcf, rjvjbm bm hmbckmk kjb `mtjrcmb gcfarídchf pjrkckf. Xco j`gmraf, bms ‒Wj`cocshjohcms…‐ quj jshrcgcø Jbbjo, pugbchmkms jo =51= jo jb Xhrcgojr–s foteby  kj Oujvm Sfrl, sj hfovcrtcjrfo jo dujotj duokm`jotmb kj tfkm  gcfarmdàm pfstjrcfr y ddujrfo ujrfo hruhcmb hruhcmbjs js jo bm hfostruhhcøo hfostruhhcøo kj bm pjrsfombckmk p jrsfombckmk kj jshrctfrm kj Hemrbfttj. Kjspuãs kj bm vcsctm m Bfokrjs, bm vjrkmkjrm ckjotckmk kj bfs ejr`mofs Gjbb jrm søbf hfofhckm pfr trjs jkctfrjs (Ojwgy, mkj`ís kj X`cte y Qcbbcm`s), @mry [mybfr, jb sjýfr Grfotì y, js prfgmgbj, Grmowjbb. Xjaþo Kmpeoã ku @murcjr, Grmowjbb of søbf hfofhàm bfs bcgrfs kj sus ejr`moms scof quj kcshutcø sfgrj jbbfs hfo Ajfraj Xjmrbj Yecbbcp, uo jshrctfr y jkctfr kjb [c`j kj Bjjks jo uo smbøo prcvmkf kjb Gbmhl Gubb. ‒Hfo bfs fnfs grcbbmotjs y uoms `mojrms quj `fstrmgmo uo armo jotuscms`f, (Grmowjbb) kjshrcgcø mbauofs kj bfs pjrsfomnjs kj bms ofvjbms y emgbø `uhef kj sus ejr`moms, jspjhcmb`jotj kj Hemrbfttj, huym hjbjgrckmk, kcnf, emgàm mtrmàkf `ís jxtrmonjrfs mb pujgbf 49 9 quj ouohm motjs.‐499 Js pfscgbj quj bm mutfrczmhcøo pmrm hfotmr jb sjhrjtf m @mry [mybfr emym sckf bm `íxc`m hfohjscøo quj Hemrbfttj emym bfarmkf mrrmohmr m J`cby. Jb msuotf tuvf quj emgjr sckf hmburfsm`jotj kcshutckf y Hemrbfttj of kjgàm kj

jstmr jo hfokchcfojs kj pjkcr `ís. Zo `js kjspuãs kj bms msjvjrmhcfojs kj Hemrbfttj, kj vcsctm jo bm hmsm kj su ejr`mof Nfeo jo Bfokrjs, Jbbjo sj tfpø hfo uo jnj`pbmr kj Nmoj Jyrj b m prc` prc `jrm píacom píacom ‒jrm ‒jr m hf`f sc Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj Jyrj. Kjskj bm jstuvcjrm prjsjotj jo hmkm pmbmgrm, su vfz y su jspàrctu vcgrmotj, m trmvãs kj hmkm uom kj jbbms‐49= . Ftrm vjz coqucrcø m su m`cam, quj bj rjspfokcø> ‒[u

 

coajouckmk pckcjokf `c fpcocøo sfgrj bm ―þbtc`m oujvm ofvjbm– `j kcvcjrtj> ofsftrfs of jstm`fs sushrcptfs m ocoauom gcgbcftjhm hcrhubmotj jo Emwfrte y hfosjhujotj`jotj ―oujvms ofvjbms– rmrm`jotj mpmrjhjo pfr mquà y hfosjhujotj`jotj ‛kj oujvf ‛   of jstm`fs hmbcdchmkfs pmrm kmr  4977. Yjrf bfs Gjbb jstmgmo hjrhmkfs. Bm tjrhjrm jkchcøo bjs pusf fpcocfojs‐49 djhem kj kjduohcøo `cjotrms Grmowjbb, mb pmrjhjr, kmgm su pmrtchubmr vjrscøo sfgrj bm mutfràm kj bms fgrms. Xjaþo su gcøarmdf y m`caf Drmohcs Aruoky, ‒Ymtrchl \GrmowjbbP Grfotì kjhbmrø motj `à, y bf quj su ejr`mom kcnf hfrrfgfrm bm msjrhcøo, quj ãb jshrcgcø uom armo pmrtj kj Hu`grjs 4988. frrmshfsms ‐49 Yfr su hfo pmrtjsuNfj [mybfr, jb ejr`mof kj uo @mry, framoczøyuom jxhurscøo Emwfrte prc`f y bm prc`m kj ãstj, kàm eþ`jkf vjotfsf, hfo bmm cotjohcøo cot johcøo jvckjotj jvckjotj kj kjs kjshugrcr hugrcr m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj y hfo bm jxhusm jxhusm kj cokmamr cokmamr sfgrj s fgrj jb jb  pjoscfomkf  pjoscfo mkf kj `mkm`j mkm`j Ejajr. Ejajr. ‒Omkm kj c`pfrtmo c`pfrtmohcm hcm jo ocoa ocoaþo sjotckf sjotckf duj duj kchef jo tfkf jb tcj`pf‐ 49; , jshrcgcø jshr cgcø Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj m @mry> emgàm emgàm kjtjhtmkf quj quj jb mstutf Nfj (‒pfr hurcfsckmk f pfr hmprchef‐) emgàm mkcvcomkf jb sjhrjtf. Bm rjspujstm kj Hemrbfttj m uom hmrtm kjb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s quj of sj hfosjrvm, jo bm quj ãb kjgcø kj emgjr `johcfomkf m bms trjs ejr`moms hfo sus of`grjs bm c`majo kj uom sjrcm`jotj hfbãrchm> vjrkmkjrfs, ‒Yjr`àtm`jkjvujbvj pjkcrbj bm prjhmuhcøo kj J`cby of emgbmr kj `csmbmr`mkm ejr`momsf humokf `j jshrcgm. ]ucjrf kjhcr of usj bm pmbmgrm jo pburmb. ―Jbbcs Gjbb– of kjsjm sjr mbukckf gmnf ftrm mpjbmhcøo quj gmnf su of` kj pbu`j. Sf hf`jtà uo armo jrrfr jo kjshugrcr su ckjotckmk motj ustjk y jb sjýfr X`cte ‛duj comkvjrtckm`jotj‛. Bm drmsj ―Xf`fs trjs ejr`moms– sj `j kcspmrø motjs kj

quj pukcjrm kmr`j hujotm. @j mrrjpcjotf kj bm hfodjscøo quj sj `j jshmpø jo jsj `f`jotf< `j mrrjpcjotf m`mram`jotj mefrm, pfrquj hf`prjokf quj js 49:

mbaf jo hfotrm tmb kjhumb hmkmemgàm sjotc`cjotf cotjohcøojbkj Jbbcs Gjbb‐ tj`àm m J`cby, oftmkf joj Grusjbms prfdjsfr Ejajr. . Hemrbfttj Muoquj mþo emgàm hfoduscfojs, `uhems hràtchms m  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkdjbb  cbkd jbb 

 

mbb rj`mrhmrfo bm kcdjrjohcm jotrj Mhtfo y Hurrjr. Jb `cs`f kàm kj bm vcsctm  pfp uo hràtchf kj [ej Xpjhtmtfr   mhusø m Mhtfo Gjbb kj ‒kjsmarmkmgbj y 494 49 4

 y kjhràtchf prfdjsmr ‒uo m`ørgckf m`fr kjb pfrtfof bf farfsjrf, pfrbfs kjhcr bf rjpubscvf‐  grut  grutmb‐. mb‐. Jb `cs`f mbukcø ‒bm arfsjràm tfo kj tfkfs bfof s Gjbb, Gjb b, quj 49 1. Yjrf sc gcjo jb  pfojo uo uo tj`m tj`m fdjoscvf fdjoscvf jo jb pjfr puotf puotf kj vcstm pfscgb pfscgbj‐ j‐491 tejomju` sjýmbø quj ‒bfs Gjbb kjgjo sjr mbjrtmkfs mhjrhm kj su hmprchef pfr  emgctmr bf rjpubscvf‐ kcf su ‒efojstm ‒efojstm rjhf` rjhf `jokmhcøo kj Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms 49 5. Hf`f sc hf`f bm `ís cotjrjsmotj ofvjbm quj ej`fs bjàkf jb `js pmsmkf‐ 495 bms hràtchms of dujrmo `ís quj nustcdchmhcfojs pmrm mk`ctcr quj uom vfz oujvm emgàm crru`pckf jo Coabmtjrrm, uom vfz hfrmb quj pjrturgø m bfs hràtchfs y mpmscfoø m bfs bjhtfrjs. co`josf gftàomquj jb mpjbbckf scaocdchø bfs jkctfrjs tfhø hfo suJbvmrctm tm`gcão bfs  Yfj`s , jsjGjbb prc`f pfgrj pmrm quj emgàm prjhjkckf m bms ofvjbms, humokf bm jkctfrcmb X`cte & Jbkjr hf`prø jb stfhl jxcstjotj y sj `fstrø kcspujstm m rjjkctmrbf. Bm tjrhjrm sj`mom kj sjptcj`grj bbjaø m Emwfrte uom vcsctm pmrm Grmowjbb> Drmohcs Aruoky, jb coajocjrf y vcjnf m`caf kj bms pmrrmokms kj Bukkjokjo Dfft, ubtjrcfr gcøarmdf, frkjoø uom hjom pmrm kfs jo uom smbm prcvmkm kjb [frf  Ojarf  Oja rf y `mokø `mokø uo `josmnj `josmnj m bm rjhtfràm pmrm mvcsmr su bbjamkm. Bujaf ujaf kj uo rmtf ‒bm pujrtm sj mgrcø hmutjbfsm`jotj y uom smbvmnj`jotj hmgjzm mpmrjhcø. Jrm uomkj`msm kj pjbf rfnm, kjsmbcýmkm y bmram quj dbftmgm mbrjkjkfr uom  pfrtjotfsm  pfrtjo tfsm y kj`mhrmkm kj`mhrmkm drjotj< drjotj< bms `jncbbms jncb bms m`mrcb m`mrcbbms bms y meujhmkms, meujhmkms, bm gfhm hmàkm, bfs bmgcfs dcofs y gbmohfs of tj`gbmokf scof hmstmýjtjmokf, bfs fnfs euokckfs, rjspbmokjhcjotjs pfr bm buz kj bm bfhurm…‐493 . Grmowjbb, jo uo kjbcrcf, emgàm c`macomkf quj jb `josmnj jrm uom bbm`mkm kj Xmtío y bbjvmgm su

trcohejtj jshfokckf gmnf bm `moam, kcspujstf m mhuhecbbmr mb jovcmkf. Yjrf bm vfz kjb vcjnf m`caf bf trmoqucbczø uo pfhf y mhjptø uo hfýmh hmbcjotj, muoquj Aruoky bf smbcr oftø mmtj`frczmkf. Grmowjbb `ur`urø mbaf sfgrj ‒kjnmr uom híbckm hm`m pmrm bm ofhej dràm‐ pjrf mhjptø ftrm hfpm y bujaf bj hfodjsø quj jspjrmgm moscfsm`jotj bm `ujrtj. Bm kjsjmgm, y sj sjotàm djbcz pfrquj bm

 

 prjsjotàm `uy hjrhmom ‒y kjhbmrø kjhbmr ø quj jsm `ujrtj ujrtj jrm kjgckm m su m`fr  m`fr  kjsarmhcmkf pfr bm sjýfrm Wfgcosfo‐4=9 . Mb pmrtcr, Aruoky bf kjnø pmrmkf jo jb hm`cof, yhfo bm hf`f hmgjzmbm kjshugcjrtm y bíarc`ms jo bfs fnfs. Xujbjamotj dcaurm, hfosu`ckm jonutm kj Kfo ]ucnftj, jstmgm cohbcomkm jo uom rjvjrjohcm. Kfs f trjs kàms kjspuãs smbcø m bm hmbbj ru`gf mb pujgbf pjrf tuvf quj vfbvjr jo sjauckm, mb gfrkj kjb kjs`myf y hfo kcdchubtmkjs pmrm rjspcrmr, hfokuhckf pfr Qcbbcm` Grfwo, jb ejr`mof kj su m`caf Nfeo. Mb kàm scaucjotj, jb pírrfhf bbm`ø mb `ãkchf kj Emwfrte, Nfeo Qejjbefusj, quj bujaf kj jxm`comrbf hf`uochø m bm dm`cbcm quj `frcràm jo pfhms efrms. Hemrbfttj jstmgm jstupjdmhtm. Of emgàm sckf tmotf jb mbuvcøo kj hmrtms, rjsjýms y fgsjqucfs hf`f sus prjvjohcfojs sfgrj bm kjprmvmhcøo, jb mbhfefbcs`f y bfs jdjhtfs omrhøtchfs kjb fpcf bms quj emgàmo jo`mshmrmkf, kj mbaþo `fkf, bm jodjr`jkmk kj su ejr`mof. Ocoaþo `cj`grf kj bm dm`cbcm emgàm hfonjturmkf hfonjturmkf bm pfscgcbckmk pfscgc bckmk kj su `ujrt `ujrtj. j. @ís mkjbmotj jbbm kcnf quj ‒uo prfpchcf hm`gcf `mrhø bfs þbtc`fs pfhfs kàms kj bm vckm kjb pfgrj Grmowjbb… Bm hmb`m kj gujofs sjotc`cjotfs bbjoø su `jotj‐ y rjtfroø ‒su mdjhtf omturmb, quj `mrhø sus þbtc`fs `f`jotfs‐4==. Jo su þbtc`m ofhej, sj qujkø uo rmtf m sfbms hfo Nfeo Grfwo y emgbø kj ‒su vckm `mbamstmkm, su nuvjotuk kjspjrkchcmkm y su vjraòjozm, hfo hf`puohcøo‐4=7 . Ymrjhàm ‒cohfoshcjotj kj emgjr m`mkf m mbaucjo dujrm kj su dm`cbcm, pfr bm prfduokckmk y tjrourm kj huyf mdjhtf of tjoàm pmbmgrms pmrm jxprjsmr‐. Emhcm jb dcomb kj bm vcsctm tf`ø bm `mof kj Nfeo Grfwo y jxhbm`ø> ‒¡Fe Nfeo, `j jstfy `urcjokf! ¡Jo tfkm `c vckm pmsmkm of ej ejhef omkm

4= 8. Bujaf Grfwo kcnf quj humokf su m`caf bbm`ø m su armokj oc gujof!‐4=8 dm`cbc dm` cbcm, m, omkcj duj duj m su s u bmkf, pjrf jsm pmrtj pmr tj kjb rjbmtf rj bmtf duj duj kjsjstc` kjsj stc`mkm. mkm.

@urcø m bms4=oujvj kj bm `mýmom kjb kf`coaf 7; kj sjptcj`grj, kjspuãs kj ; mb jshuhemr jshuhemr uom uom pbjamrcm pb jamrcm kj su pmkrj. Hemrbfttj, pmrmkm nuotf nuotf kjhcr ‒M`ão‐4=; m bm hm`m hfo sus ejr`moms* ejr`moms *, bj jshrcgcø mb kàm scaucjotj m Qcbbcm`s, quj of

 

jrm ym søbf su jkctfr scof su m`caf y hfodckjotj> ‒Huío cousumb sfoø jsm  pmbmgrmm jo sus bmgcfs  pmbmgr bmgc fs ‛kjskj bujaf bujaf ustjk, ustjk, quj of bf hfofhcø, of pujkj 4=:

hfohjgcrbf‐ hjrtcdchø . Jstmgm rfkjmkf pfrgrfoquctcs bfs grmzfs kj su pmkrj. muoquj Jb kfhtfr  Qejjbefusj bm hmusm hf`f hrøochm-`mrms`f, bfs ejhefs quj sfgrjvcocjrfo of kjnmrfo kukm kj quj emgàm sckf mdjhtmkf pfr bm  gmhtjrcm kj bm tugjrhubfscs tugjrhubfscs quj sj jstmgm prfpmamokf prfpmamokf jo jb pujgbf. Bm tugjrhubfscs pub`fomr, f tcscs, f hfosuohcøo, pujkj pjr`mojhjr kfr`ckm kurmotj mýfs, emstm quj js mhtcvmkm f marmvmkm pfr ftrms codjhhcfojs. Bm kj Grmowjbb pukf trmtmrsj kj bm `cs`m `cs`m tcscs quj mgmtcø m @mrcm y m Jbczmgjte m bfs kcjz y fohj mýfs. Ãb tjoàm trjcotm y uof. @ís tmrkj bfs kjtmbbjs `mhmgrfs kj su `ujrtj, bms hfovubscfojs quj bf smhukcjrfo kjskj bm hmgjzm m bfs pcjs, jb hfbfr m`mrcbbjotf kj su rfstrf, jb hfrtjnf dþojgrj, tfkf duj jshmrgmkf hfo sjvchcm y jxm`comkf y pfotcdchmkf. M  pmrtcr kj jsm `ujrtj, ujrtj, bm gcfarmdàm kj bm dm` dm`cbc cbcmm of pmrjhj pm rjhj scof uo hmtmstrf kj rjvjrgjrmhcfojs kj bm tfs, armkfs kj vmeàkfs, hfbfrmhcfojs kj bm bcvckjz, þbtc`ms þbtc` ms pmbmgrm p mbmgrms, s, rctfs r ctfs `frtufrcfs, `frtufrcfs, hrjspfojs hr jspfojs ojarfs, ojarfs, duojrmbjs, duojrmbjs, sjpubturms. sjpubturms. ‒Humokf bm buhem tjr`coø, j`pjhã m sjotcr hf`f ouohm motjs emgàm sjotckf quj emgàm pmz y pjrkøo pmrm ãb jo jb Hcjbf. [fkfs sus jrrfrjs ‛pmrm emgbmr  sc`pbj`jotj ‛, tfkfs sus vchcfs pmrjhàmo omkm pmrm `à jo jsj `f`jotf< hmkm jqucvfhmhcøo quj emgàm hf`jtckf, hmkm pjom quj emgàm hmusmkf, sj kjsvmojhcjrfo< søbf sus sudrc`cjotfs dujrfo rjhfrkmkfs, søbf bm co`josckmk kjb mdjhtf duj sjotckm. Ãb kjshmosm, y jsf ofs hfodfrtm m tfkfs ofsftrfs kjskj 4=44, `uhef motjs kj quj ãb kjnmrm jstj `uokf. Bm vckm of bj kcf djbchckmk‐ 4= jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Qcbbcm`s. Yjrf of jrm hcjrtf. Grmowjbb emgàm

jxpjrc`jotmkf bm mbjaràm, bm bcgjrtmk y jb m`fr quj jbbm `cs`m of emgàm hfofhckf, mb `jofs of jo jsj puotf kj ãxtmscs y kjsjodrjof. Hemrbfttj tuvf quj jotjrrmr, jo jb `cs`f pmýf `frtufrcf quj jovfbvcø m Grmowjbb, oujvfs rjsjotc`cjotfs> ‒M `c pfgrj Ymkrj omturmb`jotj bj c`pfrtm `ís su þochf Ecnf quj sus ecnms, y em sudrckf pfr su hmusm `uhef y pfr `uhef tcj`pf. Bbfrø pfr 

 

su pãrkckm hf`f Kmvck pfr su Mgsmbøo> ―¡@c ecnf! ¡@c ecnf!– S sj rjeusø, mb  prcohcpcf, m sjr hfodfrtmkf‐ hfodfrtmkf‐4=1 . Jbbm, quj m`mgm y mgfrrjhàm m su ejr`mof hfo caumb djrvfr, of hf`jr pukf jo pcj bm bm efrm kj su `ujrtj. `cs`m `mýmom kjnø kj hf` jr ysfstjojrsj tuvf tuvf quj rjhbucrsj rjhb ucrsjm jo hm` h m`m, m, kjhmàkm kjhmà km pfr Jsm bm nmqujhm, n mqujhm, `mrjfs y uom cotjosm dcjgrj gcbcmr, mkj`ís kj cosf`ocf. Humtrf kàms `ís tmrkj, jb nujvjs 75, bm dm`cbcm hfokunf jb hujrpf pfr jb hm`cof quj mtrmvjsmgm jb hj`jotjrcf emstm bm cabjscm. J`cby y Mooj sj fhupmrfo kjb duojrmb, bms hmrtms y jb tã quj sj mhfstu`grmgm m fdrjhjr kjspuãs kj bm sjpubturm, ym quj Hemrbfttj of sj emgàm rjpujstf. Jb of`grj kj Grmowjbb, coshrcptf jo bm pbmhm sctumkm jo bm pmrjk jstj kj bm cabjscm nuotf mb kj su `mkrj, tàm y ejr`moms, duj armgmkf  pfrZom su m`caf m` caf Nfeo Nfekjspuãs o Grfwo,kjb jb smhrcstío smhrc stío.Hemrbfttj . sj`mom duojrmb mþo sudràm kj cosf`ocf> ‒@cs ofhejs dujrfo efrrcgbjs y bms jxpjrcjohcms c`prjscfomotjs mb kjspjrtmr jrmo kj tmb tjofr quj of pujkf pfojrbms jo pmbmgrms‐ 4=5 . Ymsø jsms tmrkjs sjotmkm jo bm smbm, ‒hfotrmàkm kj dràf drjotj mb dujaf, hfotrmàkm pfr jb vcjotf kjb jstj (quj mbauofs kàms em jstmkf sfpbmokf smbvmnj`jotj sfgrj oujstrms hfbcoms) j cohmpmz kj tf`mr uo bípcz pmrm jshrcgcr mbaf `ís quj uoms pfhms bàojms m uo m`caf cokubajotj‐4=3 . Ftrm vjz, bm dm`cbcm jotjrm jodjr`ø kj arcpj, y Hemrbfttj, sàotf`m, mhjotuøtfs bm kj prjfhupmhcøo sumvcsf prfpcmm smbuk. Yjrfmtjotm m dcojsmbkj`jofr fhtugrj bm pjrscstjotj J`cby pusf pfr sfgrj tfkm bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb. ‒[j`f quj jbbm tjoam kfbfr jo jb pjhef ‛y bj dmbtm bm rjspcrmhcøo kjspuãs kj hmkm `fvc`cjotf rípckf. Xj vj `uy, `uy kjbamkm y  píbckm.  píbck m. Xu omturmbjzm omturmbjzm rjsjrvmkm rjsjr vmkm fhmscfom uom armo coqucjtu coqucjtukk jo `c `c `jotj jotj ‛js ‛j s coþtcb prjauotmrbj mbaf, of sj fgtcjoj rjspujstm, y mþo `ís coþtcb rjhf`jokmrbj

rj`jkcfs> of bfs tf`mrí. Of pujkf kjnmr kj oftmr bm armo kjbchmkjzm kj bm hfostctuhcøo kj Mooj. Jb þbtc`f trcstj mhfotjhc`cjotf `j emhj sjotcr `ís 479 47 9

mprjoscvm quj kj hfstu` hfstu grj…‐ m sus ejr`moms, quj bm jshuhemgmo sjotmkms Hfo bm cotjohcøo kj `jotrjtjojr jo jb smbøo, uom tmrkj kj ofvcj`grj Hemrbfttj bjs bjyø jo vfz mbtm bm hràtchm kj

 

frte M`jrchmo Wjvcjw  sfgrj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms, quj kjshrcgcø m Jbbcs hf`f uo ‒kjspcbdmrrmkfr kj `mbchcm y prfdmockmk‐. Jb hràtchf hmbcdchø mb bcgrf hf`f drutfy kj m trmvãs kj bfs humbjs47=bm. [m`gcão kmozm kjbjyø bfs kj`focfs bfs ‒pjsmkcbbms mubbckfs kj ybfssujýfs, bfgfs emhjo `mbms ofvjbms‐ bm rjsjým kj Xemrpj–s Bfokfo @mamzcoj, quj kjhbmrø su cotjohcøo kj mkvjrtcr  m bfs bjhtfrjs, jspjhcmb`jotj m bms km`ms bjhtfrms, hfotrm bm tjotmhcøo kj bjjr   Bm coqucbcom coqucb com kj Qcbkdj cbkdjbb bb Embb . Jo uom hmrtm m Qcbbcm`s Hemrbfttj kjshrcgcø bm jshjom kj bm bjhturm> ‒Hf`f yf jstmgm sjotmkm jotrj jbbms motj oujstrf scbjohcfsf, pjrf mefrm kj mbauom `mojrm `jbmohøbchf dujaf, jstukcã m bfs kfs djrfhjs mutfrjs. Jbbcs  ‛ jb jb ―ef`grj kj tmbjotf pfhf hf`þo pjrf grutmb, fgstcomkf y pjrvjrsf–, jstmgm sjotmkf su scbbm ‛  mhf`pmsmokf rjspcrmhcøo mactmkm hf`f pfkàm, buhcjokf píbckm yjo kjvmstmkm   sc of sj rcø,susforcø,  sc jotrj kcvjrtckm y jofnmkm, `cjotrms jshuhemgm. Mhtfo jstmgm hfscjokf, sco kjnmr vjr  su j`fhcøo, søbf sforcø… mb jshuhemr su tj`pjrm`jotf tmo fshurm`jotj rjtrmtmkf. Sf jspjrf quj jb hràtchf quj pmrjhj hrjjrsj tmo smamz eugcjrm vcstf bf quj yf vc. …[m`gcão sj kcnf quj  Nmoj Jyrj duj jshrctf jo hfbmgfrmhcøo y quj bbjvmgm bm `mrhm kj `ís kj uom `jotj y uo sjxf‐ 477 . Jb tjxtf suajràm quj bfs Gjbb pfkràmo sjr uo `mrckf y uom jspfsm, f uo ejr`mof ejr`mom. Yjrf jo mbaf jb mbjnmkm hràtchf kj kj  Ofrte M`jrchmo Wjvcjw jstmgm jo ybfuom hcjrtf> bm `frmbckmk jstí `uy .S Hu`grjs Hu`g rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms mkj`ís, ¶quã hbmsj kj `frmbckmk rcaj bm fgrm kj J`cby, bm `ís ajocmb kj bfs ejr`mofs Grfotì6* Grfotì6**  Xu rjbcacøo prcvmkm, mprfpcmkm pmrm Ejmtehbcdd, huyf of`grj mbukj mb grjzf smbvmnj kjb mhmotcbmkf y m bfs prjhcpchcfs, of hf`ubam jo mgsfbutf hfo bm kj bm Cabjscm kj Coabmtjrrm> ‒Tmofs sfo bfs coou`jrmgbjs

hrjkfs/ ]uj mockmo jo jb hfrmzøo kj bfs eu`mofs, cokjhcgbj`jotj vmofs ‒Js uo kj`focf kj bcgrf, uo cohrjàgbj `fostruf, quj hf`gcom tfkms bms tjokjohcms tjo kjohcms dj`joco dj`Bm jocoms ms `ís pfkjrfsms pfkjrfs ms kjskj kjo jskjjbbmCodcjrof, sjýfrm Grfwocoa bm sjýfrm Grfworcaa. mhhcøo trmoshurrj søbf qujemstm bfs jshjomrcfs y pjrsfomnjs tcjojo tcjojo of`grjs of`grjs coabjsjs coabjsjs‐‐47; . Jo jsfs kàms kà ms Mooj Mooj rjhcgc r jhcgcøø oujvms oujvms hmrtms kj sus motcau motcaums ms pupcbms, Jbczmgjte Jb czmgjte y @mry Wfgcosfo, hfo bms ofvjkmkjs kj bfs hf`prf`csfs y `mtrc`focfs  pbmojmkfs pfr su `mkrj. Jb 5 kj ofvcj`grj, ofvcj`grj, m `jofs kj kfs `jsjs kj bm `ujrtj kj Grmowjbb, su motcaum m`motj sj hmsø hfo Xcr Jkwmrk Xhftt> ‒Jbbm js Bmky Xhftt mefrm. Xus ecnms kchjo quj jstí jo jb `ís mbtf jspàrctu‐ 47: . @ís  pjrsfomnj gmbzmhcmof quj grfotìmof, grfotìmof, mky of Xhftt dujsfgrjvcvj kjshrcptm kjshrc ptmscof pfr quj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb hf`f ‒…bm kjskchemkm `unjrBquj søbfduj dcaurm jo bfs hàrhubfs mbjarjs kj bm sfhcjkmk bfokcojosj hf`f uom jbjamotj, vcvmz y dbfrjhcjotj vcukm…‐474 . Jo kchcj`grj bms kfs `uhemhems Wfgcosfo vcsctmrfo bm rjhtfràm, pjrf motjs tf`mrfo bm prjhmuhcøo kj prjauotmr sc su hmrrumnj pfkràm sugcr bm hfbcom kjb  pujgbf> ‒Bjs kcnc` kcnc `fs ―sà– pfrquj pjosm`fs pjosm`fs quj, sc bfarmgmo trjpmr jb 4711.  prjhcpctmkf  prjhc pctmkf rjhfkf, of cràmo m cotjot cotjotmr mr jb jxpjrc`jotf jxpjrc`jotf oujvm` oujvm`jot jotj‐ j‐47 Bms vcsctms (‒uoms mtrmhtcvms y gjbbms nøvjojs‐, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo) ‒pmrjhàmo bbjoms kj mbjaràm kj vjr m Mooj< humokf jotrã jo bm smbm of sj kjsprjokàmo kj jbbm, jbbm , bm rfkjmgmo hf`f kfs ocýms. Jbbm, jotrjtmo jotrjtmotf, tf, sj `motjoàm motjoàm  pjrdjhtm`jot  pjrdjhtm` jotjj scbjohcfsm sc bjohcfsm y pmscvm. Xus `mojrms `mojrms jvckjohcmgmo `ís `ís drcvfb drcvfbckmk ckmk y bcajrjzm quj prjtjoscøo f pf`pfsckmk‐475 . Bms motcaums kcshàpubms kj Mooj kjgjo kj emgjr jvfhmkf jo Hemrbfttj su rjhcjotj bjhturm kj Fraubbf y

rjnuchcf, y jo jsj sjotckf sus `mojrms of pfkàmo sjr `ís jnj`pbmrjs. Of bj emgàm austmkf Nmoj Mustjo, y humokf bjyø J``  J``mm, kfs mýfs `ís tmrkj, rjmdcr`ø su prc`jrm c`prjscøo mb 473 hfosckjrmr quj ‒bms pmscfojs sfo hf`pbjtm`jotj kjshfofhckms pmrm jbbm‐ . Xu puozmotj `crmkm sfgrj bms `uhemhems Wfgcosfo, mkj`ís, of pfkàm fbvckmr m Grmowjbb.

 

Bms drjhujotjs hmrtms kjb sjýfr Qcbbcm`s, bms rjsjýms kcspmrmtmkms f jb hejquj kj hcjo bcgrms pfr bm tjrhjrm jkchcøo kj  Nmoj Jyrj, quj sjauàm vjokcjokf uo `fkf sfrprjokjotj, of emgjr dujrfohfodjrckf tmo gcjovjockfs hf`f uo jovàfm kj bcgrfs kjkjAjfraj X`cte> ‒Of pfkràm uo gjojdchcf `myfr `c qujrckm ejr`mom J`cby, quj jo jstj `f`jotf jstí kj`mscmkf jodjr`m hf`f  pmrm jshrcgcr jshrc gcr f emhjr humbqucjr humbqucjr hfsm jxhjptf jxhjptf bjjr. Jbbm sforcø humokf humokf bj kcnj quj jb sjýfr X`cte X`cte ofs ofs emgàm jovcmkf `ís bcgrfs> bcgrf s> jstmgm js tmgm hf` hf`pbmhc pbmhckm‐ km‐489 . Bm mbjaràm kj mgrcr bfs pmqujtjs y kjshugrcr bfs bcgrfs kcstrmnf uo rmtf m J`cby kj su tjrqujkmk jo ojamrsj m tf`mr `jkchcoms f vjr m uo `ãkchf. Jb 78 kj ofvcj`grj Hemrbfttj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo> ‒Sf hrjf quj sc tþ bm vcjrms tu c`prjscøo qujejofvcstf. emy Bm jspjrmozms> euokckf, píbckf y kjsjohmnmkfsjràm ouohm tfs sjhm ysj`gbmotj prfduokm `ís hfotcoþm, bm rjspcrmhcøo trms uo `àoc`f jsdujrzf js uo nmkjf, y bfs kfbfrjs jo jb pjhef y jb hfstmkf. Xu  pubsf, bm þochm vjz quj pjr` pj r`ctcø ctcø quj sj bf tf`mrm, tf`mrm, jrm kj ==: pubsmhcfojs pfr  `coutf‐48= . Jbbjo sj fdrjhcø m vcmnmr kj co`jkcmtf, pjrf J`cby of bf pjr`ctcø> oc scqucjrm mhjptmgm quj sus ejr`moms bm myukmsjo m hm`comr f vjstcrsj< Qcbbcm`s bj jovcø uo bcgrf kj ef`jfpmtàm, quj J`cby bjyø, pjrf sj rjeusø m sjaucr ocoaþo trmtm`cjotf< jb sjýfr X`cte suacrcø jovcmrbjs (‒jo dfr`m 4877 48

. Hemrbfttj moøoc`m‐) Jpps, `ís j`cojotj kj Bfokrjs‐  prjpmrø uombcodfr` cokfhtfr dfr`jj hfo bfs‒jbsàotf` sàot f`ms ms y sj bf`ãkchf jovcø, pjrf pjr f bms cokchmhcfojs, quj tmrkmrfo jo bbjamr, of dujrfo mhjptmkms pfr J`cby. ‒Ocoaþo `ãkchf jovjojomkfr‐488   cràm m mhjrhmrsj m jbbm. Xc Hemrbfttj bm emgàm hmbcdchmkf kj ‒jstfchm jo bm jodjr`jkmk‐48; , bm sjýfrm Amsljbb hmbcdchø su hf`pfrtm`cjotf hf`f ‒bm vjrkmkjrm jsjohcm kjb `ís sjvjrf jafàs`f‐48: , pjrf motjs kj

 pugbchmr bm gcfarmdàm tmheø tmheø jstj hf`jot hf`jotmrcf. mrcf. @cjotrms @cjotrms su pmkrj sj `fstrmgm mgmtckf y ‒smhukàm su hmgjzm mb emgbmr kj ftrfs `cj`grfs kj oujstrm dm`cbcm hfo jodjr`jkmkjs sc`cbmrjs, quj bj c`pjkàmo mbgjramr jspjrmozms‐, Mooj y Hemrbfttj j`pjzmgmo m kjshrjjr jo su rjhupjrmhcøo. ‒Hrjf quj J`cby js bf 48 4 `ís prøxc`f m `c hfrmzøo jo jstj `uokf.‐484

 

Jo bm tmrkj kjb =5 kj kchcj`grj Hemrbfttj bj bjyø uof kj bfs josmyfs kj J`jrsfo quj Ajfraj X`cte bj emgàm jovcmkf jo jb þbtc`f hfrrjf. Jsm ofhej coscstcø mbc`jotmr m bfs pjrrfs, Ljjpjr Dbfssy, su hfstu`grj. Yjrf mb jo mtrmvjsmr jb pjqujýf pmsmkczf kj ypcjkrm qujhf`f uoàmjrm bm hfhcom hfo bm  pujrtmm jxtjrcfr  pujrt jxtjrcfr sj tm`gmbjø, tm`gmbjø, m uo puot puotff kjb kjs` kj s`myf. myf. Mb Mb kàm scaucjotj, scaucjotj, mb vjr su rfstrf, Hemrbfttj hf`prjokcø quj jstmgm mafoczmokf. J`cby cotjotø pfojrsj jb vjstckf `cjotrms c`pjkàm m Hemrbfttj y m @mrtem Grfwo quj bm myukmrmo, y hfo bm rjspcrmhcøo rfohm y nmkjmotj tf`ø su trmgmnf kj hfsturm. [joàm bfs fnfs 48 1. Hemrbfttj duj mb vckrcfsfs> ‒Xc qucjrjs bbm`mr m uo `ãkchf, bf vjrã‐ 481  pírm`f m gushmr uom rm`ctm rm`ctm kj grjzf y gushø kjsjspjrmkm kjsjspjr mkm jotrj jotrj bms dbfrjs `mrhectms, emstm quj Yjrf johfotrø jotrj bfs pjqujýfs y arcjtms rjsaumrkmkfs kjb dràf. jbbm ofuom pukf rjhfofhjrbm, hfo bfseujhfs fnfs j`pmýmkfs j cokcdjrjotjs. @urcø m bms kfs kj bm tmrkj. @ís smoaucomrcm quj vàhtc`m, jo bfs þbtc`fs costmotjs J`cby sj rjscstcø m bm `ujrtj hfo djrfhckmk y vjej`johcm> ‒Of pujkf fbvckmr jb kàm kj bm `ujrtj kj J`cby, vujbvj m `à hf`f uom ckjm rjhurrjotj, `ís fshurm quj ouohm> duj tjrrcgbj, jbbm sj tfroø hfoshcjotj, moejbmotj y rjsujbtm m of mgmokfomr su vckm 4855, rjbmtø `ís mkjbmotj Hemrbfttj. Xu pfjsàm ajocmb, quj kf`comgm djbcz‐48 kjbchmkm`jotj rct`fs, bms gbmsdj` msfomohcms kj bm sfofrckmkbfs y kjb sjot s jotckf, ckf, gb msdj`mgm> mgm>y bms rc`ms, pjrf sfgrj tfkf bm uocøo   ¶]uã c`pfrtmotjs sjhrjtfs rjvjbmo bfs `fotjs sfbctmrcfs6 Abfrcm y mdbchhcøo mdbc hhcøo cojomrrmg cojomrrmgbjs. bjs.  Bm [cjrrm, [cjrrm, mb kjs kjspjrtmr pjrtmr jb hfrmzøo eu`mo eu`mof, f,

4833 uoj m`gfs `uokfs, jb Hcjbf y jb Codcjrof.48  

@jofs trjs `jsjs kjspuãskjb kjhj`jotjrcf mscstcr mb hfrtjnf Ljjpjr  scaucø mb kjkjJ`cby pfr jb hm`cof y jotrø kj jo bmGrmowjbb, cabjscm> omkcj sj mtrjvcø m jhemrbf kurmotj bm bjhturm kjb sjrvchcf dþojgrj. Humokf vfbvcø m bm

 

hmsm, sj jheø nuotf m bm pujrtm kjb humrtf kj J`cby y mubbø kurmotj vmrcfs kàms** kàms ****. Mooj bmoauckjhcø jsm `cs`m sj`mom y msà hfohbuyø jb `mbkctf =5;5.

Bms drchhcfojs kj vcomarj hmbcjotj quj Hemrbfttj sj mpbchø hfo kjkchmhcøo kurmotj tfkf jb covcjrof cotjotmrfo mpbmhmr `jofs sus kfbfrjs kj pjhef quj bm cohjrtcku` cohjrtcku `grj sfgrj s fgrj jb kjstcof kj bfs sfgrjvcvcjotjs. sfgrjvc vcjotjs. ¶]u ¶]ucão cão sjràm jb prøxc` pr øxc`f6 f6 Jo pfhfs kàms, bm kjgcbckmk kj Mooj bm fgbcaø m fbvckmrsj kj jbbm `cs`m, muoquj bm jshrcturm kj uom oujvm ofvjbm, Xecrbjy, bbmm kcstrmàm kc strmàm pfr `f`jot f`jotfs. fs. Bbm`mrfo mb `jnfr `ãkchf kj Bjjks jo bfs prc`jrfs kàms kjb oujvf mýf, `cjotrms jstmgm Jbbjo kj vcsctm. Zom vjz quj jb kfhtfr [jmbj sj rjtcrø, kjspuãs

kj jxm`comr m Mooj, jb sjýfr Grfotì sj mhjrhø mb kcvío kfokj jbbm rjpfsmgm y bj susurrø hfo cousumb kubzurm> ‒@c qujrckm pjqujým Mooj‐ hfo tmb j`fhcøo y kjsjspjrmozm quj Hemrbfttj jotjokcø quj bm `ujrtj bfs mhjhemgm, ftrm vjz. Mefrm jstmgm `ís mb tmotf kj bm omturmbjzm kj bm tugjrhubfscs y j`pjzø m sfspjhemr quj bm jodjr`jkmk sj hjroàm sfgrj bm dm`cbcm kjskj `uhef mtrís>

 

‒Hf`f ocoauof kj ofsftrfs pfsjàm uom smbuk rfgustm, of mkvjrtc`fs bm armkumb mprfxc`mhcøo kj bm jodjr`jkmk< of hfofhàm`fs bfs sàotf`ms< bm tfs sjhm, bm  pãrkckm bm tjokjohcm tjo kjohcm m rjsdrcmrsj rjsdrcmr motj motjftrm bm b m `jofr `jo fr vmrcmhcøo vmrcmh 4;9cøo scj`prj kj dujmpjtctf, vcstm hf`f mbaf hf`þo. Bm vjfsjhfo buz mefrm‐ . kjb hbc`m Jb covcjrof trmoshurrcø ‒hf`f uo trjo duojrmrcf‐ 4;= , pjrf humokf Mooj sj sjotmgm jo bm scbbm `jhjkfrm kj J`cby nuotf mb dujaf pmrm bjjr bfs bcgrfs quj bjs jovcmgm jb sjýfr X`cte, pjsj mb kchtm`jo kj bfs `ãkchfs bms jspjrmozms  pfr su rjhupjrmhcøo vfbvàmo. vfbvà mo. Jo djgrjrf jstmgm `jnfr> bm dcjgrj emgàm gmn gmnmkf mkf y Hemrbfttj, mbcvcmkm, `mokø m Qcbbcm`s jb prc`jr vfbu`jo kj Xecrbjy. Yjrf m `jkcmkfs kj `mrzf kjhbcoø kj oujvf. Bm c`pftjohcm of uo emgjr pfkckf prfpfrhcfomr uo `ãkchf oc rj`jkcfs J`cby sj hfovcrtcøkjjo huckmkf fgsjscvf hfo Mooj, tmo køhcb y m`mgbj.m Hemrbfttj He mrbfttj sjotàm hcjrtf hcj rtf hfosujbf hfosujbf jo pjosmr quj jstmgm huckíokfbm huckíokfbm hfo tfkfs bfs rjhursfs m su mbhmohj. Of scotcø hfo Mooj, hf`f hfo J`cby, bj jshrcgcø m Qcbbcm`s, bm mafoàm kj sjr dfrzmkm m kjnmrbm jo uo tftmb mgmokfof. Mkj`ís kj  pjr`ctcr  pjr` ctcr quj bj mpbchmr mpb chmrmo mo uo uo vjncamtfrcf sc`cbmr mb kj @mrcm jo Hfwmo Grckaj, Mooj tf`ø tøochfs kj ecjrrf y scaucø bms prjshrcphcfojs kjb kfhtfr Dfrgjs> of mbjotmr jspjrmozms y gjgjr mhjctj kj eàamkf kj gmhmbmf, quj fbàm ‒hf`f mhjctj 4; 7 4;7

kj Jb trjo‐ . emgàm sjýmbmkf bfs gjojdchcfs kjb mcrj kj `mr y sus jdjhtfs `ãkchf rjhfostctuyjotjs jo bfs prc`jrfs jstmkcfs kj bm hfosuohcøo y Mooj prfpusf cr m Xhmrgfrfuae, mkfokj emgàm vcmnmkf hf`f costctutrcz kj bms ocýms Wfgcosfo, uo sctcf quj mkfrmgm. Xctumkf jo jb vjotfsf y dràf @mr kjb Ofrtj, Xhmrgfrfuae of  pmrjhàmm uo buamr  pmrjhà buamr mprfpcmkf mprfpcm kf pmrm hurmrsj kj bm hfosuohcøo hfosuohcøo>> jb `moumb moumb kj

`jkchcom kf`ãstchm quj sfbàm hfosubtmr jb sjýfr Grfotì, jo hm`gcf, mhfosjnmgm jb gmbojmrcf `mtjrof> ‒Js gcjo hfofhckf quj `uhems pjrsfoms jodjr`ms armvj`jotj kjYjozmohj‐**** hfosuohcøo sj .emo kjspuãs kj uom bmram jstmohcm jo Yjozmohj‐ ****. [mb rjhupjrmkf vjz pfrquj pjrdjhtm`jotj Hfroumbbjs jstmgm `uy mbjnmkf y jb trmsbmkf pfkàm rjsubtmr mhhckjotmkf y hfstfsf, omkcj bf `johcfoø.

 

Hemrbfttj sj fpusf mb vcmnj m Xhmrgfrfuae mbjamokf bm kjgcbckmk kj bm jodjr`m, bfs rcafrjs kjb hbc`m y bms kcdchubtmkjs kjb vcmnj jo su jstmkf. Mooj coscstcø jo sj`moms uo ajstf emstm kj prftjhhcøo, f of, f`csfkjhbmrø mb pjkckf. Ymsmrfoybms quj m dcojs kjHemrbfttj `mrzf jbeczf sjýfrhmsf Grfotì quj sus msuotfs of bj pjr`ctàmo kjnmr bm rjhtfràm. Hemrbfttj sj scotcø 4;88 m pjr`mojhjr m su bmkf, mbaf mgsurkf, kjskj ‒hfosjhujotj`jotj fgbcamkm‐4; bujaf. buja f. Mooj, Mooj, hfo kjsusmkm coscstjo c oscstjohcm, hcm, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø hmbbm h mbbmkm` km`jot jotjj m Jbbjo y bj pckcø pc kcø quj bm mhf`pmýmrm. [joàm jo su pfkjr uo bjamkf kj kfshcjotms bcgrms kj su `mkrcom mkr com Dmoo Dm ooyy Fute Futewm wmctj, ctj, quj emgàm `ujrtf pfhf pfh f mot m otjs. js. ‒Of tjoaf efrrfr m bm `ujrtj> sc pcjosf quj js cojvctmgbj pfkràm rjscaomr`j qucjtm`jotj jspjrmozmjokj`c qujbuamr. ustjk,Yjrf qujrckm sjýfrctm sjr  uom ejr`momhfo pmrmbmHemrbfttj tmb vjz Kcfs Oussjy, kjsjj ofpfkràm bbjvmr`j tfkmvàm hfoscaf, of søbf pfr jb gjojdchcf kj pmpí y Hemrbfttj, scof pfrquj hrjm quj mþo pujkf emhjr mbaf gujof jo jb `uokf. [joaf `uhefs pbmojs jo `c hmgjzm pmrm jb duturf ‛eu`cbkjs y bc`ctmkfs‛ pjrf muo msà tjoaf jsfs  pjqujýfs prfpøsctfs…‐4;; Jbbjo cotrfkunf jstm hmrtm kjotrf kj uo sfgrj y sj bm jovcø m Hemrbfttj, quj bj hfotjstø> ‒Js sudchcjotj`jotj hfo`fvjkfrm, hf`f tþ kchjs‐ 4;: . Yjrf sj`moms kjspuãs fdrjhcø hfotcoumgmo tfkfs mjobm Emwfrte nuotfqujkmrsj mb pírrfhf. mknutfr, Mrteur Ochefbbs, trmsbmkmrsj rjhtfràm pmrm m suJb bmkf, pjrf ãb rjeusø bm fdjrtm. M `jkckm quj pmsmgmo bfs kàms, Mooj jodbmqujhàm. Ymrm `jkcmkfs kj `myf jstmgm mþo `ís kjbamkm quj J`cby y mpjoms pfkàm sugcr bms jshmbjrms. Ymsmgm jb kàm jo uo ‒jstmkf kj sj`c-bjtmracm‐4;4 , jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m @mramrjt Qffbjr. Jrm kj`mscmkf tmrkj pmrm jspjrmr quj jb vcmnj mb `mr 

 pukcjrm hurmrbm, pjrf of pmrm hu`pbcr hu`pbcr su moejbf. moejbf. Jb `ãkchf, sjaþo rjacstrm uom uom moftmhcøo mb `mrajo kj  @jkchc  @jkchcom om Kf` Kf`ãstc ãstchm hm @fkjrom hfo bm bjtrm kjb sjýfr  Grfotì, emgàm qujquj vcmnmrm m Xhmrgfrfuae jo `myf, quj pmsmr uofsrjhf`jokmkf kàms `ís emstm jb `cs`f pírrfhf suacrcø quj pjrf dujrmotuvcjrfo sco ãb. Bm hf`pmýàm kj [mggy y @mrtem Grfwo, mkunf, sjràm sudchcjotj pmrm ãb.

 

Jbbjo sj fdrjhcø m mhf`pmýmrbms. Jb `cãrhfbjs 78 kj `myf tf`ø jb trjo emstm Bjjks y jspjrø m sus m`cams, sjaþo emgàmo hfovjockf, sjotmkm jo uo  gmohf kj bmquj jstmhcøo. jb pmsmr efrms sjkjduj dujkfs bbjomkf uom coqucjtuk kjvcofYjrf jo hfo jspmotf motjkjbmbmsbbjamkm trjojskj quj trmospfrtmgmo mtmþkjs. Bbjom kj mprjoscøo, mscstcø mb trmsbmkf kj bfs dãrjtrfs emstmm bms emst b ms hmrrfzms hmr rfzms dþojgrjs dþojgrjs quj bfs maumrkmgmo maumrkmgmo jo bm jotrmkm kj bm jjstmhcøo. stmhcøo. Bj Bj  pmrjhcøø uo `mb prjsmacf.  pmrjhc prjs macf. Mb kàm scaucjotj vcmnø m Emwfrte y sj johfotrø hfo quj jb kjhmc`cjotf kj Mooj bjs emgàm c`pjkckf pmrtcr jb kàm motjrcfr, pjrf sj kjhckcjrfo, kj tfkms `mojrms, m smbcr jsj `cs`f nujvjs. Bujaf kj uo vcmnj sco hfotrmtcj`pfs,  pmsmrfo bm ofhej jo Sfrl, kfokj Mooj Mooj qucsf vcsctmr bm hmtjkrmb kj @uo @uostjr> ‒Xc jb pfkjr tjrrjomb pujkj emhjr jstf… ¶quã of pfkrí6‐ 4;1 , `ur`urø, y sj j`fhcfoø tmotf, hfotø Jbbjo, quj duj hfokuhckm m bm emgctmhcøo kjb eftjb Ajfraj jo jstmkf kj jxmbtmhcøo `àstchm, hf`f uom `fonm f uom smotm, `cjotrms ‒nuotmgm sus `mofs y jbjvmgm bfs fnfs jo scbjohcfsm mhhcøo kj armhcms‐, pmrm 4;55. bujaf ‒kjhcr sus pbjamrcms kj rfkcbbms‐4; Bm ofhej kjb vcjrojs, ym jo Xhmrgfrfuae, sj rjacstrmrfo jo Qffk–s Bfkacoas o¹ 7. [ej Hbcdd jrm jb vcjnf eftjb kfokj sj sfbàmo efspjkmr bfs Wfgcosfo, uof kj bfs `jnfrjs jstmgbjhc`cjotfs bm hcukmk. kcjrfo uo armo y uomy emgctmhcøo mcrjmkm y m`pbcm, hfokjhm`m kfgbj Bjs y vcstm mb `mr, pfr smbøo uom bcgrm `jkcm m bm sj`mom. Bm vcscøo kjb `mr y bm mrjom echcjrfo rjvcvcr m Mooj hfo tmb mbjaràm y jotuscms`f, jshrcgcø bujaf Jbbjo, quj jbbm y Hemrbfttj hfodcmrfo jo quj jb mcrj `mràtc`f bj kjvfbvjràm bm smbuk. Jb bjamkf kj bm `mkrcom, kcnf Hemrbfttj, of

 pfkràm emgjr sckf `jnfr j`pbjmkf j`pbjmkf quj jo jsj cotjot cotjotff kj prfbfoa prfbfoamr mr f rjstmgbjhjr bm vckm kj su ejr`mom. Jb sígmkf Mooj coscstcø jo cr sfbm m bfs  gmýfs, y emstm hfokunf hfokunf uo hmrrf tcrmkf pfr uo gurrf gurrf sfgrj bm mrjom, j costø costø mb `uhemhef quj bf huckmgm m trmtmrbf hfo gfokmk. Jb kf`coaf pfr bm tmrkj, sjotmkm jo uo gmohf sfgrj bm pbmym, qucsf qujkmrsj sfbm `crmokf jb pujotj jo

 

jb `jkcf kj bm gmeàm, uom vcscøo kj mhmotcbmkfs sfgrj jb `mr quj bm trmospfrtmgm. [f`mrfo hmdã y bc`fomkms, hf`prmrfo omrmonms, pjrf Mooj jstmgm jxemustm. jo bm emgctmhcøo, jo uom scbbm sctumkm @ís drjotjtmrkj, mb fhãmof, kfokj ‒jb fgsjrvø hmstcbbf jb kjbhrjpþshubf mhmotcbmkfsjotmkm sj mbzmgm hfo tfkm su abfrcm kfrmkf pfr bfs rmyfs kjb sfb pfocjotj‐ 4;3 , jshrcgcø Jbbjo, trmtmokf kj pfojrsj m bm mbturm kj bm bàrchm kj sus m`cams. Jsm ofhej Mooj prjscotcø bm bbjamkm kj bm `ujrtj, muoquj pmrm Hemrbfttj y Jbbjo ym jrm uom hjrtjzm, y hfo jsj mcrj kj vcrajo f `írtcr quj kj mbaþo `fkf bm mhf`pmýø kjskj ocým, hf`f sugrmyø Jbbjo, pmrjhàm djbcz. Xøbf bm  prjfhupmgm jb trmstfrof trmstfrof quj pfkràm pfkrà m trmjr m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj jb trmsbmkf kj su mtmþk m Emwfrte> coscstcø mb efamr pjrf kchtm`coø jb `ãkchf quj mb quj cotjrrfamrfo sfgrjjobm vfbvjr fpfrtuockmk kjbhumotf vcmnj motjs, kj rjarjsf bj qujkmgmo pfhms efrms y jb vcmnj du dujj kjsjhemkf. kjs jhemkf. Hfo sjrjockmk, jotfohjs, jotfohjs, `crø `crø 4:99. m su ejr`mom y bj kcnf> ‒[jo vmbfr Hemrbfttj, tjo vmbfr‐ 4:  Of kjgjràm kjgjrà m emgjrsj prjfhupmkf p rjfhupmkf pfr bms kcdchubtmkjs kjb trmsbmkf, pfrquj of suhjkcø. Bm jotjrrmrfo jo jb hj`jotjrcf kj bm cabjscm kj Xt. @mry, jo Xhmrgfrfuae, søbf Jbbjo y Hemrbfttj, pfrquj Hemrbfttj jspmotø mb `ãkchf quj coscstcø jo mhf`pmýmrbms y m bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr, quj tjoàm uom hmsm jo jb  gmbojmrcf y tm` tm`gcão gcão emgàm fdrjhckf su myukm. my Mooj Mooj `u `urcø bm tmrkj kjb buojs buojs 75 4:ukm. =. Hemrbfttj, kj `myf kj =5;3 ‒`uy kubhj`jotj‐4:= jxemustm y hfo dcjgrj, jspjrø uo kàm jotjrf pmrm jshrcgcr m su pmkrj. Kj pmsf, hfo bm kj`frm bj jvctø jb trmstfrof kjb vcmnj> ¶jstmgm jo su íoc`f, mkj`ís, dmhcbctmr bm mscstjohcm kjb  pírrfhf m uom uom hjrj`focm hjrj`focm quj sj hjbjgrmgm hjbjgr mgm jo Emwfrte jo jsfs kàms6 Bj mouohcø quj of bbjamràm m tcj`pf pmrm jb duojrmb y quj bms ajstcfojs pmrm jb

jotcjrrf jstmgmo jo `mrhem. Bm jvjotumbckmk kj trmsbmkmr jb hujrpf emstm Emwfrte duj duj kjshmrtmkm, ym pfrquj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj qucscjrm qucscjr m mefrrmr jb kcojrf, k cojrf, ym pfr  jvctmr hf`pbchmhcfojs quj quj mhmrrjmràm. sc Mooj bf eugcjrm jstmràmbms rjacstrmkf jo jb rjbmtf jshrcgcøYjrf Jbbjo, `couhcfsf y of sfbchctmkf, jxjotf kj `frgckjz jo bm kjshrcphcøo kj bfs `f`jotfs `frtufrcfs. ‒Jb `jbmohøbchf

 

trmsbmkf ouohm duj ejhef pfr bm mdbcackm ejr`mom, quj kjhckcø kjnmr ymhjr bm dbfr jo jb buamr jo quj emgàm hmàkf. Jbbm hrjàm quj jstf jrm bf `ís mhfrkj hfo bfs kjsjfs kj bm quj emgàm pmrtckf. Of dujrfo jxprjsmkfs kjsjfs. Jbbm of emgàm prjdjrckf ocoaþo sctcf.‐4:7  Kj `fkf quj bm tu`gm kj Mooj js bm þochm quj of fhupm su buamr jo bm cabjscm kj Emwfrte quj mbgjram mb rjstf kj bm dm`cbcm. Jb sjýfr sjý fr Grfotì, quj quj nu n uaø su pmpjb jo jstm pfstrjrm pjrf of þbtc`m jxhbuscøo jxhbuscøo kj Mooj, coscstcø jo quj Hemrbfttj pjr`mojhcjrm uoms sj`moms jo jb `mr, hfosckjrmokf quj sjràm gjojdchcfsf pmrm uom smbuk tmo jokjgbj hf`f bm suym. Bms m`cams of sj qujkmrfo jo Xhmrgfrfuae, sco j`gmraf< sj costmbmrfo jo uo eftjbctf kj Dcbjy, `uy hjrhm kj mbbà, kfokj pmsmrfo4:8 uofs kàms `ís. Kj rjarjsf jo bm rjhtfràm ‒bc`pcm y rjbuhcjotj‐ 4: 8, bfs pjrrfs bm rjhcgcjrfo ‒hfo jxtrmýf ãxtmscs‐, hf`f sc motj Dbfssy y Ljjpjr jbbm rjprjsjotmrm m sus ejr`moms ejr` moms jo bm [cjrrm, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m Jbbjo. Jbb jo. Tfbvcø kjb `mr rjsdrcmkm r jsdrcmkm y hfo kfbfrjs `ushubmrjs, pjrf fhubtø bfs sàotf`ms m su pmkrj, ‒huym moscjkmk `j mtfr`jotm 4:;;. Bm `ujrtj, quj emgàm vcsctmkf bm hmsm kurmotj kj uom `mojrm cojxprjsmgbj‐4: jb ftfýf, jb covcjrof y bm prc`mvjrm, rfokmgm m Hemrbfttj sco quj jbbm pukcjrm jvctmrbf. Bm sþgctm kjhbcomhcøo kj J`cby, tmo rfgustm y smbukmgbj, bj kmgm rmzfojs sudchcjotjs hf`f pmrm tj`jr pfr jbbm `cs`m, tmo jodjr`czm kjskj  pjqujým. Bm tjfràm kjb ajr`jo jr`jo cod c odjhhcfs jhhcfsff kj bm hfosuohcøo hfosuohcøo of sj kcdu kcduookcø jo bfs í`gctfs hcjotàdchfs emstm vjcotj mýfs `ís tmrkj, kj `mojrm quj humbqucjr  jodrcm`cjotf pfkàm hfovjrtcrsj, jo bm rjhtfràm, jo uo msuotf kj vckm f `ujrtj. Bm musjohcm kj sus ejr`moms bj hmusmgm uom trcstjzm cotfbjrmgbj. ‒Bm armo  prujgm js humokf humokf hmj bm tmrkj y sj mhjrhm bm ofhej‐, ofhej‐, jshrcgcø jshrc gcø m Jbbjo. ‒M ‒ M jsm

efrm ofsftrms ofs rjuoàm`fs jo bm smbm ‛sfbàm`fs hemrbmr‛. Mefrm `j scjotf 4:::  Jb cosf`ocf quj bj emgàm sfbm, ojhjsmrcm`jotj jstfy jo scbjohcf.‐4: sfgrjvjockf kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kj Grmowjbb sj mhjotuø, y bm vcscøo kj Ljjpjr, mpfstmkf jo jb pjqujýf humrtf kj J`cby, y bm kj Dbfssy, `jrfkjmokf bm hmsm trms bfs rmstrfs kj Mooj, of kjnmgmo kj mpjsmku`grmrbm.

 

‒Bmgfr kjgj sjr bm hurm, of bm sc`pmtàm. Bmgfr js bm þochm hurm rmkchmb pmrm bm pjom mrrmcamkm‐4:4 , jshrcgcø m Qcbbcm`s, hctmokf m @mhgjte. Xu hfrrjspfosmb bj mhfosjnø quj hfotj`pbmrm bm pfscgcbckmk kj vcvcr jo hf`pmýàm kj mbauom nfvjo km`m y pukf emgjr `johcfomkf m uom kj sus ecnms jo mbauom kj jstms hmrtms, quj kjgjo emgjr sckf quj`mkms. Jbbm kjhbcoø su prfpujstm jo dmvfr kj jsm j sm ‒nfvjo ‒ nfvjo pjrsfom hfokjomkm hfokjomkm m hf`pmrtcr hf`pmrtcr tmo mgurrckm mgurrckm y ` `jbmohøbchm jbmohøbchm 4: 1 hfo ‒uom cabjscm y hj`jotjrcf kj pcjkrm hf`f pjrspjhtcvm, jb jxcstjohcm‐4:1 scbjohcf `frtmb kj uom rjhtfràm kj pujgbf… nuotf m uom sjrcm y scbjohcfsm 4: 5. sfbtjrfom pfr hf`pmýàm‐4:5 Jbbjo bj prfpusf emhjrbj uom vcsctm y, motj su rjoujohcm, bj jovcø kj rjambf uo gmýf kj kuhem. ‒Zo co`josf y `fostrufsf pmqujtj kj Ojbsfo, Bjjks, bbjaø myjr. Kjgcjrms sjr hmstcamkm hfo tfkf rcafr. [mb js jb marmkjhc`cjotf quj rjhcgjs pfr tfkm tu `fbjstcm… Humokf vjoams m Emwfrte, pfr hcjrtf quj tj kmrã uo rj`fnøo kj hujrpf jotjrf jo tu prfpcm kuhem. Mþo of ej kjsj`gmbmkf 4: 3, bj jshrcgcø jb 75 kj sjptcj`grj. mb hubpmgbj‐4:3 Yfr jotfohjs rjtf`ø bm jshrcturm kj Xecrbjy, mgmokfomkm kurmotj bm jodjr`jkmk kj Mooj, y jo sjptcj`grj jotrjaø jb vfbu`jo tjr`comkf m Nm`js [mybfr, uo jkctfr quj X`cte & Jbkjr jovcø m bm rjhtfràm. Jb pbmo kjb vcmnj pmrm rjhcgcr jb `moushrctf js pfscgbj quj emym surackf pfr cochcmtcvm kjb `cs`f Nm`js [mybfr. Kj humbqucjr dfr`m, m ãb bj johmotø Xecrbjy  y m pmrtcr kj jsm vcsctm j`pjzø uom msckum hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo Hemrbfttj. Bm prftmafocstm kj Xecrbjy, uom rchm y ejr`fsm ejrjkjrm, pfjtm y dcbøsfdm sco fgrm, js uo rjtrmtf ckjmbczmkf y pfhf vjrfsà`cb kj J`cby, quj sj hf`pbj`jotm hfo jb pjrsfomnj kj Hmrfbcoj Ejbstfoj, uo rjtrmtf kj Hemrbfttj tmo jstcbczmkf y dmotmscfsf hf`f

jb ftrf. Ftrm vjz, bfs pjrsfomnjs kj Hemrbfttj pjosmgmo hf`f jbbm, su `frmb of jrm kcdjrjotj m bm kj bm mutfrm. Xc jo Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms J`cby emgàm rjdbjxcfomkf sfgrj jb mb`m co`frtmb, jo Xecrbjy Hemrbfttj sjauàm emgbmokf kj sà `cs`m. Yjrf bm ofvjbm kjshrcgj m bm sfhcjkmk kjb fjstj kj Wckcoa hfo uom armhcm y `couhcm quj pusf jo vcbf m bfs hfmknutfrjs y hurms kj Sfrlsecrj.

 

Zom vjz quj Xecrbjy jotrø jo jb prfhjsf kj c`prjscøo, Hemrbfttj tuvf fpfrtuockmk kj bjjr hfo mtjohcøo bm rjsjým kjb  Ofrte Grctc Grctcse se Wjvcjw  kj mafstf, bm mefrm ajojrmbczmkm supfschcøo kj quj bfs hfsms Gjbb jrmo uof sfbf.quj Jb pmrtàm hràtchf kj emgàm mgmokfomkf bm bjhturm kj Hu`  pfr  Hu`grjs grjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms johfotrmrbf jxhjscvm`jotj kjsmarmkmgbj y mhusmgm m  Bm coqucbcom c oqucbcom kj Qcbkd cbkdjbb  jbb    kj hfotjojr jshjoms kj ‒vchcf mb kjsoukf‐ 449 . Jo jb ]umrtjrby Wjvcjw mbb  kj kj kchcj`grj kj =5;5 uo hràtchf moøoc`f ‛quj rjsubtø sjr Jbczmgjte Wcagy, uom m`cam kj N. A. Bfhlemrt‛ emgàm hmbcdchmkf m Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj kj bcgrf pjbcarfsf y ‒motchrcstcmof‐ y m Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms kj pfsjjr uo ‒pmamocs`f fkcfsf y 44 =. Kjspuãs kj tmotfs `jsjs kj mcsbm`cjotf, Hemrbfttj hmyø jo bm mgf`comgbj‐ 44= hujotm kj quj jotrj bm mtjohcøo m sus ejr`moms y bm jshrcturm kjb oujvf bcgrf emgàm kjshuckmkf bm rjputmhcøo kj bm dm`cbcm. Jxmspjrmkm, jshrcgcø uo prjdmhcf m Xecrbjy jo jb quj rjspfokcø hfo hmustchckmk m hmkm uom kj bms hràtchms kjb ]umrtjby, pjrf Ajfraj X`cte y Qcbbcm`s bm kcsumkcjrfo kj pugbchmrbf. Zo  prøbfaf hfo jb rjbmtf rj bmtf kj su s us hcrhuo hc rhuostmo stmohcms hcms pjrsfombjs y kj bm `ujrtj `ujrtj kj Mhtfo y Jbbcs Gjbb, bj suacrcjrfo, pfkràm sjr `ís mprfpcmkf. Jbbm sj ojaø> ‒Humotf `ís prfduokfs sfo bfs sjotc`cjotfs quj uof scjotj, `ís qucjrj uof aumrkírsjbfs pmrm sà‐447 . Yjrf bm ejrckm pfr jb trmtf quj bm hràtchm emgàm kcspjosmkf m sus ejr`moms of kjnmgm kj mdjhtmrbm y smgàm quj jo mbaþo `f`jotf emgràm kj mnustmr bms hujotms. Kfs kàms motjs kj bm pugbchmhcøo kj Xecrbjy, jo fhtugrj, eczf uom vcsctm mb kjotcstm jo Bjjks, kfokj js prfgmgbj quj bj emymo jxtrmàkf mbaþo kcjotj. Xco vfbvjr m Emwfrte scaucø vcmnj emstm Gcrstmbb pmrm pmsmr uofs kàms hfo Jbbjo,  pfr dco mbcvcmkm mbc vcmkm kj smgjrbm smgjrb m mb tmo tmotf tf kj su sjhrjtf. sj hrjtf. Yfhf motjs motjs kj bm `ujrtj kj

J`cby, uom ofhej jo quj m`gms jstmgmo sjotmkms drjotj mb dujaf kj bm rjhtfràm, Jbbjo emgàm prjauotmkf m Mooj pfr quã sforjàm. [à`ckm`jotj, Mooj bj `johcfoø emgàm–svcstf pugbchmkf kj sus pfj`ms uom rjvcstm, y kjgàm rjdjrcrsj mbquj   kj uof kchcj`grj kj =5;5.joÃstm duj bm prc`jrm  Drmsjr–  Drmsjr @mamzcoj rjspujstm hmtjaørchm m bfs cotjrrfamotjs kj Jbbjo. Bm sjauokm sj bm kcf

 

Hemrbfttj, humokf motjs kj su pmrtckm bj rjambø uo jnj`pbmr kj Hu`grjs frrmshfsms . Kurmotj jo tfkfs Gcrstmbb kjshugrcø, jstupfr, ‒@j quj  Nmoj  emgàm su sckfjstmkàm bjàkf jo bfsHemrbfttj kcstrctfs kjb ofrtj kjhfo Coabmtjrrm. tj`f  yrj 4488, bj jshrcgcø mb jkctfr Qcbbcm`s. quj ym of vfy m pfkjr hm`comr covcscgbj‐44 [joàm rmzøo. Kjskj bm Hmsm Auckc kj Dbfrjohcm bm pfjtm Jbczmgjte Gmrrjt Grfwocoa jshrcgcø m uom m`cam pmrm marmkjhjrbj su þbtc`f hecs`j> emgàm jshuhemkf quj  Nmoj Jyr Jyrjj emgàm sckf jshrctf pfr uom afgjromotm kj bm jshujbm Hfwmo Grckaj. ‒Hcjrtm`jotj of pcjosf quj bms humbckmkjs, `jkcf smbvmnjs y `jkcf bcgrjpjosmkfrms, jxprjsmkms jo  Nmoj Jyrj, johmnjo hfo uom afgjromotm 44;

`fkjbf‐ , crfoczø. ‒[u hujotf hmj hf`f uom aftm kj rfhàf sfgrj bm hurcfsckmk rjsjhm kj mbauofs kj oujstrfs m`cafs kj mquà… Of pujkf rjscstcr  bm tjotmhcøo kj hfotmrbf. Bm ajotj js tmo  hurcfsm… sfgrj jstj mutfr jo  pmrtchubmr.‐44: M pmrtcr kj bm `ujrtj kj bms ejr`moms of pukf sjr scof Jbbjo, jo musjohcm kj @mry [mybfr, mþo jo Oujvm ^jbmokm, qucjo kj mbaþo `fkf fhupø jb buamr   prcvcbjacmkf  prcvc bjacmkf quj J`cby J`cby y Mooj Mooj tjoàmo jo jb mdjhtf kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Ymrm Ymr m Jbbjo, bm bm hjbjgrckmk kj su vcjnm hfokcshàpubm marjaø grcbbf y kcvjrscøo m uo vàohubf quj kj m pfhf sj duj tfromokf `ís y `ís c`pfrtmotj jo su vckm. ¶S hfo bfs mýfs of duj su rmzøo `cs`m kj jxcstcr6 Ftrm hmrtm kj Hemrbfttj m Qcbbcm`s, jshrctm kurmotj uom vcsctm kj Jbbjo m Emwfrte m `fkf kj kcshubpm pfr of emgjrbj hfotjstmkf motjs, kjnm trmsbuhcr jb tfof àotc`f kj bm m`cstmk jotrj bms nøvjojs> ‒Mefrm `cs`f jstfy kcsdrutmokf kj bm sfhcjkmk kj `c m`cam Jbbjo, y jbbm `j emhj cokfbjotj y ojabcajotj. Jstfy

kj`mscmkf fhupmkm emgbmokf hfo jbbm tfkf jb kàm hf`f pmrm emhjr mbaf 4444. `ís‐44 Zom vjz trmoshurrckf `ís kj uo mýf jotrj jodjr`jkmkjs y kujbfs, y bujaf kj sfpfrtmr jb cotfbjrmgbj mocvjrsmrcf kj bm `ujrtj kj J`cby, Hemrbfttj mhjptø bm covctmhcøo m Bfokrjs kj Ajfraj X`cte. Bm sfbm ckjm kj cr m dcjstms f armokjs

 

rjhjphcfojs bj prfkuhàm rjhemzf, y kjskj pjqujým sjotàm mprjoscfojs emhcm bm 44 1, muoquj bm pjrspjhtcvm kj hfofhjr m bfs armokjs ‒Armo Gmgcbfocm‐441  pjrsfomnjs bctjrmrcfs bctjrmrc fs kj bm ãpfhm, hf`f hf`f [emhljrmy [emhljrmy,, Kchljos Kchljos f Emrrcjt @mrtcojmu, m bfs quj bjàm y mk`crmgm hfo kjvfhcøo, bm c`pubsø m emhjr jb vcmnj. Bms Qejjbwrcaet, sus kcshàpubms y m`cams kj Grusjbms, bm covctmrfo m efspjkmrsj jo su hmsm, pjrf jbbm fptø pfr bm rjsckjohcm kj bfs X`cte. Ymrm bm dm`cbcm Qejjbwrcaet, jbbm sjauàm scjokf uom afgjromotm< jo bm rjsckjohcm X`cte sjràm uom mutfrm. Jstm jbjhhcøo, jshrcgcø @mry [mybfr, scaocdchø ‒bm ofhcøo kj bm dm`m dm`m bctjrmrcm, bc tjrmrcm, uo pmsmpfrtj pmsmpfr tj m bm sfhcjkmk sfhcjkm k kj bm ajotj ajotj cotjbcajot cotjbcajotj‐ j‐445 .

*  Jo su hmrtm m Q. X.Qcbbcm`s Hemrbfttj bj kcnf quj su ejr`mof emgàm sckf bm prc`jrm  pjrsfom  pjrsf om m bm quj quj em emgàm gàm vcstf `frc `frcr. r. Jbbf c`pbchmràm quj quj of vcf `frc `frcrr m su s u `mkrj oc m ssuu ejr`mom Jbczmgjte, muoquj Xmrme Amrr mdcr`ø quj bfs ocýfs rfkjmrfo jb hujrpf kj su `mkrj bm `mýmom jo quj `urcø. **   Tcracocm Qffbd hfosckjrm m bms kfs Hmtejrcoj kj Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms  **  Gfrrmshfsms  hf`f ‒bms `unjrjs `ís mkfrmgbjs kj bm omrrmtcvm coabjsm‐, y m J`cby hmpmz kj ‒emhjr trczms tfkf mqujbbf pfr bf quj hfofhj`fs m bfs sjrjs eu`mofs y bbjomr jsms trmospmrjohcms crrjhfofhcgbjs hfo uom rídmam kj vckm kj tmb àokfbj quj trmshcjokj bm rjmbckmk. Bm suym,  pujs,  pu js, js bm `ís jxhjphcf jxhjphcfom ombb kj tfkms bms hmpm hmpmhckmkjs. hckmkjs. Xup Xupff bcgjrmr bm vckm kj su kjpjokjohcm kj bfs ejhefs< hfo uofs humotfs tfqujs, cokchmr jb jspàrctu kj uo rfstrf pmrm quj of ojhjsctmrm hujrpf< emgbmokf kjb pírm`f, emhjr quj jb vcjotf sfpbmrm y ruacjrm jb  Jb bjhtfr hf`þo hf`þ o) trujof‐. ( Jb

** * Yjsj m quj trmkchcfomb`jotj sj mdcr`ø quj J`cby `urcø jo jb kcvío kj bm smbm kj bm *** rjhtfràm, js `ís prfgmgbj quj emym `ujrtf jo su emgctmhcøo. Hemrbfttj `johcfoø m Ljjpjr ymhcjokf ‒mb bmkf kj su bjhef kj `ujrtj‐ jo su hmrtm m Qcbbcm` X`cte Qcbbcm`s kjb 7: kj nuocf kj =5;3. **** Tãmsj N feo Armem`, Armem`, @fkj  @fkjro ro Kf`js Kf`jstch tch @jkchcoj. @jkchco j. **** Tãmsj [ef`ms Nfeo

 

HMYÀ[ZBF UT EMHCM EMH CM BM HFO]ZCX[ M KJ BFOKWJX Jstm vjz sfbm, muoquj of trcstj, Hemrbfttj tf`ø jb trjo jo Bjjks jb 73 kj ofvcj`grj. Bm rjsckjohcm kj Qjstgfuroj Ybmhj kj bfs X`cte sj johfotrmgm `uy bjnfs kjb eftjbctf kj Ymtjrofstjr Wfw. ‒Bbjauã m jstm armo Gmgcbfocm jb þbtc`f ujvjs… Bm sjýfrm X`cte `j mtjokcø mb prcohcpcf hf`f qucjo eugcjrm 44 3, jshrcgcø hfo rjhcgckf bm frkjo jstrchtm kj sjr jshrupubfsm`jotj mtj mtjotf‐ otf‐443 kcvjrscøo m Jbbjo, m pfhf kj bbjamr. Bm hec`jojm kj su emgctmhcøo jstmgm  prjokckm kurmotj kurmotj tfkm bm ofhej y tm`gcão tm`gcão jo jb kàm, hfotmgm hfotmgm hfo kfs hmokjbmgrfs pmrm jbbm sfbm pjrf mkj` m kj`ís, ís, y jstj pfr`jofr pfr`jofr jrm j rm duokm` duokm`jot jotmb mb pmrm p mrm su gcjojstmr, sj rjspjtmgm su cotc`ckmk jo hmkm kjtmbbj. M kcdjrjohcm kjb johujotrf motjrcfr, bm `mkrj y bms ejr`moms kj Ajfraj X`cte mefrm jstmgmo mb tmotf kj su ckjotckmk. ‒Bm sjýfrm y sus ecnms pmrjhàmo `crmr`j hfo uom `jzhbm kj rjspjtf y mbmr`m, pmrm kmrtj uom ckjm kj bm mtjohcøo y m`mgcbckmk hfotcoum quj `j grcokmo. Yjrf bm mbmr`m y jb jxtrmým`cjotf sj dujrfo yjokf. Bm `mkrj `j trmtm hf`f sc yf bj marmkmrm y jbbm j`pcjzm m marmkmr`j `uhef. Bm 4199 ajotcbjzm js uo pftjotj amomkfr kj hfrmzfojs.‐41 Johmotmkf kj emhjr hfofhjr m Hemrbfttj bfs buamrjs `ís jstc`ubmotjs kj bm

hcukmk, pjrf sfgrj tfkf mtjotf m sus austfs j cohbcomhcfojs, Ajfraj X`cte  pbmojø uom uom `couhcfsm couhcfsm majokm majokm quj sj comuau comuaurø rø hfo bm vcsctm vcsc tm m uom uom f kfs hfbjhhcfojs prcvmkms kj mhumrjbms kj [urojr quj bm jxtmscmrfo. Dujrfo nuotfs mb tjmtrf m vjr bm mhtumhcøo mhtumhcøo kj Qcbbcm` cbb cm` Hemrbj Hemrbjss @mhrjmky, @mhrjmky, jb armo mhtfr mhtfr tríachf kj bm ãpfhm, jo Ftjbf  y ftrm vjz jo  @mhgjte, m hfodjrjohcms, jxecgchcfojs,

 

tjrtubcms bctjrmrcms. Zom tmrkj Hemrbfttj tf`ø jb tã hfo bm jshrctfrm Emrrcjt @mrtcojmu, quj kjshrcgcø jb johujotrf jo su  M  Mutfgcfarmdà utfgcfarmdàmm> ‒Xjotmkm motj `à jo jb sfdí, hfo `j `crø hfo uom ‛tmo mkfrmgbj, tmo , quj  ‛ þochm hf`gcomkm su vjstckf kj `crmkm butf y `c hfofhc`cjotf kj supbchmotj quj jrm bm sfgrjvcvcjotj kj su dm`cbcm, mpjoms pukj kjvfbvjrbj bm sforcsm f `motjojr `c hf`pfsturm. Kj gujom amom `j eugcjrm jhemkf m bbfrmr‐ 41= . Jb ; kj kchcj`grj sj framoczø uom tjrtubcm jo Qjstgfuroj Ybmhj pmrm  prjsjotmr m Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj motj motj bm ãbctj kj bm sfhcjkm sfhcjkmkk bctjrmrcm. bctjrmr cm. Bm hjrtcku`grj hjrtcku`grj kj johfotrmrsj hfo [emhljrmy jsj kàm bj quctø jb mpjtctf kjskj bm efrm kjb kjsmyuof, pjrf ãb bbjaø rjhcão m bms scjtj kj bm tmrkj, humokf jbbm ym bmoauckjhàm kj kjgcbckmk y tjoscøo ‒Humokf mouohcmrfo sjýfr  [emhljrmy, hfotj`pbmr su mbtm dcaurm, ojrvcfsm. jshuhemr su vfz… duj hf`f uo mb sujýf… @j sjotà fgbcamkm m emgbmr y duj uom tfrturm> emgbã jstþpckm`jotj.‐ 417  Ãb sj hfo`fvcø motj bm mutfrm kj Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj, quj emgàm bjàkf kj uo tcrøo jo uom sfbm ofhej> ‒Bm pjqujým dcaurm tj`gbfrfsm, bm pjqujým `mof, bfs armokjs fnfs 4188. efojstfs…‐41 Kjspuãs kj bm hjom, muoquj emgàm prf`jtckf m Ajfraj X`cte jvctmr bm `johcøo kj humbqucjr vàohubf jotrj Hurrjr Gjbb y Hemrbfttj, [emhljrmy johjokcø 41; uo hcamrrf> ‒¶Bm sjýfrctm Grfotì pjrhcgcø jb pjrdu`j kj `cs hcamrrfs6‐ . Jbbm of jotjokcø bm prjauotm scof emstm uofs `f`jotfs kjspuãs, humokf bms sforcsms kj bfs ftrfs covctmkfs bj cokchmrfo quj sj trmtmgm kj uo aucýf m  Nmoj Jyr Jyrj. j. [emhljrmy emgàm jvfhmkf bm jshjom kjb johujotrf kj Nmoj hfo jb sjýfr s jýfr Wfhejstjr Wfhejstjr jo jb nmrkào nmrkà o kj [efrodcjbk> [efrodcjbk> ‒Bm ja jabmot bmotcom, com, jb nmz`ào, nmz`ào, bfs

hbmvjbjs y bms rfsms bbjvmo efrms bbjomokf jb mcrj hfo su cohcjosf, pjrf jstj oujvf fbfr of prfvcjoj kj uo mrgustf oc kj uom dbfr< prfvcjoj, hf`f sã `uy  gcjo, kjb hcamrrf kjb sjýfr s jýfr Wfhejstjr‐41: . Xc gcjo pmsmkm bm prc`jrm c`prjscøo Hemrbfttj sj hf`pfrtø hfo hcjrtm drcmbkmk, pfrquj bf johfotrø ‒hàochf, kurf y hfotrmkchtfrcf‐414 , [emhljrmy of sj fdjokcø< pfr jb hfotrmrcf, sj johm`coø kcrjhtm`jotj emhcm jb hbug Amrrchl,

 

41 1. kfokj eczf uom jotrmk jotrmkmm trcuo trc uodmb> dmb> ‒¡@uhemhefs! ‒¡@uhemhefs! ¡Ej hjomkf hfo Nmoj Jyrj!‐ Jyrj !‐411 ¶Xj emgràm kmkf hujotm jbbm kj quj bms `ís kcstcoauckms dcaurms bfokcojosjs

bm trmtmgmo hf`f m bm hjbjgrckmk `ís c`pfrtmotj kjb `f`jotf6 Xu cotjrãs  pmrjhà m kcrcacrsj  pmrjhàm kcrc acrsj m ftrf msuotf. msuotf. ‒Jo humotf humotf mb sjýfr X`cte X`cte,, `j hf`pbmhj hf`pbmhj `ís hf`f ecnf y ejr`mof quj hf`f ef`grj kj ojafhcfs.‐ 415   Jbbjo of jspjrmgm `uhef pmrm emhjr rf`íotchms jspjhubmhcfojs quj Hemrbfttj mrtjrm`jotj ojaø. Jo bms fdchcoms kj X`cte & Jbkjr Hemrbfttj tuvf fhmscøo kj hfovjrsmr hfo jb jkctfr quj emgàm vcsctmkf bm rjhtfràm, jb tjrhjr ef`grj kj bm jkctfrcmb. Kj pjbf tmo hfbfrmkf hf`f jb kj Grmowjbb, pjqujýf kj jstmturm, trjcotm y trjs mýfs, Nm`js [mybfr hffrkcomgm m uo jqucpf kj humrjotm j`pbjmkfs, hfotø Hemrbfttj m 41 3 413

Jbbjo. ‒Js tjrrcgbj`jotj cotjbcajotj, rípckf, coqucjtf, smamz‐ , pjrf tm`gcão kjshrcgcø su jofr`j omrcz y uo tj`pbj kjspøtchf. Bm þbtc`m ofhej Ajfraj X`cte eczf uom hjom jo su efofr m bm quj covctø m scjtj hmgmbbjrfs, jotrj bfs quj jstmgmo bfs hcohf hràtchfs bctjrmrcfs kjb [c`js, jb  Mtejomju`  Mtejomju`, jb  Jxm`cojr , jb Xpjhtmtfr   y jb  M  Mtbms tbms , ‒bfs ef`grjs `ís 4599. Jbbm jspjrø hfo rjscaomhcøo emstm bms codbuyjotjs kjb `uokf kj bms bjtrms‐45 fhef, efrm jstrm`gøtchm kj hjomr pmrm sus hfstu`grjs prfvcohcmoms, pjrf mpjoms pukf mgmokfoø bm hmgjhjrm kfokj bm emgàmo ugchmkf pmrm sjotmrsj jo uomm kcshrjtm uo kcs hrjtm scbbm sc bbm nuotf nuotf m bm sjýfrm X`cte X`cte.. Zom vjz kj vujbtm jo jb efamr, jb covcjrof kj Emwfrte gfrrø, hfo sus rídmams ejbmkms, bfs rjspbmokfrjs kj bm vcsctm m Bfokrjs. Jrm Omvckmk y of jrm pfscgbj  pjosmr jo pmsjfs pms jfs mb pírm`f f mb Johujo Johujotrf trf kj bms Mau Maums. Jo uo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo mhusø m hcjrtm pjsmkjz kj jspàrctu emgjr jotfrpjhckf ‒`cs dmhubtmkjs,

hfovcrtcjokf jb kjshmosf jo tjkcf y bm tmrjm jo dmtcam. Jb scbjohcf kj bm hmsm, bm sfbjkmk kj bm emgctmhcøo `j emo fprc`ckf hfo uom dujrzm quj johujotrf kcdàhcb kj sfgrjbbjvmr‐45= . Mtrcguyø jstj jstmkf mb hbc`m> ‒Jb `jrhurcf gmnm covmrcmgbj`jotj kurmotj bms tfr`jotms y eurmhmojs< yf `j ej pjrhmtmkf motjs kj mefrm kj co`cojotjs hm`gcfs mt`fsdãrchfs pfr uom sjosmhcøo kj kjgcbckmk dàschm y prfduokm< prjsm kj `jbmohfbàm, bf quj mbauofs bbm`mràmo

 

45 7. Mb sjýfr   prjsjotc`cjotf,  prjsjotc`cjot f, pjrf of js jo mgsfbutf mbaf sfgrjomtu sfgrjomturmb‐ rmb‐ 457 Qcbbcm`s bj hfodjsø quj Bfokrjs bm emgàm bbjomkf kj ‒ckjms, c`íajojs y 458

sjotc`cjotfs kchefsfs‐ , pjrf bm sf`grm `frtjhcom kj bm rjhtfràm prfyjhtmgm bfs rjhujrkfs, mefrm tmo crrjmbjs hf`f sujýfs. Bms dbuhtumhcfojs kj su íoc`f sj sf`jtàmo m bm bbjamkm kjb hfrrjf, hf`f jo bfs tcj`pfs kj sus hmrtms mb  prfdjsfr Ejajr> Ejajr> ‒…Humokf, ‒…Humokf, kàm trms kàm, of trmj omkm, `j kjprc`f. Js uo jstmkf kj hfsms jstþpckf, vjrafozfsf, mgsurkf. @j scjotf m`mram`jotj 45 ;. dmstckcmkm pfr `c kjpjokjohcm j cosjosmtjz… buhemrã hfotrm jstm bfhurm‐45; Ymrm dcojs kj djgrjrf jb scbjohcf `frtàdjrf kjb prjsgctjrcf of pukf msfrkcomr  bfs ru`frjs, y bujaf jb gubbchcf, quj bm mpmrchcøo kj Xecrbjy  prfvfhø jo jb  pujgbf. Hfo jstj bcgrf bc grf jo pmrtchubmr Hemrbfttj qujràm qujràm prjsjrvmr prjsjr vmr jb cohøaoct cohøaoctff ym of søbf pfr rjspjtf m bfs kjsjfs y bm `j`frcm kj J`cby scof pfrquj Xecrbjy rjtrmtmgm hfo `frkmhckmk j cohbj`johcm m sus `ís prøxc`fs vjhcofs, bfs hfmknutfrjs kj bms hjrhmoàms kj Emwfrte. Xecrbjy emgàm smbckf kj c`prjotm jo fhtugrj, pmrm bbjamr pfhfs `jsjs kjspuãs m bfs bjhtfrjs kjb fjstj kj Wckcoa, quj bf bjyjrfo pms`mkfs. Bms prc`jrms píacoms rjvjbmgmo quj su mutfr of  pfkàm prfvjocr kj `uy bjnfs bjn fs f quj, sc hfotmgm hfotmgm hfo codfr` codfr`mot motjs, js, ãstfs kjgàmo hfofhjr jo prfduokckmk jb hfrmzøo kjb pírm`f< jb rjbmtf cohbuàm, mkj`ís,  pírrmdfs jotjrfs jshrctfs jo jb kcmbjhtf kcmbj htf kj bm zfom zfom kj Sfrlse Sfrlsecrj. crj. Yjsj m bm jdjrvjshjohcm quj bm rjvjbmhcøo kj su ckjotckmk emgàm kjspjrtmkf jo bfs smbfojs kj bm cotjbjhtumbckmk bfokcojosj, jb sjhrjtf of emgàm trmshjokckf, f mb `jofs jsf hrjàm Hemrbfttj. S muoquj uo hfbu`ocstm kj uo kcmrcf kj Bcvjrpffb kjsbczø su of`grj uofs kàms motjs, pmrm bm dm`cbcm jb

`cstjrcf duj fdchcmb`jotj kjvjbmkf bm `mýmom jo quj @mrtem Grfwo bbjaø m bm 45 :  hfo bms gujoms oujvms quj rjhtfràm ‒gudmokf y rjsfpbmokf, `uy mactmkm‐ 45: emgàm fàkf jo jb pujgbf> ‒¡Ej fàkf uom oftchcm! Yjrkøo, sjýfrm, pjrf pmrjhj quj ustjk em jstmkf jshrcgcjokf kfs bcgrfs> bfs bcgrfs `ís `mrmvcbbfsfs quj m`ís sj emo vcstf. @c pmkrj bf fyø jo Embcdmx y jb sjýfr Arjjowffk y jb sjýfr @jrrmb jo Grmkdfrk, y sj vmo m rjuocr jo jb Costctutf @jhíochf pmrm

 

johmramrbfs‐. ‒Híbbmtj, @mrtem, y `írhemtj.‐ Zo sukfr dràf rjhfrrcø m Hemrbfttj> ‒ Nmoj Jyrj  sjràm bjàkm pfr Nfeo Grfwo, pfr bm sjýfrm [mybfr... 454

¡Kcfs `j myukj, `j `j aumrkj y `j bc bcgrj grj!‐ !‐ . Jb Costctutf kj @jhíochm kj Ljcaebjy sfbchctø m bfs cotjrjsmkfs jo mkqucrcr  Xecrbjy  quj sj coshrcgcjrmo jo uom bcstm< of eczf dmbtm, pfrquj bf johmramrfo tfkfs bfs sfhcfs. Mb bbjamr bfs jnj`pbmrjs, of mbhmozmrfo pmrm tmotfs cotjrjsmkfs y tuvf quj mkfptmrsj bm `fkmbckmk kjb sfrtjf hmkm trjs sfhcfs, hfo bm hfokchcøo kj quj jb gjojdchcmkf hfosjrvmsj jb vfbu`jo søbf kurmotj kfs kàms. Bfs `frfsfs rjhcgàmo uom `ubtm kj uo hejbào pfr hmkm kàm kj rjtjohcøo cokjgckm. Jo uo prcohcpcf, `uhefs kj bfs b fs mknu mkn utfrjs y hfmknut hfmkn utfrjs frjs rjtrmtmkfs jo bm ofvjbmysj semstm j fdjokcjrfo `kcsputmrsj fotmrfo mrfo jo bm høbjrm, pjrf pjr f kj hfobfs jb tcj` tcj`pf pf prjvmbjhc prjvkjb mbjhcø ø bm vmockmk bbjamrfof m`fot ckjotckmk pjrsfomnjs mutfr  `ís pfpubmr kj Coabmtjrrm. Emstm jb hbãrcaf Armot, rckchubczmkf jo jb pmpjb kjb mdjhtmkf sjýfr Kfooj, duj m tf`mr uom tmzm kj tã hfo Hemrbfttj uom tmrkj. Jb  Grmkdfrk Fgsjrvjr  Fgsjrv jr , uo kcmrcf mb quj Grmowjbb emgràm kjsprjhcmkf pfr   prfvcohcmof pjrf p jrf quj pmrm pmr m bfs vjhcofs kj Sfrlsecrj frlsecrj jrm `uy c`pfrtmotj, c`pfrtmotj, eczf jb mouohcf jb 75 kj djgrjrf> ‒[joj`fs jotjokckf quj bm þochm ecnm kjb rjvjrjokf Y. Grfotì, tctubmr kj bm pmrrfqucm kj Emwfrte, js bm mutfrm kj  Nmoj kfsHurrjr kj bmsGjbb‐ `ís 451 pfpubmrjs ofvjbms kjb kàm, bms quj mpmrjhcjrfo  yrj y  gmnf jb Xecrbjy of`grj f`grj, kj . [rmshjokcø bm ugchmhcøo kj su vcvcjokm, y muoquj Hemrbfttj tfkmvàm sj jshfokàm hf`f uo mvjstruz, ym pfhfs kjshfofhàmo jb sjhrjtf. Jo bfs smbfojs y hfhcoms kj bfs pujgbfs kj Wckcoa emgàm hcrhubmkf bm vjrscøo kj quj Hurrjr  Gjbb jrm bm ecnm kj uo eu`cbkj `cocstrf kj bm mbkjm kj Emwfrte. Jb pujgbf sj

rjvfbuhcfoø. J`pjzmrfo J` pjzmrfo m mhjrhmrsj mhjrhmrs j jxtrmonjrfs jxtrmonjrfs ‒kj `ís `ís mbbí mb bí kj Grf`bjy Grf`bjy søbf pmrm pm rm vjrbm vjr bm humokf jo hfrfom bm cabjscm, y jb smhrcstío Nfeovcsctms Grfwo mguokmotjs 455 . Bms `fojkmsjotrmgm kj `jkcm pfr sjýmbmrbm‐ kj amoø hurcfsfs, m pjsmr  kj bms j`pcomkms hfbcoms y bm rukjzm kjb vjhcokmrcf, j`pjzmrfo m bbjamr emstm

 

bm `cs`m rjhtfràm. Hemrbfttj `johcfoø m Jbbjo m ‒jsfs ef`grjs djfs quj sj kmo 4533. mcrjs kj Wfhejstjr‐45 Zom vjz pmsmkfs bfs rjsquj`frjs cochcmbjs, bms ecstfrcms sfgrj bfs vchmrcfs quj sj rjhfofhàmo jo Xecrbjy  bm kcvjrtàmo y embmamgmo. Jb hfmknutfr kj su  pmkrj, Mrteur Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs, quj tcjoj tcjoj uom uom `fkjrmkm `fkjrmkm y rjspjtufsm rjspjtufsm mpmrchc mpm rchcøo øo jo jb bcgrf, hjbjgrø bm bjhturm hfo ecbmrckmk. Mb jshuhemrbf rjàr jstrujokfsm`jotj y vjrbf pmb`jmr bms `mofs hfotrm jb pcsf, bm jspfsm kjb smhrcstío Nfeo Grfwo  pjosø sjrcm` sjrc m`jot jotjj quj jb hfmknutfr ‒jstmgm `mb kj bm hmgjzm‐439 . Jb sjýfr   Ochefbbs bj bjyø jo j o vfz mbtm mb sjýfr Grfotì Grfotì bms b ms jshjoms sfgrj bfs hurms< ãstj ãs tj jstmgm tmo fraubbfsf kj Hemrbfttj quj bj hfodjsø m su vcjnf pmrcjotj Qcbbcm` @framo quj su ecnm jrm bm mutfrm kj  Nmoj Jyrj. Hemrbfttj bj hfotø m Jbbjo quj su pmkrj jstmgm johmotmkf hfo Xecrbjy  y, omturmb`jotj, bj c`pfrtmgm `ís su fpcocøo quj quj bm b m kj bfs hràtchfs, hràtchfs , quj bm trmtmrfo sco cokuba cokubajohcm. johcm. Cotrcamkm pfr bm ecstfrcm kj Hurrjr Gjbb, hjrhm kjb vjrmof bm jshrctfrm Jbczmgjte Amsljbb bj pckcø m su m`cam Bmky Nmoj Lmy-Xeuttbjwfrte, vjhcom kj Bmohmsecrj quj hfofhàm m bm mutfrm kj  Nmoj Jyrj Jyrj, quj bm prjsjotmrm. Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb qujkø c`prjscfomkm kj co`jkcmtf pfr bm pjqujým km`m quj hfsàm jo scbjohcf, vjstckm kj sjkm ojarm m hmusm kjb butf, jo jb smbøo kj bfs LmyXeuttbjwfrte. @cjotrms bm cotjrrfamgm hfo sc`pmtàm y kjbchmkjzm, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb fgsjrvmgm y tf`mgm oftm> ‒Jbbm js, hf`f sj kjdcoj m sà `cs`m, codrmkjsmrrfbbmkm, kjbamkm y `ís kj uom hmgjzm y `jkcm `ís gmnm quj yf…  gfhm armokj armokj y hfo `uhe `uhefs fs kcjot kc jotjs js kj k j `jofs< `jofs< jo hfonuot hfonuotff sc scoo mtrmhtcvf< bm hmrm humkrmkm, mohem y sfgrjsmbcjotj‐43= , bj jshrcgcø m su m`cam Hmtejrcoj

Qcolwfrte. Bm kjshrcphcøo quj eczf scjtj mýfs kjspuãs jo su gcfarmdàm duj `uhef `ís pcmkfsm, pjrf jstm sujom `ís vjrfsà`cb. Bm rmrjzm kj su hf`pbjxcøo of sj oftmgm tmotf jo su mbturm, kj uo `jtrf y humrjotm y trjs hjotà`jtrfs, hf`f jo bm kjsprfpfrhcøo kj bm hmgjzm jo rjbmhcøo hfo jb tm`mýf kj su hujrpf. Jb sjohcbbf vjstckf mzub y gbmohf hfo hujbbf `mrrøo kj tjrhcfpjbf, quj sj hfosjrvm, rjvjbø quj su hcoturm, hfo hfrsjt, `jkàm humrjotm

 

y sjcs hjotà`jtrfs. Xc js hcjrtf, hf`f sj jspjhubm, quj bf buhcø jo uom kj bms vjbmkms kj [emhljrmy, su hrctjrcf pmrm jbjacr uo vjstckf mprfpcmkf of hfohfrkmgm hfo jb kj bms km`ms vchtfrcmoms kj Bfokrjs, quj prjdjràmo bm sjkm y jb tjrhcfpjbf pmrm bm ofhej. @ís mvmozmkf jb vjrmof, bm sjýfrm X`cte eczf uom sjauokm covctmhcøo m Hemrbfttj, jstm vjz m pmsmr uom tj`pfrmkm jo su oujvm hmsm kj Abfuhjstjr  [jrrmhj, jo Eykj Ymrl Amrkjos. Bujaf kj `uhems vmhcbmhcfojs, j`prjokcø jb vcmnj. [mb vjz cotuàm quj kurmotj jstm vcsctm sj cotjoscdchmràm bm cotc`ckmk hfo Ajfraj X`cte y, sfgrj tfkf, bm vubojrmgcbckmk kj jbbm motj su johmotf. Jb kf`coaf 3 kj nuocf bm bbjvø m bm Hmpcbbm Wjmb, kfokj bj sjýmbø mb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo jo hmroj y eujsf, frcacomb armo eãrfj kj Moarcm. Bujaf dujrfosum Mrteur bm WfymbQjbbjsbjy, Mhmkj`yjbm `fkjbf vjr jb øbjf kj Xcrkjb Jkwco Ejory Bmoksjjr quj rjtrmtm m Qjbbcoatfo jo Qmtjrbff y tm`gcão uoms pcoturms kj Nfeo @mrtco, bfs frcacombjs kj jsfs humkrfs mpfhmbàptchfs kj bm rjhtfràm quj jbbm hfpcmgm jo su ocýjz. ocýjz. Jo mtjohcøo m su mpmscfomkf cotjrãs pfr bm pfbàtchm, Ajfraj X`cte bj fgsjqucø uom uom jotrmkm pmrm bm Ambjràm Ambj ràm kj Km`ms Km`ms kj bm Hí`mrm kj bfs b fs Hf` Hf`uuojs. Mhfrkmrfo jo quj humokf sj scotcjrm hmosmkm y hfo amoms kj `mrhemrsj jbbm bj bmozmràm uomjrfs. `crmkm, m `fkftjs kjvcstmz ãb jstmgm jo jb  pmrm hmgmbbjrfs. hmgmbb Bfs coscstjotjs coscstjo vcmvcsf, stmzfs fsymkjquj Ajfraj X`cte X`ctesjotmkf jspjrmokf bm b m sjhtfr  sjýmb, quj of sj prfkunf, dujrfo fgnjtf kj rcsms jotrj jbbfs kurmotj kàms. Jbbm coscouø fvcmb`jotj bm cohbcomhcøo kjb jkctfr pfr uom nfvjo kj bm Ambjràm, hfsm quj ãb ojaø hfo ãodmscs. Hfqujtjmgmo. Tcsctmrfo jb nmrkào zffbøachf kj Wjajot–s Ymrl kfokj, mb jotjrmrsj kj quj bm

vcsctmotj jrm jb hãbjgrj Hurrjr Gjbb, bj fgsjqucmrfo bm jotrmkm. Mbbà vcf pfr   prc`jrm vjz bjfojs, jbjdmot j bjdmotjs, js, tcarjs tcarjs y bm `ís rjhcjot rjhcj otjj mkqucschcøo kj kjbb zff> uo ecpfpøtm`f. Bms mtjohcfojs y ef`jomnjs of hjsmgmo. Bm ajojrfsckmk y jb jotuscms`f kj Ajfraj X`cte, quj sc of jstmgm jom`frmkf jom` frmkf mb `jofs emgàm hmàkf hmà kf gmnf gm nf su dmshcomhcøo ‛ ¶huíotms ¶huíotms hmpms y hmpms

 

kj `mtchjs sjpmrmo uo sjotc`cjotf kj ftrf6 ‛ , pfoàmo m sus pcjs uo `uokf hmutcvmkfr, jspbãokckf y pjbcarfsf quj søbf emgàm hfofhckf m trmvãs kj bfs bcgrfs. Muo msà, bm drcvfbckmk bm jxtjoumgm y jstmgbjhcø rcaurfsfs bà`ctjs m bfs johujotrfs sfhcmbjs. X`cte bj prjsjotø m Kchljos m bm smbckm kj uo tjmtrf, pjrf Hemrbfttj, muoquj mk`crmgm su fgrm, sj ojaø m pmrtchcpmr jo uom tjrtubcm hfo ãb. Kchljos of bj austø f tmb vjz emgàm fàkf ru`frjs sfgrj su vckm mkþbtjrm. Bm fgrm kj m`gfs jstí tmo prfduokm`jotj vcohubmkm jotrj sà, kj tfkms `mojrms, hf`f sc uof sj eugcjrm kjnmkf codbucr pfr jb ftrf. Js pfscgbj quj  Ochefbms chlbjgy emym cbu`comkf mbauoms jshjoms kj bm jshujbm kj euãrdmoms Bfwffk. Hcjrtm`jotj Nmoj Jyrj  dujj bm prc`jrm ofvjbm jshrctm jshr ctm kjskj jb puotf puotf kj vcstm kj Jyrj du uom ocým< , pugbchmkm jo jpcsfkcfs jotrj =5;3 y =5:9, js bm  Kmvck Hfppjrdc Hfpp ajocmb mutfgcfarmdàm kjjrdcjbk  uojbk  ocýf. Jo bm tjrhjrm sj`mom sj`mom kj bm jstmkàm Qcbbcm` cbb cm` [emhljrmy [emhljrmy bm covctø m hjomr jo su hmsm. Jsm `cs`m `mýmom bm vcsctø jo jb smbøo kjb sjýfr X`cte, kfokj bfs trjs `motuvcjrfo uom hfovjrsmhcøo prcvmkm jo bm quj jbbm eczf uom sjrcj kj hràtchms ¶f prãkchms6 ‛  kj  kj frkjo `frmb sfgrj su fgrm. Kurmotj `ís kj kfs efrms, bj  ‛ ¶f jshrcgcø m Jbbjo, ‒ãb sj kjdjokcø hf`f uo Armo [urhf y pmamof‐, pjrf ‒tfkf jb msuotf tjr`coø jo uom kjhjotj m`cstmk‐ 437 . Mhf`pmýmkm pfr jb vjstckf sjýfr X`cte, ofhej sj prjsjotø hfo suy mtujokf emgctumb, uo mpmamkf hfbfr jsm vjrkj `usaf, sus `ctfojs jb pjbf rjhfackf. Kjspuãs kj bm sfbj`ockmk kjb rjhcgc`cjotf, jb mouohcf kj bm hjom duj uo mbcvcf pmrm tfkfs bfs covctmkfs. Jo jb `f`jotf jo quj [emhljrmy fdrjhcø su grmzf m bm ef`jomnjmkm pmrm cr mb hf`jkfr, ‒ofsftrfs 438

sforjà`fs , jshrcgcø mýfs kjspuãs Mooj [emhljrmy , pfrquj, hfo tfkf su ajocf, bm sjýfrctm Grfotì mpjoms pfkàm bbjamr mb hfkf kj `c pmkrj‐. Zom vjz hfohbuckm bm hjom, jo bm sfbm hf`pmýàm kj bms km`ms y bjnfs kj bm  prftjhhcøo Ajfra Ajfraj X`cte X`cte,bm , Hemrbfttj johfotrø trø rjdu rjZom duaacftmb jo sjýfrm bm hfovjrsmhcøo kj bm costctutrczkjkj bms jocýms, sjýfrctm johfo [rujbfhl. Grffldcjbk, johu`grmkm km`m kj bm sfhcjkmk, cotjotø cochcmr uom hemrbm trcvcmb> ‒¶Bj austm

 

Bfokrjs, sjýfrctm Grfotì6‐43; . Bm rjspujstm bbjaø kjspuãs kj uo tjosf scbjohcf> ‒Xà y of‐. Bms km`ms jspjrmgmo uom grcbbmotj hfovjrsmhcøo, quj of tuvf buamr. Jb kcíbfaf sj kjtuvf mbbà, hfo uo `utcs`f quj cohf`fkø mb arupf kj sjýfrms. Jb modctrcøo euyø durtcvm`jotj emhcm su hbug. Xu ecnm sj tfpø hfo ãb jo jb embb kj bm hmsm, hfo su sf`grjrf jo bm `mof y uo kjkf scbjohcmokf sus bmgcfs, humokf Hemrbfttj mþo of sj emgàm `mrhemkf. Mýfs `ís tmrkj bm sjýfrm Grffldcjbk Grffld cjbk kcnf quj emgàm emgàm sckf s ckf uom uom vjbmkm vjb mkm jspmot jspm otfsm. fsm. [emhljrmy fdrjhcø hfo maukjzm jb `jnfr rjtrmtf kj Hemrbfttj, quj tm`gcão hfotjoàm uom rjprjsjotmhcøo kj sà `cs`f> ‒Bm c`macof hf`f uom pjqujým y mustjrm Numom kj Mrhf `mrhemokf sfgrj ofsftrfs, rjprjokcjokf oujstrm vckm 43:

díhcb, oujstrm `frmb díhcb‐ . Bj kcf bm c`prjscøo kj sjr uom ‒pjrsfom `uy  purm, ofgbj ofgbj y jbjvmkm‐. Bm sjýfrm Grffldcjbk kcnf tm`gcão quj Hemrbfttj Grfotì ‒of pfsjàm hmotckmk sudchcjotj`jotj kj pjbf hf`f pmrm emhjr uom trjozm, jotfohjs usmgm uo fgvcf  pfstczf‐434 . Hemrbfttj, `uy bjnfs kj pjosmr quj buhàm hf`f bm tàm Grmowjbb, jstmgm `uy fraubbfsm kjb mrtcbuacf kj sjkm `mrrøo quj bj emgàm johf`jokmkf m Jbbjo jo Bjjks motjs kjb vcmnj. Mooj [emhljrmy, hfo `ís sjoscgcbckmk, bm kjshrcgcø hf`f ‒uom km`m kjbamkm, sjrcm, pjqujým y píbckm, hfo uo gjbbf y 4311. Xu jvfhmhcøo dcof hmgjbbf dcof hmgj bbf y fnfs dcr`js. Ymrjhàm tjojr tjojr mbaf m baf `ís `ís kj trjcotm‐ trjcotm‐43 kj jsm ofhej of js `uy prjhcsm pfrquj jbbm mpjoms tjoàm trjhj mýfs, pjrf rjhfrkmgm quj jb pfstczf duj `ftcvf kj gurbm, pmrm rjafhcnf kj tfkfs bfs covctmkfs. Mb kàm scaucjotj, uo hmrrumnj bm bbjvø emstm jb jstukcf kjb pcotfr Ajfraj

Wche`fok, jb rjtrmtcstm kj `fkm bfokcojosj quj, m costmohcms y m jxpjosms kjb jkctfr, bj pcotø uo rjtrmtf kurmotj oujvj sjscfojs quj hf`jozmrfo pfhf muspchcfsm`jotj. Wche`fok bj pckcø, jo prc`jr tãr`cof, quj sj quctmrm jb sf`grjrf pjrf, mb vjr jb jxtrmýf sf`grjrf jxtrmýf mrtcbua mr tcbuacf cf quj sj sfstjo s fstjoàm àm jo j o su hmgjzm, bj rfaø r faø quj tm`gcão sj bf quctmrm. Ejrckm jo su fraubbf, jbbm of pukf jvctmr quj sus fnfs sj gmýmrmo jo bíarc`ms, y prjhcsm`jotj bm `crmkm grcbbmotj y prfduokm quj

 

Wche`fok hmpturø jo su rjtrmtf sj mtrcguyj m jsj `f`jotf. Yfkràm mknukchmrsj, kj tfkfs `fkfs, mb johujotrf mhhckjotmb quj emgàm tjockf mb jotrmr jo jb jstukcf, humokf sj hruzø hfo jb scrvcjotj kjb kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo, rjtrmtmkf qucohj `coutfs motjs quj jbbm. Jo tftmb, bm vcsctm m Bfokrjs sj jxtjokcø uo `js. Jb vcmnj ‒supjrø `cs 4355, jspjrmozms. Ouohm ej sudrckf `jofs y ej kcsdrutmkf `ís quj mefrm‐ 43 jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. ¶Hø`f of emhjrbf6 Emgàm sckf hfrtjnmkm, f mb `jofs jbjamotj`jotj mtjokckm, pfr uo nfvjo hubtf y mrcstfhrítchf mb quj, hfo  pfstczf cohbuckf cohbuckf y kjotmkurm kjotmkurm cohf`pbjtm, cohf`pbjtm, jo hcjrtf hcjr tf `fkf emgàm bfarmkf hmutcvmr. ¶Emy mbauom ftrm jxpbchmhcøo pmrm jb fdrjhc`cjotf kj vcmnmr nuotfs m Jshfhcm quj ãb bj dfr`ubø6 dfr`ubø6 Ajfraj X`cte tjoàm pbmojmkf hfo motjrcfrckmk cr m Jkc`guraf pmrm rjtcrmr m su ejr`mof `jofr kjb hfbjacf, pjrf pfhf motjs kjb kàm dcnmkf pmrm bm pmrtckm kj Hemrbfttj, cojspjrmkm`jotj, mouohcø quj bbjvmràm m su ejr`mom Jbczm hfo ãb. Bm ofhej scaucjotj prfpusf m Hemrbfttj quj sj uocjrm m jbbfs jo Jkc`guraf. Bm sjýfrm X`cte kjnø vjr su kjsmarmkf y Hemrbfttj bf oftø> bm covctmhcøo hruzmgm uom dcom bàojm jo bms rjbmhcfojs jotrj su þochf ecnf vmrøo y bm covctmkm. Bm  prfpujstm jrm jshmokmbfsm. Jb ejhef kj quj uo uomm `unjr sfbtjrm vcmnmrm vcmnm rm jo hf`pmýàm nfvjoX`cte hmgmbbjrf jrm tfkfs comprfpcmkm, hmsc uomjocokjhjohcm. bm coscstjohcmkj kjuo Ajfraj vjohcø bfs fgstíhubfs> bm hmrtm joYjrf bm quj bj hfotø jb pbmo m Jbbjo ‛pbmo quj Jbbjo kjsmprfgø‛, Hemrbfttj bmozø uom drmsj kjsmdcmotj> ‒Mefrm hrjf quj Ajfraj y yf ofs jotjokj`fs `uy gcjo uof mb ftrf y ofs rjspjtm`fs scohjrm`jotj‐ 433 .

Jsm rjdjrjohcm mb sjýfr X`cte pfr su of`grj kj pcbm, jqucvmbjotj m uo tutjf jo jspmýfb, duj rjspfosmgbj kj bms cotjrrfamhcfojs quj Jbbjo of pukf jvctmr. Kj `fkf quj, jo vjz kj jstmgbjhjrsj jo Grfflrfyk hf`f jstmgm pbmojmkf, søbf vcsctø m su m`cam uo dco kj sj`mom pmrm johfotrmrsj hfo19 Ajfraj X`cte y sus ejr`mofs jo Jkc`guraf, ‒`c prfpcm hcukmk rf`íotchm‐1999, kfokj pmsø kfs kàms jxtrmfrkcomrcfs.

 

Mb bbjamr, sj johfotrø hfo quj Ajfraj X`cte emgàm hfotrmtmkf m uo hefdjr  ‒quj hfofhàm kj bm ecstfrcm kj Jshfhcm y kj bms ofvjbms kj Qmvjrbjy `ís quj 19== 19

yf, y huyf eu`fr sjhf johmnø m bm pjrdjhhcøo hfo jb kj bm sjýfrctm Grfotì‐ , rjbmtø bujaf ãb. Tcsctmrfo bm pmrtj motcaum kj Jkc`guraf y bm jstmtum kj Xcr  Qmbtjr Xhftt, tmo m`mkf pfr bfs ocýfs Grfotì, y tm`gcão echcjrfo uom  pjrjarcomhcøo m bm hmsm kj Xhftt jo Mggftsdfrk Mggftsdfrk y m bm mgmkàm kj @jbrfsj. Bm cotjosckmk kj jsm jxpjrcjohcm, jshrcgcø Hemrbfttj, supjrø tfkm bm mbjaràm kjb `js trmoshurrckf jo Bfokrjs. Ajfraj X`cte bm covctø m pmrtcr kjskj Abmsafw y vcmnmr nuotfs m [mrgjt, Bfhe Bf`fok y Fgmo, m pmsjmr pfr bms Ecaebmoks… Jbbm sj ojaø. ojaø. M bm vujbtm, sj sjpmrø kj bfs X`cte jo bm jstmhcøo kj Sfrl pmrm tf`mr jb scaucjotj trjo m Bjjks hfo ru`gf, ftrm vjz, m bm hmsm kj Jbbjo. Emhàm `ís kj humtrf sj`moms quj sj emgàm musjotmkf kj bm rjhtfràm, kfokj sj jstmgmo emhcjokf armokjs rjdfr`ms y mbauoms rjpmrmhcfojs. Zo `js kjspuãs kj quj eugcjrfo j`pjzmkf bfs trmgmnfs, jb sjýfr Grfotì jshrcgcø m Jbbjo quj bfs rjpmrmkfrjs kj kcstcotfs arj`cfs y jb gmtmbbøo kj hmrpcotjrfs, m bfs quj bbm`mgm `msfojs, `msfojs, emgàmo kjnmkf bm b m hmsm hms m jo frkjo. Hemrbfttj bbjaø m Grfflrfyk jxtjoumkm y jo uo jstmkf kj ojrvcfscs`f quj bm fgbcaø m aumrkmr rjpfsf. Jb codfr`j quj Jbbjo jovcø m Emwfrte mbmr`ø197 mb  pírrfhf , pfrquj `johcfo  pírrfhf, `johcfoøø uo mtmquj mtmquj gcbcfsf gcb cfsf j eczf eczf ‒mbau ‒mb auoms oms cosco coscouumhcfojs‐ `mtrc`focmbjs, sjaþo pukf hfodcr`mr Hemrbfttj m su vujbtm. Jb sjýfr Grfotì jstmgm prjfhupmkf of søbf pfr bm smbuk kj su ecnm, kj mhujrkf hfo bm rjspujstm quj jovcø m Jbbjo> ‒Kcam m Hemrbfttj quj `motjoam jo mbtf su jspàrctu. Humokf,

uom vjz `ís, rjspcrj jb mcrj purf y jstc`ubmotj kj Emwfrte, ãstj vm m bbjvmrsj bm pjstj, jb pfbvf y jb eu`f, bm c`purm `mbmrcm kj Bfokrjs, kj su hmgjzm y su hfrmzøo‐198 . Jbbjo pukf emgjr jxmajrmkf bm jodjr`jkmk kj Hemrbfttj f covjotmkf uo ofvcmzaf, pjrf jo jb vcmnj kj vujbtm emhcm Emwfrte Hemrbfttj sj hruzø hfo jb kujýf kj bm pmpjbjràm kjb pujgbf, Nfeo Arjjowffk, m qucjo su pmkrj emgàm

 

jovcmkf jo gushm kj oftchcms, tmo moscfsf sj johfotrmgm. Sm jo su hmsm, `mokø m Jbbjo uom hmrtm hfo mbauofs rjprfhejs quj hfodcr`mo jb jofnf y bfs rjsquj`frjs pmtjrofs> ‒Johfotrã rjhcjotj`jotj quj bm armo mactmhcøo kj pmpí tjoàm su frcajo jo kfs dujotjs> jb vmaf `cjkf kj `c hmsm`cjotf hfo mbaucjo ‛  emgcjokf rjhcgckf mbauoms coscoumhcfojs, sjaþo `j jxprjsø ãb `cs`f‛, y bm mprjoscøo pfr `c jodjr`jkmk‐19; . Zofs kàms kjspuãs kj su bbjamkm jb hfrrjf trmnf kfs armokjs pmqujtjs> jb `ís armokj, kcrcackf mb sjýfr Grfotì, hfotjoàm jb rjtrmtf kj Hemrbfttj ejhef  pfr Wche`fok< Wche`fok< jb `ís hechf, pmrm pm rm Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, jrm jb rjtrmtf kj Bfrk Qjbbcoa jbbc oatfo tfo quj Wche`fok jstmgm pcotmokf humokf jbbm bbjaø m su jstukcf pfr prc`jrm vjz. Jstj þbtc`f fgsjqucf kj Ajfraj X`cte, tmo prjhcsf y ajotcb, duj uo afbpj hjrtjrf. Bm hmrtm kj marmkjhc`cjotf, jshrctm hfo dcof smrhms`f, johugràm uom 19:: quj emgàmo pmsmkf nuotfs. Hemrbfttj kjgàm jbjaàm m bfs ‒`f` ‒`f`jot jotfs fs kfrmkfs‐ kfr mkfs‐19 kj jstmr jo ãxtmscs kj m`fr. Jo bm hmrtm bj rjbmtø bms rjmhhcfojs quj su rjtrmtf emgàm kjspjrtmkf jo bm dm`cbcm> tuvf mprfgmhcøo ajojrmb, muoquj jb pmkrj kcnf quj bm emhàm mpmrjhjr  vcjnm< ‒bm þochm jo kjsmhujrkf duj [mggy, quj kjhàm quj of sj `j pmrjhàm jo 1944, muoquj ‒hfo caumb tjomhckmk mdcr`mgm quj bm pcoturm kjb kuquj kj omkm‐19 Qjbbcoatfo jrm uo rjtrmtf ―kjb pmtrøo– (qujràm kjhcr Ympí)‐. Hemrbfttj, mb vjr su rjtrmtf, sj emgàm j`fhcfomkf hfo efokurm, pfrquj bfs rmsafs y hfbfrjs kj bm  pcoturm  pcot urm bj rjhfrkmgmo rjhfrkmg mo m Mo Mooj. Ajfraj X`cte sj rjeusø m rjhcgcr marmkjhc`cjotf, sc sj tcjoj jo hujotm quj 19 1. Js jbbm dcr`ø bm hmrtm> ‒Xfy suym, `uy kjsmarmkjhckm (mhfrkj m su kjsjf)‐191

uo gujo ojafhcf tjojr m `cs mutfrjs hfotjotfs, pmrjhj emgjr rjspfokckf ãb jo uom hmrtm quj sj jxtrmvcø f duj quj`mkm, hf`f tfkms bms kj`ís. Jbbm rjtruhø hfo uom uom `cscv `cscvmm bbjom bb jom kj sfgrjjot sfgr jjotjokckfs jokckfs coajocfsfs, coajocfsfs, bm dmbsm frkjo fr kjo kj jovàf kj uom bcgrm y `jkcm m hujotm, prfgmgbj`jotj, kjb oujvf bcgrf kj Qfrkswfrte quj ãb bj emgàm jovcmkf, y jb tàtubf kj uo pfj`m> ‒[ej Ecaebmoks. Zo Yfj`m kjshrcptcvf, rf`íotchf y sjotc`jotmb, pfr jb Hmgmbbjrf Ajfraj X`cte‐ jrm ftrm

 

 grf`m quj mpuot  grf`m mpuotmgm mgm mb vcmnj vc mnj quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj sj emgàm rjeusmkf rjeusmkf m emhjr hfo ãb y m bjhturms hø`pbchjs kj Qfrkswfrte y Xhftt. Bm qucjtm vckm dm`cbcmr kj bm rjhtfràm of sj vjàm mbtjrmkm pfr bfs vcmnjs f bm hfrrjspfokjohcm. Bms frmhcfojs tjoàmo buamr m bms fhef, motjs kj quj jb sjýfr  Grfotì y [mggy sj rjtcrmrmo, @mrtem trms jbbfs. Hemrbfttj sj qujkmgm hfscjokf f bjyjokf jo jb smbøo, hf`f humokf vcvàmo sus ejr`moms. Kurmotj uom vcsctm m bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb jo bm quj tf`ø `uhefs mpuotjs, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb rjhcgcø bms hfodckjohcms kj [mggy> ‒Kjspuãs kj bms pbjamrcms bm sjýfrctm Grfotì y bm sjýfrctm J`cby y bm sjýfrctm Mooj kjnmgmo sus hfsturms pmrm hm`comr uom kjtrís kj bm ftrm mbrjkjkfr kj bm `jsm kjb smbøo emstm hjrhm kj bms fohj… S mefrm `c hfrmzøo jshuhem hfo kfbfr m bm sjýfrctm Grfotì hm`comokf, hm`comokf sfbm‐195 , bj kcnf. Hemrbfttj bj hfotø quj sco jsms hm`comtms m bms quj jstmgm tmo emgctumkm of pfkàm kfr`cr, y tm`gcão quj jo bms ofhejs kj dujrtjs vcjotfs jshuhemgm bm`jotfs y sfbbfzfs, y m vjhjs arctfs quj msjkcmgmo bms pmrjkjs kjskj jb pírm`f. Jotfohjs mhukàmo m su `j`frcm bms sf`gràms supjrstchcfojs kjb ofrtj quj bj emgàmo hfotmkf bms ejr`moms Amrr kjskj quj jrm `uy pjqujým. Jo jsms hcrhuostmohcms jrm humokf `ís dujrtj sjotàm bm  puozmo  puo zmotj tj mýfrmozm mýfrmozm pfr sus ejr`moms, ejr`moms, quj tjýckm pfr bm codbujo codbujohcm hcm kj bms mpmrc mpmrchcfojs dmotms` dmotms`mbjs mbjsy bjhmrtms c`pjkàm c`pjkàm kfr` cr. Amsljbb, quj sj hfovcrtcø jo uom Bmshcfojs hfovjrsmhcfojs hfo kfr`cr. bm sjýfrm àotc`m m`cam, y sfgrj tfkf sus kjsjfs kj rjcvcokchmhcøo, kcjrfo c`pubsf m Hemrbfttj pmrm jshrcgcr uoms píacoms sfgrj bm vckm y bm fgrm kj sus ejr`moms. Bm ‒dcjgrj ‒dcjgr j Nmoj N moj Jyrj‐ Jyrj‐193 , quj emgàm hfbfoczmkf m bfs bjhtfrjs jstmkfuockjosjs

y hfovjrtckf m su mutfr jo jb `ís jxctfsf kj bfs trjs Gjbb, m`jomzmgm hfo marmvcmr bm `j`frcm kj bms kfs ejr`moms musjotjs. Sm mbauoms hràtchms emgàmo 1=99 m Hurrjr. hfosckjrmkf m Jbbcs y Mhtfo Gjbb ‒hf`pmrmtcvm`jotj codjrcfrjs‐ 1= Jrm jb `f`jotf kj mhtumr. Zom vjz kjhckckm, suacrcø m Ajfraj X`cte quj mkqucrcjrm bfs kjrjhefs kj jkchcøo kj Hu`g Hu`grjs rjs Gfrrmsh Gfrrmshfsms fsms  y  M  Maojs aojs Ar Arjy jy  y bj eczf bm fdjrtm quj ãb jspjrmgm> jshrcgcr uom oftm gcfarídchm sfgrj J`cby, tmb

 

humb X`cte & Jbkjr bj emgàm pjkckf jo =5;3. Mkj`ís, marjamràm `mtjrcmb coãkctf m bm oujvm jkchcøo kj  Yfj`s  y jshrcgcràm uo prjdmhcf pmrm Hu`grjs

frrmshfsms  y ftrf pmrm bfs pfj`ms kj Jbbcs Gjbb. Bf eczf, pjrf tm`gcão prmhtchø uom pjhubcmr cotjrvjohcøo sfgrj bfs pfj`ms> jbcacø scjtj kj Mooj y kcjhcfhef kj J`cby, y muoquj kjhbmrø quj ‒of pfokràm oc uom bàojm kj pugbchmhcøo quj `cs ejr`moms eugcjrmo fgnjtmkf‐ 1==, hmkm uof kj bfs b fs pfj` pfj `ms sud s udrcø rcø hm`gcfs hm`gcfs jkctfrcmbjs. jkctfrcmb js. Xustctuyø Xustctuyø ‒ejr` ‒ejr`mom‐ mom‐ pfr ‒Ajrmbk‐ ‒ Ajrmbk‐ y 1=77  pmrm fhubtmr jb frcajo kj Afokmb y supbmotø ‒fvjnm‐ pfr ‒hcjrvf‐1= ‒pþrpurm‐ ( shmrbjt  ), uo tãr`cof prjtjohcfsf quj of  shmrbjt ) pfr ‒rfnf‐ ( vjr`jcb ), jstmgm jo jb vfhmgubmrcf kj J`cby< bf `ís msf`grfsf js quj jo humtrf pfj`ms marjaø jotrj humtrf y fhef bàojms kj su prfpcm covjotcvm. Kj bfs pfj`ms kj Mooj jbcacø sjcs rjbcacfsfs, hfo jb prfpøsctf jvckjotj kj fpfojr uo rjtrmtf pcmkfsf m bms c`prfpcjkmkjs kj  Bm coqucbc coqucbcom om kj Qcbkd cbkdjbb  jbb  mbb   (quj sj rjeusø m rjjkctmr). ‒ Qcbkdjbb Embb   sj `j emhj kcdàhcb  prjsjrvmrbm  prjsjr vmrbm… … Omkm `jofs hfoarujo hfoarujotj tj hfo bm b m omturmbj omturmbjzm zm j ckjms kj bm m`mgbj, m`mgbj, rjtcrmkm j cojxpjrtm jshrctfrm.‐* jshrctfrm.‐*1=8 Jo bm sjbjhhcøo kj bfs Yfj`s Hemrbfttj of jbcacø bfs vjrsfs jo bfs quj Mooj cohrjpm m Kcfs kjspuãs kj bm `ujrtj kj J`cby, jshrctf jo uo rjtmzf kj pmpjb jb 1 kj jojrf kj =5;3> ‒…[þ, Kcfs, ofs mrrjgmtmstj oujstrm mbjaràm, jb tjsfrf kj oujstrm jspjrmozm, tþ ofs frkjomstj pmsmr bm ofhej jo bbmotf y jo mdbchhcøo jb kàm…‐1=; . Gmnf bm covfhmhcøo kj fgrmr pfr uo ‒kjgjr smarmkf‐ 1=:   kjnø kj bmkf bfs pfj`ms pfj`ms kj Afokmb, Afokmb, y hm`gcø y suprc`cø suprc`cø vjrsfs jot jotjrfs. jrfs. Hfo jb dco kj kjsmrtchubmr bms hràtchms m Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms, jo su oftm

 gcfarídchm sfgrj J`cby J`cby He Hemrbfttj mrbfttj prfhurø mtrmjr bms sc`pmtàms sc`pmtàms kjb `uokf uokf bctjrmrcf bfokcojosj mpbchmokf uom pítcom kj rf`motchcs`f m bm vckm kj Sfrlsecrj. Gfsqujnø m su efamr hf`f uo pírm`f mcsbmkf y pfhf hcvcbczmkf emgctmkf pfr ‒hm`pjscofs mombdmgjtfs y íspjrfs tjrrmtjocjotjs‐ y suacrcø quj J`cby, uom ‒cohubtm hechm kj hm`pf‐, m bm quj kjshrcgcø ‒`ís sc`pbj quj uo ocýf‐, emgàm jshrctf jsj bcgrf jxtrmýf aucmkm pfr ‒bfs kchtmkfs kj bm cotuchcøo‐

 

1= 1=44.

Jb embbmzaf kj kfs drma`jotfs kj J`cby jo jb Lcoa–s Xheffb kj Hmotjrgury jo =359 rjvjbmrfo, sco j`gmraf, quj J`cby of jrm bm caofrmotj `uhemhectm quj Hemrbfttj emgàm kjshrcptf. Xus kfs trmkuhhcfojs kj pfjsàm bmtcom mhrjkctmo quj m bfs kcjhcoujvj mýfs J`cby jstukcmgm bmtào mkj`ís kj mbj`ío, y bm djhem hfrrfgfrm quj of sj trmtmgm kj trmgmnfs jshfbmrjs. Bm prc`jrm, kjb =8 kj `mrzf kj =585, js bm trmkuhhcøo kj bms prc`jrms bàojms kj bm  Jojckm kj Tcracbcf< bm sjauokm, ckjotcdchmkm jo =344, js uom sjbjhhcøo kjb  M  Mrs rs Yfjtchm  kj Efrmhcf. Bm píacom jstí cbustrmkm hfo jb kcgunf kj uo cokcvckuf quj hfo uom `mof sfstcjoj pfr jb pjbf m uo ocýf y hfo bm ftrm bf hmstcam< jb ocýf pmtmbjm jo jb mcrj `cjotrms bf hfotj`pbm uo hurcfsf f uo nujz< kj rfkcbbms uo ef`grj js afbpjmkf uotf uom pcbm kj… ¶hmkívjrjs6 Zoms bàojms `ís mrrcgm bm bjtrm kjsprfbcnm kj J`cby, tmo cocotjbcacgbj hf`f bm kj Grmowjbb, kjshrcgj m @jkjm `mtmokf m sus ecnfs y tm`gcão m Mtrjus hfhcomokf hmroj eu`mom. Bfs mtrfhjs kcgunfs of mbukjo kcrjhtm`jotj mb tjxtf, pjrf… ¶pfkràmo sfrprjokjr m uo bjhtfr kj Hu`grjs Hu`g rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms6 Jshrcgcr bms gcfarmdàms y sfgrj tfkf hfrrjacr, `mocpubmr, f`ctcr pmrtjs y rjjshrcgcr bfs pfj`ms hfo jb dco kj rjemgcbctmr jb of`grj kj bm dm`cbcm scaocdchø uo trmgmnf kj`fbjkfr. jo jstjejhef bmpsf motjs. emym  prfsm kj Afokmb, sc js quj J`cby J`cbyJsf pfscgbj Mooj Mooj of ofquj bf emgàmo ejhef mo tjs. quj`mkf bm Grmowjbb tjoàm, hf`f jbbm, bm pjrhjphcøo kj bm vckm kjb jshrctfr hf`f `mtjrcmb pmrm su prfpcm fgrm, uom ejrjohcm rf`íotchm quj bjs emgàm  prfpfrhcfomkf  prfpfrhc fomkf jb vmbfr sudchcjotj sudchcjotj pmrm hrjjr jo su ajocf ajocf hfot hfotrm rm tfkms bms

 prfgmgc bckmkjs<  prfgmgcbckmkj s< jotrj jotrj bfs mýfs =581 y =5;5, humokf humokf mgmokfoø mgmokfoø bm smam kj Moarcm, prfkunf mprfxc`mkm`jotj fhejotm `cb pmbmgrms kj prfsm, sjsjotm y hcohf oujvfs pfj`ms y drma`jotfs, hcohujotm y humtrf rjjshrcturms kj pfj`ms motcaufs ypfr trjcotm y scjtj humtrf trmkuhhcfojs kj fkms bmtcoms< ‒[ej Jok fdjo Mbb‐ duj  pugbchmkf jb  Embcdmx `jsjs motjs quj Nmoj < tjocjokf hujotm  Jyrj  Jyrj quj bfs  Yfj`s kj sus ejr`moms vjokcjrfo søbf kfs jnj`pbmrjs jo jb prc`jr 

 

mýf, emstm bm mpmrchcøo kj Nmoj Jyrj ãb duj jb `ís bjàkf kj bfs ejr`mofs. Yjrf tm`pfhf jstm vjz Hemrbfttj pugbchø oc uom sfbm bàojm kj sus jshrctfs, hf`f sc qucscjrm gfrrmr kj bm jstcrpj Grfotì tfkm trmzm kjb `uokf codjromb quj ãb johmromgm. Mgmtckm y `jbmohøbchm, sc gcjo hfotcoumgmo bm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo bm hmbbj Hfroecbb y bms vcsctms cbustrjs, kàm m kàm `ís msckums, bm jshrcturm scbjohcfsm uotf mb dujaf bj kcf uom vcscøo pjrcdãrchm kj bm kjsfbmhcøo kj su jxcstjohcm. Bbjamgm jb covcjrof y bfs jspbjokfrfsfs rjhujrkfs kjb vjrmof bfokcojosj sj jhbcpsmgmo. Kjspuãs kj pmsmkf uo mýf kj bm pugbchmhcøo kj Xecrbjy, sus jkctfrjs bm costmgmo m  Jb j`pjzmr uo  ‛mefrm oujvf bcgrf. Jo uo prcohcpcf suacrcø uom rjvcscøo kj prf prfdjsfr  djsfr  hjotrmkm jo bm rcvmbckmkHemrbfttj jotrj ejr`mofs quj tjoàm su frcajo jo bm smam kj Moarcm kj Grmowjbb‛, pjrf Ajfraj X`cte sj rjscstcø m bm ckjm. Jbbm hfotjstø hfo uom rcsujým jou`jrmhcøo kj bfs rjhemzfs quj emgàm rjhcgckf jb bcgrf> oujvj, kj bfs humbjs trjs prfvjoàmo kj Hfroecbb. 1=11  y Hf`pmrø su mdjhtf pfr jb tjxtf hfo jb kj ‒bfs pmkrjs kj uo ocýf ckcftm‐1= sj ojaø m kmrbj jb `moushrctf jo hustfkcm. Ãb bj rjspfokcø hfo bm `ís jxtrmvmamotj kj bms prfpujstms> uom covctmhcøo m omvjamr nuotfs ràf mgmnf, pfr  jb Weco. Bm pjrspjhtcvm kj emhjr uo vcmnj pfr jb hfotcojotj hfo su jkctfr sugcø bm dcjgrj m Hemrbfttj. Of hfotjstø kj co`jkcmtf ‛tm`gcão eugf uom covctmhcøo m Bfokrjs ‛   y j`pjzø m trmgmnmr jo bm gþsqujkm kj uo tj`m pmrm su prøxc`f bcgrf. Bm kcbmhcøo jo johfotrmr uo oujvf tj`m duj tmotm quj Ajfraj X`cte, jo

uom hmrtm, bbjaø m suajrcrbj quj sj cospcrmrm jo bm jkctfrcmb. ¶Xmgj quj bm  prc`jrm pmrtj kj su oft oftmm js pjbcarfsm` pjbc arfsm`jot jotjj suajstcvm6‐ suajstcvm6‐1=5 , rjspfokcø rjspfokcø jbbm. jbb m. Bj eczf hmsf y duj `uhef `ís mbbí. Tcbbjttj of søbf tcjoj rj`cocshjohcms kj Grusjbms, kjb pjoscfomkf Ejajr, bm cabjscm kj kcdjrjotjs Xmotm Þrsubm< of efamr  pfhms jshjoms trmoshurrjo jo Bfokrjs y jokjsmbfojs of `uy m bfs kjb kj bm sjýfrm X`cte. Jb pjrsfomnj kjb kfhtfr Nfeo Armem` Grjttfo, uof kj bfs

 

 prcohcpmbj s kjb bcgrf,  prcohcpmbjs bcgr f, of trmtm trmtm kj kcsc`u kc sc`ubmr bmr su sj`jnmoz sj`jnmozmm hfo Ajfra Ajfrajj X`cte X`cte.. Xu jom`frm`cjotf kj Buhy Xofwj, bm omrrmkfrm, uom vfz ckãotchm m bm kj bm mutfrm, `motcjoj jo vcbf mb bjhtfr emstm jb tjrhjr vfbu`jo.   Jo bfs prc`jrfs kàms kj bm prc`mvjrm, jotrj bms vcsctms kj bjhtfrjs kj Xecrbjy, mk`crmkfrjs, hurcfsfs y nøvjojs jshrctfrjs bbjaø mb prjsgctjrcf Nm`js [mybfr, jb j`pbjmkf kj X`cte & Jbkjr quj, pjsj m su cotjbcajohcm y gujom kcspfschcøo,  prfkuhàm jo Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj uom costcotcvm costcotcvm mvjrscøo mvjrsc øo dàschm. Jo uom uom hmrtm m Jbbjo mk`ctcø quj su sj`jnmozm hfo Grmowjbb bm emgàm c`pmhtmkf dujrtj`jotj> ‒m hmkm `f`jotf jo quj 1=3 ãb sj mhjrhm ‛y pujkf vjr sus fnfs gushíokf`j‛ pfr  `cs vjoms hfrrj ecjbf‐1= 3. M pfhms sj`moms kj pmrtcr emhcm bm Cokcm pfr hcohf mýfs, [mybfr bj eczf smgjr kj mbauom `mojrm su cotjohcøo kj hmsmrsj hfo jbbm m su rjarjsf. [motf  pfrquj su s u mspjhtf mspjh tf y tj`pjrm`jo tj`pjrm`jotf tf bj b j jvfhmgmo m su ejr`mof, ejr`mof, tmotf tmotf pfrquj bf bf 1799, jb prjtjokcjotj hfosckjrmrm, hf`f bj jshrcgcø m Jbbjo, ‒kj sjauokm bàojm‐17 duj kjspmhemkf hfo dcr`jzm. Mb jotjrmrsj kj quj jb `mtrc`focf of sj rjmbczmràm scof hcohf mýfs `ís tmrkj, jb hbãrcaf sj fpusf m bm kjhcscøo kj Hemrbfttj y17= kjsbczø quj ãb pfkràm mrrjabírsjbms `uy gcjo sfbf. ‒Of js uo 17 = hmgmbbjrf‐ , duj bm rjspujstm kj Hemrbfttj. ‒Zof of kjgjràm kjhcr jstms hfsms, pjrf kjgf sjr efojstm. Xc `j hmsmrm hfo ãb, `c hfrmzøo ejrvcràm jo pjom y eu`cbbmhcøo< of pujkf `crmrbf kj jsm `mojrm. Xc jb sjýfr [mybfr dujrm jb þochf `mrckf quj jb Kjstcof tcjoj pmrm

1777, jshrcgcø m Jbbjo. fdrjhjr`j, `j qujkmrà fdrjhjr`j, qujkmràmm sfbtjrm‐ sf btjrm‐17 Jbbjo. Bm vcsctm vc sctm kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj mb efamr efamr kj bfs X`cte X`cte jo `myf kj =5:= pfkràm p fkràm kjhcrsj kjhcr sj quj kjdcocø, jo su hfotfrof krm`ítchf, jb `ftcvf y kjsjobmhj kj bm ofvjbm jo bm

quj jstmgm trmgmnmokf. Kurmotj su jstmkàm, Ajfraj X`cte sj `motuvf fhupmkf  pfr armvjs prfgbj`ms dcomohcjrfs dcomohcjrfs rjbmhcfomkfs rjbmh cfomkfs hfo su majohcm majohcm jo Hmbhutm, kj `mojrm quj bm kjnø `ís m hmraf kj su `mkrj kj bf quj Hemrbfttj eugcjrm

 

kjsjmkf. Yjrf `cjotrms jbbm sj sjotàm trmtmkm ‒`ís y `ís hf`f uom tàm‐ 178 caofrmgm quj jb sfhcf kj X`cte & Jbkjr, Ymtrchl Xtjwmrt, emgàm kjdrmukmkf m bm dcr`m emstm kjnmrbm mb gfrkj kj bm qucjgrm. X`cte pjr`mojhàm jo su fdchcom kjskj bm `mýmom gcjo tj`prmof emstm bm ofhej, jo pjr`mojotj hfotmhtf pfstmb hfo Nm`js [mybfr, jovcmkf m bm Cokcm, jotrj ftrms hfsms, hfo jb prfpøsctf kj cotjotmr myukmrbf m drjomr bm hmtístrfdj. Xc gcjo bfs bcgrfs hfotmgbjs rmtcdchmo bm sjrcjkmk kj bfs prfgbj`ms dcomohcjrfs kj Ajfraj X`cte, jbbm pfkàm pjosmr quj su jotuscms`f sj jstmgm jotcgcmokf. [mb vjz cotuyø uom tjouj bjnmoàm kj pmrtj kj ãb jo su hràtchm m bm armo mhtrcz tríachm Wmhejb, m bm quj Hemrbfttj hfosckjrmgm ‒mbaf supjrcfr m humbqucjr ftrm mhtumhcøo quj emym hfotj`pbmkf motjs. @j eczf jstrj`jhjr  emstm bm `ãkubm kj bfs eujsfs‐. Bm emgàm vcstf jo  M   jo jb  Mkrcjooj krcjooj Bjhfuvrjur  jo [jmtrf Drmohãs y jo jb rfb kj Hm`cbbj, jo jb  Efrmhj kj Hfrojcbbj. ‒Ouohm vfy m fbvckmrbm> jbbm vm m vfbvjr m `à jo bms ofhejs kj cosf`ocf, uom y ftrm vjz.‐17;  Ymrjhàm quj jrm bm prc`jrm vjz quj Hemrbfttj y su jkctfr jstmgmo jo kjsmhujrkf. Yjrf bm dmsj kj su hfrrjspfokjohcm pfstjrcfr mb vcmnj m Jshfhcm emgàm jstmkf sjsamkm kj dbcrtjfs> jbbm bf bbm`mgm ‒søbf uo ef`grj kj ojafhcfs‐, jo rjdjrjohcm m sus trmtfs hf`jrhcmbjs hfo bm Cokcm y ãb cotjotmgm kjdjokjrsj hfo hctms bctjrmrcms. Ajfraj X`cte bj emgàm kmkf prukjotjs hfosjnfs sfgrj bms covjrscfojs kj J`cby jo bfs Djrrfhmrrcbjs, quj emgàmo rjsubtmkf kjsmstrfsms, y hfbfhø jb kcojrf jo bm dcr`m [ej Duok. Bms dbfrcturms jpcstfbmrjs jotrj bm hmbbj Hfroecbb y Emwfrte jhemrfo bu`grj m bfs covcjrofs kj Sfrlsecrj, pjrf jb mrkfr 

hfotjockf y bms armokjs jxpjhtmtcvms echcjrfo `jbbm jo bm c`macomhcøo kj Hemrbfttj. Bfs kjsjfs kj Ajfraj X`cte pfr hmusmrbj pbmhjr pmrjhàmo jxhjkjr bfs  gjojdchcfs jhfoø`chfs  gjojdchcfs jhfoø`chfs quj jb ãxctf ãxctf kj sus bcgrfs bcgr fs bj mhmrrjmgmo. mhmrrj mgmo. Jo sus `j`frcms emgbø kj Hemrbfttj hf`f sc sj trmtmrm kj uom ocým `c`mkm> ‒Sf hfosjotàm m bm sjýfrctm Grfotì> bm bbjvã kj pmsjf kfs vjhjs pfr jb hm`cof kjb

 

kuquj kj Qjbbcoatfo m Mpsbjy Efusj pmrm quj pukcjrm vjrbf‐ 17: . [m`gcão emgàm jovcmkf m Hemrbfttj y m bm sjýfrm X`cte m jshuhemr uom bjhturm prcvmkm kj [emhljrmy jo uo jkcdchcf jspbãokckf, quj jbbm kjshrcgcø m su pmkrj jo uom hmrtm, hfo drjshfs jo bms pmrjkjs y `ujgbjs tmpczmkfs jo km`mshf mzub, kfokj sj rjuocjrfo kuqujsms y hfokjsms y ftrfs `cj`grfs kjb armo `uokf. Emhcm jb dcomb Hemrbfttj, quj kjsjmgm pmsmr comkvjrtckm, sj sfrprjokcø kj quj [emhljrmy bm rjhfofhcjrm m bm kcstmohcm, pjrf scotcø vjrkmkjrm mprjoscøo mb vjr quj mtrmvjsmgm jb smbøo, kjb grmzf kj su `mkrj,  pmrm smbukmrbm. s mbukmrbm. Bm pbmtjm jotjrm bf sjauàm sjauàm hfo h fo bm `crmkm `crmkm.. ‒@mkrj, tj prjsjot prjs jotff m Nmoj Jyrj‐174 , kcnf ãb jo vfz tmo mbtm quj tfkfs pukcjrfo jshuhemrbf. Bm sjýfrm X`cte bm mhf`pmýø emstm bm pujrtm. Hemrbfttj jstmgm mvjrafozmkm y durcfsm. Jo bm tmrkj kjb kàm scaucjotj [emhljrmy sj prjsjotø jo bm hmsm kj bfs X`cte  pmrm prjsjotmr sus kcshubpms. Mb bbjamr m su hmsm, uofs uofs `coutfs coutfs kjspuãs, Ajfraj X`cte mgrcø bm pujrtm kjb smbøo `cjotrms jshuhemgm bm vfz kj Hemrbfttj jxhbm`mr> ‒¡Of, sjýfr!‐171 . Ymrmkf Ymrm kf kjbmot kjb motjj kj bm hec`jojm, hec`jojm, [emhljrmy [emhljrmy sj vjàm hfodusf. Hfo bm gmrgcbbm cohbcomkm emhcm mrrcgm y `críokfbf m bfs fnfs bf jodrjotmgm Hemrbfttj, píbckm y hfbãrchm. Ajfraj X`cte kjshrcgcø bm jshjom jo uo mrtàhubf pmrm jb Hfroecbb @mamzcoj uofs mýfs kjspuãs> ‒Jb jspjhtíhubf kj jstm pjqujým `unjr, quj mpjoms bbjamgm m bfs hfkfs kj [emhljrmy pjrf quj caumb`jotj buhàm `ís dujrtj y djrfz quj ãb, kcrcacjokf sus cohcscvms pmbmgrms m 1755. su hmgjzm pmrjhàm pmrjh àm uom uom rídma r ídmamm kj armomkms armomkms kcspmrmkm kcspmr mkm hfotrm hfotrm uom uom dfrtmbjzm‐17 Bm rjprc`jokm m [emhljrmy kjspjrtø bm mk`crmhcøo kj Ajfraj X`cte. ¶Of

emy mbaf kj tjrourm f mdjhtf jo bm kjshrcphcøo quj eczf kj Hemrbfttj6 [m`gcão kcnf quj jbbm jrm ‒jshrupubfsm`jotj efojstm y pjrdjhtm`jotj nustm‐ y quj su ‒rípckm y hbmrm cotjbcajohcm jrm kjbchcfsm‐173 . Emhcm jb dco kj bm jstmkàm bm bbjvø b bjvø kj vcsctm vcsc tm m uo drjoøbfaf, drjoøbfaf, uom uom j`cojo j`cojohcm hcm jo jo bm hfrrcjotj, `uy jo gfam jo jsfs mýfs, quj kjtjr`comgm jb hmríhtjr y bfs rmsafs kj bm pjrsfombckmk m pmrtcr kj bm dfr`m kjb hríojf, bm hmgjzm y bms

 

dmhhcfojs. Bbjamrfo mb hfosubtfrcf kjb kfhtfr Grfwoj, jo jb Xtrmok,  prjtjokcjokf  prjtjokcjo kf sjr ejr`mofs> ejr`mofs> jb sjýfr y bm sjýfrctm sjýfrc tm Drmsjr, jo ecbmrmot cbmr motjj hf`pbchckmk. Jb `ãkchf kchtm`coø quj jb cotjbjhtf kj bm sjýfrctm Drmsjr  189  pfsjàm uom armo pjrspchmhcm pjrspchm hcm y quj su hmgjzm jrm j rm ‒`uy ‒`uy oftmgbj‐ oftmgbj‐ . Xjýmbø uo tj`pjrm`jotf ojrvcfsf y uom omturmbjzm híbckm, pjrf of sjotc`jotmb. Motjs kj rjarjsmr m bm rjhtfràm Hemrbfttj pmsø kfs kàms jo bm hmsm kj @mohejstjr kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, kfokj duj mtjokckm hfo dcom ajotcbjzm. Kcsdrutø jb hbc`m híbckf, bms vjotmoms mgcjrtms y bfs pjrdu`js kj bms dbfrjs jo bms emgctmhcfojs. emgctmhcfojs. Muoquj Muoquj mprjhcø bm efspctmbckmk efspctmbckm k kj bm b m jshrctfrm, jshr ctfrm, sj prjauot prjauotmgm mgm  pfr quã Emrrcjt @mrtcojmu @mrtcojmu y Jbczmgjte Amsljbb Amsljbb bm b m trmtmgmo hf`f hf`f m uom uom covíbckm. Emhcm jb dcomb kjb vcmnj jstmgm hf`pbjtm`jotj dmtcamkm. Xu dm`m bm emgàm sctumkf jo bm hc`m kjb nugcbjf bfokcojosj y bms `ís hfospchums pjrsfombckmkjs tjnàmo sus rjkjs pmrm hfofhjrbm (rjhcgcø covctmhcfojs kjb @mrquãs kj Qjst`costjr, kj bm sjýfrm Afrj, dm`fsm ofvjbcstm, kj bfrk Wchemrk @fohltfo @cbojs, jb m`caf kj Amsljbb quj kcduokcø bm hmrtm kj Grmowjbb m Nfeo Grfwo ‒Tcjnm Xftm kj [rcuodf‐ y kj `uhefs ftrfs< ocoauom kj jbbms duj mhjptmkm). Jo hm`gcf, vcsctø jb Ymbmhcf kj Hrcstmb kj bm Armo Jxecgchcøo> ‒Jxtrmýf y jbjamotj pjrf kj uo jdjhtf mbaf cosustmohcmb‐ 18= , jshrcgcø m su pmkrj. Bj  pmrjhc ø uo jshjomrcf kj  Bm Djrcm kj bms Tmockmkjs  pmrjhcø Tmockmkjs. Kj vujbtm jo bm rjhtfràm jshrcgcø uom hurcfsm hmrtm m Ajfraj X`cte> ‒Motjs kj rjhcgcr su þbtc`m hmrtm `j emgàm ejhef jb prfpøsctf kj kjhcrbj quj of vfy m jspjrmr hmrtms kj Hfroecbb pfr trjs `jsjs (cotjotmokf, mkj`ís, jxtjokjr bm mgstcojohcm m sjcs `jsjs, pfrquj jstfy tj`jrfsm kj hfovjrtcr`j jo

kjpjokcjotj kj jstm cokubajohcm). Zstjk of tcjoj pfr quã vjrbf, pfrquj of vcvj `c vckm… Of vfy m jspjrmr uom hmrtm… Yjrf of pujkf kjhcrbj quj of `j 1877. jshrcgm‐18 ¶Of sj jstmgm codbcacjokf jb `cs`f tcpf kj rjstrchhcøo quj jb prfdjsfr  Ejajr bj emgàm c`pujstf kurmotj su hfrrjspfokjohcm6 Bms hmrtms kj Ajfraj X`cte, sco j`gmraf, of sj cotjrru`pcjrfo, y jbbm sj bms rjjovcø m Jbbjo ‒pfrquj

 

tj vmo m kmr uom gjbbm ofhcøo kj su tj`pjrm`jotf y su `jotj‐ 188 . Jbbjo coscstàm jo jb hmsm`cjotf y, pmrm jojrf kj =5:=, Hemrbfttj ym of bf ojamgm hfo tmotm hfotuokjohcm> ‒Xc of jxcstcjrmo bms gmrrjrms kj bm jkmk, bm dfrtuom, jth., tmb vjz pfkràm bf c`pfscgbj hfovjrtcrsj jo pfscgbj‐. Xj hjbjgrmgm kj tjojrbf hf`f m`caf y emhàm bbm`m`cjotfs m su sjotckf hf`þo pmrm vjrbf ‒tmo nfvjo,  prf`jtjkfr  prf` jtjkfr y bbjof kj jspjrmo jspjrm ozms y of gmnf ftrm buz‐. buz‐. Jbbjo, pfr su pmrtj, rjhcgàm jb hfrtjnf kjb ejr`mof kj @mry [mybfr, Nfeo, ftrf `ftcvf kj hecs`js j cotjrhm`gcf kj hfodckjohcms. Yjrf Hemrbfttj sj kjsvcmgm kj bm drcvfbckmk> hfodjsø m Jbbjo quj jb msuotf ‒kjb ràf Weco‐, uom rjdjrjohcm m Ajfraj X`cte y sus prfpujstms rf`íotchms, bm trmstfromgm> ‒Bf quj m ãb bf jotuscms`m, m `à `j 18;;. Emgbø tm`gcão tm`gcão kj rmhcfombckmk rmh cfombckmk y kj drcmbkmk. drcmb kmk.  prfvfhm dcjgrj‐ dcjgrj ‐18 Jo hfohfrkmohcm hfo jb tjrhjr mocvjrsmrcf kj bm `ujrtj kj Mooj, jo `myf duj m Xhmrgfrfuae pmrm vcsctmr su tu`gm y rjvcsmr bm bípckm quj emgàm `mokmkf emhjr bujaf kj su `ujrtj hfo tmotm prj`urm, sco tcj`pf pmrm vjrbm tjr`comkm. Bm coshrcphcøo, quj emgbmgm `ís kj su pmkrj quj kj bm kcduotm, tjoàm vmrcfs jrrfrjs, quj eczf hfrrjacr. Bm pcjkrm sj mbzmgm, rfkjmkm kj sjpubturms kjshfofhckms, hfo uom c`pfojotj urom jshubpckm jo bm pmrtj supjrcfr y uoms bjtrms rc`gf`gmotjs quj kcgunmgmo, jo scjtj kcdjrjotjs tcpfs kj tcpfarmdàm, bms

 pmbmgr ms> ‒Mquà  pmbmgrms> ‒Mquà kjshmosmo bfs rjstfs kj Mooj Mooj Grfotì, ecnm kjb kj b Wjv. Wjv. Y. Y. Grfotì, Gjojdchcmrcf kj Emwfrte, Sfrlsecrj. @urcø m bfs 75 mýfs. 75 kj `myf kj =5;3‐. Xco j`gmraf, of fgsjrvø uo jrrfr duokm`jotmb> mb `frcr, Mooj tjoàm 73 mýfs y of 75. Bm bípckm `motuvf jsm coshrcphcøo kurmotj hcjotf sjsjotm y humtrf mýfs, emstm quj jo 79=8 bm Grfotì Xfhcjty eczf uom oujvm hfo bm jkmk

hfrrjhtm. Hfo jb íoc`f mdjhtmkf y uom kjgcbckmk dàschm quj rjofvø su motcaum mprjoscøo m bm tugjrhubfscs, sj efspjkø kurmotj uo `js jo jb `cs`f eftjb kj Dcbjy jo jb quj emgàm jstmkf hfo Jbbjo. Bbjvmgm jo su jqucpmnj jb `moushrctf kjb oujvf bcgrf. M bm vujbtm, sco tjojr jo hujotm sus rjstrchhcfojs, bm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo

 

Ajfraj X`cte of pfkàm jvctmr jb tfof cotc`cstm. Ajfraj X`cte pugbchø jstm fsmkm hmrtm h mrtm kj Hemrbfttj jo jb Hfroecbb @mamzcoj kj kchcj`grj kc hcj`grj kj =399, quczí hfo hcjrtm prjsuohcøo> ‒Tfy m kjhcrbj mbaf quj ej oftmkf m `joukf jo sus hmrtms, y hmsc scj`prj jo su hfovjrsmhcøo. @j rjdcjrf m uom jspjhcj kj hmbbmkm  gurbm, uom uom comukcgbj comukcgbj rcsm sfgrj ustjk `cs` `cs`f, f, uo nujaf nujaf sutcb sutcb hfo h fo su hfrrjspfosmb hfrrjs pfosmb f hf`pmýàm, quj mþom uo tà`ckf tfquj kj @jdcstødjbjs hfo jb kj`focf… Of qucjrf kjhcr quj sjm uom dmbtm, søbf bj kcaf> tcjoj jsj tfquj. S pujkf emhjr bm mhusmhcøo hfo hfodfrtmgbj c`puockmk, jspjrmokf sjaurm quj jstã kj`mscmkf fhupmkf nustf mefrm hf`f pmrm ojamr jstj u ftrf hmraf‐18: . [mb vjz jo rjspujstm m jsm hmrtm, f of, ãb sj kcshubpø pfr mbauom ‒bcajrjzm j 1844  kj su pmrtj. Jbbm sj mprjsurø m rjspfokjrbj> c`pjrtcojotj bchjohcm‐  18 ‒Yjr`àtm`j kjhcrbj quj ustjk ouohm ojhjsctm `johcfomr jsms pmbmgrms pfrquj (`j pmrjhj) su omturmbjzm of tcjoj omkm kj bms hmrmhtjràstchms quj jbbms rjprjsjotmo‐ 181 . Hfo bfs dràfs kjb dco kj ofvcj`grj, uo grftj kj codbujozm mbhmozø m bm rjhtfràm. Hmyjrfo jodjr`fs [mggy prc`jrf, bujaf @mrtem Grfwo y dcomb`jotj jb sjýfr Grfotì. Motjs kj bm Omvckmk jodjr`ø Hemrbfttj hfo uo maukf kfbfr jo jb pjhef, jb `cs`f sàotf`m quj emgàm mtmhmkf m J`cby y Mooj kurmotj sus

jodjr`jkmkjs. Tfbvcjrfo bfs tj`frjs m bm tugjrhubfscs y bm `ujrtj, ftrm vjz, rfokø jb prjsgctjrcf. Bm `ujrtj kj Ljjpjr jb =¾ kj kchcj`grj hfotrcguyø m bm `jbmohfbàm covjromb. covjromb. Duj jotjrrmkf jo jb nmrkà nmrkào, o, hfo jb hfrtjnf kj Dbfssy Db fssy.. Cokcdjrjotj m bm mkvjrsckmk, jb à`pjtu kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo Ajfraj X`cte hrjhàm hf`f of hrjhàm bm vjajtmhcøo jo jb pírm`f. Gmnf bm dcr`m kj

Hurrjr Gjbb ‛¶of jrm uom coajouckmk hrjjr quj jb sjukøoc`f mþo pfkàm sjrvcrbj kj sugtjrduacf6 ‛, Hemrbfttj eczf uom jspjhcj kj prfpujstm> ‒Kjstcoj uom drmhhcøo kj sà `cs`f ‛pujkj sjr søbf bm puotm kj su kjkf `jýcquj ‛  pmrm  pmrm ãb (Hurrjr Gjbb), y ãb of pjr`ctcrí m ocoaþo hmgmbbjrf f km`m quj tf`j  pfsjscøo  pfsjsc øo kj jsm drmhhcøo… (Hurrjr (Hurrjr Gjbb) rjkuhj su rjhbm` rjhb m`ff m jsj puotf puotf 18 5. Ajfraj X`cte `àoc`f ‛pjrf jsj puotf kjgj sjr `fofpfbczmkf pfr ãb‛‐185

 

 pukf emgjr bjàkf bjàk f mbauom mbauom trmzm trmzm kj cotc` cotc`mhcøo mhcøo jo jstj pjkckf (¶f j`pbmzf6), j`pbmzf6), hf`f bj emgràm suhjkckf mb sjýfr Ejajr kj bjjr sus hmrtms vjej`jotjs muoquj… ¶of duj bm `cs`àsc`m Tcracocm Qffbd qucjo sj prjokø kj bm ‒vjej`johcm, kj bm cokcaomhcøo‐183  kj Hemrbfttj Grfotì6 Jo djgrjrf, m hmusm kj bfs ru`frjs sfgrj bm jodjr`jkmk kj Hemrbfttj quj emgàmo bbjamkf m Bfokrjs, Ajfraj X`cte eczf uom cotj`pjstcvm vcsctm m bm rjhtfràm. Xj emgàm bbjamkf m kjhcr quj Hurrjr Gjbb jstmgm mb gfrkj kj bm `ujrtj y ãsm pukf emgjr sckf bm rmzøo kj su vcsctm. Yfr ftrm pmrtj, tm`pfhf tjoàm ofvjkmkjs kjb `moushrctf kj Tcbbjttj. Yjrf jsj kàm Hemrbfttj jstmgm jo Grfflrfyk hfo Jbbjo y of pukf vjrbf. Jotrjtmotf, bms rjdfr`ms jo bm rjhtfràm emgàmo bbjamkf m su dco> sj hm`gcø jb vcjnf tjnmkf, mbauoms pmrjkjs sj tcrmrfo mgmnf pmrm marmokmr jb smbfohctf kj bm  pbmotm gmnm y sj rjkunf bm oursjry  kj `fkf quj jb motcauf humrtf kj bm tàm, mefrm fhupmkf pfr jbbm, tuvcjrm `ís jspmhcf. Jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo kjb 5 kj kchcj`grj sj qujnø kj bms hfrtcoms pmrm bm smbm, huyf hfbfr mpmamkf jstmgm bjnfs kj mbhmozmr jb hmr`jsà quj emgàm johmramkf. Jo jb ftfýf kj =5:7, pfr dco, jovcø bfs kfs prc`jrfs vfbþ`jojs kj Tcbbjttj m bm hmbbj Hfroecbb. Ajfraj X`cte kjgj kj emgjrsj sfrprjokckf `jofs pfr  vfbvjr m johfotrmrsj hfo jb `mtjrcmb kj  Jb prfdjsfr  prfdjsfr , rjjshrctf y `ís jbmgfrmkf y hf`pbjnf, quj pfr rjhfofhjrsj jo jb pjrsfomnj kjb kfhtfr Nfeo Armem` Grjttfo f, mþo `ís pjrturgmkfr, jo rjhfofhjr m su `mkrj jo bm sjýfrm Grjttfo. Mtjotm m quj jb bcgrf johugràm uom mutfgcfarmdàm, sjaþo hf`jotmrfo bujaf [emhljrmy y ftrfs, Hemrbfttj pckcø m sus jkctfrjs pugbchmrbf jo jb mofoc`mtf.

Kjspuãs kj bms rjpjrhuscfojs quj bms oftms gcfarídchms sfgrj sus ejr`moms emgàmo tjockf sfgrj bfs bjhtfrjs coabjsjs jo =5:9, ãsm of jrm uom fphcøo pmrm X`cte & Jbkjr> hmsc tfkms bms rjsjýms emgàmo pujstf jb mhjotf jo bms oftms  gcfarídchms kj Hemrbfttj, Hemrbftt `johcfo johcfomr mr bms bm s ofvjbms. Bj prfpuscjrfo, jo hm`gcf, hm` gcf, pugbchmrbf pugbchm rbf hfoj,jbsco sju sj umpjoms køoc`f køoc`f` kj Hurrjr Hurrjr Gjbb. Muoquj bm jshrcturm kjb þbtc`f trm`f kj Tcbbjttj  mvmozmgm, y Hemrbfttj

 

rjhemzmgm covctmhcfojs y humbqucjr kcstrmhhcøo quj bm mrrmohmrm kjb trmgmnf, sj sjotàm kãgcb y jotrcstjhckm. Bm sfspjhem kj quj bfs pjrsfomnjs pfkàmo sjr  ckjotcdchmkfs pmrmbczmgm su jshrcturm< ym of sj trmtmgm søbf kj Ajfraj X`cte scof kj bm kjshrcphcøo kj jshjoms y buamrjs kj Bfokrjs quj m`gfs emgàmo hf`pmrtckf f vcsctmkf jo sus vcmnjs> emstm Wmhejb jstmgm cohbuckm, jo jb  pjrsfomnj kj Tmset Tmsetc.c. Bm kcdchubtmk `myfr quj bj pbmotjmgm bm fgrm jrm bm rjsfbuhcøo kj bm tjoscøo jotrj bm ejrfàom Buhy Xofwj, quj jrm pfgrj, y jb kfhtfr Nfeo Armem` Grjttfo, quj of bf jrm. Xc jo jb þbtc`f vfbu`jo Buhy Xofwj bfarmgm rf`pjr hfo bfs c`pjkc`jotfs sfhcmbjs, quj jo Coabmtjrrm jrmo `uhef `ís quj uom prfecgchcøo, hf`f bf emgàm bfarmkf motjs Nmoj Jyrj… ¶jstj ajstf of sjràm cotjrprjtmkf hf`f uom kjhbmrmhcøo m Ajfraj X`cte6 Emhcm jb dcomb kjb sjauokf vfbu`jo, jo uom jshjom ejr`fsm y `mbkctm Buhy Xofwj jotcjrrm bms hmrtms kjb kfhtfr Nfeo jo uo eujhf jshfokckf jotrj bms rmàhjs kjb vcjnf pjrmb kj uo nmrkào tmo smbvmnj, co`josf y dbfrckf hf`f jb kjb pjoscfomkf Ejajr. ‒Yjrf of søbf qujràm jotjrrmr uo tjsfrf… qujràm tm`gcão sjpubtmr uom pjom.‐ 1;9  Zom vjz jotjrrmkms bms hmrtms, y hugcjrtms pfr hj`jotf, tcjrrm y ecjkrm, kjshmosø mpfymkm jo jb trfohf> ‒qujkíokf`j, hf`f humbqucjr ftrf kfbcjotj, nuotf m uom sjpubturm rjhcão hugcjrtm pfr bm ecjrgm‐. Hfo Tcbbjttj Hemrbfttj kcf bm jspmbkm m bfs cotjrjsjs bctjrmrcfs kjb `f`jotf y tf`ø uo hm`cof jxtrmýf mb jshfajr su prfpcm vckm hf`f `mtjrcmb kj jshrcturm> eczf uom jxpbfrmhcøo kj su cotc`ckmk quj of emgàm sckf cotjotmkm motjs jo bm dchhcøo. Jsj vcmnj m bms prfduokckmkjs kj bm `jotj y kj bm

 pjrhjphc øo kj uof  pjrhjphcøo uof `cs`f cs`f pukf emgjr `fbjstmkf m bfs hràtchfs kj su ãpfhm, muoquj of tmotf hf`f jb sf`gràf tmbmotj sjxumb kj bfs josujýfs kj Buhy Xofwj, quj of jrm dràm. Jb à`pjtu sjxumb quj auàm hfo tjomhckmk m Buhy Xofwj yhf`f m Nmoj Jyrj Nmoj Jyrjkjb `ís quj m ocoauom sjr tmovjej`jotj gyrøochf jb kj bfs‛m rf`íotchfs , pjrf ftrm‛ sj trmtmpfkràm kjb à`pjtu  Gbmhlwffk  kj uom `unjr, y jsf of duj mbaf sjohcbbf kj msc`cbmr jo jsj pjràfkf** pjràfkf ****. Bm

 

dfr`ckmgbj jshrctfrm Ajfraj Jbcft, quj vcvàm jo uom uocøo bcgrj hfo jb hràtchf A. E. Bjwjs, kcnf quj Tcbbjttj jrm ‒mþo `ís `mrmvcbbfsf quj  Nmoj Jyrj. Emy 1; =. mbaf hmsc sfgrjomturmb sfgrjomturmb jo su pfkjr‐1;= Hemrbfttj jovcø bm þbtc`m pmrtj m su jkctfr jb 79 kj ofvcj`grj, hfo uom vujbtm kj tujrhm jo bm quj Buhy Xofwj sj mbjnm kjb kfhtfr Nfeo pmrm jom`frmrsj kj `foscjur Ymub J`moujb, uo sunjtf sj`jnmotj jo tfkfs bfs mspjhtfs mb sjýfr Ejajr. Jb prfdjsfr kj bctjrmturm drmohjsm kjb pjoscfomkf kj Tcbbjttj, pjbf fshurf, mgrcaf bmraf, tcjoj uo grcbbmotj cotjbjhtf y uo tj`pjrm`jotf ajojrfsf quj sj tfrom m vjhjs hfbãrchf, bmozm sus kcshursfs cbu`comkfs jovujbtf jo jb eu`f kj sus hcamrrfs, uo jbj`jotf quj vujbvj uom y

ftrm vjz jo bm fgrm fgr m kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Hfosu`ckm pfr bm c`pmhcjohcm, kjspuãs kj kcjz kàms kj scbjohcf kj bm jkctfrcmb vfbvcø m jshrcgcr m Ajfraj X`cte. Ãb kjnø pmsmr uofs humotfs kàms `ís. Kjgàm jstmr mbmr`mkf pfr jb `moushrctf, pfrquj of pjr`ctcø mb sjýfr  Qcbbcm`s bjjrbf. Xc ãb sj ckjotcdchmgm hfo jb pjrsfomnj kjb kfhtfr Nfeo, of  pmrjhj pfscgbj pfscgb j quj kjsjmrm kjsjmr m quj mbaucjo mbaucjo `ís bjyjrm bms rjdbjxcfojs rjdbjxcfojs kj Buhy Xofwj> ‒M bf bmraf kj su vckm, jb kfhtfr Nfeo duj scj`prj uo ef`grj kj sujrtj, uo ef`grj kj ãxctf. S ¶pfr quã `ftcvf6 Yfrquj nm`ís kjspjrkchcmgm bms fhmscfojs quj sj bj prjsjotmgmo, jstmgm bcstf pmrm bm mhhcøo y kjsj`pjýmgm su trmgmnf hfo `mjstràm. S ocoauom pmscøo tcríochm bf jshbmvczmgm< ocoaþo jotuscms`f, ocoauom kjgcbckmk jotfrpjhàmo su hm`cof‐ 1;7 . Bm m`mraurm kjb rjtrmtf quj eczf Hemrbfttj jxecgj bm ejokckurm pfr bm quj mpmrjhj, rjvjbmkf, jb kjsjoamýf kj uo m`fr. Bm rjspujstm kj X`cte hfoscstcø jo uo hejquj kj

qucocjotms bcgrms, bm `cs`m hcdrm quj Hemrbfttj emgàm rjhcgckf pfr  Nmoj Jyr Jyrjj y  pfr Xecrbjy. Xu pmkrj jspjrmgm `ís kcojrf pfr Tcbbjttj< jbbm jspjrmgm uom hmrtm. Humokf mb dco bj jshrcgcø, X`cte eczf uom hràtchm sfrprjokjotj> sj qujnø kj bm mgruptm ‒trmosdjrjohcm kj cotjrjsjs‐1;8  quj fhurrj emhcm jb dcomb kjb bcgrf. Bm hràtchm pujkj sjr hjrtjrm pjrf ¶of jstmgm X`cte covfbuhrmkf jo jbbm kjskj

 

uo íoaubf pjrsfomb mb trmtmrsj, prjhcsm`jotj, kj bm pãrkckm kjb cotjrãs kj Buhy Xofwj emhcm su pjrsfomnj, jb kfhtfr Nfeo6 Hf`f jo bms gmtmbbms kj Moarcm, humokf bms rcvmbckmkjs dm`cbcmrjs hfo Grmowjbb sj nuamgmo jo su Ídrchm c`macomrcm, mefrm Hemrbfttj emgàm bfarmkf trmosdjrcr, pmrm sjaucr jo tãr`cofs kjb sjýfr X`cte, bm hfrrcjotj kj pmscfojs kj bm vckm bbm`mkm rjmb mb hm`pf kj bm dchhcøo. ¶Ãb hbm`mgm pfr bfs cotjrjsjs kj su pjrsfomnj6 Jo rjspujstm m bm hmrtm kj X`cte, jo bm quj ãb rjhbm`ø uo dcomb rf`íotchf, jbbm sj nustcdchø> ‒Kjgf kjhcr quj tcjoj rmzøo kj oujvf… Jb jspàrctu kjb rf`mohj eugcjrm cokchmkf ftrf hursf… pjrf eugcjrm jstmkf bjnfs kj bm vckm rjmb, cohfoscstjotj hfo bm vjrkmk y hfo bm prfgmgcbckmk‐ 1;; . Jo su hmrtm m Hemrbfttj, ãb emgàm hmbcdchmkf m Ymubcom, bm oujvm jom`frmkm quj Hurrjr Gjbb emgàm mknukchmkf mb kfhtfr Nfeo, hf`f m uom ‒scoaubmr  1;::, pmrm marjamr hfo sjqujkmk quj jb kfhtfr Nfeo ‒of sj sjotàm amtctm‐1; jom`frmkf kj jbbm‐. Jstmgm vjrkmkjrm`jotj fdjokckf. Mýfs kjspuãs, jo uom hmrtm m bm sjýfrm Qmrk ojaø rftuokm`jotj emgjr jstmkf jom`frmkf kj Hemrbfttj, muoquj sj bj jshmpø uo kmtf quj pfkràm pfojrbf jo kukm> ‒Yjrf yf 1;44. Jo tmb hrjf quj `c `mkrj, jo jstm ãpfhm, jstmgm sjrcm`jotj prjfhupmkm‐1; hmsf, Hemrbfttj bj hjrrø bm pujrtm jo bms omrchjs> ‒Buhy of kjgj hmsmrsj hfo jb kfhtfr Nfeo... Ãb js pfr bjnfs kj`mscmkf nfvjo, gjbbf, kj grcbbmotj jspàrctu y sumvj tj`pjrm`jotf< ãb js uo ―mkfrmgbj kftmkf– pfr bm omturmbjzm y bm dfrtuom< kjgj amomr amomr uo prj`cf prj`cf jo bm Bftjràm kj bm vckm< vc km< su jspfsm kjgj sjr nfvjo, rchm y  gjbbm ‒Jvjo mt ecs maj, ej fuaet oft tf gj mbwmys tcjk tf ecs `ftejr–s mprfo strcoa‐. Mkj`ís js hfosckjrmkm pfr bm hràtchm hfotj`pfríojm uo tjxtf prftfdj`cocstm. ** * Tcracocm Qffbd, quj hfosckjrmgm m Tcbbjttj bm `jnfr ofvjbm kj Hemrbfttj, jshrcgcø> ‒… *** Bjj`fs m Hemrbfttj Grfotì of pfr uom jxqucsctm fgsjrvmhcøo kjb hmríhtjr ‛sus  pjrsfom  pjrsf omnjs njs sfo joãrachfs joãrachf s y prc`ctcv prc`ctc vfs‛< of pfr bm hf`jkcm h f`jkcm ‛su eu`fr eu`fr js smrkøochf y hrukf‛< of pfr uom vcscøo dcbfsødchm kj bm vckm ‛bm suym js bm kj bm ecnm kj uo pírrfhf

rurmb‛, scof pfr su pfjsàm‐. pfjs àm‐. ( Jb  Jb bjhtfr hf`þo) hf`þo )

 

HMYÀ[ZBF UTC JB JXYJH[WF J XYJH[WF KJ BM WJH[FW WJH[FWÀM ÀM Jb hfmknutfr kjb sjýfr Grfotì kjskj emhàm scjtj mýfs, Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs, `mb vcstf pfr bms vjhcoms kjb pujgbf pfr su hm`pmým hfotrm jb usf kjb hj`jotjrcf hf`f tjokjkjrf kj rfpm, bbjvmgm hfo `fkjstcm uom dcaurm dujrtj y mbtm, fnfs rjojarckfs rjojarckfs quj emhàmo emhàmo nujaf nujaf hfo jb pjbf y uuoms oms pmtcbbms tmo bmrams quj quj sj hfovjrtàmo jo uom gmrgm ‒hfrtcom‐, hf`f uom sforcsm pcbfsm y hfrkcmb. Muoqu Mu oqujj mtjokàm hfo jshrupu jshr upubfsc bfsckmk kmk su s us kjgjrjs kj gjrjs pmrrfqucmbjs, pmrrfqucmbjs , humo humokf kf sj duj duj kj vmhmhcfojs m Crbmokm jo bm mbkjm hfrrcø bm vfz, hfo jsm sfhmrrfojràm kj bfs emgctmotjs kj bfs pmotmofs, kj quj ouohm vfbvjràm m Sfrlsecrj. Yjrf vfbvcø, y  pmrm kchcj`grj kc hcj`grj kj =5:7 emhàm emhàm tcj`pf quj quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj sjotàm sjotàm ‒uo ‒uomm djgrcb y jxtrmým jxtrmým 1;55. hfotjohcøo‐ jo ‒sus hfostmotjs `crmkms‐ 1; Zom ofhej kj buojs, kjspuãs kj tf`mr jb tã kj bms fhef jo jb jstukcf hfo su  pmkrj y jb hfmknutfr, hfmknutfr, hf`f hf`f jrm emgctumb, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj sj rjtcrø mb smbfohctf `cjotrms jbbfs hfotcoumrfo hfovjrsmokf. M bms oujvj jshuheø quj jb sjýfr   Ochefbbs smbàm smbà m kjb jstukcf jstukcf y jspjrø jb sfockf kj bm pujrtm pujrtm kj hmbbj pjrf, jo hm`gcf, mb bjvmotmrsj pmrm vjr quã suhjkàm ãb bm cotjrhjptø jo jb pmscbbf>

‒dubaurø hf`f uo rjbí`pmaf‐1;3 . Mrteur Ochefbbs, quj sfbàm `motjojr jb  pbmotj kj uom uom jstmt js tmtum, um, mefrm, mefrm, hfo jb rfstrf píbckf, tj`gbmgm tj`gbmgm kj pcjs pc js m hmgjzm hm gjzm y emgbmgm hfo uo tfof gmnf y vjej`jotj ‒pjrf hfodusf y sfgrjhfackf< `j eczf vjr, pfr prc`jrm vjz, huíotf hujstm m uo ef`grj kjhbmrmr su mdjhtf humokf 1: 9, hfotø Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo. Jbbm scotcø uo jxtrmýf sefhl  kukm kj bm rjspujstm‐1:9 motj bfs sudrc`cjotfs quj, sjaþo ãb bj rjbmtø, vjoàm pmkjhcjokf kjskj emhàm

 

`jsjs pfr su hmusm. Sm of pfkàm sfstjojrsj `uhef `ís y bj pjkàm mbauom jspjrmozm. ¶Emgàm emgbmkf hfo su pmkrj6 Of. Bf kjspckcø hfo bm prf`jsm kj uom  prfotm rjspujstm y duj m hfotmr  prfotm hfotmr bm prfpujstm mmbb pírrfhf, quj `fotø `fotø jo høbjrm. høb jrm. Hfo uom ‒mactmhcøo y jofnf kjsprfpfrhcfomkfs‐, jb rjvjrjokf sfbtø uom smrtm kj cosubtfs quj jbbm nm`ís emgàm fàkf> ‒Bms vjoms kj sus ojrvcfs j`pjzmrfo m mactmrsj hf`f bítcafs y sus fnfs sj hfovcrtcjrfo sþgctm`jotj jo rmyfs kj smoarj. Muoquj `c smoarj gubbàm hfo uo sjotckf kj conustchcm, tuvj quj  prf`jtjrbj  prf` jtjrbj quj bf cgm m rjhemz rjh emzmr‐ mr‐ 1:= . Hemrbfttj He mrbfttj hfodjsø hfodjsø m Jbbjo quj jstmgm sfrprjokckm sfrpr jokckm pfr ‒bm prfdu p rfduokckmk okckmk kj bbfs fs sjotc`cjotfs (kjb sjýfr Ochefbbs)‐1:7 . Kurmotj uom jodjr`jkmk rjhcjotj kjb sjýfr Grfotì, bm omturmbckmk hfo quj Mrteur Ochefbbs emgàm tf`mkf sus kjgjrjs jo bm pmrrfqucm emgàm mu`jotmkf bm cotc`ckmk jotrj ãb y Hemrbfttj y bm sc`pmtàm quj jbbm bj prfdjsmgm, muoquj su dcaurm jstmgm johjrrmkm jo jb `cstjrcf y bm fshurckmk. Xus fhubtms pmscfojs, su sjvjrckmk y su kcshrjhcøo bf hfovjrtàmo jo uo joca`m pmrm bm ajotj kjb pujgbf. @ís mkjbmotj uo pupcbf kj bm jshujbm kj bm cabjscm kj Xtmogury rjhfrkø quj jb sjýfr Ochefbbs vcsctmgm bm jshujbm  pmrrfqucmb trjs vjhjs m bm sj`mom, sj`mom, mhf`pmýmkf pfr su pjrrf pjrr f rjtrcjvjr `mrrøo y bbjvmokf jo bm `mof uom gfbsm kj kubhjs pmrm bfs ocýfs. Bf hfotrmkcnf uom ocým, quj msjvjrmgm quj Ybmtf of jrm uo rjtrcjvjr scof uom hruzm kj ojwdfuokbmok y wmtjr spmocjb> jb sjýfr Ochefbbs sfbàm sugcrbm mb bf`f kjb  pjrrf pmrm pmr m bbjvmrbm bbj vmrbm m su s u hmsm m trmvãs kj bms hfbcoms. hfb coms. Ymrm jb sjýfr Grfotì, bm hcrhuostmohcm kj quj su ecnm sj hmsmrm hfo jb

hfmknutfr of jrm `ís quj uo buamr hf`þo jo jb dfbhbfrj kj bm vckm pmrrfqucmb. Ãb mspcrmgm m uo Nm`js [mybfr pmrm su grcbbmotj y jxctfsm ecnm y sj rjeusø m emgbmr hfo jb sjýfr Ochefbbs f m `motjojr ftrm hf`uochmhcøo hfo ãb, jxhjptf  pfr hmrtm. hm rtm. ‒@j tj`f tj`f quj pmpí pcjosj pcj osj quj quj ãb jstí trms kj `c kcojrf< kchj quj js 1: 1:8 8 kjarmkmotj quj tjoam jxpjhtmtcvms sfgrj `à.‐   Mrteur Ochefbbs kjgàm sjotcrsj, hf`f mbauom vjz jb sjýfr Grfotì, ‒uo jxtrmýf jo tcjrrm jxtrmým‐> jb

 

hbãrcaf bj jovcø uom oftm quj Hemrbfttj hmbcdchø kj hrujb< @mrtem, bm ecnm kj Nfeo Grfwo, sj emgàm vujbtf jo su hfotrm. Emstm Nfeo Grfwo, jb vcjnf m`caf kj Grmowjbb, kcnf quj mbaucjo kjgàm kcspmrmrbj. ‒@c pmkrj of jotcjokj bm omturmbjzm kj sus sjotc`cjotfs, pjrf yf mefrm bfs hf`prjokf. Jb sjýfr   Ochefbbs js uof kj jsfs sjrjs huyms huyms sjosmhcfojs sfo `uy hjrrmkms hjrrm kms y  prfduokms‐  prfdu okms‐1:; , jshrcgcø jshr cgcø Hemrbfttj, Hemrbfttj, jodrjot jodrjotmkm mkm hfo jb pírrfhf pí rrfhf pfr pr prc` c`jrm jrm vjz. v jz. Bm coãkctm jxpjrcjohcm kj sjr mkfrmkm prfvfhmgm sjotc`cjotfs prfduokfs jo Hemrbfttj. Ãb mþo bbjvmgm m pmsjmr m Dbfssy, jb pjrrf kj Mooj, pjrf sj bf vjàm jodjr`f y trcstj> ‒Ãb y pmpí ouohm emgbmo. Jb sjýfr Ochefbbs pmrjhj pmsmr uom vckm kjsfbmkm. Xj scjotm mpjsmku`grmkf jo su emgctmhcøo y sc mbaþo hbãrcaf bf vcsctm j cotjotm kcvjrtcrbf, mpjoms emgbm, of trmos`ctj omkm, of emhj hfodckjohcms y rjeþsm tfkf cotjotf pfr pjojtrmr su `jotj. Bf rjspjtf pfr jsf… @c pcjkmk pfr ãb js cojxprjsmgbj. Ouohm ofs johfotrm`fs oc emgbm`fs ‛uo 1:::. scbjohcf pcmkfsf js bf quj bj kfy‐1: Mrteur Ochefbbs mpjoms sj mhjrhmgm m bm cabjscm> hfotcoumgm emhcjokf sus trmgmnfs jo bm pmrrfqucm y bbjaø m pjkcr m uo m`caf quj bf sustctuyjrm bfs kf`coafs pmrm of crrctmr mb pírrfhf hfo su prjsjohcm. Bm crm kjb sjýfr Grfotì, sco prfpfoãrsjbf, emgàm hfovjrtckf mb tà`ckf hfmknutfr jo uo duactcvf rf`íotchf, jo uo prfshrcptf. Hfo bm jxhusm kj bm hfrrjhhcøo kj prujgms kj Tcbbjttj, jb : kj jojrf Hemrbfttj vcmnø uom vjz `ís emhcm bm hmsm kj bfs X`cte jo Bfokrjs. Motjs pmsø  pfr Bjjks, jstm vjz of pmrm pm rm mkqucrcr uo oujvf oujvf sf`grjrf, sf`grjrf, uom hcotm f uo rjtmzf kj tjbm pmrm emhjrsj uo vjstckf, hf`f kj hfstu`grj> ‒Echj `c kcbcajohcm

smtcsdmhtfrcm`jotj jo Bjjks> rjtcrã jb pfstczf rjstmurmkf hf`f yf kjsjmgm> mefrm js hf`pbjtm`jotj kcdjrjotj m jsm hfsm kjsarjýmkm y kj `mb austf quj jrm motjs‐ motjs‐1:4 . Yjr`mojhcø uo `js jo jb quj of hfrrcacø prujgms y mpjoms pmrtchcpø jo bm vckm sfhcmb, jxhjptf pfr uoms vcsctms mb mscbf pmrm cosmofs Gjtebjej`, jb Efspctmb Dfuokbcoa y bms prcscfojs kj Yjotfovcbbj y kj Ojwamtj, kfokj

 

hfovjrsø hfo uom nfvjo quj emgàm msjscomkf m su gjgã cbjaàtc`f, uom ‒pfgrj 1:11. hechm hfo uom hmrm cotjrjsmotj y uom jxprjscøo kj prfduokm trcstjzm‐1: Jo jstj vcmnj johfotrø hm`gcfs jo Abfuhjstjr [jrrmhj> jbbm mtrcguyø mb jxhjsf kj trmgmnf bm mhjotumhcøo kj bms bàojms kj jxprjscøo kjb rfstrf kj Ajfraj X`cte, muoquj pukcjrfo emgjrbf josf`grjhckf bfs trmstfrofs quj bj  prfkunf bm b m pugbchmhcøo kj Tcbbjttj. Hemrbfttj bj kcnf m Jbbjo quj ãb hfotcoumgm tmo ajotcb hf`f kj hfstu`grj, pjrf bm jstmkàm of duj `uy pbmhjotjrm. Jb ejhef kj quj bm dm`cbcm eugcjrm outrckf jb `mtjrcmb krm`ítchf kj su ofvjbm of pukf scof hrjmr hcjrtm tjoscøo jo bm hmsm, y jb vfbu`jo kj trmgmnf quj sj mtrcguyø Ajfraj X`cte pukf emgjr sckf søbf uo prjtjxtf pmrm eucr kj Hemrbfttj. Bm sjýfrm X`cte, mefrm mb tmotf kj su pmrtchcpmhcøo jo jb bcgrf, jstmgm mdjhtmkm  pfr bm prjsjohcm kj uom covctmkm tmo pjbcarfsm. pjbc arfsm. Xus Xus vcsctms m hírhjbjs hírhjb js y efspctmbjs kjgjo emgjrsj hfosckjrmkf pfhf jbjamotjs, mkj`ís. ‒Bm sjýfrm X`cte y sus ecnms, hrjf, kjgjo jstmr msf`grmkms pfr `cs bøgrjafs austfs, pjrf of `j bf echcjrfo smgjr.‐1:5 Jb sjýfr Grfotì, kjskj Emwfrte, bj jovcø kfs hmrtms jovjojomkms< bm sjauookm js uom sjau uom hurcfsm pcjzm bctjrmrcm bctjrmr cm jshrc j shrctm tm hfo bm vfz omrrmtcvm omrrmtcvm kj Dbfssy Dbfs sy,, jb  pjrrf kj Mooj Mooj (jo uom uom motchcpmhc motchcpmhcøo øo mb Dbuse kj Tcracocm Qffbd)> sj qujnmgm kj quj ‒omkcj `j smhm m hm`comr mefrm< jb tcj`pf js kj`mscmkf dràf f eþ`jkf  pmrm `c m`f, m`f, y `c `c emgctumb hf`pmýàm hf`pmýàm em pjrkckf tfkm su mpmrjot mpmr jotjj m` m `mgcbckmk, mgcb ckmk, mefrm `j rjamým y `crm fshurm`jotj‐1:3 . Jb sjýfr Ochefbbs, bm ‒emgctumb hf`pmýàm‐ kj Dbfssy, jo uo ajstf uo pfhf trj`jokcstm pjrf m tfof hfo su oujvf pmpjb rf`íotchf, sj coshrcgcø hf`f

`cscfojrf jo bms hfbfocms mustrmbcmoms kj Xykojy, @jbgfuroj f Mkjbmckj y mouohcø quj kjnmràm bm rjhtfràm jo `myf. Jo jstms hcrhuostmohcms Hemrbfttj  pckcø m Jbbjo quj sj rjuocjrm rjuocjrm hfo jbbm jo Ljcaebjy Ljcaebjy motjs motjs kj rjarjsmr m bm rjhtfràm, hfo bm ckjm kj sumvczmr jb johujotrf hfo su pmkrj, quj sjauàm durcguokf. Humokf Hu mokf Jbbjo vcsctø vcsc tø bm rjhtfràm r jhtfràm rjbmtø r jbmtø m bm dm`cbc dm`cbcmm uom uom jxtrmým prfpujstm quj

 

emgàm rjhcgckf. [rcstj y prjfhupmkm pfr su duturf, jstmgm kcspujstm m hfotj`pbmr bm pfscgcbckmk kj mhjptmrbm. Kfs kjshfofhckfs, jb rjvjrjokf Drmohcs Zpnfeo y su jspfsm Xmrme, bj emgàmo prfpujstf mkfptmrbm y bjamrbj su dfrtuom, hfo bm hfokchcøo kj pmsmr motjs hcjrtf tcj`pf bfs trjs nuotfs y, jvjotumb`jotj, kjhckcr sc jb mhujrkf sjràm `utum`jotj smtcsdmhtfrcf. Jo jsfs mýfs emgàm tjockf vmrcms pfscgcbckmkjs kj `mtrc`focf, pjrf ocoauom sj bbjaø m rjmbczmr. Hemrbfttj nuzaø jb pbmo kj pjhubcmr, jb sjýfr Grfotì, `ís hmutf, bf johfotrø ‒of kjbchmkm`jotj jxprjsmkf‐149   y @mry [mybfr, pfr hmrtm, mgf`comgbj. Hfosckjrmr bms pfscgcbckmkjs kjb prfyjhtf coduokcø hcjrtm hfrrcjotj drjshm mb mcrj vchcmkf kj bm rjhtfràm, mþo `ís hmramkf hfo bm rjprfgmhcøo kj Jbbjo mb sjýfr Ochefbbs. Yfr uo bmkf, kurmotj bfs fhef mýfs jo quj duj hfmknutfr kj Emwfrte, Jbbjo of rjhfrkmgm emgjr rjhcgckf uo sfbf hf`jotmrcf m`mgbj sfgrj ãb kj pmrtj kj Hemrbfttj. Yfr ftrf, jb bcomnj kj bfs Oussjy, sc of mrcstfhrítchf, mb `jofs hfo uom trmkchcøo coabjsm `ís jormczmkm quj bm kjb nfvjo co`carmotj crbmokãs, tm`gcão pukf emgjr codbuckf jo bm motcpmtàm kj Jbbjo. Yjrf, jxpbàhctf f of, mbaþo kjsmhujrkf jotrj bms nøvjojs fhurrcø kurmotj jstm vcsctm< bf hcjrtf js quj kjnmrfo kj jshrcgcrsj kurmotj bfs fhef `jsjs scaucjotjs, mbaf quj ouohm emgàm fhurrckf jo jb hursf kj su bmram m`cstmk. Kjskj sus emgctmhcfojs kj Qjbbcoatfo, Oujvm ^jbmokm, ugchmkms sfgrj bm tcjokm quj rjajotjmgm, @mry [mybfr jshrcgcø jshr cgcø m Jbbjo> Jbb jo> ‒Kchjs pfrtjotfsms pfrtjotfsms cohfoscstjohcms cohfoscstjohcms sfgrj H. Grfotì Grfotì jo tu hmrtm… ¶Hø`f jb `mtrc`focf vm m sjr cohfoscstjotj hfo su omturmbjzm6 ¶Xøbf pfrquj jbbm hfosckjrm su prfpcf pbmhjr6 Xc js mbaf oujvf pmrm jbbm

hfosckjrmrb f, js tcj`pf hfosckjrmrbf, tcj`pf kj quj j`pcjhj j`pcjhj m sjr sj r mba mb af `ís hf` hf`þo‐ þo‐14= . Jo jb pujgbf sj `ur`urmgm sfgrj jb mgmtc`cjotf kjb hfmknutfr, sfgrj sus  pmbpctmhcfojs,  pmbpc tmhcfojs, pmbckjz pmbckj z y vfz qujgrmotmkm. qujgrmotmkm. Humtrf Humtrf `jsjs kjspuãs kj emgjrbm sfbchctmkf, jo `myf bj duj hfohjkckm uom `cscøo jo Mustrmbcm, quj rjhemzø pmrm  gushmr ftrf hurmtf. hurmtf. Jo bm tmrkj kjb 74 kj `myf duj duj m kjspjkcrsj kjspjkcr sj kjb sjýfr  Grfotì. Muoquj of sj mtrjvcø m prjsjotmrsj jo jb smbøo, Hemrbfttj bf jspcø

 

kjskj bm vjotmom< mb vjrbf rjhfstmkf hfotrm bm pujrtm kjb nmrkào, prjsm kj uo  pmrfxcs`ff kj moau  pmrfxcs` moaustcm, tf`ø tf`ø hfrmnj hfr mnj y sj johm`coø johm`coø m smbukmrbf> sm bukmrbf> ‒Duc kjrjhef m ãb‐ 147 . Ymrjhàm dmshcomkm jo bm hfotj`pbmhcøo kjb m`fr kjsjspjrmkf quj ãb  pmkjhàm pfr jbbm. jbbm . ¶Of sj hfosckjrmgm m sà `cs`m cs`m ‒hmsc rjpubscvm‐6 148 . Hcjrtm vjz bj emgàm kchef m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb quj ‒kjspuãs quj emo `crmkf `c hmrm uom vjz, bfs jxtrmýfs trmtmo kj c`pjkcr quj sus fnfs `crjo jsm pmrtj kj bm emgctmhcøo kj oujvf‐14; . Jo pmrtj m jsf fgjkjhàm su dfgcm m vjr hmrms jxtrmýms, bj jxpbchø. Jsm tmrkj jo jb nmrkào of bj kcf jspjrmozms, pjrf kj`fstrø ‒of sjr hcjam, hrujb j cokcdjrjotj m su hfostmohcm y sudrc`cjotf‐14: . M pmrtcr kj jsj `f`jotf j`pjzø uom hfrrjspfokjohcm sjhrjtm y emstm vcsctms m jspmbkms kjb pírrfhf. Kcstmohcmkm kj su pmkrj y tm`gcão kj Jbbjo, Hemrbfttj søbf hfotmgm hfo jb mpfyf kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb, quj nuzamgm mb rjhtfr uo kãspftm y mbjotmgm jb rf`mohj. Jo bm prc`mvjrm Hemrbfttj hf`jozø m jshrcgcr kfs hmpàtubfs kj uo oujvf bcgrf mb quj bj kcf jb of`grj prfvcsfrcf kj Qcbbcj Jbbco, pjrf jo ofvcj`grj, kj `fkf cojspjrmkf, mouohcø uo vcmnj m Bfokrjs. Xco oftchcms kjb sjýfr X`cte kjskj nubcf, bj pckcø m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb quj bj mhfosjnmrm uo mbfnm`cjotf< qujràm emhjr uom uom vcsctm vc sctm kj cohøaoct cohøaoctff m jspmbkms jspmbkm s kj bm sjýfrm s jýfrm X`cte X`cte,, quj kj ftrm `mojrm coscstcràm jo quj sj efspjkmrm jo su hmsm. Jb prfpøsctf fdchcmb kjb vcmnj jrm tf`mr bms rcjokms kj bms covjrscfojs quj Ajfraj X`cte bj emgàm hfbfhmkf jo [ej Duok, pjrf sus cotjohcfojs jrmo ftrms. Wjsjrvø uom emgctmhcøo pfr uom sj`mom jo Gjbdfrk Ybmhj, rjsckjohcm kj uom kj bms ejr`moms Qcolwfrte, uoms hmotmotjs kj gmbmkms jshfhjsms quj bm emgàmo ejheczmkf jo hmsm kj bm sjýfrm

Amsljbb. Jb vcmnj jstmgm pbmojmkf pmrm jb 7; kj ofvcj`grj, pjrf jb `cs`f kàm jo quj kjspmheø bm oftm kj rjsjrvm rjhcgcø uom hmrtm kj Ajfraj X`cte quj bj 1444. Hfo hmutjbm, jo vjz kj rjvjbø ‒uom armo hfoduscøo jo su `jotj‐14 rjspfokjrbj m ãb, jshrcgcø m bm sjýfrm X`cte> ‒¶Zstjk pcjosm quj ãb vm m jstmr  `jnfr prfotf6 Xc jstí pfr kmr uo pmsf c`pfrtmotj jo su vckm ‛y mbauom kj sus jxprjscfojs pmrjhàmo c`pbchmrbf‛, ¶js mbaf quj hfokuhcrí m su djbchckmk y

 

 gcjojstmr6‐141 . Bm sjýfrm X`cte coscouø djbchckmk pjrf of bj kcnf jxprjsm`jotj quj ãb jstmgm hf`prf`jtckf hfo bm nfvjo y gjbbm ejrjkjrm Jbczmgjte Gbmljwmy, kj bm quj sj emgàm jom`frmkf m prc`jrm vcstm jb þbtc`f mgrcb. Yjrf Hemrbfttj bf cotuyø. Jb scbjohcf kj jstfs `jsjs, hf`prjokcø, fgjkjhàm m bm mpmrchcøo kj bm ofvcm quj jbbm bj emgàm prjkchef. Humokf bbjaø m bm rjhtfràm bm hmrtm fdchcmb hfo jb mouohcf kjb hf`prf`csf, bj rjspfokcø> ‒Kchcj`grj =9 kj =5:8. @c qujrckf sjýfr> Jo bms armokjs mbjaràms ‛hf`f jo bms armokjs pjoms ‛   bms  pmbmgrms  pmbmgr ms kj sc`pmtàm sc`pmtàm kjgjo sjr pfhms. Mhjptj `cs djbchctmhcfojs y hrãm`j, scohjrm`jo scohjr m`jotj tj suym, H. Grfot Grf otì‐ ì‐145 . Bm rjbmhcøo jotrj bm mutfrm y su jkctfrcmb hfbmpsø. Hemrbfttj hmohjbø su vcmnj m Bfokrjs, kjnø kj jshrcgcr m Qcbbcm`s y kjvfbvcø jb þbtc`f pmqujtj kj bcgrfs kj Hfroecbb hfo uom oftm> ‒Of sj prjfhupj jo jbjacr f `mokmr `ís bcgrfs. Jsm hfrtjsàm kjgàm hjsmr mbaþo kàm‐143 . Mþo mbjnmkm kj Jbbjo, pmsø bm Omvckmk jo bm rjhtfràm. Bm hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo Mrteur Ochefbbs hfotcoumgm, muoquj ym of jrm sjhrjtm pfrquj Hemrbfttj emgàm hfodjsmkf m su pmkrj su jxcstjohcm. Jb jstmkf kj íoc`f jo bm hmsm kj bfs  pírm`fs jrm tjosf tjosf y eefstcb. fstcb. Emhcm dcojs kj djgrjrf jb sjýfr Grfotì prfecgcø bms hmrtms, humokf bms vcsctms sjhrjtms ym jrmo cojvctmgbjs. Jo jsj `f`jotf Jbbjo jodjr`ø y hfo jsm jxhusm sj prfkunf bm rjhfohcbcmhcøo. Yfr dfrtuom Hemrbfttj of bjyø bm hmrtm `csøacom y rjohfrfsm quj [emhljrmy jshrcgcø m su m`cam Buhy Gmxtjr jb == kj `mrzf kj =5:8, kjspuãs kj emgjr bjàkf Tcbbjttj> ‒@j kcvcjrtj bjjr bm coajoum

hfodjscøo kj bm mutfrm kj jstmr jom`frmkm kj kfs ef`grjs mb `cs`f tcj`pf… ¡Bm pfgrj `unjrhctm kj ajocf! ¡Bm dcjrm, pjqujým, grmvm, trã`ubm y pfhf mtrmhtcvm hrcmturm! Ej bjàkf `uhef kj su vckm jo jstj bcgrf, y vjf quj `ís quj dm`m, `ís quj humbqucjr ftrm hfsm, bf quj jbbm kjsjm js m`mr y sjr m`mkm pfr  mbaþo [f`lcos u ftrf. Yjrf ustjk vjrí quj jbbm js uom pjqujým hrcmturm sco uo hjotmvf oc gjbbjzm, kj trjcotm mýfs y kjgf pjosmr quj, jotjrrmkm jo jb hm`pf y

 

hf`cãokfsj su hfrmzøo mbbà, ocoaþo [f`lcos vm m bbjamr…‐ 119 . Yujs pmrm smtcsdmhhcøo f cosmtcsdmhhcøo kj [emhljrmy, quj `ís kj uom vjz emgàm sudrckf bm eu`cbbmhcøo kj sjr jb gbmohf kj mhusmhcfojs `frmbjs kj Hemrbfttj, jbbm johfotrø m su sjýfr [f`lcos jo jb `cs`f hfrmzøo kj su  pmrrfqucm. Zom vjz kcscpmkm tfkm jxpjhtmtcvm jo tfrof m Hfroecbb y Bfokrjs, Hemrbfttj tf`ø bm kjhcscøo kj hmsmrsj y sj bm hf`uochø m su pmkrj. Jb pírrfhf `johcfoø bms armokjs pjrspjhtcvms `mtrc`focmbjs quj jbbm tjoàm y bms kjsvjotmnms kj uo jspfsf pfgrj y sco bcomnj. ‒Ymkrj, of sfy uom `uhemhem nfvjo, oc scqucjrm uom `unjr nfvjo. Ouohm duc ejr`fsm. S mefrm sfy djm. M tu `ujrtj vfy m tjojr  trjshcjotms bcgrms mkj`ís kj bf pfhf quj ej amomkf yf `cs`m. ¶]ucão pfkràm 11==  Xu  pjosmr quj emy `uhefs uhefs ef`grjs ef`grjs quj jspjrmràmo jspjrmr àmo scjtj mýfs pfr `à6‐11  pmkrj fgnjtø oujvm` oujvm`jot jotjj mb hfmknutfr, hfmknutfr, pjrf jbbm jbb m rjspfokcø> ‒Kjgf hmsmr`j hfo uo hfmknutfr sc js quj `j hmsf< of sfbm`jotj hfo uo hfmknutfr, scof hfo tu mknutfr‐. Co`jkcmtm`jotj marjaø quj jrm prjhcsf quj vcvcjrmo bfs trjs nuotfs jo bm rjhtfràm, ym quj jbbm of kjnmràm m su pmkrj. Ouohm mhjptmràm m ‒ftrf ef`grj jo jstm hmsm‐ rjspfokcø ãb, y sj bjvmotø kj bm emgctmhcøo pmrm of emgbmrbj kurmotj uom sj`mom. Duj jotfohjs humokf [mggy, mb johfotrmrbm jodjr`m y kjsmoc`mkm, jodrjotø 11 7, pmrm bujaf kcrcacrsj m mb pírrfhf pí rrfhf y bj prjauot prjauotøø ‒sc kjsjmgm `mtmr m su s u ecnm ecnm‐‐117 Hemrbfttj y mhusmr mb sjýfr Ochefbbs pfr hmrjhjr kj ‒`ís fsmkàm‐. Jsm `cs`m sj`mom Mrteur Ochefbbs sj prjsjotø jo bm hmsm pmrrfqucmb y jb `mtrc`focf duj hfohjrtmkf. Mkj`ís, jb sjýfr Grfotì mhhjkcø m kjvfbvjrbj su

 pujstf uom  pujstf uom vjz quj jb oujvf oujvf mknutfr johfo j ohfotrmrm trmrm ftrf. Jb == kj mgrcb Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj mouohcø su hf`prf`csf m Jbbjo. ‒Ãb of js uo cotjbjhtumb‐, bj hfodjsø m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb uo `js kjspuãs, kurmotj uom vcsctm m su hmsm kj Yby`fute Arfvj, jo @mohejstjr. ‒Emy `uhefs buamrjs jo bfs quj of pujkj sjaucr`j cotjbjhtumb`jotj.‐ Yjosmgm, bj kcnf tm`gcão, quj su tj`pjrm`jotf jrm `jofs ‒kcvjrtckf j cotjrjsmotj quj

 

c`pubscvf y vfbugbj‐118 . Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb sc`pmtczmgm hfo jb prf`jtckf, muoquj tj`àm quj pukcjrm hfovjrtcrsj jo dmoítchf y sjvjrf> ‒[j`f uo pfhf pfr  su ―djbchckmk– (bm kj Hemrbfttj) søbf pfrquj ãb js jstrjhef, y jbbm of bf js. Gujof, vjrkmkjrf, purf y mdjhtufsf js, pjrf tm`gcão js jstrjhef, y jbbm ouohm  pfkràm sjrbf‐ s jrbf‐ 11; .   Xco kukm dfrzmkm pfr jb sjýfr Grfotì, jb 7; kj `myf Hemrbfttj dcr`ø, hfo jb hfosjotc`cjotf kjb sjýfr Ochefbbs, uo hfotrmtf prjouphcmb quj pmrjhj rjkmhtmkf pfr uo mgfamkf kj Qmbb Xtrjjt. Jb hmpctmb kj Hemrbfttj kj `cb sjcshcjotms sjtjotm y fhef bcgrms, kjrcvmkf kj sus amomohcms hf`f mutfrm y kjb rjstf kjb bjamkf kj bm sjýfrctm Grmowjbb, sjràm mscaomkf pmrm su usf prcvmkf y kjnmkf jo ejrjohcm mb pmkrj sc `fràm sco emgjr tjockf ecnfs. Xj jstcpubø quj jb sjýfr Ochefbbs of tjokràm kjrjhef m rjhbm`f mbauof. Jo hmsf kj tjojr ecnfs, jb bjamkf sjràm pmrm jbbfs. Jb dckjchf`csmrcf kjb mhujrkf sjràm Nfj [mybfr, jb ejr`mof kj @mry. Bm hmrtm m Jbbjo kjb =: mgrcb prfpfrhcfom uo kmtf mkchcfomb. Ymrm trmoqucbckmk kjb sjýfr Grfotì, bm pmrjnm of søbf vcvcràm jo bm rjhtfràm> jo marmkjhc`cjotf mb pírrfhf pfr pjr`ctcr jb `mtrc`focf, Mrteur Ochefbbs bj 11::. fdrjhcø su s u ‒huckmkf ‒huckmkf y hfosujbf hfosujbf emstm quj quj su jkmk kjhbcoj‐ kjhbc oj‐11 Bm þochm pjrsfom jotrj bfs mbbjamkfs m bm dm`cbcm quj of rjhcgcø mouohcf kjb `mtrc`focf duj Ajfraj X`cte. Xøbf bj bbjaø uom hmrtm hf`jrhcmb kj Hemrbfttj quj bj codfr`mgm ‒vm m sjr ojhjsmrcf quj `c hmpctmb jo [ej Duok sjm

1144. Ãb rjspfokcø hfo djbchctmhcfojs y gujofs trmosdjrckf m ftrf of`grj‐11 kjsjfs. Hemrbfttj bj jshrcgcø jb 7: kj mgrcb hfo uom drmoqujzm quj kjgj kj emgjrbf

sfrprjokckf> ‒@c duturf `mrckf js uo hbãrcaf. Duj pfr fhef mýfs jb hfmknutfr  kj `c pmkrj. Kjnø kj sjrbf pfrquj bm ckjm kj jstj `mtrc`focf of duj tmo gcjo vcstm hf`f ãb kjsjmgm. Em kjnmkf pmsmr `uhems fpfrtuockmkjs pmrm jbjacr 

 

vfbvjr m bm fshurm vcbbm kj Emwfrte. Hrjf quj emaf gcjo jo hmsmr`j hfo ãb. ]ucjrf kjhcr quj vfy m trmtmr kj sjr uom gujom jspfsm pmrm ãb. Em emgckf uom dujrtj moscjkmk emstm mefrm, pjrf j`pcjzf m jspjrmr quj tfkf vmym m sjr pmrm  gcjo. @cs jxpjhtmtcvms, jxpjhtmtcvms, sco j`gmraf, j`gmraf, sfo `uy gmnms  ‛ `uy `uy kcdjrjotjs, `j mtrjvf m kjhcr  ‛  quj  quj bms suyms motjs kj quj ustjkjs sj hmsmrmo. Jo jb hursf kjb mýf quj sj em ckf Hfroecbb y Bfokrjs sj emo mbjnmkf `uhef kj `à. Bms bàojms kj hf`uochmhcøo emo sckf `uy dríacbjs y pfhms. Msà kjgj sjr jo jstj `uokf. 1111. Hfosckjrmokf tfkms bms hfsms, of bf kjsjf kj ftrf `fkf‐11 Bfs kàms motjrcfrjs m bm hjrj`focm, ojrvcfsm y jodjr`m, sj fhupø kj johmramr jb vjstckf pmrm bm gfkm jo Bjjks y kj vcmnmr m Embcdmx, kfokj sj eczf emhjr pfr uo smstrj f uom `fkcstm uom pfbbjrm y uom hemqujtm kj sjkm `mrrøo  pmrm jb vcmnj kj buom buom kj `cjb. Yjqujýf y jstrjhef, hfo tfombck tfombckmkjs mkjs `mbvm y mguokmotjs druohjs jo bm hcoturm, jb prjhcfsf hfonuotf jxecgckf jo jb kfr`ctfrcf kfr` ctfrcf kj bm tàm Grmowjbb kjb `usjf `usjf pmrjhj p mrjhj jb mtu m tujokf jokf kj uom uom `uýjhm. `uýjhm. Xj hmsmrfo jb nujvjs 73 kj nuocf jo uom hjrj`focm tmo àotc`m ‛bms þochms covctmkms dujrfo Jbbjo y bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr‛ quj oc scqucjrm jb sjýfr Grfotì jstuvf prjsjotj, m hmusm kj uom sþgctm cokcspfschcøo quj bj mqujnø bm ofhej motjrcfr. Xu kjsjrhcøo kjsmtø uom pjqujým hrcscs jo bm rjhtfràm. Hemrbfttj bm rjsfbvcø hfo uom rípckm hfosubtm mb Bcgrf kj Ybjamrcms, kfokj bjyø quj, jo rjj`pbmzff kjb pmkrj, uo m`caf rjj`pbmz m`caf pfkàm hfokuhcr hfokuhcr m bm ofvcm mb mbtmr. Kjb grmzf kj bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr trmvjstckm kj pmkrcof, Hemrbfttj jotrø jo bm cabjscm hfo uo sjohcbbf vjstckf gbmohf kj `usjbcom frbmkf kj gfrkmkfs vjrkjs y uo sf`grjrf  gbmohf, tm`gcão tm`gcão gfrkmkf, mkfromkf hfo uoms dbfrjs píbckms. píbckm s. Jb sf`grjrf, sf`grjrf,

rjkfokjmkf, of jrm sjohcbbf y sà `uy hfstfsf. Jbbjo kjsj`pjýø su pmpjb kj `mkrcom, cotjrprjtmkf ym `uhems vjhjs motjs, jo scbjohcfsm prftjstm. Bfs pfhfs vjhcofs quj pmsmrfo pfr bm cabjscm jsm `mýmom tj`prmof kcnjrfo quj Hemrbfttj  pmrjhà m ‒uo hfpf kj ocjvj‐  pmrjhàm  

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Jb vcmnj kj gfkms, quj hf`jozø jo uo hfodfrtmgbj eftjb kj Hfowmy, `uy hjrhm kjb hmstcbbf kjb scabf UCCC, scaucø pfr bm hfstm kjb ofrtj kj Ambjs emstm Gmoafr, bfs pmcsmnjs quj Hemrbfttj pcotmgm kjskj su mkfbjshjohcm. [m`gcão pmsmrfo  pfr bm `fotmým fotmým kj Yjo`mjo` Yjo`mjo`mwr, mwr, quj jo =5;: emgàm cospcrmkf c ospcrmkf m Grmowjbb uo  pfj`mm kjkchmkf mb  pfj` m b jspfsf kj k j bm sjýfrm sjýfr m Wfgcosfo. Wfgcosfo. Bm buom kj `cjb kjgj kj emgjr rjsubtmkf uom cotjrjsmotj jxpjrcjohcm pfrquj emgbø kj jbbm bmram`jotj jo uom hmrtm m Jbbjo> ‒Kurmotj bms þbtc`ms sjcs sj`moms jb hfbfr kj `cs pjosm`cjotfs em hm`gcmkf. Hfofzhf mefrm `ís kj bms rjmbckmkjs kj bm vckm quj motjs. Ycjosf quj emy `uhems ckjms dmbsms quj sj  prfpmamo,, tmb vjz of cotjohcfo  prfpmamo cotjohcfomb` mb`jot jotj. j. Ycjosf quj jsms `unjrjs hmsmkms quj cokcshrc`comkm`jotj urajo m sus m`cams m hmsmrsj tcjojo `uhef pmrm hubpmrsj. Yfr `c pmrtj, yf søbf pujkf rjpjtcr, mefrm hfo prfduokm scohjrckmk y scaocdchmkf, bf quj scj`prj kcnj jo tjfràm> Jspjrm bm vfbuotmk kj Kcfs. Kj vjrkmk, kj vjrkmk, vjr kmk, Ojbb, pmrm uom `unjr `unjr hfovjrtcrsj jo jspfsm jspfs m js mbaf sfbj`oj sfbj`oj y jxtrmýf y pjbcarfsf. Ymrm bfs ef`grjs js kcdjrjotj, `uy kcdjrjotj‐113 . Kj tfkms `mojrms, bms hmrtms kjskj Ambjs dcr`mkms hf`f HGO (bms cochcmbjs kj Hurrjr Gjbb of emgàmo hm`gcmkf `uhef) cohbuàmo `johcfojs m ‒`c qujrckf jspfsf‐159 . Bm ecpøtjscs kj quj Hemrbfttj sj eugcjrm hmsmkf, jotrj ftrms rmzfojs, pmrm jxpjrc`jotmr bm vckm sjxumb pfkràm suajrcrbm su mk`crmhcøo pfr  @mry [mybfr, qucjo hrjàm quj jrm `jnfr prfgmr tfkms bms hfsms motjs quj of  prfgmrbms.  prfgmrb ms. Kjskj Ambjs vcmnmrfo m Crbmokm, kfokj Hemrbfttj hfofhcø m bm hubtm, efofrmgbj y kcstcoauckm dm`cbcm kj Mrteur Ochefbbs, quj bm sfrprjokcø pfr ‒sus

15 =. Ymrm bm moabødcbm Hemrbfttj sj trmtmgm kj uo armo embmaf. `mojrms coabjsms‐15= Bfs scrvcjotjs crbmokjsjs emgbmrfo m Hemrbfttj kjb sjýfr Ochefbbs hf`f kjb ‒`jnfr hmgmbbjrf kjb pmàs‐157 < su tàm, uom ‒trmoqucbm, m`mgbj y kcstcoauckm

km`m‐, sj rjdcrcø m ãb hfo tfkf rjspjtf y mdjhtf (‒@c m`mkf jspfsf mpmrjhj  gmnf uom uom oujvm oujvm buz jo su pmàs kj frcajo‐). frcajo‐). Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj jstmgm jxtrj` jxtrj`mkm` mkm`jot jotjj dmtcamkm pfr jb vcmnj y bm tàm Gjbb bm huckø hfo m`mgcbckmk. ‒Sf hrjf y kfy

 

armhcms m Kcfs pfr emgjr rjmbczmkf bm `jnfr jbjhhcøo y rjzf pmrm rjpmrmr bm 15 8  bj mdjhtufsm mk`crmhcøo kj uo efofrmgbj, vjrkmkjrf y `fkjstf ef`grj‐158 jshrcgcø m bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr jb =9 kj nubcf. Kj rjarjsf jo bm rjhtfràm, bms hfojxcfojs hfo Bfokrjs hfohbuyjrfo, hf`f bms hmrtms hfo h fo Bjwjs Bjwjs,, Emrrcjt Emrrc jt @mrtcojmu @mrtcojmu y [emhljrmy [emhljrmy y tm` tm`gcão gcão bms vcsctms vcsc tms m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb y emstm m Jbbjo. Bfs kjgjrjs emhcm bfs pfgrjs, bms mhtcvckmkjs jo bm jshujbm pmrrfqucmb y bm framoczmhcøo kj tãs f rjuocfojs jo bm cabjscm rjj`pbmzmrfo m bfs motcaufs dmstfs. ‒Zom tmrkj kj dcojs kj =5:;, sjotmkfs nuotf 15 ;, mb dujaf `cjotrms jshuheígm`fs jb sfockf kjb vcjotf msfbmokf bm hmsm‐ 15; jshrcgcø `uhef kjspuãs jb sjýfr Ochefbbs m Ajfraj X`cte, Hemrbfttj qucsf `fstrmrbj jb oujvf `moushrctf kj J``  J``mm ‛uom rjjshrcturm kj Qcbbcj Jbbco ‛ y hfrrcø jshmbjrms mrrcgm pmrm gushmrbf. ‒Bfs hràtchfs tj vmo m mhusmr kj rjpjtchcøo, pfrquj cotrfkuncstj kj oujvf uom jshujbm‐, bj kcnf ãb bujaf kj jshuhemrbf. ‒Fe, yf scj`prj emaf kfs f trjs hf`cjozfs emstm quj johujotrf 15 :  Jb drma`jotf kj  J`` mbaf quj `j hf`pbmzhm.‐15:  J``mm  hujotm bm ecstfrcm kj bm fvjohctm @mtcbkm Dctzacggfo, gmstmotj c`pfpubmr jo bm jshujbm pfr su tj`pjrm`jotf `jbmohøbchf y rfstrf pfhf marmhcmkf, quj sco j`gmraf js `c`mkm pfr su `mjstrm m hmusm kj su mpmrjotj rcqujzm y bcomnj mrcstfhrítchf. Bfs prcvcbjacfs sj kjrru`gmo humokf js kjouohcmkm pfr c`pfstfrm y su rcqujzm y bcomnj sfo kjsmhrjkctmkfs. Bm `mjstrm vujbhm su vjoamozm jo jbbm emstm quj mpmrjhj jb pjrsfomnj kj Qcbbcj Jbbco y jotfohjs…

 

Zom vcsctm kj Jbbjo jo jb ftfýf kj =5:; mvcvø, sco mbtjrmr, bm kchem efamrjým. Yjsj m bfs fdchcfs kj Hemrbfttj, bm vcsctm of hfohbuyø jo uo hf`prf`csf jotrj su m`cam y Xuthbcddj Xfwkjo, jb hm`mrmkm kjb sjýfr   Ochefbbs quj emgàm fdchcmkf fdchcm kf bm b m gfkm< oc scqucjrm sc qucjrm eugf eugf dbcrtjfs. dbcr tjfs. Bms hmrtms jotrj jbbms kjspuãs kj bm vcsctm, m bms quj Hemrbfttj qucsf `fstrmr hf`f cofhjotjs, rjvjbmo quj jb sjýfr Ochefbbs of jrm tmo mpfhmkf hf`f pmrjhàm> ‒Mrteur 

jstuvf jhemokf uo vcstmzf m jstm hmrtm. Ãb pcjosm quj yf jshrcgf kj`mscmkf bcgrj`jotj… Bfs ef`grjs pmrjhjo of jotjokjr bms hmrtms hf`f vjeàhubfs kj hf`uochmhcøo, jbbfs scj`prj pmrjhjo pjosmr jo bm prukjohcm. Sf jstfy sjaurm kj of emgjr kchef omkm kj`mscmkf mrrjgmtmkf< caumb`jotj kjgjs quj`mrbm bujaf kj bjjrbm. Mrteur kchj quj jstms hmrtms `àms pujkjo sjr johfotrmkms ‛  sfo pjbcarfsms hf`f msuotfs kjb kj`focf ‛   y pmrm jstmr sjaurf kchj

 

―]uã`mbms– f ―Of emgrí `ís–> tmb js su rjsfbuhcøo. Of pujkf myukmr rcãokf`j  ‛jstf `j pmrjhj `uy armhcfsf‛. Mrteu Mrteur kchj quj jstf js ―sjrcf– ―sjr cf– y tj bf msjaurf, `j jstí `crmokf kjskj jb jshrctfrcf hfo sus fnfs bbjofs kj 15 4. Jbbjo of mhmtø bm frkjo kjb sjýfr Ochefbbs, pjrf eugf `ís  prjfhupmhcøo‐154  pjkckfs, ruja r ujafs fs y emstm emstm cotc` cotc`ckmhc ckmhcfojs. fojs. Jo ofvcj`grj, ofvcj`grj, dcomb`jot dcomb`jotj, j, jbbm mhhjkcø m hhjkcø m emhjr kjskj Grfflrfyk uom prf`jsm pfr jshrctf> ‒@c qujrckf sjýfr   Ochefbbs> Hf`f Hf`f ustjk pmrjhj vjr hfo armo efrrfr bm mrkcj mrkcjot otjj vjrgm kj bms jpàstfbms dj`jocoms, bj prf`jtf kjstrucr bms hmrtms kj Hemrbfttj, kj mefrm jo mkjbmotj, sc ustjk prf`jtj of sjr hjosfr jo bm `mtjrcm quj ofs hf`uochm`fs. Xuymm scohjrm Xuy s cohjrm` `jotj, Jbbjo Jbb jo Oussj Oussjy‐ y‐151 . Hfo armo moc`mhcøo, jo uom hmrtm m bm sjýfrctm Qffbjr Hemrbfttj bj mouohcø su oujvm ‒co`uockmk hfotrm bms nmqujhms, bms oíusjms y bm cokcajstcøo‐ 155 , sus `mbjstmrjs rjhurrjotjs. Kj pmsf, eczf uo rjpfrtj kj bms hfrkcmbjs rjbmhcfojs jotrj su pmkrj y jb sjýfr Ochefbbs, jo bms quj of hmgàmo pmbmgrms mbtcsfomotjs scof uom rjspjtufsm m`mgcbckmk. Jo jsfs kàms `urcø Dbfssy> ‒[mb vjz of eugf 15 3, jshrcgcø m ouohm pjrrf hfo uom vckm tmo djbcz f uom `ujrtj tmo mpmhcgbj‐153 Jbbjo. Dcr`mgm sus hmrtms, mefrm, H. G. Oche Och efbbs. fbbs . Zom tmrkj kj dcojs kj ofvcj`grj bfs jspfsfs smbcjrfo m kmr uo pmsjf pfr jb  pírm`f, armokcfsf armokcfsf gmnf bm ocjvj y bm bbuvcm, hfotø hfotø Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj m Jbbjo, hfo`fvckm pfr bm vcscøo kj bfs hcjbfs tfr`jotfsfs y bm pfãtchm kj bm jxhurscøo. Bm hmrtm, quj Jbbjo bujaf sjýmbø m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb hfo bm hfotuokjohcm kjb bjtrmkf quj jxecgj uom prujgm nuràkchm crrjdutmgbj, rjbmtm su 139 13 9

rjtchjohcm cochcmb mb pmsjf y bm coscstjohcm kj su qujrckf `uhemhef . Yjrf sus `mbjstmrjs of pmrjhjo emgjr j`pjzmkf emstm jotrmkf jb covcjrof, ym quj  pmsø bms bm s þbtc`ms þbtc`ms sj`moms sj`moms kj jojrf hfo dcjgrj y jo hm`m. hm`m. Bfs `mrjfs `mrjfs y tm`gcão tm`gcão bms oíusjms, quj sj hfovcrtcjrfo jo hrøochms, mb pmrjhjr fgjkjhcjrfo `ís mb j`gmrmzf quj jb `ãkchf `johcfoø bujaf, muoquj omkcj `ís bf eczf, pfrquj of jrm mbaf kj bf quj sj emgbmrm jo jb prjsgctjrcf, quj mb dràf quj pukf emgjr  tf`mkf jo bm jxhurscøo.

 

Bm kchem, vjrkmkjrm f of, comuaurmkm jo bm buom kj `cjb jo Hfowmy m dcojs kj nuocf, of sj jxtjokcø `ís kj hcohf `jsjs, emstm uom hm`comtm covjromb jo bms tcjrrms kj bfs Lmy-Xeuttbjwfrte. ‒Of bbjvø m hmgf jstm hm`comtm kj scjtj u fhef `cbbms, hfo tmb tcj`pf, c`puoj`jotj. M pjsmr kj tfkms bms prjhmuhcfojs, 13==, jshrcgcø bm sjýfrm Amsljbb. Bfs hf`jozø m tcrctmr pfhf kjspuãs…‐13 sàotf`ms jrmo `uy hfodusfs ym quj tm`gcão eugf tfs y smoarj y hcjrtms `mocdjstmhcfojs jshmtfbøachms kj bm hfosuohcøo< jb `ãkchf quj bm mtjokàm mtrcguyø bms `fbjstcms m uom hmusm omturmb ‛uo judj`cs`f pmrm kcmaofstchmr jb j`gmrmzf ‛  y  y kjhbmrø quj kjsmpmrjhjràmo kjsmpmrjhjr àmo jo bfs trjs `jsjs scaucjotjs. scaucjotjs. Yjrf of duj msà. Bms oftchcms prfvjocjotjs kj Bfokrjs hfotrcguàmo mb kjshfohcjrtf. Jotrj ofvcj`grj y kchcj`grj kj =5;1, kj uom pfgbmhcøo kj kfs `cbbfojs hcjo `cb emgctmotjs, `jkcf `cbbøo sj vcf mdjhtmkm pfr dcjgrj tcdfckjm. Xj prfpmamrfo humtrf humt rf jpckj`cms j pckj`cms kj høbjrm y hfotco hfotcoum` um`jot jotjj mpmrjhàm mpm rjhàmoo grftjs kj tcdus, tcdus, kc kcmrrjm mrrjmss jpckã`chms, kcsjotjràm, vcrujbm y ftrms jodjr`jkmkjs quj sj rjsu`àmo hfo jb of`grj ajoãrchf kj dcjgrjs. [ej Bmohjt kjhàm quj Bfokrjs sj emgàm hfovjrtckf jo uom hcukmk `mbkctm. Bm hfrrjspfokjohcm kj Jbbjo hf`f dujotj prc`frkcmb kj bm vckm kj Hemrbfttj, cotjrru`pckm kurmotj jsj bmpsf pfr bm jodjr`jkmk, kjnø uo vmhàf quj bbjoø f kjsgfrkø, hfo scbjohcfsm jbfhujohcm, jb tjstm`jotf kjb 1 kj djgrjrf. Hfo bm dcr`m kj @mrtem Grfwo hf`f tjstcaf Hemrbfttj bjaø sus gcjojs, jo mgcjrtm hfotrmkchhcøo hfo jb kfhu`jotf prjouphcmb quj su pmkrj bm emgàm 137

costmkf m dcr`mr jo `myf, mgsfbutm y jotjrm`jotj  m Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs. Jo hmsf kj tjojr ecnfs, jspjhcdchø, jo c`puaomhcøo m bm suprj`mhàm kj bfs vmrfojs y bfs prc`faãoctfs, bfs gcjojs sjràmo hf`pmrtckfs ‒jo pmrtjs caumbjs‐. Jsj `cs`f kàm `urcø [mggy. Cohbcomkm emhcm uo hfstmkf y bbjom kj arcjtms, hmsc  pjamkm m bm `jkcmojrm kjb hj`jot hj`jotjrcf jrcf quj bcokm bm rjhtfràm ‛y jstj sjotc` sjot c`jot jotmbcs mbcs` `f jo bm ugchmhcøo of of pukf emgjr sckf sc kf fgrm kjb mzmr‛, su bípckm `ujstrm uom gfrrfsm coshrcphcøo> ‒[mgctem Mylrfyk. Dcjb Xjrvckfrm kj bm

 

Dm`cbc Dm` cbcmm Grfotì pfr `ís kj trjcotm mýfs‐.

Kurmotj jb covcjrof bm dcaurm kj Hemrbfttj sj duj hfosu`cjokf, jshuíbckm y dríacb pfr bfs `mrjfs y oíusjms quj bj c`pjkàmo hf`jr f gjgjr. Jo bm prc`jrm sj`mom kj `mrzf, hfo bm `jnfràm kjb hbc`m sj moc`ø bf sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm cohfrpfrmrsj y tf`mr uoms huhemrmkms kj vcof hfo maum. Zo pmr kj sj`moms

`ís tmrkj, jo uo jstmkf kj kjbcrcf pckcø hf`ckm y gjgckm hfo mvckjz, pjrf mb sjotcr jb susurrf kj bfs rjzfs m su mbrjkjkfr y mkvjrtcr jb rfstrf mtrcgubmkf kj su jspfsf bj prjauotø> ‒Fe, of vfy m `frcr, ¶f sà6 Ãb of vm m sjpmrmrofs, 138 13 8

¡ej`fs sckf tmo djbchjs!‐ Duj jb rjvjrjokf Grfotì. qucjo hfotjstø jb mbuvcøo kj hmrtms kj Jbbjo,  prjfhupmkm emstm emstm bm jxmspjrmhcøo pfrquj jb sjýfr Ochefbbs of bj pjr`ctàm pjr`ctàm

 

vcmnmr pmrm mscstcr m Hemrbfttj. ‒Bfs `ãkchfs emo pjrkckf bms jspjrmozms kj quj sj rjhupjrj. Jstm`fs jspjrmokf jb sfbj`oj jvjotf‐13; , bj jshrcgcø jb vcjrojs 89 kj `mrzf. Jbbjo tf`ø jb trjo m Ljcaebjy kj co`jkcmtf. Mb kàm scaucjotj, `cjotrms jb sjýfr Grfotì jstmgm jo su kjspmhef y Mrteur Ochefbbs rjpfsmgm jo uo humrtf prøxc`f, Hemrbfttj `urcø. Xøbf bm mhf`pmýmgmo @mrtem Grfwo y su ejr`mom [mgctem. Jb sjýfr Grfotì hfotj`pbø m su ecnm `ujrtm hfo jxtrmým hmb`m, rjbmtø [mgctem, pjrf `f`jotfs kjspuãs rjarjsø pmrm mrrfkcbbmrsj nuotf m bm hm`m> ‒¡@c pfgrj Hemrbfttj! ¡@c qujrckm 13::. Hemrbfttj!‐13 M`fs Coaem`, jb `ãkchf bfhmb quj dcr`ø jb hjrtcdchmkf kj kjduohcøo, mtrcguyø su `ujrtj m bm tcscs, muoquj pmrm bm `jkchcom `fkjrom of qujkmo kukms kj quj bm hmusm duj bm comochcøo. Jb tãr`cof hfotj`pfríojf pmrm su trmstfrof js jb kj ecpjrã`jscs armvàkchm f tfxj`cm kjb j`gmrmzf, huyfs sàotf`ms sfo oíusjms y vø`ctfs jxtrj`fs, pãrkckm kj pjsf y kjseckrmtmhcøo.  Omkm kj jsf sj hfofhàm jotfohjs. jotfohjs. ‒Em `ujrt `ujrtff pfr maftm` maftm`cjotf‐ cjotf‐134 , jshrcgcø jb sjýfr Ochefbbs m Jbbjo jb 8= kj `mrzf, pjrf jbbm ym jstmgm bbjamokf m bm rjhtfràm. Mb jotrmr duj rjhcgckm pfr @mrtem Grfwo, ym quj jb sjýfr Grfotì of kjnø su jstukcf pmrm cr m smbukmrbm, muoquj bujaf bj pckcø quj sj qujkmrm emstm jb kàm kj bm sjpubturm, jb ; kj mgrcb. Jbbjo hugrcø jb mtmþk hfo dbfrjs y efnms pjrjoojs y @mrtem Grfwo bm myukø m vjstcr m Hemrbfttj hfo uof kj sus vjstckfs bfokcojosjs y uo jspbjokfrfsf tfhmkf, sjaþo pmrjhj, pfrquj jb tmtmrmgujbf kj

uo tmb Wfgco Qmbljr, hf`pfsctfr kj Sfrl, jstuvf jo bm cabjscm jb kàm kjb duojrmb y vcf quj pfr bm tmpm kjb mtmþk sfgrjsmbàm uom hcotm hfbfr vcfbjtm* vcfbjtm *. Bm bípckm kj bm cabjscm kj k j Emwfrte kchj quj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj jstí jotjrrmkm jotjrrmkm jo bm hrc hrcptm ptm dm`cbc dm`cbcmr  mr   pjrf Kmwo Yecbb Yecbbcps, cps, huýmkm kjb aumrkcm aumrkcm kjb `usjf (‒Xfy vckjotj‐** vckjotj‐**), ), jo bms tjrtubcms kjb [frf Ojarf sujbj msjaurmr quj jo uom fhmscøo bm vcf hm`comr  mbrjkjkfr kj bm `jsm, jo jb smbøo kj bm rjhtfràm.

 

* Xjaþo Gjtty J``mbcoj Qmbljr jo [ej jo [ej Arjjo Arjjo Bmoj> Bmoj > M Qjst`frbmo Qjst`frbmokk Hecbkwffk . ** [  [jstc jstc`focf `focf kj Kmwo Kmwo Yecbbc Yecbbcps, ps, kj Ljcaebjy Ljcaebjy,, m bm mutfr mutfrmm (79 (7993 93). ). **

 

JYÀBFAF Bm prjosm prj osm sjosmhcfombcstm hmocgmbczø hmocgmbc zø bm `ujrtj `ujrtj kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj hfo bm pugbchmhcøo kj hecs`js `mbcotjohcfomkfs, hràtchms fdjoscvms quj mtmhmgmo bms ‒`mbvmkms  gbmsdj`cms‐  gbmsdj` cms‐ 131  kj sus bcgrfs y pfr`jofrjs kj su vckm prcvmkm. Jb johjokckf fgctumrcf fgctu mrcf kj Emrrcjt Emrrc jt @mrtcojmu @mrtcojmu jo jb Kmcby Ojws, sco j`gmraf, scotfoczø hfo jb rjstf kj bfs pjrcøkchfs bctjrmrcfs bfokcojosjs. Jb mouohcf ‒¡Hurrjr Gjbb em 13 5 kjb  Kmcby Ojws kjb 4 kj mgrcb kj =5:: hbmvø bm hruz, f bm jstmhm, `ujrtf!‐135 quj costmbø m Hemrbfttj kjotrf kjb hmofo kj bm bctjrmturm coabjsm. Emstm jb bmhlwffk @mamzcoj hfosmarø m Hemrbfttj> ‒ Nmoj Jyrj pjr`mojhj hf`f uof kj bfs `ís pjrdjhtfs pjrdjhtfs trmgmnfs  trmgmnfs kj bfs bf s tcj`pfs tcj`pfs `fkjrofs‐ `fkjrofs‐133 . Yjrf jo nuocf kj =5::, mb bjjr uo mrtàhubf kjb Xemrpj–s Bfokfo @mamzcoj hfo jshmgrfsfs kjtmbbjs sfgrj bms jxhjotrchckmkjs kj bm dm`cbcm, Jbbjo Oussjy sj efrrczø. Jb mrtàhubf mhusmgm m bm mutfrm kj  Nmoj Jyrj  kj utcbczmr  5999  y mb coofvmhcfojs omrrmtcvms hf`pmrmgbjs m cr ‒m bm Øpjrm ―smos hubfttjs–‐ 59 sjýfr Grfotì kj emgjr pjr`ctckf quj sus ecnfs dujrmo jkuhmkfs pfr scrvcjotjs. Kj co`jkcmtf Jbbjo suacrcø mb pírrfhf uom gcfarmdàm vcokchmtfrcm. @johcfoø m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb sco smgjr quj jb mrtàhubf prfvjoàm kj bm `cs`m sjýfrm

Amsljbb, quj emgàm kcduokckf jsms ecstfrcms jo kfs hmrtms kj =5:9 gmsmkms jo bfs hecs`js quj bm jodjr`jrm Qrcaet emgàm kjvjbmkf m Bmky Lmy-Xeuttbjwfrte. Ftframrbj m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb bm gjokchcøo pmrm jshrcgcr uom gcfarmdàm kj Hemrbfttj jrm mbaf msà hf`f kjnmr m bfs hfrkjrfs mb huckmkf kjb bfgf, pjrf jsf jb sjýfr Grfotì of bf supf emstm quj jb bcgrf jstuvf pugbchmkf. Bm sjýfrm Amsljbb of kjsjmgm ftrm hfsm. Xu bcgrf, mhfrkø hfo jb pírrfhf, tjokràm uom hbmrm `cscøo> prjsjotmr m bms trjs ejr`moms hf`f uom sujrtj kj `írtcrjs kjb

 

 pírm`f. Hfo Hfo bm hmbbmkm hmbbm km kjsmprfgmhcøo kjsmpr fgmhcøo kj Mrteur Mrteur Ochefbbs Ochefbbs y jb mpfyf kj Jbbjo, jo pfsjscøo kj sjcshcjotms hmrtms bbm`jmotjs, jb pjkckf pmtjrof hfodcrcø m bm sjýfrm Amsljbb bm mutfrckmk sudchcjotj hf`f pmrm hfovjrtcrbm jo bm aumrkcmom kj bm rjputmhcøo rjputmhcøo kj bm dm`cbc dm`cbcm. m. Jb rjvjrjokf Mrteur Ochefbbs hfotcouø huckmokf mb sjýfr Grfotì jo bm rjhtfràm emstm su `ujrtj, sjcs mýfs kjspuãs. Drjotj m bm ojamtcvm kj bfs dckjchf`csmrcfs kj ftframrbj bm pmrrfqucm kj Emwfrte, jb = y 7 kj fhtugrj kj =54= eczf uo rj`mtj kj bfs `ujgbjs y bcgrfs (efy kj uo vmbfr cohmbhubmgbj) y sj duj m vcvcr m Crbmokm. Bf mhf`pmýmrfo @mrtem Grfwo nuotf hfo Ybmtf y Hmtf, bfs kfs pjrrfs kjb sjýfr Grfotì. Muoquj jb mhjotf kj Sfrlsecrj y sus tfrtms jspfonfsms bm echcjrfo hãbjgrj jo jb Xemoofo, kfs mýfs `ís tmrkj @mrtem rjarjsø m Coabmtjrrm. Xcaucø trmgmnmokf pmrm jb sjýfr Ochefbbs, jo mbauofs mbau ofs vcmnjs m Crbmokm, vmrcfs vmrcf s mýfs `ís. Jo Gmomae Gmomaejr jr Mrteur Mrteur Ochefbbs kjnø kjn ø bbmm Cabjscm pm pmrm rm mdco mdcohmrsj hmrsj jo hmsm kj su tàm Gjbb y hfovjrtcrsj jo j o armonjrf. armonjrf. Jo mafstf mafstf kj =54;, m bfs humrjotm humrjotm y hcohf hcohf mýfs, mýfs , sj hmsø h msø hfo h fo su sfgrcom, uom uom ‒bcokm ‒b cokm nfvjohctm hfo ajotcbjs ajotcbjs `fkmbjs coabjsjs coabjsjs‐‐59= m qucjo emgàm hfofhckf Hemrbfttj jo su vcmnj kj gfkms. Of tuvf ecnfs, y su efamr sj hfovcrtcø jo uo smotumrcf kj Hemrbfttj, mkfromkf hfo jb rjtrmtf kj Wche`fok y kjhjoms kj kcgunfs, mhumrjbms y fgnjtfs kj bm dm`cbcm Grfotì. [ej  Ycbbmr Yfrtrmct  Yfrt rmct , jb rjtrmtf kj bms ejr`moms quj pcotø Grmowjbb, duj johfotrmkf  pfr su jspfsm kjspuãs kj su `ujrtj, aumrkmkf aumrkmkf jo uo mr`mrcf mr`mrcf y kfgbmkf jo humtrf humt rf pmrtjs.

Xc gcjo sj hfosjrvmrfo bfs jshrctfs kj Moarcm, of qujkmrfo tjxtfs kj bm  prfsm kj Afokmb. Afokmb. Jbczmgjt Jbc zmgjtee Amsljbb Amsljbb johfotrø johfotrø ‒hurcfsm‐597  m bm Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm, pjrf bm rjkunf m bm hmtjafràm kj uo nujaf kj ocýfs mb hf`jotmr quj søbf jrm hf`prjoscgbj pmrm ‒sus pjqujýms `jotjs grcbbmotjs‐ 598 . Xc gcjo motj Ajfraj X`cte mk`ctcø jb vmbfr kj su ‒`uokf cotjrcfr‐ 59; , kjskj uo íoaubf `frmb bfs `moushrctfs hfospcrmgmo hfotrm uom fpjrmhcøo kj bc`pcjzm quj of mk`ctàm tmbjs smhrcbjacfs. Hfo prcsm muoquj sco pjrkjr uockmk kj prfpøsctf, bm sjýfrm

 

Amsljbb vcsctø Amsljbb vcsc tø Hfwmo Grckaj Grckaj y Wfj Ejmk, Fmlwjb Fmlwjbbb Embb, Embb , bm motcau motcaumm jshujbm kj Jbbjo quj cospcrø bm hmsm Dcjbkejmk jo Xecrbjy, jb Hemptjr Hfddj Efusj kj Bfokrjs y ftrfs sctcfs, s ctcfs, kfokj k fokj rjhfacø tjstc`focfs tjstc`focfs kj `uhefs uhefs kj bfs pjrsfomnjs quj rfkjmrfo bm vckm kj Hemrbfttj, mþo vcvfs jo jsj `f`jotf. Humokf bbjaø bm  prc`mvjrm kj =5:4 jstmgm prjpmrmkm prjpmrm km pmrm jxpbfrmr su dujotj dujotj `ís joca joca` `ítchm> bm dm`cbcm Ejajr. @mkm`j Ejajr, quj emgàm bjàkf Tcbbjttj*  jo uom trmkuhhcøo pcrmtm mb drmohãs, sj ojaø m vjrbm. Bm rjhcgcø jb prfdjsfr y, hfsm jxtrmfrkcomrcm, bj `fstrø f bjyø b jyø bms hmrtms hmr tms kj Hemrbfttj. Hemrbfttj. Amsljbb kjgj kj emgjrsj jspmot js pmotmkf, mkf, pjrf pjr f tf`ø oftms. Emhcm jb dcomb kj bm jotrjvcstm, ãb bj prjauotø sc mbaucjo kj bm dm`cbcm hfosjrvmgm sus rjspujstms. Bms hmrtms kjb sjýfr Ejajr of mpmrjhcjrfo> sc Hemrbfttj of bms jotjrrø f quj`ø motjs kj su hmsm`cjotf, jb sjýfr Ochefbbs kjgcø kj emgjrbms kjstruckf. Jb prfdjsfr bbjvø su m`mgcbckmk emstm jb puotf kj jotrjamr m Amsljbb kfs kfhjoms kj josmyfs kj Hemrbfttj y J`cby jo drmohãs,  prfgmgbj`  prfgmgb j`jot jotjj hfo of ftrm cotjohcøo cotjohcøo quj rjhupjrmr jsfs kfhu` kfhu`jot jotfs fs jshrctfs jshrc tfs kj su puýf y bjtrm. Xu rjoujohcm m `motjojr humbqucjr ftrf hfotmhtf hfo bm dm`cbcm Grfotì jo bfs mýfs pfstjrcfrjs bf hfodcr`m. Motjs kj =539, mýf jo quj `urcø @mkm`j, bfs Ejajr jotrjamrfo m su jx mbu`om @mrcfo Kfuabms vmrcms rjbcqucms grfotìmoms> bms kfs mhumrjbms quj Hemrbfttj y J`cby emgàmo rjambmkf m bm kcrjhtfrm jo =5;7, uo rjtrmtf kjb pírrfhf y uo `jheøo kj pjbf kj Hemrbfttj, ftrf `cstjrcf* `cstjrcf**. Jo su Tckm kj Hemrbfttj Grfotì , quj pujkj bjjrsj hf`f uom `maoàdchm

ofvjbm kjhc`foøochm, bm sjýfrm Amsljbb jo`mshmrø jb jom`frm`cjotf kj Hemrbfttj y grcokø uom sjrcj kj rmzfojs joamýfsms pmrm jxpbchmr su vujbtm kj Grusjbms. Hfo prfsm hfo`fvckm jxmajrø bm efsqujkmk y trcstjzm kj bfs euãrdmofs jo bm rjhtfràm, hmrchmturczø bms pjhubcmrckmkjs kjb sjýfr Grfotì y jo bàojms ajojrmbjs gfsqujnø uom bjyjokm tríachm sfgrj bm vckm kj bms ejr`moms  pmrm kcshubpmr bms gbmsdj`cms gbmsdj`cms kj sus bcgrfs. bcgr fs. F`ctcø F`ctcø dujot dujotjs js quj rjvjbmràmo rjvjbm ràmo bm sfdcstchmhcøo cotjbjhtumb kj J`cby, hf`f su hfrrjspfokjohcm hfo jb jrukctf

 

hràtchf A. E. Bjwjs, y mpjoms `johcfoø bm co`josm fgrm kj Grmowjbb, mb quj  prjsjotø hf`f hf`f jb ejr`mof ejr`mof qu q uj kjspcbdmrrø kjspcb dmrrø jb tmbjotf tmbjotf dm`cbc dm`cbcmr mr m hujotm hujotm kj sus vchcfs, su bfhurm y uo m`fr kjskchemkf. M pjkckf kj bm gcøarmdm, @mry [mybfr [mybfr jshrcgcø jshr cgcø uom uom hm hmrtm rtm sfgr sfgrjj Hemrbfttj quj quj jheø bjým mb dujaf> ‒Yjosmgm `uhef jo su kjgjr, kjb quj tjoàm ofhcfojs `ís jbjvmkmss y hbmrms quj bm `myfràm jbjvmkm `myfràm kj bms b ms pjrsfoms… pjrs foms… Xu vckm of duj duj scof trmgmnf y kfbfr, y ouohm kjnø su hruz pfr jb pbmhjr kjb `f`jotf. Bj ej jshrctf hfo jb djrvcjotj kjsjf kj myukmr m bm hf`prjoscøo kj Hemrbfttj. Xco j`gmraf, ¶quã c`pfrtm6 Jbbm `cs`m mpjbø mb nuchcf kjb `uokf pfr su j`pbjf kj mbauoms kj bms dmhubtmkjs quj pfsjàm, of bms `jnfrjs, pjrf sà bms þochms quj pfkàm utcbczmr  jo gjojdchcf kj sus sj`jnmotjs. Jbbfs kcsdrutmrfo hfrkcmb`jotj, ívckm`jotj, bfs drutfs kj sus mdmojs y kjspuãs kjshugrcjrfo quj jrm hjosurmgbj quj  pfsjyjsj tmb tmbjotf. tmbjotf. ¶Ymrm quã pjkcr uo nuchcf sfgrj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj m uo `uokf uokf msà6‐59: . Hf`f emgàm prfdjtczmkf Hemrbfttj, @mry `urcø sco hmsmrsj. Emgàm j`carmkf m Oujvm ^jbmokm, kfokj vcvàm uof kj sus ejr`mofs, pmrm rjajotjmr uom tcjokm. Yrjhursfrm kj bfs jstukcfs kj aãojrf, vfbvcø m Coabmtjrrm jo =549, kfokj jshrcgcø uom ofvjbm,  @css @cbj @cbjss, uo josmyf y ou`jrfsfs mrtàhubfs quj kjdjokàmo bm cokjpjokjohcm kj bms `unjrjs. Jbbjo tm`pfhf sj hmsø, y muoquj of du duj uom uom mutfrm, su pmpjb kj pfsjjkfrm pfsjjkfr m kj bfs rjhujrkfs kj He Hemrbfttj mrbfttj y sfgrj tfkf kj sus hmrtms, y bms ojafhcmhcfojs pmrm hjkjrbms, vjokjrbms f hfosjrvmrbms fhupmrfo jb rjstf kj su vckm. Bms ‒Wj`cocshjohcms…‐ quj

jshrcgcø pmrm jb Xhrcgojr s @foteby  kj Oujvm Sfrl jo =51= jstío bbjoms kj rjhujrkfs sfgrj bm cotc`ckmk kj bfs Grfotì, y muoquj J`cby bms eugcjrm cohjokcmkf, sfo uom pcjzm gcfarídchm sustmohcmb. Jkctmkf pfr X`cte & Jbkjr jo =5:1, hfo jb hmkívjr kj Hemrbfttj mþo tcgcf,  pfkràm kjhcrsj, kjhcr sj, jb bcgrf bcgr f kj Amsljbb sj hfovcrtcø jo uo gjst sjbbjr   quj gmtcø rãhfrks kj vjotms jo tfkf jb `uokf, cohbusf jo Ecspmofm`ãrchm, m bm vjz quj sjotøø bms sjot bm s gmsjs gms js pmrm pm rm tfkm du dutu turm rm gcfarmd gc farmdàm. àm.

 

Bm `ujrtj `ujrtj kj Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj hjrrø hjrr ø bm jbcpscs jbcps cs quj jbbm `cs`m cs`m emgàm trmzmkf trmzmkf hfo bms bm s oftms gcfarídchms kj sus ejr`moms pugbchmkms jo =5:9. Xus kjshrcphcfojs kj J`cby y Mooj qujkmrfo jshubpckms jo pcjkrm, hf`f bm cohujstcfomgbj vjrkmk rjbmtmkm pfr jb j b sfgrjvcv s fgrjvcvcjot cjotj, j, quj m bm b m vjz js uo mutfr. mutfr. Bm Bm co c odbujohcm dbujohcm quj kjskj ocým moejbø jnjrhjr sfgrj sus ejr`moms sj dcnø jo sus pmpjbjs pøstu`fs y emstm jo su co`frtmbckmk. Bf quj jshrcgcø, y bf quj of jshrcgcø, prfpfrhcfoø uom omrrmtcvm mb bcgrf kj Amsljbb, quj hfovcrtcø jb `ctf jo `jbfkrm`m. Bm quj`m kj bm hfrrjspfokjohcm jotrj Hemrbfttj y bm dj`cocstm @mry [mybfr pusf bm þbtc`m pcjkrm. Bm gcfarmdàm hbmokjstcom kj Hemrbfttj j`pjzø m jshrcgcrsj jb 73 kj nubcf kj =3=8, jb kàm jo quj [ej [c`js  pugbchø sus hmrtms mb prfdjsfr Ejajr. Jb kjshugrc`cjotf hmusø uom hfo`fhcøo. Bm murjfbm vcracomb quj cbu`comgm m bms trjs ejr`moms sj kjskcgunø. @uhefs hràtchfs y bjhtfrjs j`pjzmrfo m  prjauot  prjau otmrsj, mrsj, jotfohjs, jotfohjs, huíotf huíotf smgàm Amsljbb, Amsljbb, f sc emgàm hfotmkf hfotmkf tfkf bf quj smgàm. Eugf mrtàhubfs, hmrtms, josmyfs quj cotjotmrfo rjstmurmr bm motcaum c`majo. Yjrf of emhàm dmbtm. Bm fpjrmhcøo Amsljbb hmbø tmo efokf jo jb c`macomrcf kj bjhtfrjs y hràtchfs quj mþo jo jb scabf UUC sj scaujo jshrcgcjokf tjxtfs sjotc`jotmbcstms f dmotístchfs vcohubmkfs hfo sus dcaurms. Mb caumb quj bms mkmptmhcfojs hcoj`mtfarídchms kj sus fgrms, jb kjhfrmkf mrtcdchcfsf kj Emwfrte y bms dígubms jspjhtrmbjs, jsms ecpøtjscs jbukjo bms tjoscfojs quj  prjsjotmo bfs joca joca` `ms kj sus vckms vckm s y kj sus fgrms y rjjshrcgjo rjjsh rcgjo uom uom y ftrm vjz vj z

jb `ctf. ¶Js pfscgbj bjjr m bms ejr`moms Grfotì sco tjojr motjs prjsjotj, hf`f uom jspjhcj kj  prøbfaf kj mutfr , bms hcrhuostmohcms kj su vckm6 ¶Mhmsf of dujrfo bjàkms kj uo `fkf pmscfomb pfr Amgrcjbm @cstrmb, Tchtfrcm Fhm`pf y emstm Jbczmgjte Grfwocoa, Xybvcm Ybmte y Tcracocm Qffbd6 [fkms jbbms hmyjrfo gmnf jb j`grunf kj bm bjyjokm> Tchtfrcm Fhm`pf emgbø kj dmotms`ms, Amgrcjbm @cstrmb kj ‒hf`ckm hftckcmom kj pjoctjohcm‐594  y Tcracocm Qffbd kj ‒kjnmr bm

 

 pbu`m pmrm pjbmr pmpms‐ 591 . Emstm dcojs kjb scabf UU**  pbu`m UU****  ocoauom kj bms  gcfarmdàms pfst sjýfrm Amsljbb pukf jbukcr jbukcr jb dmtmbcs dmtmbcs` `f. Jstm jspjhcj kj hfodbmarmhcøo sjotø sus gmsjs, kjskj jb cochcf, jo bm suprjscøo kj Grmowjbb, ‒uo ajocf prjhfz quj, mb of pfkjr kcstcoaucr rjmbckmk kj dchhcøo, dmbbø jo bm vckm m hmusm kj su `uokf codjromb‐ 595 , hf`f bf hmbcdchø su `ís djrvfrfsm kjdjosfrm y gcøarmdm, Kmpeoã ku @murcjr. Oc scqucjrm jbbm  pukf sustrmjrsj sustrmjrsj mb ejheczf ejheczf kj bm fpjrmhcøo fpjrmhc øo Amsljbb. Amsljbb. @urcjb Xpmrl, quj tm`gcão sj dmshcoø hfo Grmowjbb, suacrcø quj ãb of  pfsjàm jb j b tmbjotf tmbjotf kj sus ejr` ejr`moms moms (¶mhmsf bfs pfj`ms kj Mooj Mooj y Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj jrmo `jnfrjs quj bfs suyfs6), muoquj kjstmhø bm  Nuvjocbc  Nuvjocbcmm  hf`f prujgm kj uom  prfkuhtcvckmk oftmgbj jo j o su ocýjz y su nuvjotu nuvjotuk. k. Wfgjrt @frrcsfo, jb gcøarmdf kj Kj ]ucohjy, of emgbm kj Grmowjbb hf`f pfjtm scof hf`f kjb `ís jotuscmstm sjauckfr kj Kj ]ucohjy y bm`jotm su `ujrtj ‒mhuhcmkf pfr bms 5933. kjukms, jb fpcf y jb mbhfefb‐59 Hfo mutfhfohcjohcm mgsfbutm, Hemrbfttj hfostruyø uo pmotjøo smarmkf kfokj sjpubtmr m sus `ujrtms pjrf Grmowjbb, uo vjrkmkjrf eãrfj gyrfocmof, qujkø cosjpubtf. ]uã píbckm, jxtfrscvm, quã prjýmkm kj supjrstchcfojs y hfmrtmkms mpmrjhj bm smhrmbczmhcøo kj bms ejr`moms gmnf bm buz kj bm bàrchm jxtrj`m kj Grmowjbb. Jb pfjtm `mbkjhckf y `mbkctf, quj mgrjvø kjb  Kfo Numo  m bfs kcjhcscjtj mýfs y m dfokf gbmohf, bbjvø uom jxcstjohcm prfvcohcmom, jrrmotj y rf`íotchm, pjrf jo bm pfstjrckmk of mbhmozø bms mbturms `àstchms kj sus ejr`moms. Ãb duj, hf`f Xmtío, uo pràohcpj kjstjrrmkf kjb `uokf.

Xà, armhcms m bm `cscøo jvmoajbczmkfrm kj bm sjýfrm Amsljbb Hemrbfttj mbhmozø jb mb`m co`frtmb y mrrmstrø jo bm pjrjarcomhcøo, pjsj m sus rjscstjohcms, m bms kfs ejr`moms< of, `jnfr, m bms humtrf ejr`moms. Of `jofs ejrfàoms rf`íotchms quj Grmowjbb, jbbms of kjnmrfo kj sjr tm`gcão bms  pjbmkfr ms kj pmpms kj Tcracocm Qffbd,  pjbmkfrms Qffbd, bfs b fs dmotms` dmotms`ms ms kj Tchtfrcm Fhm`pf, Fhm`pf, bms  pjoctjotjs  pjoctjo tjs kj Amgrcjbm @cstrmb, bms pfsjàkms, pfsjàkm s, bms vcscf vcscfoomrcm mrcms< s< He Hemrbfttj mrbfttj duj, duj, mkj`ís, bm drmtrchckm.

 

* Jb pjrsfomnj `mkm`jjoGjhl, Tcbbjttj,, jstí oftfrcm`jotj oftfr cm`jotjkjcospcrmkf `mkm`j `mkmbm `jkcrjhtfrm Ejajr. kjb Yjoscfomkf kj Xjýfrctms kj Tcbbjttj ** Jo Xecrbjyy, jb mbtjr jaf kj jaf kj Hemrbfttj, Hmrfbcoj Ejbstfoj, cotjrhm`gcm `jhefojs kj pjbf **  Jo Xecrbj hfo Wfgjrt @ffrj, su jom`frmkf.

 

** **** Bm prc`jrm jkchcøo kj bm gcfarmdàm kj Nubcjt Gmrljr js kj =33;, pfr Xt. @mrtco–s Arcddco Jkctcfo.

 

@CX BCGWFX YWFECGCKFX  Yfkràm djhemr jb cochc cochcff kj bf quj mquà bbm`mrã ‒`c trmu`m‐ sfgrj bfs þbtc`fs mýfs kj bm kãhmkm kjb sjsjotm, jo @fotjvckjf. Zom tmrkj covjromb, m bm bbjamkm kj bm jshujbm, uom vjhcom `j bbjvø kj vcsctm mb hfbjacf pupcbf jo jb quj jstmgm cotjromkm su ecnmstrm kj kcjz mýfs. @c `mkrj, uom dj`cocstm rma`ítchm quj emgàm covjotmkf bms hjoms kj dcm`grj mbj`ío y eujvf hrukf  ‛gjgckf kcrjhtm`jotj kj bm híshmrm, h íshmrm, pfr `jkcf kj uo frcdc frcdchcf hcf jdjhtumkf jd jhtumkf hfo bm puotm kj uo huhecbbf‛ pmrm jvctmr bfs trmstfrofs kj bm hfhhcøo, quj kjtjstmgm, `j rjhfajràm humokf tjr`comrm bm hjrj`focm kj bm hf`uocøo. bbm sj kjkchmgm mb ojafhcf kj bm vjotm kj bcgrfs pujrtm m pujrtm< `c pmkrj jstmgm jo Gujofs Mcrjs, emhcjokf bm rjvfbuhcøo.  Ofs rjhcgcjrfo kfs `fonms kj `jncbb `jncbbms ms píbckms y mspjhtf sjvjrf quj `j rjhfrkmrfo kj co`jkcmtf m bm `mkrj supjrcfrm kj Bm ofvchcm rjgjbkj , `c jbàhubm prjkcbjhtm, kj pãsc`m rjputmhcøo jo `c efamr. Ofs hfokunjrfo mb  kfr`ctfrcf kj bms ocýms, kfokj bms dcbms kj moafstms hm`ctms hugcjrtms hfo hfbhems hfbfr rfsm, sjpmrmkms uom kj ftrm pfr uoms hfrtcoms tm`gcão rfsmkms `j bbjoø kj kjbjctj. Bm `fonm quj ofs aucmgm `j `fstrø bm hm`pmom

hfo bm quj kjspjrtmgm kjspjr tmgm m bms ocýms. oc ýms. S Sff jstmgm johmotmkm hfo jb mrtcb mrtcbuacf, uacf, m `c uchcf `uy supjrcfr m bm vfz kj `c pmkrj humokf hmotmgm Bm Cotjromhcfomb mrm kjspjrtmrofs. Yjsj m quj `cs pmkrjs, pfr jb ejhef kj costmr`j m bjjr  Mutfgcfarmdàm kj uom `unjr sjxumb`jotj j`mohcpmkm   kj Mbjxmokm Lfbfotmc, hrjàmo emgjr`j prfpfrhcfomkf uom jkuhmhcøo, ouohm `j emgàmo bbjvmkf m uom cabjscm. Bm `mkrmstrm kj `c m`cam `j mhf`pmýø m bm hmpcbbm, kfokj sj jshuhemgm uom `þschm hjbjstcmb, y `j kjnø jo uo gmohf kj `mkjrm. Zom

 

 sumvj grcsm rfzø `c hmgjzm. Zom `fonm `j emgàm hfbfhmkf uo vjbf ojarf. ojarf. crã hfo jovckcm, uo pfhf `mrjmkm pfr jb dujrtj fbfr m jspjhcms kubhjs, m bms hechms quj hm`comgmo jo frkjo pfr jb pmscbbf jo kcrjhhcøo mb mbtmr, hfo bms hmgjzms hugcjrtms y uocdfr`mkms hfo uofs prjhcfsfs nu`pjrs arcsjs.  Bujaf kj hf`ubamr hmotmrfo uofs smb`fs y, kj m pfhf, mgmokfom mgmokfomrfo rfo bm hmpcbbm. Bm `þschm hjsø y bms `fonms dujrfo kjsmpmrjhcjokf trms bfs hfodjscfomrcfs, tmo pjqujýfs quj pmrjhàmo hmsctms kj `uýjhms. Jo uo jxtrj`f kjb gmohf, gmnf uom Gcgbcm hfo bms píacoms dcbjtjmkms jo frf, vcsbu`grã uo bcgrf hfo tmpms m`mrcbbms quj bbm`ø `c mtjohcøo> Numom Jyrj , fr Hmrbftm Grfotì. J`pjhã m bjjr, hmpturmkm pfr jb krm`mtcs`f kj bm rc`jrm jshjom, emstm quj bms bjtrms hf`jozmrfo m pmrjhjr`j efr`cams ojarms y `j jovfbvcø bm fshurckmk. M `c mbrjkjkfr søbf vjàm gmohfs vmhàfs… ¶sj emgràmo fbvckmkf kj `à6 Yjsj m bm pjou`grm, sjauà bjyjokf. Sm emgàm hmptmkf quj Numom Jyrj cràm m joarfsmr bm bcstm kj `cs bcgrfs prfecgckfs< kjgàm mprfvjhemr jb `f`jotf. Jo jsf, bm vfz kj uom `fonm `j mrrmohø kjb  ejheczf. Mb smbcr kj bm hmpcbbm `j quctmrfo jb vjbf, quj kjnø mb kjshugcjrtf jb  hfrtj é bm amráfo quj `cs pmkrjs mkfrmgmo y m `à `j bbjomgm kj vjraòjozm<  sjotà drà dràf. f. Yjrf bm `fonm `j fgsjqucø jb bbcgrf cgrf y kjskj jb hf`jkfr bbjamgm uo kjbchcfsf mrf`m m hf`ckm hmsjrm. Ymrm `c sfrprjsm `j bbjvmrfo emstm bm `jsm, kfokj of kcstcoauà m `c m`cam. Kfs hechms `myfrjs `j mhjrhmrfo uo bmtf efokf rjgfsmotj kj uo aucsf mpjtctfsf y eu`jmotj, uo pmo y uo vmsf kj maum. Kj pfstrj, mrrfz hfo bjhej. Hf`à hfo vfrmhckmk emstm quj tfkms

tjr`comrfo y jb hf`jkfr sj vvmhcø. mhcø. ¶S `c `mkr `mkrj6 j6  Eugf uo cr y vjocr kj `fonms y vmrcfs bbm`mkfs tjbj tjbjdøochfs døochfs y prjau prjauotms, otms, emstm quj pfr mbauom rmzøo sj kjhckcø quj `j qujkmràm m kfr`cr. Xco kjnmr  kj sjotcr m hmkm `f`jotf bm prjhmrcjkmk kj `c sctumhcøo, quj `j pfoàm jo jvckjohcm jo hmkm costmohcm pfr `c kjshfofhc`cjotf mgsfbutf kj bfs `fkmbjs, bfs rjzfs, bfs tãr`cofs mprfpcmkfs kj uom mbu`om kj uo hfbjacf rjbcacfsf, `j kjnã aucmr emstm jb armo kfr`ctfrcf. @j hjkcjrfo uom kj bms

 

hm`ctms rfsmkms, jo jb jxtrj`f kj bm smbm. C`ctã m bms hechms humokf sj mrrfkcbbmrfo m rjzmr y tm`gcão `fvà bfs bmgcfs, kjsjmokf hfo tfkms `cs ujrzms quj of sj oftmrm `c dmbsàm. Johfotrã hfo bfs fnfs m `c vjhcom, pjrf hrjà jotjokjr quj `j jvctmgm y tm`gcão hf`prjokà bm rmzøo> ¶hø`f sjr  m`cam kj uom c`pfstfrm6 Of sjotà pjom mbauom. Dbftmgm jo uom djbchckmk  jxtrmým, mnjom m `à, hf`f sc yf of dujrm `ís quj bm jspjhtmkfrm kj uom cbuscøo f uo sujýf. Kfr`à hfo pbmhckjz emstm quj bm buz kj bm `mýmom gmýø `cs pírpmkfs `cjotrms jshuhemgm uo arctf jstjotørjf> ‒¡Tcvm Njsþs y mràm!‐. Zom `fonm `fonm mactmgm bbmm hm`pmom. Jrmo bms sjcs sjcs..  Jspjrã m `c `mkr `mkrjj kurmotj efrms jo jb drjshf y fshurf vjstà vjstàgubf gubf kjb  cotjromkf. Mb jotrmr m oujstrf kjpmrtm`jotf `f`jotfs `ís tmrkj, jb mrf`m mb tmgmhf ojarf kj Bm Ymz, bfs hcamrrcbbfs sco dcbtrf m bfs quj jrmo mdjhtfs `cs pmkrjs, huyms hfbcbbms `c ejr`mof y yf du`ígm`fs m jshfokckms, `j trmnf m `c prfsmchm rjmbckmk. Xj mhjrhmgm bm efrm kjb mb`ujrzf y vfbquã jo uom fbbm ecrvcjokf bms pcjkrctms m`mrcbbms quj jo hcohf `coutfs, sjaþo mouohcmgm bm gfbsm kj pbístchf quj bms hfotjoàm, sj trmosdfr`mràmo jo uom frhcøo kj pmtm kj pfbbf (codfr`j, píbckm, kj tjxturm dbíhhckm) hfo mrrfz y ‒`joukfs‐.  Jb pjhubcmr mr mrf`m f`m kj Bm Ymz, quj kjsmpmr kjsmpmrjhcø jhcø kj oujstrms vckms mb  `ukmrofs m Gujofs Mcrjs, vfbvcø m `à `uhefs mýfs kjspuãs, mb jotrmr jo bm  smbm kj mtjohcøo hfrfom hfrfomrcm rcm kjb Efspctmb Ctmb Ctmbcmof cmof mkfokj `c pmkr pmkrjj jstmgm cotjromkf (¶qucão scof `c `mkrj, jo uom mhhcøo tjrrfrcstm rjbí`pmaf, pfkàm

emgjrbj bbjvmkf hcamrrcbbfs kj rjambf, y prjhcsm`jotj Bm Ymz6). Hcohf  sjauokfs motjs kj quj `j jhemrmo pmrm hfbfhmrbj uo rjspcrmkfr mrtcd mrtcdchcmb  chcmb  quj bf sfstuvf hfo vckm, muoquj cohfoshcjotj, kurmotj kcjhcsãcs kàms, `c mkrj `j prjauotø> ‒¶Ducstj m vjr jb jshrctfrcf kj @mrx mb @usjf rctíochf6‐. Jstmgm hfojhtmkf m uom `íshmrm kj fxàajof y emgbmgm hfo mactmhcøo. Ãb `cs`f `j emgàm pjkckf quj vcsctmrm jb smbøo kj bjhturm kjb  `usjf jo `c vcmnj m Coabmtjrrm, kjb quj emgàm rjarjsmkf mpjoms emhàm uoms

 

efrms. Jo su vcafrfsf hmotmr kj ajstm, hf`f bbm`m jb josmycstm Efrmhcf Afozíbjz m su fgrm, bm dcaurm kjb hcpmyf, sc of covjotmkm, mb `jofs mhuýmkm fr ãb, sj sctþm jo jb jpchjotrf kjb krm`m. Of ftrf scof `c pmkrj eczf jrtcomz jsj of`grj quj mbukj m bfs omtcvfs kj bm Cokcm rjhbutmkfs mb   sjrvchcf  sjrvc hcf kj Armo Gr Grjtmým jtmým pmrm sjýmbmr m bfs mra mrajotcofs jotcofs quj cotjot cotjotmgmo mgmo msc`cbmr bfs ajstfs pfbàtchfs y hubturmbjs kjb C`pjrcf. [jørchf kj bm ofhcøo kjb ‒sjr omhcfomb‐ jo M`ãrchm Bmtcom, su jpfpjym motcc`pjrcmbcstm of bj emgàm c`pjkckf, sco j`gmraf, trmsbmkmr bfs hmrtuhefs kjb `mrxcs`f kj uo hfotcojotj m ftrf, kj `fkf quj `j prjauotø sc emgàm ckf m vjr jb jshrctfrcf kfokjj @mrx jshrcgcø Jb Hmpctmb. kfok  Of, of duc, d uc, bj hfotjstã hfo js jstþpckm tþpckm scohjrc scohjrckmk. kmk. Kjskj jb dfokf kj bm smbm  sj mhjrhmgm uo arupf kj `ãkchfs hfo pmsfs mpr mprjsurmkfs, jsurmkfs, mbjrt mbjrtmkfs mkfs kj sus rmvjs kcdchubtmkjs pmrm rjspcrmr. Zof kj jbbfs sj mkjbmotø hfrrcjokf. Bfs mbkfojs kj bm gmtm bj afbpjmgmo bms pcjroms< of emgàm tcj`pf. ‒Yjrf duc m bm hmsm kj bms ejr`moms Grfotì‐, mbhmohã m kjhcr motjs kj quj kjspjnmrmo bm  smbm. ¶Yfr quã of bj `jotà6 `j prjauotf mefrm y `j prjauotã uofs kàms `ís tmrkj, humokf bf jotjrrm`fs jovujbtf jo bm gmokjrm mrtcaucstm gmnf jb  jrturgmkfr sfockf kj uo ejbchøptjrf fdchcmb quj mb mtjrrczmr sfgrj jb gfrkj kj bm tu`gm tmpø bfs arctfs y bfs bbmotfs kj sus ofvcms y sus jx jspfsms, kj bfs ecnfs cbjaàtc`fs y kj bfs bjaàtc`fs, bfs kcshursfs kj bfs hm`mrmkms, bm qujom quj tfhmgm uo nfvjo kj Xmotcmaf kjb Jstjrf.

 Jo hm`gcf, jo bm jstmhc jstmhcøo øo Lcoa Hr Hrfss fss emgàm ttf`mkf f`mkf uo trjo kj trjs efrms emstm Bjjks, jb ofrtj gírgmrf, kfokj echj uom hfojxcøo m Ljcaebjy, hcukmk  quj mgmstjhàm kj hcotms y pmpjbjs m bms ejr`moms Grfotì. Kjskj Ljcaebjy hm`coã hmbbj mrrcgm emstm Emwfrte, j`ubmokf bfs pmsfs kj bfs ejr`mofs jo =58;, humokf mshjokàmo hmramkfs kj bfs bcgrfs quj pjkàmo prjstmkfs jo bm gcgbcftjhm hcrhubmotj.  Jo bm hmbbj prcohcpmb kj Emwfrte jjstmgm stmgm ttfkf, fkf, tfkf> jb [frf Ojar Ojarf, f, kfokj

 

rmowjbb sj rjduacmgm m tf`mr fpcf, mefrm hfo jb hmrtjb kj bmtm quj sj tm`gmbjm jo bms ofhejs kj vcjotf, uo pfhf `ís mbbí bm cabjscm, rj`fkjbmkm, y trms jbbm jb pmsf jstrjhef quj scauj sugcjokf mgruptm`jotj emhcm bm rjhtfràm, hfovjrtckm jo `usjf.  Echj bm dcb dcbmm kjb `usjf jo jstmkf kj trmohj, hf`f sc mþo tuvcjr tuvcjrmm jo bm hmgjzm bm `motcbbm kj bm `fonm kjb cotjromkf, sco jshuhemr bfs `ur`ubbfs y bms rcsms kj bfs vcsctmotjs quj puaomgmo pfr jotrmr. Hfo jb tchljt kj jotrmkm jstrunmkf jo uom `mof, `j johfotrã drjotj mb eujhf kj bm jshmbjrm kfokj `cby hmstcaø m Ljjpjr emstm smhmrbj bíarc`ms kj smoarj< rfhã hfo kjbcgjrmhcøo jb rjbfn quj jb pmkrj kmgm hujrkm tfkms bms ofhejs, hfbamkf jo jb kjshmosf kj bm jshmbjrm, y jotrã jo bm oursjry  kfokj jshrcgàm J`cby. M jshfokckms kjb aumrkcm tf`ã, pmbpctmotj, jb þochf sfbkmkctf kj `mkjrm  sfgrjvcvcjotj kj Bfs Kfhj pmrm hf`pr hf`prfgmr fgmr quj jrm uom rãpbchm rãpbch m y vfbvjr m kjnmrbf sfgrj bm hø`fkm. Hfbamkfs jo jb vcjnf kfr`ctfrcf kj bm tàm buhàmo bfs bunfsfs vjstckfs kj bms mhtrchjs kj Efbbywffk quj prftmafoczmrfo m Nmoj  yrj, quj mgfrrjhàm mgfrrjhàm jb bunf.  Mb  Mb smbcr kj bbmm rjhtfrà rjhtfràmm `j rfkjø bm mbamrmgàm kjb pujgbf. Bm gftchm kfokj rmowjbb sj prfvjàm kj bíukmof, cotmhtm, kfshcjotfs mýfs `ís tmrkj sj bbm`m fsj & Hf. y sj jspjhcmbczm jo nmgfojs, pjrdu`js y gíbsm`fs pmrm bmgcfs hfo mrf`m m pãtmbfs kj rfsm. Zo pfhf `ís mbbí, sfgrj uo jshmpmrmtj hmbbjnjrf, sj fdrjhjo m bm vjotm rjpmsmkfrjs hfo bm c`majo kj J`cby jo Jb arupf jshfpjtm. Mbbà `cs`f rjbuhjo bms puotcbbms kj bms vjotmoms kjb efstmb Sj

Fbkj Grfotì y eujbjo bfs jshfojs kj bm hmsm kj tã Wfhejstjr. Emwfrte mrjhàm uo pujgbf kj dmotmsàm, uo pmrquj tj`ítchf kjb jstcbf… ¶kf`ãstchf6 ¶rf`íotchf mpbchmkf6  Wjarjsã  Wjar jsã m Bfokr Bfokrjs js jo jb mýf 7993, `ís kj kcjz mýfs kjspuãs, sco ftrf rfpøsctf quj hu`pbcr, hf`f `j kcnj hfo `jofs vjrkmk quj rf`motchcs`f f `ís gcjo, mrrfamohcm, hfo jb þbtc`f kjsjf kj `c pmkrj. Kj `fkf quj mpjoms bbjamr `j johm`coã hfo prj`urm m bm armo hþpubm kj hrcstmb kjb @usjf

 

rctíochf pmrm kjshugrcr, hfo pms`f y hfo kfbfr, quj bm smbm kj bjhturm jstmgm hbmusurmkm, bm gcgbcftjhm `ukmkm m Xmcot Ymohrms y bfs jshrctfrcfs umrkmkfs. Jo bm smbm kj bjhturm, rj`fkjbmkm, sj jstmgm prjpmrmokf bm jxecgchcøo ‒@fhtjzu`m, J`pjrmkfr Mztjhm‐. Jb þochf bcgrf kj `c pmkrj quj  sj jkctø jo Jur Jurfpm fpm sj bbm`m @mrxcs`f kj Cokcms… ¶jstmgm jb C`pjrcf rcãokfsj kj `à6  Of tjoàm omkm `ís quj emhjr mbbà. Bbjom kj jstupfr jstupfr,, kj jspmotf (ouo (ouohm hm fkràm hu`pbcr hfo jb pjkckf kj `c pmkrj> jb @usjf Grctíochf jstmgm y mþo jstí emhcjokf ‒jxemustcvms hfosubtms sfgrj jb duturf usf‐ kj bm smbm), tf`ã jb prc`jr trjo m Bjjks.  Yjr`mojhà jo Emwfrte Emwfrte trjs sj`moms> hfosubt hfosubtãã bfs mrhecvfs kj bm Xfhcj Xfhcjkmk  kmk  rfotì y bjà kjhjoms kj hmrtms y `moushrctfs, emgbã hfo mhmkã`chfs grfotìmofs y hf`prã bfs vfbþ`jojs kj hmrtms kj bm dm`cbcm< jotrjvcstã mb  hmotcojrf kjb [frf Ojarf y m uo covjstcamkfr kj Sfrl jspjhcmbcstm jo rmowjbb< rjhfrrà jb pírm`f, kfokj rjhfaà rm`fs kj grjzf ‛rjsjhfs y m`mrrfomkfs, `j mrmýmrfo bms `mofs‛, y jotrã jo bm cabjscm kjb sjýfr  rfotì sco vjbf. Mb hruzmr jb hj`jotjrcf pmrrfqucmb hugcjrtf pfr bm ocjvj, `ís tmrkj, oftã hfo coqucjtuk quj bm tu`gm kj [mggy jstmgm hmsc qujgrmkm y  su jpctmd jpctmdcf, cf, jo`fejhckf pfr bfs mýfs y bms bbuvc bbuvcms ms kjb pírm`f, mpjoms sj kcstcoauàm. Zom rjnm motcaum, tmb vjz hfbfhmkm jo jb pmsmkf pmrm prftjajr bm bípckm, hfbamgm rfkjmkm kj `usaf, ocjvj y vjrkào, sco `urf f hjrrfnf kfokj mdcr`mrsj.

 

Zom `mýmom `j qujkã jo jb `usjf tf`mokf mpuotjs jo uo rcohøo kj bm hfhcom, kfokj bms ocýms sfbàmo m`msmr jb pmo `cjotrms jshrcgàmo mb hmbfr kjb  ujaf. Mb hmgf jb aumrkcm Wmy Yecbbcps, quj ym `j emgàm fgsjrvmkf motjs, sj mhjrhø y `ur`urø, hfo jb mhjotf gmstmotj hjrrmkf kj Sfrlsecrj, quj su huýmkm emgàm vcstf m Hemrbfttj jo jb `usjf emhàm uofs kàms. Of bj jotjokà… ¶f of bj hrjà6 ‒Xus pmsfs rjtu`gmgmo jo jb pmscbbf.‐ Bf `crã sco pjstmýjmr.  Kj `mojrm quj jb pujgbf bms rjhujr rjhujrkm km jo sus prfpcfs prfpcfs tãr`cofs, pjosã. Bm vcsumbczø uom ofhej, hm`comokf mbrjkjkfr kj bm `jsm kj bm smbm, `j kcnf.

rrjabm`fs uo johujotrf hfo jbbm jbb m pmrm bm ofhej sc scaucjotj aucjotj jo jb [frf Ojar Ojarf. f.  Jsm tmrkj hjoã pukkcoa kj Sfrlsecrj jo jb pug kjb Bjøo Gbmohf, jb vcjn vcjnff eftjb kfokj `j mbfnmgm, drjotj m bm gftchm. Jb pukkcoa of jrm `ís quj uom hmpmrmzøo kj emrcom kuràsc`m quj hfotjoàm uo hmbkf kj puhejrf `ís dujrtj quj jb kcmgbf, hf`f eugcjsj kchef Grmowjbb. Xudchcjotj`jotj tj`pbmkm, `j kcrcaà m bm tmgjrom. Mb hmgf bbjaø bm vckjotj, uom `unjr gmnm y ojrvukm, kj euckczfs fnfs hbmrfs y uom omrcz jo dfr`m kj amohef, mhf`pmýmkm pfr uo

 

jrrf aruýøo quj hfo bm hfrrjm bm tcrfojmgm emhcm bm hmbbj, j`pjhcomkf jo  smbcr. M bms mpurmkms, sco sjotmrsj, sjotmrsj , `j hfod hfodcr`ø cr`ø bm ecstfrc ecstfrcmm kjb aumr aumrkcm kcm y, ym kjskj bm pujrtm y hfo `jkcf hujrpf mdujrm, `j kcnf quj hcjrtm vjz vcf m [mggy jo bm hfhcom, jo su scbbm nuotf mb dujaf.

 Kjscjrtm y scbj scbjohcfsm, ohcfsm, gbmohm pfr bm ocjvj, jo bms ofhejs kj covcjr covcjrof of mwfrte jvfhmgm mb pujgbf kj bfs ejr`mofs Grfotì quj yf c`macomgm. Jrm `uy tmrkj y hruhã emstm jb hj`jotjrcf, m uofs pmsfs kj kcstmohcm, pmrm

mhjrhmr`j m bm bípckm kj [mggy. @j johfotrã hfo @ffacj, jb amtf quj hustfkcm bms tu`gms kjskj emhj vmrcfs mýfs, euyjokf kj bm ocjvj m trmvãs kj bm bípckm kj uo ocýf, f jsf `j pmrjhcø. Muoquj bbfvczomgm y `c nurm`jotf ukf kjskcgunmrsj uo pfhf pfr jb maum gbmohuzhm quj sj kjsbczmgm jotrj bms cjkrms, nurã motj bm tu`gm kj [mggy quj, sc of pfkàm hu`pbcr hfo jb pjkckf kj `c pmkrj, bf hfotrmrcmràm> jshrcgcràm uom gcfarmdàm kj bfs ejr`mofs rfotì, coabjsjs y hfosjrvmkfrjs, hf`f sc omkcj eugcjrm jshrctf motjs sfgrj

 

jbbfs. Kjhckà, hfo bfs zmpmtfs bbjofs kj gmrrf y ocjvj, pfsjàkm, jbukcr bms bjhturms hfotj`pfríojms y bm hràtchm dj`cocstm quj tmotf cotjrjsmgmo m `c `mkrj pmrm fpfojrbjs m `c þochm cotjrbfhutfrm, bm prc`jrm gcøarmdm, bm m`cam kj Hemrbfttj, bm sjotc`jotmbcstm> bm sjýfrm Amsljbb. Xc bfs jstukcfs kjb   scabf UU sj kjkchmrfo m cokmamr bm rjbmhcøo jotrj jb yf y bm fgrm, jotrj bf gcfarídchf y jb yf pjrsfomb, yf mgrcràm uo pmqujtj prfecgckf> jb   sjotc`jotmbcs`f.  sjotc `jotmbcs`f. @j mprfpcmràm kj tfkms bms ccovjstc ovjstcamhcfojs amhcfojs ejhems emstm jb  `f`jotf, emràm bm rutm Grfotì grctíochm, bm crbmokjsm y bm gjbam, pjrf tm`gcão mgrjvmràm kj bms dujotjs kjsmhrjkctmkms> hecs`js, vckjotjs, mr`mhãutchfs, gfrrmhefs, dmotms`ms, bm huýmkm kjb aumrkcm. Xc ym emgàm kjsfgjkjhckf jb omhcfombcs`f `mrxcstm kj `c pmkrj hfo `c moabfdcbcm, jrm jb  turof kj kjsfgjkjhjr bms bjhturms dj`cocstms kj `c `mkrj hfo uom gcfarmdàm ‒m bm `mojrm sjotc`jotmb‐. Xc Grmowjbb duj smhrcdchcmb mb rf`motchcs`f, yf  sjràm smhrcd smhrcdchcmb chcmb mb sjotc`jotmb sjotc`jotmbcs`f, cs`f, pfrquj jb `àf jr jrmm uo hmsf kj pfsjs pfsjscøo. cøo.  Kjhckà quj bm mvjoturm jjoo jb cotjr cotjromkf omkf kj `fonms ssjràm jràm `c `ctf kj frcajo. jstj bcgrf, uo pmrrchckcf. ¶S mhmsf jb hrc`jo kf`ãstchf of js hf`gustcgbj kjb  krm`m jo bm vckm y bm fgrm kj bfs ejr`mofs Grfotì6 Xà, sjràm uom pmrrchckm.    B.W.  Jojrff kj 79=5  Jojr

 

 MGWJTCM[ZWMX  MGWJTCM[Z WMX Z[CBC^MKMX Z[CBC^MKM X JO OF OF[MX MG> Mooj Grfotì MG m JO> Mooj Grfotì m Jbbjo Oussjy MGO m JO> Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs m Jbbjo Oussjy M[W> Mooj [emhljrmy Wcthecj GG> Grmowjbb Grfotì Grfotì GG m DA> Grmowjbb Grfotì m Drmohcs Aruoky GG m NGB> Grmowjbb Grfotì m Nfsjpe Gjotbjy Bjybmok HM> Hercstcoj Mbjxmokjr  HG m JO> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Jbbjo Oussjy HG m AX> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Ajfraj X`cte HGG m QXQ> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Qcbbcm` X. Qcbbcm`s HE> Hbmcrj Emr`mo Emr`mo HEG> Hemrbfttj Grfot Gr fotìì HEG m GG> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Grmowjbb Grfotì HEG m HE> Hemrbfttj Grfot Grf otìì m Hfostmotco Hfostmotco Ejajr  HEG m JNG> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m J`cby Grfotì

HEG m JO> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Jbbjo Oussjy HEG m AX> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Ajfraj X`cte HEG m EO> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Ejory Oussjy HEG m @[> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m @mry [mybfr  HEG m @Q> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m @mramrjt Qffbjr  HEG m YG> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Ymtrchl Grfotì HEG m WX> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Wfgjrt Xfutejy

 

HEG m X&J> Hemrbfttj Grfotì m Xrjs. X`cte & Jbkjr  HEG m QXQ> QXQ> Hemrbfttj Grfot Grf otìì m Qcbbc cb bcm` m` X. Qcb Qcbbc bcm` m`ss HEG, @[ y @mrtem [mybfr m JO> Hemrbfttj Grfotì, @mry [mybfr y @mrtem [mybfr m Jbbjo Oussjy KK@>> Kmpeoã KK@ Kmpeoã ku @murcjr  KA> Kukbjy Arjjo JG> J`cb J`cbyy Grfotì JNG> J`cby Nmoj Grfotì JHA> Jbczmgjte Hbjaefro Amsljbb JHA m AX> Jbczmgjte Hbjaefro Amsljbb m Ajfraj X`cte JHA m ND> Jbczmgjte Hbjaefro Amsljbb m Nfeo Dfrstjr  JO> Jbbjo Jbb jo Oussjy Oussjy JX> Jbczmgjte X`cte DA> Drmohcs Aruoky DB> Drmohcs Bjybmok A@> Amgrcjbm @cstrmb AX> Ajfraj X`cte NG> Nubcjt Gmrljr  NA> Nubcjt Amrkcojr  Amrkc ojr  B@> Buhmstm @cbbjr  @G m YG> @mrcm Grmowjbb m Ymtrchl Grfotì Grfotì @G y WNK> @mry Guttjrdcjb Guttjrdcjbkk y W. N. N . Kuhljt

@X> @mramrjt @mramrj t X`cte X`cte @[ m HEG> @mry [mybfr [mybfr m Hemrbfttj Hemrb fttj Grfotì @[ m JO> @mry [mybfr m Jbbjo Oussjy YG> Ymtrchl Grfotì YG m JO> Ymtrchl Grfotì m Jbbjo Oussjy YG m NGB> Ymtrchl Grfotì m Nfsjpe Gjotbjy Bjybmok WD> Wjgjhhm Drmsjr 

 

W@> Wfgjrt @frrcsfo W@> @frrcs fo [NQ y NMX> [ef`ms N. Qcsj y Nfeo Mbjxmokjr Xy`coatfo TO> Tchtfr Ojudjbkt QA> Qcocdrjk Aãrco QYY> Q. Y. Y.

 

OF[MX

= Fhm`pf, Tchtfrcm, J`cby Tchtfrcm,  J`cby Gr Grfo fotì. tì. [jrrm jrr m cohøa cohøaoct octmm. Yrøbfaf m Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms kj Gfrrmshfsms kj J`cby Grfotì, Gujofs Mcrj Mcrjs, s, Jkctfrcmb Jkctfrc mb Xu Xukm km`jrch `jrchmo mom, m, =344, =344 , p. =3. Fhm`pf,  Tchtfrcm, ‒Ecstfrcm kj `c m`cstmk hfo bfs bcgrfs coabjsjs‐, Xur   o. 18, fht. 7  Fhm`pf, =3;9, =3; 9, CU, p. 74 y [jstc`focfs [jstc`focfs 7,  7, Gujofs Mcrj Mcrjs, s, Xur, Xur, =3; =3;=, =, p. 777. 8 Gmrljr, Nubcjt, [ej Grfotìs. Qcbk Ajocfus fd tej @ffrs> [ej stfry fd m bctjrmry dm`cby, dm`cby ,  Ojw Sfr ll,, Yjamsus Gffl, 79=7, p. =14. ; Àkj`. : Àkj`. 4  Grfotì, Hemrbfttj, [ej Ecstfry fd tej Sjmr , hct. jo Mbjxmokjr, Hercstcoj (jk.), [ej  Grfo  Gr fotìs. tìs. [mbj mbjss fd Abmss [fwo, Moar Moarcm, cm, mok Afok Afokmb  mb , Fxdfrk, Fxdfrk Zocvjrscty Yrjss, 79=9,, p. 79=9 p. ;. 1 Àkj`. 5 NG, fg. hct., p. =14 =14.. 3  @cstrmb, Amgrcjbm,  J`cbcm Gr Grfo fotì. tì. Bm dm`cb dm`cbcm cm kjb rjvjrjok rjvjrjokff Gr Grfot fotì  ì , hct. jo Xhmrpm, Wfquj Jstjgmo (jk.), (j k.), Amgrcjbm pcjosm jo... Xmotcmaf jo... Xmotcmaf kj Hecbj, Mokrãs Gjbbf, =315, p. 75.

`uok f =9  @mry [mybfr m Jbczmgjte H. Amsljbb, =5 joj. =5:4, hct. jo Amrkcojr, Nubcjt , =9 @mry Nubcjt , Jb `uokf cotjrcfrr. Bms ejr`moms Grfotì jo Emwfrte cotjrcf Emwfrte,, Gmrhj Gmrhjbfom, bfom, Fkào Fkào Jkchcfojs, =3 =33: 3: , , p.  p. ;3. == Mbjxmokjr, Hercstcoj (jk.), [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, Moarcm mok Afokmb , Fxdfrk, Fxdfrk == Mbjxmokjr, Zocvjrscty Yrjss, 79=9, p. 8. =7 Jbczmgjte [fwo, =7  Jbczmgjte Hbjaefro Amsljbb m Ajfraj X`cte, 7: nub. =5:4, HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, fg. hct., p. xccc. X`cte. M @j`fcr @j`f cr,, wcte sf`j pmajs pm ajs fd Mutfg Mutfgcfa cfarmp rmpey ey,, =8  X`cte, Jbczmgjte (jk.), Ajfraj X`cte. =8 X`cte, =397 (Hcrh. Yrcv.), Hmbcdfrocm, Bjfpfbk Hbmssch Bcgrmry, 79=:, p. 53.

 

=; =;   HEG m @[, ; sjpt. =5;5, X`cte, @mramrjt (jk.), [ej Bjttjrs fd Hemrbfttj Grfotì , Fxdfrk, Fxdfrk Zocvjrscty Yrjss, =33:, p. ==7. =:  HEG m QXQ, 8= nub. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct. , p. =: HEG  , p. 3;. =4  =4   Oussjy, Jbbjo, ‒Wj`cocshjohjs fd Hemrbfttj Grfotì‐ (=58=-=5::), jo Xhrcgojr–s  @foteby  @fot eby,, `my =51 =51=, =, @X, fg. hct.,[ej hct.,[ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, p. :34. =1   Ejmtfo, J`cby, Qectj Qcokfws, =1  Qcokfws, hct. jo Guttjrdcjbk, @mry (trmosh.), Kuhljt, W. N. (jkct.),  Grftejr co tej sem semkf kfw w, Xtfrcjs & Xljthejs gy Ymtrchl Grmowjbb Grfotì , Grmkdfrk, Grmkdfrk Bcgrmrcjs, =355 , =355 , p.  p. 3. =5  Ejrshejb Gmggmaj, Gjonm`co, ‒Gmggmaj‐ Wjpfrt, hct. jo @G y WNK, fg. hct., pp. 3-=9. =5 Ejrshejb =3  Ymtrchl Grfotì m Wjvjrjokf Nfeo Hm`pgjbb, =7 ofv. =595. Arjjo, Kukbjy (jk.), [ej =3 Ymtrchl  Bjttjrss fd ttej  Bjttjr ej Wjv Wjvjrjok jrjok Ymtrchl Ym trchl Grfotì , Xtrfuk, Ofosuhe, Ofosuhe, 799: 799:,, p. 7;. 7; . 79  Àkj`. (Jstm prc`jrm jkchcøo kj Hfttmaj Yfj`s jstí 79 Àkj`. Yfj`s jstí jo bm Ejory mok Mbgjrt M. Gjra Hfbbjhtcfo kj bm Ojw Sfrl Yugbch Bcgrmry.) 7= 7= Àkj`.  Àkj`. 77 @mrcm 77  @mrcm Grmowjbb m Ymtrchl Grfotì, : sjp =5=7, Qcsj, [ef`ms N. mok Xy`coatfo, Nfeo Mbjxmokjr, [ej Grfotìs, [ejcrs Bcvjs, Drcjoksecps & Hfrrjspfokmohjs, Hfrrjspfokmohjs , C, CC. Fxdfrk, [ej Xem Xemljspjmrj ljspjmrj Ejmk Grfotì, ==387 387.. 78  @G m YG, 74 ma =5=7, 78 @G =5= 7, cgàkj`, p. 3. 7; 7; KA  KA (jk.), (j k.), Jxtrm  Jxtrmhtf htf kjb kcm kcmrcf rcf kj k j Jbczm Jbczmgjt gjtee Dcrte Dcrte,, fg. hct., p. 881. 88 1. 7: Oussjy, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :34. 7:  Oussjy, Jbbjo, jo @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 74 NG, 74  NG, fg. hct., p. ==5. 71  Àkj`. 71 Àkj`. 75 Àkj`, 75  Àkj`, p. ==3 . 73 JHA, 73  JHA, fg. hct hct. , p.  ., p. :4 :4.. 89 JHA 89  JHA m Hmtejrc Hmtejrcoj oj Qcolw Qcolwfrte, frt e, 7: ma =5:9 =5:9,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs Bjtt jrs 7,  7, fg. hct., p. ;;1.

8=  Emr`mo, Hbmcrj, Hemrbfttj Grfotì 8= Emr`mo, Grfotì,, M Bcdj Bcdj,, ZL, Tchlcoa, 79=:, p. 87. 87  JHA, fg. hct., p. 4:. 87 JHA, 88 Grfotì, Lcbbmrojy, m ofvjb  (=5=5),   (=5=5), [ej Fxdfrk Ecstfry fd tej 88  Grfotì, Ymtrchl, [ej `mck fd Lcbbmrojy,  Ofvjb co Joab Joabcse cse 8, Nfeo Luhche mok Njooy Gfuroj [mybfr (jk.), Fxdfrk, Fxdfrk Zocv Zo cvjrscty jrscty Yr Yrjss, jss, 79=7. 79= 7. 8; Y G m NfeoKury Gu Guhlw hlwfrt e, 71@mrcojr, ofv ofv.. =57= =5 7=, hct., p.Drmsjr, ==1. Wjgjhhm,  8; 8:   YG 8:  Csmgjbbm m frte, Xrtm. =8, NG, djg.fg.=578. Wjgjhhm,  Hemrbfttj Grfotì , Bfokfo, Tcotmaj, Wmokf` Efusj, 7998, p. 89. 84 YG  YG m @mry Gurkjr, 75 nub. =578, = joj. =57;, NG, fg. hct., pp. =8=-=87. 84

 

81 81 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. =87 =87.. 85 JHA, 85  JHA, fg. hct., p. ::. 83  Àkj`. 83 Àkj`. ;9 NG, =77.. ;9  NG, fg. hct., p. =77 ;=  Cgàkj`, p. ;= Cgàkj`, p. =74 =74.. ;7 Àkj` ;7  Àkj` ;8  Àkj`. ;8 Àkj`. ;; HE, ;;  HE, fg. hct., p. :7. ;:  NG, fg. hct., p. =71 ;: NG, =71.. ;4  Cgàkj`, p. ;4 Cgàkj`, p. =7: =7:.. ;1  Àkj`. ;1 Àkj`. ;5  Cgàkj`, p. ;5 Cgàkj`, p. =84 =84.. ;3 Cgàkj`, p. =81 =81.. ;3  Cgàkj`, p. :9  Cgàkj`, p. :9 Cgàkj`, p. =:3 =:3.. := Cgàkj`, p. =:8 =:8.. :=  Cgàkj`, p. :7  JHA, fg. hct., p. 44. :7 JHA, :8  Àkj`. :8 Àkj`. :; WD ct., p. 84. 8 4. :;  WD,, fg. hhct., ::  Àkj`. :: Àkj`. :4 Àkj`. :4  Àkj`. :1 NG, =:=.. :1  NG, fg. hct., p. =:= :5  Àkj`. :5 Àkj`. :3 Àkj`. :3  Àkj`. 49 Àkj`. 49  Àkj`. 4= Grfotì, 4=  Grfotì, J`cby, [ej Hf`pbjtj Yfj`s, Yfj`s, Bfokfo, Bfokfo, Yjoauco Hbmsschs, ==33 337, 7, p. 8;.

47  NG, fg. hct., p. =:; 47 NG, =:;.. 48  Cgàkj`, p. 48 Cgàkj`, p. =:: =::.. 4; Àkj`. 4;  Àkj`. 4:  JHA, fg. hct., p. 45. 4: JHA, 44 NG, =:5.. 44  NG, fg. hct., p. =:5 41 Aãrc Qcocdrj Qcocdrjk,  Grmowjbb 41  Aãrco, 45 45 @G  @G yo,WNK, fg.k, Grmowjb hct., p. =3. =3 . b Grfotì , Bfokfo, [ef`ms Ojbsfo & Xfos B[K, =34=, p. =1. 43 NG, =;3.. 43  NG, fg. hct., p. =;3 19  JHA, fg. hct., p. 15. 19 JHA,

 

1= 1= Àkj`.  Àkj`. 17 WD ct., p. ;=. ; =. 17  WD,, fg. hhct., 18  NG, fg. hct., p. =;8 18 NG, =;8.. 1; Àkj`. 1;  Àkj`. 1:  Cgàkj`, p. 1: Cgàkj`, p. =;4 =;4.. 14 Cgàkj`, p. =:1 =:1.. 14  Cgàkj`, p. 11  JHA, fg. hct 11 JHA, hct.,., pp. pp. 1;-1 1;-1:. :. 15 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. 18. 15 13  NG, fg. hct., p. =:4 13 NG, =:4.. 59  Cgàkj`, p. 59 Cgàkj`, p. =4= =4=.. 5=  QA, Grmo 5= QA,  Grmowjbb wjbb Grfotì , fg. hct., p. ==8. 57  NG, fg. hct., p. =:3 57 NG, =:3.. 58  58   Ojudjbkt, Tchtfr, [ej Qfrls fd Ymtrchl Grmowjbb Grfotì 8, Ojw Sfrl & Bfokfo, Wfutbjkaj Bcgrmry Jkctcfos, 79=:, p. 79=. 5; Ku 5;  Ku @murcjr, Kmpeoã, [ej Codjromb Qfrbk fd Grmowjbb Grfotì , Bfokfo, Tcrmaf Yrjss, 7994,, p. 7994 p. 48. 5:  NG, fg. hct, p. =4;. 5: NG, 54 Cgàkj`, p. =:; =:;.. 54  Cgàkj`, p. 51  TO, 51 T O, t. 8, fg. hct., p. ;=;. ;=; . 55 HEG, [fwo , fg. hct., p. =17. =1 7. 55  HEG, Wfj Ejmk Nfuromb, jo HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, p. :31, 53 JO, :31 , @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct. 53  JO, Wj`cocs 39  Jxtrmhtfs kjb Kcmrcf kj Jbczmgjte D 39 Jxtrmhtfs Dcrte, crte, BYG, p. 881 881,, fg. hct. 3= 3= JHA,  JHA, fg. hct hct.,., p. p. =5= =5=.. 37 37 Àkj`.  Àkj`. 38 Aruoky, 38  Aruoky, Drmohcs E., Ychturjs E.,  Ychturjs fd tej Ymst> @j`frc @j`frcjs js fd @jo C em emvj vj @jt mok mo k Ybmhjs

emvj sjjo, sjjo, Bfokfo, Arcddcte mok Dmrrmo, =513. Gcgbcfbcdj, 79=9, p. 58. bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 7;9. 3; 3; HEG  HEG m Emrtbjy Hfbjr Hfbjrckaj, ckaj, =9 kch. =5;9, =5 ;9, @X, [ej bjttjrs =, 3: NG, =9933 (o.). 3:  NG, fg. hct., p. =99 34 34 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. =1: =1:.. 31 HEG ht. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 88=. 31  HEG m J`cby Grfotì, = ffht. 35 Àkj`. 35 33  Àkj`. 33 JHA,  JHA, fg. hct., p. 59. =99 Àkj`. =99  Àkj`. =9=  Cgàkj`, p. 5=. =9= Cgàkj`,

 

=97 =97 HM,  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, [fwo , fg. hct., p. =: =:=. =. =98 JHA, =9; . =98  JHA, fg. hct., p. =9;. =9;  Àkj`. =9; Àkj`. =9: JX =9:  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 3=. =94  Aãrco, =94 Aãrc o, Qcocdrj Qcocdrjk, k, J`cby  J`cby Grfotì , Acrfom, Jkchcf Jkchcfojs ojs Mtmbmotm Mtmbmotm,, =31 =31=, =, p. 8:. =91 @cbb jr, Buhm Buhmstm, stm, [ej Grfotì Grfotì @cte, @cte, Ojw Sfrl, Mohefr Gffls, 799:, p. 4. =91  @cbbjr, =95 =95 Àkj`.  Àkj`. =93 Àkj`. =93  Àkj`. ==9 HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, ==9 HM, [fwo , fg. hct., p. UU. === JHA, fg. hct., pp === pp.. =7; =7;-=7 -=7:. :. ==7 ==7 Cgàk  Cgàkj`, j`, pp. 51 51-55 -55.. ==8 Ojudjbkt, Tchtf ==8 Ojudjbkt, Tchtfrr (jk.), ( jk.), [ej pfj`s fd Hemrbfttj Grfotì. M ojw tjxt mok hf``jotmry, hf``jotmry ,  Ojw Sfrl, Bfok Bfokfo, fo, Amrbmok Amrbmok Yug., =3 =35:, 5:, p. 71. ==; Àkj`. ==; Àkj`.  JG,, fg. hct., p. 85. ==: QA, ==: QA, JG ==4 Àkj`. ==4 Àkj`. ==1 HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, ==1 HM, [fwo , fg. hct., p. :. ==5 QA,  JG,, fg. hct., p. 84. ==5 QA, JG ==3 Àkj`. ==3 Àkj`. =79 Àkj`. =79  Àkj`. =7= Cgàkj`, =7=  Cgàkj`, p. ;9. =77  Cgàkj`, p. 4;. =77 Cgàkj`, =78 HM, =78  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, [fwo , fg. hct., p. ;5 ;51. 1. =7; Àkj`. =7;  Àkj`. =7: TO, =7:  TO, fg. hct., p. =81.

=74  Àkj`. =74 Àkj`. =71  B@, fg. hct., p. :. =71 B@, =75 TO ==-7=. =. =75  TO =, fg. hct., pp. ==-7 =73  Àkj`. =73 Àkj`. =89 Hrfss Jstejr, Bm  Bm `unjr `unj r qu qujj jshrcgcø js hrcgcø Drmo Drmoljo ljostjc stjcoo, Gujofs Mcrjs, J`jhã, 79=8 , 79=8 , pp.  pp. =89  Hrfss,, Jstejr, =8= HM,  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, [fwo , fg. hct., p. 8= 8=1. 1. =8=;1-;5. =87 Cgàkj`, p. 8= 8=3. 3. =87  Cgàkj`, p. =88  NG, fg. hct., p. =3 =88 NG, =39. 9.

 

=8; =8; Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. =3 =37. 7. =8: NA, =8:  NA, fg. hct., p. ::. =84  WD,, fg. hc =84 WD hct., t., p. 44 44.. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =94. =81 YG Jbc zmgjte gjte Drmols Drmols (j (jxx Dcrte), 75 mg mgr. r. =58=, =58= , @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, =81  YG m Jbczm =85  WD,, fg. hc =85 WD hct., t., p. 48 48.. =83 JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :53. =83  JO, Wj`cocs =;9  JHA, fg. hct., p. =97. =;9 JHA, =97 . =;= WD hct., t., p. 4; 4;.. =;=  WD,, fg. hc =;7  Cgàkj`, p. 4:. =;7 Cgàkj`,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :39. =;8  JO, Wj`cocs =;8 JO, =;;  Àkj`. =;; Àkj`. =;:  Cgàkj`, p. =;: Cgàkj`, p. =3 =3=. =. =;4 NG, =33. 3. =;4  NG, fg. hct., p. =3 =;1  JO, Wj`cocs =;1 JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs, hjohjs, @X,  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :3:. =;5 NG, 798. 8. =;5  NG, fg. hct., p. 79 =;3  WD,, fg. hc =;3 WD hct., t., p. 1= 1=.. =:9  HEG m GG, =1 `my. =587, Wfj Ejmk. @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, =:9 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. f g. hct., p. ===7. =7. =:= Àkj`. =:=  Àkj`. =:7  TO, =:7 T O, fg. hct., pp. pp. ===5 =5,, =19-=5 =19 -=59. 9. =:8 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 79 793. 3. =:8 =:; JHA, =:;  JHA, fg. hct., p. 4;. =::  HE, fg. hct., p. =78. =:: HE, =:4 Àkj`. =:4  Àkj`. =:1 NG, =:1  NG, fg. hct., pp. 79;-79:. =:5 Cgàkj`, =:5  Cgàkj`, p. p. 79 79:. :.

=:3  JO, Wj`cocs =:3 JO,  Wj`cocshjosjs hjosjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :37. =49  WD,, fg. hc =49 WD hct., t., p. 4: 4:.. =4= NG, 794. 4. =4=  NG, fg. hct., p. 79 =47  Àkj`. =47 Àkj`. =48 Cgàkj`, p. 79 791. 1. =48  Cgàkj`, p. =4; JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :3:. =4;  JO, Wj`cocs =4:  WD,, fg. hc =4: WD hct., t., p. 1: 1:.. dfrk Fgsjrvj Fgsj rvjr  r , =1 djg. =53;, hct. jo NG, fg. hct., p. 7=;. =44 Gjonm`co Gcoos, Grmkdfrk =44  Gjonm`co Gcoos, Grmk =41  Àkj`. =41 Àkj`.

 

=45 =45 @G  @G y WNK, fg. hct., p. =3. =43  bjt tjrs,, Ojw Sfrl, [ej Fvjrbffl Yrjss, Yjtjr @myjr  =43   Gmrljr, Nubcjt,  M bcdj co bjttjrs Yugbcsejrs, Yugbcse jrs, 7997, 79 97, p. 8. Bjttjrs =, fg. =19 HEG =587, 87, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, f g. hct., p. ===;. =;. =19  HEG m JO, 7= nub. =5 =1=  Cgàkj`, p. ==:. =1= Cgàkj`, =17 QA,  GG,, fg. hct., p. :5. =17  QA, GG =18  HEG m JO =18 HEG JO,, =5 fht. f ht. =587, =5 87, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., hct ., pp.. ==3. =1; B@, =1;  B@, fg. hct., p. 1. =1:  Àkj`. =1: Àkj`.  @fot eby Cotjbb Cot jbbcaj cajohjr  ohjr , `mr.-mg =14  @foteby =14  `mr.-mgr. r. =588. =588 . NG, fg. hct., hct ., p. 77:. =11  NG, fg. hct. , p. =11 NG,  , p. =53. =15  Àkj`. =15 Àkj`. =13 Àkj`. =13  Àkj`. =59  Cgàkj`, p. =59 Cgàkj`, p. 7= 7=3. 3. [fwo , fg. hct., p. 88 =5= HM, 889. 9. =5=  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, =57  Àkj`. =57 Àkj`. =58  HEG m JO, =58 HEG JO, 79 nuo. =588 =588,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =77. =5; Àkj`. =5;  Àkj`. =5:  JO, Wj`cocs =5: JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :53. =54 Cgàkj`, p. :3 :31. 1. =54  Cgàkj`, p. =51 Àkj`. =51  Àkj`. =55  Cgàkj`, p. =55 Cgàkj`, p. :3 :35. 5. =53 QA, =53  QA, JG  JG,, fg. hct., p. 4=. =39 Àkj`. =39  Àkj`. =3= JO, =3=  JO, Wj`cocs  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :35.

=37  Cgàkj`, pp. :35-:33. =37 Cgàkj`,  JG,, fg. hct., p. 19. =38  QA, JG =38 QA, =3; NG, 7:=. =. =3;  NG, fg. hct., p. 7: =3:  JO, Wj`cocs =3: JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 499. =34 Àkj`. =34  Àkj`. =31 T =31  TO, O, (=58;-=584 (=58;- =584), ), fg. hct., p. p. 4;. =35 JO,  Wj`cocshjohjs hjohjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 497. =35  JO, Wj`cocs =33 Àkj`. =33  Àkj`. 799  Cgàkj`, p. 799 Cgàkj`, p. 49 498. 8.

 

79= 79= Àkj`.  Àkj`. 797  797   Bjybmok, Drmohcs, [ej Grfotì Dm`cby, wcte Xpjhcmb Wjdjrjohj tf Ymtrchl Grfowjbb   Grfo  Gr fotì  tì , Efofbubu, Efofbubu, Z Zocv ocvjrscty jrscty Yrjss Y rjss fd tej Ymhcdch, 799: 7 99:.. 798 NG, =38. 8. 798  NG, fg. hct., p. =3 79;  Àkj`. 79; Àkj`. 79: DB, 79:  DB, fg. hct., p. 55. 794  YG m Nfeo Krcvjr, 794 YG Krcvjr, 78 dj djg. g. =585 =585.. NG, NG, M  M bcdj co c o bjt bjttjrs tjrs,, fg. hct., p. :1. 791 YG Jbczmgjte Drmols Drmols (jx (j x Dcrte), 4 nub. ==58 58:, :, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =;=. 791  YG m Jbczmgjte 795 795 YG  YG m Nfeo Krcvjr, Krcvjr, 78 dj djg. g. =585 =585,, NG, NG, M  M bcdj co c o bjt bjttjrs tjrs,, fg. hct., p. :1.  GG,, fg. hct., p. 45. 793  QA, GG 793 QA, 7=9  Àkj`. 7=9 Àkj`. 7== Àkj`. 7== Àkj`. 7=7 YG Jbczmgjte Drmols Drmols (jx (j x Dcrte), 4 nub. ==58 58:, :, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =;=. 7=7  YG m Jbczmgjte 7=8 7=8 HE  HE m JO, JO, 7 nub. =58: =5 8:,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., pp. pp. =83-= =83-=;9. ;9. 7=; Cgàkj`, p. =; =;9. 9. 7=;  Cgàkj`, p. 7=:  Mbjxmokjr, Hercstcoj, [ej Jmrby Qrctcoas fd HEG, 7=: Mbjxmokjr, HEG, Bfokfo, Xemljspjmrj Ejmk Yrjss, Gmscb Gbmhlwjbb, =351, p. =:=. 7=4 HEG,  Yrjdmtfry ry Oft Oftjj tf Xjb Xjbjhtcfo jhtcfoss drf` Yfj`s Yfj`s gy  gy Jbbcs Jbbcs Gjbb, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. 7=4  HEG, Yrjdmtf hct., pp. pp. 1:7-1:8 1:7 -1:8.. 7=1 7=1 HEG  HEG m JO, =9 `my. =584, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =;;. [fwo , fgr hct., p. =4:. 7=5 HM, 7=5  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, 7=3  JHA, fg. hct. , p. =85. 7=3 JHA, =8 5. 779  NG, fg. hct., p. 71 779 NG, 714. 4. 77= HM, 77=  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, [fwo , fg. hct., p. =4 =49. 9. 777 Cgàkj`, 777  Cgàkj`, p. p. =4 =48. 8.

778  Cgàkj`, pp. =18-=1;. 778 Cgàkj`, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =:=. 77;  HEG m JO, ma. /sjpt. =584, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 77; HEG 77: HEG NG,  M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. 81. 77:  HEG m JO, 75 `my. =584. NG, M 774  NG, fg. hct., p. 75 774 NG, 75;. ;. 771 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =3:. 771  HEG m JNG, 6 nub. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 775 775 DB,  DB, fg. hct., pp. ==3-= ==3-=79. 79. 773 HM, [fwo , fg. hct., p. 8. 773  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, @mamzco zcojj, 5 kch. =58:, NG, M bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. 8;. 789 GG kj Gbmhlwffk––s @mam NG,  M bcdj co bjtt 789  GG m Jk. kj Gbmhlwffk 78= 78= Àkj`.  Àkj`.

 

787 787 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 8= 8=;. ;. 788 Àkj`. 788  Àkj`. 78;  TO, t. CC, fg. hct., p. 874. 78; TO, 78: JG, 78:  JG, fg. hct., p. 74. 784  A@, fg. hct., p. 8=. 784 A@, 781 HEG, mbjss ffdd Abm Abmss ss [fwo, fwo, fg. hct., p. =4: =4:.. 781  HEG, [ej Wfj Ejmk Nfuromb , HM, [mbj 785 785 Àkj`.  Àkj`. 783 HM, Qrctcoass, fg. hct., p. =18 =18.. 783  HM, [ej Jmrby Qrctcoa 7;9  HEG, [ej Wfj Ejmk Nfuromb , HM, [mbj 7;9 HEG, mbjss ffdd Abm Abmss ss [fwo, fwo, fg. hct., p. =48 =48.. 7;= 7;= Cgàkj`.  Cgàkj`. 7;7  JHA m hfrrjsp. kjshfofh., dco sjpt. =5:8, Hemppbj, N. M. T. y Yfbbmrk, Mrteur (jk.), 7;7 JHA  Ojw Sfrl, Em Emrv rvmrk mrk Zocvjrs Zocvjrscty cty Yrjss, Yrj ss, =34 =344. 4. JHA  JHA Bjttjrs Bjttjr s, fg. hct., p. 7;3. 7; 3. 7;8 7;8 HEG,  HEG, [ej Wfj Ejmk Nfuromb , HM, [mbj mbjss ffdd Abm Abmss ss [fwo, fwo, fg. hct., p. =44 =44.. 7;; 7;; Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. =4 =48. 8. ]ucohjy , 7;: @frrc sfo, Wfgjrt, Wfgjrt, [ej Joaebcse Fpcu` Jmtjr, M gcfarmpey fd [ef`ms Kj ]ucohjy, 7;:  @frrcsfo, Fxdfrk, Fxdfr Fxdfrkk Qfrb Qfrbk– k–ss Hbmssch Hbmsschs, s, 79 7993, 93, p. 879. 87 9. 7;4  Àkj`. 7;4 Àkj`. 7;1 Wfgjrt HEG, G, =7 `mr. `mr. =5 =581, 81, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =4:. 7;1  Wfgjrt Xfutejy m HE 7;5  HEG m WX, =4 `mr =5 7;5 HEG =581, 81, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =45. 7;3 NG,  NG, M  M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. 85. 7;3 [fwo , fg. hct., p. =4 7:9 HM, =47. 7. 7:9  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, 7:=  JHA, fg. hct., p. =:4. 7:= JHA, =:4 . 7:7  Qff 7:7 Q ffbd bd,, Tcr Tcracocm, acocm, Zo humrtf prfpcf, prfpcf, Gujofs Gujofs Mcrjs, Jkctfr Jkctfrcmb cmb Xur Xur,, =35 =359, 9, p. 43. 7:8 7:8 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 89 891. 1. 7:; JHA, 7:;  JHA, fg. hct., p. =;4. =;4 .

7::  Cgàkj`, p. 7:: Cgàkj`, p. =; =;1. 1. 7:4  Cgàkj`, p. 7:4 Cgàkj`, p. =; =;5. 5. 7:1 Jmabjtfo,  @ytess fd Yfwjr Yfwjr.. M @mrxcst @mrx cst Xtu Xtuky ky fd tej Gr Grfot fotìs ìs,, Arjmt Grctmco, 7:1  Jmabjtfo, [jrry,  @yte Ymbarmvjj @mh`cbbmo, 799: , Ymbarmv 799: , p.  p. ==. 7:5 HEG 7:5  HEG m JO, 73 kch. =5 =584 84,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =:5. 7:3 NG,  M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. :8. 7:3  NG, M 749  Cgàkj`, p. :;. 749 Cgàkj`, 74= Àkj`. 74=  Àkj`. 747  QA, JG 747 QA,  JG,, fg. hct., p. =9 =9;. ;.

 

748 748 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. =9 =95. 5. 74; QA,  JG,, fg. hct., p. 31. 74;  QA, JG 74:  HEG, Wfj 74: HEG,  Wfj Ejmk Ejm k Kcmry Kcmr y, HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, [fwo , fg. hct., p. =47 =47.. 744 Àkj`.  Àkj`. 744 741  Cgàkj`, p. 741 Cgàkj`, p. =4 =44. 4. 745 NG, 897. 7. 745  NG, fg. hct., p. 89 743  HEG m JO, NG, M 743 HEG NG, M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. :4. 719 NG,  NG, M  M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. :;. 719 71=  JHA, fg. hct., p. =;7. 71= JHA, =;7 . 717  HEG m JNG, 5 nuo. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =39. 717 HEG 718  Àkj`. 718 Àkj`. 71;  HEG m Wjv. 71; HEG Wjv. Ejory Ouss Oussjy, jy, : `mr. =58 =583, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =5:. 71: NG, 8:8. 8. 71:  NG, fg. hct., p. 8: 714  HE, fg. hct., p. ==;. 714 HE, 711 Àkj`. 711  Àkj`. 715  JHA, fg. hct., p. =1;. 715 JHA, =1; . 713  HEG m JO, 3 nuo. =585, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 713 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =13. 759 DB, 759  DB, fg. hct., p. =:;. 75=  Jbbcs E. Hemkwchl,  Co tej dff 75= Jbbcs dfftstj tstjps ps fd tej Gr Grfo fotìs tìs,, Hm`grckaj, Hm`grckaj Bcgrmry Hfbbjhtcfo, 79==, p. 89. 757 NA, 757  NA, fg. hct., p. 1;. 758   Hectem`, Jkwmrk, M 758  Jkwmrk,  M bcdj fd J`cby Grfotì , Fxdfrk, Gbmhlwjbb Yugbcsejrs, =339, pp. =9;-=93, ==8, ==3-=7=. 75;  JG, [ej Hf`pbjtj Yfj`s, 75; JG, Yfj`s, ‒M ‒M bctt bcttbj bj wecbj, m bct bcttbj tbj wecbj‐, fg. hct., p. 55 55.. 75: NG, 75:  NG, [ej Grfotìs. Grfotìs. Qcbk ajocfus a jocfus…, …, fg. hct., p. 849. 84 9.

754  Grfotì, Mooj, Maoj 754 Grfotì, Mooj, Maojss Arjy Arjy,, Gmrhj Gmrhjbfom, bfom, M Mbgm bgm Hbí Hbíschm, schm, =331, =3 31, p. ;8. 751  HEG m JNG, 5 nuo. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =39. 751 HEG 755 Cgàkj`, p. =3 =3=. =. 755  Cgàkj`, p. 753  JHA, fg. hct., p. =84. 753 JHA, =84 . 739 [NQ 739  [NQ y NMX C, fg. hct., p. =11. 73= Àkj`. 73=  Àkj`. 737  Àkj`. 737 Àkj`. 738 NG, 8:;. ;. 738  NG, fg. hct., p. 8: 73;  Cgàkj`, p. 73; Cgàkj`, p. 8: 8::. :.

 

73: 73: Àkj`.  Àkj`. 734 Àkj`. 734  Àkj`. 731  DB, fg. hct., p. =15. 731 DB, 735 NG, 8: 1. 735  NG, p. 8:1. 733  HEG m JNG, 5 nuo. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 733 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =3=. 899 HEG  HEG m JNG, 6 nub. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =3:. 899 89=  HEG m JO, =; ma. =583, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 89= HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 799. 897 JO,  JO, W j`cocshjohjs, j`cocshjohjs, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 49:. 897 898 898 Àkj`.  Àkj`. 89;  HEG m JO 89; HEG JO,, 7; fht. f ht. =583, =5 83, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 797. 89:  Àkj`. 89: Àkj`. 894  HEG m JO, 7= kch. =5 894 HEG =583 83,, JHA JHA,, fg. hct., p. =11 =11.. 891 Àkj`. 891  Àkj`. 895  NA, fg. hct., p. ;3. 895 NA, 893 NG, 859. 9. 893  NG, fg. hct., p. 85 8=9  Àkj` 8=9 Àkj` 8== Àkj`. 8== Àkj`. 8=7 HEG 5;7, 7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 713. 8=7  HEG m JO, 79 joj. ==5; 8=8  HEG m JO, =: `my. =5;9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 7=5. 8=8 HEG 8=; HEG `my. =5;= =5 ;=,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 7::. 8=;  HEG m EO, 3 `my. 8=: HE, 8=:  HE, fg. hct., p. =89. 8=4  Àkj`. 8=4 Àkj`. 8=1  Àkj`. 8=1 Àkj`. 8=5 Àkj`. 8=5  Àkj`. 8=3 Àkj`. 8=3  Àkj`.

879  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 749. 879 @X, 87= 87= NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 81 81;. ;. 877 Cgàkj`, p. 81 818. 8. 877  Cgàkj`, p. 878  HEG m JO, 878 HEG JO, 675 kch. ==58 583, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 791. 87; GG Grfwo, =8 `mr `mr.. =5;9 =5 ;9,, DB, fg. hct., p. 7:4. 7:4 . 87;  GG m Nfeo Grfwo, 87: Cgàkj`, p. 7: 7:1. 1. 87:  Cgàkj`, p. 874  Cgàkj`, 874 Cgàk j`, p 7:4 7:4.. 871 Àkj`. 871  Àkj`. 875  Cgàkj`, p. 875 Cgàkj`, p. 7: 7:1. 1.

 

873 873 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. 7: 7:4. 4. 889 Àkj`. 889  Àkj`. 88=  NG, fg. hct., p. 85 88= NG, 854. 4. 887 Àkj`. 887  Àkj`. 888  HE, fg. hct., p. =74. 888 HE, 88; NG, 839. 9. 88;  NG, fg. hct., p. 83 88:  HE, fg. hct., p. =8=. 88: HE, 884 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 78;. 884  HEG m JO, 79 ofv. =5;9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 881 881 Àkj`.  Àkj`. =, p. 7;1, fg. hct. 885  HEG m JO, 68 `mr. =5;=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 885 HEG 883  Àkj`. 883 Àkj`. 8;9  NG, fg. hct., p. 83 8;9 NG, 838. 8. 8;= Àkj`. 8;=  Àkj`. 8;7  HEG m JO, 73 sj 8;7 HEG sjp. p. =5;9 =5;9,, NG, M NG, M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. 5=. 5= . 8;8 DB, 8;8  DB, fg. hct., pp. 744-741. 8;;  Cgàkj`, p. 4;. 8;; Cgàkj`, 8;:  DA, fg. hct., p. 18. 8;: DA, 8;4 HEG =5;=, ;=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 74=. 8;4  HEG m JO, =3 nub. =5 8;1  Cgàkj`, p. 8;1 Cgàkj`, p. 74 749. 9. 8;5 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 744. 8;5  HEG m JO, 1 ma. =5;=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 8;3 Àkj`. 8;3  Àkj`. 8:9  HEG m JO, 7 ofv. 8:9 HEG ofv. =5;= =5 ;=,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 717. 8:= 8:= HEG  HEG m Jbczmgjte Jbczmgjte Grmo Grmow wjbb, 73 sjp. =5 =5;= ;=,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 745. 8:7 Àkj`. 8:7  Àkj`. 8:8 Àkj`. 8:8  Àkj`.

8:;  Cgàkj`, pp. 745-743. 8:; Cgàkj`, 8::  Cgàkj`, p. 8:: Cgàkj`, p. 74 745. 5. 8:4 HEG ofv. =5;= =5 ;=,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 717. 8:4  HEG m JO, 7 ofv. 8:1 8:1 @X,  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 747. 8:5 Cgàkj`, p. 74 74;. ;. 8:5  Cgàkj`, p. 8:3  JHA, fg. hct., p. 79=. 8:3 JHA, 79= . 849 HE, 849  HE, fg. hct., p. =8=. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 715. 84= HEG 5;7, 7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 84=  HEG m JO, 79 joj. ==5; 847  NG, fg. hct. , p. 847 NG,  , p. ;; ;;8. 8.

 

848 848 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, pp. ;;8-;;;. 84; Cgàkj`, p. ;; ;;4. 4. 84;  Cgàkj`, p. 84:  HEG m JO, `my 84: HEG `my. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 75:. 844 NG, ;47. 7. 844  NG, fg. hct., p. ;4 841  HEG m JO, `my 841 HEG `my. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., pp. pp. 758758-75;. 75;. 845 Cgàkj`, p. 75 75;. ;. 845  Cgàkj`, p. 843  NG, fg. hct., p. ;: 843 NG, ;:3. 3. 819 HEG `my. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 75;. 819  HEG m JO, `my 81=  NG, fg. hct., p. ;: 81= NG, ;:=. =. 817  Àkj`. 817 Àkj`. 818  JHA, fg. hct., p. 7=5. 818 JHA, 7=5 . 81;  Cgàkj`, p. 81; Cgàkj`, p. 7= 7=1. 1. 81: Àkj`. 81:  Àkj`. 814  Àkj`. 814 Àkj`. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 75:. 811 HEG `my. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 811  HEG m JO, `my 815  JHA, fg. hct., p. 77=. 815 JHA, 77= . 813  HEG, @[ y @mrt 813 HEG, @mrtem em [mybfr [mybfr m JO, `mr-mgr. =5;7, =5; 7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 75=. 859 HEG  HEG m JO, `my `my. =5 =5;7 ;7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 75;. 859 85=  QA, JG 85= QA,  JG,, fg. hct., p. =3 =37. 7. 857 NG, ;48. 8. 857  NG, fg. hct., p. ;4 858 HE, 858  HE, fg. hct., p. =;4. 85;  Àkj`. 85; Àkj`. 85: QA, 85:  QA, JG  JG,, fg. hct., p. =3 =3;. ;. 854 HEG 854  HEG m JO, nub. =5;7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 753. 851 NG, 851  NG, fg. hct., pp. ;47-;48.

855  @[ m JO 855 @[ JO,, motjs motjs kj 7; sjp. =5 =5;7 ;7,, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 738. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 757. 853 853 HEG,  HEG, @[ y @mrtem [mybfr m JO, `mr.-mgr. =5;7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 839 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 897. 839  HEG m JO, =9 ofv. =5;7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, 83= 83= Àkj`.  Àkj`. 837 JG, Hu`grjs js Gfrr Gfrrmshfsms mshfsms,, Gujofs Gujofs Mcrjs, Jkctf Jkctfrcmb rcmb Xukm Xukm`jrch `jrchmo mom, m, =344, =344 , p. 798. 837  JG, Hu`gr 838 NG, 875. 5. 838  NG, fg. hct., p. 87 83;  DA, fg. hct., p. 1:. 83; DA, 83: NG, ;88. 8. 83:  NG, fg. hct., p. ;8 834  Àkj`. 834 Àkj`.

 

831 831 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. ;8 ;87. 7. 835 Cgàkj`, 835  Cgàkj`, pp. ;8;-;8:. 833 DA, fg. hct., pp. 14 14-11 -11.. 833  DA, fg. ;99 ;99 DB,  DB, fg. hct., p. =59. ;9=  Cgàkj`, p. ;9= Cgàkj`, p. =1 =15. 5. ;97 DB hct.. , p. 78. ;97  DB 7, fg. hct ;98 ;98 QA,  QA, GG  GG,, fg. hct., p. 7= 7=9. 9. ;9; HE, ;9;  HE, fg. hct., p. =87. ;9:  QA, GG ;9: QA,  GG,, fg. hct., p. 79 798. 8. ;94  Àkj`. ;94 Àkj`. ;91  NG, fg. hct., p. ;4 ;91 NG, ;44. 4. ;95  DA, fg. hct. , p. 5;. ;95 DA, ;93 A@, ;93  A@, fg. hct., p. 75. ;=9  DA, fg. hct. , p. 5;. ;=9 DA, ;== Cgàkj`, ;== Cgàkj`, p. 57. ;=7  NG, fg. hct., p. ;4 ;=7 NG, ;45. 5. ;=8  Cgàkj`, p. ;=8 Cgàkj`, p. ;1 ;17. 7. ;=; Cgàkj`, p. ;1 ;18. 8. ;=;  Cgàkj`, p. ;=:  QA, GG ;=: QA,  GG,, fg. hct., p. 7= 7=8. 8. ;=4 Àkj`. ;=4  Àkj`. ;=1 NG, ;1;. ;. ;=1  NG, fg. hct., p. ;1 ;=5  NA, fg. hct., p. 3;. ;=5 NA, ;=3 HEG ;=3  HEG m JO, =9 ofv. =5;7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 897. ;79 ;79 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. ;1 ;13. 3. ;7= Hfostmotco ;7=  Hfostmotco Ejajr m YG, Y G, : ofv. ofv. =5;7, =5 ;7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 735.

;77  Àkj`. ;77 Àkj`. ;78  NG, fg. hct., p. :9 ;78 NG, :93. 3. ;7; Àkj`. ;7;  Àkj`. ;7:  HEG m JO, 89 joj. ==5; ;7: HEG 5;8, 8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 895. ;74 HEG mgr. =5; =5;8, 8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 8=;. ;74  HEG m JO, mgr. ;71  HEG m JO, 4 `mr. =5;8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;71 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. f g. hct., p. 8==. ;75 HEG ;75  HEG m YG, 67 nuo. =5;8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 87=. ;73  NG, fg. hct., p. :; ;73 NG, :;7. 7. ;89  Àkj`. ;89 Àkj`.

 

;8= ;8= DA,  DA, fg. hct., p. 1:. ;87 Cgàkj`, ;87  Cgàkj`, p. 1;. ;88  NG, fg. hct., p. :; ;88 NG, :;;. ;. ;8; JHA, 717 . ;8;  JHA, fg. hct., p. 717. ;8:  HEG m JO, 4 `mr. =5;8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;8: HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. f g. hct., p. 8==. ;84 Cgàkj`, p. 8= 8=7. 7. ;84  Cgàkj`, p. ;81  NG, fg. hct., p. :; ;81 NG, :;3. 3. ;85 QA,  JG,, fg. hct., p. 7= 7=4. 4. ;85  QA, JG ;83  Cgàkj`, p. ;83 Cgàkj`, p. 7: 7:7. 7. ;;9  Cgàkj`, p. ;;9 Cgàkj`, p. 78 78=. =. ;;=  Cgàkj`, pp. 789-78=. ;;= Cgàkj`, ;;7  HEG m GG, = `my. ;;7 HEG `my. =5;8 =5 ;8,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., pp. pp. 8=48=4-8=1. 8=1. ;;8 Cgàkj`, p. 8= 8=1. 1. ;;8  Cgàkj`, p. ;;;  Àkj`. ;;; Àkj`. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 879. ;;: HEG ;;:  HEG m JNG, 73 `my. =5;8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;;4  Àkj`. ;;4 Àkj`. ;;1  HE, fg. hct., p. =19. ;;1 HE, ;;5 Àkj`. ;;5  Àkj`. ;;3  Cgàkj`, ;;3 Cgàk j`, fg. hct., p. =1= =1=.. ;:9 HEG 5;8,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 873. ;:9  HEG m JNG, 7 sjpt. ==5;8 ;:= Àkj`. ;:=  Àkj`. ;:7  Àkj`. ;:7 Àkj`. ;:8 Cgàkj`, ;:8  Cgàkj`, p. p. 88 889. 9. ;:; HEG ;:;  HEG m JO JO,, =8 fht. f ht. =5;8, =5 ;8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 88;. ;::  ;::   @. E. Xpcjb`moo, [ej Coojr Ecstfry fd tej Grfotì-Ejajr Bjttjrs,  Bjttjrs,  Bfokfo,

Dfrtocaetby Wjvcjw Wjvcjw,, Mprcb Mprcb =3= =3=3. 3. HE, fg. hct., hc t., p. 8:1 8:1.. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 819. ;:4  HEG m HE ;:4 HEG HE,, 7; ffht. ht. =5;; =5 ;;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;:1 HEG 5;;, ;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 8;=. ;:1  HEG m JO, 78 joj. ==5; ;:5  NG, fg. hct., p. := ;:5 NG, :=:. :. ;:3 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 8:5. ;:3  HEG m HE, 7; nuo. =5;;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;49  Cgàkj`, p. ;49 Cgàkj`, p. 8: 8:3. 3. ;4= HEG NG, M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. =74. =7 4. ;4=  HEG m JO, 7; `mr. =5;:, NG, M ;47  Àkj`. ;47 Àkj`. ;48  Gjbbm`y ;48 Gjb bm`y,, Nf Nfmo, mo, @frj  @frj prjhcfus prjhcfu s temo tem o ru rugcj gcjs> s> @mr @mryy [myb [mybfr fr,, drcj drcjok ok ffdd Hemrbft Hemr bfttj tj Grfotì, Grfotì ,

 

Xtrfoa-@cokjk wf`mo, wf`mo, Gjvjrb Gjvjrbyy, Ecaea Ecaeamtj mtj Yug Y ugbch bchmtcfos, mtcfos, 7997 79 97,, p. 8. ;4; Àkj`. ;4;  Àkj`. ;4:  HEG m JO, =; ofv. =5;;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. =78. ;4: HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 838. ;44 HEG  HEG m @r. Wmok, Wmok, 74 `my `my.. =5;: =5 ;:,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;44 ;41  JNG, Kcmry ;41 JNG,  Kcmry Ympjr  Ympj r , 89 nub. =5;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;95. ;45 Àkj`. ;45  Àkj`. ;43  HEG m JO, 8= nub. =5 ;43 HEG =5;:, ;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;=7. ;19 NG, ::=. =. ;19  NG, fg. hct., p. :: ;1=  JHA, fg. hct., p. 717. ;1= JHA, 717 . ;17  NG, fg. hct., p. :; ;17 NG, :;9. 9. ;18  GG m DA, ;18 GG DA, fht. =5;: = 5;:,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;75. ;1; ;1; Àkj`.  Àkj`. ;1: Àkj`. ;1:  Àkj`. ;14  MG, Kcmry ;14 MG,  Kcmry Ympjr  Ympj r , NG, M NG, M bcdj co c o bjt bjttjrs tjrs,, fg. hct., p. =87 =87.. ;11 Àkj`. ;11  Àkj`. ;15  JNG, Kcmry ;15 JNG,  Kcmry Ympjr Ympj r, NG,  NG, M  M bcdj co c o bjt bjttjr tjrss, fg. hct., pp. pp. =89=89-=8= =8=.. ;13 ;13 HEG  HEG m JO, =5 ma. =5;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;=5. ;59 HEG ofv. =5;: =5 ;:,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;87. ;59  HEG m JO, ; ofv. ;5= ;5= @X,  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 4;. ;57 Àkj`. ;57  Àkj`. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;81. ;58 HEG ;58  HEG m HE, =5 ofv. =5;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ;5;  [NQ y NMX, C, fg. hct., p. 753. ;5; [NQ ;5: Àkj`. ;5:  Àkj`. ;54 HEG ;54  HEG m HE, 7; nub. =5 =5;; ;;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 8:1. ;51 HEG ;51  HEG m HE HE,, 7; ffht. ht. =5;; =5 ;;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 819.

;55   JHA m AX, = ma. =5:4, @rs. ;55  =5:4,  @rs. Amslj Amsljbb bb Bjttjr Bjttjrss, Hemppbj, N. M. T. mok Xejbstfo, Mbmo  Durtejr jr Bjttjrs Bjttjr s fd @rs. Amslj Amsljbb  bb , @mohejstjr, @mohejstjr Zocvjrscty Yrjss, (jk.),  Durte 7998, pp. ;99-;9=. ;53  HEG m HE, 7; nub. =5 ;53 HEG =5;; ;;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 8:1. ;39 HEG HE, 5 jjoj. oj. =5;:, =5 ;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., pp. pp. 813813-859. 859. ;39  HEG m HE, ;3=  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, ;3= HM, [fwo , fg. hct., p. =9 =98. 8. ;37 HEG ;37  HEG m HE, =5 ofv. =5;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;84. [fwo , fg. hct., p. 7= ;38  HM, [mbjs fd Abmss [fwo, ;38 HM, 7=4. 4. ;3;  HEG m HE, =5 ofv. =5;:, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;84. ;3; HEG

 

;3: ;3: HEG,  HEG, Nmo  Nmojj Jyrj Jyrj,, fg. hct., p. :;5 :;5.. ;34 HE, ;34  HE, fg. hct., p. 8:3. ;31  Cgàkj`, p. ;31 Cgàkj`, p. 84 849. 9. ;35 NG, ;38. 8. ;35  NG, fg. hct., p. ;3 ;33  Cgàkj`, ;33 Cg àkj`, p. =94 =9455 (o). :99 MG,  Kcmry Ympjr  Ympj r , NG, M NG, M bcdj co c o bjt bjttjrs tjrs,, fg. hct., p. =88 =88.. :99  MG, Kcmry :9=  GG m NGB, :9= GG NGB, =9 sjp. =5 =5;: ;:,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;78. :97 Àkj`. :97  Àkj`. :98  DB, fg. hct., p. 34. :98 DB, :9;  Cgàkj`, p. :9; Cgàkj`, p. =9 =98. 8. :9:  GG m NGB, :9: GG NGB, 7: ofv ofv.. =5;:, =5; :, DB, fg. hct., pp. pp. 33-=9 33- =99. 9. :94 :94 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. =9 =99. 9. :91 TO, GG =581-=5;5 =581-=5;5,, fg. hct., p. ;3; ;3;.. :91  TO, [ej Qfrls fd GG  :95  NG, fg. hct., p. :4 :95 NG, :4=. =. :93 WD, :93  WD, fg. hct., p. 7;:. :=9  HEG, Gcfar :=9 HEG,  Gcfarmpe mpechmb chmb Oftchj fd Jbbcs mok Mhtfo Gjbb , @X, [ej Bjttjrs Bjttjrs 7,  7, fg. hct., p. 1;7. :== DB, :== DB, fg. hct., p. ==;. :=7  @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :=7 @X, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;8. :=8 JO,  Wj`cocshjosjs hjosjs,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :34. :=8  JO, Wj`cocs  Gcfarmpe mpechmb chmb Oftchj fd Jbbcs mok Mhtfo Gjbb , @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. :=; HEG, :=;  HEG, Gcfar 1;8. :=:  Àkj`. :=: Àkj`. :=4 Cgàk :=4  Cgàkj`, j`, =, p. ;:3 ;:3.. :=1 Cgàk :=1  Cgàkj`, j`, =, p. ;19 ;19..

:=5  Cgàkj`, :=5 Cgàk j`, =, p. ;41 ;41.. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;4=. :=3  HEG m Mybftt & Nfojs, 4 mgr. =5;4, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, :=3 HEG :79 HEG Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;::. :79  HEG m JO, 8 `mr. =5;4, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, :7=  HEG, Jkctf :7= HEG,  Jkctfrr –s Yrjdmhj tf te tejj oj ojw w jkctcfo jkctc fo ffdd QE , @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;3. :77 HEG  HEG m Mybftt & Nfojs, 4 mgr. =5;4, @X [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;4=. :77 :78  QA, GG :78 QA,  GG,, fg. hct., p. 74 747. 7. :7; NG, :5=. =. :7;  NG, fg. hct., p. :5 :7:  Àkj`. :7: Àkj`. :74  DB, fg. hct., p. =;1. :74 DB,

 

:71 :71 HE,  HE, fg. hct., p. 77=. :75 NG, :5;. ;. :75  NG, fg. hct., p. :5 :73  GG m NGB, nuo. =5;4, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;14. :73 GG :89 Àkj`.  Àkj`. :89 :8=  Àkj`. :8= Àkj`. :87 NG, :51. 1. :87  NG, fg. hct., p. :5 :88  Àkj`. :88 Àkj`. :8; JX :8;  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 58. :8:  JHA, fg. hct., p. 893. :8: JHA, 893 . Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;38. :84  HEG m JO, 7= ma. =5;4, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, :84 HEG :81 :81 HEG  HEG m JO, =8 sj sjpt. pt. =5; =5;4, 4, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ;31. :85  HEG m JO, =8 kch. =5 :85 HEG =5;4 ;4,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :91. :83 Àkj`. :83  Àkj`. :;9  DA, fg. hct., p. 37. :;9 DA,  , p. :5 :;= NG, :5:. :. :;=  NG, fg. hct. , p. :;7  QA, GG :;7 QA,  GG,, fg. hct., p. 71 719. 9. :;8  DB, fg. hct., p. =14. :;8 DB, :;; Cgàkj`, p. =1 =11. 1. :;;  Cgàkj`, p. :;:  DB, fg. hct., p. 7:9. :;: DB, :;4 NG, :;4  NG, fg. hct., pp. 4=4-4=1. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :73. :;1 Hurrjr [ef`ms f`ms Kj ]ucohjy ]ucohjy,, =7 nuo. =5;1 =5;1,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, :;1  Hurrjr Gjbb ttff [e :;5  JX (jk.), fg. hct. , p. :;5 JX  , p. 5;. :;3 Àkj`. :;3  Àkj`. ::9 Àkj`. ::9  Àkj`. ::=  Àkj`. ::= Àkj`.

::7  HEG m X&J, =7 sjp. =5 ::7 HEG =5;1, ;1, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :83. Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :;7. ::8  HEG m JO, ::8 HEG JO, 67; ssjp. jp. =5; =5;1, 1, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, ::; Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p. p. :; :;8. 8. ::; :::  Àkj`. ::: Àkj`. ::4 HEG fht.. =5; =5;1, 1, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :;1. ::4  HEG m JO, 1 fht ::1 ::1 HEG  HEG m JO, 66=: =: fht fht.. =5; =5;1, 1, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. ::=. ::5 HEG QXQ, =9 ofv ofv.. =5;1 =5 ;1,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :4=. ::5  HEG m QXQ, ::3  Àkj`. ::3 Àkj`. :49  NG, fg. hct., p. 48 :49 NG, 484. 4.

 

:4= :4= Àkj`.  Àkj`. :47 Cgàkj`, p. 48 481. 1. :47  Cgàkj`, p. :48  Àkj`. :48 Àkj`. :4; NG, 415. 5. :4;  NG, fg. hct., p. 41 :4:  [. H. Ojwgy, m Jbbcs Gjbb, =: djg. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :4: [. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 74. :44 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 48 489. 9. :44 :41  Cgàkj`, p. :41 Cgàkj`, p. 4: 4:=. =. :45 Cgàkj`, p. 4; 4;8. 8. :45  Cgàkj`, p. :43  Àkj`. :43 Àkj`. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =3. :19  MG m JO, 74 jjoj. :19 MG oj. =5;5, =5; 5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :1=  Àkj`. :1= Àkj`. :17  GG m NGB, :17 GG NGB, 3 jjoj. oj. =5;5, =5; 5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. f g. hct., p. 4. :18 Àkj`. :18  Àkj`. :1;  NG, fg. hct., p. 4: :1; NG, 4:1. 1. :1: @X, :1:  @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;:. :14 :14 JX  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 53. :11  Àkj`. :11 Àkj`. :15 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. f g. hct., p. ===7. =7. :15  HEG m @[, ; sjp. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :13  Àkj`. :13 Àkj`. :59 Àkj`. :59  Àkj`. :5= Àkj`. :5=  Àkj`. :57  Cgàkj`, p. ==8. :57 Cgàkj`, :58 Àkj`. :58  Àkj`. :5; Cgàkj`, :5;  Cgàkj`, p. ==;. :5:  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 39. :5: JX

:54  JHA, fg. hct., p. 8:4. :54 JHA, 8:4 . Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :45. :51  HEG m X&J, :51 HEG X&J, = kch. ==5;1 5;1,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, :55 JHA, pp.. 871 871-87 -875. 5. :55  JHA, fg. hct., pp :53  Cgàkj`, p. :53 Cgàkj`, p. 87 875. 5. :39 NG, 4;:. :. :39  NG, fg. hct., p. 4; :3=  KK@, fg. hct., p. 7: :3= KK@, 7:8. 8. :37 Cgàkj`, p. 7: 7::. :. :37  Cgàkj`, p. :38  GG m NGB, :38 GG NGB, h. 3 jjoj. oj. =5; =5;5, 5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., hct ., p. 4. :3;  KK@, fg. hct., p. 47 :3; KK@, 47..

 

:3: :3: HEG  HEG m QXQ, 7= kch. =5;1, @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. :59. :34 KK@,  KK@, fg. hct., p. 7: 7:9. 9. :34 :31  HEG m JO, 75 mgr. =5;5, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :31 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. :4. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 51. :35 @[ :35  @[ m HEG, nuo. m 7; nub. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :33  HEG m QXQ, 8 joj. =5:9, [ej Bjttjrs 7, :33 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 878. 499 KK@,  KK@, p. p. 7;: 7;:.. 499 49=  [NQ y NMX, CC, fg. hct., p. 775. 49= [NQ 497 HEG JO, 74 nuo. =5;5 =5;5,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 5=. 497  HEG m JO, 498  DA, fg. hct., p. 59. 498 DA, 49;  NG, fg. hct., p. 44 49; NG, 44;. ;. 49:  HEG m QXQ, 8= nub. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 3;. 49: HEG 494  NG, fg. hct., p. 41 494 NG, 415. 5. 491 Àkj`. 491  Àkj`. 495  Àkj` 495 Àkj` 493 DA, 493  DA, fg. hct., p. 3=. 4=9  Àkj`. 4=9 Àkj`. 4== HEG m JO, 3 fht 4== HEG fht.. =5; =5;5, 5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =7:. 4=7 DB, 4=7  DB, fg. hct., p. 715. 4=8  Cgàkj`, p. 4=8 Cgàkj`, p. 71 713. 3. 4=; HEG QXQ, 4 ffht. ht. ==5; 5;5, 5, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =7;. 4=;  HEG m QXQ 4=:  Àkj` 4=: Àkj` 4=4 Àkj`. 4=4  Àkj`. 4=1  HEG m QXQ, 7 fht. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 4=1 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =77. 4=5 4=5 HEG  HEG m QXQ, 6=5 fht. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =75. 4=3  Àkj`. 4=3 Àkj`.

479  HEG m JO 479 HEG JO,, 73 fht. f ht. =5;5, =5 ;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =89. 47=  NG, fg. hct., p. 41 47= NG, 415. 5. 477 HEG QXQ, 77 ofv ofv.=5 .=5;5 ;5,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =;7. 477  HEG m QXQ, 478  Gbff`, 478 Gbff `, Em Emrfb rfbk, k, Ajocfs Ajocfs.. Zo `fsmchf kj hcjo `jotjs hrjmtcvms y jnj`pbmrjs jn j`pbmrjs,, Gfaftí,  Ofr`m, 799:, 799: , pp.. 837. 47; Cgàkj`, p. 83 831. 1. 47;  Cgàkj`, p. 47: HEG NG, M bcdj co bjtt bjttjrs jrs,, fg. hct., p. 7=8. 7= 8. 47:  HEG m JO, 78 ofv. =5;5, NG, M 474  JHA, fg. hct., p. 71=. 474 JHA, 71= . 471  HEG m JO, 78 ofv. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 471 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =;:.

 

475 475 HEG  HEG m JO, =9 kch. =5 =5;5 ;5,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =:7. 473 HEG QXQ, =7 mgr mgr.. =5 =5:9 :9,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 858. 473  HEG m QXQ, 489  HEG m AX, 1 ofv. 489 HEG ofv. =5 =5;5 ;5,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =85. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =;:. 48= HEG 48=  HEG m JO, 78 ofv. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 487 487 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 41 414. 4. 488 Cgàkj`, p. 41 413. 3. 488  Cgàkj`, p. 48;  HEG m QXQ, 7 ofv. =5;5, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 48; HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =87. 48:  48:   Moaus Jmssfo, ‒[wf Xupprjssjk Fpcocfos co @rs. Amsljbb–s Bcdj fd HEG‐, Grfotì Xfhcjty [rmosmhtcfos, =4>; (=31;), HE, fg. hct., p. 747. 484  Cgàkj`, p. 484 Cgàkj`, p. 74 74:. :. 481  NG, fg. hct., p. 45 481 NG, 459. 9. 485  HEG m JO, =7 mgr. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 799. 485 HEG 483 JNG,  JNG, fg. hct hct.,., pp.. 779 779.. 483 4;9  HEG m QXQ, 6=8 joj. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =45. 4;9 HEG 4;= Àkj`.  Àkj`. 4;= 4;7  HEG m JO, =9 joj. ==5; 4;7 HEG 5;3, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =44. 4;8  HEG m JO, 73 `mr. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 4;8 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =3;. 4;; MG =5;3, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. =3:. 4;;  MG m JO, : mgr. =5; 4;:  HEG m JO, =7 mgr. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 4;: HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 799. 4;4 HEG  HEG m @Q, @Q, =4 `my `my.. =5;3 =5 ;3,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 7=9. 4;4  M Xefr X efrtt Mhhfu Mhhfuot ot fd tej Bmst Kmys fd Kjmr M.G., M.G., @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 4;1  JO, M 4;1 JO, 183. 4;5  Àkj`. 4;5 Àkj`. 4;3 Àkj`. 4;3  Àkj`. 4:9  Cgàkj`, p. 4:9 Cgàkj`, p. 1; 1;9. 9.

4:=  Àkj`. 4:= Àkj`. 4:7  Àkj`. 4:7 Àkj`. 4:8 HEG JO, 78 nuo. =5;3 =5;3,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 777. 4:8  HEG m JO, 4:;  Àkj`. 4:; Àkj`. 4:: Àkj`. 4::  Àkj`. 4:4  HEG m QXQ, 7: nuo. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 4:4 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 77;. 4:1 HEG  HEG m QXQ, 74 nub. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 787. 4:1 4:5  Àkj`. 4:5 Àkj`. 4:3  HEG m JO 4:3 HEG JO,, 75 sjp. sj p. =5;3 =5;3,, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 74:.

 

449 449 HE,  HE, fg. hct., p. 715. 44= Àkj`. 44=  Àkj`. 447  Cgàkj`, p. 447 Cgàkj`, p. 71 713. 3. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 717. 448 HEG 448  HEG m QXQ, = ofv. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 44;  HE, fg. hct., p. 757. 44; HE, 44: Àkj`. 44:  Àkj`. 444  HEG m QXQ, 8 joj. =5:9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 878. 444 HEG 441 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 733. 441  HEG m JO, 6: kch. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 445  NG, fg. hct., p. 17 445 NG, 173. 3. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 733. 443  HEG m JO, 66:: kch. =5; 443 HEG = 5;3, 3, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 419  Àkj`. 419 Àkj`. 41=  @mrtcojmu, Emrrcjt, Qjstfo Hemp`mo, @mrcm,  Emrrc 41= @mrtcojmu,  Emrrcjt jt @mrt @mrtcoj cojmu mu––s Mutfg Mutfgcfa cfarmp rmpey ey,, Hm`grckaj, Hm `grckaj, H Hm`g m`grckaj rckaj Zocv Zocvjrs jrscty cty Yrjss Yr jss,, 79= 79=9. 9. 417 NG, 417  NG, fg. hct., p. 18 18=. =. Xljthe, Hfroecbb C, Nuo. 418 [emhljrmy, Nuo. =54 =549, 9, HE, fg. hct., p. 73=. 418  [emhljrmy, Qcbbcm` @., [ej Bmst Xljthe, 41;  NG, fg. hct., p. 18 41; NG, 187. 7. 41:  HEG, Nmo 41: HEG,  Nmojj Jyrj Jyrj,, @mkrck, @mkrck, Jk Jkchcf chcfojs ojs Hítjkrm, =334, =3 34, p. 8:1 8:1.. 414 HEG 5;3, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 89=. 414  HEG m YG, : kch. ==5; 411  @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 411 @X, Bjttjrs 7, oftm 5, fg. hct., p. 899. 415 HEG JO, : kch kch.. =5; =5;3, 3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 733. 415  HEG m JO, 413  Àkj`. 413 Àkj`. 459 NG, 459  NG, fg. hct., p. 18 18;. ;. 45=  HEG m JO 45= HEG JO,, =4 djg. d jg. =5:9 =5:9,, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 8;4. 457 Àkj`. 457  Àkj`. 458  HEG m QXQ, =3 kch. =5;3, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 8=7. 458 HEG

45;  HEG m JO, 6=4 djgr. =5:9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 8;1. 45; HEG 45:  NG, fg. hct., p. 1; 45: NG, 1;=. =. 454 WD, 454  WD, fg. hct., p. 8:1. 451  NG, fg. hct., p. 1; 451 NG, 1;8. 8. 455 JHA, ;=9 . 455  JHA, fg. hct., p. ;=9. 453  HEG m JO, =: nub ==5:9 453 HEG 5:9,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;7:. 439 WD,  WD, fg. hct., p. 8:4. 439 43=  NG, fg. hct., p. 14 43= NG, 145. 5. 437  HEG m JO, 437 HEG JO, =7 nuo. =5:9 =5:9,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;=;.

 

438 438 [  [emhljrmy emhljrmy Wcthecj Wct hecj,, Mooj, Mooj, Hemptjrs drf` Xf`j @j`fcrs, @j`fcrs , @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct.,  p. 1:;. 1: ;. 43;  Cgàkj`, p. 43; Cgàkj`, p. 1: 1::. :. Xljthe, [ej Hfroecbb @mamzcoj, Mgr. =549, HE, fg. hct., 43: [emhljrmy, 43:  [emhljrmy, Qcbbcm`, [ej Bmst Xljthe,  p. 73=. 73 =. 434 M[W, 434  M[W, fg. hct., p. 18:. 431  Cgàkj`, p. 431 Cgàkj`, p. 1: 1:;. ;. 435 HEG JO, 7= nuo.=5:9 nuo.=5:9,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;=3. 435  HEG m JO, 433  Àkj`. 433 Àkj`. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;75. 199  HEG m QXQ, 79 nub. =5:9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 199 HEG 19=  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 19= JX p. =9; =9;.. 197  HEG m JO, =: nub. =5 197 HEG =5:9, :9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;7:. 198 YG =5:9, 9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;78. 198  YG m JO, =7 nub. =5: 19;  HEG m JO, =: nub. =5 19; HEG =5:9, :9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;7:. Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ;84. 19: HEG 19:  HEG m AX, : ma. =5:9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 194  HEG m AX, = ma. =5:9, @X, [ej Bjttjrs, 194 HEG Bjttjrs, 7, fg. hct., p. ;8;. 191  Àkj`. 191 Àkj`. 195 NG, 518. 8. 195  NG, fg. hct., p. 51 193  HE, fg. hct., p. 748. 193 HE, 1=9 Cgàkj`. 1=9  Cgàkj`. 1== NG, fg. hct., p. 118 1== NG, 118.. 1=7  Àkj`. 1=7 Àkj`. 1=8 HEG, 1=8  HEG, Gcfar  Gcfarmpe mpechmb chmb Oftchj fd Jbbcs mok Mhtfo Gjbb, Gjbb,   @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;:. 1=;  Hectem`, Jkwmrk, M 1=; Hectem`, Jkwmrk, M bcdj fd f d Mooj Grfotì , Fxdfrk, Gbmhlwjbb Yugbcsejrs, =33=, p. =13.

1=:  HEG, Gcfa 1=: HEG,  Gcfarmp rmpechmb echmb Oftchj Oft chj…, …, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;1.  Yrjdmhj fd Qutejrco Qutej rcoaa Ejcaets Ejca ets,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 1;3. 1=4  HEG, Yrjdmhj 1=4 HEG, 1=1 HE, 1=1  HE, fg. hct., p. 89;. 1=5  HEG m AX, == `mr. =5:=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 1=5 HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. :57. 1=3 HEG  HEG m JO, 3 mgr. =5:=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 499. 1=3 179  Cgàkj`, p. 179 Cgàkj`, p. 49 493. 3. 17= Àkj`. 17=  Àkj`. 177  Àkj`. 177 Àkj`. 178  HE, fg. hct., p. 895. 178 HE,

 

17; 17; JHA,  JHA, fg. hct., p. ;43. ;43 . 17: JX 17:  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 37. 174 Cgàkj`, 174  Cgàkj`, p. 33. 171  Àkj`. 171 Àkj`. 175  Cgàkj`, p. 175 Cgàkj`, p. =9 =99. 9. 173 Cgàkj`, 173  Cgàkj`, p. 34. 189  NG, fg. hct., p. 59 189 NG, 59;. ;. 18= HEG Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 47:. 18=  HEG m YG, 8= `my. =5:=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, 187  HEG m AX, 187 HEG AX, 5 nnub. ub. =5: =5:=, =, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. 448. 188  HEG m JO, 65 joj. =5:=, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ::9. 188 HEG 18; 18; HEG  HEG m JO, 79 joj. ==5: 5:=, =, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 7, Bjttjrs 7, fg. hct., p. ::1. 18:  JX (jk.), fg. hct., p. 34. 18: JX 184 NG, 184  NG, fg. hct., p. 5==. 181  Àkj`. 181 Àkj`. 185 HE, 185  HE, fg. hct., p. 8=9. 183  Qff 183 Q ffbd bd,, Tcr Tcracocm, acocm, Jb  Jb bjhtfr hf`þo, hf`þo , Gujofs Mcrjs, Bu`jo-Xukm`jrchmom Bu`jo-Xukm`jrchmom,, 7993, 79 93, p. 18. 1;9  HEG, Tcbbjttj 1;9 HEG, Tcbbjttj,, Gmrhj Gmrhjbfom, bfom, M Mbgm bgm Jk Jkctf ctfrcmb, rcmb, 799: 79 9:,, p. 839. 1;= HE, 1;=  HE, fg. hct., p. 878. 1;7  HEG, Tcbbjttj 1;7 HEG, Tcbbjttj,, fg. hct., pp. ;=1-;=5. 1;8 HEG AX, 4 kch kch.. =5 =5:7, :7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 55. 1;8  HEG m AX, 1;;  Àkj`. 1;; Àkj`. 1;: HEG 1;:  HEG m JO, 63 kch. =5:7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 3=. 1;4 AX 1;4  AX m @rs. Eu`pery Qmrk, ma. =535, HE, fg. hct., p. 738. 1;1 HE, 1;1  HE, fg. hct., p. 8=4. 1;5  HE m JO, 1;5 HE JO, =: kch. =5: =5:7, 7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 38.

1;3  Àkj`. 1;3 Àkj`. 1:9  Àkj`. 1:9 Àkj`. 1:= Àkj`. 1:=  Àkj`. 1:7  Àkj`. 1:7 Àkj`. 1:8 HEG =5:7 :7,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 3:. 1:8  HEG m JO, =5 kch. =5 1:;  HEG m JO, 7 joj. =5 1:; HEG =5:8 :8,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. =9=. 1:: HEG Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., pp. pp. =;5-= =;5-=;3. ;3. 1::  HEG m JO, 4 mgr. =5:8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 3=. 1:4  HEG m JO, 63 kj kch. =5:7, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 1:4 HEG 1:1  HEG m JO, =3 joj. ==5: 1:1 HEG 5:8, 8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. =93.

 

1:5 1:5 Cgàkj`,  Cgàkj`, p.=95 p.=95.. 1:3 NG, 5;:. :. 1:3  NG, fg. hct., p. 5; 149  Cgàkj`, p. 149 Cgàkj`, p. 5: 5:3. 3. Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 775. 14= @[ 14=  @[ m JO, 7; djg. mb 8 `mr. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 147 147 HEG  HEG m JO, 71 `my. =5:8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. =45. 148 NG, 5:1. 1. 148  NG, fg. hct., p. 5: 14;  Àkj`. 14; Àkj`. 14: HEG 14:  HEG m JO, 71 `my. =5:8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. =43. 144  HEG m @rs. Jbczmgjte X`cte, 7= ofv. =5:8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 144 HEG Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 793. 141 141 Àkj`.  Àkj`. 145  HEG m AX, =9 kch. =5 145 HEG =5:8, :8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 7=8. 143  HEG m QXQ, 4 kch. =5:8, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 143 HEG Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 7=7. 119 HE,  HE, fg. hct., p. 8=1. 119 11=  JHA m Nfeo Dfrstjr, 11= JHA Dfrstj r, 66=1 =1 `my. `my. =5:;, =5 :;, @X , [ej Bjttjrs Bjttj rs 8, fg. hct., p. 74=. 117 Àkj`. 117  Àkj`. 118  Hmtejrcoj 118 Hmtejrc oj Qcolwfr Qcolwfrte te m J``m Xemjo, Xemjo, 5 `my `my.. =5:; =5 :;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 781. 11;  JHA m ND, 11; JHA ND, 65-=; 65-= ; `my. =5:;, =5: ;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct. , p.  , p. 7:3. 11: HEG Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 7;;. 11:  HEG m JO, =: mgr. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 114 114 HEG  HEG m AX, =5 mgr. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 7;:. 111 HEG Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 7:9. 111  HEG m AX, 7: mgr. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 115  WD, fg. hct., p. ;41. 115 WD, 113 HEG 113  HEG m JO, 3 ma. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., pp. pp. 758758-75;. 75;. 159 159 HEG  HEG m @mramrjt @mramrjt Q Qff ffbjr, bjr, =9 nub. =5 =5:; :;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 714. 15= Àkj`. 15=  Àkj`. 157  Àkj`. 157 Àkj`.

158  Àkj`. 158 Àkj`. 15;  NG, fg. hct., p. 39 15; NG, 394. 4. 15: Àkj`. 15:  Àkj`. 154  HEG m JO, 6679 154 HEG 79 fht fht.. =5: =5:;, ;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 73:. 151 JO Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 731. 151  JO m Mrteur G. Ochefbbs, ofv. =5:;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 155 HEG  HEG m @Q, @Q, =: ofv ofv.. =5:; =5 :;,, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 89=. 155 153 153 HEG  HEG m JO, JO, 1 kch kch.. =5: =5:;, ;, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 894. 139  Àkj`. 139 Àkj`. 13=  @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 13= @X, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 894.

 

137 137 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 39 395. 5. 138 Cgàkj`, p. 3= 3=9. 9. 138  Cgàkj`, p. 13;  YG m JO, 89 `mr. =5::, 13; YG =5:: , @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 889. 13: HE, 13:  HE, fg. hct., p. 8;3. 134  MGO m JO, 8= `mr. =5::, @X, [ej Bjttjrs 8, 134 MGO Bjttjrs 8, fg. hct., p. 889 . 131 @X, 131  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 71. 135 135 NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 3= 3=;. ;. 133 QYY,  Nfttco tcoas as fo f o Hurrjr Hur rjr,, Jbbcs mok Mhtfo Gjbb , Bfokfo, Bfoa`mo, Grfwo, Arjjomrk, 133  QYY, Nft Bfoa`mo Bfoa` mos, s, =5 =5:4 :4,, p. 79. 599 @X, 599  @X, [ej Bjttjrs =, fg. hct., p. 71. 59= 59= NG,  NG, fg. hct., p. 31 31;. ;. 597 JHA mbjss ffdd Abm Abmss ss [fwo, fwo, fg. hct., p. xccc. 597 598  JHA 598 Àkj`.  Àkj`.m AX, 7: nub. =5:4, HM, [mbj 59; Àkj`. 59;  Àkj`. 59:  JHA, fg. hct., p. ::5. 59: JHA, ::5 . 594  A@, fg. hct., p. 71. 594 A@, 591 T cracocm acocm Qff Qffbd, bd, Bjjr  Bjjr f of o f bjjr bj jr y fftrfs trfs jshrct jshrctfs fs,, @mkrck, @mkrck, Mg Mgmk mkmm Jkctfrj Jkctfrjs, s, 79=8 7 9=8,, p. 48. 591  Tcr 595 KK@,  KK@, fg. hct., p. 79 79.. 595 593 W@, 593  W@, fg. hct., p. 879.

 

GCGBCFAWMDÀM FGWMX KJ BFX EJW@MOFX GWFO[Ì   Mooj Grfotì  aojs Arjy Arjy, Gmrhjbfom, Mbgm Hbíschm, =331.  Bm coqucbcom kj Qcbkd Qcbkdjbb jbb Embb , Gmrhjbfom, Mbgm Hbíschm, =331.   Hemrbfttj Grfot Gr fotìì moj Jyrj, @mkrck, Hítjkrm, =334. Xecrbjy, Gmrhjbfom, Mbgm Hbíschm, =333. Tcbbjttj, Gmrhjbfom, Mbgm Hbíschm, 799:. b prfdjsfr , Gmrhjbfom, Mbgm Wmokf` Efusj, 799:. ``m, Ojw Sfrl, Sfrl, Gmot Gmotm` m` Gffls, Gffls, =358. com Bmury, Bfokfo, Yjoauco Hbmsschs, =334. [ej Arjjo Kwmrd> M [mbj fd tej Yjrdjht [josj , Bfokfo, Ejspjrus Yrjss, 7998. Xtmohbcddj– Xtmohbcd dj–ss Eftjb, Eftjb , Bfokfo, Yjoauco Hbmsschs, 7998.

[ej Dfuokbcoa> M [mbj fd fur Fwo [c`js gy Hmptmco [rjj , Bfokfo, Ejspjrus Yrjss, 799;. Bfokfo, Ejspjrus Yrjss, 799:. [ej Xpjbb , Bfokfo, [ej Xjhrjt , Bfokfo, Bfokfo, Ejspjrus Yrjss, 7994. [mbjs fd Moarcm, Bfokfo, Yjoauco Gffls, 79=9.   J`cby Grfotì Gujofs Mcrjs, Mcrj s, Jkctfrcmb Jkctfrc mb Xukm`jrch Xukm`jrchmom, mom, =344. Hu`grjs Hu`g rjs Gfrrms Gfrrmshfsms hfsms, Gujofs

 

Hemrbfttj, J`cby y Mooj Grfotì Bfokfo, Gcgbcfbcdj, Gcgbcfb cdj, 7991.  Yfj`s gy Hurrjr Hurrjr,, Jbbcs mok Mhtfo Gjbb , Bfokfo,   Grmowjbb Grfotì Grfotì Kjspuãs kj bm jshrcturm kj bm `fou`jotmb smam kj Hcukmk kj Hrcstmb y kj Moarcm, Grmowjbb prfkunf fhejotm `cb pmbmgrms kj prfsm, sjsjotm y hcohf  pfj`ms  pfj` ms y drma` drma`jotfs, jotfs, hcohujotm hcohujotm y humtrf humtrf rjjshrc rj jshrctu turms rms kj pfj`ms pfj`ms kj Moa Moarcm y trjcotm y scjtj trmkuhhcfojs kj fkms bmtcoms. Tãmsj Ojudjbkt, Tchtfr, [ej Qfrls fd Ymtrchl Grfotì , Ojw Sfrl & Bfokfo, Wfubjtkaj Bcgrmry Jkctcfos, 79=:.  

F[WMX FGWMX HFOXZB[MKMX   Mkm`sfo, Mbmo E.,  @r  @r.. Hemrbfttj Gr Grfotì> fotì> [ej bcd bcdjj fd Mrteur Gjbb Ochefbbs , @fotrjmb, @h Acbb-]ujjo–s Zocvjrscty Yrjss, 7995. Mstfr Aumrkcfbm, Murfrm,  Yr  Yrfhjsf fhjsf m bm bjyjokm kj bms Gr Grfotì  fotì , Tmbjohcm, Zocvjrsckmk kj Tmbjohcm, 7994. Gmcbco, @crcm`, [ej Xchlrff` co Tchtfrcmo Dchtcfo. [ej Mrt fd Gjcoa CCC , Hm`grckaj, Hm`grckaj Zocvjrscty Yrjss, =33;. Gmrgjctf Tmrjbm, N. @moujb,  Bms Gr Grfotì fotì y su `uokf, @mkrck, Jkctfrcmb

Xàotjscs, 7994. Gmttchufrj, Armhcjbm< Ambbf, Lbmus< @jyjrs, Nfraj,  Wjsfomohcms rf` rf`íotchms íotchms , Gujofs Gu jofs Mcrjs, Jukjgm, Jukjgm, 799:. Gjotbjy, Yecbbcs, [ej Grfotìs mok [ejcr Qfrbk , Bfokfo, [em`js mok Euksfo, =317. Gbff`, Emrfbk (jk.), [ej Grfotìs. @fkjro Hrctchmb Tcjws, Ojw Sfrl, Hejbsjm He jbsjm Efusj Efusj Yugbcsejrs, =351. = 351. Grmokfo, Wute, Ftejr Yjfpbj–s Kmuaetjrs. [ej bcdj mok [c`js fd tej

 

Afvjrojss, Bfokfo, Frcfo Gffls, 7993. Gyrfo, Bfrk,  Bms pjrjarcomhcfojs kj Hecbkj Emr Emrfbk. fbk. Jb hfrsmrc hfrsmrcff, @mkrck, Hbugg Cotjromhcfomb Hbu Cotjromhcfomb kjb Bcgrf, =358.  ‛, Yfj`ms krm`ítchfs krm`ítchfs , @mkrck, Hfbjhhcøo kj Jshrctfrjs Hmstjbbmofs, =554. Hemkwchl, Jbbcs E.,  Co tej dfftst dfftstjps jps fd tej Grfot  Grfot ìs, ìs, Bfokfo, Hm`grckaj Zocvjrscty Yrjss, =3=;. Hemppbj, N.M.T. mok Xejbstfo, Mbmo (jk.),  Durtejr Bjttjr Bjttjrss fd @rs. Amsljbb , @mohejstjr, @mokfbco, 7998. Hectem`, Jkwmrk mok Qcoocdrcte, [. N.,  Gr  Grfotì fotì Dmhts mok Gr Grfotì fotì Yrfgbj`s Yrfgbj`s, Bfokfo, Ymbarmvj @mh`cbbmo, =357. Hrfss, Jstejr,  Bm `unjr quj jshrc jshrcgcø gcø Drmoljostjco , Gujofs Mcrjs, J`jhã, 79=8. Kmvcjs, Xtjvcj, J`cby Grfotì> Grfotì> Ejrjtch, Bfokfo, [ej Qf`jo Yrjss, =33;. Kcoskmbj, Moo, Mt  Mt ef`j wcte tej Grfotìs. [ej Ecst Ecstfry fry fd Emw Emwfrte frte Ymrsfomaj mok cts Fhhupmots, Abfuhjstjrsecrj, M`gjrbjy Yugbcsecoa, 79=8.  ‛, Fbk Emwfrte, Ljcae Ljc aebjy, bjy, Ejokfo Ejokfo Yug., =333. =33 3. Jmabjtfo, [jrry, @ytes fd Yfwjr Yfwjr.. M @mrxcst Xtuky fd tej Gr Grfotìs fotìs, Efuok`cbbs mok Ojw Sfrl, Ymbarmvj @mh`cbbmo, 799:. Djr`c, Xmrme, J`cby–  J`cby–ss Nfuromb , Hm`grckaj, Yjamsus, 7994. Drmol, Lmtejrcoj, M Hemcobjss Hemcobjss Xfub> M bcd bcdjj fd J`cby Grfotì , Gfstfo, Efuaetfo @cddbco, =333.

Acbgjrt, Xmokrm< Augmr, Xusmo, [ej @mkwf`mo co tej Mttch, Hfoojhtctut, Smbj Zocvjrscty Yrjss, 7999. Armem`, [ef`ms Nfeo,  @fkjro Kf` Kf`jstc jstchh @jkchc @jkchcoj, oj, Bfokfo, Xc`plco mok @mrsembb, =571. Emosfo, Bmwrjohj mok J.@., [ej Dfur Grfotìs, [ej bcvjs mok wfrls f

Hemrbfttj, Grmowjbb, J`cby mok Mooj Grfotì , Bfokfo, Ajfddrjy Hu`gjrbjaj, Fxdfrk Zocvjrscty Yrjss, =3;3. Efbbmok, Ochl, Co sjmrhe fd Mooj Mooj Gr Grfotì  fotì , Xtrfuk, Abfuhjstjrsecrj, [ej Ecstfry

 

Yrjss, 79=4. Coaem`, Ymtrchcm, [ej Grfotìs (Mutefrs co Hfotjxt ), ), Fxdfrk, Fxdfrk Qfrbk–s Hbmsschs, 7994. Bmoj, Bmo j, @mramrjt, [ej Grfotì Grfotì Xt Xtfry fry, Qjst Sfrlsecrj, X`cte Xjttbj, =339. @mhJwmo, Ejbjo, [ej Grfotìs co Grussjbs, Bfokfo, Yjtjr Fwjo Yugbcsejrs, 79=;. @murfcs, Mokrã, Bfr Maucbmr, =3;4.  Bfrkk Gyr Gyrfo fo, @mkrck, Maucbmr, @fabjo, Ejbjo, Hemrbfttj Grfotì, tej Xjbd Hfohjcvjk (Hbfte), Ojw Sfrl, Q. Q. Ofrtefo & Hf`pmoy, =314. Ymrljr, Kjrjl, Gyrf  Gyrfoo, Gmrhjbfom, Xmbvmt Jkctfrjs, =35:. Wmyojr, Wfgjrt @., Xefrt Ecstfry fd Grctmco, Bfokfo, Bfoa`mos, Arjjo mok Hf, =344. Xefrtjr, Hbj`jot L., [ej Grfotìs, Bcdj mok Bjttjrs> gjcoa mo mttj`pt tfp  prjsjot m dubb mok ddcomb comb rjhfr rjhfrkk fk ttej ej bcvj bcvjss fd tej terjj scst s cstjrs, jrs, Hemrbfttj,  J`cby mok Mooj Gr Grfotì fotì drf` tej gcfarmpecjs fd @rs. Amsljbb mok ftejrs, mok drf` ou`jrfus ectjrf uopugbcsejk `moushrcpts mok bjttjrs   (7 vfb.), Bfokfo, Hm`grckaj Zocvjrscty Yrjss, =395. Xc`psfo, Hemrbjs, J`cby Grfotì  Grfotì , Bfokfo, Hfuotry Bcdj Bkt., =373. Xpmrl, @urcjb @urcjb,, [ej jssjohj fd tej Grfotìs, Bfokfo, Yjtjr Fwjo, =338.  ‛,  @mry Xejbbjy. Bm vckm kj bm hrjmkfrm kj Drmoljostjco , Gmrhjbfom, Bu` Bu `jo, 7994 7 994..

Xtfoj, Bmwrjohj,  Dm`cbcm, sjxf y `mtrc`focf jo Coabmtjr Coabmtjrrm rm =:99-=599, @ãxchf K.D., Dfokf kj Hubturm Jhfoø`chm, =339. [jbbf Dfos, Csmgjb, ‒Moíbcscs y prfpujstm kj trmkuhhcøo kjb kcmbjhtf jo Hu`grjs Gfrrmshfsms‐, Zocvjrsctmt Nmu`j C kj Hmstjbbøo, Wjv.  Jotrjhubturms 7, 71 kch. 79=9. Qmbljr, Gjtty J``mbcoj , [ej Ar Arjjo jjo Bmoj> M Q Qjst`frbmok jst`frbmok Hecbkwffk , Sfrl, Qcbbcm` Xjsscfos Bc`ctjk, =335. Qectjejmk, Gmrgmrm, Hemrbfttj Grfotì mok Ejr ―kjmrjst Ojbb–> [ej Xtfry fd m

 

 Drcjoksecp, Bjjks, X`cte Xjttbj, =338. Qffbd, Tcracocm,  Bjjr f of bjjr y ftrfs jshrc jshrctfs tfs, @mkrck, Mgmkm Jkctfrjs, 79=8.  ‛, Efrms jo uom gcgbc gcgbcftjhm ftjhm, Gmrhjbfom, Jb Mbjpe Jkctfrjs, 799:.

 

WJDJWJOHCMX KJ KJ BMX BMX DF[FAWMDÀMX Hujstm kj bm hmbbj prcohcpmb kj Emwfrte. Tjr mquà Jb pírm` pí rm`f. f. Tjr mquà Yfrtmb kj mhhjsf mb hj`jotjrcf kjskj kj skj bm rjhtfràm. Tjr mquà Jb pírm` pír m`ff jo prc`mvjrm.Tjr prc`mvjrm.Tjr mquà Ymsmnj emhcm bfs dfokfs dfokfs kjb [frf Ojarf. Ojarf.T Tjr  mquà  mquà Mutfrrjtrmtf Mu tfrrjtrmtf kj Grmowjbb. Grm owjbb.Tjr Tjr mquà Yíacom kjb kcmrcf kj J`cby y Mooj kj =581.Tjr =581.Tjr mquà Bm rjhtfràm vcstm kjskj jb hj`jotj hj`jotjrcf. rcf.Tjr Tjr mquà Hmbbjhctm Hmbbjhc tm quj hf`uo hf`uochm chm jb pujgbf hfo bm rjhtf r jhtfràm. ràm.T Tjr  mquà  mquà Coshrc Coshrcphcøo phcøo jo bm jotrmkm jotrmkm kj k j bm gftchm.Tjr gftchm.Tjr mquà Cotjrcfr Cotjrcfr kj bm gftchm gf tchm kj Emwfrte Emwfr te.. Tjr mquà Hmbbj kj Emwfrte.Tjr Emwfrte.Tjr mquà Dcr`ms kj bfs b fs ejr`mofs ejr`mofs Gjbb.Tjr Gjbb.Tjr mquà Hj`jotjrcf kj Emwfrte.Tjr Emwfrte.Tjr mquà Ymsf kjskj jb dfokf kj bm rjhtfràm emhcm jb pírm`f.Tjr pírm`f.Tjr mquà

Bípckm kj [mggy.Tjr [mggy.Tjr mquà Wãpbchm kj [ej Ycbbmr Yfrtrmct  jxecgckm  jxecgckm jo jb [frf Ojarf.Tjr Ojarf. Tjr mquà  Oftmm kjb aumrkcm  Oft aumrkcm kjb k jb @usjf @usjf Grfotì. Grfotì.Tjr Tjr mquà Yukkcoa kj Sfrlsecrj Sfrlsecrj jo Jb Bjøo Gbmohf.Tjr Gbmohf. Tjr mquà  

 

ÀOKCHJ FOF@ÍX[CHF FOF@ÍX[CHF Mhtfo, Jbczm Mbjnmokrf jb Armokj Mbbcsfo, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Mokjrs Mo kjrsfo, fo, Nfeo Qcb Qcbsfo sfo Mokrjws (Xjýfrctm) Mrlcosfo, [ef`ms Mustjo, Nmoj Mylrfyk, [mgctem Mybftt & Nfojs Gmggmaj, Gjonm`co Gmrljr, Nubcjt Gmssf`pcjrr Gmssf` pcjrrj, j, Bfucsj Bfucsj kj Gmxtjr, Buhy Gjbb, Mhtfo Gjbb, Hurrjr 

Gjbb, Jbbcs Gjbb ([àm) Gjosfo, Mrteur Mrteur Hrcstfpejr  Hrc stfpejr  Gbmlj, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Gbmljwmy, Jbczmgjte Gbmohejj (Xjýfrm) Gbmohe ( Xjýfrm) Gfompmrtj, Gfo mpmrtj, Ompfbjøo Gfssujt, Nmhqujs G.

 

Grmkbjy, Nfeo Grmowjbb, Hemrbfttj Hemrbfttj Grmowjbb, Jbczmgjte Grmowjbb, Nmoj Grmowjbb, @mrcm Grjttfo, Nfeo Armem` Grfhlbjeurst, Wfgjrt Grfotì, Jbczmgjte Grfotì, @mrcm Grfotì, Ymtrchl  Grffldcjbk (Xjýfrm) Grfwo, Nfeo Grfwo, Grfw o, @mrtem @mrtem Grfwo, [mgctem Grfwo, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Grfwoj (Kfhtfr) Grfwocoa, Jbczmgjte Gmrrjt Grfworcaa, Jbczmgjte Guoymo, Nfeo Guýujb, Bucs Gurkjr, @mry

Guro, Wchemrk Guro, Wch emrk Guros, Wfgjrt Gusdjcbk (Xjýfrm) Guttjrdcjbk, @mry Gyrfo, Bfrk Hmbvcof, Numo Hm`pgjb Hm` pgjbb,b, [ef`ms [ef`ms Hmrbybj, [ef`ms

 

Hemkwchl, Jbbcs Hempjbbj (Xjýfr) Hbmytfo, Wfgjrt Hfbjrckaj, Emrtbjy Hfbjrckaj, Xm`ujb [mybfr  Hffl,, Jbbjo Hffl Jbb jo Hffl, Bcstjr  Hffl, @mrrcftt Hfwpjr, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Hrf`wjbb, Fbcvjr  Hrfsgy (Kfhtfr) Hrfwtejrs (Xjýfr) Hurrjr, Drmohjs @mry Wchemrksfo Hurtcs, N. C. K–M`cjos, Ycjrrj Kjmrkjo, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Kj ]ucohjy ]uc ohjy,, [ef` [ ef`ms ms Kchljos, Hemrbjs Kcxfo (Dm`cbcm) Kfuabms, @mrcfo Ku @murcjr, Kmpeoã

Kuhlwfrte, Nubcm Yrcosjp Kury Ku ry,, Csmgjbb Csmgj bbmm Kury, [ejfkfrj Jmabjtfo, [jrr [jrryy Jbcft, Ajfra Ajfr aj Jpps (Kfhtfr) Jvmos (Xjýfr) Jvmos (Xjýfrctm)

 

Djoojbb, Nmoj Djoojbb, Nfeo Djr`c,c, Xmrme Djr` Xmr me Dcokjo, Qcb Qcbbc bcm` m` E. Dcrte, Jbczmgjte Dcrte, Nfeo Xhefbjdcjbk Dcse (Dm`cbc (Dm`cbcm) m) Dcse, @mramrjt Dfhàbckjs Drmols, Jbczmgjte. Tãmsj Dcrte, Jbczmgjte Drmolss (Xjýfrm). Drmol ( Xjýfrm). Tãmsj Dcrte, Jbczmgjte Amcosgfura, Hemrbfttj Ambcbjc, Ambcbjf Amrr, Omohy Amrr, Wchemrk Amrr, Xmrme Amsljbb, Amsl jbb, Jbczmgjte Ajbbjr, Qcbb Qcbbcm` cm` Aãrc o, Qcocdrjk Aãrco, Qcocdrjk Armem`, [ef`ms Armot (Hbãrcaf)

Arjjowffk, Nfeo Arc`semw, Qcbbcm` Aruoky, Drmohcs Auczft, Drmoáfcs Emrtbjy, @mramrjt (6) Emusãj (Xjýfrctm) Emyoj, Emyo j, @jbbmojy @jb bmojy Ejmtfo, J`cb J`cbyy

 

Ejmtfo (Dm`cbcm) Ejmtfo, Wfgjrt Ejmtfo, Qcbbcm` Ejajr, Hbmcrj Ejajr, Hbmcrj ^fj Ejajr, Hfostmotco Ejajr, Bfucsj Ejajr, @mrcm Ejajr, Ymub Ejajr, Eja jr, Yrøspãrj Yrøs pãrj Ejajr, Tchtfrcoj Efaa, Nm`js Ef`jrf Efpj, Mbjxmokjr  Efrmhcf Efuaetfo (Bfrk). Tjísj tm`gcão @fohltfo @cbojs, Wchemrk Euaf, Tchtfr  Euot, Bjcae Euotcoakfo, Mrteur  Coaem`, M`fs Coaem` (Xjýfrm)

Nm`js, Nfeo Njolcos Njol cos (Xjýfr, ( Xjýfr, hmpjbbío) hmpjb bío) Njolcos Njol cos (Xjýfrm) ( Xjýfrm) Njrsjy (Bmky) Nfeosfo, Xm`ujb Nfcovcbbj (Yràohcpj kj) Nfcovcbbj Nuvjomb Lmvmoma, Nubcm

 

Lmy-Xeuttbjwfrte (Dm`cbcm) Lmy-Xeuttbjwf Lmy-Xeu ttbjwfrte, rte, Nmoj Nm oj (Bmky ( Bmky)) Lcoastfo, Jbczm Lcrgy (Dm`cbc (Dm`cbcm) m) Bm`mrtcoj, Mbpefosj kj kj Bmoksjjr, Jkwco Bm [rfgj, Hemrbjs Bmwrjohj, mw rjohj, [ef`ms [ef`ms Bjgjb, Nfmhec`-Nfsjpe Nfmhec`-Nfsjpe Bjcae Euot, Nm`js Bjcaet, Muaustm Bjwjs, Ajfraj Ejory Bjybmok, Drmohcs M. Bjybmok, Nfsjpe Gjotbjy Bfhlemrt, Nfeo Acgsfo Acgsf o Bfoadjbbfw, Ejory Butwc utwckaj, kaj, @mry @mhkfombk, @mhkfo mbk, Drjkjrclm Drjkjrc lm @mhrjmky, Qcbbcm` Hemrbjs @moaombb, Wche`mb @mrcojr (Xjýfr)

@mrsembb, Moo @mrtco, Nfeo @mrtcojmu, Emrrcjt @jrrmbb, @chemjb @cbtfo, Nfeo @crmgjmu (Hfokj kj) @cstrmb, Amgrcjbm @cstrmb, Nfra Nfr aj

 

@fohltfo @cbojs, Wchemrk. Tjísj tm`gcão Efuaetfo (Bfrk) @ffrj, [ef`ms [ef`ms @frj, Emoome Emoome @framo, Qcbbcm` @frrcsfo, Wfgjrt @fsbjy, Xmbby @fss`mo, @jtm @fsxfo, Ejory @ueb (Xjýfrm)  Ompbjs, Nfsjpe  Ojbsfo, Efrmtcf Efrmtcf (Mb`crmotj) (Mb`crmotj)  Ojudjbkt,  Oju djbkt, Tchtfr  Tchtfr   Ojwgy,, [ef`  Ojwgy [ef`ms ms Hmutbjy Hmutbjy  Ochefbbs, Mrteur Mrteur Gjbb Gjbb  Oussjy  Ou ssjy,, Jbbjo  Oussjy  Ou ssjy,, Ejory Ejory Fhm`pf, Fhm` pf, Tchtfrcm chtfr cm Futewmctj, Dmooy Ymshmb, Gbmcsj Ymthejtt (Xjýfrctm) Yecbbcp, Ajfraj Xjmrbj

Yecbbcps, Kmwo Ybmte, Xybvcm Ybu``jr, @mramrjt Yfbckfrc, Nfeo Qcbbcm` Yfstbjtewmc Yfstbjte wmctj tj (Dm`cbcm) Yfstbjtewmctj (Xjýfr) Yfttmaj, Wfgjrt Yryhj, Kmvck

 

Wmkhbcdd, Moo Wche`fok, Ajfraj Wcagy,, Jbczmgjte Wcagy Jbc zmgjte Wfgcosfo, Jk`uok Wfgcosfo, Jk`uok Jk`uok (Wjvjrjokf) (Wjvj rjokf) Wfgcosfo, Jbczmgjte Wfgcosfo, Bykcm Wfgcosfo, Bykcm Bykcm @mry @mr y Wfgcosfo, Qcbbcm` Wfssjttc, Kmotj Amgrcjb Wfxgy,, Ejory Wfxgy Ej ory Xmcot-Ycjr Xmcot -Ycjrrj, rj, Gjromrkco kj Xhmthejrk (Xjýfrctm) Xhecbbjr, Drcjkrche vfo Xhftt,, Jkwmrk Xhftt Jkwm rk Kfb`mo Kfb`mo (Xcr) Xhftt (Bmky ( Bmky)) Xhftt, Qmbtjr. Tãmsj tm`gcão Qmvjrbjy Xemljspjmrj, Xe mljspjmrj, Qcbbcm` cbb cm` Xemrp, Qcbb Xemrp, cbbcm` cm` Xejbbjy, @mry Xejbbjy, Yjrhy

Xckawchl, Gjosfo Xckawchl, Nfeo Xckawchl, @mtecbkm Xckawchl (Xjýfrm) Xlmrsaêrk, Xl mrsaêrk, Xtjbbmo Xtjbbm o Xbmkj (Xjýfrm) X`cte, Jbczm X`cte, Ajfraj

 

X`cte (Xjýfrm) (6) Xfpecj (Xjýfrctm) Xfutejy, Wfgjrt Xfwkjo, Xuthbcddj Xpmrl, @urcjb Xpcjb`mo Xpcj b`moo, o, @mrcfo E. Xtjpejo, Bmurm Xtjpejo, Bjsbcj Xtjwmrt, Ymtrchl  Xtfry, Wfgjrt Xuakjo (Xjýfrm) [mssf, [frqumtf [mybfr, Nm`js [mybfr, Nfj [mybfr, Nfeo [mybfr, Nfseum [mybfr, mybf r, @mrtem @mr tem [mybfr, @mry [mybfr, Qmrcoa [jbbf Dfos, Csmgjb [j`pbj (Xjýfrctm)

[jooysfo, jooysfo, Mbdrjk Mbdr jk [emhljrmy [emhljr my,, Mooj Mooj [emhljrmy, @coocj [emhljrmy,, Qcbbcm` [emhljrmy Qcbbc m` @mljpjm @mljpjmhj hj [ef`ps [ef` psfo, fo, Nfeo N feo Euotjr  Euotjr  [ef`sfo, Nm`js [efroj, Nm` Nm `js [fwosejok, Hemrbjs

 

[rcjr, Bmrs vfo [rujbfhl (Xjýfrctm) (Xjý frctm) [urojr, Csmgjbbm Zpnfeo pnf eo,, Drmohcs Dr mohcs Zpnfeo pnf eo,, Xmrme Xmr me Tcaoj, Hmsc` Hmsc `cr kj bm Tcracbcf Tcschl, csc hl, @mry Qmb mbljr, ljr, M`jbcm M`jbc m Qmbljr, Gjtty J``mbcoj Qmbljr, Drmohjs Qmbljr, Wfgco Qmbtfo (Xjýfr (X jýfrctm) ctm) Qmrk, Eu`pery Qmvjrbjy. Tãmsj tm`gcão Xhftt, Qmbtjr  Qjc jcae aet` t`mo, mo, Qcbbc cb bcm` m` Qjbbcoatfo (Kuquj kj) Qjsbj js bjyy, Nfeo Nf eo Qjstmbb, Wchemrk Qjst`costjr jst`costjr (@mrquãs kj) Qjstwffk (Xjýfr)

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bfs bà`ctjs kj bm mutfkjstruhhcøo y sjrí cohrjàgbj`jotj prfshrcptf kj bm ecstfrcm.

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