Rainforest

Rainforest to the rainforests.[2] It has been estimated that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the “jewels of the Earth” and the "world’s largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there.[3] Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world’s oxygen turnover, sometimes misnamed oxygen production,[4] processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration.

For other uses, see Rainforest (disambiguation).

The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level. If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of vines, shrubs and small trees, called a jungle. The term jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally.

1 Tropical Main article: Tropical rainforest Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia

Worldwide tropical rainforest zones.

wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the equator. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year.[5] Average annual rainfall is no less than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390 in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and 200 cm (79 in).[6]

The Daintree Rainforest near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall between 250 and 450 centimetres (98 and 177 in).[1] There are two types of rainforest: tropical rainforest and temperate rainforest. The monsoon trough, alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone, Many of the world’s tropical forests are associated with plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions the location of the monsoon trough, also known as the necessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests. intertropical convergence zone.[7] The broader category Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous of tropical moist forests are located in the equatorial 1

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zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia (from Myanmar (Burma) to the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sub-Saharan Africa from Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest), South America (e.g. the Amazon Rainforest), Central America (e.g. Bosawás, southern Yucatán PeninsulaEl Peten-Belize-Calakmul), and on many of the Pacific Islands (such as Hawaiʻi). Tropical forests have been called the “Earth’s lungs", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the atmosphere through photosynthesis.[8][9]

2

LAYERS

3.1 Emergent layer The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall.[11][12] They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer.

Temperate

Main article: Temperate rainforest Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but tem-

The canopy at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia showing crown shyness

General distribution of temperate rainforests

3.2 Canopy layer Main article: Canopy (biology)

perate rainforests only occur in few regions around the world. Temperate rainforests are rainforests in temperate regions. They occur in North America (in the Pacific Northwest in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California), in Europe (parts of the British Isles such as the coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland, southern Norway, parts of the western Balkans along the Adriatic coast, as well as in Galicia and coastal areas of the eastern Black Sea, including Georgia and coastal Turkey), in East Asia (in southern China, Highlands of Taiwan, much of Japan and Korea, and on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent Russian Far East coast), in South America (southern Chile) and also in Australia and New Zealand.[10]

The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30 metres (98 ft) to 45 metres (148 ft) tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species. Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917, naturalist William Beebe declared that “another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles.” True 3 Layers exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as Main article: Stratification (vegetation) firing ropes into the trees using crossbows. Exploration of the canopy is still in its infancy, but other methods include A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, the use of balloons and airships to float above the highest each with different plants and animals adapted for life branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted in that particular area. Examples include the emergent, on the forest floor. The science of accessing tropical forcanopy, understorey and forest floor layers. est canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is

3 called dendronautics.[13]

3.3

Understory layer

Main article: Understory The understory or understorey layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer West Usambara Two-Horned Chameleon (Bradypodion fiscan be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may cheri) in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. also be considered a separate layer.

5 Soils 3.4

Forest floor

Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainforest, soil quality is often quite poor. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red colour and sometimes produces mineral deposits such as bauxite. Most trees have roots near the surface, because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees’ minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest Rainforest in the Blue Mountains, Australia trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% surfaces, creating run-off and beginning a process of soil of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow erosion. Eventually streams and rivers form and flooding in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clear- becomes possible. ings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and ani- 6 Effect on global climate mal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste. carbon dioxide. On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon 4 Flora and fauna dioxide levels,[16] though they may have other climatic effects (on cloud formation, for example, by recycling More than half of the world’s species of plants and ani- water vapour). No rainforest today can be considered to mals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a be undisturbed.[17] Human-induced deforestation plays a very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, dioxide,[18] as do other factors, whether human-induced felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and chameleons and other families; while birds include such drought.[19] Some climate models operating with interacfamilies as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of fam- tive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforilies of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi est around 2050 due to drought, forest dieback and the are also very common in rainforest areas as they can subsequent release more carbon dioxide.[20] Five million feed on the decomposing remains of plants and ani- years from now, the Amazon rainforest may long since mals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing have dried and transformed itself into savannah, killing itdue to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the self in the progress (changes such as this may happen even atmosphere.[15] if all human deforestation activity ceases overnight).[21] Main article: Forest floor

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DEFORESTATION

The descendants of our known animals may adapt to the 9 Deforestation dry savannah of the former Amazonian rainforest and thrive in the new, warmer temperatures.[21] Further information: Deforestation in Southeast Asia, Deforestation in Madagascar and Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest Tropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected

7

Human uses

Satellite photograph of the haze above Borneo and Sumatra on 24 September 2015. Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, taken from a plane.

Further information: Human uses of tropical rainforest Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest.[22] Also, plantderived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment.[23]

to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking.[27] Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to extinction (possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate, says E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years)[28] due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests. Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding urban areas. Littoral rainforest growing along coastal areas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon development to accommodate the demand for seachange lifestyles.[29]

On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.[24] The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.[25] The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation, especially in Brazil.

The forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace.[30][31][32] Almost 90% of West Africa's rainforest has been destroyed.[33] Since the arrival of humans, Madagascar has lost two thirds of its original rainforest.[34] At present rates, tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in 10 years and Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16 years.[35] According to Rainforest Rescue, a main reason for the increasing deforestation rate especially in Indonesia is the expansion of oil palm plantations to meet the growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and biofuels. In Indonesia, palm oil is already cultivated on nine million hectares and, together with Malaysia, the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world’s palm oil.[36]

Central African rainforest is home of the Mbuti pygmies, one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below one and a half metres, or 59 inches, on average). They were the subject of a study by Colin Turnbull, The Forest People, in 1962.[26] Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as “Negrito”.

Several countries,[37] notably Brazil, have declared their deforestation a national emergency.[38] Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007’s twelve months, according to official government data.[39] Deforestation could wipe out or severely damage nearly 60% of the Amazon Rainforest by 2030, says a 2007 report from WWF.[40]

8

Native peoples

5 However, a January 30, 2009 New York Times article [11] Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). “Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure”. In Frank B. Golley. Tropical Rain Forest stated, “By one estimate, for every acre of rain forest cut Ecosystems. Structure and Function. Ecosystems of the down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29–47. ISBN growing in the tropics...” The new forest includes sec0-444-41986-1. ondary forest on former farmland and so-called degraded [41] forest. [12] “Sabah”. Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 200711-14.

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See also

• Cloud forest • Ecology • Inland rainforest • Intact forest landscape • Jungle • Rainforest Foundation Fund • Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary • Stratification (vegetation) • Tapiche Ohara’s Reserve

11

References

[1] The Tropical Rain Forest. Marietta College. Marietta, Ohio. Retrieved 14 August 2013. [2] “Rainforests.net – Variables and Math”. Retrieved 200901-04. [3] “Rainforests at Animal Center”. Animalcorner.co.uk. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26. [4] Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests. “Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests”. Trendsupdates.com. Retrieved 201208-26. [5] Susan Woodward. Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. [6] Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print. [7] Hobgood (2008). Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind. Ohio State University. Retrieved on 2009-03-08. [8] Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). “Breathing easy: Et tu, O2 .” Columbia University Columbia.edu [9] Moran, E.F., “Deforestation and Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon,” Human Ecology, Vol 21, No. 1, 1993” [10] “The Temperate Rainforest”.

[13] Dendronautics – Introduction Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. [14] “Rainforest Facts”. Rain-tree.com. Retrieved 2012-0826. [15] “Impact of Deforestation – Extinction”. forests.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

Rain-

[16] “Grida.no” (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-26. [17] Lewis, S.L. , Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Lloyd, J. et al. 2004 “Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 359 [18] Malhi, Y and Grace, J. 2000 " Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide”, Tree 15 [19] “Drought may turn forests into carbon producers”. The Age (Melbourne). 2004-03-06. [20] Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.; Harris, P. P.; Huntingford, C.; Jones, C. D. (2004). “Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century” (PDF). Theoretical and Applied Climatology 78: 137. Bibcode:2004ThApC..78..137C. doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2007. [21] The Future is Wild television program [22] Myers, N. (1985). The primary source. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, pp. 189–193. [23] “Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003”. Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-26. [24] “Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes”. Reuters.com. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2012-08-26. [25] BBC: First contact with isolated tribes? [26] The Tribal Peoples, ThinkQuest [27] Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade, The Independent 5 July 2003 [28] Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species, New York Times 3 March 1992 [29] “Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened?". Pittwater.nsw.gov.au. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2012-08-26. [30] Thomas Marent: Out of the woods, The Independent 28 September 2006 [31] Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled, FoxNews.com, September 29, 2008

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EXTERNAL LINKS

[32] “Papua New Guinea’s rainforests disappearing faster than thought”. News.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

• The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment on rainforest restoration

[33] “Rainforests & Agriculture”. Csupomona.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

• Rainforest Portal

[34] “Science: Satellite monitors Madagascar’s shrinking rainforest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist”. Newscientist.com. 1990-05-19. Retrieved 2012-08-26. [35] China is black hole of Asia’s deforestation, AsiaNews.it, 24 March 2008

sharply

in

2007,

[38] Vidal, John (20 May 2005). “Rainforest loss shocks Brazil”. guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010. [39] Brazil: Amazon deforestation worsens, Msnbc.com, August 30, 2008 [40] Benjamin, Alison (6 December 2007). “More than half of Amazon will be lost by 2030, report warns”. guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010. [41] New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests, The New York Times, January 30, 2009

12

Further reading

Part of the Illawarra Brush, in New South Wales, Australia.

• Butler, R. A. (2005) A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Published online: Rainforests.mongabay.com • Richards, P. W. (1996). The tropical rain forest. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-52142194-2 • Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An introduction to tropical rain forests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850147-1

13

External links

• Animals in a rainforest • Rainforest Action Network

• EIA in the USA Reports and info. • The Coalition for Rainforest Nations • The Prince’s Rainforests Project

[36] Rainforest Rescue: Facts about palm oil [37] Amazon deforestation rises Usatoday.com, January 24, 2008

• EIA forest reports: Investigations into illegal logging.

• United Nations Forum on Forests • Dave Kimble’s Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Tropics, Australia) • Rainforest Plants • Tropical rainforest for children • What is a rainforest • National Geogrphic: Rain forest • Tropical rainforests

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14 14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses Text

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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