Radar Fundamentals Prof. David Jenn Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 833 Dyer Road, Room 437 Monterey, CA 93943 (831) 656-2254
[email protected],,
[email protected] [email protected] http://www.nps.navy.mil/faculty/jenn
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Overview • Introduction • Radar functions • Antennas ba basics • Radar range equation • System parameters • Electromagnetic wav waves • Scattering mechanisms
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Radio Detection and Ranging Bistatic: the transmit and receive antennas are at different locations as viewed from the target (e.g., ground transmitter and airborne receiver). • Mono Monosta stati tic: c: the the tra trans nsmi mitte tterr and and re rece ceiv iver er ar aree col coloc ocat ated ed as view viewed ed from from the target (i.e., the same antenna is used to transmit and receive). • Quasi-m si-mo onosta static tic: the the tra transmit smit and receive antennas are slightly separated but still appear to SCATTERED WAVE FRONTS be at the same location as RECEIVER (RX) viewed from the target Rr (e.g., separate transmit •
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Radar Functions • Normal radar functions: 1. range (from pulse delay) 2. velocity (from Doppler frequency shift) 3. angular direction (from antenna pointing) • Sign Signat atur uree ana analy lysi siss and and inve invers rsee scat scatte teri ring ng:: 4. target size (from magnitude of return) 5. target shape and components (return as a function of direction) 6. moving parts (modulation of the return)
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Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength ( λ, in a vacuum and approximately in air)
10-3
Microns 10-2 10-1
1
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
EHF
Meters 10-1
SHF
UHF
101
1
VHF Radio
Microwave Millimeter Ultraviolet
Infrared Visible
Typical radar frequencies
102 HF
MF
103 LF
104
105
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Radar Bands and Usage
8
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Time Delay Ranging • Targe Targett rang rangee is the the fun funda dame menta ntall quan quantit tity y measu measured red by most most radars radars.. It is obtained by recording recording the round trip travel time of a pulse, T R , and computing range from:
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Classification by Function Radars
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Classification by Waveform Radars
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Plane Waves • Wave propagates in the z direction • Wavelength λ
E x
λ
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Wavefronts and Rays • In the antenn antennaa far-field far-field the the waves waves are 2 spherical ( R > 2 D / λ ) • Wavefront Wavefrontss at large large distances distances are are locally plane
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Doppler Shift •
Tar Targets gets in moti motio on re relati lativ ve to to the the radar cause the return signal frequency to be shifted.
•
A Dop Dopp pler ler shif shiftt only only occu occurs rs when hen the relative velocity vector has a radial component. In general there will be both radial and tangential components to the velocity
f d
= −2vr / λ
WAVE FRONT EMITTED AT POSITION 2
WAVE FRONT EMITTED AT POSITION 1
1
• 2• 3•
1424 3
1424 3
wave fronts expanded
wave fronts compressed
vr
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Doppler Filter Banks •
The radar’ radar’ss oper operati ating ng band band is is divi divided ded into into narrow narrow sub-ba sub-bands nds.. Ideall Ideally y there there should be no overlap in sub-band frequency characteristics.
•
The noise noise band bandwid width th of of the the Doppl Doppler er filt filters ers is is small small comp compare ared d to that that of the the radar’s total bandwidth, which improves the SNR.
•
Veloci Velocity ty esti estimat mates es can can be be made made by by moni monitor toring ing the power power out out of of each each filt filter. er.
•
If a signal signal is pres present ent in a filter filter,, the the targ target' et'ss veloc velocity ity range range is know known. n. NARROWBAND DOPPLER FILTERS
E L A
CROSSOVER LEVEL AMP FREQUENCY
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Velocity Ambiguities • The spec spectru trum m is the the Fourie Fourierr transf transform orm of of the puls pulsee train train wavef waveform orm.. Spectrum of doppler shifted CW signal
Coherent pulse train spectrum (fixed target -- no doppler) 1/PRF
ω c ω c
+ ω d
ω
ω ω c
Expanded central lobe region with target doppler shift CENTRAL LOBE
DOPPLER SHIFTED
f
2vr
mod(PRF)
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Low, High, Medium PRF •
f d is increased the true target Doppler shifted return moves out of the If f passband and a lower sideband lobe enters. Thus the Doppler measurement is ambiguous. APPARENT DOPPLER SHIFT
ACTUAL DOPPLER SHIFT
= ± f p / 2 vu = λ f d max / 2 = ±λ f p / 4 ∆vu = λ f p / 2
f d max
ω ω c
ω c
+ ω d
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Track Versus Search •
•
Search radars > Long, medium, short ranges (20 km to 2000 km) > High power density on the target: high peak power, long pulses, long pulse trains, high antenna gain > Low PRFs, large range bins > Search options: rapid search rate with narrow beams or slower search rate with wide beams Tracking radar > Accurate angle and range measurement required > Minimize time on target for rapid processing > Special tracking techniques: monopulse, conical scan, beam switching
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Antenna Patterns
• Fan beam beam for for 2-d 2-d search search
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Attack Approach •
A netw network ork of radars radars are arrang arranged ed to provid providee cont continu inuous ous covera coverage ge of a ground target.
•
Conv Conven enti tion onal al air aircr craf aftt cann cannot ot pen penet etra rate te the the rad radar ar net netwo work rk wit witho hout ut bein being g detected.
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Radar Jamming •
The barrag barragee jamme jammerr flood floodss the the radar radar with with noise noise and theref therefore ore decrea decreases ses the SNR.
•
The rada radarr kn knows ows it it is is be being ing jam jamme med. d.
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Low Observability •
Dete Detect ctio ion n rang rangee depe depend ndss on RCS, RCS, Rmax ∝ 4 σ , and and ther theref efor oree RCS RCS reduction can be used to open holes in a radar network.
•
There There are cost cost and and perfor performan mance ce limita limitatio tions ns to RCS RCS redu reducti ction. on.
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Radar Cross Section (RCS) • Typical va values: 0.0001
0.01
1
100
10000
m
2
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