R Rstudio

 

K`trghullkü` d V y Vstuhkg   Hkbog Douhbig Ikzbtm Iid`gs Mbrrbrd Hkbog Ebr`d`hg Douhbig

 

·Zgr quë V7 • Bs u` b`tgr`g k`tbordhg, `g u`d lgibllkü` hb mbrrdakb`tds, bspblkdiab`tb hbsdrrgiidhg pdrd bi d`äiksks hb hdtgs, igs läiluigs bstdhástklgs y ids rbprbsb`tdlkg`bs oräeklds. • Bs u` ib`oudnb hb prgordadlkü` auy sb`lkiig • Bs sgetwdrb IKFVB • Hkspg`kfib pdrd hkebrb`tbs pidtdegrads (R`kx, AdlG\, _k`hgws) • Auy usdhg b` id k`vbstkodlkü` lkb`táekld

 

K`stdidlkg` hb V. • Hkrbltdab`tb hbshb> Xmb V Zrgnblt egr \tdtkstkldi Lgaputk`o  • (mttp>//www.r-prgnblt.gro mttp>//www.r-prgnblt.gro)) • Ubr tdafkë` LVD@ (Lgaprbmb`skvb (Lgaprbmb`skvb V Drlmkvb @btwgrc ) • (mttp>//lrd`.r-prgnblt.gro mttp>//lrd`.r-prgnblt.gro))

 

K`tbredlb hb usudrkg pdrd V , pgtb`tb, sb`lkiig \getwdrb IKFVB. Ubrskg`bs pdrd ik`ux, Adl, _k`hgws mttp>//www.rstuhkg.lga Hkebrb`tbs vb`td`ds pdrd> • \lrkpts • Lg`sgid hb lgad`hgs • Ikstd hb vdrkdfibs • Udrkdfibs k`hkvkhudibs • Mkstgrkdi • Oräeklds • Ad`bng hb pdqubtbs • Hkrbltgrkg • Mbip

 

Ldrdltbrkstklds prk`lkpdibs hb V

\b pubhb usdr id tblid XDF pdrd lgapibtdr lgad`hgs

B` V\tuhkg sktud`hg bi rdtü` sgfrb ids hkebrb`tbs gplkg`bs sb gftkb`b k`egradlkü`

 

Fusld`hg D[RH Fusld`hg D[RHD> D>

Hkrbltgrkgs y b`trdhd/sdikhd

 

Bstrulturd hb hdtgs. • V bs u` ib`oudnb grkb`tdhg d gfnbtgs (u` gfnbtg bs diog qub pubhb sbr dsko`dhg d u`d vdrkdfib)

XKZG\ HB B\XVRLXRVD B\XVRLXRVD\ \

hb tkpg `uabrkl,lgapibx, igokldi , lmdrdltbr )

• Ubltgrbs (u`khkab`skg`dibs) • Adtrklbs (fkhkab`skg`dibs) • (auitkhkab`skg`dibs) •  Drrdys Edltgrbs (vbltgrbs hb vdrkdfibs ldtboürklds, pdrd dorupdr igs

  lgapg`b`tbs hb gtrg vbltgr) • Ikstds (lgibllkü` hb gfnbtgs, ldhd u`g pubhb sbr hb u` tkpg) •  Hdtd Erdabs (ob`brdikzdlkü` hb adtrklbs3 ldhd ekid bs u`   bibab`tg, ldhd lgiua`d u`d vdrkdfib hb hkebrb`tb tkpg) • Eu`lkg`bs (gfnbtgs lrbdhgs pdrd mdlbr gpbrdlkg`bs)

 

Ubltgrbs `uaërklgs.

Agstrdr vdigrbs

Dsko`dlkü` hb vdigrbs

Vbekrkë`hgsb d bibab`tgs>

Ids gpbrdlkg`bs sb bnblutd` sgfrb tghgs igs bibab`tgs hb id vdrkdfib>

sblub`lkd>> Ob`brd`hg u`d sblub`lkd Ob`brd`hg rbpbtklkg`bs rbpbtklkg`bs>>

 

Xgad vdigrbs XVRB g EDI\B

Ubltgrbs iüoklgs

Ubltgrbs lg` ldrdltbrbs

 

Bnbrlklkgs hb sgfrb vbltgrbs. • Lg`struyd u` gfnbtg iidadhg ^ qub lg`tb`od bi vdigr hb 44.2. • Kaprkad bi gfnbtg ^ b` id lg`sgid pdrd lg`suitdr su vdigr. • Lg`struyd u` vbltgr iidadhg D qub lg`tb`od igs vdigrbs 6,

 

Bnbrlklkgs hb sgfrb Adtrklbs. • Lg`struyd u`d adtrkz hb < ekids y < lgiua`ds qub lg`tb`od igs vdigrbs 4 di ; grod`kzdhgs pgr lgiua`d, oudrhb id adtrkz b` u` gfnbtg iidadhg A. • Lg`struyd id aksad adtrkz A, pbrg dmgrd dsko`d`hg igs vdigrbs pgr ekid. • \bibllkg`b bi vdigr lgrrbspg`hkb`tb d id ekid 4, < yidouärhbig u` id gfnbtg iidadhg • lgiua`d \bibllkg`b lgiua`db` < hb adtrkz A, bi H. rbsuitdhg ouärhbig b` u` gfnbtg iidadhg X. • \bibllkg`b id ekid 6 hb id adtrkz A, bi rbsuitdhg ouärhbig b` u` gfnbtg iidadhg E.

 

Edltgrbs Ubltgrbs qub lg`tkb`b` k`egradlkü` ldtboürkld þtki pdrd dorupdr igs bibab`tgs hb gtrgs vbltgrbs hbi aksag tdadôg

Þtki pdrd khb`tkekldr sufaubstrds y rbdikzdr rbdikz dr gpbrdlkg`bs süig sgfrb sus bibab`tgs

 

Ikstds Lgibllkü` grhb`dhds hb gfnbtgs, hg`hb sb pubhb` dorupdr gfnbtgs hb hkebrb`tbs tkpgs (pgr bnbapig u`d lgafk`dlkü` hb vbltgrbs, adtrklbs, edltgrbs, gtrds ikstds, btl.)

Auy vbrsätkibs pgrqub pubhb` diadlb`dr ludiqukbr tkpg hb k`egradlkü`, pbrg  pubhb` lg`vbrtkrsb b` bstrulturds auy lgapibnds. lgapibnds.

 

Hdtd erdabs • \us lgapg`b`tb sg` vbltgrbs, g edltgrbs, hb koudi ig`oktuh. • Id k`egradlkü` sb grod`kzd b` u`d tdfid. Xápkldab`tb, ldhd l dhd ekid lgrrbspg`hb d u`

bibab`tg hb id aubstrd. Ldhd lgiua`d d u`d vdrkdfib abhkhd b` tghd (g pdrtb hb) id aubstrd. • Igs bibab`tgs hb`trg hb ldhd lgiua`d sg` hbi aksag tkpg. Ldhd lgiua`d pubhb sbr hb u` tkpg hkebrb`tb. \b lrbd` lg` id eu`lkü`> ’ hdtd.erdab(...)‑ Ldhd lgiua`d (vdrkdfib) tkb`b u` tátuig g `gafrb

B` V\tuhkg, V\tuhkg, pk`lmd`hg sgfrb id vdrkdfib b` id vb`td`d ’ B`vkrg`a  B`vkrg`ab`t  b`t ‑ sb aubstrd id tdfid

 

Hdtd erdabs

Zdrd rbebrkrsb d ids lgiua`ds> xS `Q,xS Q,xS`4 `4, ,`6 `6Q,xSl( Q,xSl(`4 `4, ,`6)Q `6)Q xS` G pgr bi `gafrb> xSl(’ xSl(’vbltgr4 vbltgr4‑,‑ ‑,‑vbltgr6 vbltgr6‑)Q,x$ ‑)Q,x$vbltgr4 vbltgr4 Eu`lkü`> ’dttdlm(x)‑> b` igs lgad`hgs skoukb`tbs sb usdrä bi hdtderdab x  pgr hbebltg, sk` hdr su `gafrb. Bn. Ubltgr4 sb rbebrkrä d x$ vbltgr4 x$vbltgr4 Eu`lkü`> ’hbtdlm(x)‑> tbrak`d id dsko`dlkü` dutgaätkld \b pubhb` khb`tkekldr igs bibab`tgs hb id aubstrd (ekids) k`hkld`hg b` quë lgiua`d bstä` igs `gafrbs>

D`gtd`hg hdtderdabs> • `dabs(hdtderdab)> hd u` vbltgr lg` igs `gafrbs hb ids i ds lgiua`ds • `dabs(hdtderdab)S`Q9-...> ldafkd bi `gafrb pdrd id lgiua`d ` • rgw.`dabs(hdtderdab)> hd u` vbltgr lg` igs `gafrbs hb ids i ds ekids Dôdhkb`hg u`d `ubvd vdrkdfib>

 

Udigrbs bspblkdibs b` V \b pubhb sboukr gpbrd`hg lg` bstrulturds lg` bibab`tgs qub tgab` bstgs vdigrbs.

B` aulmds eu`lkg`bs bi drouab`tg `d.ra sb  usdr pdrd bikak`dr g `g igs @Ds hb igs i gs  pubhb läiluigs

ks.`d() skrvb pdrd lgaprgfdr sk tb`bags  @Ds ks.`d`() skrvb pdrd lgaprgfdr sk tb`bags  @d@s ks.k`ek`ktb() skrvb pdrd lgaprgfdr sk tb`bags  K`es

 

\uforupgs \b pubhb` bxtrdbr suforupgs g bibab`tgs pdrtkluidrbs hb gtrds bstrulturds hb hdtgs. Ord` utkikhdh

Zdrd u`d adtrkz usd` hgs sufá`hklbs (ekid, sb lgiua`d)>

(igs rbsuitdhgs sg` vbltgrbs, `g adtrklbs)

\uforupgs

 

Zubhb` dllbhbrsb d bibab`tgs hb u`d adtrkz lg` á`hklbs diadlb`dhgs b` adtrklbs duxkikdrbs>

Zdrd bxtrdbr bibab`tgs hb u`d ikstd> Zdrd bxtrdbr rblurskvdab`tb u` bibab`tg>

 @ütbsb id hkebrb`lkd b`trb

SQ y SS QQ

\uforupgs

 

Igs `gafrbs hb ids vdrkdfibs  pubhb` dprgxkadrsb d sus  prkabrgs ldrdltbrbs>

Bnbapig hb bxtrdllkü` hb bibab`tgs hb u` hdtderdab>

 

\uforupgs> Bikak`d`hg @Ds

Bikak`d`hg @Ds lg` id eu`lkü` ks.`d()>

Zdrd bikak`drigs hb vbltgrbs auitkhkab`skg`dibs> lgapibtb.ldsbs

Zdrd hdtderdabs>

 

 Diou`ds gpbrdlkg`bs gpbrdlkg`bs fäsklds Ids gpbrdlkg`bs sb pubhb` vbltgrkzdr (ord` eibxkfkikhdh)>

 

 Diou`ds gpbrdlkg`bs gpbrdlkg`bs fäsklds Lgafk`d`hg gfnbtgs>

Grhb`dhg igs hdtgs>

 

Zrgordad`hg b` V> bstrulturds hb lg`trgi  @gradiab`tb ids k`strullkg`bs sb bnblutd` sblub`lkdiab`tb. Lg` ids bstrulturds hb lg`trgi sb  pubhb` rbpbtkr k`strullkg`bs g ditbrdr su sblub`lkd hbpb`hkb`hg hb lg`hklkg`bs> lg`hklkg`bs> Bnblulkü` lg`hklkg`di>

Vbpbtklkg`bs y fulibs>

\b pubhb` usdr vdrkds bstrulturds d`khdhds lg` {...} bnbapig>

lg`trgi> lgad`hgs pdrd k`tbrruapkr bi Eiung hb lg`trgi> eiung y ditbrdr ids bstrulturds d`tbrkgrbs>

 

Eu`lkg`bs Gfnbtgs qub pubhb` sbr lrb lrbdhgs dhgs pgr bi usudrkg pdrd mdlbr, y rbpbtkr, gpbrdlkg`bs bspbláeklds> Bnbapig> eu`lkü` pdrd Bnbapig> ldiluidr id hbsvkdlkü` tápkld hb u` vbltgr> \b pubhb` usdr y hbek`kr eu`lkg`bs hb`trg hb eu`lkg`bs. Bi vdigr hbvubitg pgr u`d eu`lkü` bs bi rbsuitdhg hb id þitkad bxprbskü` bvdiudhd g bi bspblkekldhg lg` bi lgad`hg rbtur` Igs drouab`tgs hb ids eu`lkg`bs pubhb` bspblkekldrsb pgr su pgsklkü` g pgr su `gafrb. Zubhb mdfbr drouab`tgs lg` vdigrbs pgr hbebltg. Bn. Eu`lkü` sh hb V (ldiluid id hbsvkdlkü` tápkld)>

 

Tubstkg`s

&

D`swbrs