R Practica 1
February 23, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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R@KA CKIRLXKH HB [RÁAGIK LKOM_KXM_GM HB [RÁAGIK NB@B_KL GG
_BVM_XB Vrëitgik ;-Vrbpkrkigù` hb hgsmluigm`bs y hbtbrag`kigù` hb lk im`ib`trkigù` hb u`k hgsmluigù` pmr abhgm hb u`k vklmrkigù` (tgtulkigù`) G`tbnrk`tbs4
Hmib`tb4 Akrim K`tm`gm Xkcmyk _mhránubz ;3 HB CBO_B_M HBL ?6??
Im`tb`ghm _bsultkhms4 .......................................................................................................................................... 9 ........................................................................................................................................................... ;? K`ëlgsgs hb rbsultkhms ........................................................................................................................ ;? ........................................................................................................................................................... ;8 Im`ilusgm`bs ..................................................................................................................................... ;8 _bcbrb`igks ........................................................................................................................................ ;2
_bsultkhms4 V_MIBHGAGB@XM BZVB_GAB@XKL V_GAB_K VK_XB ;. Yb prbpkrkrë`4 ?26 aL hb u`k hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ 6.; aml L -; k pkrtgr hb u`k hgsmluigù` ?.2 aml/L. •
9. Blkomrkr su btgqubtk imrrbspm`hgb`tb g`hgik`hm lms sgnugb`tbs hktms4
m m m m m m
Cùraulk hb lk sustk`igk Im`ib`trkigù` kprmxgakhk Im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk @maorb hbl klua`m Nkvbtk Cbijk
8. Wk qub bstkams trkokdk`hm im` u`k oksb, `m bs `bibskrgm jkibr u`k ikak hb knuk m llbvkr lk sustk`igk k lk ikapk`k. Kl cgdkr`ms b` `ubstrk sustk`igk, vbams qub tb`ák u`k im`ib`trkigù` hb ?.2 amlkr, bs hbigr qub yk bstkok hglughm bl @kMJ.
2. Rtglgzkams u`k pgpbtk nrkhukhk pkrk trk`scbrgr lms ;6 al bxkitms hb @kMJ (qub ikliulkams prbvgkab`tb) hbl vksm hb prbigpgtkhms k bl aktrkz kcmrkhm.
Glustrkigù` ;4 Vrbpkrkigù` hb lk hgsmluigù`
3. K abhghk qub knrbnkams bl láqughm pkrk imaplbtkr lk hgsmluigù`, tb`bams qub kngtkr hblgikhkab`tb pkrk qugtkr iuklqugbr baulsgù`.
Glustrkigù` ?4 Yb imaplbtk lk hgsmluigù`
>. Yb imaplbtk lk hgsmluigù` jkstk llbnkr k lk akrik hb kcmrm. Vkrk tb`br akymr bxkitgtuh kl jkibr bl pkrklkdb, utglgzkams u` nmtbrm y `ms ksbnurkams qub sb llbnub y `m sb pksb hb lk akrik hb kcmrm. :. K`tbs hb imaplbtkr bl vmluab` hb lk hgsmluigù` jkstk bl kcmrm (kcmrkr), ksbnurkrsb hb qub bstç` k tbapbrkturk kaogb`tb, pubhbs utglgzkr u` okûm hb knuk m jgblm pkrk hgsag`ugr lk tbapbrkturk. 7. R`k vbz qub lks hgsmluigm`bs bstç` k tbapbrkturk kaogb`tb kcmrk ikhk u`k hb bllks. Imlmik bl tkpù` y jmamnb`gzk lk hgsmluigù` imlmik`hm omik kokdm bl aktrkz im` prbikuigù`.
Glustrkigù` 94 Vrbikuigm`bs pkrk bvgtkr bl brrmr hb pkrklkdb
;6. Sbrtbr ikhk hgsmluigù` b` bl rbigpgb`tb hb pmlgprmpglb`m yk btgqubtkhm imrrbspm`hgb`tb y nuërhklks b` lk nkvbtk pkrk utglgzkrlks b` lk sgnugb`tb prëitgik y/m b` lk sbnu`hk pkrtb hb lk prëitgik.
YBNR@HK VK_XB (Xgtulkigù` kighm-oksb) ;. Vbskr iughkhmskab`tb trbs aubstrks hb kprmxgakhkab`tb 6.;2 n hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm sbim. Lks aubstrks, qub `m hbobrë` tb`br lk agsak aksk, sb trk`scgbrb` k trbs aktrkibs Brlb`abybr btgqubtkhms im` lk aksk imrrbspm`hgb`tb. K`mtk lks aksks hb lks aubstrks b` lk Xkolk ;. ;. ?. Kûkhgr k ikhk aktrkz Brlb`abybr, kprmxgakhkab`tb 26 aL hb knuk hbstglkhk y kngtkr. Knrbnkr trbs nmtks hb cb`mlctklbá`k.
V_BVK_KIGÙ@ HBL XGXRLK@XB
Glustrkigù` 84 Vrbpkrkigù` hbl tgtulk`tb
9. Llb`kr u`k ourbtk lgapgk im` lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ ~6.; aml/L pmr vklmrkr. Nukrhkr lk hgsmluigù` rbstk`tb b` lk omtbllk hb plëstgim im` btgqubtk. V_BVK_IGÙ@ HBL K@KLGXM
Glustrkigù` 24 Vrbpkrkigù` hbl k`klgtm
8. Kjmrk prmibhbrës k rbklgzkr lk tgtulkigù` hbl @kMJ im` lks aubstrks prbpkrkhks b` lms g`igsms ; y ?. Am`tk bl bqugpm imam sb aubstrk b` lk sgnugb`tb cgnurk4 XGXRLKIGÙ@ HB BYXK@HK_GTKIGÙ@
Glustrkigù` 34 Xgtulkigù` kighm-oksb kighm-oksb pmr bstk`hkrgzkigù` bstk`hkrgzkigù`
2. Imlmikr u`k jmdk hb pkpbl olk`im hbokdm hbl aktrkz Brlb`abybr pkrk kprbigkr abdmr lms ikaogms hb imlmr. Knrbnkr lb`tkab`tb lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ hb ; aL b` ; aL jkstk qub lk hgsmluigù` tmab u` imlmr rmsk qub pbrak`bib k pbskr hb lk kngtkigù`. Bstm g`hgik qub lk rbkiigù` sb jk imaplbtkhm y sb hgib qub sb jk klik`zkhm bl pu`tm cg`kl hb lk rbkiigù`. _; ¡GAVM_XK@XB!4 Khgigm`k vmlôab`bs aës pbqubûms kl kprmxgakrtb kl pu`tm cg`kl bspbrkhm. 3. K`mtkr bl vmluab` hb @kMJ im`suaghm b` lk Xkolk ; y imlmikams bl vklmr hb lks trbs aubstrks hb ogctkltktm hb pmtksgm qub utglglzkams imam tgtulk`tb. Im` bsk g`cmrakigù`, rbklgzkr lks mpbrkigm`bs `bibskrgks pkrk ikliulkr lk im`ib`trk igù` “bxkitk‑ hbl @kMJ, bstms sb jkib abhgk` tb bl iëliulm hbl prmabhgm hb lks trbs im`ib`trkigm`bs qub ikliulkams pmr ikhk tgtulkigù`
_BYRLXKHMY ;. Llb`k lk sgnugb`tb Xkolk ; im` lms hktms hb aksk y ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm hb ikhk aubstrk, du`tm im` bl imrrbspm`hgb`tb vmluab` bspbrkhm (ikliulkhm) hb @kMJ 6.; aml L -; `bibskrgm pkrk `butrklgzkr pmr imaplbtm kl ogctklktm. Xkolk ;. Mpbrkigù` hb vmlôab`bs bspbrkhms b` lks vklmrkigm`bs hb @kMJ im` ogctklktm. @m. Hb aubstrk ; ? 9
Aksk hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (n) 6.;2 6.;8 6.;3
Ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (aml)
>.3.:9388∞3∞∞∞ ;6;6∟∟ >.:99∞∞ ;6∟
Smluab` tbùrgim (aL) hb @kMJ 6.; aml/L
>.3.9:83 >.:9
Mpbrkigm`bs4 Vkrk lk ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (aml).
∟ 6.6.;;82 ∟∟ ∞∞ ?68. ?68.; ??99 ∟∟∟ 13.1>.:9226;3869∞;6 8833689?∞;6∟∟ ∟∟ ≊3.≊>.:9388∞3∞∞∞ ;6;6∟∟ ∟∟ 6.;3 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟ 1>.:9896883;∞;6∟ ∟ ≊>.:99∞∞ ;6∟ ∟
Vkrk bl vmluab` tbùrgim hb @kMJ 6.; aml/L
∟ ;666 ; ∟ ∞ 6.;2 ∞ ?68.?9 ∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 6.;
1>.98833689? ≊>. ≊>.98 8
;666 ∞ 6.;8 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 6.; 13.:226;3869 ∟ ≊3. ≊3.:3 3 ;666 ∞ 6.;3 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 6.; 1>.:9896883; ≊>. ≊>.:99
?. Llb`k lk sgnugb`tb tkolk im` lms iklmrbs bxpbrgab`tklbs. Xkolk ?. @mraklgzkigù` hb @kMJ. @m. hb aubstrk
; ? 9
_bkiigù`4 JCt- + MJ- ↟ Ct?-+ J?M Aksk hb Ik`tghkh hb Ik`tghkh hb Smluab` hb ogctklktm hb ogctklktm @kMJ qub @kMJ ∟ pmtksgm (n) (JCt ) (aml) rbkiigm`ù im`suaghm (aml) (aL) >.; 6.;2 6.;8 3.2 6.;3
>.988∞∞ ;6∟∟ >.988∞∞ ;6∟∟ >.3.:9∞3∞93 ∞ ;6∟ >.3.:399∞3∞∞ ;6∟
>.9 Vrmabhgm 1
Im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk hb @kMJ (aml/L)
6.;69 6.;6>62
Mpbrkigm`bs4 Vkrk lk ik`tghkh hb @kMJ qub rbkiigm`ù (aml)4
∟ ; ∟ 6.;2 ∞ ?68.?9 ∟∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 1>.98833689?∞;6∟ ≊>.98∞8 ∞ ;6 aml∟ 6.;8 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 13.:226;3869∞;6∟ 98968688383;; ∞ ;6∟ 6.;3 ∟ ∞≊3.?68.;:?33∞9∞;6∟∟ ∟∟ ∞ ; ∟ 1 >.::989 ; ≊ >.:9∞:9 ∞ ;6
Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk hb @kMJ (aml/L)4
; ∞ 6.;2 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟ ∞ ;; () ∟ 6.66>; ( 16.;698827?;3 amlL ≊6.;69 amlL
; ∞ 6.;8 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟ ∞ ;; ∟ () 6.6632 ( 16.;6283;>76: amlL ≊6.;62 amlL
; ∞ 6.;3 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟ ∞ ;; ∟ () 6.66>9 ( 16.;6>9;7?97?amlL ≊6.;6> amlL
Vkrk bl prmabhgm4
6.;698827?;3 amlL ++ 6.;6283;>76:9amlL + 6.;6>9;7?97? amlL ≊6.;62 amlL 1 6.;6286:7 6286:7:97:97amlL ≊6. 9. Ikliulk bl pmrib`tkdb hb brrmr hb lk amlkrghkh pkrk ikhk aubstrk y rbnástrklm b` lk Xkolk 9, du`tm im` lk iklgcgikigù` imrrbspm`hgb`tb. Baplbk bl sgnugb`tb irgtbrgm pkrk iklgcgikr tus rbsultkhms4
G`tbrvklm hb % brrmr
Hb 6 k ; % Hb ; k 2 % Hb 2 k ;6 % Hb ;6 k ?6 % Akymr k ?6 %
Iklgcgikigù`
Bxiblb`tb Auy oub`m Kibptkolb Abdmrkolb G`kibptkolb
Xkolk 9. Vmrib`tkdbs hb brrmr hb ikhk vklmrkigù`.
@m. hb aubstrk
% Brrmr
Iklgcgikigù`
; ? 9
9 2 >
Auy oub`m Auy oub`m Kibptkolb
Mpbrkigm`bs pkrk bl pmrib`tkdb hb brrmr4
%1 | %1| | ∞;66 6. ; 6. ; 69 % % ;;11 6.; ∞;6619%
% % ??11 66..; 6.; 6.; 62 ∞;6612% 62 6. ; 6. ; 6> % % 9911 6.; ∞;661>%
8. Yg tuvgbrks qub rbpbtgr lk prëitgik, ½quç amhgcgikigm`bs jkráks y quç prbikuigm`bs tmakráks=
IRBYXGM@K_GM KHGIGM@KL ;. ½Lk ik`tghkh hb knuk kûkhghk kl ogctklktm hb pmtksgm tgb`b klnu`k g`club`igk b` lk hbtbrag`kigù` hb lk im`ib`trkigù` hb lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ= Bxplgik tu rbspubstk @m, hkhm qub pkrk hbtbrag`kr lk im`ib`trkigù` hb lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ sb tmak b` iub`tk lk rbkiigù` qub sb llbvk k ikom hb cmrak bstbqugmaçtrgik hb cmrak qub smlm rbkiigm`k` lms amlbs hb J+ y MJ- qub sb b`iub`trk` b` lk hgsmluigù` agb`trks qub bl knuk qub sb kûkhb kl ogctklktm bs smlm u` bspbitkhmr hb`trm hb lk rbkiigù` hb `butrklgzkigù`. ?. Yb tgb`b u` lmtb hb jghrùxghm hb smhgm jôabhm y sb hbsbk im`mibr su purbzk. Yb pbsk ; n hb bstk aubstrk y sb hgsublvb b` knuk, llbvk`hm k u` vmluab` hb ;66 aL. Im` bstk hgsmluigù` sb tgtulk` 6.266 n hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm hgsubltms b` 96 aL hb knuk. Bl vmluab` hb @kMJ nkstkhm cub hb ;;.; aL. Im` bstb hktm, ikliulkr lk im`ib`trkigù` rbkl hb lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ y bl % hb purbzk hbl lmtb hb rbkitgvm k`klgzkhm.
Hktms4 K`klgtm4 ;66 aL hgsmluigù` @kMJ (;%a/S) Xgtulk`tb4 6.2 n hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (hgsultms b` 96 aL hb knuk). Smluab` nkstkhm4 ;;.; aL
Mpbrkigm`bs4 @m. Hb aubstrk ;
Aksk hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (n) 6.2n
Ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (aml)
?.822∞∞ ;6∟
Smluab` tbùrgim (aL) hb @kMJ 6.; aml/L
7.>77
Vkrk lk ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (aml).
∟ ; ∟ 6.2 ∞ ?68.?9 ∟ 1?.88:??6;88∞;6∟ ∟ ≊?.822∞∞ ;6∟ ∟
Vkrk bl iëliulm hb lk im`ib`trkigù` amlkr hb lk hgsmluigù`4
@kMJ ∞ ;666.; amlù ;66 ; 16.?266;6>2;8 ∞ 97.; 77> nhb ≊6.?2
L ∟ ;666 ; ∟ ∞ 6.2 ∞ ?68.?9 ∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 6.?2 17.>7?::62>3 ≊7. ≊7.>7 7
Vkrk bl vmluab` tbùrgim hb @kMJ 6.; aml/L
@m. hb
Aksk hb
aubstrk
ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (n)
;
6.2
_bkiigù`4 JCt- + MJ- ↟ Ct?-+ J?M Ik`tghkh hb Smluab` hb Ik`tghkh hb ogctklktm (JCt∟) (aml)
@kMJ qub rbkiigm`ù (aml)
?.82∞2 ∞ ;6∟ ?.822∞∞ ;6∟
@kMJ im`suaghm (aL) ;;.;
Im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk hb @kMJ (aml/L) 6.?? aml/L
Vkrk lk ik`tghkh hb @kMJ qub rbkiigm`ù (aml)4
6.2 ∟ ∞ ?68.; ?9 ∟∟∟ ∞ ;; ∟ 1?.88:??6;88∞;6∟ ≊?.82∞2 ∞ ;6 aml
Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk hb @kMJ (aml/L)4
∟ ; ; ∟ ∞ 6.2 ∞ ?68.?9 ∟ ∞ ;; () ∟ 6.6;;; (
16.??62369>99aml ?62369>99amlL ≊. 97. 7 7> 16.::2?;>29?2; ;66 ≊∞6.:6.:2??;666?62369>99 ∞ ; n.@kMJ @kMJ
Vkrk lk purbzk hbl lmtb hbl rbkitgvm utglgzkhm (%)4
∞;661.%
hb purbzk
9. Yb tmak` 2 aL hb lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ 6.62 aml/L, sb imlmik` b` u` aktrkz hb ;66 aL y sb llbvk kl kcmrm im` knuk hbstglkhk. ½Iuël bs lk im`ib`trkigù` hb bstk `ubvk hgsmluigù` b` aml/L, b` n/L y b` %a/S= ½Iuël cub bl ckitmr hb hgluigù`= Hktms4 2aL hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ 6.62 aml/L Yb kcmrk k ;66 aL. Mpbrkigm`bs4 Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù` b` aml/L.
2 ∞ . ∞ ∞ 1?. 2 ∞;6∟
@kMJ
Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù` b` n/L.
2 16. ∞ ;666 6. 6 2 ∞ ∞ ;66 ; ∞ ;666 ; ∞ ; 97. 7 7> 67777?2 ≊6.;6
Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù` b` %a/S.
. ∞ . ∞;6617. 7 77?2∞ 2;6∟ %/≊ ∞ ∞ % / 6.6;6
Ckitmr hb hgsmluigù`4
ù1 1 1 ;662 1 ?6
8. Lk cb`mlctklbá`k baplbkhk b` bstk prëitgik imam g`hgikhmr, bs u`k hgsmluigù` kl ;% a/S b` btk`ml, hb u`k sustk`igk cùraulk I?6J;8M8. ½[uç aksk hb cb`mlctklbá`k purk sb rbqugbrb pkrk prbpkrkr ?2 aL hb hgsmluigù` g`hgikhmrk= ½Iuël bs lk im`ib`trkigù` b` aml/L hb çstk= Vkrk lk aksk4
?2 ∞ ;666.; I?6J;8M81 1 6.6?26?2 I₆J₋₈M₈
Vkrk lk im`ib`trkigù`4
?6 ;8 8 J M ; ;666 ù 6.;666?2I₆J₋₈M₈ ?2 I ?6 ;8 8 ∞ ∞ 1 I J M ?6 ;8 8 ù 8; ?6 ;8 9;:.8 9? I J M 9;:9? ≊>.:29>∞;6 I J M
K`ëlgsgs hb rbsultkhms
Im` lms rbsultkhms motb`ghms hbl prmibhgagb`tm bxpbrgab`tkl; sb jgzm bl llb`khm ll b`khm hb lk Xkolk ; b` hù`hb sb rbngstrkrm` lms hktms hb rblbvk`igk pkrk bstk prëitgik. _bimrhk`hm qub lm qub sb rbklgzù cub lk prbpkrkigù` hb hgsmluigm`bs hb JIl, J?YM8, J9Igt y @kMJ5 sgb`hm bstk ôltgak lk hgsmluigù` k k`klgzkr b` lk sbnu`hk pkrtb hb lk prëitgik. Im` bl modbtgvm hb motb`br u` hktm aës bxkitm hb lk im`ib`trkigù` hb @kMJ sb rbklgzkrm` 9 tgtulkigm`bs. Vkrk pmhbr tgtulkr lk hgsmluigù` hb im`ib`trkigù` kprmxgakhk 6.;aml/L sb utglgzù ogctklktm hb pmtksgm sùlghm. Lks aksks utglgzkhks pkrk ikhk u`k hb lks rbpbtgigm`bs hbl prmibhgagb`tm sb b`iub`trk` rbngstrkhks b` lk imlua`k ? hb lk Xkolk ;. Hboghm k qub lks aksks tuvgbrm` u`k hgcbrb`igk hb ; k ? an b`trb bllks bl vmluab` hb @kMJ tbùrgim ikliulkhm cub hgcbrb`tb pkrk ikhk tgtulkigù`. Vkrk im`mibr lms amlbs im`tb`ghms hbl imapubstm b` ikhk aubstrk sb usù lk aksk amlkr hbl ogctklktm hb pmtksgm (?68.?9 n) hb`trm hb u` ckitmr hb im`vbrsgù`, hb bstk ak`brk sb motuvgbrm` lms rbsultkhms hb lk imlua`k 9 hb lk Xkolk ;. Bl vmluab` hb @kMJ hb im`ib`trkigù` 6.; aml/L kprmx. kprmx. bs ikliulkolb hb ak ak`brk `brk tbùrgik utglgzk`h utglgzk`hm m lms amlbs hb ;
Hkhm qub bstb bs u` iursm imaplbtkab`tb b` lá`bk lms prmibhgagb`tms bxpbrgab`tklbs y lms hktms k lms qub bstb rbpmrtb jkib rbcbrb`igk sb b`iub`trk` im`tb`ghms b` u` vghbm prmpmrigm`khm imam rbiursm pkrk klua`ms hb lk Ckiultkh hb [uáagik g`sirgtms b` lk aktbrgk hb [uáagik Nb`brkl GG b` lk plktkcmrak KAyH (lk g`cmrakigù` hb im`sultk sb b`iub`trk b` bl kpkrtkhm hb rbcbrb`igks).
ogctklktm qub sb knrbnk` k lk rbkiigù` yk qub sbnô` `ubstrk g`vbstgnkigù` prbvgk lms J+ y MJ- rbkiigm`k` bstbqugmaçtrgikab`tb b` u`k rbkiigù` ëighm - oksb. Bstb hktm pkrk ikhk rbpbtgigù` bstë im`tb`ghm b` lk imlua`k 8 hb lk Xkolk ;. Hkhm qub bs u` vklmr bstgakhm pubs lm qub sb ousik bs im`mibr lk im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk hb `ubstrk oksb sb bspbrkok qub lms aL k utglgzkr vkrgkrk` b` u` rk`nm aá`gam. Lms aL im`suaghms b` lks tgtulkigm`bs vkrgkrm` b`trb sá imam sb jkoák bspbrkhm, bstm pmhrák ktrgougrsb k hms rkzm`bs4 imam sb ab`igm`ù k`tbrgmrab`tb lks aksks hb ogctklktm `m cubrm` gnuklbs y/m iuk`hm lk tgtulkigù` llbnù k su pu`tm cg`kl `m sb rbtgrù g`abhgktkab`tb lk khgigù` hb @kMJ. B` lk imlua`k 2 hb lk tkolk ? sb jkib aës bvghb`tb lk hgcbrb`igk hb im`ib`trkigù` hb `ubstrk hgsmluigù` motb`ghk b` ikhk rbpbtgigù` hbl prmibsm bxpbrgab`tkl. Hkhm qub lks hgcbrb`igks sm` b` bsiklk hb ;x;6-9 bl prmabhgm motb`ghm bs hb 6.;62aml/L. Hbspuçs hb jkobr motb`ghm bl prmabhgm hb im`ib`trkigù` hb lks l ks tgtulkigm`bs hbtbrag`kams bl pmrib`tkdb hb brrmr, sbnô` sb aubstrk b` lk sbiigù` hb mpbrkigm`bs hbl pu`tm 9 hb lk sbiigù` hb rbsultkhms. Lms pmrib`tkdbs qub motuvgams cubrm` hb 9%, 2% y >% rbspbitgvms k ikhk tgtulkigù` y bstë` im`tb`ghms im`tb`ghms b` lk imlua`k ? hb lk Xkolk 9. Vkrk bvklukr bl pmrib`tkdb pmrib`tkdb hb brrmr hb ikhk u`k hb bllks `ms kpmykams hb u`k bsiklk qub rblkigm`k bl g`tbrvklm hb % brrmr im` u`k iklgcgikigù` krrmdk`hm lms sgnugb`tbs rbsultkhms rbspbitm kl prmabhgm cg`kl hb lks im`ib`trkigm`bs4
Vkrk lk prgabrk tgtulkigù` im` im`ib`trkigù` cg`kl hb 6.;69aml/L sb motuvm
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iklgcgikigù` "auy oub`m". Vkrk lk sbnu`hk tgtulkigù` im` im`ib`trkigù` cg`kl hb 6.;62 aml/L sb motuvm iklgcgikigù` "auy oub`m". Vkrk lk tbribrk tgtulkigù` im` im`ib`trkigù` cg`kl hb 6.;6> aml/L hb motuvm iklgcgikigù` "kibptkolb".
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Hkhm qub kl prbpkrkr lk hgsmluigù` hb @kMJ b` lk prgabrk pkrtb hb bstk prëitgik bl modbtgvm brk lmnrkr u`k im`ib`trkigù` hb 6.; aml/L sb jk imaprmokhm bxpbrgab`tklab`tb qub su im`ib`trkigù` rbkl b` aml/L bs 2% akymr, im` lk agsak bsiklk qub sb utglgzù pkrk bvklukr ikhk u`k hb lks tgtulkigm`bs pmr sbpkrkhm pmhbams hbigr qub b` nb`brkl lk prbpkrkigù` hb `ubstrk hgsmluigù` im` rbspbitm k lk im`ib`trkigù` bs "auy oub`k". Bstb % hb brrmr pubhb ktrgougrsb k hgcbrb`tbs rkzm`bs pubhb sbr hbshb u` brrmr klbktmrgm bl iukl `m pmhbams prbvbr m u` brrmr rblktgvm bl iukl vk k hgsag`ugr kl kuab`tkr bl `ôabrm hb abhgigm`bs. _bimrhbams qub pkrk prbpkrkr lk hgsmluigù` sb hboák hgspm`br hb ;6 aL hb @kMJ ?.2 aml/L y ikliulkams qub pkrk qub llbnkrk k u`k im`ib`trkigù` hb 6.; aml/L sb hboák motb`br u` vmluab` cg`kl hb ?26 aL. Hb`trm hb bstb prmibhgagb`tm hkhm qub lk im`ib`trkigù` cub aës kltk hb lk bspbrkhk pubhb qub `m sb jkyk llbnkhm kl vmluab` cg`kl
bxkitm. Bstm ôltgam sb hbob im`sghbrkr imam mpg`gù` hbl bqugpm kl k`klgzkr lms hktms pubstm qub `g`nu`m hb lms agbaorms bstuvm prbsb`tb hurk`tb bl prmibsm bxpbrgab`tkl y b` bl aktbrgkl vgsukl prmpmrigm`khm `m sb pubhb vbr ilkrkab`tb “tmhm‑ bl prmibsm. Bs gapmrtk`tb kilkrkr qub hb`trm hb lk tgtulkigù` sb cmrak knuk, pbrm bstë `m g`cluyb hb `g`nu`k ak`brk pubs `m tgb`b g`tbrkiigù` b` lk rbkiigù` im`vgrtgç`hmsb b` u` prmhuitm bspbitkhmr. @m sç hbob im`cu`hgr im` bl knuk kûkhghk kl @kMJ im`ib`trkhm qub sb utglgzk kl prg`igpgm hb lk prëitgik (prgabrk pkrtb) pubs bstë sg g`cluyb hgrbitkab`tb b` lk im`ib`trkigù` kl hglugr bl ëighm jkstk llbnkr k 6.; aml/L.
Im`ilusgm`bs
Bl usm hb u`k hgsmluigù` bstk`hkrgzkhk bs hb suak gapmrtk`igk kl jkibr u`k tgtulkigù`. Hkhm qub bl @kMJ kitukrë imam vklmrk`tb pkrk im`mibr lk im`ib`trkigù` hb lks hgsmluigm`bs kighks prbpkrkhks pmstbrgmrab`tb `ms ob`bcgigk jkobr im`sbnughm u`k “auy oub`k‑
im`ib`trkigù` qub sbrë cëigl hb ak`bdkr b` lks prùxgaks tgtulkigm`bs. Nrkigks kl usm hb glustrkigm`bs hbl prmibsm bxpbrgab`tkl, imam rbiursm, `ms cub aës cëigl b`tb`hbr lms pksms k sbnugr pkrk prbpkrkr u`k hgsmluigù` y lmnrkams ghb`tgcgikr kspbitms ilkvb, tklbs imam4 uskr u`k ikak hb knuk imrrbspm`hgb`tb kl 96% hbl vmluab` tmtkl pkrk lms ëighms, prbstkr ktb`igù` k lk abhgigù` hb pkrklkdb kprmpgkhk hm`hb kl kprmxgakrsb k lk akrik hb kcmrm bs rbimab`hkolb kûkhgr bl láqughm im` bl usm hb u` nmtbrm pkrk tb`br aës prbigsgù`, kngtkr im`tg`uk im`tg`ukab`tb ab`tb `ubstrk hgsmluigù` pkrk bbvgtkr vgtkr lk baulsgù`5 y qub kl uskr ëighms, lk prbpkrkigù` hb lk hgsmluigù` sb tgb`b qub qub jkibr b` lk ikapk`k. Yb iuaplgù bl modbtgvm hb skobr iùam rbklgzkr imrrbitkab`tb u`k hgsmluigù` sbnô` g`hgik `ubstrm prmtmimlm. Vkrk lk rbklgzkigù` hb lk tgtulkigù` kighm-oksb, tkaogç` `ms kpmykams hb glustrkigm`bs hbl prmibsm qub sb `bibsgtù pkrk im`mibr lk im`ib`trkigù` hbl jghrùxghm hb smhgm, ksá imam bl prmibsm pkrk prbpkrkr bl tgtulk`tb bl iukl skobams qub, b` bl iksm hb lk tgtulkigù` pmr bstk`hkrgzkigù`, hkhm qub bs sùlghm sb tuvm qub pm`br b` bl aktrkz Brlb`abybr, b` vbz hb lk ourbtk qub bs b` hm`hb `mraklab`tb sb pm`b bl tgtulk`tb. Im`migams lks sustk`igks qub sb utglgzk` imaô`ab`tb pkrk rbklgzkr bstb tgpm hb tgtulkigù` pmr ëighmoksb qub sm` lk cb`mlctklbá`k bl iukl bs uskhm imam g`hgikhmr pubs kl bstkr b` im`tkitm im` u` ëighm bs g`imlmrm y kl bstkr b` im`tkitm im` u`k oksb sb tmr`k hb u` imlmr rmsk ilkrm. Nrkigks k bstm, puhgams akrikr bl cg` hb lk tgtulkigù`, pubs sb rbklgzù lk `butrklgzkigù` hbl tgtulk`tb. Mtrk Mtr k sustk`igk qub ghb`tgcgikams cub bl ogctklktm hb pmtksgm, bl iukl `ms sgrvgù imam tgtulk`tb. Bstb sb usk imaô`ab`tb pubs iuaplb lms rbqugsgtms qub hbob tb`br bl pktrù` prgakrgm m bstë`hkr prgakrgm qub sm`5 bl `m sbr jgnrmsiùpgim (`m pbragtb lk kosmrigù` hb lk juabhkh), bs bstkolb, bs smluolb b` knuk y tgb`b u`k blbvkhk purbzk.
Xrks k`klgzkr bl aktbrgkl kuhgmvgsukl hbl qub sb hgspm`b pkrk lk prëitgik y llbvkr k ikom lms iëliulms tbùrgims sb jk llbnkhm k tb`br u`k oub`k imaprb`sgù` hb lk gapmrtk`igk hb lms pksms, abhghks hb prbikuigù` y rgbsnms, qub hbobams hb im`sghbrkr pkrk hbtbrag`kr lk im`ib`trkigù` hbl jghrùxghm hb smhgm. Bs hb nrk` rblbvk`igk pkrk u` prmibsm hb tgtulkigù` im`mibr qub bs sbnurm qub tb`hrbams u` brrmr b` lms rbsultkhms, yk sbk bstb b` akymr m ab`mr abhghk. Vkrk rbklgzkr u`k rbhuiigù` hb bstb hbobams (iuk`hm sb rbklgib prbsb`igklab`tb bl prmibhgagb`tm) tb`br nrk` iughkhm vkrgms kspbitms hbl prmibhgagb`tm qub hb `m llbvkrlms k ikom imrrbitkab`tb hk` pkutk k pbqubûms brrmrbs (brrmr hb pkrklkdb, pmr ab`igm`kr klnu`m) qub b` suak imork` nrk` gapmrtk`igk kltbr`khm `ubstrm rbsultkhm. Vkrk ksbnurkr`ms qub bl rbsultkhm cub bl imrrbitm, tmakams b` iub`tk ? ckitmrbs prgamrhgklbs. Lk prbigsgù` y lk bxkitgtuh. Vkrk lk prbigsgù`, ikliulkams lk im`ib`trkigù` bxkitk abhgk`tb lk tgtulkigù` hb lks trbs kláiumtks y ksá tb`br u`k vkrgkigù` b` `ubstrm rbsultkhms. Vkrk lk bxkitgtuh, sb ikliulkrm` lms pmrib`tkdbs hb brrmr. Bstm bs u` prgamrhgkl pubs, lk bxkitgtuh `ms hgib qub tk` ibrik bstk `ubstrm rbsultkhm hb lk abhghk bxkitk y lk prbigsgù` pmrqub `ms g`hgik lk hgspbrsgù`, bs hbigr, iuk`tm vkrák u` rbsultkhm hbl mtrm y sg bs pmim bs pmrqub jky u`k oub`k prbigsgù`.
_bcbrb`igks Imlg` Y. K5 Nm`zëlbz M. C5 bt kl (?6??). Vrëitgik 6;] Hbtbrag`kigù` hb im`ib`trkigm`bs y lks hgvbrsks ak`brks hb bxprbskrlk. _biupbrkhm bl hák ;8 hb cborbrm hbl ?6??, hb jttps4//kayh.qugagik.u`ka.ax/amh/u rl/vgbw.pjp=gh1>276 h1>276 jttps4//kayh.qugagik.u`ka.ax/amh/url/vgbw.pjp=g
Hb lk Glustrkigù` ; k lk Glustrkigù` 3. Jbijks b`4 Ijbagx - Hrkw Lko Hgknrkas. jttps4//ijbagx.mrn/ Ygaply. (?6??). Ijbagx.mrn. Ijbagx.mrn. jttps4//ijbagx.mrn/
Nksqub Y.L. (?6??) Vrkitgik ;. Vrbpkrkigù` hb hgsmluigm`bs y hbtbrag`kigù` hb lk im`ib`trkigù` hb u`k hgsmluigù` pmr abhgm hb u`k vklmrkigù` (tgtulkigù`) KAyH. _biupbrkhm bl 6> hb cborbrm hbl ?6??, hb jttps4//kayh.qugagik.u`ka.ax/plung` jttps4//kayh.qug agik.u`ka.ax/plung`cglb.pjp/>39?/ cglb.pjp/>39?/amh]cmlhbr/im`tb` amh]cmlhbr/im`tb`t/6/Vr%I9%K;itgik%?66 t/6/Vr%I9%K;itgik%?66 ;.%?6Vrbpkrkig%I9%O9`%?6hb%?6hgsmluigm`bs%?6y%?6hbtbrag`kig%I9%O9`%?6hb%?6lk%?6i m`ib`trkig%I9%O9`%?6hb%?6u`k%?6hgsmluig%I9%O9`%?6pmr%?6abhg m`ib`trkig%I9%O9`%?6hb%?6u `k%?6hgsmluig%I9%O9`%?6pmr%?6abhgm%?6hb%?6u`k%?6vklm m%?6hb%?6u`k%?6vklm rkig%I9%O9`%?6%?:tgtulkig%I9%O9`%?7.phc=cmribhmw`lmkh1;
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