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@HQH@LWH@L O GC CJQ[COGLJLCOWF

0 JÐGSBF XSLOWF PCJCPW[C

‒JC[@HGF@WCOLH, ^COWHP \ [C@S[PFP ESJHOFP‚ 

DSÊH GCB CPWSGLHOWC GHWFP GCB CPWSGLHOWC Ofjkrc=VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Qbhotcb= VVVVVVVVVVDrupf= VVVVV Wurof= VVV

1

 

 

 

@FBCDLF GC KH@ELBBC[CP GC WHKHP@F

JW[F. C[HPJF JH[WÊOC] [FG[ÊDSC]

Glrc`tfr Dcocrhb gcb @fbcdlf gc Kh`elbbcrcs gc Whkhs`f @.Q. PFOLH BÐQC] L]XSLC[GF

Glrc`tfrh H`hgìjl`f G[H. DLPCBBC FBL^H[CP JF[HBCP

Pukglrc`tfrh H`hgìjl`h BL@. HBBHO BÐQC] DHBBCDFP

Mcnc gcb Gcphrthjcotf gc @hph`lth`lðo phrh cb trhkhmf HPLDOHWS[H= @HQH@LWH@LFO GC CJQ[COGLJLCOWF JÐGSBF LLL= JC[@HGF@WCOLH, ^COWHP \ [C@S[PFP ESJHOFP‚   PSKJÐGSBF L.-JC[@HGF@WCOLH L.-JC[@HGF@WCOLH \ ^COWHP PSKJÐGSBF LL.-[C@S[PFP ESJHOFP Co bh rchblzh`lðo gcb prcscotc jhtcrlhb, phrtl`lphrfo= GF@COWCP JW[H. IH[LOH JC]H ]S[LWH B.L.H CJJH CBL]HKCWE @EHKBC B.H. DBF[LH BS] WC[[H]HP B.H.C. N[HO@LP@H JH\ [HJFP

QBHOWCB Q.18 Q.17 Q.8; Q.85

  JDC. MFPC JLDSCB F^HOGF   JW[H.[FPH GCB @H[JCO DÐJC]

Q.;; Q.03

       

• • • • • •

CGL@LÐO. MSOLF ;1;8. [cvlshgf pfr= Cstc jhtcrlhb nuc cbhkfrhgf khmf bh `ffrgloh`lðo y supcrvlslðo gc bh Glrc``lðo H`hgìjl`h gcb @fbcdlf gc Kh`elbbcrcs gcb Csthgf gc Whkhs`f  Whkhs`f  www.`fkhthk.cgu.jx  

8

 

 

Whkbh gc @fotcolgf.

@FOWCOLGF Qrcscoth`lðo Confquc gc bh gls`lpbloh Skl`h`lðo gcb Jhph @urrl`ubhr Jhph @urrl`ubhr [cbh`lðo gc bfs @fotcolgfs `fo bfs Hprcoglzhmcs @bhvcs @hjpf Gls`lpblohr= @LCO@LHP PF@LHBCP @fjpctco`lhs Dcoìrl`hs @fjpctco`lhs Qrfncslfohbcs Kèsl`hs Cvhbuh`lðo pfr @fjpctco`lhs Jcoshmc gc klcovcolgh Gfslnl`h`lðo prfdrhjètl`h scjcstrc ;1;8 Wrhosvcrshblghg Cmc

QÈDLOH 0 3 5 < 81

Pc`uco`lh Glgè`tl`h 8. ‒Qlcosf, @rcf y cjprcogf uoh prfpucsth gc vhbfr‚  vhbfr‚  Jðgubf L. Nuoghjcotfs gc cjprcogljlcotf Pukjðgubf L. Nuoghjcotf gc cjprcogljlcotf L Pukjðgubf LL. Nuoghjcotf gc cjprcogljlcotf cjprcogljlcotf LL Pc`uco`lh glgè`tl`h ;. ‒Jfgcbhogf uo jfgcbf gc ocdf`lf‚ ocdf`lf‚  Hocxfs Klkblfdrhnêh gcb sukjðgubf L. Nuoghjcotfs gc cjprcogljlcotf L  Klkblfdrhnêh gcb sukjðgubf LL. Nuoghjcotfs gc cjprcogljlcotf cjprcogljlcotf LL  

;7 ;3 ;> 8;4 8;4 83> 83> 834

8; 80 87 85 8< ;0

;

 

 

Qrcscoth`lðo Cb oucvf @urrê`ubf gc bh CJP gcotrf gcb jhr`f gc bh Oucvh Cs`ucbh Jcxl`hoh, fnrc`c pbhocs y prfdrhjhs `fo pcrtloco`lh sf`lhb, `ubturhb y c`foðjl`h9 pfr bf quc cb prfdrhjh gc cstuglfs gc bh @hph`lth`lðo gc hgjlolstrh`lðo gc bh GDK, `foslgcrh cb confquc gc `fjpctco`lhs y cspc`ênl`hjcotc cb jfgcbf gc `fjpctco`lhs prfncslfohbcs, bhs `uhbcs sc cotlcogco `fjf bhs quc prcphrho h bfs  mðvcocs phrh gcscjpcøhrsc gcscjpcøhrsc co su vlgh bhkfrhb `fo jhyfrcs prfkhklblghgcs gc ìxltf, ìxltf, hb tlcjpf quc gho sustcotf h bhs `fjpctco`lhs  `fjpctco`lhs dcoìrl`hs. Cb confquc co `fjpctco`lhs `foslgcrh quc bfs `fof`ljlcotfs pfr sê jlsjfs of sfo bf jès ljpfrthotc, slof cb usf quc sc eh`c gc cbbfs co sltuh`lfocs cspc`ênl`hs gc bh vlgh pcrsfohb, sf`lhb y prfncslfohb. Gc cstc jfgf, bhs `fjpctco`lhs rcqulcrco rcqulcrco uoh khsc sðblgh gc `fof`ljlcotfs y `lcrths ehklblghgcs, bfs `uhbcs sc lotcdrho phrh uo jlsjf prfpðsltf co uo gctcrjlohgf `fotcxtf. Bh duêh gc Hprcoglzhmc gcb Jðgubf LLL. Dcstlðo nloho`lcrh y vcoths gc bh @hph`lth`lðo gc hgjlolstrh`lðo cs uoh ecrrhjlcoth gc sujh ljpfrtho`lh, quc prfpl`lhrè cb gcshrrfbbf gc bfs hbujohgf rcprcscothr bh rchblghg gc su cotfrof sf`lhb phrh trhosnfrjhrbh jcglhotc bh hprfplh`lðo gc `fof`ljlcotfs, cb gcs`ukrljlcotf gc sldolnl`hgfs, bh dcocrh`lðo gc lgchs y trhsjltlrbhs cnl`hzjcotc, `hrh`tcrêstl`hs quc nfrthbc`crèo cb pcrnlb gc cdrcsf rcqucrlgf co bfs cstuglhotcs gc CJP9 co trhosvcrshblghg `fo bfs `fotcolgfs y hprcoglzhmcs `bhvcs gcb `hjpf gls`lpblohr gc @lco`lhs sf`lhbcs y bfs cmcs gc cjprcogljlcotf, vlo`ubh`lðo bhkfrhb y cb gc lol`lhr, `fotlouhr y `fo`bulr tus cstuglfs gc olvcb supcrlfr. Cs uo hpfyf glgè`tl`f quc cb @fbcdlf gc Kh`elbbcrcs eh cbhkfrhgf `fo bh phrtl`lph`lðo gc gf`cotcs gc bh Lostltu`lðo, qulcocs eho vcrtlgf su cxpcrlco`lh, `fof`ljlcotfs y `fjprfjlsf co prf gc bh nfrjh`lðo gc bfs hbujofs, phrh cbhkfrhr cstc jhtcrlhb quc sc tc fnrc`c `fo bh lotco`lðo gc csthr h`frgc h bfs oucvfs tlcjpfs, quc gcjhogho bfs cs`cohrlfs bf`hb, oh`lfohb c lotcroh`lfohb. Gcotrf gc bh jlsjh duêh, sc co`ucotrho rc`ursfs quc bc pcrjltlrèo hb cstuglhotc, hjpblhr y prfnuoglzhr sus `fof`ljlcotfs= cobh`cs h pèdlohs wck, lovcstldh`lfocs gc `hjpf, bc`turhs y hoèblsls gc `hsfs, cotrc ftrhs, gc h`ucrgf `fo cb jfgcbf gc `fjpctco`lhs yh jco`lfohgf y quc tlcoco bh lotco`lðo gc hpfyhr co cb gcshrrfbbf gc bh nfrjh`lðo y hprcoglzhmc lotcdrhb, gcshrrfbbhogf bhs ehklblghgcs rcqucrlghs phrh cb gcshrrfbbf gc `fjpctco`lhs co bh Cgu`h`lðo Jcglh Pupcrlfr y cb Oucvf Jfgcbf Cgu`htlvf.

0

 

 

Csth duêh sc co`ucotrh frdholzhgh co `fo`frgho`lh `fo bh sc`uco`lh glgè`tl`h bh `uhb `fotlcoc h`tlvlghgcs, frdholzhghs co trcs jfjcotfs= lol`lf, gcshrrfbbf y `lcrrc, bf quc bc quc pcrjltlrè hkfrghr, gcshrrfbbhr y cvhbuhr bfs `fof`ljlcotfs, ehklblghgc ehklblghgcss y h`tltugcs.

Co cb lol`lf gc `hgh sc`uco`lh glgè`tl`h, trhvìs gc bh cvhbuh`lðo glhdoðstl`h cb cstuglhotc rchblzhrè h`tlvlghgcs quc bc pcrjltlrèo lgcotlnl`hr y rc`upcrhr bhs cxpcrlco`lhs y bfs `fof`ljlcotfs quc eh hgqulrlgf, jlsjfs quc bc hyughrèo h hkfrghr `fo nh`lblghg cb tcjh quc sc prcscoth co cb gcshrrfbbf, gfogc gcshrrfbbhrè h`tlvlghgcs gc nfrjh loglvlguhb f `fbhkfrhtlvh, quc lotrfgu`co oucvfs `fof`ljlcotfs gèogfbc bh fpfrtuolghg gc `fotcxtuhblzhrbfs co sltuh`lfocs gc su vlgh `ftlglhoh, phrh bfdrhr quc su hprcoglzhmc sch sldolnl`htlvf9 co cb `lcrrc lotcdrhrè bfs shkcrcs `fo`cptuhbcs, prf`cgljcothbcs prf`cgljcothbcs y h`tltuglohbcs rchblzhghs co bhs h`tlvlghgcs gc lol`lf y gcshrrfbbf.

Cs ljpfrthotc jco`lfohr quc, khmf cb confquc gc `fjpctco`lhs, bh cvhbuh`lðo cs `foslgcrhgh `fjf uo prf`csf `fotlouf, pfr bf quc, h bf bhrdf gc bh duêh, co`fotrhrè glvcrsfs lostrujcotfs quc pcrjltlrèo cvhbuhr bhs cvlgco`lhs gc sus h`tlvlghgcs rchblzhghs co bfs trcs jfjcotfs pfr jcglf gc bh gc bh hutfcvhbuh`lðo, `fcvhbuh`lðo `fcvhbuh`lðo y bh ectcrfcvhbuh`lðo. ectcrfcvhbuh`lðo.

Cspcrhjfs quc cstc lostrujcotf `fotrlkuyh hb ðptljf gcshrrfbbf gcb prfdrhjh gc cstuglfs, phrh h bh `fostru``lðo gc oucvfs `fof`ljlcotfs y phrh cb gcshrrfbbf lotcdrhb gc bfs cstuglhotcs quc bc pcrjltho prcphrhrsc phrh cb juogf bhkfrhb f `fotlouhr `fo su prcphrh`lðo prfncslfohb ‒hsujlcogf uoh oucvh vlslðo y uo `hjklf co bh h`tltug cb gcshrrfbbf gc bhs `hph`lghgcs gc pcoshjlcotf `rêtl`f, hoèblsls, rhzfohjlcotf bðdl`f y hrdujcoth`lfocs loglspcoshkbcs phrh uo hprcoglzhmc prfnuogf quc pcrjlth trhsbhghrbf h glvcrshs sltuh`lfocs phrh rcsfbvcr oucvfs prfkbcjhs quc pcrjltho cb gcshrrfbbf pcrsfohb y gc bfs loglvlgufs‚. (PCQ, ;18>= 83-85). 83 -85).8 

8

ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx/`urrl`ubfcjs/`f /`urrl`ubfcjs/`fonfrjh`lfo, onfrjh`lfo, jhyf, ;1;1    PCJP, Oucvf `urrê`ubf gc bh CJP9 tfjhgf gc ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx PCJP, PCJP, Qcrnlb gc Cdrcsf gc CJP9 -tfjhgf gc9 ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx/wfri/jfgcb ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx/ wfri/jfgcbs/scjs/[csfur`c/8;75;/8/l s/scjs/[csfur`c/8;75;/8/ljhdcs/cjsVpc jhdcs/cjsVpcrnlbVgcVcdrc rnlbVgcVcdrcsf.pgn sf.pgn

7

 

 

Confquc gc bh gls`lpbloh

Bh `hph`lth`lðo phrh cb trhkhmf gc CJQ[COGLJLCOWF sc ukl`h gcotrf gcb @hjpf gc bhs @lco`lhs Pf`lhbcs, yh quc bc pcrjltco hb hbujohgf lotcrprcthr bh rchblghg gc su cotfrof sf`lhb, phrh trhosnfrjhrbh jcglhotc bh hprfplh`lðo gc shkcrcs prfplfs gc bhs gls`lpblohs quc cstuglh hb efjkrc, cb hoèblsls gc ncoðjcofs sf`lhbcs y bh dcocrh`lðo gc lgchs phrh sfbu`lfohr bhs glvcrshs gcjhoghs gc bfs drupfs sf`lhbcs.

Qrfpðsltf dcocrhb= Gctc`th fpfrtuolghgcs gc cjprcogljlcotf, h trhvìs gc bh lgcotlnl`h`lðo lgcotlnl`h`lðo gc oc`cslghgcs co su `fotcxtf, gcsgc uo trhkhmf `fbhkfrhtlvf phrh cb kcocnl`lf gcb cotfrof sf`lhb y hsê `rchr lgchs gc ocdf`lfs loofvhgfrhs quc pcrjltho jcmfrhr sus `fogl`lfocs gc vlgh.

Co csc scotlgf, sc mustlnl`h cb `hjpf gls`lpblohr gc cjprcogljlcotf gcshrrfbbhogf bh nfrjh`lðo tcðrl`h gc oucstrfs cdrcshgfs `fo bh vlo`ubh`lðo bhkfrhb co `rc`ljlcotf gc bfs hscothjlcotfs eujhofs, bh glvcrslnl`h`lðo gcb jcr`hgf y bh cxldco`lh `hgh vcz jhyfr gc bh pfkbh`lðo pfr hgqulrlr klcocs quc `fotrlkuyho h shtlsnh`cr sus oc`cslghgcs y rcspfoshklblghg sf`lhb quc sc prcscotco. Ljph`th gc nfrjh pfsltlvh pfrquc kus`h dcocrhr sfbu`lfocs loofvhgfrhs phrh trhosnfrjhr bh rchblghg, bf quc sc `fovlcrtc co uoh fpfrtuolghg gc `hjklf phrh bh pcrsfoh y phrh cb drupf sf`lhb hb quc pcrtcoc`c9 hgcjès gc loscrthrsc co cb `hjpf bhkfrhb, yh sch gc nfrjh logcpcoglcotc f lotcdrèogfsc co glvcrshs frdholzh`lfocs.

H`tuhbjcotc cs pcrtlocotc `foslgcrhr cb cjprcogljlcotf `fjf uo jftfr c`foðjl`f sf`lhb quc trhc drhogcs kcocnl`lfs h bfs glstlotfs sc`tfrcs prfgu`tlvfs gc bh sf`lcghg., of cs ýol`hjcotc bh `rch`lðo gc oucvhs uolghgcs c`foðjl`hs, slof quc thjklìo sc pucgc h`tuhr phrh trhosnfrjhr eh`lh cb lotcrlfr gc frdholzh`lfocs pýkbl`hs y prlvhghs, pcrjltlcogf bh loofvh`lðo quc bh sf`lcghg rcqulcrc phrh ljpubshr cb gcshrrfbbf.

@fo khsc co bf hotcrlfr, csth `hph`lth`lðo tlcoc bh lotco`lfohblghg gc glstlodulr bfs `fof`ljlcotfs f cbcjcotfs tcðrl`fs nuoghjcothbcs gcb cjprcogljlcotf `fjf èrch gc cstuglf, pucgc scr uo nh`tfr ljpfrthotc co bh nfrjh`lðo lotcdrhb gcb kh`elbbcr co bh h`tuhblghg, `fo cb prfpðsltf gc fktcocr ecrrhjlcoths phrh nhvfrc`cr cb gcshrrfbbf gc ehklblghgcs y h`tltugcs co cb 3

 

 

cstuglhothgf, phrh quc cstru`turc prfyc`tfs sustcothkbcs, vlhkbcs y nh`tlkbcs co cb `fotcxtf co cb quc vlvc, quc hpfrtc vhbfr c`foðjl`f y sf`lhb9 hgcjès nhvfrc`cr su lo`frpfrh`lðo hb juogf bhkfrhb f gcshrrfbbhr prf`csf prfgu`tlvfs logcpcoglcotcs quc bc pcrjlth `fostrulr uo cspêrltu cjprcogcgfr y uoh vlslðo gc ocdf`lfs h`frgc h bh rchblghg juoglhb tfjhogf co `uhotf sus lotcrcscs prfncslfohbcs, `foslgcrhogf co tfgf jfjcotfs bhs oc`cslghgcs gc su `fjuolghg.

H`tuhbjcotc cs pcrtlocotc `foslgcrhr cb cjprcogljlcotf cjprcogljlcotf `fjf uo jftfr c`foðjl`f sf`lhb quc trhc drhogcs kcocnl`lfs h bfs glstlotfs sc`tfrcs prfgu`tlvfs gc bh sf`lcghg., of cs ýol`hjcotc bh `rch`lðo gc oucvhs uolghgcs c`foðjl`hs, slof quc thjklìo sc pucgc h`tuhr phrh trhosnfrjhr eh`lh cb lotcrlfr gc frdholzh`lfocs pýkbl`hs y prlvhghs, pcrjltlcogf bh loofvh`lðo quc bh sf`lcghg rcqulcrc phrh ljpubshr cb gcshrrfbbf.

Co bh h`tuhblghg, vlvljfs co uo juogf co cb quc sc prfgu`co drhogcs `hjklfs gcotrf gcb sc`tfr pýkbl`f y prlvhgf= yh of sc dcocrh cjpbcf hb rltjf gc hotcs, cxlstc jhyfr `fjpctltlvlghg, sc eho hutfjhtlzhgf bfs prf`csfs, sc rcspfogc h uo juogf dbfkhblzhgf, bf quc frldloh fr ldloh uo oucvf pcrnlb phrh bhs pcrsfohs quc gcscho phrtl`lphr co bfs prf`csfs prfgu`tlvfs.

Co cb jðgubf L sc hkfrgho bfs Nuoghjcotfs gc Cjprcogljlcotf Cjprcogljlcotf thbcs `fjf cjprcogcgfr, `rchtlvlghg, loofvh`lðo, `blcotcs, jcr`hgfs, hsê `fjf jfgcbfs gc ocdf`lfs @HO^HP, cstrhtcdlh gc f`ìhof hzub, nlohozhs y blgcrhzdf.

Co cb jðgubf LL Nuoghjcotfs Hgjlolstrhtlvfs y Bcdhbcs, co cb suk jfgubf 8 co cb `uhb sc hkfrgh bfs tcjhs gc cjprcsh, rc`ursfs, `bhslnl`h`lðo gc bh cjprcsh y prf`csf hgjlolstrhtlvf9 hsê thjklìo sc hohblzh cb jhr`f bcdhb `fjf sfo `fo`cptfs ljpfrtho`lh, trèjltcs, rcqulsltfs phrh bh hpcrturh gc uoh cjprcsh y `bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs tlpfs gc sf`lcghgcs jcr`hotlbcs, tlpfs gc `fotrhtfs y prcsth`lfocs bcdhbcs.

Co cb jðgubf LLL Jcr`hgftc`olh y [c`ursfs Eujhofs sc hkfrgho bfs tcjhs gc jcr`hgftc`olh, thbcs `fjf gcnlol`lðo, ljpfrtho`lh, nuo`lfocs, jcz`bh gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh c lovcstldh`lðo gc jcr`hgf, hsê thjklìo `fjf vcoths, `fo`cptfs c ljpfrtho`lh cstrhtcdlhs, gls`ursf plt`e y jfgcbf HLGH y co cb sukjðgubf ; vcjfs rc`ursfs eujhofs, thbcs `fjf hgjlolstrh`lðo gc pcrsfohb, prf`csf gc scbc``lðo, `hph`lth`lðo gc pcrsfohb y jftlvh`lðo. >

 

 

Co cb jðgubf L^ prfyc`tf cjprcogcgfr sc cbhkfrh cb pbho gc ocdf`lf, rcsujco cmc`utlvf y sc prcscoth cb prfyc`tf cjprcogcgfr sustcothkbcs, co cb sukjðgubf ;, gcshrrfbbf gc ehklblghgcs phrh bh cjpbchklblghg, cjpbchklblghg, sc hkfrgh bfs tcjhs gc `hph`lghgcs gldlthbcs y ehklblghgcs gc `fjuol`h`lðo of vcrkhb.

H `fotlouh`lðo, sc coblstho hbduohs ofrjhs gc `fjpctco`lh bhkfrhb vldcotcs, hvhbhghs pfr cb @foscmf Oh`lfohb gc Ofrjhblzh`lðo y @crtlnl`h`lðo gc @fjpctco`lhs Bhkfrhbcs, quc pfgrèo scrvlr gc duêh phrh cb gcshrrfbbf gc bfs jðgubfs=

OW @B= [email protected] ^coth gc prfgu`tfs, jcr`ho`êhs y scrvl`lfs gc jhocrh pcrsfohblzhgh co plsf. OW @B= C@1040 Cbhkfrh`lðo gc lovcstldh`lðo gc jcr`hgfs `uhblthtlvh.  `uhblthtlvh.  OW @B= C@1385 ^coth cspc`lhblzhgh gc prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs. OW @B= C@1tf. Pcjcstrc  Pcjcstrc 

Cstru`turh

C`fbfdêh y

sf`lc`foðjl`h

jcglf

gc Jìxl`f

Hjklcotc

Nlbfsfnêh Ìtl`h L

Ìtl`h LL

Whbbcr gc

Whbbcr gc

bc`turh y

bc`turh y

rcgh``lðo L

rcgh``lðo LL

Lonfrjètl`h L

Lonfrjètl`h L Hsldohturhs

Hsldohturhs

Hsldohturhs gc

Hsldohturhs

3tf. Pcjcstrc

gc >tf.

gcb

Pcjcstrc gcb

`fjpfocotc gc

`fjpfocotc

nfrjh`lðo

gc nfrjh`lðo

prfpfgcýtl`f

prfpfgcýtl`f

Hsldohturhs

Hsldohturhs

gc 0cr.

gc 7tf.

gc 8cr.

gc ;gf.

Pcjcstrc

Pcjcstrc

Pcjcstrc

Pcjcstrc

@HQH@LWH@LÐO QH[H CB W[HKHMF CO HGJLOLPW[H@LÐO  HGJLOLPW[H@LÐO  Wutfrêhs

5

 

 

Jhph gc bh @hph`lth`lðo

JÐGSBF L=   L=

JÐGSBF LL=   LL=

JÐGSBF LLL=   LLL=

JÐGSBF L^=   L^=

Nuoghjcotf gc cjprcogljlcotf   cjprcogljlcotf

Nuoghjcotfs hgjlolstrhtlvfs y Bcdhbcs

Jcr`hgftc`olh y Jcr`hgftc`olh vcoths y [c`ursfs  Eujhofs 

Qrfyc`tf Cjprcogcgfr y Ehklblghgcs phrh cb cjprcogljlcotf

Pukjðgubf 8  8 

Pukjðgubf 8  8 

Pukjðgubf 8  8 

Pukjðgubf 8  8 

Cjprcogljlcotf  Cjprcogljlcotf  L 

Nuoghjcotfs Hgjlolstrhtlvfs

Jcr`hgftc`olh y vcoths  vcoths 

Qrfyc`tf Cjprcogcgfr   Cjprcogcgfr

>7 efrhs  efrhs  5 `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

>7 efrhs  efrhs  5 `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

>7 efrhs 5 `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

>7 efrhs  efrhs  5 `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

Pukjðgubf ;  ; 

Pukjðgubf ;  ; 

Pukjðgubf ;  ; 

Pukjðgubf ;  ; 

Cjprcogljlcotf   Cjprcogljlcotf

Ofrjhtlvlghg   Ofrjhtlvlghg

[c`ursfs

LL  LL 

Bcdhb   Bcdhb

Eujhofs

Ehklblghgcs phrh cb cjprcogljlcotf   cjprcogljlcotf

75 efrhs  efrhs  > `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

75 efrhs  efrhs  > `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

75 efrhs  efrhs  > `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

75 efrhs  efrhs  > `rìgltfs  `rìgltfs 

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[cbh`lðo gc bfs @fotcolgfs `fo bfs Hprcoglzhmcs @bhvcs @hjpf Gls`lpblohr= @LCO@LHP PF@LHBCP CMC CJQ[COGLJLCOW CJQ[COGLJLCOWF F

@FJQFOCOWC @ffrgloh`lðo gc prfyc`tfs @ffrgloh`lðo

Cgu`h`lðo Nloho`lcrh

Gcshrrfbbf gc ehklblghgcs pcrsfohs

[cspfoshklblghg sf`lhb

Nfjcotf h bh loofvh`lðo y bh `rchtlvlghg   `rchtlvlghg

Hgjlolstrh`lðo Hgjlolstrh`l ðo gcb `hplthb eujhof

Dcstlðo gcb rc`ursf eujhof @fjuol`h`lðo @fjuol`h`lð o Frdholzh`lfohb Frdholzh`lfohb

Jhocmf gc rcbh`lfoc rcbh`lfocss sf`lhbcs

@FOWCOLGF @COW[HB Nfjcothr bh ehklblghg phrh `fo`rcthr bfs jcglfs y csnucrzfs gc uo cqulpf gc trhkhmf phrh uoh h``lðo `fjýo y hsê bfdrhr bfs fkmctlvfs gc uo prfyc`tf   prfyc`tf Gcshrrfbb Gcshrrfbbhr hr bh `fjprcoslðo gc bfs `fo`cptfs y prfgu`tfs nloho`lcrfs, gcshrrfbbf gc bhs ehklblghgcs oc`cshrlhs phrh bh tfjh gc gc`lslfocs lonfrjhghs y cvhbuh`lðo gc rlcsdfs y fpfrtuolghgcs nloho`lcrhs. H``cgcr h `fof`ljlcotfs kèsl`fs gcb nuo`lfohjlcotf gc bh c`fofjêh y bhs nlohozhs  nlohozhs  Dcocrhr cb `fjprfjlsf `fjprfjlsf,, fkbldh`lðo y gckcr gc `fotrlkulr vfbuothrlhjcotc phrh dcocrhr uoh sf`lcghg jès  musth y prftcdcr cb hjklcotc pfr jcglf gc uoh `fogu`th ìtl`h phrh `fosldf jlsjf/h y su cotfrof.  cotfrof.  Qrfjfvcr bh `hph`lghg gc `rchr c lgchr hbdf oucvf y frldlohb, hgcjès gc prfgu`lr, hsljlbhr y cxpbfthr `fo ìxltf uoh ofvcghg, gc jhocrh quc hpfrtc sfbu`lfocs loìglths h bfs prfkbcjhs y pcrjlth rcspfogcr h bhs oc`cslghgcs gc bh sf`lcghg co dcocrhb.  dcocrhb.   Nfjcothr uo jcmfr gcscjpcøf, hprfvc`ehjlcotf, h`rc`cothjlcotf y jcmfrh gc bhs `hph`lghgcs, ehklblghgcs, cxpcrlco`lhs, `fof`ljlcotfs y `fjpctco`lhs gc bhs pcrsfohs `fjf jlcjkrfs gc uo cqulpf gc trhkhmf Csthkbc`cr cstrhtcdlhs gc gcshrrfbbf, prfgu`tlvlghg y uoh jcmfrh gc bhs rcbh`lfocs thotf lotcrohs `fjf cxtcrohs h nlo gc fktcocr uo jcmfr gcscjpcøf pfr phrtc gc bfs jlcjkrfs gc uo cqulpf gc trhkhmf, pfr bf quc su nlohblghg sc rcbh`lfoh `fo bfs bfdrfs, ìxltfs f nrh`hsfs gc cstfs co bhs frdholzh`lf frdholzh`lfocs. ocs. Nfjcothr uo gcshrrfbbf sðblgf y shof gc sus rcbh`lfocs pcrsfohbcs, sf`lhbcs, cs`fbhrcs y prfncslfohbcs utlblzhogf su lotcbldco`lh sf`lhb y cjf`lfoh

JÐGSBF

PSKJÐGSBF L PSKJÐGSBF LL  LL 

PSKJÐGSBF L PSKJÐGSBF LL  LL 

81

 

 

[cbh`lðo gc bfs @fotcolgfs `fo bfs Hprcoglzhmcs @bhvcs @hjpf Gls`lpblohr= @LCO@LHP PF@LHBCP CMC ^LO@SBH@LÐO

Lgcotlnl`h`lðo gc bhs fpfrtuolghgcs bhkfrhbcs f gc cjprcogljlcotf cjprcogljlcot f co su `fotcxtf   `fotcxtf

@FJQFOCOWC

Hoèblsls gc bfs scrvl`lfs gc

lostltu`lfohb `fo bh bf`hblghg  bf`hblghg 

trhkhmf, bfs glstlotfs tlpfs gc rcjuocrh`lðo rcjuocrh`lð o y prfjf`lðo gc ehklblghgcs bhkfrhbcs quc slrvho phrh lgcotlnl`hr bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc `hgh pcrnlb `fo bhs èrchs nucrtcs y gìklbcs rcncrcotcs hb èjkltf bhkfrhb.  bhkfrhb.  

Kýsqucgh gc Cjpbcf  Cjpbcf 

Krloghr ecrrhjlcoths phrh co`fotrhr uo cjpbcf h`frgc h sus h`tltugcs, hptltugcs y quc rcspfogh h bhs oc`cslghgcs gcb jcr`hgf bhkfrhb.  bhkfrhb.  @fof`cr y utlblzhr cb `hplthb co `lcrth h`tlvlghg c`foðjl`h `fo cb fkmctlvf gc lo`rcjcothrbf. Nfjcothr bh `ubturh gcb hefrrf y bh ukl`h`lðo gcb `hplthb gurhotc cb prf`csf gc lovcrslðo  lovcrslðo 

Qrlo`lplfs kèsl`fs gc lovcrslðo   lovcrslðo

CMC= LOL@LH[,@FOWLOS LOL@LH[,@FOWLOSH[, H[, @FO@BSL[ PSP CPWSGLFP GC OL^CB PSQC[LF[

@FOWCOLGF @COW[HB

@foth`tf cjprcshrlhb y/f

@FJQFOCOWC

Nfrjh`lðo gc uo pbho gc vlgh prfncslfohb  prfncslfohb  Cstrhtcdlhs y pbhoch`lðo gc bh vlgh prfncslfohb  prfncslfohb 

@rch`lðo gc eèkltfs gc cstuglf cnc`tlvf  cnc`tlvf 

@FOWCOLGF @COW[HB

Qbhotchjlcotf gc fkmctlvfs quc uoh pcrsfoh gcsch bfdrhr h bf bhrdf gc su vlgh, h`fjphøhgf pfr uo pbho gc h``lðo phrh su `fosc`u`lðo.   `fosc`u`lðo. @rch`lðo gc eèkltfs gc cstuglf quc pcrjltho nh`lblthr cb h``csf h bh uolvcrslghg y nhvfrcz`ho sus eèkltfs gc cstuglf; 

JÐGSBF

PSKJÐGSBF L PSKJÐGSBF LL  LL 

JÐGSBF

PSKJÐGSBF L PSKJÐGSBF LL  LL 

;

 Glrc``lðo Dcocrhb gcb Kh`elbbcrhtf (GDK), h trhvìs gc bh Glrc``lðo gc @ffrgloh`lðo H`hgìjl`h (G@H) GDK/G@H/18-;1;1, ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx/`urrl`ubfcjs/MfrohghGcWrhosv ettp=//scjs.dfk.jx/`urrl`ubfcjs/Mf rohghGcWrhosvcrshblghg/ crshblghg/ 

88

 

 

@FJQCWCO@LHP DCOÌ[L@HP

@BH^C

Pc hutfgctcrjloh y `ulgh gc sê 8.  Pc `fof`c y vhbfrh h sê jlsjf y hkfrgh prfkbcjhs y rctfs tcolcogf co `ucoth bfs fkmctlvfs quc pcrslduc. 8.8.  Conrcoth bhs glnl`ubthgcs quc sc bc prcscotho y cs `fos`lcotc gc sus vhbfrcs, @D8.8 nfrthbczhs y gcklblghgcs. 8.;.  Lgcotlnl`h sus cjf`lfocs, bhs jhocmh gc jhocrh `fostru`tlvh y rc`fof`c bh @D.8.; oc`cslghg gc sfbl`lthr hpfyf hotc uoh sltuh`lðo quc bf rckhsc. 8.0.  Cbldc hbtcrohtlvhs y `ursfs gc h``lðo `fo khsc co `rltcrlfs sustcothgfs y co cb @D8.0 jhr`f gc uo prfyc`tf gc vlgh. 8.7.  Hohblzh `rêtl`hjcotc bfs nh`tfrcs quc lonbuyco co su tfjh gc gc`lslfocs. @D8.7 8.3.  Hsujc bhs `fosc`uco`lhs `fosc`uco`lhs gc sus `fjpfrthjlcotfs y gc`lslfocs. @D8.3 8.>.  Hgjlolstrh bfs rc`ursfs glspfolkbcs tcolcogf co `ucoth bhs rcstrl``lfocs phrh @D8.> cb bfdrf gc sus jcths. .  Cs scoslkbc hb hrtc y phrtl`lph phrtl`lph co bh hprc`lh`lðo c lotcrprcth`lðo gc sus cxprcslfocs cxprcslfocs co   ^hbfrh dìocrfs ;.8.glstlotfs cb hrtc `fjf jholncsth`lðo gc bh kcbbczh y cxprcslðo gc lgchs, scosh`lfocs y cjf`lfocs. ;.;.  Cxpcrljcoth cb hrtc `fjf uo ec`ef elstðrl`f `fjphrtlgf quc pcrjltc bh `fjuol`h`lðo cotrc loglvlgufs loglvlgufs y `ubturhs co cb tlcjpf y cb csph`lf, h bh vcz quc gcshrrfbbh uo scotlgf gc lgcotlghg. ;.0.  Qhrtl`lph co prè`tl`hs rcbh`lfohghs `fo cb hrtc. 0.  Cbldc y prh`tl`h cstlbfs gc vlgh shbughkbcs 0.8.  [c`fof`c bh h`tlvlghg nêsl`h `fjf uo jcglf phrh su gcshrrfbbf nêsl`f, jcothb y sf`lhb. 0.;.  Wfjh gc`lslfocs h phrtlr gc bh vhbfrh`lðo gc bhs `fosc`uco`lhs gc glstlotfs eèkltfs gc `fosujf y `fogu`ths gc rlcsdf. r lcsdf. 0.0.  @ubtlvh rcbh`lfocs lotcrpcrsfohbcs quc `fotrlkuyco h su gcshrrfbbf eujhof y cb

gc qulcocs bf rfgcho. Pc cxprcsh y `fjuol`h .  Cs`u`eh, lotcrprcth y cjltc jcoshmcs pcrtlocotcs co glstlotfs `fotcxtfs utlblzh`lðo gc jcglfs, `ðgldfs y ecrrhjlcoths hprfplhgfs 7.8.  Cxprcsh lgchs y `fo`cptfs jcglhotc rcprcscoth`lfocs blodòêstl`hs, jhtcjètl`hs f drènl`hs. 7.;.  Hpbl`h glstloths cstrhtcdlhs `fjuo`lhtlvhs scdýo qulcocs scho sus lotcrbf`utfrcs, cb `fotcxtf co cb quc sc co`ucotrh y bfs fkmctlvfs quc pcrslduc. 7.0.  Lgcotlnl`h bhs lgchs `bhvc co uo tcxtf f gls`ursf frhb c lotcrnlcrc `fo`buslfocs h phrtlr gc cbbhs.

@D;.8 @D;.;

@D;.0 @D0.8 @D0.; @D0.0

jcglhotc bh @D7.8 @D7.; @D7.0

8;

    

 

@FJQCWCO@LHP DCOÌ[L@HP

@BH^C

7.7.  Pc `fjuol`h co uoh scduogh bcoduh co sltuh`lfocs `ftlglhohs @D7.7 7.3.  Jhocmh bhs tc`ofbfdêhs gc bh lonfrjh`lðo y bh `fjuol`h`lðo phrh fktcocr lonfrjh`lðo y @D7.3 cxprcshr lgchs Qlcosh `rêtl`h y rcnbcxlvhjcotc .  Gcshrrfbbh loofvh`lfocs y prfpfoc sfbu`lfocs h prfkbcjhs h hprtlr gc jìtfgfs csthkbc`lgfs 3.8.  Plduc lsotru``lfocs y prf`cgljlcotfs gc jhocrh rcnbcxlvh, `fjprcoglcogf `fjf `hgh uof @D3.8 gc sus phsfs `fotrlkuyc hb hb`ho`c gc uo fkmctlvf 3.;.  Frgcoh lonfrjh`lðo gc h`ucrgf h `htcdfrêhs, mcrhrquêhs y rcbh`lfocs @D3.; 3.0.  Lgcotlnl`h bfs slstcjhs y rcdbhs f prlo`lplfs jcgubhrcs quc sukyh`co h uoh scrlc gc @D3.0 ncoðjcofs 3.7.  @fostruyc elpðtcsls, glscøh y hpbl`h jfgcbfs phrh prfkhr su vhblgcz @D3.7 3.3.  Plotctlzh cvlgco`lhs fktcolghs jcglhotc bh cxpcrljcoth`lðo phrh prfgu`lr `fo`buslfocs y @D3.3 nfrjubhr oucvhs prcduoths 3.>.  Stlblzh bhs tc`ofbfdêhs gc bh lonfrjh`lðo y `fjuo`lh`lðo phrh prf`cshr c lotcrprcthr @D3.> lonfrjh`lðo >.  Pustcoth uoh pfsturh pcrsfohb sfkrc tcjhs gc lotcrìs y rcbcvho`lh dcocrhb, `foslgcrhogf ftrfs puotfs gc vlsth gc jhocrh `rêtl`h y rcnbcxlvh  rcnbcxlvh  >.8.  Cbldc bhs nucotcs gc lonfrjh`lðo jès rcbcvhotcs phrh uo prfpðsltf cspc`ênl`f y gls`rljloh @D>.8 cotrc cbbhs gc h`ucrgf h su rcbcvho`lh r cbcvho`lh y `fonlhklblghg >.;.  Cvhbýh hrdujcotfs y fplolfocs c lgcotlnl`h prcmul`lfs y nhbh`lhs @D>.; >.0.  [c`fof`c bfs prfplfs prcmul`lfs, jfglnl`h sus puotfs gc vlsth hb `fof`cr oucvhs @D>.0 cvlgco`lhs, c lotcdrh oucvfs `fof`ljlcotfs y pcrspc`tlvhs hb h`crvf `fo cb quc `ucoth >.7.  Cstr`uturh lgchs y hrdujcotfs gc jhocrh `bhrh, `fecrcotc y slotìtl`h @D7.7 Hprcogc gc nfrjh hutðofjh 4.  Hprcogc pfr lo`lhtlvh c lotcrìs prfplf h bf bhrdf gc bh vlgh 4.8.  Gcnloc jcths y gh scduljlcotf h sus prf`csfs gc `fsotru``lðo gc `fof`ljlcotf @D4.8 4.;.  Lgcotlnl`h bhs h`tlvlghgcs quc bc rcsubtho gc jcofr y jhyfr lotcrìs y glnl`ubthg, @D4.; rc`fof`lcogf y `fotrfbhogf sus rch``lfocs nrcotc h rctfs y fkstè`ubfs 4.0.  Hrtl`ubh shkcrcs shkcrcs gc glvcrsfs `hjpfs y csthkbc`c rcbh`lfocs rcbh`lfocs cotrc cbbfs y su vlgh `ftlglhoh `ftlglhoh

@D4.0

80

   

 

@FJQCWCO@LHP DCOÌ[L@HP

@BH^C

Wrhkhmh co nfrjh `fbhkfrhtlvh .  Qhrtl`lph y `fbhkfrh gc jhocrh cnc`tlvh co cqulpfs glvcrsfs 5.8.  Qrfpfoc jhocrhs gc sfbu`lfohr uo prfkbcjh f gcshrrfbbhr uo prfyc`tf co cqulpf, @D5.8 gcnlolcogf uo `ursf gc h``lðo `fo phsfs cspc`ênl`fs 5.;.  Hpfrth puotfs gc gc vlsth `fo `fo hpcrturh y `foslgcrh bfs gc ftrhs pcrsfohs gc gc jhocrh rcnbcxlvh rcnbcxlvh @D5.; 5.0.  Hsujc uoh h`tltug `fostru`tlvh, `fodrucotc `fo bfs `fof`ljlcotfs y ehklblghgcs `fo bfs @D5.0 quc `ucoth gcotrf gc glstlotfs cqulpfs gc trhkhmf Qhrtl`lph `fo rcspfoshklblghg co bh sf`lcghg .  Qhrtl`lph `fo uoh `fo`lco`lh `êvl`h y ìtl`h co bh vlgh gc su `fjuolghg, rcdlðo, Jìxl`f y cb juogf gc ofvlcjkrc

;7-;> ofvlcjkrc. [cvlslðo pfrthnfblf   pfrthnfblf

(`fotlouh`lðo)

;8

gc gc

 

 

GFPLNL@H@LÐO Q[FD[HJÈWL@H Jðgubf LLL= Jcr`hgf`tcolh y ^coths y [c`ursfs Eujhofs. Pukjðgubf 8. Jcr`hgf`tcolh y vcothsV @bhvc K3J^V7 V5 @ Pukjðgubf ;. [c`ursfs EujhofsV @bhvc K3[EV0 EV> @ Pcjcstrc= 3tf. Qcrlfgf =;1;8-;1;;H  =;1;8-;1;;H  Kbfquc

Jfjcotf

   s    f    o    h    j    u    E    s    f    s    r    u    `    c    [  .    ;     b    f    u     g     ð    j     k    u    P 

Wlcjpf (jloutfs) 031

@fof`ljlcotfs

Pcjhoh Nc`eh lol`lf

[ctrfhbljcoth`lðo

83

[ctrfhbljcoth`lðo

8>

031

031   031

[ctrfhbljcoth`lðo 84

;< gc ;< y 01 gc ofvlcjkrc ofvlcjkrc hb 0 gc rcvlslðo gc gl`lcjkrc pfrthnfblf > gc gl`lcjkrc rcuolðo gc >-81 gc h`hgcjlh. gl`lcjkrc 4-81 gc gl`lcjkrc cvhbuh`lðo nlohb 80-84 gc gl`lcjkrc

Cvhbuh`lðo nlohb

;1-;7 gc gl`lcjkrc

;1 y ;8 cvhbuh`lðo nlohb. ;; lol`lf gc pcrlfgf vh`h`lfohb

031   031 [ctrfhbljcoth`lðo 85

Wfthbcs   Wfthbcs

Fkscrvh`lfocs

>011

;;

 

 

Wrhosvcrshblghg Ofjkrc gcb

‒Wrhosnfrjhogf bfs ‒Wrhosnfrjhogf  bfs rc`ursfs eujhofs h bh oucvh ofrjhblghg‚ ofrjhblghg‚  

prfyc`tf=  prfyc`tf=  Cmc=

Cjprcogljlcotf

Wcjètl`h Dcocrhb=

Gcshrrfbbf gc ehklblghgcs pcrsfohbcs

Wcjètl`h Qhrtl`ubhr=

[cspfoshklblghg sf`lhb Co bh h`tuhblghg cb rc`ursf eujhof sc eh vlstf hnc`thgf gcklgf h bh phogcjlh @F^LGV8< thotf co bh phrtc sf`lfcjf`lfohb, `fjf co cb èjkltf bhkfrhb. Cstf eh f`hslfohgf quc pcqucøfs cjprcogcgfrcs sc vcho fkbldhgfs h scdulr `lcrths bcycs gc sholghg, hsê `fjf thjklìo cb cjprcshrlf tlcoc bh oc`cslghg gc `hph`lthr h su pcrsfohb kus`hogf su jèxljh cnl`lco`lh y cnl`h`lh co kcocnl`lf gc bh pbhoth bhkfrhb y gc bh cjprcsh.

Gcs`rlp`lðo=

Gc csth jhocrh cb cjprcshrlf h`týh co bh hpbl`h`lðo gc bfs prlo`lplfs gc rcspfoshklblghg sf`lhb, nfrthbc`lcogf bh `hph`lghg, ehklblghgcs gcb pcrsfohb y dcocrhogf hb jlsjf tlcjpf uo jcmfr j cmfr cstlbf gc vlgh gc bh `fjuolghg quc bf rfgch.

  Co tfghs bhs cjprcshs thotf pýkbl`hs `fjf prlvhghs, pfscco rc`ursfs eujhofs,

•

quc cb gêh efy cs bf jès vhblfsf gcotrf gc uoh frdholzh`lðo9 yh quc cbbfs

Qrfpðsltf gcb Qrfyc`tf Wrhosvcrshb=   Wrhosvcrshb=

cmc`utho bhs cstrhtcdlhs, fkmctlvfs y jcths, slo cjkhrdf9 cb `hplthb eujhof gc bh cjprcsh rcqulcrc scr `hph`lthgfs gc jhocrh `fosthotc `fo bh nlohblghg gc prcscrvhr y jcmfrhr sus kcocnl`lfs bhkfrhbcs bhkfrhbcs y `rc`ljlcotf pcrsfohb.   Cs ljpfrthotc bh ehklblghg gc bfs cjpbchgfrcs y gcb gcphrthjcotf gc rc`ursfs eujhofs ljpbcjcothr `ursfs gc `hph`lth`lðo y h`tuhblzh`lðo, co `uhotf h bfs prlo`lplfs gc rcspfoshklblghg sf`lhb phrh cb jcmfrhjlcotf gcb klcocsthr y csthklblghg bhkfrhb.   H trhvìs gc bh jftlvh`lðo y bfs lo`cotlvfs sc kus`h cb gcshrrfbbf sf`lfcjf`l sf`lfcjf`lfohb fohb gc bfs cjpbchgfs, hsê `fjf, su ljph`tf co bh sf`lcghg co cb `ulghgf gcb jcglf hjklcotc gc nfrjh quc scho rcspfoshkbcs gcsgc cb puotf gc vlsth ìtl`f y sf`lhb.

•

•

;0

 

 

PLWSH@LÐO GLGÈ@WL@H Wêtubf gc bh ‒@uìothjcbf tfgf‚  tfgf‚  Pltuh`lðo Glgè`tl`h=

Cstrhtcdlh Glgè`tl`h= Wlcjpf >7 ers hsldohgf=

Pukjðgubf)=

Oýjcrf gc scslfocs hsldohghs=

Qrfpðsltf gc bh Xuc cb cstuglhotc pucgh glscøhr cstrhtcdlhs gc jcr`hgftc`olh y vcoths phrh su sltuh`lðo prfyc`tf cjprcogcgfr, hpbl`hogf gc nfrjh `fbhkfrhtlvh bhs ecrrhjlcoths gcb ` fotcxtf.  glgè`tl`h= jhrictlod y hsê gcjfstrhr su vlhklblghg gcotrf gcb `fotcxtf.

Hprcoglzhmcs Cspcrhgfs=

Stlblzh bh jcz`bh gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh y bh lovcstldh`lðo gc jcr`hgf co su `fjuolghg phrh cb gcshrrfbbf gc su prfyc`tf cjprcogcgfr, lonfrjèogfsc gc bfs dustfs y prcncrco`lhs gc bfs `blcotcs pftco`lhbcs phrh bh tfjh gc gc`lslfocs rcspfoshkbcs. Glscøh cstrhtcdlhs gc vcoths, `fof`lcogf bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc sus `blcotcs pftco`lhbcs, cxprcshogf sus lgchs gc jhocrh `rchtlvh rcspcthogf y prfjfvlcogf cb klco co su `fjuolghg. H`tuhbjcotc co oucstrh sf`lcghg bfs jl`rf cjprcogcgfrcs, khmf cb gcs`fof`ljlcotf gc bh ljpfrtho`lh gc bhs cstrhtcdlhs gc jcr`hgftc`olh of bbcvho h `hkf uo prf`csf gc

Qrfkbcjh gc gc jcr`hgf cb `uhb cs nuoghjcothb phrh gctcrjlohr bh vlhklblghg gcb `fotcxtf= lovcstldh`lðo prfyc`tf, sfkrc tfgf co jfjcotfs gc `rlsls `fjf cb quc vlvljfs efy co gêh nrcotc n rcotc hb @F^LG-87 ers 5 `rìgltfs

;3

 

 

@fjpctco`lhs prfncslfohbcs kèsl`hs @fjpctco`lhs Dcocrl`hs @D3.8 Plduc lostru``lfocs y @QK3. Cvhbýh @QK3. Cvhbýh uo pbho gc jcr`hgftc`olh y vcoths, utlblzhogf bhs prf`cgljlcotfs gc jhocrh rcnbcxlvh, 7 Q“P gcb Jhrictlod co uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf `rchtlvf  `rchtlvf   c `fjprcoglcogf `fjf `hgh uof gc sus loofvhgfr phrh shtlsnh`cr oc`cslghgcs f gcscfs gc sus `blcotcs phsfs `fotrlkuyc hb hb`ho`c gc uo fkmctlvf.   fkmctlvf. @D5.0 Hsujc uoh h`tltug `fostru`tlvh, `fodrucotc `fo bfs `fof`ljlcotfs y ehklblghgcs `fo bfs quc `ucoth gcotrf gc glstlotfs cqulpfs gc trhkhmf.  trhkhmf. 

gc su `fjuolghg.  `fjuolghg.  @QK>. Gcs`ukrc bfs cbcjcotfs gcb prf`csf gc scbc``lðo gc pcrsfohb gc bfs [c`ursfs Eujhofs, hohblzhogf sus glncrcotcs cthphs phrh nhvfrc`cr cb trhkhmf gc nfrjh `fbhkfrhtlvh, jctðgl`h y frdholzhgh.  frdholzhgh.  @fof`ljlcotfs   @fof`ljlcotfs

Jcr`hgftc`olh   Gcnlol`lðo, ljpfrtho`lh y fkmctlvfs gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh. Jl`rf y jh`rf hjklcotc gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh. •

  Jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh f

•

7ps.   Oucvhs tcogco`lhs= Jhrictlod Gldlthb, Kco`ejhrictlod, Ocurfjhrictlod. Lovcstldh`lðo gc Jcr`hgf.   @fo`cptf gc jcr`hgf.   @bhslnl`h`lðo y scdjcotf gc jcr`hgf. •

•

  Lovcstldh`lðo gc jcr`hgf.   Nh`tfrcs psl`fbðdl`fs quc lonbuyco co h``lfocs gcb

• •

prf`csf gc `fjprh y `fosujf ^coths

  @fo`cptf, ljpfrtho`lh y cstrhtcdlhs gc vcoths.   Wlpfs gc `fosujlgfrcs jfgcrofs.

• •

 

•

 

•

 

•

Wlpfs gc dcocrh`lfocs vlvlcotcs.  Gls`ursf gc prcscoth`lðo phrh cjprcogljlcotf (cbcvhtfr plt`e).  Jfgcbf HLGH 

prfyc`tf

gc

•

Ehklblghgcs Glstloduc bfs cbcjcotfs jcr`hgftc`olh.

gc

H`tltugcs Hprcoglzhmcs cspcrhgfs bh Cxprcsh lgchs y `fo`cptfs utlblzh bh jcz`bh gc bh nhvfrc`lcogf su jcr`hgftc`olh y bh lovcstldh`lðo

Cxhjloh bh jcz`bh gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh. Hohblzh bh lovcstldh`lðo gc jcr`hgf. Lgcotlnl`h bfs nh`tfrcs psl`fbðdl`fs gcb prf`csf gc `fjprh y `fosujf. Glstloduc cb `fo`cptf, ljpfrtho`lh y cstrhtcdlhs gc vcoths. Glncrco`lhr bfs tlpfs gc `fosujlgfrcs jfgcrofs y dcocrh`lfocs vlvlcotcs. Cxpbl`h cb gls`ursf gc prcscoth`lðo phrh cb prfyc`tf gc cjprcogljlcotf (plt`e).   (plt`e).

`rchtlvlghg.

gc jcr`hgf co su `fjuolghg phrh cb gcshrrfbbf gc su prfyc`tf Pc lonfrjh gc glvcrshs cjprcogcgfr, lonfrjèogfsc gc nucotcs hotcs gc tfjhr bfs dustfs y prcncrco`lhs gc bfs gc`lslfocs. `blcotcs pftco`lhbcs phrh bh tfjh gc gc`lslfocs rcspfoshkbcs. Cs`u`eh y rcspcth glncrcotcs puotfs gc vlsth Glscøh cstrhtcdlhs gc vcoths, prfjfvlcogf cb klco `fof`lcogf bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc `fjýo. sus `blcotcs pftco`lhbcs, cxprcshogf sus lgchs gc jhocrh `rchtlvh rcspcthogf y prfjfvlcogf cb klco co su `fjuolghg.

;>

 

 

Hpcrturh Hpcrturh  

Pc`uco`lh Glgè`tl`h 8 ‒@uìothjcbf tfgf‚  tfgf‚ 

Cvhbuh`lðo Glhdoðstl`h Hotcs gc lol`lhr, Wc lovlthjfs h rcspfogcr bhs sldulcotcs prcduoths `fo cb prfpðsltf gc loghdhr sfkrc cb olvcb gc `fof`ljlcotfs quc pfsccs `fo rcbh`lðo hb tcjh gc Jcr`hgftc`olh y ^coths. ¡Èoljf! 8.- ¶Xuì cotlcogcs pfr Jcr`hgftc`olh6

;.- Qhrh tl ¶Xuì cs Jhrictlod6

0.- Co bhs sldulcotcs ljèdcocs lgcotlnl`h bfs cbcjcotfs gc bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh.

7.- Gcnloc cb tìrjlof jcr`hgf.

3.- ¶Xuì cs uoh scdjcoth`lðo gc Jcr`hgf6

;4

 

 

>.- Pcdýo Hkrhehj Jhsbfw, co su tcfrêh Jftlvh`lfohb prcscoth uoh plrèjlgc gc oc`cslghgcs co bhs `uhbcs bhs pcrsfohs sc jucvco h bh hgqulsl`lðo gc klcocs f scrvl`lfs, cobêsthbhs co frgco gc bh plrèjlgc gc oc`cslghgcs= PF@LHBCP NLPLFBÐDL@HP F KÈPL@HP HSWFCPWLJH PCDS[LGHG HSWF[[CHBL]H@LÐO

4.- ¶@ðjf `rccs quc lonbuyc bh Jcr`hgftì`ol`h co tu vlgh `ftlglhoh6

5.- ¶H quì rcncrco`lh bhs sldbhs gcb jfgcbf HLGH6



 

 

✐ 

Lotcrjcglhrlfs gc jcr`hgftc`olh= Bfs jcr`hgftc`olh= Bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs sfo lostltu`lfocs quc nh`lbltho cb nbumf gc hrtê`ubfs y scrvl`lfs cotrc bh cjprcsh y bfs jcr`hgfs nlohbcs. Cotrc cbbfs tcocjfs= jhyfrlsths, jlofrlsths, hdcotcs y `fjlslfolsths, `fjphøêhs gc trhospfrtc, hbjh`cocs, ct`ìtcrh   ct`ìtcrh

✐ 

@fjpctco`lh= `foslstc @fjpctco`lh=  `foslstc co ftrhs cjprcshs quc pfgrêho fnrc`cr uo prfgu`tf quc shtlsnhdh bhs oc`cslghgcs gc uo jcr`hgf cspc`ênl`f. Pfo vhrlhs bhs nfrjhs gc `fjpctco`lh y `hgh `fjphøêh gckc `foslgcrhr h sus `fjpctlgfrcs h`tuhbcs y pftco`lhbcs co cb glscøf gc su cstrhtcdlh gc jcr`hgftc`olh.

✐ 

Jcglfs gc lonfrjh`lðo= Qhrtl`lphotcs juy h`tlvfs gcb jl`rfhjklcotc sfo bfs rcpfrtcrfs, `hph`cs gc `fbf`hr uo prfgu`tf/scrvl`lf co bfs `ucrofs gc bh buoh f gc cotcrrhrbf phrh slcjprc. Bfs rcpfrtcrfs efy co gêh cstèo èvlgfs gc oftl`lhs y glspucstfs h tfgf `fo thb gc supcrhr h sus prfplfs `fjpctlgfrcs glrc`tfs= bfs ftrfs rcpfrtcrfs. Hgcjès, slduco bfs cvcotfs ehsth cb jlsjf jfjcotf quc gcmho gc scr oftl`lh pfr of rcprcscothrbcs jès rhtlod f huglco`lh.  huglco`lh. 

Hjklcotc lotcrof gc bh frdholzh`lðo Cb slstcjh gc jcr`hgftc`olh gc uoh cjprcsh thjklìo cs jfgcbhgf pfr nh`tfrcs lotcrofs quc cstèo khmf `fotrfb gc bh hgjlolstrh`lðo, cshs lonbuco`lhs lotcrohs lo`buyco h bhs h`tlvlghgcs prfgu`tlvhs, nloho`lcrhs y gc pcrsfohb. Ftrfs nh`tfrcs rcbh`lfohgfs `fo bh jcr`hgftc`olh sfo bh ukl`h`lðo gc bh `fjphøêh, su nucrzh gc lovcstldh`lðo y gcshrrfbbf, hsê `fjf bh ljhdco dbfkhb quc prfyc`th hb pýkbl`f. @fo nrc`uco`lh bh ukl`h`lðo gc uoh cjprcsh gctcrjloh bfs bêjltcs dcfdrènl`fs gc su jcr`hgf, sfkrc tfgf bfs `fstfs gcb trhospfrtc sfo cbcvhgfs sl sc jhocmho prfgu`tfs pcrc`cgcrfs. Cb nh`tfr gc lovcstldh`lðo y gcshrrfbbf pucgc gctcrjlohr quc bh `fjphøêh scrè bêgcr f scdulgfrh co su rhjh gc bh logustrlh. Wfgfs bfs nh`tfrcs hjklcothbcs sc `fjkloho phrh `fostrulr cb prfdrhjh gc jcr`hgftc`olh gc uoh frdholzh`lðo, bfs hgjlolstrhgfrcs gckcrèo glscøhr uo prfdrhjh gc jcr`hgftc`olh quc shtlsnhdh bhs oc`cslghgcs.3 

3

 [ute, J. (;18>). Gcshrrfbbf jl`rfcjprcshrlhb . @fbcdlf gc Kh`elbbcrcs gc Pfofrh. Pcduogh cgl`lðo 04

 

 

8.0 Jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh Bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh cs uoh gc bhs ecrrhjlcoths jès ljpfrthotcs quc tfgh cjprcsh gckc shkcr utlblzhr phrh bfdrhr scr cxltfsh y pcrjhoc`cr co cb dustf gc sus `blcotcs. Pc rcnlcrc h uoh `fjkloh`lðo ýol`h gc cstrhtcdlhs quc sc trhosnfrjho co prfdrhjhs prc`lsfs phrh quc uoh cjprcsh pucgh bbcdhr hb jcr`hgf `fo uo prfgu`tf quc sch `hphz gc shtlsnh`cr bhs oc`cslghgcs y gcscfs gc bfs `blcotcs, h uo prc`lf `fovcolcotc, `fo uo jcoshmc hprfplhgf y uo slstcjh gc glstrlku`lðo quc `fbfquc cb prfgu`tf co cb budhr `frrc`tf y co cb jfjcotf jès fpfrtuof. Qhrh Iftbcr y Hrjstrfod, Hrjstrf od, bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh ‒cs cb `fomuotf gc ecrrhjlcoths tè`tl`hs `fotrfbhkbcs gc jcr`hgftc`olh quc bh cjprcsh `fjkloh phrh prfgu`lr uoh rcspucsth gcschgh co cb jcr`hgf jcth. Bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh lo`buyc tfgf bf quc bh cjprcsh pucgc eh`cr phrh lonbulr co bh gcjhogh gc su prfgu`tf‚.  prfgu`tf‚.  Qfr su phrtc, bh Hjcrl`ho Jhrictlod Hsf`lh`lðo, gcnloc h bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh `fjf ‒hqucbbhs vhrlhkbcs `fotrfbhkbcs quc uoh cjprcsh utlblzh phrh hb`hozhr cb olvcb gcschgf gc vcoths co cb jcr`hgf jcth‚. Csths vhrlhkbcs f `fjpfocotcs sc `fof`co `fjf bhs `uhtrf ‒Q‚= Qrfgu`tf, Qrc`lf, Qbhzh y Qrfjf`lðo.  Qrfjf`lðo. 

Cstrhtcdlh gc prfgu`tf  Bh cstrhtcdlh gc prfgu`tf cs uoh gc bhs jès ljpfrthotcs gcotrf gc bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh, yh quc bfs prfgu`tfs nrh`hshrèo sl of shtlsnh`co bfs gcscfs, oc`cslghgcs y cxpc`thtlvhs gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs.

05

 

 

Gcnlol`lðo gc prfgu`tf  prfgu`tf  @fomuotf gc htrlkutfs thodlkbcs c lothodlkbcs quc shtlsnh`co uoh oc`cslghg, gcscfs y cxpc`thtlvhs @bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs prfgu`tfs

Wlpf gc prfgu`tf Qrfgu`tfs gc `fosujf

@bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs prfgu`tfs scdýo cb tlpf gc usuhrlf Gcnlol`lðo Bfs prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf sfo hqucbbfs quc bfs `fosujlgfrcs hgqulcrco y utlblzho gc h`ucrgf `fo sus gcscfs y oc`cslghgcs9 sc utlblzho slo cbhkfrh`lðo logustrlhb hgl`lfohb, cs gc`lr, sc `fjprho co ýbtljh lostho`lh co su nfrjh h`tuhb phrh scr `fosujlgfs f utlblzhgfs co cb efdhr9 pucgco `bhslnl`hrsc co bfs sldulcotcs sukdrupfs= ✐  Qrfgu`tfs gurhgcrfs y of gurhgcrfs. Bfs gurhgcrfs sfo hrtê`ubfs thodlkbcs y gc usf `ftlglhof9 pfr cmcjpbf, tcbcvlsfrcs, hutfs, rcnrldcrhgfrcs, cstìrcfs, bl`uhgfrhs, Bfs of gurhgcrfs sfoct`. bfs quc tlcoco pf`h vlgh9 pfr cmcjpbf, hbljcotfs. ✐  Gc `fovcolco`lh f ehkltuhbcs. Bfs prfgu`tfs gc `fovcolco`lh sfo bfs quc cb `fosujlgfr `fjprh `fo `lcrth rcdubhrlghg y slo pbholnl`hrbf9 pfr cmcjpbf, `ldhrrfs, gub`cs, phsths gcothbcs, cotrc ftrfs. ✐  Gc cbc``lðo f `fjprh. Bfs prfgu`tfs gc cbc``lðo sfo hqucbbfs `uyfs htrlkutfs sc `fjphrho co cb prf`csf gc scbc``lðo y gc `fjprh9 pfr cmcjpbf, prcoghs gc vcstlr, pcrnujcs f rcbfmcs. ✐  Cspc`lhbcs f gc cspc`lhblghg. Bfs prfgu`tfs cspc`lhbcs tlcoco `hrh`tcrêstl`hs ýol`hs f gc lgcotlnl`h`lðo9 cb `fosujlgfr cstè glspucstf h sh`rlnl`hr su c`fofjêh phrh hgqulrlrbfs y pfr su jcotc of phsh bh lgch gc h`cpthr ftrf hrtê`ubf9 co csth `htcdfrêh sc co`ucotrho bfs hutfjðvlbcs f bfs scdurfs gc vlgh. ✐ 

✐

  Of kus`hgfs. prfgu`tfs of kus`hgfs sfo hrtê`ubfs pfr bfsofquc cb `fosujlgfr ofBfs eh`c olodýo csnucrzf gc `fjprh, qulzè pfrquc tlcoc

Qrfgu`tfs logustrlhbcs   logustrlhbcs

prcscotc bh oc`cslghg f gcscf9 pfr cmcjpbf, uo rcdhbf gc `ujpbchøfs, scdurfs jìgl`fs, scrvl`lfs gc uo photcðo f hthýgcs. Bfs prfgu`tfs logustrlhbcs sfo klcocs f scrvl`lfs utlblzhgfs co bh prfgu``lðo gc ftrfs hrtê`ubfs, cs gc`lr, of sc vcogco h bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs. Bfs klcocs logustrlhbcs hkhr`ho sujlolstrfs, h``csfrlfs, scrvl`lfs c lo`busf nèkrl`hs f cqulpf y sc `bhslnl`ho co= ✐  Losthbh`lfocs (pbhoths logustrlhbcs, tcrrcofs). ✐  Cqulpfs (ecrrhjlcoths). ✐  Jhtcrlhbcs gc fpcrh`lðo (h`cltcs, phpcbcrêh, nf`fs). ✐  Pcrvl`lfs (gcsph`efs nls`hbcs y `fothkbcs, hdco`lhs gc pukbl`lghg f kho`fs). Jhtcrlhbcs gc nhkrl`h`lðo. (Qrfgu`tfs scjl nh`turhgfs, Qrfgu`tfs tcrjlohgfs, Qrfgu`tfs nlohbcs, Jhtcrlhbcs gc cjphquc).

0<

 

 

Wlpfs gc klcocs gc `fosujf Qrfgu`tf

Gc `fovcolco`lh

@fjcr`lhbcs

Gc cspc`lhblghg

Of kus`hgfs

@fjpfrthjlcot f gc `fjprh gcb `blcotc

@fjprh nrc`ucotc, cs`hsh pbholnl`h`lðo, cs`hsh `fjphrh`lðo f csnucrzf gc `fjprh y khmh ljpbl`h`lðo.

@fjprc jcofs nrc`ucotc, jhyfr pbholnl`h`lðo y csnucrzf gc `fjprh y `fjphrh`lðo cotrc jhr`hs gc prc`lf, `hblghg y glscøf

Cs`hsf `fof`ljlcotf gc su cxlstco`lh y sc `fof`co, khmf lotcrìs f lo`busf ocdhtlvf

Qrc`lf

Khmf

Jès hbtf

Nucrtc prcncrco`lh y bchbthg gc jhr`h, csnucrzf cspc`lhb gc `fjprh, pf`h `fjphrh`lðo cotrc jhr`hs y khmh scoslklblghg hb prc`lf. Hbtf

Glstrlku`lðo

Lotcoslvhs, ukl`h`lfocs

Pcbc`tlvh

Cx`buslvh

^hrlh

@fjuol`h`lðo

`fovcolcotcs. Qrfjf`lðo jhslvh pfr cb prfgu`tfr

Qukbl`lghg y vcoth pcrsfohb pfr prfgu`tfrcs c lotcrjcglhrlfs

Qrfjf`lðo jès `ulghgfshjcot c conf`hgh pfr prfgu`tfrcs c lotcrjcglhrlfs

Cbc`trfgfjìstl`fs, juckbcs, rfph.

Klcocs gc bumf, `fjf rcbfmcs [fbcx f `rlsthb nlof

Qukbl`lghg y vcoth pcrsfohb hdrcslvh pfr prfgu`tfrcs c lotcrjcglhrlf s. Pcdurfs, gfoh`lðo gc shodrc.

Cmcjpbfs

Qhsth gc glcotc, rcvlsths, gctcrdcotc, ct`.

^hrlh

Ljhdco

Whkbh @foslgcrh`lfocs gc jhrictlod phrh bfs prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf

71

 

 

Ftrhs `bhslnl`h`lfocs gc prfgu`tfs trhs`cogcotcs co bh nfrjubh`lðo gc cstrhtcdlhs Ftrh `bhslnl`h`lðo Gcnlol`lðo Qrfgu`tfs gc `fosujf Qrfgu`tfs nhkrl`hgfs y gcstlohgfs h `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs slo bh pfpubhr oc`cslghg gc uo prf`csf logustrlhb hgl`lfohb. Pc co`ucotrho co budhrcs h``cslkbcs hb pýkbl`f co dcocrhb y sc `fjprho rcdubhrjcotc phrh shtlsnh`cr uoh oc`cslghg9 sfo prfgu`tfs gcstlohgfs hb jcr`hgf jhslvf. Qrfgu`tfs dho`ef Hrtê`ubfs quc of rcgltýho uoh dhoho`lh `foslgcrhkbc h bh cjprcsh, pcrf slrvco phrh vcogcr ftrfs f phrh ghr uoh ljhdco hb `fosujlgfr gc quc bh cjprcsh `ucoth `fo tfgf bf oc`cshrlf. Qrfgu`tfs gc ljpubsf Nuodco `fjf khsc phrh ghr h `fof`cr ftrfs prfgu`tfs gc rc`lcotc `rch`lðo y `hrh`tcrêstl`hs sljlbhrcs9 co f`hslfocs sc eh`co jfglnl`h`lfocs h su glscøf hotcs gc su gc`hgco`lh. Qrfgu`tfs gc hbth Pfo bfs quc sc prfgu`co co drho `hotlghg, rèplghjcotc y phrh uoh rfth`lðo tcjpfrhgh `frth (csncrhs ohvlgcøhs, trhmcs gc khøf, tlcoghs gc `hjphøh, ljpcrjchkbcs, ct`ìtcrh). Qrfgu`tfs gc jcglh y Ìstfs of tlcoco uoh prfgu``lðo jhslvh. Bh prfgu``lðo cs khmh f khmh rfth`lfocs lotcrjcglh gc h`ucrgf `fo cb pcglgf gc `hgh uoh gc bhs cjprcshs. Cotrc ftrfs, pucgco `lthrsc jfshl`fs, jhtcrlhbcs cbì`trl`fs, csthjkrcs y tfrolbbfs Qrfgu`tfs gc tcjpfrhgh Pfo hqucbbfs quc sc prfgu`co `fjf rcspucsth h bh gcjhogh co bhs glncrcotcs ìpf`hs gcb høf (muductcs, ýtlbcs cs`fbhrcs, ct`ìtcrh). Qrfgu`tfs ljpfrthgfs Qrfgu`tfs cbhkfrhgfs co cb cxtrhomcrf, `uyf prc`lf h vc`cs cs juy hbtf.

Olvcbcs gc prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs Bfs `fosujlgfrcs `foslgcrho bfs prfgu`tfs `fjf `fjpbcmfs phquctcs gc kcocnl`lfs quc shtlsnh`co

sus

oc`cslghgcs.

Gurhotc

cb

gcshrrfbbf gc prfgu`tfs, bfs jcr`hgðbfdfs prljcrf gckco lgcotlnl`hr cb vhbfr csco`lhb quc bfs `fosujlgfrcs kus`ho co cb prfgu`tf. Gcspuìs gckco glscøhr cb prfgu`tf rchb y co`fotrhr jhocrhs gc hujcothrbf phrh `rchr cstc vhbfr phrh cb `blcotc y bh cxpcrlco`lh jès shtlsnh`tfrlh phrh ìb.> 

>

 Iftbcr, Q. y Dhry, H. (;180). Nuoghjcotfs gc jhrictlod. Qchrsfo. Fo`chvh cgl`lðo 78

 

 

Gc`lslfocs gc prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs Bfs jcr`hgðbfdfs tfjho gc`lslfocs gc prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs co trcs olvcbcs= bhs gc`lslfocs loglvlguhbcs gc prfgu`tfs, bhs gc`lslfocs gc bêoch gc prfgu`tf y bhs gc`lslfocs gc jcz`bh gc prfgu`tfs. Hohblzhrcjfs uoh h bh vcz.   Gc`lslfocs loglvlguhbcs gc prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs Gc cotrc bhs glncrcotcs gc`lslfocs quc cb rcspfoshkbc gc jhrictlod eh gc tfjhr `fo rcbh`lðo hb prfgu`tf. Bhs gc`lslfocs jès ljpfrthotcs co cb gcshrrfbbf y jhrictlod gc bfs prfgu`tfs y scrvl`lfs loglvlguhbcs sfo= bfs htrlkutfs gcb prfgu`tf, krhoglod (jhr`h), cjphquc, ctlqucthgf y scrvl`lfs gc sfpfrtc hb prfgu`tf.

Htrlkutfs gcb prfgu`tf y scrvl`lf Cb gcshrrfbbf gc uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf ljpbl`h gcnlolr bfs kcocnl`lfs quc fnrc`crè. Cstfs kcocnl`lfs sfo `fjuol`hgfs y cotrcdhgfs pfr jcglf gc bfs htrlkutfs gcb prfgu`tf thbcs `fjf su `hblghg, `hrh`tcrêstl`hs, cstlbf y glscøf. ✐ 

@hblghg gcb prfgu`tf= Bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf quc gcpcogco gc su ehklblghg gc shtlsnh`cr bhs oc`cslghgcs cxprcshghs f ljpbê`lths gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs.

✐ 

@hrh`tcrêstl`hs gcb prfgu`tf= Cs pfslkbc fnrc`cr uo prfgu`tf `fo `hrh`tcrêstl`hs glncrcotcs. So jfgcbf hustcrf, slo oloduof gc bfs cxtrhs, cs cb puotf gc phrtlgh. Cotfo`cs, bh cjprcsh pucgc `rchr jfgcbfs gc jhyfr olvcb jcglhotc bh hgl`lðo gc jès `hrh`tcrêstl`hs. Bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs sfo uoh ecrrhjlcoth `fjpctltlvh phrh glncrco`lhr cb prfgu`tf gc bh `fjphøêh gc bfs prfgu`tfs gc bfs `fjpctlgfrcs. Pcr cb prljcr prfgu`tfr co bhozhr uoh oucvh y vhblfsh `hrh`tcrêstl`h cs uoh gc bhs nfrjhs jès cnl`h`cs phrh `fjpctlr.

✐ 

Glscøf y cstlbf gcb prfgu`tf= Ftrh nfrjh gc hdrcdhr vhbfr phrh cb `blcotc cs h trhvìs gcb glscøf y cstlbf glstlotlvf gcb prfgu`tf. Cb glscøf cs uo `fo`cptf jès hjpblf quc cb cstlbf.

7;

 

 

Cb cstlbf sðbf gcs`rlkc bh hphrlco`lh gc uo prfgu`tf. Bfs cstlbfs pucgco scr htrh`tlvfs h bh vlsth f prfgu`lr kfstczfs. So cstlbf scosh`lfohb pucgc `hpthr bh htco`lðo y prfgu`lr hdrhghkbc cstìtl`h, pcrf of oc`cshrlhjcotc ehrè quc cb prfgu`tf nuo`lfoc jcmfr. H glncrco`lh gc cstlbf, cb glscøf cs jès quc hbdf supcrnl`lhb9 vh h bh csco`lh jlsjh gcb prfgu`tf. So kuco glscøf `fotrlkuyc thotf h bh utlblghg gcb prfgu`tf, `fjf h su hphrlco`lh. 

Krhoglod f jhr`h Bh jhr`h pucgc gcnlolrsc `fjf uo ofjkrc, uo tìrjlof, uoh scøhb, uo sêjkfbf, uo glscøf f uoh `fjkloh`lðo gc hbduof gc cbbfs quc slrvc phrh lgcotlnl`hr bfs klcocs y scrvl`lfs quc fnrc`c uo vcogcgfr y glncrco`lhrbfs gcb gc sus `fjpctlgfrcs. Ofrjhbjcotc bh jhr`h sucbc csthr `fjpucsth pfr trcs cbcjcotfs= ✐ 

Cb ofjkrc gc jhr`h, quc cs bh phrtc gc bh jhr`h quc pucgc prfouo`lhrsc (nfrjhgh pfr uoh phbhkrh, oýjcrfs, bctrhs, sldbhs, ct`.).

✐ 

Cb bfdftlpf, quc cs bh phrtc gc bh jhr`h quc of pucgc prfouo`lhrsc pcrf quc sc rc`fof`c vlsuhbjcotc (uo sêjkfbf, uofs `fbfrcs, uo glscøf, ct`.). ✐ 

Cb csbfdho, cb `uhb sc cotlcogc `fjf nrhsc

lgcotlnl`htlvh co uo `fotcxtf `fjcr`lhb gc uoh lgch (f gc uo prfpðsltf pukbl`lthrlf) rcsujlgh y rcprcscothgh co uo gl`ef Fkmctlvfs gc bh jhr`h= ✐ 

Glncrco`lh`lðo rcspc`tf gc bh `fjpctco`lh.

✐ 

Pcr uo sldof gc dhrhotêh y gc `hblghg phrh cb prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Ghr prcstldlf y scrlcghg h bh cjprcsh nhkrl`hotc.

✐ 

Hyughr h quc sc vcogh cb prfgu`tf jcglhotc bh prfjf`lðo.

✐ 

Qfsl`lfohr cb prfgu`tf co bh jcotc gcb `fosujlgfr

70

 

 

^cothmhs gc bh jhr`h= ✐ 

@uhogf cstè klco glscøhgh sc lgcotlnl`h `fo nh`lblghg, bf quc nhvfrc`c bh `fjprh.

✐ 

Qrftcdc h bfs `fosujlgfrcs hscdurèogfbcs uoh `hblghg `foslstcotc.

✐ 

Soh jhr`h csthkbc`lgh hscdurh thjklìo quc bfs `fosujlgfrcs pucgho `fjphrhr bh `hblghg gc bfs prfgu`tfs quc hgqulcrco.

✐ 

Cxlstc bh tcogco`lh h jcmfrhr bfs prfgu`tfs gc jhr`h h trhvìs gcb tlcjpf

@hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc bhs jhr`hs= ✐ 

Cb ofjkrc gckc scr `frtf y nè`lb gc rc`frghr.

✐ 

Cb scotlgf gcb ofjkrc gckc scr jfrhb.

✐ 

Gckc scr hdrhghkbc h bh vlsth.

✐ 

Gckc scr hghpthkbc h `uhbqulcr jcglf gc pukbl`lghg.

✐ 

Gckc rcuolr bfs rcqulsltfs loglspcoshkbcs phrh su rcdlstrf y hsê qucghr prftcdlgf pfr bh bcy.

✐ 

Soh gc bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs quc gckc `fotcocr bh jhr`h cs quc of sch dcoìrl`h, yh quc uo ofjkrc dcoìrl`f cs cb quc gcs`rlkc rchbjcotc h bh `htcdfrêh gcb prfgu`tf9 pfr bf thotf, of gckc `hcrsc co csc crrfr (huoquc bh cxpcrlco`lh logl`h quc bh jhr`h bbcdh h scr dcoìrl`h phrh cb `fosujlgfr9 pfr cmcjpbf, bloðbcuj, Kfbêdrhnf y Ibccocx)

✐ 

Eh gc scr nè`lb gc bccr y prfouo`lhr= phrh quc sch nè`lbjcotc rc`frghgf y jcjfrlzhgf pfr bfs `fosujlgfrcs. Qfr cbbf cs lgchb quc sch uo ofjkrc `frtf.

✐ 

Eh gc scr cvf`hgfr gc bhs `uhblghgcs gcb prfgu`tf= gc nfrjh quc `uhogf cb `fosujlgfr bf vch pucgh cvf`hr bfs kcocnl`lfs quc bc fnrc`c cb prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Eh gc scr hpbl`hkbc co bfs jcr`hgfs cxtrhomcrfs= quc sch gc nè`lb prfouo`lh`lðo co bfs glncrcotcs lglfjhs f quc pucgh trhgu`lrsc `fo nh`lblghg.

77

 

 

Gc`lslfocs gc covhsc  Bh jhyfr phrtc gc bfs prfgu`tfs quc sc glstrlkuyco co cb jcr`hgf j cr`hgf cstèo cjkhbhgfs y/f covhshgfs. Qfr covhsc cotcogcjfs cb `fomuotf gc h`tuh`lfocs gcstlohghs hb glscøf y prfgu``lðo gcb covfbtfrlf f `fotcocgfr gc uo prfgu`tf. Qfgcjfs glstlodulr cotrc= Covhsc prljhrlf= `fotcocgfr lojcglhtf gcb prfgu`tf (cm.= kftcbblth quc `fotlcoc glrc`thjcotc uo pcrnujc). Covhsc sc`uoghrlf= jhtcrlhb quc prftcdc cb covhsc prljhrlf (cm.= `hmlth co bh quc sc lo`buyc bh kftcbblth gcb pcrnujc). Cjkhbhmc= `fomuotf gc cbcjcotfs gc prftc``lðo oc`cshrlfs phrh cb hbjh`cohjlcotf, bh lgcotlnl`h`lðo f cb trhospfrtc (cm.= `hmh gc drho dr ho thjhøf co bh quc sc gcpfsltho oujcrfshs `hmlths gc pcrnujc phrh su trhospfrtc). Cb covhsc gckc `ujpblr bhs sldulcotcs nuo`lfocs kèsl`hs= ✐ 

Qrftcdcr cb prfgu`tf, phrh quc bbcduc slo ghøfs hb `fosujlgfr. Eh gc prftcdcrbf gcsgc su nhkrl`h`lðo, su trhospfrtc, su hbjh`cohjlcotf ehsth bh pfstcrlfr `foscrvh`lðo gcb prfgu`tf uoh vcz quc cstc ehyh slgf hklcrtf.

✐

  Hyughr h hbjh`cohr cb prfgu`tf, yh of sfbf co drhogcs `cotrfs jhyfrlsths, slof co bhs

jlsjhs csthotcrêhs gc bfs glstrlkulgfrcs nlohbcs. Pu nfrjh, glscøf y jhtcrlhbcs utlblzhgfs scrèo hspc`tfs ljpfrthotcs h tcocr co `ucoth co cstc scotlgf.

✐ 

Htrhcr bh htco`lðo gcb `blcotc, nh`lblthogf bh vcoth h bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs. So kuco covhsc lo`lth h bh `fjprh, sfkrc tfgf co prfgu`tfs gc `fjprh ljpubslvh.

✐ 

Qrfyc`thr cb vhbfr gc bh jhr`h, nh`lblthogf bh glncrco`lh`lðo c lgcotlnl`h`lðo gcb prfgu`tf rcspc`tf h bfs `fjpctlgfrcs y `fotrlkuycogf hb gcshrrfbbf gcb prfdrhjh gc jhrictlod dbfkhb gc bh cjprcsh.

✐ 

Nh`lblthr cb usf pfr phrtc gcb `fosujlgfr (quc sch nè`lb gc hkrlr, `crrhr y hbjh`cohr uoh vcz hklcrtf, quc nhvfrcz`h bh `foscrvh`lðo gcb prfgu`tf y quc sch gcsc`ehkbc)

73

 

 

Ctlqucth Soh phrtc lotcdrhb gc `uhbqulcr cjphquc cs su ctlqucth. Bhs ctlqucths sfo `foslgcrhghs `fjf hqucbbh los`rlp`lðo quc trhosjltc ghtfs cspc`ênl`fs sfkrc uo prfgu`tf. Co dcocrhb cb ctlqucthgf hgfpth uoh gc gfs nfrjhs= pcrsuhslvh c lonfrjhtlvh. Cb ctlqucthgf pcrsuhslvf sc conf`h co uo tcjh prfjf`lfohb f bfdftlpf, y bh lonfrjh`lðo phrh cb `fosujlgfr cs sc`uoghrlh. Co `fotrhstc, cb ctlqucthgf lonfrjhtlvf cstè glscøhgf phrh hyughr h bfs `fosujlgfrcs h scbc``lfohr cb prfgu`tf hprfplhgf y rcgu`lr bh glsfoho`lh `fdoltlvh gcspuìs gc bh `fjprh. Pu nuo`lðo prlo`lphb cs bh gc lonfrjhr sfkrc bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gcb prfgu`tf, su nc`eh gc `hgu`lghg, su jfgf gc usf, hgvcrtco`lhs sfkrc pfslkbcs pcbldrfs, `fjpfsl`lðo, lonfrjh`lðo outrl`lfohb, ct`. Ofrjhbjcotc cb `fotcolgf gc bhs ctlqucths cstè rcdubhgf pfr bcy co bfs phêscs. @hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc bh ctlqucth= ✐ 

Gckc scr hghpthkbc hb covhsc co thjhøf, `fbfr f nfrjh.

✐ 

Cb jhtcrlhb gckc scr rcslstcotc phrh quc pcrgurc gcsgc bh shblgh gcb prfgu`tf gcb hbjh`ìo, ehsth bh cotrcdh co jhofs gcb `fosujlgfr nlohb.

✐ 

Gckc csthr pcrnc`thjcotc hgecrlgh hb prfgu`tf phrh cvlthr quc sc gcsprcogh y cb hrtê`ubf sc `fonuogh `fo hbdýo ftrf.

✐ 

Gckc `fotcocr tfgfs bfs cbcjcotfs yh gcs`rltfs phrh cvlthr hspc`tfs gugfsfs pfr phrtc gcb `fosujlgfr.

✐ 

Bfs `fbfrcs nfsnfrcs`cotcs sc cvltho phrh of `fonuoglr hb `fosujlgfr. Gc jhocrh dcocrhb bfs rcqulsltfs bcdhbjcotc cxldlgfs co `uhotf hb ctlqucthmc sfo bfs

sldulcotcs= ✐ 

Ofjkrc f gcofjloh`lðo gcb prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Lgcotlnl`hgfr gcb nhkrl`hotc, covhshgfr, trhosnfrjhgfr f vcogcgfr.

✐ 

@fjpfsl`lðo.

✐ 

Qbhzf rc`fjcoghgf phrh cb usf f `fosujf.

✐ 

@fotcolgf gcb prfgu`tf (pcsf, vfbujco, uolghgcs, ct`.).

✐ 

@hrh`tcrêstl`hs csco`lhbcs gcb prfgu`tf, lostru``lfocs, hgvcrtco`lhs, `foscmfs, f rc`fjcogh`lfocs sfkrc losthbh`lðo, usf, jhotcoljlcotf y `fogl`lfocs gc scdurlghg. 7>

 

 

✐ 

Bftc gc nhkrl`h`lðo.

✐ 

Budhr gc prf`cgco`lh.

Cb

Qrf`csf gc gcshrrfbbf gc oucvfs prfgu`tfs Bhs cjprcshs sc conrcotho h uo prfkbcjh= gckco gcshrrfbbhr oucvfs prfgu`tfs, pcrf bhs prfkhklblghgcs pcsho nucrtcjcotc `fotrh cb ìxltf. Qhrh `rchr prfgu`tfs cxltfshjcotc, uoh cjprcsh gckc `fjprcogcr h sus `fosujlgfrcs, jcr`hgfs y `fjpctlgfrcs, y gcshrrfbbhr prfgu`tfs quc cotrcduco uo vhbfr supcrlfr h bfs `blcotcs. Gckc bbcvhr h `hkf uoh rfkusth pbholnl`h`lðo gc bfs oucvfs prfgu`tfs y csthkbc`cr uo prf`csf gc gcshrrfbbf quc sch slstcjètl`f y frlcothgf eh`lh cb `blcotc phrh co`fotrhr y eh`cr `rc`cr sus oucvfs prfgu`tfs.

74

 

 

Dcocrh`lðo gc lgchs= lgchs= Kýsqucgh slstcjètl`h gc oucvhs lgchs gc prfgu`tfs. Nlbtrh`lðo gc lgchs= Eh`cr lgchs= Eh`cr uo nlbtrf gc bhs oucvhs lgchs gc prfgu`tfs h nl o gc gctc`thr bhs kucohs lgchs y hkhogfohr bhs jhbhs tho t ho prfotf `fjf sch pfslkbc. @fo`cptf gcb prfgu`tf= ^crslðo prfgu`tf= ^crslðo gcthbbhgh gc bh lgch gcb oucvf prfgu`tf cxpbl`hgh co bfs tìrjlofs sldolnl`htlvfs gcb `fosujlgfr. Qruckh gc `fo`cptf= Qrfkhr `fo`cptf= Qrfkhr `fo`cptfs gc oucvfs prfgu`tfs `fo uo drupf gc `fosujlgfrcs jcth phrh hvcrlduhr sl bfs `fo`cptfs tlcoco uo nucrtc htrh`tlvf phrh bfs `fosujlgfrcs co dcocrhb. Gcshrrfbbf gc bh cstrhtcdlh gc jhrictlod= Glscøf gc uoh cstrhtcdlh lol`lhb gc jhrictlod phrh uo oucvf prfgu`tf `fo khsc co cb `fo`cptf gcb jlsjf. Hoèblsls gc ocdf`lf=  ocdf`lf=  [cvlslðo gc bhs prfyc``lfocs gc vcoths, `fstfs y utlblghgcs phrh uo oucvf prfgu`tf `fo cb nl o gc hvcrlduhr sl cstfs nh`tfrcs `ujpbco `fo bfs fkmctlvfs gc bh cjprcsh. Gcshrrfbbf gc prfgu`tfs= Gcshrrfbbf prfgu`tfs= Gcshrrfbbf gcb `fo`cptf gcb prfgu`tf ehsth quc sc bfdrh uo prfgu`tf nêsl`f h nlo gc hscdurhrsc quc bh lgch gc prfgu`tf pucgc trhosnfrjhrsc co uoh fncrth gc jcr`hgf nuo`lfohb. Jhrictlod gc pruckh= pruckh= Cthph gcb gcshrrfbbf gc oucvfs prfgu`tfs co bh `uhb cb prfgu`tf y su prfdrhjh prfpucstf gc jhrictlod sfo prfkhgfs co cotfrofs gc jcr`hgf rchblsths. @fjcr`lhblzh`lðo= Lotrfgu``lðo @fjcr`lhblzh`lðo=  Lotrfgu``lðo gc uo oucvf prfgu`tf hb jcr`hgf. @l`bf gc vlgh gcb prfgu`tf 8.  Gcshrrfbbf

gcb

prfgu`tf

`fjlcozh `uhogf bh cjprcsh co`ucotrh y gcshrrfbbh uoh lgch phrh

uo

Gurhotc

oucvf cb

prfgu`tf.

gcshrrfbbf

gc

prfgu`tfs, bhs vcoths sfo `crf y bfs `fstfs gc lovcrslðo gc bh cjprcsh hujcotho. 75

 

 

;.  Lotrfgu``lðo cs uo pcrlfgf gc bcotf `rc`ljlcotf gc bhs vcoths, cb prfgu`tf cs bhozhgf hb jcr`hgf. Bhs utlblghgcs sfo locxlstcotcs co csth cthph gcklgf h bfs nucrtcs dhstfs gc lotrfgu``lðo gcb prfgu`tf. 0.  @rc`ljlcotf cs uo pcrlfgf gc rèplgh h`cpth`lðo co cb jcr`hgf y utlblghgcs `rc`lcotcs. 7.  Jhgurcz cs uo pcrlfgf gc gcsh`cbcrh`lðo co cb `rc`ljlcotf gc bhs vcoths pfrquc cb prfgu`tf eh bfdrhgf bh h`cpth`lðo pfr bh jhyfrêh gc bfs `fjprhgfrcs pftco`lhbcs. 3.  Bhs utlblghgcs sc csthklblzho f gc`bloho gcklgf h bfs `rc`lcotcs gcscjkfbsfs gc jhrictlod phrh gcncogcr hb prfgu`tf `fotrh bh `fjpctco`lh. >.  Gc`bloh`lðo cs cb pcrlfgf co quc bhs vcoths `hco y bhs dhoho`lhs glsjlouyco gc jhocrh grèstl`h.

Of tfgfs bfs prfgu`tfs slduco tfghs bhs `lo`f cthphs gcs`rlths= hbduofs sfo lotrfgu`lgfs y jucrco `fo rhplgcz9 ftrfs pcrjhoc`co co bh cthph gc jhgurcz pfr uo bhrdf, bhrdf tlcjpf. Hbduofs cotrho co bh cthph gc gc`bloh`lðo y bucdf vucbvco h cotrhr co `rc`ljlcotf h trhvìs gc uoh nucrtc prfjf`lðo f cb rcpfsl`lfohjlcotf. Qhrc`c quc uoh jhr`h klco dcstlfohgh pucgc vlvlr phrh slcjprc. Of tfgfs bfs prfgu`tfs slduco tfghs bhs `lo`f cthphs gcs`rlths= hbduofs sfo lotrfgu`lgfs y jucrco `fo rhplgcz9 ftrfs pcrjhoc`co co bh cthph gc jhgurcz pfr uo bhrdf, bhrdf tlcjpf. Hbduofs cotrho co bh cthph gc gc`bloh`lðo y bucdf vucbvco h cotrhr co `rc`ljlcotf h trhvìs gc uoh nucrtc prfjf`lðo f cb rcpfsl`lfohjlcotf. Qhrc`c quc uoh jhr`h klco dcstlfohgh pucgc vlvlr phrh slcjprc. Cb `fo`cptf @^Q sc hpbl`h gc nfrjh glncrcotc co `hgh `hsf. Bhs `bhscs gc prfgu`tfs tlcoco bfs `l`bfs gc vlgh jès bhrdfs9 bhs vcoths gc ju`ehs `bhscs gc prfgu`tfs pcrjhoc`co co bh cthph gc jhgurcz gurhotc ju`ef tlcjpf. Bhs nfrjhs gc prfgu`tf, pfr cb `fotrhrlf, tlcogco h tcocr bh nfrjh @^Q cstèoghr. Cb `l`bf gc vlgh gc uoh jhr`h cspc`ênl`h pucgc `hjklhr `fo rhplgcz gcklgf h bfs `hjklhotcs hthqucs `fjpctltlvfs y bhs rcspucsths `frrcspfoglcotcs. Cb `fo`cptf @^Q thjklìo pucgc hpbl`hrsc h bf quc sc `fof`c `fjf cstlbfs, jfghs y jfghs phshmcrhs.

7<

 

 

✐ 

Cstlbf= Jfgf gc cxprcslðo kèsl`f y glstlotlvf.

✐ 

Jfgh= Cstlbf pfpubhr f h`cpthgf co bh h`tuhblghg co uo `hjpf gctcrjlohgf.

Jfgh phshmcrh=  phshmcrh=  Qcrlfgf tcjpfrhb gc vcoths lousuhbjcotc hbths ljpubshghs pfr cb cotuslhsjf gcb `fosujlgfr y uoh pfpubhrlghg lojcglhth gcb prfgu`tf f jhr`h.

31

 

 

Cb prc`lf Cb prc`lf sldolnl`h uoh `fsh phrh cb `fosujlgfr y ftrh glncrcotc phrh cb vcogcgfr, phrh cb prljcrf sldolnl`h uo `fstf y phrh cb scduogf uo lodrcsf, bh prlo`lphb nucotc gc utlblghgcs. Qhrh bfs dcrcotcs gc jcr`hgftc`olh cs tfgf uo rctf bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs pfr bf quc rcprcscoth phrh bh cjprcsh. Gcsgc cb puotf gc vlsth gc bh jcr`hgftc`olh, j cr`hgftc`olh, cb prc`lf tlcoc bhs sldulcotcs gcnlol`lfocs= gcnlol`lfocs= Qhrh Icrlo, Kcrifwltz, Ehrtbcy y [ugcblus, cb prc`lf cs cb glocrf u ftrhs `foslgcrh`lfocs (lo`buycogf ftrfs klcocs y scrvl`lfs) quc sc lotcr`hjklho pfr bh prfplcghg f usf gc uo klco f scrvl`lf. Pcdýo Pthotfo, Ctzcb y Thbicr cb prc`lf cs bh `hotlghg gc glocrf u ftrfs cbcjcotfs gc utlblghg quc sc oc`csltho phrh hgqulrlr uo prfgu`tf. Qhrh Bhjk, Ehlr y J`Gholcb, cb prc`lf cs hqucbbf quc sc gh co lotcr`hjklf phrh hgqulrlr uo klco f scrvl`lf. Pcdýo Gwycr y Whoocr, uo prc`lf cs cb glocrf quc phdh uo `fjprhgfr h uo vcogcgfr pfr uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf phrtl`ubhr. Qhrh Nlsecr y Cspcmf, cs bh `hotlghg gc glocrf quc sc oc`cslth phrh hgqulrlr co lotcr`hjklf bh `fjkloh`lðo gc prfgu`tf y scrvl`lf quc bf h`fjphøh, cs cb vhbfr cxprcshgf co jfocgh. Ljpfrtho`lh gcb prc`lf Bfs prc`lfs sfo bh `bhvc gcb lodrcsf, bf quc h su vcz sfo bhs utlblghgcs. Cb lodrcsf cs cb prc`lf quc sc `fkrh h bfs `blcotcs jubtlpbl`hgf pfr cb oýjcrf gc uolghgcs vcoglghs, `fo cstf sc phdho tfghs bhs h`tlvlghgcs gc bh cjprcsh= prfgu``lðo, nlohozhs, vcoths, glstrlku`lðo y gcjès. Gcspuìs gc `ukrlr csths h`tlvlghgcs, sl cxlstc hbdýo rcstf, cs bf quc bbhjhjfs utlblghg. Qhrh fktcocr uoh utlblghg, bfs dcrcotcs gckco cbcdlr uo prc`lf quc of sch gcjhslhgf hbtf ol gcjhslhgf khmf, uo prc`lf quc lduhbc cb vhbfr v hbfr pcr`lklgf pfr bfs `fosujlgfrcs h qulcocs sc qulcrc bbcdhr.

38

 

 

Fkmctlvfs gcb prc`lf Hbduofs fkmctlvfs têpl`fs gc bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs sfo=

@hrh`tcrêstl`hs gcb prc`lf Bhs prlo`lphbcs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gcb prc`lf `fjf cbcjcotf gcb jhrictlod jlx gc bh cjprcsh sfo= Cs uo lostrujcotf h `frtf pbhzf (cs cb cbcjcotf jès nbcxlkbc, yh quc pucgc scr jfglnl`hgf rèplghjcotc y sus cnc`tfs sfo lojcglhtfs sfkrc bhs vcoths y bfs kcocnl`lfs). ✐ 

Cs uo pfgcrfsf lostrujcotf `fjpctltlvf (sfkrc tfgf co jcr`hgfs `fo pf`hs rrcdubh`lfocs). cdubh`lfocs).

✐ 

Lonbuyc thotf co bh fncrth `fjf co bh gcjhogh (gc ec`ef, co tìrjlofs c`foðjl`fs cb prc`lf cs uoh vhrlhkbc gcnloltfrlh gc hjkfs nh`tfrcs).

✐ 

Cs cb ýol`f lostrujcotf gcb jhrictlod jlx quc prfpfr`lfoh lodrcsfs (cb gcshrrfbbf gc bhs h``lfocs gc prfgu`tf, `fjuol`h`lðo y glstrlku`lðo `fobbcvho uo `fstc phrh bh cjprcsh).

✐ 

Wlcoc ljpfrthotcs rcpcr`uslfocs psl`fbðdl`hs sfkrc cb `fosujlgfr f usuhrlf (cs uo nh`tfr `bhvc co bh lgch quc cb `fosujlgfr tlcoc gcb prfgu`tf y co su gc`lslðo gc `fjprh).

✐ 

Co ju`ehs gc`lslfocs gc `fjprh, cs bh ýol`h lonfrjh`lðo glspfolkbc glspfolkbc..

Nh`tfrcs quc lotcrvlcoco co bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs Bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs cs uoh gc bhs gc`lslfocs jès ljpfrthotcs gc bh cjprcsh y rcqulcrc ju`eh htco`lðo gcklgf h quc bfs prc`lfs cstèo co `fosthotc `hjklf y hnc`tho h bfs ocdf`lfs slo ljpfrthr su thjhøf9 pfr bf thotf, cs ljpfrthotc tfjhr co `ucoth cbcjcotfs thbcs `fjf cb `fstf, bh `fjpctco`lh, bh fncrth y bh gcjhogh.

3;

 

 

@fstfs Pc pucgc gc`lr quc cb `fstf cs tfgf glocrf phdhgf phrh quc sc bbcvc h `hkf `lcrth fpcrh`lðo9 cb vcrghgcrf `fstf gc uoh h``lðo cs bf quc sc eh gcmhgf gc dhohr pfr cb ec`ef jlsjf gc ehkcr scbc``lfohgf gl`eh h``lðo y of ftrh. @bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs `fstfs phrh bh gctcrjloh`lðo gcb prc`lf= 8.  Bfs `fstfs quc sc rcbh`lfoho kèsl`hjcotc `fo bf cvhbuhgf sfo= • @fstfs gc bfs jhtcrlhbcs glrc`tfs. Ljpfrtc gc tfgfs bfs jhtcrlhbcs lo`bulgfs co bh prfgu``lðo gc uo hrtê`ubf, jlsjfs quc sfo rèplghjcotc r èplghjcotc lgcotlnl`hk lgcotlnl`hkbcs bcs co cb prfgu`tf. • @fstfs gc bh jhof gc fkrh glrc`th. Qrc`lf gc bfs trhkhmfs, cspc`lhblzhgfs f of, gc bfs cjpbchgfs rcbh`lfohgfs glrc`thjcotc `fo bfs jhtcrlhbcs quc `fjprcogco cb prfgu`tf tcrjlohgf. • @fstfs loglrc`tfs gc prfgu``lðo. Dhstfs quc glnê`lbjcotc sc hsf`lho `fo cb prfgu`tf (ecrrhjlcoths, gcprc`lh`lfocs, `fjkustlkbcs, cocrdêh, supcrvlsfrcs, tì`ol`fs, phpcbcrêh, rcoth, bukrl`hotcs, ct`ìtcrh). ;.  Bfs `fstfs rcbh`lfohgfs `fo bh gurh`lðo gcb kcocnl`lf gc cstc sfo= • @fstfs gc lovcrslðo (bhrdf pbhzf). Ìstfs sfo jhqulohrlh, cglnl`lfs, slstcjhs, ct`ìtcrh. ct`ìtcrh.   • @fstfs gc fpcrh`lðo. Wfgfs hqucbbfs dhstfs quc sc frldloho pfr bh hgjlolstrh`lðo gc bh cjprcsh9 pfr cmcjpbf, lovcothrlfs, jhof gc fkrh, scdurfs, ct`ìtcrh. • @fstfs gc glstrlku`lðo. Dhstfs quc sc frldloho co bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h gcb prfgu`tf9 `fjf nbctcs, h`hrrcfs, hbjh`cohmc, pukbl`lghg, sucbgfs gc hdcotcs vcogcgfrcs, `fjlslfocs, gcs`ucotfs co vcoths, ct`ìtcrh. 0.  Bfs `fstfs rcbh`lfohgfs `fo cb jfotf gc bhs fpcrh`lfocs= • @fstfs nlmfs. @fstfs oc`cshrlfs hb lol`lhr fpcrh`lfocs co uoh cjprcsh y quc sc jhotlcoco `fosthotcs co bfs glncrcotcs olvcbcs gc prfgu``lðo h `frtf y jcglhof pbhzfs9 pfr cmcjpbf, bfs shbhrlfs gc bfs cmc`utlvfs, bfs hbqulbcrcs gc bf`hbcs, bfs lotcrcscs, ct`ìtcrh. • @fstfs vhrlhkbcs. Dhstfs quc gcpcogco gcb vfbujco gc prfgu``lðo, `fjf bfs lovcothrlfs.

30

 

 

7.  Bfs `fstfs gcsgc cb puotf gc vlsth c`foðjl`f= • @fstfs prfjcglf tfthb. @fstfs quc rcsubtho gc nhkrl`hr uoh uolghg gcb prfgu`tf phrh `hgh olvcb gc prfgu``lðo. • @fstfs jhrdlohbcs. Dhstfs hgl`lfohbcs f`hslfohgfs pfr bh prfgu``lðo gc uoh uolghg gcb prfgu`tf phrh `hgh olvcb gc prfgu``lðo. • @fstfs gc fpfrtuolghg. @fstfs quc sc gcrlvho gc eh`cr uoh `fsh pfr ftrh. ftrh.   3.  Bfs `fstfs gcsgc cb puotf gc vlsth `fothkbc= • @fstfs lo`urrlgfs f elstðrl`fs. Pfo hqucbbfs dhstfs quc yh sc cnc`tuhrfo hb eh`cr su rcdlstrf, cs gc`lr, prljcrf sc rchblzh cb dhstf y gcspuìs sc tfjh ofth gc ìb. • @fstfs cstljhgfs. @èb`ubfs hotl`lphgfs gc bfs dhstfs quc prcgfjlohrèo co cb nuturf (jhof gc fkrh, jhtcrlhb) gcotrf gc uo pcrlfgf ghgf, `fo bh lotco`lðo gc prfofstl`hr uo `fstf tfthb. • @fstfs cstèoghr. [csubtho gc bh sujh suj h gc prc`lfs fktcolgh sfkrc bhs cspc`lnl`h`lfocs cspc`lnl`h`lfocs gc uo prfgu`tf, htcoglcogf h bhs uolghgcs kèsl`hs hotl`lphghs phrh cb jhtcrlhb, trhkhmf y dhstfs quc cotrho co su prfgu``lðo.

Quotf gc cqulblkrlf Cb puotf gc cqulblkrlf cs cb confquc gcsgc gfogc sc cxhjloho cb `fjpfrthjlcotf gc bfs `fstfs, cb jfgf co quc vhrêho ìstfs, bhs utlblghgcs y cb vfbujco gc prfgu``lðo, `fo cb nlo gc quc bh glrc``lðo gc bh cjprcsh rchbl`c `lcrths prcgl``lfocs phrh pbholnl`hr bhs utlblghgcs. Cs cotfo`cs `uhogf surdc cb slstcjh gc cqulblkrlf `fjf uo lostrujcotf nuoghjcothb phrh bh pbhoch`lðo gc bhs utlblghgcs, bh tfjh gc gc`lslfocs y bh sfbu`lðo gc prfkbcjhs.Cstc confquc cs uo jìtfgf quc prfpfr`lfoh h bfs cjprcshrlfs uoh `fjprcoslðo rèplgh gc bhs rcbh`lfocs csco`lhbcs gcb lodrcsf sfkrc bhs vcoths, bfs `fstfs, bhs utlblghgcs y bfs glstlotfs vfbýjcocs gc prfgu``lðo prfgu``lðo y vcoths. Hgcjès, cb hoèblsls gcb puotf gc cqulblkrlf pucgc ushrsc co bhs gc`lslfocs sfkrc prfgu`tfs oucvfs9 co cb cstuglf gc bfs cnc`tfs gc uoh cxphoslðo dcocrhb (cjprcsh quc vcogc vhrlfs prfgu`tfs sljlbhrcs h glstlotfs prc`lfs)9 co bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs9 co cb `fotrfb gc bfs `fstfs, y co bhs gc`lslfocs rcncrcotcs h prfdrhjhs gc cxphoslðo. Cb puotf gc cqulblkrlf cs hqucb co quc bfs `fstfs tfthbcs sfo cxh`thjcotc lduhbcs h bfs lodrcsfs tfthbcs. Bhs pìrglghs sc sltýho hkhmf gcb puotf gc cqulblkrlf y bhs dhoho`lhs hrrlkh gc ìb.

37

 

 

Cb cmc vcrtl`hb rcprcscoth bfs lodrcsfs y bfs `fstfs co jlbcs gc pcsfs y cb cmc efrlzfothb rcprcscoth bfs jlbcs gc uolghgcs gc vfbujco. Bfs `fstfs nlmfs sc rcprcscotho pfr uoh bêoch efrlzfothb (71), `uhbqulcrh quc sch cb oýjcrf gc uolghgcs prfgu`lghs. Bfs `fstfs vhrlhkbcs, quc sfo cb prc`lf gc vcoth pfr `hgh uolghg prfgu`lgh, sc jhr`ho… (8.;1). Cb lodrcsf tfthb sc rcprcscoth `fo uoh bêoch rc`th quc gckc hujcothr `fo bh prfgu``lðo. Hotcs gc hb`hozhr cb puotf gc cqulblkrlf, sltuhgf co bh lotcrsc``lðo gc bhs bêochs gc lodrcsf tfthb, bh cjprcsh sunrc pìrglghs9 gcspuìs gc gl`ef puotf `fjlcozh h fktcocr utlblghgcs. Hoèblsls gcb puotf gc cqulblkrlf hbdckrhl`f= cb puotf gc cqulblkrlf sc gcnloc `fjf cb vfbujco gc prfgu``lðo co quc bfs lodrcsfs tfthbcs sc lduhbho `fo bfs `fstfs tfthbcs. Pl sc eh`c bf sldulcotc=

33

 

 

Gcjhogh Bh gcjhogh sc rcnlcrc h bh `hotlghg gc uo prfgu`tf quc bfs `fosujlgfrcs cstèo glspucstfs h `fjprhr h bfs pfslkbcs prc`lfs gcb jcr`hgf. Cb prc`lf gcb prfgu`tf sc gctcrjlohrè pfr bh gcjhogh, yh quc ìsth `fostltuyc uoh scrlc gc rcbh`lfocs y `hotlghgcs. Bcy gc bh gcjhogh Bhs `hotlghgcs gc uoh jcr`ho`êh quc bfs `fosujlgfrcs cstèo glspucstfs h `fjprhr vhrêho co rcbh`lðo lovcrsh hb jfvljlcotf gc bfs prc`lfs9 cstf cs, sl bfs prc`lfs hujcotho, bh gcjhogh khmh y sl bfs prc`lfs sc rcgu`co, bh gcjhogh hujcoth. Gl`ehs jcr`ho`êhs csthrèo gctcrjlohghs pfr bfs sldulcotcs nh`tfrcs= ✐ 

Bfs drupfs y prcncrco`lhs gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs cstèo `fogl`lfohgfs pfr bh `fstujkrc, cb eèkltf y bh `ubturh.

✐ 

Cb oýjcrf gc `fosujlgfrcs.

✐ 

Cb prc`lf gc bfs prfgu`tfs sustltutfs, quc scrè jès ofthkbc `uhotf jès pcrnc`tfs scho bfs prfgu`tfs sustltutfs.

✐ 

Bfs lodrcsfs gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs.

✐  Cb olvcb dcocrhb gc bfs prc`lfs.  

Nbu`tuh`lfocs co bh gcjhogh Bh nbu`tuh`lðo gc bh gcjhogh cs cb gcspbhzhjlcotf gc bh `urvh gc ìsth co uoh u ftrh glrc``lðo, prfvf`hgh pfr bfs `hjklfs co bfs gctcrjlohotcs gc bh gcjhogh. Cbhstl`lghg gc bh gcjhogh Bh gcjhogh gc uo prfgu`tf cs scoslkbc h bfs `hjklfs gc prc`lf. Bh cbhstl`lghg gc bh gcjhogh cs uo lostrujcotf kèsl`f phrh jcglr bh scoslklblghg gcb vfbujco gc vcoths hotc uo `hjklf co hbduof gc bfs glstlotfs nh`tfrcs quc fpcrho, cs gc`lr, bh vhrlh`lðo gc bh gcjhogh gctcrjloh uoh jfglnl`h`lðo co cb prc`lf gcb prfgu`tf, quc pucgc scr utlblzhgh phrh jcglr bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gcb jcr`hgf, prcvcr bfs prc`lfs pr c`lfs y bfs kcocnl`lfs.

3>

 

 

Cs uof gc bfs nh`tfrcs quc jès lonbuyc co bhs gc`lslfocs sfkrc bfs prc`lfs= ✐ 

@uhogf uoh khmh co cb prc`lf gc uo klco of jfglnl`h co hksfbutf bh `hotlghg quc sc `fjprh, sc gl`c quc cs oubh bh cbhstl`lghg gc bh gcjhogh (locbèstl`h f rêdlgh) phrh csc klco.

✐ 

@uhogf uoh pcqucøh rcgu``lðo gcb prc`lf gc uo prfgu`tf prfgu`c uo lo`rcjcotf cofrjcjcotc hjpblf co bhs `fjprhs gcb klco, sc gl`c quc bh gcjhogh cs lonlolthjcotc cbèstl`h9 cstf, supfolcogf quc cb lodrcsf tfthb gc tfgfs bfs `fosujlgfrcs slduc slcogf cb jlsjf hotcs y gcspuìs gcb `hjklf gc prc`lfs.

Gcjhogh locbèstl`h f jcofr h bh uolghg. Pc gh `uhogf cb prc`lf gc uo hrtê`ubf hujcoth y bh gcjhogh khmh co jcofr prfpfr`lðo quc cb hujcotf co cb prc`lf, sc pucgc gc`lr quc sc trhth gc uo hrtê`ubf gc prljcrh oc`cslghg. Pl cb prc`lf khmh, bh gcjhogh hujcoth co jcofr prfpfr`lðo quc bh glsjlou`lðo sunrlgh pfr cb prc`lf.

Gcjhogh cbèstl`h f jhyfr quc bh uolghg. F`urrc sl cb prc`lf gc uo hrtê`ubf sukc, bh gcjhogh khmh co jhyfr prfpfr`lðo hb hbzh gc prc`lfs. Pl cb prc`lf khmh, bh gcjhogh sukc co jhyfr prfpfr`lðo h bh khmh gc prc`lfs. Cstf su`cgc `uhogf sc trhth gc hrtê`ubfs gc `fosujf glrc`tf f quc of sfo gc prljcrh oc`cslghg.

34

 

 

Gcjhogh uolthrlh. @uhogf cb prc`lf gc uo hrtê`ubf hujcoth, bh gcjhogh

khmh

co

lduhb

prfpfr`lðo hb hbzh gc prc`lfs. Pl cb prc`lf khmh, bh gcjhogh sukc co lduhb prfpfr`lðo h bh khmh gc prc`lfs.

Fncrth Bh fncrth sc rcnlcrc h bhs `hotlghgcs gc uo prfgu`tf quc bfs nhkrl`hotcs cstèo glspucstfs h prfgu`lr h bfs pfslkbcs prc`lfs gcb jcr`hgf.  Bcy gc bh fncrth= Bh B h `hotlghg gc uoh jcr`ho`êh quc bfs prfgu`tfrcs cstèo glspucstfs h pfocr co cb jcr`hgf vhrêho co rcbh`lðo glrc`th hb jfvljlcotf gcb prc`lf, cstf cs, sl cb prc`lf khmh, bh fncrth gc`rc`c y ìsth hujcoth sl cb prc`lf sc cbcvh. Gl`ehs jcr`ho`êhs cstèo gctcrjlohghs pfr bfs sldulcotcs nh`tfrcs= ✐ 

Cb oýjcrf gc nlrjhs co cb sc`tfr logustrlhb.

✐ 

Bh `hph`lghg prfgu`tlvh gc bhs nlrjhs cxlstcotcs.

✐  ✐ 

Cb `fstf gc bfs nh`tfrcs gc prfgu``lðo. Bhs tì`ol`hs gc prfgu``lðo.

Nbu`tuh`lfocs gc bh fncrth h bhrdf pbhzf Qhrh quc co bfs gctcrjlohotcs sc prfguz`ho hbtcrh`lfocs bf sunl`lcotcjcotc lotcoshs `fjf phrh prfvf`hr `hjklfs vlslkbcs, h vc`cs cs oc`cshrlf quc trhos`urrho pcrlfgfs bhrdfs. Hujcotf y rcgu``lðo gc bh fncrth= So hujcotf co bh fncrth prfvf`h uo gcspbhzhjlcotf gc bh `urvh gc bh fncrth eh`lh bh gcrc`eh gc bh `urvh frldlohb 1 h 1, jlcotrhs quc uoh rcgu``lðo co bh fncrth f`hslfoh uo gcspbhzhjlcotf gc bh `urvh gc fncrth frldlohb 1 h 1;.

35

 

 

Cbhstl`lghg gc bh fncrth Bh cbhstl`lghg gc bh fncrth sc rcnlcrc h bfs `hjklfs co bhs `hotlghgcs gcb prfgu`tf quc bfs vcogcgfrcs cstèo glspucstfs h pfocr co cb jcr`hgf `fjf rch``lðo h bfs `hjklfs co cb prc`lf9 bfs `hjklfs co bhs `hotlghgcs sc jfvcrèo co bh jlsjh j lsjh glrc``lðo quc bfs `hjklfs co bfs prc`lfs. ✐ 

Fncrth cbèstl`h cs `uhogf uoh jfglnl`h`lðo co cb prc`lf prfvf`h uo `hjklf prfpfr`lfohbjcotc jhyfr co bhs `hotlghgcs fnrc`lghs.

✐ 

Fncrth locbèstl`h cs `uhogf bh hbtcrh`lðo prfvf`hgh co bhs `hotlghgcs prcscothghs cs prfpfr`lfohbjcotc jcofr hb `hjklf co cb prc`lf.

✐ 

Fncrth uolthrlh cs `uhogf uo `hjklf co cb prc`lf lo`lth uo `hjklf prfpfr`lfohbjcotc lduhb co bhs `hotlghgcs fnrc`lghs.  fnrc`lghs. 

Ftrfs nh`tfrcs gctcrjlohotcs gcb prc`lf H `fotlouh`lðo, cstuglhrcjfs ftrfs nh`tfrcs ljpfrthotcs phrh gctcrjlohr cb prc`lf gc uo prfgu`tf= 8.  @l`bf gc vlgh gc uo prfgu`tf Cb prc`lf cs hnc`thgf gcpcoglcogf gcb `l`bf gc vlgh co quc sc co`ucotrc cb prfgu`tf, gcklgf h bh gcjhogh y h bh `fjpctco`lh quc tcodh= ✐ 

Lotrfgu``lðo. Gcpcoglcogf Gcpcoglcogf gc bh cstrhtcdlh rcqucrlgh co csth cthph, sc pucgc fpthr pfr uo prc`lf hbtf, sl sc gcsch uoh rc`upcrh`lðo rèplgh gc bh lovcrslðo9 f prc`lf khmf sl sc prctcogc tcocr uoh pcoctrh`lðo rèplgh gc jcr`hgf9 cb prc`lf cs juy ljpfrthotc phrh bfdrhr quc cb prfgu`tf tcodh uo sðblgf `l`bf gc vlgh. @rc`ljlcotf. Co csth cthph pfr bf

3<

 

 

dcocrhb sc csthklblzho bfs prc`lfs, yh quc hphrc`co oucvfs `fjpctlgfrcs, bf `uhb rcdubh bh fncrth glspfolkbc9 co csth cthph thjklìo cb prfgu`tf `fjlcozh h tcocr uoh phrtl`lph`lðo lotcrcshotc co ftrfs jcr`hgfs. ✐ 

Jhgurcz. Co csth cthph cs ljpfrthotc gcshrrfbbhr cstrhtcdlhs quc pcrjltho hb prfgu`tf jhotcocrsc co cb jcr`hgf9 ofrjhbjcotc sc rcgu`co bfs prc`lfs co bh prfjf`lðo, huoquc bh glstrlku`lðo cs jès `fstfsh, yh quc cb prfgu`tf rcqulcrc uo jhyfr oýjcrf gc glstrlkulgfrcs9 bh `fjpctco`lh cs jès hdrcslvh, co csth cthph sðbf sfkrcvlvco bhs cjprcshs jès cnl`lcotcs.

✐ 

Gc`bloh`lðo. Co csth cthph bh cjprcsh oucvhjcotc gckc rcgu`lr gc jhocrh ljpfrthotc sus prc`lfs hotcs gc gc`lglrsc pfr jfglnl`hr cb prfgu`tf, sl cb prfgu`tf sfkrcvlvc pfr hbdýo `hjklf, ìstc rclol`lhrè su `l`bf gc vlgh f nfrjhrè phrtc gc bfs prfgu`tfs gc cspc`lhblghg y prc`lf hbtf.

;.  Lonbh`lðo= Bh lonbh`lðo, co tìrjlofs dcocrhbcs, rcnbcmh cb prf`csf gc hujcotf co cb olvcb gc prc`lfs, cxprcshgf co bh pìrglgh gcb pfgcr hgqulsltlvf gcb glocrf y jès cspc`ênl`hjcotc gcb shbhrlf. Bhs `hushs gc bh lonbh`lðo pucgco rcsujlrsc co gfs drhogcs hphrthgfs= ✐ 

Lonbh`lðo pfr cx`csf gc gcjhogh. Frldlohgh `uhogf bfs jcglfs gc phdf gc bh sf`lcghg sfkrcphsho bh fncrth tfthb gc klcocs y scrvl`lfs.

✐ 

Lonbh`lðo pfr cbcvh`lðo co bfs `fstfs gc prfgu``lðo. Cs `fosc`uco`lh gcb hbzh gc bfs prc`lfs gc bfs nh`tfrcs prfgu`tlvfs. Co cstc scotlgf, bh nucotc jès `frrlcotc gc cbcvh`lðo gc `fstfs sc co`ucotrh co bfs shbhrlfs, sfkrc tfgf `uhogf sfo bfs nucrtcs slogl`htfs fkrcrfs qulcocs bfs ocdf`lho.

0.  [c`cslðo. C`fofjêh cstho`hgh f co gc`blvc9 sc rc`fof`c pfr bfs hbtfs olvcbcs gc gcscjpbcf. 7.  Gcprcslðo. Glsjlou`lðo drhogc gc bh prfgu``lðo y cb cjpbcf

Qfbêtl`hs quc sc utlblzho phrh csthkbc`cr prc`lfs co uo prfgu`tf y/f scrvl`lf Cb prc`lf quc bh cjprcsh `fkrh rcslgc cotrc uof quc sch gcjhslhgf khmf phrh prfgu`lr uoh utlblghg y ftrf quc sch gcjhslhgf hbtf phrh prfgu`lr `uhbqulcr tlpf gc gcjhogh. Bhs prlo`lphbcs `foslgcrh`lfocs co bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs. Bhs pcr`cp`lfocs gc bfs `blcotcs gcb vhbfr gcb prfgu`tf csthkbc`co cb bêjltc supcrlfr phrh bfs prc`lfs= sl bfs `blcotcs pcr`lkco quc cb prc`lf gcb prfgu`tf cs jhyfr quc su vhbfr, of `fjprhrèo cb prfgu`tf. Hsljlsjf, bfs `fstfs gc bfs prfgu`tfs csthkbc`co cb bêjltc loncrlfr gc bfs prc`lfs= sl bh cjprcsh nlmh bfs prc`lfs gcb prfgu`tf pfr gckhmf gc sus `fstfs,

>1

 

 

pcrgcrè utlblghgcs. Hb nlmhr su prc`lf cotrc cstfs gfs cxtrcjfs, bh cjprcsh gckc tcocr co `ucoth vhrlfs nh`tfrcs lotcrofs y cxtcrofs, lo`buycogf bhs cstrhtcdlhs y bfs prc`lfs gc sus `fjpctlgfrcs, bh cstrhtcdlh y jcz`bh gc jhrictlod dbfkhb, y bh ohturhbczh gcb jcr`hgf y bh gcjhogh. Pl bfs `blcotcs pcr`lkco quc cb prc`lf gcb prfgu`tf cs jhyfr quc su vhbfr, of bf `fjprhrèo. Pl bh cjprcsh nlmh bfs prc`lfs gcb prfgu`tf pfr gckhmf gc sus `fstfs, sc plcrgco utlblghgcs. Cotrc bfs gfs cxtrcjfs, bh cstrhtcdlh gc prc`lfs ‒`frrc`th‚ cs uoh quc fnrcz`h thotf vhbfr phrh cb `blcotc `fjf utlblghgcs phrh bh cjprcsh.

@foslgcrh`lfocs co bh nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs

Nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs khshgh co cb vhbfr vs nlmh`lðo gc prc`lfs khshgh co `fstfs.

>8

 

 

Bh jhyfrêh gc bhs cjprcshs tlcoco vhrlhs pfbêtl`hs phrh cb csthkbc`ljlcotf gc prc`lfs9 cstf cs gcklgf h quc `hgh uoh `ucoth `fo glncrcotcs oc`cslghgcs c`foðjl`hs. Bhs pfbêtl`hs quc utlblzho bhs cjprcshs phrh cb csthkbc`ljlcotf gc prc`lfs sfo= 8.  Qrc`lf khmf= pfr bf dcocrhb sc `foslgcrh `fjf sloðoljf gc jhbh `hblghg, pcrf of cs uoh rcdbh. ;.  Qrc`lf hbtf= cs sloðoljf gc kucoh `hblghg y cb `fosujlgfr prcnlcrc phdhr uoh `hotlghg hbth, `fo thb gc hgqulrlr uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf quc bc dhrhotl`c bh `fjprh. 0.  Qrc`lf prfjcglf= cs cb rhodf prfjcglf gc prc`lf quc sc csthkbc`c cotrc cb prc`lf hbtf y cb prc`lf khmf, slo tf`hr oloduof gc bfs gfs cxtrcjfs, pfr cmcjpbf, cb prc`lf gc uoh bhth gc rcnrcs`f fs`lbh cotrc $3.11 y $5.11. Qhrh gctcrjlohr cb prc`lf prfjcglf, sc sujho $3.11 + $5.11 : $>.31 y cstc cs cb prc`lf prfjcglf. 7.  Qrc`lf nrh``lfohgf= cs cb prc`lf quc gh bh ljhdco gc ftrf prc`lf, pfr cmcjpbf= $53

 

 

Cstrhtcdlh gc pbhzh f glstrlku`lðo Bh glstrlku`lðo `fjf ecrrhjlcoth gcb jhrictlod rc`fdc bh nuo`lðo quc rcbh`lfoh bh prfgu``lðo `fo cb `fosujf. Cs gc`lr, pfocr cb prfgu`tf h glspfsl`lðo gcb `fosujlgfr nlohb f gcb `fjprhgfr logustrlhb co bh `hotlghg gcjhoghgh, co cb jfjcotf co cb quc bf oc`csltc y co cb budhr gfogc gcsch hgqulrlrbf. Co cstc scotlgf, bh glstrlku`lðo `rch trcs utlblghgcs nuoghjcothbcs= ✐ 

Stlblghg gc tlcjpf= pfoc cb prfgu`tf h glspfsl`lðo gcb `fosujlgfr co cb jfjcotf co quc bf prc`lsh9 cb prfgu`tf cstè co bhs csthotcrêhs cspcrhogf h quc cb `fosujlgfr bf sfbl`ltc y cvltèogfbc quc tcodh quc `fjprhr y duhrghr d uhrghr drhogcs `hotlghgcs gc prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Stlblghg gc budhr= h trhvìs gc bh cxlstco`lh gc sunl`lcotcs puotfs gc vcoth prðxljfs hb `fosujlgfr, scho cstfs gc sljlbhrcs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs f gc ohturhbczh glvcrsh.

✐ 

Stlblghg gc pfscslðo= `fo bh cotrcdh phrh cb usf f `fosujf gcb prfgu`tf. prfgu`tf.   Hgcjès, bh nuo`lðo gc glstrlku`lðo ljpbl`h bbcvhr h `hkf uoh scrlc gc h`tlvlghgcs gc

lonfrjh`lðo, prfjf`lðo y prcscoth`lðo gcb prfgu`tf co cb puotf gc vcoth h nlo gc cstljubhr su hgqulsl`lðo pfr phrtc gcb `fosujlgfr nlohb. Co tìrjlofs dcocrhbcs, pfgcjfs gc`lr quc bh glstrlku`lðo cs uoh vhrlhkbc cstrhtìdl`h h bhrdf pbhzf, `uyhs gc`lslfocs sfo gc juy glnê`lb jfglnl`h`lðo y pucgco tcocr `fosc`uco`lhs `fosc`uco`lhs lrrcvcrslkbcs. Lduhb quc co cb rcstf gc bhs vhrlhkbcs gcb jhrictlod jlx su cmc`u`lðo y `fotrfb eh gc pbholnl`hrsc `fo sujf `ulghgf9 jès sl `hkc pfrquc, h glncrco`lh gc cbbhs, quc sc gcshrrfbbho co cb scof gc bh cjprcsh, bh glstrlku`lðo oc`cslth `fbhkfrh`lðo cxtcroh. Cotrc csths gc`lslfocs cstrhtìdl`hs h bhrdf pbhzf sc co`ucotrho bhs sldulcotcs= ✐ 

Glscøf y scbc``lðo gcb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo (nfrjh kèsl`h gc glstrlkulr cb prfgu`tf).

✐ 

Bf`hblzh`lðo y gljcoslðo gc bfs puotfs gc vcoth (oýjcrf, cjpbhzhjlcotf, gljcoslðo y

`hrh`tcrêstl`hs). ✐  Bfdêstl`h gc bh glstrlku`lðo f glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h (h`tlvlghgcs gc prf`cshjlcotf gc pcglgfs, hbjh`cohjlcotf, dcstlðo gc cxlstco`lhs y trhospfrtc). tr hospfrtc).

>>

 

 

✐  Glrc``lðo gc bhs rcbh`lfocs lotcrohs gcb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo (csthkbc`cr y jcmfrhr bhs

rcbh`lfocs gc `ffpcrh`lðo, bh hrjfoêh cotrc bfs jlcjkrfs y rcsfbvcr bfs `fonbl`tfs). 

Cb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo  Cb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo rcprcscoth `hgh uoh gc bhs cthphs quc `fjpfoco cb rc`frrlgf gcb prfgu`tf gcsgc cb nhkrl`hotc ehsth cb `fosujlgfr nlohb. Co ftrhs phbhkrhs, cb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo cstè `fostltulgf pfr tfgf hqucb `fomuotf gc pcrsfohs u frdholzh`lfocs quc nh`lbltho bh `lr`ubh`lðo gcb prfgu`tf cbhkfrhgf ehsth bbcdhr h jhofs gcb `fosujlgfr f usuhrlf. Cb `fomuotf gc pcrsfohs u frdholzh`lfocs quc cstèo cotrc cb prfgu`tfr y `fosujlgfr sc gcofjloho lotcrjcglhrlfs.

Glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo Bfs glncrcotcs tlpfs gc `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo `frrcspfogco h bhs `fogl`lfocs gc `hgh cjprcsh, huoquc co ju`ehs gc bhs f`hslfocs of `fostltuyho uo `hohb h bh jcglgh. Qfr csth rhzðo cb glscøf gcb `hohb cs uo prfkbcjh pcrlðgl`f phrh bhs cjprcshs csthkbc`lghs y uoh drho glnl`ubthg phrh bfs oucvfs prfgu`tfrcs. Qhrh lol`lhr sc gckco gctcrjlohr bfs fkmctlvfs y bhs bljlth`lfocs gc bfs `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo9 hsljlsjf, bfs jcr`hgfs quc scrèo bh jcth gcb csnucrzf jcr`hgfbðdl`f gc bh cjprcsh. Gurhotc cb prf`csf gc pbhoch`lðo y glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs sc gh pfr ec`ef quc vho surdlcogf bfs jcr`hgfs jcth pfslkbcs9 co`fotrhogf bfs vêo`ubfs cstru`turhbcs y nuo`lfohbcs quc rcprcscotco phrh cb prfgu`tfr cb jèxljf lodrcsf f uo jêoljf gc `fstf gc glstrlku`lðo.

>4

 

 

@hrh`tcrêstl`hs Gc bfs `blcotcs

Gcnlol`lðo Gckco `foslgcrhrsc cb oýjcrf gc `blcotcs, su ukl`h`lðo dcfdrènl`h, nrc`uco`lh gc sus `fjprhs, `hotlghgcs quc hgqulcrco co prfjcglf y su rc`cptlvlghg h bfs glvcrsfs jìtfgfs gc vcoths. Gc bfs prfgu`tfs @fomuotf gc prfplcghgcs f htrlkutfs gc `hgh hrtê`ubf. Hbduofs, `fjf su `fbfr y gurczh, pucgco of tcocr jhyfr ljpfrtho`lh phrh cb glscøf gcb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo, pcrf ftrfs, `fjf su `hrè`tcr pcrc`cgcrf, su vfbujco, cb drhgf gc csthoghrlzh`lðo, bhs cxldco`lhs gc scrvl`lf y cb vhbfr pfr uolghg, tlcoco drho ljpfrtho`lh phrh cb glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs. Gc bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs Gckco tfjhrsc co `ucoth bfs gcnc`tfs y `uhblghgcs gc bfs glstlotfs tlpfs gc lotcrjcglhrlfs quc gcshrrfbbho bhs h`tlvlghgcs `fjcr`lhbcs. Csths h`tlvlghgcs, quc glnlcrco cotrc lotcrjcglhrlfs, lo`buyco trhospfrth`lðo, pukbl`lghg, hbjh`cohjlcotf y `foth`tfs, hsê `fjf oc`cslghgcs gc `rìgltf, prlvlbcdlfs gc tlpf c`foðjl`f, hglcstrhjlcotf y nrc`uco`lh gc covêf. Hgcjès gc csths glncrco`lhs gc `fjpfrthjlcotf, bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs jhocmho glstlotfs oýjcrfs, ukl`h`lfocs, thjhøfs y surtlgf gc prfgu`tfs9 tfgf cbbf hnc`th hb glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs. Gc bh `fjpctco`lh Hquê lonbuyco bfs `hohbcs quc utlblzho bhs nlrjhs gc bh `fjpctco`lh pucs bfs prfgu`tfrcs oc`csltho `fjpctlr `fo sus hrtê`ubfs co bfs jlsjfs csthkbc`ljlcotfs co quc sc vcogco bfs gc bh `fjpctco`lh, f `hsl co bfs jlsjfs. Xulcocs prfgu`co hrtê`ubfs hbljcotl`lfs, pfr cmcjpbf, oc`csltho cxpfocr sus jhr`hs muotf h bhs gc bfs `fjpctlgfrcs, phrh bf `uhb gckco utlblzhr bfs jlsjfs `hohbcs `fjcr`lhbcs cjpbchgfs pfr bfs `fjpctlgfrcs. Gc bh cjprcsh @fjf bh jhdoltug, `hph`lghg nloho`lcrh, `fjkloh`lðo f jcz`bh gc prfgu`tfs, cxpcrlco`lh hotcrlfr co `hohbcs, ct`ìtcrh. Bhs prè`tl`hs `fjcr`lhbcs gc bh cjprcsh lonbuyco co bh cbc``lðo gc bfs `hohbcs. Bhs tè`tl`hs gc cotrcdh rèplgh f kuco scrvl`lf h bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs gcpcogco gc bhs nuo`lfocs quc gcscjpcøco bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs, hsê `fjf gc su glspfsl`lðo h frdholzhr cxpfsl`lfocs y `fbhkfrhr co bfs prfdrhjhs pukbl`lthrlfs. Bh cstrhtcdlh gc uolnfrjlghg gc prc`lfs gc jcougcf fkbldh hb prfgu`tfr h bljlthr bh glstrlku`lðo h bfs vcogcgfrcs quc sc prcstho h `ffpcrhr `fo cb jhotcoljlcotf gc bfs prc`lfs gc blsth. Hjklcothbcs Co cb glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs gckco `foslgcrhrsc thotf bfs nh`tfrcs hjklcothbcs `fjf bhs `fogl`lfocs c`foðjl`hs y bh bcdlsbh`lðo. @uhogf bhs `fogl`lfocs c`foðjl`hs of sfo juy prðspcrhs, h bfs prfgu`tfrcs bcs lotcrcsh bbcvhr sus prfgu`tfs hb jcr`hgf gc jfgf quc rcsubtco jcofs `hrfs h bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs. Co `uhotf h bfs rcdbhjcotfs bcdhbcs, ìstfs hnc`tho cb glscøf gc bfs `hohbcs pfr jcglf gc bfs csthtutfs ncgcrhbcs y csththbcs, y gc bfs nhbbfs murêgl`fs y hgjlolstrhtlvfs. Bh bcdlsbh`lðo trhth gc ljpcglr `lcrtfs hrrcdbfs `fo bfs `hohbcs quc pucgho glsjloulr `foslgcrhkbcjcotc bh `fjpctco`lh f h nfrjhr jfofpfblfs. Bhs èrchs jès scoslkbcs sc rcbh`lfoho `fo `lcrtfs h`ucrgfs nlrjhgfs pfr bfs logustrlhbcs, bfs `uhbcs `foslstco co of vcogcr h gctcrjlohgfs tlpfs gc `fjcr`lfs y, co `hjklf, fnrc`cr su bêoch h `lcrtfs glstrlkulgfrcs h `fogl`lðo gc quc of jhocmco bhs bêochs gc bh `fjpctco`lh, `fo cb nlo gc ljpfocr tfgh su bêoch h bfs `fjcr`lhotcs gc jcougcf.

>5

 

 

@bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo Cxlstco gfs tlpfs gc `hohbcs= ✐ 

@hohbcs phrh prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf.

✐ 

@hohbcs phrh prfgu`tfs logustrlhbcs.

Bfs `hohbcs phrh prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf sc glvlgco co `uhtrf tlpfs, `foslgcrhgfs bfs jès usuhbcs= 8.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-`fosujlgfrcs. Ìsth cs bh vêh jès `frth y rèplgh quc sc utlblzh co cstc tlpf gc prfgu`tfs. Bhs nfrjhs quc jès sc utlblzho sfo bh vcoth gc pucrth co pucrth, pfr `frrcf, cb tcbcjhrictlod, cb c-`fjjcr`c (phrh fktcocr jès lonfrjh`lðo sfkrc cstc puotf, vlsltc bhs pèdlohs wck gc Jcr`hgf Blkrc y Cs Jès), bh vcoth pfr tcbcvlslðo, y h trhvìs gc jèqulohs. Bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs qucgho nucrh co cstc slstcjh. ;.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-jlofrlsths f gcthbblsths-`fosujlgfrcs. Ìstc cs cb `hohb jès vlslkbc phrh cb `fosujlgfr nlohb9 drho oýjcrf gc bhs `fjprhs quc cnc`týh cb pýkbl`f co dcocrhb sc rchblzh h trhvìs gc cstc slstcjh. Cmcjpbfs gc cstc `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo sfo bfs `fo`cslfohrlfs hutfjftrl`cs, bhs dhsfblocrhs, bhs tlcoghs gc hutfscrvl`lf y bhs kfutlqucs f tlcoghs gc rfph. Co cstfs `hsfs cb prfgu`tfr `ucoth `fo uoh nucrzh gc vcoths quc sc co`hrdh gc eh`cr `foth`tf `fo bfs jlofrlsths quc vcogco bfs prfgu`tfs hb pýkbl`f y eh`co bfs pcglgfs. Co ju`efs `hsfs, bfs prfgu`tfrcs csthkbc`co sus prfplhs tlcoghs hb jcougcf co bhs nèkrl`hs phrh htcogcr glrc`thjcotc hb `fosujlgfr. Soh ýbtljh hbtcrohtlvh phrh bfs nhkrl`hotcs cs cb csthkbc`ljlcotf gc tlcoghs pfr tfgf cb phês, `fjf cs cb `hsf gc Thb-Jhrt, Pfrlhoh y Blvcrpffb. 0.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-jhyfrlsths-jlo Qrfgu`tfrcs-jhyfrlsths-jlofrlsths frlsths f gcthbblsths-`fosujlgfrcs. gcthbblsths-`fosujlgfrcs. Cstc tlpf gc `hohb sc utlblzh phrh glstrlkulr prfgu`tfs `fjf jcgl`loh, ncrrctcrêh y hbljcotfs. Pc ush `fo prfgu`tfs gc drho gcjhogh, yh quc bfs nhkrl`hotcs of tlcoco bh `hph`lghg gc bbcvhr sus prfgu`tfs h tfgf cb jcr`hgf `fosujlgfr. 7.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-lotcrjcglhrlfs-jhyfrlsths-jlofrlsths-`fosujlgfrcs. Ìstc cs cb `hohb jès bhrdf, sc utlblzh phrh glstrlkulr bfs prfgu`tfs pcrc`cgcrfs y prfpfr`lfoh uoh hjpblh rcg gc `foth`tfs9 pfr csth rhzðo, bfs nhkrl`hotcs lo`frpfrho h bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs f hdcotcs.

><

 

 

Hefrh klco, bfs prfgu`tfs logustrlhbcs tlcoco uoh glstrlku`lðo glncrcotc h bh gc bfs prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf y cjpbcho `uhtrf `hohbcs quc sfo= 8.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-usuhrlfs logustrlhbcs. Ìstc cs cb `hohb jès usuhb phrh bfs prfgu`tfs gc usf logustrlhb, yh quc cs cb jès `frtf y glrc`tf9 utlblzh rcprcscothotcs gc vcoths gc bh prfplh nèkrl`h. Cmcjpbfs= drhogcs nhkrl`hotcs gc jcthb, prfgu`tfrcs gc khoghs trhospfrthgfrhs, nhkrl`hotcs gc cqulpfs phrh `fostru``lðo y ftrfs. ;.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-glstrlkulgfrcs logustrlhbcs-`fosujlgfrcs logustrlhbcs. Co cstc `hsf bfs glstrlkulgfrcs logustrlhbcs rchblzho bhs jlsjhs nuo`lfocs gc bfs jhyfrlsths c lo`busf hbduohs vc`cs gcscjpcøho bhs nuo`lfocs gc bh nucrzh gc vcoths gc bfs nhkrl`hotcs. 0.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-hdcotcs-glstrlkulgfrcs logustrlhbcs-usuhrlfs logustrlhbcs. Co cstc `hohb bh nuo`lðo gcb hdcotc cs nh`lblthr bhs vcoths gc bfs prfgu`tfs9 bh nuo`lðo gcb glstrlkulgfr cs hbjh`cohr bfs prfgu`tfs ehsth quc sfo rcqucrlgfs pfr cb usuhrlf logustrlhb. 7.  Qrfgu`tfrcs-hdcotcs-usuhrlfs logustrlhbcs. Co cstc `hsf bfs glstrlkulgfrcs logustrlhbcs of sfo oc`cshrlfs y, pfr bf thotf, sc cbljloho. Cmcjpbf= prfgu`tfs hdrê`fbhs. Jco`lfohr cstfs `hohbcs of sldolnl`h quc scho bfs ýol`fs9 co f`hslfocs sc eh`c uoh `fjkloh`lðo gc cbbfs. Qfr cmcjpbf, `uhogf bfs jhyfrlsths sfo lotcrjcglhrlfs cotrc bfs prfgu`tfrcs y bfs nhkrl`hotcs, co `uyf `hsf sc utlblzho uof f jès jhyfrlsths9 ftrf cmcjpbf cs `uhogf bfs jlofrlsths gc prfgu`tfs gc `fosujf vcogco h uo nhkrl`hotc.

41

 

 

Gc bf hotcrlfr gcgu`ljfs quc bfs cspc`lhblsths co jcr`hgftc`olh tlcoco ju`ehs hbtcrohtlvhs phrh eh`cr bbcdhr bfs prfgu`tfs h bfs usuhrlfs nlohbcs, yh scho `fosujlgfrcs f usuhrlfs logustrlh. @hohbcs jýbtlpbcs gc glstrlku`lðo

Hgcjès, sc pucgc utlblzhr jès gc uo `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo. @uhogf of ehy glncrco`lhs gc `hblghg co bfs prfgu`tfs, sc hkhstc`c cb jcr`hgf h trhvìs gc vhrlfs `hohbcs. Cmcjpbf= Kljkf, @f`h@fbh, Qcpsl-@fbh, ct`ìtcrh.

Lotcrjcglhrlfs  Bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs sfo drupfs logcpcoglcotcs quc sc co`hrdho gc trhosncrlr cb prfgu`tf gcb nhkrl`hotc hb `fosujlgfr, fktcolcogf pfr cbbf uoh utlblghg y prfpfr`lfohogf hb `fjprhgfr glvcrsfs scrvl`lfs. Cstfs scrvl`lfs tlcoco drho ljpfrtho`lh pfrquc `fotrlkuyco h hujcothr bh cnl`h`lh gc bh glstrlku`lðo.

Wlpfs gc lotcrjcglhrlfs Bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs sc `bhslnl`ho gc ju`ehs jhocrhs, co nuo`lðo gcb oýjcrf gc vêhs gc glstrlku`lðo quc qulcrco bfs `fosujlgfrcs y quc bhs frdholzh`lfocs glscøho. Gc jhocrh dcocrhb, bh prljcrh `bhslnl`h`lðo cs bh sldulcotc=

48

 

 

8.  Lotcrjcglhrlfs `fjcr`lhotcs. [c`lkco cb têtubf gc prfplcghg gcb prfgu`tf y bf rcvcogco. Co cstc blkrf sðbf sc hohblzhrèo bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs `fjcr`lhotcs. Ìstfs sc `bhslnl`ho, gc h`ucrgf `fo cb vfbujco gc sus fpcrh`lfocs f pcrh`lfocs co= h) jlofrlsths f gcthbblsths y k) jhyfrlsths. ;.  Hdcotcs. H`cbcrho bhs trhosh``lfocs jhocmhogf cb prfgu`tf gcotrf gcb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo, slo rc`lklr cb têtubf gc prfplcghg gcb prfgu`tf, sðbf rc`lkco uoh `fjlslðo pfr su h`tlvlghg. Bhs cjprcshs of tlcoco ju`ef gc gðogc cs`fdcr `fo rcspc`tf h bfs lotcrjcglhrlfs, pucs thotf cbbhs `fjf sus `fjpctlgfrcs utlblzho cb jlsjf tlpf gc `hohb. Cb oýjcrf gc lotcrjcglhrlfs quc cblmh bh nlrjh csthrè rcbh`lfohgf r cbh`lfohgf `fo cb drhgf gc cxpfsl`lðo quc qulcrh ghr h su prfgu`tf. Co bh thkbh sc glstloduco trcs drhgfs gc cxpfsl`lðo co cb jcr`hgf. Wlpf gc glstrlku`lðo Glstrlku`lðo lotcoslvh

Glstrlku`lðo cx`buslvh

Glstrlku`lðo scbc`tlvh

Gcnlol`lðo Bbcvh cb prfgu`tf hb jhyfr oýjcrf gc tlcoghs pfslkbc. Co cstc `hsf cs vlthb shkcr utlblzhr h tfgfs bfs glstrlkulgfrcs. Cmcjpbf= Drupf Kljkf f @f`h-@fbh. Ftfrdh gcrc`efs gc cx`buslvlghg h bfs glstrlkulgfrcs co gctcrjlohgfs tcrrltfrlfs. Hb ftfrdhr cstfs gcrc`efs, cb prfgu`tfr bc cxldc hb `fjcr`lhotc of trhkhmhr bêochs gc bh `fjpctco`lh. Cstc tlpf gc glstrlku`lðo tlcoc sus vcothmhs= sc gcshrrfbbh uo jhyfr csnucrzf gc vcoths9 sc cmcr`c uo jhyfr `fotrfb pfr phrtc gcb prfgu`tfr sfkrc bfs prc`lfs, bh prfjf`lðo, cb `rìgltf y glvcrsfs scrvl`lfs9 bc gh hb prfgu`tfr uo jhyfr prcstldlf y fnrc`c jèrdcocs gc utlblghg jès hbtfs. Cmcjpbf= Jhrtê Wlcoc usf bljlthgf gc bhs tlcoghs gc gctcrjlohgf tcrrltfrlf. Pc utlblzh `fo prfgu`tfs gc jhr`h juy `fof`lgh y `fo prfgu`tfs h bfs quc cb `fosujlgfr duhrgh bchbthg. Co cstc tlpf gc glstrlku`lðo sc gh cb `hsf co quc cb prfgu`tfr sc olcduc h vcogcr h gctcrjlohgf glstrlkulgfr. Cmcjpbf= P`hpplof y Kcocttfo

Jhyfrlsths @uhbqulcr trhosh``lðo gc uo prfgu`tfr glrc`thjcotc h ftrf sc `bhslnl`h `fjf trhosh``lðo gc jhyfrcf9 lo`buyc tfgfs hqucbbfs lotcr`hjklfs quc rchblzh `uhbqulcr pcrsfoh u frdholzh`lðo, slcjprc y `uhogf of scho bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs. Bfs jhyfrlsths hgqulcrco bh prfplcghg gc bfs prfgu`tfs y cnc`týho bhs fpcrh`lfocs oc`cshrlhs phrh trhosncrlrbfs h trhvìs gc bfs `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo9 thjklìo cxlstco bfs hdcotcs jhyfrlsths quc of hgqulcrco bh prfplcghg gc bfs prfgu`tfs, pcrf quc sê rchblzho ju`ehs h`tlvlghgcs gc bfs jhyfrlsths.

4;

 

 

@bhslnl`h`lðo gc bfs jhyfrlsths Cxlstco trcs `htcdfrêhs dcocrhbcs gc lotcrjcglhrlfs hb jhyfrcf= jhyfrlsths, hdcotcs y su`urshbcs gc vcoth gc bfs nhkrl`hotcs. Bfs jhyfrlsths sfo bfs glstrlkulgfrcs quc hgqulcrco bh prfplcghg gc bfs prfgu`tfs quc glstrlkuyco. @fo khsc co bfs scrvl`lfs quc prfpfr`lfoho sc `bhslnl`ho co jhyfrlsths gc scrvl`lf `fjpbctf y gc scrvl`lf bljlthgf= ✐ 

Bfs gc scrvl`lf `fjpbctf sfo bfs glstrlkulgfrcs quc fnrc`co `hsl tfgfs bfs scrvl`lfs quc prfpfr`lfoh uo jhyfrlsth9 sc `bhslnl`ho h su vcz co gfs=

8.  Bfs gc scrvl`lf gc jcr`ho`êh co dcocrhb. Jhocmho uoh bêoch cxtcosh gc hrtê`ubfs of pcrc`cgcrfs y surtco h ju`efs jlofrlsths. ;.  Bfs gc bêoch bljlthgh. Jhocmho uohs `uhoths bêochs gc prfgu`tfs, pcrf fnrc`co uoh dhjh juy vhrlhgh gc scrvl`lfs y gho scrvl`lf h jlofrlsths gc uoh sfbh bêoch f gc bêochs bljlthghs. ✐ 

Bfs gc scrvl`lfs bljlthgfs sfo bfs quc of fnrc`co uoh hjpblh dhjh gc scrvl`lfs. Co dcocrhb, cstfs jhyfrlsths of gcscjpcøho uo slstcjh prcpfogcrhotc co bh glstrlku`lðo gc prfgu`tfs9 sc `bhslnl`ho co= h)  Jhyfrlsths gc phdf co cnc`tlvf slo cotrcdh. @fostltuyc uoh vcothmh phrh bfs jlofrlsths co pcqucøf, yh quc h`fstujkrho h phdhr co cnc`tlvf y trhospfrthr bfs prfgu`tfs cbbfs jlsjfs, bf quc rcgltýh uo hefrrf ljpfrthotc co bfs `fstfs. Cstfs jhyfrlsths fpcrho `fjf uoh tlcogh hb jcougcf, pcrf ocdf`lho sðbf `fo jlofrlsths9 pfr cmcjpbf, `cotrfs gc hkhstf (hkhrrftcs). k)  Jhyfrlsths quc vcogco h trhvìs gc `hjlfocs. Stlblzho bfs `hjlfocs phrh `fjcr`lhr sus prfgu`tfs y prfpfr`lfoho `hsl slcjprc uo scrvl`lf `fjpbctf. `)  ^cogcgfrcs co cxelklgfrcs f csthotcs. Pfo bfs jhyfrlsths loofvhgfrcs y sc hscjcmho h bfs jhyfrlsths co `hjlfocs9 cxelkco bfs prfgu`tfs co csthotcrêh co bh jlsjh tlcogh. Bfs hdcotcs y `frrcgfrcs, qulcocs of hgqulcrco cb têtubf gc prfplcghg gc bfs hrtê`ubfs y sðbf

h`cbcrho cb prf`csf gc vcoth. Hbduohs vc`cs prfpfr`lfoho scrvl`lfs bljlthgfs9 rc`lkco uoh `fjlslðo y dcocrhbjcotc `ucotho `fo uoh `hrtcrh gc `blcotcs. Bhs su`urshbcs gc vcoth gc bfs nhkrl`hotcs bhs csthkbc`co cbbfs jlsjfs9 co ìsths, vcogco glrc`thjcotc bfs prfgu`tfs, fnrc`co htco`lðo pcrsfohblzhgh, sujlolstrho scrvl`lfs, dhrhotêhs, rcpucstfs, ct`ìtcrh.

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Jlofrlsths f gcthbblsths Bfs jlofrlsths f gcthbblsths sfo hqucbbfs `fjcr`lhotcs `uyhs h`tlvlghgcs sc rcbh`lfoho `fo bh vcoth gc klcocs y/f scrvl`lfs h bfs `fosujlgfrcs nlohbcs9 ofrjhbjcotc sfo gucøfs gcb csthkbc`ljlcotf quc htlcogco. Bfs jlofrlsths sc `bhslnl`ho pfr= 8.  Wlpf gc tlcogh. Pc rcnlcrc hb csnucrzf quc cb `fosujlgfr rchblzh phrh eh`cr su `fjprh y sc `bhslnl`ho gc h`ucrgf `fo bh pcr`cp`lðo gcb `fosujlgfr `fosujlgfr rcspc`tf h bh tlcogh f bh ljhdco quc ìsth prfyc`th= h)  Wlcoghs gc scrvl`lf rèplgf. k)  Wlcoghs `fjcr`lhbcs. `)  Wlcoghs cspc`lhblzhghs. g)  Qbhzhs `fjcr`lhbcs. ;.  Nfrjh gc prfplcghg. Bfs jlofrlsths pucgco fpcrhr co nfrjh logcpcoglcotc logcpcoglcotc f nfrjhr phrtc gc `hgcohs= vfbuothrlhs, `ffpcrhtlvhs f nrhoqul`lhs, pfr bf `uhb bhs pfgcjfs `bhslnl`hr co `lo`f `htcdfrêhs= h)  Jlofrlsth logcpcoglcotc. Cb jlofrlsth logcpcoglcotc cs gucøf gcb csthkbc`ljlcotf y of cstè hnlblhgf h oloduoh hdruph`lðo. k)  Wlcoghs co `hgcoh. Bhs tlcoghs gc `hgcoh `fostho gc gfs f jès csthkbc`ljlcotfs quc sfo prfplcghg gc uoh pcrsfoh u frdholzh`lðo. `)  Frdholzh`lðo pfr `ffpcrhtlvhs. Bhs `ffpcrhtlvhs sfo uo drupf gc `fjcr`lhotcs quc sc uoco phrh `fjklohr sus rc`ursfs y bfdrhr kcocnl`lfs pfr bhs `fjprhs co drho cs`hbh. g)  Nrhoqul`lh. 0.  Bêochs gc prfgu`tfs. Bh tcr`crh nfrjh gc `bhslnl`hr h bfs jlofrlsths cs gc h`ucrgf `fo bh vhrlcghg y hb surtlgf gc prfgu`tfs quc fnrc`co hb pýkbl`f. h)  Jlofrlsths gc jcr`ho`êhs co dcocrhb. Gcsgc `lcrtf puotf gc vlsth cb jlofrlsth gc jcr`ho`êhs cs bh `bhslnl`h`lðo lgchb, yh quc fnrc`c f nrc`c h sus `fosujlgfrcs drho `hotlghg gc hrtê`ubfs gc bhs jès glvcrshs bêochs9 pfr cmcjpbf, Pfrlhoh, Efjc Gcpft y Blvcrpffb.

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k)  Jlofrlsths gc bêochs bljlthghs. Cb jlofrlsth gc bêochs bljlthghs cs uo `fjcr`lhotc quc fnrc`c uoh bêoch gc prfgu`tfs `fjpbcjcothrlfs quc shtlsnh`c sðbf uo tlpf gc oc`cslghg gc jhocrh `fjpbcth. Qfr cmcjpbf= ^lhoh. `)  Jlofrlsths gc bêochs cspc`lhbcs. Bfs jlofrlsths gc bêochs cspc`lhbcs fnrc`co sðbf uoh f gfs bêochs gc prfgu`tfs gcstlohgfs h shtlsnh`cr uo tlpf gc oc`cslghg gc jhocrh juy prfnuogh. Qfr cmcjpbf= Pfoy f @fjpu Qrl`c. g)  @bukcs gc `fjprh. Bfs `bukcs gc `fjprh vcogco hrtê`ubfs dcocrhbjcotc co prcscoth`lfocs hb jhyfrcf9 phrh pfgcr `fjprhr co cstfs csthkbc`ljlcotfs sc oc`cslth hgqulrlr uoh jcjkrcsêh quc pcrjltc cb h``csf h cbbfs9 uo cmcjpbf gc cstf cs Phj“s @buk.  @buk.  Bhs sldulcotcs `bhslnl`h`lfocs sc rcnlcrco h bhs vcoths quc of sc rchblzho gcotrf gc uoh tlcogh9 sc `fof`c `fjf vcoth glrc`th. h)  ^coths hb gcthbbc pfr `frrcf. Co bhs vcoths hb gcthbbc pfr `frrcf cb `fjcr`lhotc covêh uo `htèbfdf h su `blcotc f `blcotcs pftco`lhbcs, h`fjphøhgf pfr uoh nfrjh gc pcglgf. Bh rcvlsth Pcbc``lfocs cs uo kuco cmcjpbf. k)  ^coths hb gcthbbc gc pucrth co pucrth (`hjkh`cf). Cb `hjkh`cf sc rchblzh co cb efdhr gcb `fosujlgfr. Bf utlblzho thotf bfs prfgu`tfrcs `fjf bfs jlofrlsths. Cs htrh`tlvh phrh cb `fosujlgfr, yh quc of ljpbl`h quc gckh shblr gc `hsh phrh eh`cr bh `fjprh9 hb j jlsjf lsjf tlcjpf rc`lkc uo scrvl`lf hbthjcotc pcrsfohblzhgf. `)  ^coths hb gcthbbc pfr tcbìnfof f tcbcjcr`hgcf. Cb tcbcjcr`hgcf cs uo jcglf gc `fjuol`h`lðo quc cstè `fovlrtlìogfsc co uo hrjh phrh bhs vcoths `hgh vcz jès ljpfrthotc g)  ^coths jubtlolvcb. H`tuhbjcotc vhrlhs cjprcshs gcshrrfbbho slstcjhs gc vcoth h trhvìs gc `hgcoh f jubtlolvcb9 cmcjpbfs gc cbbf sfo Hjwhy, Ecrkhblnc, Jhry Ihy, y eh`c tlcjpf @fst`f y Efbl ghy Jhdl`. @foslstc co quc uoh pcrsfoh f bêgcr nfrjc uoh `hgcoh, lovlthogf h pcrsfohs quc bcs lotcrcsc `fjprhr y, sfkrc tfgf, vcogcr bfs prfgu`tfs quc bh cjprcsh fnrc`c9 `hgh uof gc bfs csbhkfocs gc bh `hgcoh fktcogrè uo pfr`cothmc pfr bhs vcoths, bf jès ljpfrthotc cs quc `rcz`h bh `hgcoh, yh quc cb lol`lhgfr gc bh jlsjh rc`lklrè kcocnl`lf gc tfgfs bfs csbhkfocs. c)  ^coths pfr jcglf gc jèqulohs. Bfs `fosujlgfrcs hgqulcrco sus prfgu`tfs (gcsgc `el`bcs ehsth `fjlghs `fjpbcths, phshogf pfr `ldhrrfs, rcnrcs`fs y kcklghs `hblcotcs) h trhvìs gc uoh jèquloh. Qfr jcglf gc cstc tlpf gc glstrlku`lðo sc hb`hozho jcr`hgfs quc gc ftrh jhocrh rcsubthrêh ljpfslkbc bbcdhr h cbbfs.

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c)  @fjcr`lf cbc`trðol`f. Ìstc cs ftrf slstcjh `uyhs vcoths `rc`co cxpfoco`lhbjcotc co cb juogf. @hgh gêh jès y jès nhkrl`hotcs hkrco co su pèdloh cbc`trðol`h uoh sc``lðo gc vcoth co bh quc lo`buyc tfgf tlpf gc prfgu`tfs, lo`busf hmcofs h bfs quc vcogc co cb slstcjh gc `fjcr`lf trhgl`lfohb. Glstrlku`lðo gc bfs prfgu`tfs co Jìxl`f=   Jìxl`f= h)  Jcr`hgfs pýkbl`fs  pýkbl`fs  k)  Wlhoduls

f

jcr`hgfs

sfkrc rucghs  rucghs  `)  Wlcoghs gc khrrlf  khrrlf  g)  ^cogcgfrcs hjkubhotcs  hjkubhotcs  c)  Pupcrjcr`hgfs y `hgcohs gc hutfscrvl`lf  hutfscrvl`lf  n)  Wlcoghs gcb sc`tfr pýkbl`f  pýkbl`f  Glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h y dcstlðo gc bh bfdêstl`h b fdêstl`h Qhrh glscøhr su cstrhtcdlh gc glstrlku`lðo, h bh cjprcsh of bc khsthrè `fo gctcrjlohr bfs `hohbcs gc glstrlku`lðo, yh quc thjklìo tcogrè quc tfjhr uoh scrlc gc gc`lslfocs rcbhtlvhs hb nbumf nêsl`f gc bfs klcocs h trhvìs gc csfs `hohbcs. Bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h f bfdêstl`h codbfkh cb `fomuotf gc h`tlvlghgcs quc sc f`upho gcb jhocmf y cb jfvljlcotf gc klcocs thotf gcotrf gc bh frdholzh`lðo `fjf co cb scof gc bfs `hohbcs. Co cstc scotlgf, hkhr`h bhs thrchs gc pbholnl`h`lðo, ljpbcjcoth`lðo y `fotrfb gcb nbumf nêsl`f gc bfs jhtcrlhbcs y gc bfs klcocs nlohbcs gcsgc bfs puotfs gc frldco ehsth bfs puotfs gc usf f `fosujf.

Fkmctlvfs gc bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h Gcotrf gc bfs oujcrfsfs fkmctlvfs gc bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h, bfs jès ljpfrthotcs sfo= ✐ 

Bh jhxljlzh`lðo gcb scrvl`lf hb `blcotc.

✐ 

Bh jloljlzh`lðo gc bfs `fstcs tfthbcs.

Nuo`lfocs gc bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h Bhs prlo`lphbcs nuo`lfocs gc bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h sc `fo`rctho co `uhtrf= cb prf`cshjlcotf gc pcglgfs, cb hbjh`cohjlcotf, bh dcstlðo gc cxlstco`lhs y cb trhospfrtc.

4>

 

 

Hbjh`cohjlcotf Cb hbjh`cohjlcotf cs oc`cshrlf co tfgfs bfs olvcbcs gcb `hohb, `fo thb gc cqulblkrhr cb `l`bf gc prfgu``lðo `fo cb `l`bf gc `fosujf, thotf co `hotlghgcs `fjf co tlcjpf. Co cnc`tf, bh `hotlghg gcjhoghgh pfr uo `blcotc co cb `hohb of sucbc `flo`lglr `fo bh `hotlghg fncrthgh pfr cb prfvccgfr, ol thjpf`f bf cs cb jfjcotf gcb pcglgf gcb `blcotc `fo cb jfjcotf gc bh cotrcdh gcb prfvccgfr. Cotrc bhs prlo`lphbcs h``lfocs gcotrf gc bh nuo`lðo gc hbjh`cohjlcotf co`fotrhjfs= ✐ 

Lgcotlnl`hr cb tlpf y `hotlghg gc prfgu`tf quc eh cotrhgf.

✐ 

Qrf`cgcr h su `bhslnl`h`lðo. `bhslnl`h`lðo.

✐ 

F`uphrsc gcb hbjh`cohjlcotf, `foscrvh`lðo, bf`hblzh`lðo y hdruph`lðo gc covêfs.

✐ 

@fjprfkhr y frgcohr cb cjkhr`f, hsê `fjf rchblzhr bhs bhkfrcs rcbh`lfohghs `fo cb gcsph`ef gc cxpcgl`lðo.

Hgcjès, bh cjprcsh gckcrè tfjhr gc`lslfocs gc olvcb dcocrhb rcbh`lfohghs `fo bh cstru`turh gc su rcg gc hbjh`cohmc. Kèsl`hjcotc, scrèo gfs=  gfs=  ✐ 

Gc`lglr cb oýjcrf, `hph`lghg y bf`hblzh`lðo gc bfs hbjh`cocs.

✐ 

Gc`lglr cb glscøf gcb sukslstcjh gc hbjh`cohjlcotf.

Wrhospfrtc Cs uo cbcjcotf gc ju`eh ljpfrtho`lh gcotrf gc bh glstrlku`lðo nêsl`h. Qhrh trhospfrthr prfgu`tfs gc uoh `lughg h ftrh sc utlblzho bhs sldulcotcs vêhs gc `fjuol`h`lðo= h)  ^ceê`ubfs hutfjftfrcs. k)  Ncrrf`hrrlbcs. `)  ^êhs jhrêtljhs. g)  Bêochs hìrchs. c)  Wrhospfrtc jubtljfghb (`fjkloh`lðo gc tfgfs). Cb

slstcjh

gc

trhospfrtc

ljpbl`h

uo

hprfvc`ehjlcotf gc bh tc`ofbfdêh, cs gc`lr, tfjh bhs vcothmhs gc bfs prf`cgljlcotfs gc jhocmf nêsl`f quc bhs vêhs cxlstcotcs fnrc`co.

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Cb `fstf y bh `hph`lghg gc trhospfrtc of sfo bfs ýol`fs nh`tfrcs quc gckco tfjhrsc co `ucoth h bh efrh gc trhsbhghr bfs prfgu`tfs9 bh scdurlghg thjklìo cs ljpfrthotc, yh quc `rch kcocnl`lfs gc tlcjpf y budhr (`fjf bh glspfolklblghg). Cb trhospfrtc nfrjh phrtc gc vhrlhs cthphs gcotrf gc bh `rch`lðo gc uo prfgu`tf (prfgu``lðo, hbjh`cohjlcotf y cotrcdh) y tlcoc uoh rcpcr`uslðo glrc`th co bh glspfolklblghg gcb jlsjf. Bh ljpfrtho`lh gcb trhospfrtc thjklìo cs vlthb pfrquc bh cstrhtcdlh gc jcr`hgftc`olh pucgc csthr khshgh co uo slstcjh juy cspc`lhb gc ìstc. @rltcrlfs phrh scbc``lfohr cb trhospfrtc= ✐ 

@fstfs.

✐ 

Wlcjpf co trèosltf.

✐ 

@fonlhklblghg.

✐ 

@hph`lghg.

✐ 

Hscqulklblghg. ✐  Pcdurlghg. ✐ 

@ffrgloh`lðo gc bfs covêfs.

Qrfjf`lðo   Qrfjf`lðo Bh prfjf`lðo cs cb cbcjcotf gc bh jcz`bh gc jcr`hgftc`olh gc uoh cjprcsh, quc slrvc phrh lonfrjhr, pcrsuhglr y rc`frghrbc hb jcr`hgf bh cxlstco`lh gc uo prfgu`tf y/f scrvl`lf, `fo bh lotco`lðo gc lonbulr co bfs scotljlcotfs, `rcco`lhs f `fjpfrthjlcotf gcb `fosujlgfr y bfdrhr su vcoth. Bh jhyfrêh gc bhs cstrhtcdlhs prfjf`lfohbcs utlblzh vhrlfs cbcjcotfs f ecrrhjlcoths quc lo`buyco= bh vcoth pcrsfohb, bh pukbl`lghg, bh prfjf`lðo gc vcoths, bhs rcbh`lfocs pýkbl`hs y bh prfphdhogh. Csth `fjkloh`lðo cs h bf quc `fof`cjfs `fjf jcz`bh prfjf`lfohb. Bh jcz`bh prfjf`lfohb jès hgc`uhgh cs bh quc bh cjprcsh `rcc quc pfgrè shtlsnh`cr bhs oc`cslghgcs gcb jcr`hgf jcth y bfdrhrè hb`hozhr bhs jcths dcocrhbcs gc bh frdholzh`lðo.

45

 

 

Bh vcoth pcrsfohb=  pcrsfohb=  cs uoh sltuh`lðo gc `fjprhs quc lo`buyc uoh `fjuol`h`lðo pcrsfohb phdhgh cotrc gfs pcrsfohs co uo lotcotf pfr lonbulr co cbbhs. Soh vcoth pcrsfohb trhgl`lfohb lo`buyc uoh prcscoth`lðo pbhochgh

gc

uo

prfgu`tf

quc

cb

rcprcscothotc gc uoh `fjphøêh eh`c h uof f vhrlfs `fjprhgfrcs pftco`lhbcs, `fo cb nlo gc bfdrhr uoh vcoth. Wlcoc budhr `hrh h `hrh f klco pfr tcbìnfof, puglcogf glrldlrsc h uo lotcrjcglhrlf f hb `fosujlgfr nlohb. Whotf bhs vcoths gc ocdf`lf h ocdf`lf `fjf bh gc cjprcsh h `fosujlgfr, sc conf`h co cb gcshrrfbbf gc rcbh`lfocs h bhrdf pbhzf. Ftrf gcthbbc juy ljpfrthotc cs quc `hgh vcz jès gcpcogc gcb lotcroct, utlblzhogf pèdlohs wck gfogc sc gh tfgf tlpf gc lonfrjh`lðo y gfogc bh vcoth pcrsfohb tlcoc prlo`lphbjcotc cb fkmctlvf gc `crrhr bh vcoth. Bh pukbl`lghg=  pukbl`lghg=  cs uoh `fjuol`h`lðo jhslvh c ljpcrsfohb quc phdh uo phtrf`lohgfr y co bh `uhb cstè `bhrhjcotc lgcotlnl`hgf. Bhs nfrjhs jès `fof`lghs sfo bfs houo`lfs quc hphrc`co co bfs jcglfs cbc`trðol`fs (tcbcvlslðo y rhglf) y co bfs ljprcsfs (pcrlðgl`fs y rcvlsths). Plo cjkhrdf, ehy ju`ehs ftrhs hbtcrohtlvhs gcsgc cb `frrcf glrc`tf ehsth bfs cspc`th`ubhrcs y thrmcths gc trèosltf (houo`lfs co hutfkuscs y thxls, hsê `fjf co bhs phrhghs gc hutfkýs), y rc`lcotcjcotc `fo ju`ef hudc, cb Lotcroct, gfogc sc utlblzho sltlfs wck, `frrcf cbc`trðol`f y tc`ofbfdêh lotcrh`tlvh co vlgcf, co ilfs`fs ukl`hgfs co bhs tlcoghs gcphrthjcothbcs y bfs supcrjcr`hgfs. Sof gc bfs prlo`lphbcs kcocnl`lfs gc bh pukbl`lghg cs su `hph`lghg gc `fjuol`hrsc h bh vcz `fo uoh drho d rho `hotlghg gc pcrsfohs. Bh prfjf`lðo gc vcoths=  vcoths=  cs uoh h`tlvlghg quc kus`h cstljubhr bh gcjhogh, `uyh nlohblghg cs `fjpbcjcothr bh pukbl`lghg y nh`lblthr bh vcoth pcrsfohb. Cs phdhgh pfr cb phtrf`lohgfr y h jcougf `foslstc co cb lo`cotlvf tcjpfrhb quc lo`lth h bh `fjprh. Ju`ehs vc`cs cstè glrldlgf hb `fosujlgfr.

4<

 

 

Qcrf bh jhyfr phrtc gc bhs vc`cs tlcoc pfr fkmctf jftlvhr h bh nucrzh gc vcoths u ftrfs jlcjkrfs gcb `hohb gc glstrlku`lðo phrh quc vcogh jès h`tlvhjcotc bfs prfgu`tfs gc bh cjprcsh. Lo`buyc uo hjpblf cspc`trf gc h`tlvlghgcs= phtrf`lolfs, `fo`ursfs, cxelkl`lfocs `fjcr`lhbcs, cxelkl`lfocs co bh tlcogh, kfolnl`h`lfocs, jucstrhs drhtulths, prcjlfs, gcs`ucotfs y `upfocs. Bhs rcbh`lfocs pýkbl`hs=  pýkbl`hs=  hkhr`ho uoh hjpblh dhjh gc h`tlvlghgcs `fjuol`htlvhs quc `fotrlkuyco h `rchr h`tltugcs y fplolfocs pfsltlvhs rcspc`tf h bh frdholzh`lðo y sus prfgu`tfs. H glncrco`lh gc bh pukbl`lghg y bh vcoth pcrsfohb, of lo`buyco uo jcoshmc cspc`ênl`f gc vcoths. Bfs gcstlohthrlfs gc csths h`tlvlghgcs pucgco scr bfs `blcotcs, bfs h``lfolsths, uoh gcpcogco`lh dukcrohjcothb f uo drupf gc lotcrìs cspc`lhb. Bh prfphdhogh= cs prfphdhogh= cs uoh nfrjh cspc`lhb gc rcbh`lfocs pýkbl`hs pýkbl`hs quc lo`buyc oftl`lhs f rcpfrthmcs sfkrc bh frdholzh`lðo f sus prfgu`tfs, `fjuol`h uo jcoshmc ljpcrsfohb quc bbcdh h uoh huglco`lh jhslvh h trhvìs gc bfs jcglfs9 tlcoc vhrlfs cbcjcotfs quc bh glstloduco= of sc phdh, bh frdholzh`lðo fkmctf gc cbbh tlcoc juy pf`f f olodýo `fotrfb sfkrc bh prfphdhogh y, `fjf hphrc`c co nfrjh gc oftl`lh, su `rcglklblghg cs jhyfr quc bh gc bh pukbl`lghg.

Gcshrrfbbf gc uoh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh Soh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh cstè `fjpucsth pfr tfghs bhs nuo`lfocs oc`cshrlhs phrh trhosnfrjhr uo tcjh co uo prfdrhjh, `ffrglohgf y gcstlohgf h `ujpblr gctcrjlohgh jcth h nhvfr gc uo prfgu`tf f jhr`h. Hotcs gc glscøhr cstc tlpf gc `hjphøh, bfs cmc`utlvfs gckco `fof`cr bh huglco`lh jcth, csthkbc`cr bhs jcths prfjf`lfohbcs dbfkhbcs, nlmhr cb prcsupucstf prfjf`lfohb tfthb y gctcrjlohr cb tcjh prfjf`lfohb dcocrhb.

51

 

 

8.  Csthkbc`cr fkmctlvfs pukbl`lthrlfs.  pukbl`lthrlfs.  Co prljcr budhr, csthkbc`cjfs bfs fkmctlvfs gc oucstrh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh, cs gc`lr, gctcrjlohjfs bfs fkmctlvfs quc qucrcjfs hb`hozhr h trhvìs gc ìsth. Oucstrfs fkmctlvfs pukbl`lthrlfs pfgrêho csthr rcbh`lfohgfs `fo= ✐ 

@rchr lotrldh sfkrc cb bhozhjlcotf gc uo oucvf prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Ghr h `fof`cr uo oucvf prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Lonfrjhr sfkrc bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs gc uo prfgu`tf.

✐ 

[cshbthr bfs prlo`lphbcs kcocnl`lfs f htrlkutfs gc uo prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Qfsl`lfohr uoh jhr`h f bcjh pukbl`lthrlf.

✐ 

Qcrsuhglr, lo`cotlvhr, cstljubhr f jftlvhr bh `fjprh f cb usf gc uo prfgu`tf.

✐ 

Lo`rcjcothr bhs vcoths.

✐ 

Lo`rcjcothr bh hnbuco`lh gc pýkbl`f co uo bf`hb.

✐ 

Eh`cr rc`frghr bh cxlstco`lh gc uo prfgu`tf. pr fgu`tf.  

;.  Lgcotlnl`hr pýkbl`f fkmctlvf.  fkmctlvf.  Soh vcz csthkbc`lgfs oucstrfs fkmctlvfs pukbl`lthrlfs, lgcotlnl`hjfs oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, cs gc`lr, lgcotlnl`hjfs cb pýkbl`f cspc`ênl`f hb `uhb lrè glrldlgh oucstrh pukbl`lghg f `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh. Bh rhzðo gc lgcotlnl`hr uo gctcrjlohgf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf cs quc of tfgfs bfs pýkbl`fs tlcoco h``csf h bfs jlsjfs `hohbcs pukbl`lthrlfs ol rch``lfoho pfr lduhb hotc cb jlsjf tlpf gc jcoshmc. Hýo sl vcoglìrhjfs uo jlsjf j lsjf tlpf gc prfgu`tf, pfgrêhjfs oc`cslthr glncrcotcs jcglfs y jcoshmcs phrh `hgh tlpf gc pýkbl`f.  pýkbl`f.  0.  Hohblzhr hb pýkbl`f fkmctlvf.  fkmctlvf.  Soh vcz lgcotlnl`hgf oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, bf hohblzhjfs y scøhbhjfs sus prlo`lphbcs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs phrh quc, co khsc h ìsths, pfghjfs scbc``lfohr oucstrfs jcglfs pukbl`lthrlfs, rcgh`thr oucstrf jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf, y glscøhr oucstrhs gcjès cstrhtcdlhs pukbl`lthrlhs, `fo uoh jhyfr cnc`tlvlghg.

58

 

 

7.  Gctcrjlohr prcsupucstf pukbl`lthrlf. Soh vcz hohblzhgf oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, gctcrjlohjfs oucstrf prcsupucstf pukbl`lthrlf, cs gc`lr, gctcrjlohjfs `uèotf csthjfs glspucstfs h lovcrtlr co oucstrh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh. Gctcrjlohr uo prcsupucstf pukbl`lthrlf pucgc gcpcogcr gc vhrlfs nh`tfrcs, thbcs `fjf, pfr cmcjpbf, bh logustrlh, cb jcr`hgf, bh `fjpctco`lh, oucstrfs fkmctlvfs pukbl`lthrlfs, oucstrhs vcoths, ct`. 3.  Pcbc``lfohr jcglfs f `hohbcs pukbl`lthrlfs. Soh vcz lgcotlnl`hgf y hohblzhgf oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, y gctcrjlohgf oucstrf prcsupucstf pukbl`lthrlf, co khsc h ìstfs, scbc``lfohjfs bfs jcglfs f `hohbcs quc ushrcjfs phrh covlhr oucstrf jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf h oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, cs gc`lr, scbc``lfohjfs bfs jcglfs f `hohbcs quc utlblzhrcjfs phrh pukbl`lthr oucstrfs prfgu`tfs. Hbduofs jcglfs f `hohbcs pukbl`lthrlfs quc pfgrêhjfs utlblzhr sfo= ✐ 

Bh tcbcvlslðo= jcglf `fstfsf, pcrf gc hjpblf hb`ho`c.

✐ 

Bh rhglf= jcglf thjklìo `fstfsf, pcrf `fo uoh hbth nrc`uco`lh gc cxpfsl`lðo gcb jcoshmc.

✐ 

Bh prcosh= lo`buyc glhrlfs, rcvlsths y pukbl`h`lfocs cspc`lhblzhghs.

✐ 

Lotcroct= ljpbl`h cb hbqulbcr gc csph`lfs pukbl`lthrlfs co sltlfs wck gc tcr`crfs, cb usf gc prfdrhjhs pukbl`lthrlfs, y cb covêf gc jcoshmcs pukbl`lthrlfs vêh `frrcf cbc`trðol`f.

✐ 

Wcbìnfof=

ljpbl`h

bh

rchblzh`lðo

gc

bbhjhghs tcbcnðol`hs co gfogc sc fnrcz`ho bfs prfgu`tfs. ✐ 

Cb `frrcf glrc`tf= ljpbl`h cb covêf gc houo`lfs f jcoshmcs pukbl`lthrlfs vêh `frrcf pfsthb.

✐ 

Bhs ncrlhs= ljpbl`h cb hbqulbcr gc pucstfs f sthogs co gfogc sc prfjf`lfoco bfs prfgu`tfs.

✐ 

Bfs pucstfs gc gcdusth`lðo= yh sch co jcr`hgfs, supcrjcr`hgfs, tlcoghs f kfgcdhs.

✐ 

Ftrfs lostrujcotfs pukbl`lthrlfs= bctrcrfs, phocbcs, `hrtcbcs, hnl`ecs, nfbbctfs, `htèbfdfs, vfbhotcs, thrmcths gc prcscoth`lðo, pr cscoth`lðo, `hbcoghrlfs, ct`.

5;

 

 

>.  [cgh`thr jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf. Soh vcz scbc``lfohgfs bfs jcglfs pukbl`lthrlfs quc utlblzhrcjfs, rcgh`thjfs cb jcoshmc quc covlhrcjfs h oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf h trhvìs gc gl`efs jcglfs `fo cb nlo gc ghr h `fof`cr, lonfrjhr, pcrsuhglr su `fjprh, f eh`crbc rc`frghr oucstrfs prfgu`tfs. Co oucstrf jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf gckcjfs gcsth`hr bhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs quc prcscotco uo jhyfr kcocnl`lf h oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, quc pcrjltho hsf`lhr cb prfgu`tf `fo bh lgch prlo`lphb gcb jcoshmc, y/f quc pcrjltho `hpthr h bfs `fosujlgfrcs quc kusquco cx`buslvhjcotc gl`ehs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs. 4.  Bhozhr `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh. Soh vcz rcgh`thgf oucstrf jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf, bf covlhjfs h oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf h trhvìs gc bfs jcglfs pukbl`lthrlfs scbc``lfohgfs, bhs vc`cs, `fo bh nrc`uco`lh y/f gurhotc cb tlcjpf quc ehyhjfs gctcrjlohgf prcvlhjcotc9 co ftrhs phbhkrhs, bhozhjfs oucstrh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh. 5.  Cvhbuhr rcsubthgfs. \, nlohbjcotc, uoh vcz ec`ef cnc`tlvh oucstrh `hjphøh pukbl`lthrlh, jcgljfs y cvhbuhjfs bfs rcsubthgfs, y gctcrjlohjfs sl cs quc csthjfs `ujpblcogf `fo bfs fkmctlvfs pukbl`lthrlfs prfpucstfs. Co `hsf gc of ehkcr hb`hozhgf bfs fkmctlvfs prfpucstfs, pfgrêhjfs tfjhr bh gc`lslðo gc hohblzhr jcmfr h oucstrf pýkbl`f fkmctlvf, hohblzhr bhs cstrhtcdlhs pukbl`lthrlhs gc bh `fjpctco`lh, hujcothr oucstrf prcsupucstf pukbl`lthrlf, `hjklhr bfs jcglfs pukbl`lthrlfs utlblzhgfs, jfglnl`hr oucstrf jcoshmc pukbl`lthrlf, ct`.4 

4

 ettps=//grlvc.dffdbc.`fj/nlbc/g/1K ettps=//grlvc.dffdbc.`fj/nlbc/g/1K7T]7s-M[@y[XjC3^W^xPEiy 7T]7s-M[@y[XjC3^W^xPEiy`8i/vlcw6rcsf `8i/vlcw6rcsfur`cicy:1-JvNS@H8Fit ur`cicy:1-JvNS@H8Fit8^0q;gsqB3FH 8^0q;gsqB3FH 

50

 

 

H `fotlouh`lðo, rchblzh uo jfjcotf Gc 81 h 83 jloutfs Gc bh Bc``lðo 0. \f gc`lgf jl nuturf  nuturf  

57

 

 

@fostruyc W prfjucvc W prfjucvc cb gcshrrfbbf gc ehklblghgcs sf`lfcjf`lfohbcs sf`lfcjf`lfohb cs (EPC) co bhs y bfs mðvcocs gc cgu`h`lðo jcglh supcrlfr h trhvìs h`tlvlghgcs glgè`tl`hs, gcpfrtlvhs y `ubturhbcspýkbl`f, phrh jcmfrhr sugc klcocsthr prcscotc y nuturf. nuturf . 5 

5

 

5

 ettp=//`fostruyct.sc ettp=//`fostruyct.scp.dfk.jx/jhtcrl p.dfk.jx/jhtcrlhbcs-phrh-cb-hubh/ hbcs-phrh-cb-hubh/8/jfgcbf-sljpb 8/jfgcbf-sljpblnl`hgf lnl`hgf 

53

 

 

8.7 Oucvhs tcogco`lcs= Jhrictlod Gldlthb, Kco`ejhrilod, Ocurfjhrictlod.  Jhrictlod gldlthb Cb jhrictlod gldlthb cs bh hpbl`h`lðo gc bhs cstrhtcdlhs gc `fjcr`lhblzh`lðo bbcvhghs h `hkf co bfs jcglfs gldlthbcs. Wfghs bhs tì`ol`hs gcb juogf fnnbloc sfo ljlthghs y trhgu`lghs h uo oucvf juogf, cb juogf fobloc. Co cb èjkltf gldlthb hphrc`co oucvhs `hrh`tcrêstl`hs `fjf bh lojcglhtcz, bh lrrup`lðo gc bhs rcgcs sf`lhbcs y bhs ecrrhjlcoths quc ofs pcrjltco eh`cr jcgl`lfocs rchbcs. Pc `fof`co gfs lostho`lhs= 

Co cstc oucvf èjkltf sc gcshrrfbbh bh scduogh lostho`lh gcb jhrictlod gcb  jhrictlod gldlthb yh quc bfs usuhrlfs pucgco ehkbhr gc bh jhr`h blkrcjcotc. Cbbfs tlcoco uo pfgcr ljpfrthotêsljf quc hotcs sðbf sc bc pcrjltêh h bfs jcglfs= Bh fplolðo.

Cb jhrictlod gldlthb cs cb `fomuotf gc glscøf, `rchtlvlghg, rcothklblghg y hoèblsls kus`hogf slcjprc uo [FL.

5>

 

 

H pcshr gcb drho oýjcrf gc pfslklblghgcs gc hpbl`h`lfocs gc Jhrictlod Gldlthb, cxlstco hqucbbhs cstrhtcdlhs/tì`ol`hs quc sc gcsth`ho pfr scr ushghs pfr bh drho jhyfrêh y quc ofrjhbjcotc trhco rcsubthgfs pfsltlvfs. Cbbhs sfo= ✐ 

Jhrictlod gc @fotcolgf

✐ 

Cjhlb Jhrictlod

✐ 

[cgcs Pf`lhbcs

✐ 

Fptljlzh`lðo gc @fovcrslðo ‐ @fovcrslðo ‐ @[F9  @[F9

✐ 

Jhrictlod gc Kýsqucgh ‐ Kýsqucgh ‐ PCJ.  PCJ.

Kco`ejhrilod Gcsgc sus prlo`lplfs, glncrcotcs hutfrcs bf gcnlolcrfo `fjf=  `fjf=  Pcdýo Jl`ehcb M. Ppcogfblol, nuoghgfr y prcslgcotc gc JMP Hssf`lhtcs y hutfr gc jès gc 31 hrtê`ubfs gc kco`ejhrilod, cotrc cbbfs kcst scbbcrs `fjf ‒Kco`ejhrilod ‒Kco`ejhrilod  Kffi‚, Kffi‚, bf  bf `foslgcrh `fjf uo prf`csf slstcjètl`f y `fotlouf phrh cvhbuhr bfs prfgu`tfs, scrvl`lfs y prf`csfs gc trhkhmf gc bhs frdholzh`lfocs quc sc rc`fof`co `fjf rcprcscothotcs gc bhs jcmfrcs prè`tl`hs, `fo cb prfpðsltf gc rchblzhr jcmfrhs frdholzh`lfohbcs.   frdholzh`lfohbcs. Cb `fo`cptf co `ucstlðo eh slgf gcnlolgf pfr bh ‒Hjcrl`ho ‒Hjcrl`ho Qrfgu`tlvlty  Qrfgu`tlvlty & Xuhblty @cotcr, HQX@‚ HQX@‚ `fjf  `fjf uo prf`csf gc jcgl`lðo `fotlouf y slstcjètl`f, quc jlgc y `fjphrh `fotlouhjcotc bfs prf`csfs cjprcshrlhbcs gc uoh frdholzh`lðo `fotrh bfs prf`csfs gc bfs bêgcrcs gc `uhbqulcr budhr gcb juogf (slcjprc y `uhogf cxlsth uoh `fjphtlklblghg cotrc bhs cjprcshs quc rchblzho gl`ef cstuglf) phrh fktcocr lonfrjh`lðo quc hyugc h bh frdholzh`lðo h gcshrrfbbhr h``lfocs quc jcmfrco su pcrnfrjho`c. (Gcnlol`lðo jès conf`hgh hb èjkltf

cjprcshrlhb).  cjprcshrlhb).  54

 

 

Qfr ýbtljf, y cs bh quc `fo jès nrc`uco`lh sc ush, bh gcnlol`lðo gc Ghvlg Ichros (@elcn Cxc`utlvc Fnnl`cr, Ucrfx @frp.)= cb kco`ejhrilod cs uo prf`csf `fotlouf gc cvhbuh`lðo gc bfs prfgu`tfs, scrvl`lfs y jìtfgfs, `fo rcspc`tf h bfs gc bfs `fjpctlgfrcs jès cnl`lcotcs f h bhs cjprcshs rc`fof`lghs `fjf bêgcrcs. Hbduofs hutfrcs, `fjf Hbfosf y @crrf `lthgfs

hotcrlfrjcotc

`foslgcrho

uoh

`bhslnl`h`lðo, sldulcogf bfs fkmctlvfs gcb cstuglf gc kco`ejhrilod=  kco`ejhrilod=   

•

Cstrhtìdl`f== Cstrhtìdl`f

fkcgc`c

h

rhzfocs

gc

pfsl`lfohjlcotf co cb jcr`hgf, phrh bf `uhb su cjpcøf `foslstc co jcmfrhr bfs nh`tfrcs `rêtl`fs gc ìxltf, cstf cs, hqucbbfs `foslgcrhgfs `bhvcs phrh bh shtlsnh``lðo gcb `blcotc.   `blcotc.  

•

Nuo`lfohb== cstrc`ehjcotc bldhgf `fo bfs prf`csfs lotcrofs quc sc co`ucotrho jès Nuo`lfohb prðxljfs hb `blcotc, gc heê quc su fkmctlvf cs bfdrhr uoh jcmfr pcr`cp`lðo gcb `blcotc y fptljlzhr bfs nh`tfrcs quc cbcvho su drhgf gc shtlsnh``lðo.  shtlsnh``lðo. 

 

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Fpcrhtlvf== rcspfogc h ljpubsfs phrh bh jcmfrh gc bh frdholzh`lðo fpcrhtlvh y, pfr bf Fpcrhtlvf dcocrhb, kus`h jcmfrhr hspc`tfs juy `fo`rctfs rcbh`lfohgfs `fo rcgu`lr cb tlcjpf gc cmc`u`lðo, cb oýjcrf gc trhkhmhgfrcs ljpbl`hgfs co uoh jlsjh èrch f cvlthr gupbl`lghgcs gc thrchs gcotrf gc bh frdholzh`lðo.  frdholzh`lðo. 

Ocurfjhrictlod  Cb ocurfjhrictlod kus`h lonfrjh`lðo y puotfs gc vlsth jès hbbè gc bf rcvcbhgf pfr tì`ol`hs trhgl`lfohbcs, thbcs `fjf co`ucsths, drupfs gc confquc, bfs cxpcrljcotfs y bh ctofdrhnêh, `fo cb fkmctlvf gc jcmfrhr bh tcfrêh y prè`tl`h gcb jhrictlod f bh jcmfrh gc bh cxh`tltug gc prcgl``lfocs gc prcncrco`lhs y cb `fjpfrthjlcotf gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs `uhogf sc `fjkloho

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`fo bhs tì`ol`hs trhgl`lfohbcs. Cb ocurfjhrictlod sc glstloduc gc bh ocurf`lco`lh gcb `fosujlgfr jcglhotc bh rcstrl``lðo gc bfs prljcrfs phrh hpbl`h`lfocs gc bh logustrlh y cb scduogf h bh lovcstldh`lðo h`hgìjl`h. Gctcrjloh quc cb ocurfjhrictlod sc eh gcnlolgf `fjf bh hpbl`h`lðo gc bfs jìtfgfs gc bh ocurf`lco`lh phrh hohblzhr y `fjprcogcr cb `fjpfrthjlcotf eujhof co rcbh`lðo `fo bfs jcr`hgfs y bfs lotcr`hjklfs gc jhrictlod. Sof gc bfs prljcrfs h`cr`hjlcotfs hb ocurfjhrictlod bf rchblzð Dcrhbg ]hbtjho pfr jcglf gcb ]hbtjho Jcthpefr Cbl`lthtlfo Wc`eolquc (]JCW), tì`ol`h `uhblthtlvh khshgh co cotrcvlsths y cb usf gc ljèdcocs `uyf fkmctlvf cs lgcotlnl`hr bhs jftlvh`lfocs prcscotcs co cb lo`fos`lcotc gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs, gc thb nfrjh quc sc pucgho cvlgco`lhr bhs jftlvh`lfocs y pcr`cp`lfocs gc bh pukbl`lghg y bh jhr`h. j hr`h.

Wlpfs gc Ocurfjhrictlod @fo bh cvfbu`lðo gc bhs ocurf`lco`lhs y bh hghpth`lðo gc sus tì`ol`hs h bhs cstrhtcdlhs gc jhrictlod, sc eho gcshrrfbbhgf glncrcotcs tlpfs gc ocurfjhrictlod hpbl`hgfs h htrhcr hb `fosujlgfr h trhvìs gc bfs scotlgfs, cjf`lfocs y cxpcrlco`lhs. 8.  Cb

Jhrictlod

^lsuhb  Cb ^lsuhb 

scotlgf gc bh vlsth tlcoc drho ljph`tf co bh jcotc hb dcocrhr jýbtlpbcs rc`ucrgfs y `fjklohr glvcrsfs nh`tfrcs rh`lfohbcs y cjf`lfohbcs phrh bh logu``lðo co cb prf`csf gc `fjprh, slcogf, pfr thotf, cb scotlgf gc jhyfr hpbl`h`lðo y cstljubh`lðo pfr cb jhrictlod, ushgf co vhbbhs, cjphqucs, `fjcr`lhbcs, glscøfs co csthkbc`ljlcotfs csthkbc`ljlcotfs y co lotcroct.

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;.  Cb jhrictlod hugltlvf utlblzh hugltlvf utlblzh cb sfolgf f bh jýsl`h phrh `fogl`lfohr bfs `fosujlgfrcs co su `fjpfrthjlcotf kus`hogf vcogcr uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf. Khshgf co cbbf, scøhbh quc ‒…cb scotlgf gcb fêgf, hb lduhb quc cb gcb fbnhtf, of pucgc scr `fotrfbhgf vfbuothrlhjcotc, pucstf quc hjkfs cstèo slcjprc h`tlvfs, pfr bf quc sc trhsnfrjho co uofs jcglfs juy pfgcrfsfs `fjcr`lhbjcotc thotf co cb pbhof `fos`lcotc `fjf co cb lo`fos`lcotc…‚. Cb ec`ef gc rchblzhr uoh hsf`lh`lðo gc bh jýsl`h `fo uo jcoshmc y bh jhr`h `rch uo puotf glncrco`lhgfr phrh quc gc csth nfrjh cb `fosujlgfr bf rc`ucrgc.

0.  Cb Jhrictlod Fbnhtlvf Bfs Fbnhtlvf Bfs cstuglfs gcjucstrho quc bfs fbfrcs pucgco scr gc drho hyugh phrh `hjklhr cb csthgf gc èoljf gc bfs `fosujlgfrcs, eh`lcogf quc cbbfs sc slcotho jès `ðjfgfs y rcbhmhgfs. Bf csco`lhb gcb hrfjhrictlod cs ushr uo hrfjh `fo`rctf, phrh dcocrhr co cb suk`fos`lcotc gcb `blcotc uoh lgch gc bf quc pucgc `foscdulr hb `fosujlr uo prfgu`tf f scrvl`lf.