Quimica
July 31, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
VZKJKIL H[X@WL^ ; WLZ ^KMK^ Hqu`pl9 Shrfh @otharkoths9
^ke`r Lsek ^kot`kal Kmhikofrl Wlrthmk Ekrt`ohz Ekthl Jrkvl Aþehz Iuko Hsthjko @osukst` Alehz Bkrho Ph`sho`k Vlvkr O`ûl ^kot`kal Ykpktk
Vrkjkil hqu`pls skmks Vhek ekthr`k y Hohraåk Nlo hm c`o fh `fhot`c`nkr mks nleprhos`lohs quh dks mlarkfl ho hm prlnhsl fh mhnturk ho mks nlosumtks nlosum tks pkrk hm thek ekthr`k ekthr`k y hohraåk, hohraåk, prlploal quh nlo mls hihrn`n`ls hihrn`n`ls mlarà hothofh hothofhr r eund eu ndl l ehil ehilrr hm thek, thek, ah ahohr ohrko kofl fl uo hs hsnr nr`t `tl l ho hm quh sh puhfko puhfko vhr shehikozks y f`chrhon`ks hotrh arupls fh nlonhptls fh nkfk åthe k trkjkikr y quh `of`quh mks f`c`numtkfhs quh honuhotrh ho su hihnun`þo. Wkrk hmml, shau`r mks s`au`hoths `ostrunn`lohs9
;. Knlrfh nlo hm tkmmhr tkmmhr y hm s`au`hoth s`au`hoth slctwkrh `othrknt`vl sh hsphrk mlarho nleprhofhr y rhmkn`lokr uo juho oùehrl fh nlonhptls. :. @oarhskr k mk pëa`ok pkrk fhskrrlmmkr fhskrrlmmkr mls hihrn`n`ls prlpuhstls, prlpuhstls, ho nkfk nksl y hmkjlrkr uok `othrprhtkn`þo fh ml quh sh p`fh y hm rhsumtkfl dttp9//mkjlv`rtukm.jmlasplt.nle.nl/p/qu`e`nk.dtem dttp9//mkjlv`rtukm.jmlasplt.nle.nl/p/qu`e`nk.dtem
Vrkjkikr fh ekohrk lrako`zkfk nkfk hspkn`l hephzkofl plr9
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
;. [uåe`nk fh mk ekthr`k. Mk quåe`nk hs mk n`hon`k quh sh lnupk fh hstuf`kr mk nlepls`n`þo y trkosclrekn`þo fh mk ekthr`k
Mk ekthr`k sh vh hxprhskfk ho c`aurks quh plfhels vhr, phoskr y hstëo lnupkofl uo muakr Mk ekthr`k plshh fls t`pls fh prlp`hfkfhs9 mks ahohrkmhs y mks hsphnåc`nks.
Mks prlp`hfkfhs ahohrkmhs ol s`rvho pkrk `fhot`c`nkr mks sustkon`ks fh mks quh hstk nlepuhstks mk ekth ek thr` r`kk ho nkej nkej`l `l mks mks prlp` phre`tho fhthre`o fhthre`okr kr mk okturk okturkmhz mhzkk y mk prlp`hfkfh hfkfhss hsphn hsphnåc`nk åc`nkss ols phre`tho sustkon`ks quh hstuf`kels.
j. Nlofunt`v`fkf hmàntr`nk9
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Mk hmhntr`n`fkf hs uok clrek fh hohraåk quh sh puhfh trkose`t`r fh uo puotl k ltrl, kmauols nuhrpls mk trkose`tho ehilr quh ltrls y slo nmks`c`nkfls ho9
◌ Nlof ofu untl tlrrhs9 ^lo mls quh phre`tho hm pksl fh mk hmhntr`n`fkf fh uo puotl k ltrl, ho ◌
ahohrkm ehtkmhs slo nlofuntlrhs fh hmhntr`n`fkf, hotrh hmmls thohels ehtkmhs nlel hm mls nljrh . K`sm K`smkfl kflrh rhss l ekm ekmls ls nlo nlofu funtl ntlrh rhs9 s9 ^lo mls quh ol phre`tho hm pksl fh mk nlrr`hoth nlrr`hoth hmàntr`nk, nlel mk ekfhrk, pmëst`nl.
Hihrn`n`l fh hxpm`nkn`þo thek nlofunt`v`fkf hmàntr`nk Wkrk rhkm`zkr hm hihrn`n`l sh ut`m`zkrlo mls s`au`hoths ekthr`kmhs9
◌ ◌ ◌ ◌
:p p``mks fh ;.8 S jlej`mmk p`oz p`ozks ks fh nl nlnl nlfr fr``ml nkjm nkjmhs hs fh nl nloh ohx` x`þo þo
◌ më mëe` e`ok okss fh f f`c `chrh hrhot oths hs ekth ekthr` r`km kmhs hs ;. ^h krrkstrk krrkstrk uok mëe`ok mëe`ok fh pmktk pmktk pkrk nhrrkr nhrrkr hm n`rnu` n`rnu`tl tl nlo hmmk, hmmk, sh ljshrvk ljshrvk quh quh mk jlej`mmk jlej`mmk sh sh hon`hofh, hstk plr hothof`fl quh mk pmktk sh nmks`c`nk hotrh mls nlofuntlrhs.
:. ^h krrkstrk uok mëe`ok fh v`fr`l pkrk nhrrkr hm n`rnu`tl nlo hmmk, sh ljshrvk quh mk jlej`mmk ol sh hon`hofh, hon`hofh, hstk plr hothof`fl hothof`fl quh hm v`fr`l v`fr`l sh nmks`c`nk nmks`c`nk hotrh mls k`smkflrh k`smkflrhss l ekmls ekmls nlofuntlrhs
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
n. furhzk
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
f. Hohraåk Ehnëo`nk HOHZAÅK EHNËO@NK Hs mk pkrth fh mk cås`nk quh hstuf`k hm hqu`m`jr`l y hm elv`e`hotl fh mls nuhrpls sleht`fls k mk knn`þo fh mks cuhrzks, mk hohraåk hohraåk ehnëo`nk sh fhr`vk fh mk hohraåk n`oàt`nk y fh mk hohraåk p plthon`km. lthon`km.
He5Hn+H p Cþreumk fh mk hohraåk ehnëo`nk
HOHZAÅK WLVHON@KM Hs mk hohraåk ehnëo`nk ksln`kfk k mk mlnkm`zkn`þo fh uo nuhrpl sljrh uo nkepl fh cuhrzk , Hstk clrek fh hohraåk hs uok ekao`tuf hsnkmkr nuyk uo`fkf fh ehf`fk fhm ^`sthek @othrokn`lokm fh Xo`fkfhs hs hm ilumh (I). Hstk clrek fh hohraåk sh ksln`k nlo mks cuhrzks quh kntùko sljrh uo nuhrpl fh tkm ekohrk quh hstl sþml fhphofh fh mk pls`n`þo fhm nuhrpl ho hm hspkn`l.
HOHZAÅK N@OÀV@NK Hs mk hohraåk quh plshh uo nuhrpl k nkusk fhm elv`e`hotl, sh trktk fh mk hohraåk quh phre`th k uo nuhrpl hstkr ho rhplsl l elvhrsh k uok fhthre`okfk vhmln`fkf, s` uo nuhrpl hstë ho rhplsl thofrë uok hohraåk n`oàt`nk hqu`vkmhoth k nhrl
Hihrn`n`l fh hxpm`nkn`þo thek hohraåk ehnëo`nk ◌
Nlo uok uok kmturk kmturk `o`n`km `o`n`km fh fh 87 e y uok vhml vhmln`fkf n`fkf `o`n`km `o`n`km f fhh 7 e/ e/ss fhik fhik nkhr uok eksk eksk f fhh ; ba y nlepmhtk mk s`au`hoth tkjmk.
t(s)
7
7.18
;.>
;.38
:.;
:.6
:.38
Hp(I)
607
63>
670
>37
:14
:;6
;8>
Hn(I)
7
:1
4;
;>;
:;:
:13
>>4
He(I)
607
607
607
60;
607
607
60;
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Eksk fh : ba t(s)
7.:8
7.8
7.18
7.06
;.6
:.>
:.1
Hp(I)
016
083
0:8
406
10:
61:
:47
Hn(I)
3
:6
8>
43
;44
873
17:
He(I)
047
047
014
047
047
047
047
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz eksk fh >ba t(s)
7
7.8
7.1
;
;.:
;.6
;.38
Hp(I)
;617
;6>8
;>00
;>:3
;:3;
;;04
;710
Hn(I)
7
>3
1;
;66
:70
:04
>06
He(i)
;617
;617
;617
;617
;617
;617
;617
V(s)
7
7.6
7.3
7.4
;
;.:
;.6
Hp(i)
;037
;0:3
;440
;4>4
;134
;34:
;846
Hn(i)
7
>7
17
;::
;0:
:14
>18
He(i)
;037
;083
;080
;037
;037
;037
;037
6ba
h. Hoskyl k mk mmkek
Hihrn`n`l fh hxpm`nkn`þo thek Hoskyl k mk mmkek Mk mmkek mmkek sh tlrok tlrok fh f`chrh f`chrhoth othss nlmlrh nlmlrhss fhphof` fhphof`hofl hofl fhm ekthr` ekthr`km km ehtëm` ehtëm`nl nl km quh hs hxpuhstl, mls rhsumtkfls sh euhstrko fh mk s`au`hoth ekohrk
Nljrh9 Shrfh
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Wltks`l9 Elrkfl Wmlel9 Kzum nmkrl Nkmn`l9 Zlil lsnurl ^lf`l9 Kekr`mml Hstrlon`l9 Zlil v`vl Hstl sh dknh pkrk `fhot`c`nkr mk prhshon`k fh ehtkmhs ho f`vhrsks pruhjks, hm nlmlr fh hstk mmkek tkej`ào sh puhfh vhr kchntkfk plr mk thephrkturk.
c. Mk mhy fh Mkvl`s`hr
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Ho hsth hxphr`ehotl sh vh quh ho su pr`ehrk cksh km ol thohr hm tkpþo sh m`jhrk eksk ho clrek fh aks, fh mk clrek mk ehf`n`þo sh vh kchntkfk, nksl nlotrkr`l k nukofl t`hoho hm tkpþo puhstl quh mk eksk c`okm hs mk e`sek k mk `o`n`km Hsth aks hs NL: akshlsl, hstl sh vh ho mk hnukn`þo fh mk hchrvhsnhon`k, mk nukm hs NkNL> (s) + :DNm
↚ NkNm: (kn) + D:NL> (kn)
(kn)
Ho hstk hnukn`þo ol sh vh mk m`jhrkn`þo fhm aks y hstl sh fhjh k quh hstk sh fk fhj`fl k quh hm ën`fl nkrjþo`nl, sh trkosclrek ho kauk y NL: k thephrkturk kej`hoth. ^u hnukn`þo hs mk s`au`hoth D:NL> (kn) ↚ NL: (a)↛ + D:L (m)
Hihrn`n`l fh hxpm`nkn`þo thek Mk mhy fh Mkvl`s`hr
a. mhy fh nlumlej
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
mk mhy mhy fh fh nluml nlumlej ej mk ut`m ut`m`zk `zkels els pkrk ljthohr y skjhr quh t`pl fh cuhrzk (ktrknn`þo l rhpums`þo) sh vk k ahohrkr km hx`st`r h x`st`r `othrknn`þo hotrh fls l eës nkraks. nlel ols plfhels fkr nuhotk ho hm hihepml hotrh eës nkrak c`ik t`hoh eës hs mk cuhrzk quh sh prlfunh shaùo mk f`stkon`k quh dkyk.
q (νN)
;7
:7
>7
67
87
37
17
47
C (O)
>>
33
00
;>:
;38
;04
:>;
:3>
07 :03
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Mhy fh Fkmtlo Ho nlonmus`þo nlo mk mhy fh fkmtlo hs quh ols kyufk k fhthre`okr mk rhmkn`þo quh hx`sth hotrh mks prhs`lohs pkrn`kmhs y mk prhs`þo tltkm uok ehznmk fhphof`hofl fh mks elmhs yk shk ekylr sh lsnurhnh mk ehznmk y s` hs eholr mk ehznmk sh knmkrk.
Hxphr`ehotl W K (jkr) WJ (jkr) Wn (jkr) W K+WJ+WN( jk r)
; 7.4 ;,> 7.0 >
: 7.8 7.0 ;.: :.3
> ; 7.4 7.6 :.:
6 ; 7.: ;.> :
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz Wehznmk (jkr)
Hxphr`ehotl ;
Hxphr`ehotl :
Hxphr`ehotl >
>
:.3
:.:
:
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
Hxphr`ehotl 6
`. Mhy fh Arkv`tkn`þo uo`vhrskm Mk mhy clreumkfk plr Ohwtlo y quh rhn`jh hm olejrh fh mhy fh arkv`tkn`þo uo`vhrskm, kc`rek kc`rek quh mk cuhrzk cuhrzk fh ktrknn ktrknn`þo `þo quh hxphr` hxphr`eho ehotko tko fls nuhrpls nuhrpls fltkfls fltkfls fh eksk eksk hs f`rhnt f`r hntkeh kehoth oth prlplr prlplrn`l n`lokm okm km prlfun prlfuntl tl fh sus eksks eksks h `ovhrs `ovhrskeh kehoth oth prlplr prlplrn`l n`lokm okm km nukfrkfl fh mk f`stkon`k quh mls shpkrk (mhy fh mk `ovhrsk fhm nukfrkfl fh mk f`stkon`k). Mk mhy `onmuyh uok nlostkoth fh prlplrn`lokm`fkf (A) quh rhn`jh hm olejrh fh nlostkoth fh mk arkv`tkn`þo uo`vhrskm y nuyl vkmlr, fhthre`okfl f hthre`okfl ehf`koth hxphr`ehotls prhn`sls, hs fh9 -;; A 5 3,31>46*;7 O*eº/baº.
E(Ba)
;
:
>
6
8
3
1
4
0
;7
C(pO)
37
;:7-;>7
;07
:37
>:7->>7
>07
637
8:7-8>7
807
3:7
Ho nlonmus`þo plfhels vhr nþel km kuehotkr su eksk vk kuehotkofl su hm vkmlr C(pO), fhsfh ; ba dkstk ;7. ^h mmhakrlo k ekohikr fhsfh 37 37c(pO) dkstk 3:7 cuh su vkmlr eëx`el. Ho mks `eëahohs sh puhfh kprhn`kr quh hm puotl fhm mëshr `jk nkej`kofl fh muakr km kuehotkr mk eksk.
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
;ba.
>ba.
8ba.
:ba.
6ba.
3ba.
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
1ba. 4ba.
0ba. ;7ba.
Mhy fh mks prlplrn`lohs fhc`o`fks Nukofl fls sustkon`ks sh nlej`oko pkrk clrekr uo nlepuhstl, hmmks fhjho aukrfkr hotrh så, mks prlplrn`lohs n`hrtks y fhc`o`fks.
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
b. Eksk ktþe`nk Zhmkt`vk
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
m. eksk y phsl
XO@SHZ^@FKF FH MK ^KMMH FHWKZVKEHOVL FH FH N@HON@K^ JË^@N JË^@NK^ K^ NXZ^L FH [XÅE@NK AHOHZKM Wrlchslrk Ekrakr`tk Zlsk Zlsk Zhofþo Chroëofhz
>. Nlosumtkr Nlosumtkr ho pëa`ok pëa`okss fh aallamh llamh pkrk nlepmh nlepmhehotkr ehotkr y rhkm rhkm`zkr `zkr mmkk j`j j`jm`lark m`larkcåk cåk rhsphnt`vk. 6. ^uj`r k mk pmktkclrek hm trkjkil rhkm`zkfl 8. OLVK9 OLVK9 Ho nksl fh fh ol ml mlarkr arkr thre thre`okr `okr ml mlss hihrn` hihrn`n`ls n`ls ho nnmksh mksh ml puhfho rrhkm`z hkm`zkr kr fhsfh sus nksks pkrk hov`krml hm fle`oal 1 fh chjrhrl koths fh ehf`kolndh.
NLONHWVL^ ZHI@MMK
HTWM@NKN@ÞO FH^FH HM VHEK FH EKVHZ@K P HOHZAÅK FH^FH MK MHNVXZK FHM M@JZL
HTWM@NKN@ÞO FH^FH MK OLV@N@K ^ujr ^u jrky kykr kr mls mls nlonh nlonhpt ptls ls quh sh rhmkn`loko nlo hm thek
Hohraåk
Hs mk nkpkn`fkf qu quh t`hoh uo nuhrpl pkrk prlfun`r trkjkil ehf`koth `oth `othrk rknn` nn`lo lohs hs fh fhmm ët ëtle lel l ho mk qu quhh prlfunh hohraåk n`oàt`nk y plthon`km plr hm nleplrtke`hotl nlo ltrks elmànu elm ànumks mks,, tkej`à tkej`ào o hs mk nkpkn` nkpkn`fkf fkf fh trkoschr`r nkmlr.
^u prhe`l oljhm hs k rkåz fhm fhskrr fhs krrlmm lmml l fh mks jkthrå jkthråks ks fh m` m`t`l t`l,, kp kplr lrtk tkofl ofl km km kmek eknh nhoke oke`h `hot otl l fh hohraåk fh cuhoths rholvkjmhs nlel prlvho`hoths fhm slm y hm v`hotl ho arkof ofhhs nkot`fkfh fhss y plfh fhrrmk trkosplrtkr.
Wrlp`hfkf [uåe`nk
mk rhprhshotkn`þo ho quh uok Wkrk Wkrk hm juho cuon`l cuon`loke oke`ho `hotl, tl, dky sustkon`k puhfh nkej`kr l rhknn`lokr rhknn`lohs quåe`nks quh lnurrho ho pkrk clrekr ltrks sustkon`ks. nkfk uol fh mls hmhntrlfls pkrk quh mls hmhntrlohs v`kiko plr hm n`rnu`tl hmàntr`nl y fko hohraåk km f`spls`t`vl quh hstëo nlohntkfks.
Nkmlr
Hm nk nkmlr ho ho uo uo t` t`pl fh fh ho hohraåk qu quh Mks jkthråks fh m`t`l t`hoho uo kmtl prlfunh uok v`jrkn`þo hotrh mks r`hsal fh `onhof`krsh y sh puhfho elmànumks pkrk ljthohr uok `ocm `ocmkekrs kekrshh hsplotëohkeh hsplotëohkehoth oth shaùo thephrkturk eës kmtk mk thephrkturk y hxpmltkr nukofl sh nkm`hotko.
^ustkon`k `epurk
Xok sustkon`k `epurk hs kquhmmk quh Ho muakr fh uskr m`t`l rhknt`vl ho hm t`hoh rhstls fh ltrks sustkon`ks ho su ëol ëolfl, fl, usþ nlquh fh phtrþm phtrþmhl, hl, uo nlepls`n`þo ekthr`km fh nkrjlol quh km `aukm quh hm nëtlfl fh þx`fl fh nljkmtl puhfh `othrnkmkr `lohs fh m`t`l. (Pk ol hs m`t` t`l l purl purl,, t` t`ho hohh `epu `epurrhz hzks ks fh phtrþmhl)
Whsl
Hs mk cuhrzk quh hihrnh mk t`hrrk sljrh Hm m`t`l m`t`l hs hm ehtkm ehtkm eës m`ahrl m`ahrl quh tlfl nuhrpl, quh mk ktrkh dkn`k àm. hx hx`s `sth th,, hs tk tko o m` m`ah ahrl rl quh quh pl plfr fråk åk cm cmlt ltkr kr sl sljr jrhh hm kauk kauk y kf kfhe heës ës su m` m`ahr ahrhz hzkk phre` phre`th th nlepr nlepr`e `e`r `r uok
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arko nkot`fkf fh ëtlels fh m`t`l ho uok jkthråk, m`ahrk y fh pln lnl l vlmueho. Wrlnhsl
Xok rhknn`þo quåe`nk hofltàre`nk hs K trkvàs fh su trkjkil, mls
Hofltàre`nl
kquhmmk quh ohnhs`tk hohraåk ho clrek ak akmk mkrf rflok lokfl flss kp kplr lrtk tkrl rlo o uo ar arko ko fh nkmlr pkrk quh sh mmhvh k nkjl. jhohc`n`l k mk dueko`fkf puhs mks jkthråks fh m`t`l puhfho kmeknhokr nkot`fkfhs s`ao`c`nkt`vks fh hohraåk prlvho`hoth fhm ^lm l fhm v`hotl, nlo ml quh dknho pls`jmh uo uokk sln` sln`hf hfkf kf m` m`jr jrhh fh nl nlej ejus ust` t`jm jmhs hs cþs`mhs.
:. Hsnr`j`r fls crkshs nlo shot`fl quåe`nl ho hm quh `ovlmunrk trhs nlonhptls prhshoths ho mk rhi`mmk. -
Hm prlnhsl hofltàre`nl hs uo prlnhsl quh nlostk fhm kuehotl fh hohraåk hohraåk `othrok, pr`on`pkmehoth ho hsth prlnhsl sh kjslrjh hohraåk tàre`nk fh su hotlrol, quh hs mk trkoschrhon`k fh nkmlr km s`sthek.
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Hm phsl y mks prlp`hfkfhs quåe`nks sh vho kchntkfks kchntkfks ho uok nksl nlotrkr`l k su vhrs`þo purk
sustkon`kk `epur sustkon` `epurkk,
>. Clreumkr uok prhauotk ho mk quh mk rhspuhstk `ovlmunrk eåo`el fls nlonhptls fh mk rhi`mmk. ;. ¼[uà ¼[uà hs hs hm hm prln prlnhsl hsl hofltàr hofltàre` e`nl< nl< Xo prlnhsl hofltàre`nl hs kquhm kquhm prlnh prlnhsl sl ho mk quh hm kueho kuehotl tl ho mk hohraåk `othrok ho uo prlnhsl. Hm prlnhsl ahohrkmehoth kjslrjh hohraåk tàre`nk fh su kmrhfhflr quh hs mk trkoschrhon`k fh nkmlr `othrokehoth.
6. Hsnr Hsnr`j `j`r `r 3 nl nlon onhp hptl tlss qu quhh nl nlos os`f `fhr hrhh sl slo o euy `e `epl plrt rtko koth thss kjlr kjlrfk fkrr ho mks mks hxpm`nkn`lohs fhm thek ;. Ekthr`k9 Ekthr`k9 [uåe`nkeh [uåe`nkehoth oth mk ekthr`k ekthr`k hstë hstë clrekfk clrekfk plr pkrtånumk pkrtånumkss e`nrlsnþp`nk e`nrlsnþp`nks, s, quh mmkekels ëtlels. :. phre`tho Mks Mks prlp prlp`h `hfk fkfh fhss ah ahoh ohrk rkmh mhsshmmks slo sloshmk mks s quh quh t` t`ho hohmk h eksk ho nl nleù tl tlfk fk mk ekth ekthr` r`kk y ol olss fhsnr`j`rmk2 hotrh honuhotrko yeùo hmovlmueho.
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>. Furk Furkot othh uo nk nkej ej`l `l cås` cås`nl nl,, mk mkss su sust stkon kon`k `kss vkråk vkråko o su kpk kpkr` r`hon hon`k `k cå cås` s`nk nk ph phrl rl ol su nlepls`n`þo. 6. Nkfk Nkfk su sust stkon kon`k `k t`ho t`hohh uo nl nloi oiuo uotl tl ùo`nl ùo`nl fh pr prlp` lp`hf hfkfh kfhss cå cås` s`nks nks y pr prlp` lp`hf hfkfh kfhss quåe`nks 8. Mk ekth ekthr`k r`k puhfh puhfh kjsl kjslrjh rjhrr hohra hohraåk åk 3. Mks ehznmk ehznmkss sh puhfho puhfho shpkrkr shpkrkr cås`nkehot cås`nkehothh ho sustkon sustkon`ks `ks purks. purks.
8. Nukmhs slo mks prlp`hfkfhs cås`nks y/l quåe`nks fh uo hmhehotl, uo nlepuhstl y uok ehznmk `of`quh pkrk nkfk nksl mk Zkzþo. -
Hmhe mhehot hotl9 Wmkt Wmktkk (Ka) Ka) Wrlp`hfkfhs [uåe`nks Hmhehotl quåe`nl, såejlml Ka, oùehrl ktþe`nl 61 y eksk ktþe`nk ;71.417. Hs uo ehtk eh tkmm mu must strl rlsl sl fh nl nlml mlrr jm jmkon konll-ar ar`s `sën ënhl hl.. Mk pm pmkt ktk, k, quh pl plsh shhh mk mkss eë eëss km kmtk tkss nlofunt`v`fkfhs tàre`nk y hmàntr`nk fh tlfls mls ehtkmhs, sh ut`m`zk ho puotls fh nlotkntl hmàntr`nls y hmhntrþo`nls.
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Nle Nlepuhs puhstl tl99 Kau Kaukk (D: (D:L) L) Wrlp`hfkfhs [uåe`nks. Mk cþreumk quåe`nk fhm kauk hs D:L, uo ëtlel fh lxåahol m`akfl k fls fh d`frþahol. Mk elmànumk fhm kauk t`hoh nkrak hmàntr`nk pls`t`vk ho uo mkfl y ohakt`vk fhm ltrl. Fhj`fl k quh mks nkraks hmàntr`nks lpuhstks sh ktrkho, mks elmànumks fhm kauk t`hofho k uo`rsh uoks nlo ltrks.
Wrlp`hfkfhs cås`nks. Fhsfh hm puotl fh v`stk cås`nl, mks prlp`hfkfhs cås`nks fhm kauk slo9 ^u fhos`fkf hs fh ;a/ne>. Kepm`l ekraho fh thephrkturks ho cksh måqu`fk (7-;77¹ N)9 su puotl fh nloahmkn`þo hs k 7¹N, e`hotrks quh hm fh hjumm`n`þo hs k ;77 ·N. -
Ehznmk9 Ar Arko`tl Wrlp`hfkfhs cås`nks. Zlnk arkoumkr, nr`stkm`ok, nlepkntk y furk, nlepuhstk hshon`kmehoth fh nukrzl, chmfhspktl y e`nk, fh nlmlr nmkrl mh fk k mk rlnk uo nlmlr rlil, rlsk, ar`s l jmkonl nlo arkols
e`ohrkmhs lsnurls v`s`jmhs ho tlfk mk rlnk.
3. Fhsnr`jk y f`juih mks nkrknthråst`nks cås`nks s` hs pls`jmh, fh mls > hstkfls fh karh karhak akn` n`þo þo.. Hsnr Hsnr`j `jkk uo hi hihe hepm pmll pkrk pkrk nk nkfk fk hs hstk tkfl fl flof flofhh sh pu puhf hfkk vhr vhr hs hstk tkss nkrknthråst`nks. -
^þ ^þm` m`fl fl99 ^us ^us elmà elmànu numk mkss t`ho t`hoho ho ho homk mknh nhss cuhr cuhrth ths, s, y jk jkik ik rh rhpu pums ms`þ `þo o y t` t`ho hoho ho cl clre rekk fhc`o`fk. Måqu`f Måqu`fl9 l9 ^us homk homknhs nhs slo slo eës fàj` fàj`mhs mhs quh quh mls fh mls mls sþm`fl sþm`fl phrl phrl eës eës cuhrths cuhrths quh quh mls akshs,, km `aukm quh su rhpums`þo, mk nukm ol hs tko eåo`ek nlel ho mls sþm`fls phrl akshs tkeplnl tko kmtk nlel ho mls akshs y su clrek vkråk fhphof`hofl fhm hovksh ho flofh hsth nlotho`fl.
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Aks9 Aks9 ^us homkn homknhs hs slo fàj`m fàj`mhs hs,, y mk rhpum rhpums` s`þo þo hs ar arko kofh fh,, su clrek clrek fhpho fhphofh fh fh fhmm rhn`p`hoth quh mls nlothoak.
1. Hsnr`j`r fls hihepmls fh prlnhsls hxltàre`nls y fls fh hofltàre`nls Hxpm`nkofl mk rkzþo Hofltàre`nls9 Mk cus`þo fh mls ehtkmhs Mk Cltlsåoths`s ^lo rhknn`lohs hofltàre`nks yk quh slo rhknn`lohs quåe`nks quh ohnhs`tko hm sue`o`strl fh hohraåk nkmþr`nk pkrk quh lnurrko. Wkrk quh mls rhknt`vls sh trkosclreho ho prlfuntls, hstks rhknn`lohs kjslrjho nkmlr , ml qu quhh dknh quh mls prlfuntls ljtho`fls prlfuntls ljtho`fls quhfho nlo ekylrhs o`vhmhs fh hohraåk quh mls rhknt`vls `o`n`kmhs. Hxltàre`nls9 Mk rhsp`rkn`þo Mk nlejust`þo ^h fhole`oko rhknn`lohs hxltàre`nks yk quh km sunhfhr uok rhknn`þo quåe`nk fhsprhofho hohraåk, muz l nkmlr.
4. Fls rhn`p`hoths fh ekthr`km f`chrhoth, nlo `aukm nkot`fkf fh kauk, sh nkm`hotko nlo mk e`sek `othos`fkf, ¼nuëm dhrv`rë pr`ehrl< Hxpm`quh su rhspuhstk.
Dhrv`rë pr`ehrl hm kauk fhm rhn`p`hoth quh thoak ekylr nkpkn`fkf fh nlofunn`þo tàre`nk puhstl quh hstk kuehotkrë fh ekohrk eës rëp`fk mk thephrkturk fhm kauk.
0. Hxpm`quh quh hs hohraåk y quh nkrknthråst`nks y cþreumks rhprhshotko k mk hohraåk plthon`km y n`oàt`nk. Wmkothkr uo hihepml y uo hihrn`n`l nlo su rhsphnt`vk rhspuhstk. Hs mk nkpkn`fkf quh t`hoh uok cuhrzk fh ahohrkr elv`e`hotl, nkmlr l nkej`l. Mk hohraåk plthon`km hs mk hohraåk quh knueumk uo nuhrpl fhj`fl k mk f`stkon`k quh ml shpkrk fh ltrl nuhrpl, su hnukn`þo hs Hp9 ead, flofh e hs mk eksk, a hs mk arkvhfkf y d hs mk kmturk. Mk hohraåkk n`oàt`nk hs ahohrkfk plr hm elv`e`hotl hohraå elv`e`hotl fh uo nuhrpl, nuhrpl, su hnukn` hnukn`þo þo hs ;⁆: ev_:, ho flofh e hs mk eksk y v mk vhmln`fkf. Xo nuhrpl fh eksk >7 ba hs mkozkfl fhsfh uok kmturk fh ;7 ehtrls, s` su vhmln`fkf c`okm hs fh 8 e/s, y su vhmln`fkf `o`n`km hs 7 e/s,¼Nuëm hs su Hp y Hn< Hp9 >7 ba* 0.4e/s_:* ;7e9 :067I Hn9 µ >7ba* (8e/s)_:9 >18 I
;7. Wrlploak fls hihepmls fh prlp`hfkf hxthos`vk y fh quà fhphofh y fls fh prlp`hfkf `othos`vk. Hxpm`nkr mk rkzþo Mks prlp`hfkfhs hxthos`vks fhphofh fh mk nkot`fkf fh mk sustkon`k, uo hihepml fh hstl hs hm vlmue vlm ueho ho qu quhh fh fhph phof` of`ho hofl fl s` sh su sue` e`o` o`st strk rk ekylr ekylr l eholr eholr nk nkot ot`f `fkf kfhs hs hm rh rhsu sumt mtkfl kfl nkej`krë, e`hotrks quh mks `othos`vks ol fhphofho fh mk nkot`fkf fh mk sustkon`k, uo hihe hihepm pml l fh hstl hstl hs hm pu puot otl l fh hj hjum umm` m`n` n`þo þo,, hm ka kauk uk s` s`he hepr prhh hj hjum ummh mh k ;77 ;77 ar arkf kfls ls `ofhphof`hothehoth fh quh sh thoako : l ;77 arkels fh kauk.
;;. [uh t`hoh quh vhr quh uo choþehol shk l ol rhvhrs`jmh k o`vhm fh nkej`l cås`nl l quåe`nl. Hxpm`quh mk rhspuhstk
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Mls nkej`ls cås`nls nlel mk cus`þo fhm kauk sh puhfh rhvhrt`r fh ekohrk shon`mmk, ho nkej`l nukofl quhekels uo pkphm ahohrkofl uok ouhvk sustkon`k, qu`hrh fhn`r quh hstë prlfun`hofl uo nkej`l quåe`nl, quh ho hsth nksl hs `rrhvhrs`jmh.
;:. Fhthre`okr mk fhos`fkf fh uo måqu`fl s` sþml nuhotks nlo uok jkmkozk kokmåt`nk, uo vksl fhquh prhn`p`tkfls :7 eMquh y uok jurhtk nlot`hoh hmfhmåqu`fl lnupk uo vlmueho fh ;8 em. ^@ suplohels quh mk eksk fhm måqu`fl hs 87 a su fhos`fkf hs >.>> a/em
;>. Nuëm fh mks s`au`hoths prlp`hfkfhs slo cås`nks y nuëmhs ol hxpm`nkofl mk rkzþo. k) Hm puotl fh hjumm`n`þo j) Hm nlmlr n) Mk knn`þo jmkoquhkflrk f) Hm hstkfl cås`nl k) Wuotl fh fh hjumm`n`þo9 hjumm`n`þo9 Hs uok uok prlp`hfkf prlp`hfkf cås`nk. cås`nk. Xok Xok prlp`hfkf prlp`hfkf cås`nk cås`nk sh puhfh puhfh ehf`r y ljshrvkr s`o quh nkej`ho mk nlepls`n`þo l `fhot`fkf fh mk sustkon`k. Nlel plr hihepml sh puhfh fhthre`okr hm puotl fh hjumm`n`þo km nkmhotkrsh y rha`strkr mk thephrkturk k mk nukm hm kauk mmhak k su puotl fh hjumm`n`þo. j) Hm nlmlr9 Hs uok prlp`hfkf cås`nk, plrquh puhfh shr v`stl y ehf`fl, ml quh nkfk phrslok phrn`jh nlel nlmlr hs uok `othrprhtkn`þo fh mks prlp`hfkfhs rhcmhnt`vks fh kmal hxpuhstk k mk muz, puhs fhphofh fh vkr`ls ckntlrhs j`lcås`nls. n) Mk knn`þo knn`þo jmkoquhkflrk jmkoquhkflrk99 Hstk ol ol hs uok prlp`hf prlp`hfkf kf cås`nk, cås`nk, yk quh quh ho hm elehot elehotl l fh jmkoquhkr mk rlpk, thohels mk quåe`nk prhshoth k trkvàs fh mk rhknn`þo fh rhfunn`þo. Mls jmkoquh jmkoquhkfl kflrhs rhs slo kahoth kahothss lx`fkot lx`fkoths, hs, hs fhn`r fhn`r prlvlnk prlvlnko o mk rhfunn` rhfunn`þo þo fh nlepuhstls. f) Hm hstkfl hstkfl cås`nl9 cås`nl9 Hs uok prlp`hfkf prlp`hfkf cås`nk cås`nk,, slo nkrknthr nkrknthråst åst`nk `nkss v`s`jm v`s`jmhs hs y prlp`k prlp`kss fh uok sustkon`k quh puhfho shr ehf`fks y ol prlfunho ouhvks sustkon`ks quåe`nks, nlel plr hihepml, mls hstkfls cås`nls slo, måqu`fl, sþm`fl y akshlsl.
;6. Dkmmkr hm vlmueho fh uok p`hzk fh hsth ehtkm nuyk eksk hs fh 40.: a y mk fhos`fkf hs 4.0: a/nn. Hm vlmueho hs `aukm k ;7 nn
;8. Hsnr`jk fls hihepmls fh ehznmk ehznmkss dlelaàohks y fls fh dhthrla dhthrlaàohks àohks hxpm`nk hxpm`nkofl ofl mk rkzþo. Dlelaàohks9 Kmnldlm y kauk Hm k`rh Ho hs hstl tlss hi hihe hepm pmls ls sl slo o uok eh ehzn znmk mk dle dlelaà laàoh ohkk yk quh ho hs hstk tkss ol sh f` f`st st`o `oau auho ho su suss nleplohoths y su nlepls`n`þo hs uo`clreh yk quh nkfk pkrth fh mk slmun`þo plshh mks e`seks prlp`hfkfhs. Dhthrlaàohks9 Knh`th y p`hfrks Hm arko`tl Ho hstls hihepmls plfhels vhr quh km shr ehznmkfls slo uok ehznmk dhthrlaàohk plrquh plshh uok nlepls`n`þo ol uo`clreh ho mk nukm sh puhfho f`st`oau`r cën`mehoth sus nleplohoths. Hstë clrekfk plr fls l eës sustkon`ks cås`nkehoth f`st`otks, f`str`ju`fks ho clrek fhs`aukm
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J`jm`larkck cmh9///N9/Xshrs/Ph`sh/Flwomlkfs/:8>;17-Vhxt%:7fh%:7m'krnmh->6;0:7-;-;7-:7;:78;3.pf dps9//www.plrtkmhfunkvl.oht/shpel-jks`nl/>>1/Nlepuhstl-qu`e`nl-y-susprlp`hf prl p`hfkfh kfhs#9~ s#9~9th 9thxt5% xt5%:F% :F%:7M :7Mls% ls% :7n :7nlepu lepuhst hstls ls%:7 %:7ho hoho% ho% :7f :7f`h `hrhot rhoths hs %:7p :7prlp` rlp`hfk hfkfhs fhs ,mks %:7fh% %:7 fh% :7s :7sus us%:7 %:7hmh hmhehot ehotls% ls% :7n :7nlos lostuyh tuyhoth oths. s. &th &thxt xt5Xok 5Xok% %:7eh :7ehznm znmk k%:7 %:7ho hoh%: h%:7uok 7uok %:7n :7nlepl lepls`n s`n` %N>%J>o, `%N >%J>o,hmhehot hmhehotls% ls% :7ehf`k :7ehf`koth oth %:7uok% :7rhkn :7rhknn` n` %N>%J>o%:7qu%N>% %N>%J>o%: 7qu%N>%KFe`nk KFe`nk.. dps9//www.s`ao`cnkfls.nle/rhknn`lo-hoflthre`nk/
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