Quimica General: Universidad Nacional De Piura
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
Facultad: Escuela: Alumno: Docente: PIURA - PERÚ
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
INDICE
PRACTICA Nº 1: RECONOCIMIENTO DE EQUIPOS Y MATERIALES DE LABORATORIO
PRACTICA Nº 2: MEDICIONES DE VOLUMEN Y DENSIDAD DE SUSTANCIA
PRACTICA Nº 3: METODOS DE SEPARACIÓN DE MEZCLAS
PRACTICA Nº 4: TEORÍA ATÓMICA
PRACTICA Nº 5: TABLA PERIODICA
PRACTICA Nº 6: REACCIONES, CAMBIOS O FENÓMENOS QUÍMICOS
PRACTICA Nº 7: REACCIONES DE OXIDACIÓN – REDUCCIÓN
PRACTICA Nº 8: PREPARACION DE SOLUCIONES
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
PRECAUCIONES EN EL LABORATORIO. El laboratorio de Química es un lugar de trabajo potencialmente peligroso, en el que es necesario tomar precauciones para evitar accidentes.
Algunas normas importantes son:
- Aclarar con el profesor las dudas y mantenerle informado de cualquier hecho que ocurra. - Antes de empezar una práctica debes conocer y entender los procesos que vas a realizar. - Evita los desplazamientos innecesarios y nunca corras. - Mantén silencio y procura estar concentrado en lo que haces. - Coloca los aparatos y reactivos lejos del borde de la mesa. - No pipetees nunca líquidos corrosivos co rrosivos o venenosos. - Mantén las sustancias inflamables lejos de las llamas de los mecheros, y no las calientes o destiles directamente con el mechero. - Nunca mires por la boca de los tubos de ensayo o matraces cuando se está realizando una reacción, en previsión de salpicaduras. - En general, todos los productos deben mezclarse en pequeñas cantidades y despacio. - Si por descuido tocas o te cae algún producto, lávate con abundante agua la zona afectada, y comunícalo al profesor. - Utiliza la campana en las prácticas donde se desprendan gases venenosos. - Tira los residuos sólidos a la papelera. - Abre el grifo antes de tirar por la pila los restos de una reacción o reactivo. - Al acabar, deja limpio y seco el material y puesto de trabajo.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
I. OBJETIVO
Hacer un reconocimiento físico del laboratorio de química
Identificar por el nombre,clasificación,señalar los usos y funcionamientos de los materiales e instrumentos de mayor uso en el laboratorio de química general
Conocer las normas básicas contra los accidentes, normas de seguridad.
Conocer la forma de trabajo en el laboratorio implicando seriedad, puntualidad, objetividad, orden y rapidez.
II. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO La identificación de los materiales de laboratorio es importante, ya que mediante esta práctica el alumno será capaz de seleccionarlos y usarlos adecuadamente en los experimentos posteriores que se han de desarrollar en el curso de química. a. Instalaciones de calentamiento en el laboratorio En un laboratorio de química, básicamente se se cuenta con dos sistemas bien definidos para el calentamiento de sustancias químicas. El primero de ellos, utiliza la energía como producto de la combustión de gases, el segundo sistema transforma la energía eléctrica en calorífica. b. Medidas de volúmenes y manipulación de reactivos Ha constituido toda una tecnología en la química, la medición de volúmenes y la medición de reactivos, pues necesario contar no sólo con un cierto grado de adiestramiento, y seguridades, si no con una determinada exactitud. Indudablemente Indudablemente esto va muy unido al tipo de soluciones o reactivos y el grado de exactitud que se se requiera en un determinado análisis.
II. RECONOCIMIENTO DE MATERIALES 1. PROBETA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. ERLENMEYER
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
3. VASO DE PRECIPITADO ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. BURETA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. PIPETA -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------6. FIOLA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. TUBOS DE ENSAYO Y GRADILLA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. PERA DE DECANTACIÓN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
9. LUNA DE RELOJ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------10. EMBUDO CÓNICO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11. EMBUDO DE PORCELANA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------
----------------------------------------------
12. CAPSULA DE PORCELANA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. CRISOL DE PORCELANA ----------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
14. MORTERO DE PORCELANA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DESECADOR
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15. ESTUFA Y MUFLA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
I. II. OBJETIVOS:
Aprender el manejo de los tipos de balanza que existen en el
laboratorio.
Aprender la medición de líquidos en los tipos de materiales para tal fin en el laboratorio
Determinar la densidad de sustancias sólidas y
líquidas
Conocer las fuentes de error y cómo prevenirlos al realizar las mediciones
III. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO: Los términos masa y peso a menudo se usan en forma equivalente, sin embargo, estrictamente hablando, son cantidades distintas.la masa es una medida de la cantidad de materia en un objeto, mientras que el peso, desde el punto de vista técnico.es la fuerza que ejerce la gravedad sobre el objeto.
Volumen El volumen es volumen es una magnitud escalar definida como el espacio ocupado por un cuerpo. La unidad La unidad de medida de volumen en el Sistema el Sistema Internacional de Unidades es el metro el metro cúbico, aunque cúbico, aunque temporalmente también acepta el litro, el litro, que que se utiliza comúnmente en la vida práctica
Densidad La densidad o densidad o densidad absoluta es la magnitud que expresa la relación entre la masa y el volumen de un cuerpo. Su unidad en el Sistema Internacional es el kilogramo por metro cúbico (kg/m 3), aunque frecuentemente se expresa en g/cm3. La densidad es una magnitud una magnitud intensiva
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
Balanza analítica
Pipetas volumétricas de 25, 10,5 ml.
Probetas de 50, 25,10 ml.
densímetros
alcoholímetro
trocitos de Cu, Pb, Al, Fe.
Reactivos:
V.
agua destilada
PROCEDIMIENTO: I.
EXPERIMENTO Nº 1 : MEDICION DE MASAS
1. Pésese cada objeto seleccionado en la balanza de precisión y luego en la balanza analítica, con la mayor exactitud y anote dichos pesos en la tabla Nº1 TABLA Nº 1 Sustancia
% Em = (BD- BA) X 100
Balanza digital
Balanza analítica
(g)
(g)
% Em
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
2.
Transfiéralos sin derramar a una probeta graduada de 50 ml que esté limpia y seca y lea en ella cuidadosamente el volumen que ocupa. Anótelo en la tabla Nº 2.
3.
Repita los pasos 1 y 2; primero con pipeta y probeta de 25 ml y finalmente, pipeta de 5ml con probeta de 10 ml .En ambos casos con agua corriente.
4.
Calcule el porcentaje de error considerando como valor verdadero la lectura realizada con el material que tenga la mayor presión. TABLA Nº 2 Líquido
Volumen
Volumen
pipeta(ml)
probeta (ml)
% Evol
Vp: volumen de la pipeta Vpb: volumen de la probeta. % Evol : porcentaje de error de volumen
% Evol = (Vpb - Vp) X 100 Vp
III.
EXPERIMENTO Nº 3 :DENSIDAD DE SÓLIDOS 1. Tomar 6ml de agua corriente en probeta de 10 ml límpia y seca. 2. Introduzca la lº era. Muestra pesada en el experimento Nº1 y lea el volumen de agua desplazado (será el volumen de la muestra). Anote el valor en la tabla Nº3.
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
TABLA Nº 3
Muestra sólida
Masa Balanza analítica
Volumen desplazado
Densidad Exp.
Densidad teórica
% E densidad = (Dexp - Dteórica) teórica) X 100
Dteórica CÁLCULOS Y RESULTADOS: BIBLIOGRAFÍA CUESTIONARIO: 1. ¿Qué es un densímetro y cuáles son sus componentes? ¿Cuál es el principio de su elaboración? 2. Explique por qué varía la densidad de una sustancia al variar su temperatura. 3. ¿Qué importancia tiene las mediciones en el campo de la química? 4. ¿El oro y el platino flotarán en el mercurio? 5. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre densidad y peso específico? 6. Deduzca una fórmula general que nos permita calcular la densidad de una mezcla
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
II. OBJETIVOS: 1.
Adiestrarse en algunas técnicas de separación de mezclas.
2.
Determinar de acuerdo a sus características fisicoquímicas el método adecuado para la separación de mezclas.
VI. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO: En
su
estado
natural
las
sustancias
generalmente se encuentran formando mezclas, pero para su utilización, en la mayor parte de los casos, se necesitan puras. Es necesario entonces separar los componentes de una mezcla y para ello es indispensable tener en cuenta el estado general de la misma y las propiedades de sus componentes. La diferencia en los valores numéricos de las propiedades fisicoquímicas se han empleado para estructurar varias técnicas de separación de mezclas; algunas de estas son: 1.
Tamizado: Técnica empleada para seleccionar partículas sólidas de un diámetro promedio determinado haciéndolas pasar por un conjunto de tamices, zarandas o cernidores (redes de mallas de gruesos a
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
5. Cristalización: Consiste en la formación de sólidos cristalinos a partir de una solución homogénea o heterogénea previamente filtrada, por disminución de la solubilidad del soluto por vaporización del solvente mediante una fuente de calor o enfriamiento de la solución .
6. Filtración: Operación que consiste en separar los sólidos insolubles de un líquido a través de un medio poroso (algodón, papel filtro, amianto, etc.) la cual retiene el sólido y deja pasar solo el líquido.
7. Sedimentación: Técnica que permite separar mezclas heterogéneas de sólidos de un líquido, al dejar en reposo la mezcla. La fuerza de atracción gravitacional hace que los sólidos bajen al fondo del recipiente; primero los más pesados y al último los más ligeros. Esta operación se utiliza para grandes volúmenes de solución y se puede acelerar con el uso de aglutinantes químicos.
8. Decantación: Técnica empleada para la separación de los componentes de una mezcla heterogénea (2 fases), pudiendo ser esta de líquidos inmiscibles o sólido –líquido previamente sedimentada.
9. Centrifugación: Técnica que se utiliza para separar mezclas heterogéneas de sólidos suspendidos en un líquido y que a pesar de estar en reposos no es posible su sedimentación. Se basa en el aumento de la atracción gravitacional, debido a la fuerza centrífuga desarrollada por el aumento de la velocidad rotacional de la
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE PIURA
VII.
MATERIALES Y REACTIVOS:
vasos de precipitación
01 embudo de separación
01 Papel de filtro
01 pizeta
01 Equipo de destilación
02 tubos ensayo
01 pipeta de 10 ml
Agua potable
Acetato de plomo II – solución
Ácido clorhídrico
Solución de cromato de potasio
Alcohol etílico
Agua de yodo
Bencina
VIII.
01 embudo simple de vástago largo
01 matraz Erlenmeyer
PROCEDIMIENTO:
1. Experimento Nº 01: Sedimentación
En matraz Erlenmeyer de 500 ml mida de 4 a 6 g. de arcilla y disuélvala luego con agua corriente hasta 500ml. aprox.
Adicionar 50 ml de solución de alumbre al matraz. Deje reposar por 15 – 20 20 minutos y observe la sedimentación.
Escriba sus observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Escriba sus observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones cor respondientes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Experimento Nº 03: Precipitación 1
En un tubo de ensayo, coloque aproximadamente 5 ml de una solución de acetato de plomo II, luego añadir 3 ml de HCl
Agitar la mezcla de dicha sustancia y dejar en reposo.
Escriba sus observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5. Experimento Nº 05: Filtración Normal
Doble correctamente el papel de filtro e introdúzcalo dentro del embudo del vástago largo, luego mojar con la pizeta sobre el papel para que este se adhiera a las paredes internas del tubo.
Tome la muestra final del experimento N°03, agitarlo previamente y luego verter cuidadosamente sobre el embudo para su separación. separación.
Escriba sus observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Experimento Nº 06: Destilación
Montar el equipo de destilación.
Agregar 20-25 mL. de muestra en el balón, conteniendo unos trocitos de vidrio o porcelana.
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7. Experimento Nº 07: Extracción
En un embudo de separación, coloque 15ml de la solución, agua de yodo
Añada 5 ml de bencina que funciona como disolvente
Tape el embudo y agite vigorosamente vi gorosamente durante 30 segundo, luego dejar en reposo.
Habiendo observado la formación de 2 fases, abrir la lave del embudo para par a separar la fase inferior sobre un vaso de vidrio.
Escriba sus observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes. -----------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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I.
OBJETIVOS: 1.1 Demostrar que la materia está formada por átomos. 1.2 Demostrar que los átomos de los elementos no varían ni son destruidos en las reacciones
químicas.
1.3 Demostrar que los átomos tiene electrones. 1.4 Demostrar cualitativamente los saltos cuánticos propuestos por N. Bohr.
II. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO: John Dalton explicó mediante su teoría atómica, que la materia (condensada) está formada por átomos. Dicha teoría y otros principios enunciados por este científico han servido de base para grandes
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Cu (alambre de 7 cm. grueso).
Mg (cinta de 15 cm.).
CuSO4 (0.2M).
NaOH (1.0M).
Sales de KBr, CaCl2, NaCl, CuSO 4, BaCl2, SrCl2 .
IV. PROCEDIMIENTO: 4.1 EXPERIMENTO N° 01 : “EVIDENCIA DE LOS ATOMOS” 1.- Vierta 1 mL de benceno en un tubo de ensayo 2.- Calentarlo suavemente, y cuando este a ebullición acerque la boca del tubo a la llama del mechero, y luego siga calentándolo. 3.- Escriba las observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes.-------------correspondientes.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.4 EXPERIMENTO N° 04: “SALTOS CUANTICOS DEL ELECTRÓN” 1.- Tomado con la pinza de madera, caliente el alambre de micrón en la llama del mechero. 2.- Luego introduzca en el frasco que contiene la muestra. Por ejemplo: CuSO 4.5H2O 3.- Llevar nuevamente a la zona oscura de la llama del mechero y observe la coloración obtenida. 4.- Repita el ensayo con otras sales, tomando en cada caso un nuevo alambre de micrón. 5.- En la siguiente tabla anote sus resultados.
MUESTRA
COLOR DE LA LLAMA
RANGO DE (PROBABLE)
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II.
OBJETIVOS: experimentalmente que los elementos elementos ubicados en un mismo grupo de la T.P. T.P. Tienen 1.1.- Comprobar experimentalmente propiedades similares. 1.2.- Establecer la variación de las propiedades físicas físicas de los elementos. elementos. 1.3.- Demostrar que ciertos elementos elementos y compuestos tienen carácter anfoterico. anfoterico. 1.4.- Observar la variación de propiedades fisicoquímicas fisicoquímicas dentro de un periodo.
II.
Fundamento Teórico:
Como ya se estableció, la base de la estructura de la materia son los átomos; los cuales se pueden combinar de múltiples maneras para obtener millones de compuestos. Cada átomo presenta propiedades fisicoquímicas características, que lo diferencian de los demás; sin embargo, muchas de
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3.- Escriba las observaciones, reflexiones teóricas y conclusiones correspondientes.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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V. Cuestionario: 5.1.- Explique cómo varían las propiedades físicas dentro de un grupo y periodo de la T.P. 5.2.-Explique los términos: Energía de Ionización, Afinidad Electrónica y Electronegatividad 5.3.- Explique en qué consiste la Relación Diagonal de los elementos de la T.P. 5.4.- Explique porque ciertos elementos y compuestos presentan el fenómeno del anfoterismo 5.5.- Explique porque el Hidrógeno, a pesar de ser un NO METAL, está colocado en la T.P. en el grupo gr upo de los metales alcalinos
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I.- OBJETIVOS: 1.1. Comprobar algunos cambios químicos de la materia y clasificar la ecuación o reacción química 1.2. Formular correctamente los productos de una reacción química. 1.3. Balancear y clasificar una ecuación química.
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Pinza metálica.
Cinta de Mg (5cm).
NaHCO3 (1 M)
8 Tubos de
Fenolftaleína
H2O
ensayo
NaOH (0.5 M)
Agua destilada
1 Luna de reloj
HCl conc. y 0.5 N
H2 SO4 concentrado
1 Mechero
CuSO4 (0.2 M)
AgNO3
Gradilla
-
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2. Experimento Nº 02: 1) Coloque un clavito de Hierro Hierro oxidado (Fe2O3) o un trocito de alambre de Hierro oxidado sobre una luna de reloj. Rocíelo con unas cinco gotas de HCl concentrado, agite suavemente la luna de manera manera que el metal siempre este en contacto con el ácido. Dejar reposar por 5 – 6 min. 2) retire cuidadosamente el clavo de la luna de reloj y déjelo caer en un tubo de ensayo que contenga
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Cu (s) + HNO (ac) Cu (NO ) (ac) + NO (g) + H O (l)
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Cuando un ion un ion o un átomo un átomo se reducen presenta estas características:
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04 tubos de ensayo
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Adicione a un tubo de ensayo 1ml de K Cr Cr O O
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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