Quiet the Power of Introverts

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“An intriguing and potentially lifealtering examination of the human psyche that is sure to benefit both introverts and extroverts alike.” Kirkus Reviews

take Quiet to a quiet corner and absorb its brilliant, thought-provoking message.” Confidence “An informative, book

SuperCorp

well-researched

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Emotional Freedom written

engaging and beautifully

Susan’s own voice remains a compelling presence—thoughtful, generous, calm, and eloquent Quiet deserves a very large readership.” Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness

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a beautifully wrought journey from the lab bench to the motivational speaker’s hall

This book is brilliant, profound, full of feeling and brimming with insights.” War Hospital “Brilliant, ing! Quiet

illuminating,

empower-

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Uncertainty: Turning Fear and Doubt into Fuel for Brilliance “Once in a blue moon, a book comes along that gives us startling new insights Quiet Quiet This charming, gracefully written, thoroughly researched book is simply masterful.”

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Her diligence, research, and passion for this important topic has richly paid off.” Publishers Weekly Quiet I think that many introverts will discover that, even though they didn’t know it, they have been waiting for this book all their lives.” Introverts in the Church

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Quiet

Society needs introverts, so everyone can benefit from the insights in this important book.” Shyness: Perspectives on Research and Treatment “A brilliant, important, and personally affecting book Cain herself is the perfect person to make this case—with winning grace and clarity she shows us what it

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looks like to think outside the group.” The First Word

Not only is there really nothing wrong with being quiet, reflective, shy, and introverted, but there are distinct advantages to being this way

“Author Susan Cain exemplifies her own quiet power in this exquisitely

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written and highly readable pageturner The Introverted Leader Quiet exceptionally well written, and ‘reader friendly.’

analysis.”

penetrating

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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To my childhood family

A species in which everyone was General Patton would not succeed, any more than would a race in which everyone was Vincent van Gogh. I prefer to think that the planet needs athletes, philosophers, sex symbols, painters, scientists; it needs the warmhearted, the hardhearted, the coldhearted, and the weakhearted. It needs those who can devote their lives to studying how many droplets of water are secreted by the salivary glands of dogs under which circumstances, and it needs those who can capture the passing impression of cherry blossoms in a fourteen-syllable poem or devote twenty-five pages to the dissection of a small boy’s feelings as he lies in bed in the dark waiting for his mother to kiss him goodnight.… Indeed the presence of outstanding strengths

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presupposes that energy needed in other areas has been channeled away from them

Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph

PART ONE: THE EXTROVERT IDEAL

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PART TWO: YOUR BIOLOGY, YOUR SELF?

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PART THREE: DO ALL CULTURES HAVE AN EXTROVERT IDEAL?

PART FOUR: HOW TO LOVE, HOW TO WORK

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Introvert

Extrovert

Author’s Note

Quiet

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INTRODUCTION The North and South of Temperament

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and and Quiet Strength shouldn’t

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one out of every two or three people you know

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type

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introvert

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In Search of Lost Time Nineteen Eighty-Four Animal Farm

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Schindler’s List, E.T. Close Encounters of the Third Kind

E=mc2

Paradise Lost

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because of Quiet

iCarly

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I’m too quiet for this kind of thing, too unassuming, too cerebral

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his

her

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introvert

chological Types introvert extrovert

Psy-

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vert

introvert

extro-

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introvert

can

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and

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kinds

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Quiet

Quiet

Quiet

fruit

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Can

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Part

One THE EXTROVERT IDEAL

1 THE RISE OF THE “MIGHTY LIKEABLE FELLOW” How Extroversion Became the Cultural Ideal

Strangers’ eyes, keen and critical Can you meet them proudly—confidently—without fear?

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Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business

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personality

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gress

The Pilgrim’s Pro-

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Character: The Grandest Thing in the World

how

what

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Success The Saturday Evening Post Character: The Grandest Thing in the World Personality

Masterful

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YOURSELF

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Nature

Understanding

Human

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Collier’s

Everyone

Collier’s

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Man

The Organization

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me liberty or give me death!

Give

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The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock cri de coeur

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV)

ease

dis-

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Friends and Influence People

How to Win

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How to Win Friends and Influence People

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2 THE MYTH OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP The Culture of Personality, a Hundred Years Later

Society is itself an education in the extrovert values, and rarely has there been a society that has preached them so hard. No man is an island, but how John Donne would writhe to hear how often, and for what reasons, the thought is so tiresomely repeated

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Salesmanship as a Virtue: Live with Tony Robbins

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the entire time

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nessWeek

Busi-

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well

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-da

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power

Within

superior

Awaken the Giant

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all

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believes

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is

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The Myth of Charismatic Leadership: Harvard Business School and Beyond

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have

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you were the protagonist what would you do?

If

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The Harbus

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all the time

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right

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Yale Alumni Magazine

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Iconoclast

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presenters

They

were

the

best

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not

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Good to Great

Wall Street Journal

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Every single one of them was led by an unassuming man like Darwin Smith

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without exercising initiative

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Why

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New York Times

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ments

The Ten Command-

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The Tipping Point

Les Misérables

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then

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Wall Street Journal

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Does God Love Introverts? An Evangelical’s Dilemma

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protagonist

case method

The Purpose Driven Life

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introvert

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wasn’t

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how

Introverts in the Church: Finding Our Place in an Extroverted Culture

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must be displayed publicly

it

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3 WHEN COLLABORATION KILLS CREATIVITY The Rise of the New Groupthink and the Power of Working Alone

I am a horse for a single harness, not cut out for tandem or teamwork … for well I know that in order to attain any definite goal, it is imperative that person do the thinking and the commanding

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Popular Electronics

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iWoz

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the Stars

Dancing with

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he was always by himself

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are

And artists

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work best alone

Work alone. You’re going to be best able to design revolutionary products and features if you’re working on your own. Not on a committee. Not on a team

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introverts prefer to work independently, and solitude can be a catalyst to innovation

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we We We

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Organizing Genius

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body

Here Comes Every-

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Company

Fast

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EVERYONE

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aspires

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Leadership Development for the Gifted and Talented

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Collaboration

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The Talent Code

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practicing in solitude

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you

you

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iWoz

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Wrinkle in Time

A

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less

even though they hadn’t worked together

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but

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all

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social loafing production blocking

evaluation

apprehension

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why

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ception

per-

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why

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altered

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iWoz

Part

TWO YOUR BIOLOGY, YOUR SELF?

4 IS TEMPERAMENT DESTINY? Nature, Nurture, and the Orchid Hypothesis

Some people are more certain of everything than I am of anything In an Uncertain World

ALMOST TEN YEARS AGO

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Whatever you do, try not to vomit

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Galen’s Prophecy

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feel

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Society

Dead Poets

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Prophecy

Galen’s

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Science

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poof! Now, Susan, you know exactly who you are

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how

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Atlantic

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The Atlantic

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haven’t

fewer

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Atlantic

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better

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less

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less

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5 BEYOND TEMPERAMENT The Role of Free Will (and the Secret of Public Speaking for Introverts)

Enjoyment appears at the boundary between boredom and anxiety, when the challenges are just balanced with the person’s capacity to act

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the footprint of a high- or low-reactive temperament never disappeared in adulthood

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without

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inhibited

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feel

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are

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over

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under

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over

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might

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Couldn’t tell at all

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nervous at all

Not

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You seem so outgoing You came across as really confident! You’re lucky because you never run out of things to say

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6 “FRANKLIN WAS A POLITICIAN, BUT ELEANOR SPOKE OUT OF CONSCIENCE” Why Cool Is Overrated

A shy man no doubt dreads the notice of strangers, but can hardly be said to be afraid of them. He may be as bold as a hero in battle, and yet have no self-confidence about trifles in the presence of strangers

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her

him

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is

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Franklin, you should

Now

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felt

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even when they think they can’t be caught

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she

Dances

The Long Long

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are

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had

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Prep

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New York Times

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Born to Be Good

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The Long Long Dances

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hundred

More than a

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fly!

That’s our kind of fruit

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la dolce vita

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settled

poorer

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An Inconvenient Truth

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designed

An Inconvenient Truth

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mean

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should

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7 WHY DID WALL STREET CRASH AND WARREN BUFFETT PROSPER? How Introverts and Extroverts Think (and Process Dopamine) Differently

Tocqueville saw that the life of constant action and decision which was entailed by the democratic and businesslike character of American life put a premium upon rough and ready habits of mind, quick decision, and the prompt seizure of opportunities—and that all this activity was not propitious for deliberation, elaboration, or precision in thought Anti-Intellectualism in America

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hundred thousand dollars

seven

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reward sensitivity

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too

he

sped

up

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New York Post

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Watch out

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makes

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great

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less

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Uncertainty, and Doubt

Fear,

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Newsweek

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Washington Post

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Conspiracy of

Fools

Post

did

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before

after

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speed up

force

they actually

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before

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social

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—any

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and

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it brings

not for the rewards

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BusinessWeek

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New York Times

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The Big Short

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The Snowball

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Vanity Fair

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Part

Three DO ALL CULTURES HAVE AN EXTROVERT IDEAL?

8 SOFT POWER Asian-Americans and the Extrovert Ideal

In a gentle way, you can shake the world

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Wall Street Journal

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have

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Jose Mercury News

San

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search in Personality

Journal of Re-

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dongshi

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The wind howls, but the mountain remains still

Those who know do not speak Those who speak do not know The Way of Lao Zi Even though I make no special attempt to observe the discipline of silence, living alone automatically makes me refrain from the sins of speech

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12th Century Japanese recluse

Be a craftsman in speech that thou mayest be strong, for the strength of one is the tongue, and speech is mightier than all fighting 2400 B.C.E Speech is civilization itself. The word, even the most contradictory word, preserves contact—it is silence which isolates The Magic Mountain The squeaky wheel gets the grease

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jinshi

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Jesus Christ Superstar

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taijin kyo-

fusho others

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expressing

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vert

intro-

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Test

The Big

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mumble

mumble, mumble,

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satyagraha satyagraha

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helped

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satyagraha

Part

Four HOW TO LOVE, HOW TO WORK

9 WHEN SHOULD YOU ACT MORE EXTROVERTED THAN YOU REALLY ARE?

A man has as many social selves as there are distinct groups of persons about whose opinion he cares. He generally shows a different side of himself to each of these different groups

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Assessment

Personality

and

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in Everyday Life

The Presentation of Self

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BusinessWeek

Can

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a year

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like talking

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true

Appearances, Private Realities

Public

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enfant terrible

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low

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can

should

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I’m doing this to advance work I care about deeply, and when the work is done I’ll settle back into my true self

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The route to success is to be the sort of person I am not

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did

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during

World

In an Uncertain

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half the time we’ll go out, and half the time we’ll stay home

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self

him-

10 THE COMMUNICATION GAP How to Talk to Members of the Opposite Type

The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances; if there is any reaction, both are transformed

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am relate socialize

Maybe I antisocial Maybe there something wrong with me

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Is something wrong with me?

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differently

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help abduct, assault

caring, console harass

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The Audacity of Hope

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Didn’t she care?

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show

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appears

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less

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like

team members have to work well together

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either

or

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Emotion

Anger: The Misunderstood

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it fuels it

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especially

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his

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are

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Gee, when you get a chance I’d appreciate it if you could just tidy up the kitchen a little more I’d be happy to, and I’m sorry that I didn’t do it sooner

Too bad

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before

without having to do anything else at the same time

observe

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You have a new dog? That’s great. A friend of mine has an amazing tank of saltwater fish!

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number format

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11 ON COBBLERS AND GENERALS How to Cultivate Quiet Kids in a World That Can’t Hear Them

With anything young and tender the most important part of the task is the beginning of it; for that is the time at which the character is being formed and the desired impression more readily taken THE REPUBLIC

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had

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Don’t worry about it! Just play with them all!

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ugh

she

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Why would you want to do that?

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simpatico

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always

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He’s recoiling from novelty or overstimulation, not from human contact

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Flies

The Lord of the

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ous Minds

Danger-

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win

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Kristen’s nervous too Renée’s mom says she’s scared the night before a competition

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OK, so what if you do fall and come in last place, will life still go on?

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I hope not! get out of here Revenge of the Nerds

I’ve gotta

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CONCLUSION Wonderland

Our culture made a virtue of living only as extroverts. We discouraged the inner journey, the quest for a center. So we lost our center and have to find it again

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choose

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Alice in Wonderland

A Note on the Dedication

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A Note on the Words Introvert and Extrovert

cultural

Quiet

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introvert

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Penseroso

Il L’Allegro

Il Penseroso

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introvert

extrovert

extravert

extrovert

Acknowledgments

Quiet

Quiet

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Quiet

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Quiet

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Quiet

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Notes

THE NORTH AND SOUTH OF TEMPERAMENT

Montgomery, Alabama. December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks: A Life Quiet

Quiet

781/929

“north and south of temperament”

Monthly

The Atlantic

governs how likely we are to exercise

On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman

ences

Personality and Individual Differ-

782/929

commit adultery Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are

Journal of Personality

European

function well without sleep

Journal of Sleep Research

and Individual Differences

Personality

783/929

Physiology and Behavior learn from our mistakes place big bets in the stock market be a good leader and ask “what if” exhaustively researched subjects

784/929

in the Bible some evolutionary psychologists one third to one half of Americans are introverts The MyersBriggs Type Indicator: A Critical Review and Practical Guide

785/929

vidual Differences

Personality and Indi-

United States is among the most extroverted of nations

786/929

logy

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psycho-

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Talkative people, for example

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Velocity of speech counts

Interpersonal Communication

Handbook of

787/929

the voluble are considered smarter

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology one informal study Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life Is Your Hidden Strength the theory of gravity Isaac Newton the theory of relativity Einstein: His Life and Universe

788/929

W. B. Yeats’s “The Second Coming” The Genesis of Artistic Creativity: Asperger’s Syndrome and the Arts

Social Meaning

Jung’s Psychology and Its

Chopin’s nocturnes Chopin in Paris: The Life and Times of the Romantic Composer Proust’s In Search of Lost Time How Proust Can Change Your Life Peter Pan Hide-and-Seek with Angels: A Life of J. M. Barrie Orwell’s 1984 and Animal Farm The Genesis of Artistic Creativity

789/929

Charlie Brown and Peanuts: A Biography

Schulz

Schindler’s List, E.T. and Close Encounters of the Third Kind Steven Spielberg: A Biography Google Googled: The End of the World as We Know It Harry Potter

“Neither E=mc2 nor Paradise Lost” I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are vast majority of teachers believe

790/929

Proceedings of the First Biennial International Conference on Education of the Center for Applications of Psychological Type

Carl Jung had published a bombshell Psychological Types

Psychologische Typen the majority of universities and Fortune 100 companies

introverts and extroverts differ in the level of outside stimulation … Many have a horror of small talk

791/929

introvert is not a synonym for hermit

the distinctly introverted E. M. Forster A Companion to E. M. Forster

792/929

“human love at its height” Howards End Shyness is the fear of social disapproval

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin they sometimes overlap

ality

Journal of Research in Person-

“Such a man would be in the lunatic asylum” C. G. Jung Speaking: Interviews and Encounters Finland is a famously introverted nation Willingness

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to Communicate, Communication Apprehension, Introversion, and Self-Reported Communication Competence: Finnish and American Comparisons Many introverts are also “highly sensitive”

The date: 1902 … held him back as a young man Dale Carnegie: The Man Who Influenced Millions

“In the days when pianos and bathrooms were luxuries” The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking

794/929

Influencing

Men

in

Public Speaking and Business

a Culture of Character to a Culture of Personality Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century

logy

History of Psycho-

The word personality didn’t exist Culture as History

795/929

Education Quarterly

History of

In 1790, only 3 percent … a third of the country were urbanites The City: Urban Communities and Their Problems

Population Trends in the United States

“We cannot all live in cities” The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture “The reasons why one man gained a promotion” Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940

796/929

The Pilgrim’s Progress Pilgrim’s Progress

Surgery

The

Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic

a modest man who did not … “offend by superiority” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History A popular 1899 manual Character: The Grandest Thing in the World But by 1920, popular self-help guides … “That is the beginning of a reputation for personality” ture as History

Cul-

Success magazine and The Saturday Evening Post Better Than Well:

797/929

American Dream

Medicine

a mysterious “fascination”

Meets

the

American

quality

called

“People who pass us on the street” Women’s

Home

Companion

Americans became obsessed with movie stars

798/929

Saturday Evening Post

Collier’s

The

The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan

799/929

“EATON’S HIGHLAND LINEN” Advertising the American Dream “ALL AROUND YOU PEOPLE ARE JUDGING Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies’ Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture YOU SILENTLY”

“CRITICAL EYES ARE SIZING YOU UP RIGHT NOW” Advertising the American Dream “EVER TRIED SELLING YOURSELF TO YOU “LET YOUR FACE REFLECT CONFIDENCE, Advertising the American Dream NOT WORRY!”

“longed to be successful, gay, triumphant” Cosmopolitan “How can I make myself more popular?” The Great Depression

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and the Culture of Abundance: Kenneth Fearing, Nathanael West, and Mass Culture in the 1930s Advertising the American Dream both genders displayed some reserve … sometimes called “frigid” Shrinking Violets and Caspar Milquetoasts: Shyness, Power, and Intimacy in the United States, 1950–1995

In the 1920s an influential psychologist … “Our current civilization … seems to place a premium upon the aggressive person”

Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology

801/929

Types

Psychological

Jung himself … “all the current prejudices against this type” Psychological Types

The IC, as it became known … “the backbone along with it” Venus Envy Despite the hopeful tone of this piece … “A healthy personality for every child” Shrinking Violets

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Well-meaning parents … agreed

Some discouraged their dren … learning to socialize The Lonely Crowd

chil-

Time Introverted children … “suburban abnormalities” The Organization Man

Harvard’s provost Paul Buck The Chosen: The Hidden History of

803/929

Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton “ ‘We see little use for the “brilliant” introvert’ ” The Organization Man This college dean … “it helps if they make a good impression” The Organization Man “We’re selling, just selling, IBM”

York

New

The rest of the organization men … read the Equanil ad The New Yorker

804/929

The 1960s tranquilizer Serentil Better Than Well Extroversion is in our DNA

Individual Differences Research

tion

and

Human

Behavior

Evolu-

the Romans, for whom the worst possible punishment Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience Even the Christianity of early American religious revivals

805/929

806/929

The Man Nobody Knows

807/929

Nobody Knows

The Man

Introverts in the Church: Finding Our Place in an Extroverted Culture Life: The Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality early Americans revered action Anti-Intellectualism in American Life The 1828 presidential campaign Life: The Movie

808/929

John Quincy Adams, incidentally

Assessment “Respect for individual human personality” America and the Young Intellectual “It is remarkable how much attention”

wandered lonely as a cloud

repaired in solitude to Walden Pond Walden Americans who considered themselves shy Psychology Today

809/929

“Social anxiety disorder” … one in five of us

Journal of Psychiatry

American

The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSMIV

810/929

“It’s not enough … to be able to sit at your computer” Working with Emotional Intelligence

811/929

a staple of airport bookshelves and business best-seller lists

“all talking is selling and all selling involves talking” Um: Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders, and What They Mean more than 12,500 chapters in 113 countries

The promotional video

812/929

President Clinton … 50 million other people

some $11 billion a year Forbes

chairman of seven privately held companies “hyperthymic” temperament Medscape

813/929

superhuman physical size

Sham

Founded in 1908 … “educating leaders who make a difference in the world”

President George W. Bush … were HBS grads Ahead of the Curve: Two Years at Harvard Business School

will graduate into a business culture

814/929

Human Performance “ ‘Here everyone knows that it’s important to be an extrovert’ ”

BOSS TO TED AND ALICE

“DEPART FROM YOUR INHIBITIONS”

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a series of ads for the psychotropic drug Paxil How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness We perceive talkers as smarter

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology two strangers met over the phone

816/929

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology We also see talkers as leaders

Personnel Psychology

The more a person talks, the more other group members The Wisdom of Crowds It also helps to speak fast

Interpersonal Communication

Handbook of

817/929

college students were asked to solve math problems

A well-known study out of UC Berkeley Expert Political Judgment

“the Bus to Abilene”

Yale Alumni Magazine Schwab … Tohmatsu Today

USA

“some locked themselves into their office” The Leader of the Future 2: New Visions, Strategies, and

818/929

Practices for the Next Era

those considered charismatic by their top executives

agement Journal

Academy of Man-

Searching for a Corporate Savior: The Irrational Quest for Charismatic CEOs

the influential management theorist Jim Collins Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap—and Others

819/929

Don’t

Good to Great Academy of Management Perspectives

spectives

Academy of Management Per-

correlation between extroversion and leadership

Psychology

Journal of Applied

New York Times National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14195

820/929

In the first study … fold more shirts

agement Journal

Academy of Man-

“Often the leaders end up doing a lot of the talking” Harvard Business School Working Knowledge: A First Look at Faculty Research For years before the day in December 1955

821/929

Rosa Parks: A Life

Moses, for example, was not

a “classic Connector” named Robert Horchow The Tipping Point

822/929

As of May 28, 2011

Los Angeles Times New York “Guy Kawasaki an introvert?”

“Wouldn’t it be a great irony”

823/929

introverts are more likely than extroverts The Social Net: Understanding Human Behavior in Cyberspace

CyberPsycho-

logy and Behavior

sonal Relationships

Journal of Social and Per-

Computers in Human Behavior

CyberPsychology and Behavior

824/929

Media Psychology

Journal of

an average weekly attendance of 22,000

Contemporary evangelicalism says

Righteous: Dispatches from the Evangelical Youth Movement

825/929

“cry from the heart wondering how to fit in”

“not serve on a parish committee”

“that fruitful miracle” Marcel Proust on Reading Ruskin

“I am a horse for a single harness”

826/929

Living Philosophies

“March 5, 1975” iWoz

a series of studies on the nature of creativity

827/929

One of the most interesting findings

Psychology Review

Personality and Social

Encyclopedia of Creativity Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention are

828/929

European

Journal of Personality Hans Eysenck The Natural History of Creativity

Genius:

“Innovation—the heart of the knowledge economy” The

New

Yorker

“None of us is as smart as all of us” Organizing Genius: The Secrets of

829/929

Creative Collaboration “Michelangelo had assistants” Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations organize workforces into teams

Psychological Science in the Public Interest By 2000 an estimated half

Group Research today virtually all of them do

Journal of Management

Small

830/929

91 percent of high-level managers The consultant Stephen Harvill told me over 70 percent of today’s employees

Human Relations

Post-Gazette Weekly

Real Estate

831/929

International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology

832/929

Across the Board The amount of space per employee shrank Los Angeles Times “There has been a shift from ‘I’ to ‘we’ work” Fast Company Rival office Miller, Inc.

manufacturer

Herman

In 2006, the Ross School of Business

Michigan Daily

833/929

According to a 2002 nationwide survey

tional Psychology

Contemporary Educa-

834/929

“Cooperative learning” Cooperative Learning: A Standard for High Achievement Janet Farrall and Leonie Kronborg

Fusing Talent—Giftedness in Australian Schools

“Employees are putting their whole lives up” Marketplace

A significant majority of the earliest computer enthusiasts

835/929

Australian Psycho-

logical Type Review

havior

CyberPsychology and Be-

“It’s a truism in tech” “Why could that boy, whom I had beaten so easily” The Talent Code three groups of expert violinists

Psychological Review “Serious study alone”

836/929

Applied Cognitive Psycho-

logy

College students who tend to study alone The Chronicle of Higher Education Even elite athletes in team sports

Human Kinetics In many fields, Ericsson told me ten thousand Practice

hours

of

Deliberate

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“intense curiosity or focused interest seems odd to their peers” Creativity “because practicing music or studying math” Madeleine L’Engle “My dear Mr. Babbage” The Correspondence of Charles Volume 2: 1837–1843

Darwin

the Coding War Games

Teams

Peopleware: Productive Projects and

A mountain of recent data on open-plan offices

Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management

838/929

Environment and

Behavior

Human Rela-

tions

Ergonomics

Indoor

Air

Environmental

Psychology

839/929

people learn better after a quiet stroll

chological

Psy-

Science

Psychological Science

Perspectives on

Another study, of 38,000 knowledge workers Even multitasking … a myth Brain Rules Backbone Entertainment Reebok International

840/929

Boston Globe For ten years, beginning in 2000

Kafka, for example Solitude: A Return to the Self considerably more cheerful Theodor Geisel Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel: A Biography legendary advertising man Alex Osborn Your Creative Power group brainstorming doesn’t actually work

Journal of Applied Psychology

841/929

some forty years of research

Group Facilitation

ment Science

Manage-

“business people must be insane” ness Strategy Review

Busi-

Groups brainstorming electronically

The same is true of academic research

842/929

search Journal

Creativity Re-

usually believe that their group performed much better Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration the fear of public humiliation

Journal of Psychology two NCAA basketball teams

Journal of Sport Behavior behavioral economist Dan Ariely New York Times Gregory Berns

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Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently

New York Times

ological Psychiatry

Bi-

heightened activation in the amygdala

face-to-face interactions create trust

844/929

Time population density is correlated with innovation Boston Globe creating “flexible” open plans

At Pixar Animation Studios

Effectif Similarly, at Microsoft Bloomberg

Businessweek

845/929

A general note on this chapter

For one of those studies, launched in 1989 The Long Shadow of Temperament “Carl Jung’s descriptions of the introvert and extrovert” reserved Tom and extroverted Ralph Galen’s Prophecy

846/929

Some say that temperament is the foundation potent organ Long Shadow of Temperament

The

When the Frisbee looks like it’s headed straight for your nose

Science

&

the

City

“alert attention” Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person They literally use more eye movements

847/929

Child Development

Child Development

High-reactive kids also tend to think and feel deeply The Highly Sensitive Child: Helping Our Children Thrive When the World Overwhelms Them

848/929

If a high-reactive toddler breaks another child’s toy how a group of kids should share a coveted toy The Atlantic Monthly blue eyes, allergies, and hay fever … thin body and narrow face Galen’s Prophecy Take Disney movies extroversion and introversion are physiologically Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives 40 to 50 percent heritable

Neurobiology

Journal

of

849/929

Nazi eugenics and white supremacism

Listening to Prozac “I have been dragged, kicking and screaming” The publication of his early findings Listening to Prozac Kagan ushers me inside

describes himself as having been an anxious An Argument for Mind public speaking is the number-one fear

850/929

logy and Psychotherapy

Clinical Psycho-

Public speaking phobia has many causes Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently introverts are significantly more likely

chology

Monographs

Journal of Psy-

Communication

Communication Research Reports

851/929

in a group of people, on average half of the variability Personality temperature

or

humidity

ABC Radio International

“climb a few fences … danger and excitement” “The university is filled with introverts” if raised by attentive families in safe environments … “twigs on the same genetic branch” I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are

852/929

Long Shadow of Temperament

The

kids acquire their sense of right and wrong

Parenting and Children’s Internalization of Values

Child

Development

Journal of Personality

Journal of Personality

853/929

and Social Psychology tragedy of a bold and exuberant temperament I.D. dubbed “the orchid hypothesis” lantic

The At-

Molecular Psychiatry

The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

mental Psychology

Bulletin

Develop-

Psychological

854/929

Psychological Science

Current Directions in

with depression, anxiety, and shyness Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person Social Withdrawal, Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood

Medicine

Research

Psychosomatic

Journal of Psychosomatic

855/929

Indeed, about a quarter of Kagan’s highreactive kids good parenting, child care, and a stable home environment

kind, conscientious itive Child

The Highly Sens-

They don’t necessarily turn into class presidents world of rhesus monkeys

Medical Bulletin

British

856/929

Atlantic

Monthly

857/929

thought to be associated with high reactivity and introversion Psychi-

atric Genetics

Molecular

Psychiatry

has speculated that these high-reactive monkeys adolescent girls with the short allele of the SERT gene … less anxiety on calm days

858/929

this difference remains at age five Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person even more resistant than other kids

and Psychopathology

Development

The short allele of the SERT gene

chiatry

Biological Psy-

“sailors are so busy—and wisely—looking under the water line”

859/929

“The time and effort they invest”

“Enjoyment appears at the boundary” Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience windowless Schwartz

room

with

Dr.

Carl

the footprint of a high- or low-reactive temperament

Science If you were a high-reactive baby

The Emotional Brain: The

860/929

Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life

Iconoclast: A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently self-talk to reassess upsetting situations

Neuroscience

Journal of Cognitive

scientists conditioned a rat Emotional Brain Hans Eysenck sonality Puzzle

The The Per-

high arousal levels in the brain

many different kinds of arousal

861/929

excited fans at a soccer game

a host of evidence that introverts are more sensitive

On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman

Personality Traits

Personality Psychology:

862/929

Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature lemon juice

The Personality Puzzle

noise level preferred by the extroverts

Personality and Social Psychology

Journal of

They can hunt for homes House Thinking: A Room-by-Room Look at How We Live introverts function better than extroverts when sleep deprived

Journal of Sleep Research

863/929

Drowsy extroverts behind the wheel Personality Traits Overarousal interferes with attention

International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence

a cycle of dread, fear, and shame Iconoclast

“A shy man no doubt dreads the notice” The Expressions of the

864/929

Emotions in Man and Animals Easter Sunday, 1939. The Lincoln Memorial And it wouldn’t have, Roosevelt … to sing at morial Shadow: Eleanor Roosevelt Postwar Liberalism

without Eleanor the Lincoln MeCasting Her Own and the Shaping of

“This was something unique” The American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt

They met when he was twenty Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume One: 1884–1933

865/929

American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt

The

her first scientific publication in 1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology When she was a girl … She decided to find out

The Highly Sensitive Person: How to Thrive When the World Overwhelms You The Highly Sensitive Person in Love: Understanding and Managing Relationships When the World Overwhelms You First Aron interviewed thirty-nine people … lightbulb burning a touch too

866/929

brightly

Journal of Analytical Psychology The Highly Sensitive Person They feel exceptionally strong emotions

High Sensitivity, a Personality/Temperament Trait: Lifting the Shadow of Psychopathology

867/929

High

Sensitivity

scientists at Stony Brook University

and

Affective

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

echoes Jerome Kagan’s findings

Development

ment

Child

Child Develop-

“If you’re thinking in more complicated ways”

868/929

highly

empathic

Sensitive Person

The Highly

869/929

tentatively associated with sensitivity

Psychiatric Genetics

Molecular Psychiatry show them pictures of scared faces The Personality Puzzle

Science faces of people experiencing strong feelings

870/929

In 1921, FDR contracted polio … how suffering Americans felt Eleanor Roosevelt, Volume One The American Experience: Eleanor Roosevelt A kind woman hands a toy to a toddler … “prosocial relationships with parents, teachers, and friends”

Development

Child

Journal of Personality

871/929

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology a 2010 University of Michigan study

and Social Psychology Review

Personality

related to the prevalence of social media New York Times when her peers were teased The Highly Sensitive Child the novelist Eric Malpass The Long Long Dances

872/929

High-reactive introverts sweat more On the Psychobiology of Personality: Essays in Honor of Marvin Zuckerman

Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature sociopaths lie at the extreme end

Psychophysiology

Journal of Abnormal Psychology sociopaths have damaged amygdalae

873/929

eral Psychiatry

Archives of Gen-

Lie detectors … are partially skin conductance tests supercool pulse rate during liftoff I.D.: How Heredity and Experience Make You Who You Are Corine Dijk

Emotion “A blush comes online in two or three seconds” New York Times “Because it is impossible to control”

874/929

Keltner has tracked the roots of human embarrassment … than to mind too little Born to Be Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life “The type that is ‘sensitive’ or ‘reactive.’ … ‘opportunity only knocks once’ ” twenty-seven

attributes

associated

other 30 percent are extroverts Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person More than a hundred species … what’s going on around them Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

875/929

Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person animals had parties Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin’s Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives trade-off theory of evolution

American Psychologist When Wilson dropped metal traps Evolution for Everyone Trinidadian guppies

Evolution

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Behavioral Ecology nomads who inherited

BMC Evolutionary Biology

extroverts have more sex ners … commit more crimes

part-

Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are

877/929

As Jung speculated almost a century ago Psychological Types The Collected Works of C. G. Jung

whose traits promote group survival

Times

New York

“Suppose a herd of antelope”

line

Comfort Zone On-

“hawk” and “dove” members

878/929

Great tit birds

Evolution for Everyone “If you send an introvert into a reception” The New Yorker “Most people in politics draw energy” New York “It’s about the survival of the planet” Entertainment Weekly “warrior kings” and “priestly advisers”

879/929

Just after 7:30 a.m.

Financial history is full of examples

ninety

Overconfidence and

880/929

War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions The AOL–Time Warner merger Fools Rush In: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Unmaking of AOL Time-Warner They protect themselves better from the downside

our limbic system

881/929

“No, no, no! Don’t do that”

NeuroReport what makes an extrovert an extrovert

ality and Social Psychology

Journal of Person-

Emotion greater economic, political, and hedonistic ambitions Handbook of

882/929

Individual Differences in Social Behavior

The key seems to be positive emotion

Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are The basis of buzz

havioral and Brain Sciences

Be-

Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are Dopamine is the “reward chemical”

Personality: What

883/929

Makes You the Way You Are

nell Chronicle

Cor-

early findings have been intriguing

In one experiment, Richard Depue

extroverts who win gambling games

nitive Brain Research

Cog-

other research has shown that the medial orbitofrontal cortex

884/929

Psychological Science introverts “have a smaller response” … “break a leg to get there” Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are “This is great!”

graphs

Communication

Mono-

“Everyone assumes that it’s good to accentuate positive emotions”

885/929

lation

Handbook of Emotion Regu-

Another disadvantage of buzz Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are

extroverts are more likely than introverts to be killed while driving … remarry Personality: What Makes You the Way You Are

Personality and Individual Differences

886/929

extroverts are more prone than introverts to overconfidence Journal of Research in Personality better off with more women New York Magazine a strong predictor of financial risk-taking PLoS

Behavior

ONE

Evolution and Human

When faced with a low probability of winning

887/929

Psychopharmacology Another study, of sixty-four traders Traders: Risks, Decisions, and Management in Financial Markets delaying gratification, a crucial life skill The New Yorker

Emotion Animal

The Social

scientists gave participants the choice

888/929

Science A similar study suggests Yet it was just this kind of risk-reward miscalculation

Too much power was concentrated in the hands of aggressive risk-takers “For twenty years, the DNA” sweek Vincent Kaminski

New-

The Washington Post

889/929

The New York Times of Fools: A True Story

Conspiracy

Imagine that you’ve been invited to Newman’s lab

Psychological Review

890/929

Neuropsychopharmacology introverts are “geared to inspect”

Journal of Research in Personality more likely you are to learn

How We Decide

If you force extroverts to pause … how to behave around warning signals in the future

891/929

892/929

relative performance of introverts and extroverts

vidual Differences

Personality and Indi-

Extroverts get better grades

and Individual Differences

Learning

MBTI Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs

893/929

Type Indicator

Psychological Type

Journal of

141 college students’ knowledge

Journal of Educational Psychology disproportionate numbers of graduate degrees Atlas of Type Tables

outperform extroverts on the WatsonGlaser

894/929

Journal of Personality

European

Introverts are not smarter than extroverts

and Individual Differences

Personality

those performed under time or social pressure International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence

895/929

Personality Traits also direct their attention ently … are asking “what if”

chiatry

differ-

The American Journal of Psy-

Imagination,

Cognition and Personality

a difficult jigsaw puzzle to solve

Perceptual and Motor Skills a complicated series of printed mazes

Personality

and

Individual

896/929

Differences

Differences

Personality and Individual

Raven Standard Progressive Matrices

British Journal of Psychology personality traits of effective call-center employees if you were staffing an investment bank men who are shown erotic pictures

NeuroReport

897/929

all introverts are constantly … vigilant about threats

threat-vigilance is more characteristic of a trait

Personality and Individual Differences “If you want to determine”

The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding

898/929

Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom “become independent of the social environment” Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience “Psychological theories usually assume” The Evolving Self: A Psychology for the Third Millennium you probably find that your energy is boundless

899/929

Personality and Individual Differences “Release Your Inner Extrovert” nessWeek

Busi-

Chuck Prince

Bloomberg BusinessWeek Seth Klarman

nessWeek

Bloomberg

Busi-

New York Times

900/929

Michael Lewis The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine Warren Buffett The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life “inner scorecard”

Mike Wei

901/929

article called “The New White Flight” Wall Street Journal 53 were National Merit Scholarship … 27 percent higher than the nationwide average Talking is simply not a focus Foreign Affairs the San Jose Mercury News ran an article San Jose Mercury News “colleges can learn to listen to their sound of silence”

of Personality and Social Psychology

Journal

902/929

The Journal of Research in Personality

search in Personality

Journal of Re-

Americans are some of the most extroverted Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives One study comparing eight- to ten-yearold children

Child Development Shyness: Change

Development,

Consolidation

and

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Priscilla

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Hamlet research psychologist named Richard Lippa

ality

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psychologists

cial Psychology

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experience less stress while doing so

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ity

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Differences

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Aristotle Aristoteles, Problematica Physica The Complete Works of Aristotle, the Revised Oxford Translation II John Milton Personality: Analysis and Interpretation of Lives Schopenhauer dom of Life and Other Essays

sonality

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Per-

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