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4

Dithvhada Gvd`udthvd Gkg 5 Ug`dihùl Gltrg Sshin`nmâd X Lgurnihglihd Inlauitud`

Ag``ys X. Qdphd, Bdrâd D. Mnlzä`gz, Ldayd K. Mugrrd, Bdrâd D. Vg`dlahd

Fdiu`tda Ag Ihglihds Ynihd`gs X Jubdld, Fuladihùl Wlhvgrshtdrhd Ag` Ärgd Dlahld Sshin`nmâd Vhrtud` Lgurnihglihds Ag` Inbpnrtdbhgltn 931 Ard. Qgrgshtd Idrn`hld Iderd F`nrgz

3= Ag Bdrzn 5355

 

5 @hlo ]hoh

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¾Tuè pugag dpnrtdr `d lgurnihglihd ag `d inlauitd d` gstuahn ag `d inlsihglihd>

‐@d Lgurnihglihd ln sù`n ln ageg sgr inlshagrdad inbn uld ahsihp`hld, shln qug gs g` inlkultn ag ihglihds iuyn sukgtn ag hlvgsthmdihùl gs g` shstgbd lgrvhnsn inl pdrthiu`dr  hltgrès gl iùbn `d dithvhada ag` igrgern sg rg`dihnld inl `d inlauitd y g` dprglahzdkg‒ (Yd`ds, 5339, p. 476). ‐G` inbgthan ag `d lgurnihglihd gs inbprglagr `ns prnigsns bgltd`gs bgriga d `ns iud`gs pgrihehbns, ditudbns, dprglagbns y rginradbns‒ (Odlag` gt d`. 5334, p. 9). Inl gstns dpnrtgs sg pugag inlshagrdr d `ds lgurnihglihds inbn uld edsg pdrd gltglagr d`mulns prnigsns inbp`gkns ag `d bgltg jubdld y adr ul ahdmlùsthin bäs igrtgrn digrid ag `ns inbpnrtdbhgltns, y pnr inlshmuhgltg dpnrtdr ag bdlgrd gfhidz jgrrdbhgltds pdrd qug g` hlahvhaun pugad bdlgkdr sus prnigsns ahdrhns ag uld bdlgrd bglns tgahnsd. Bnrâl (4888, p. 53) sgôd`d qug; G` jnberg sù`n sg inbp`gtd inbn sgr p`gldbgltg jubdln pnr y gl `d iu`turd. Ln jdy iu`turd shl igrgern jubdln (dpdrdtn ehn`ùmhin antdan ag jdeh`hadags pdrd ditudr, pgrihehr, sdegr, dprglagr), y ln jdy bgltg (bhla), gs agihr idpdihada ag inlihglihd y pglsdbhgltn shl iu`turd. Gstg pglsdbhgltn lns ad `uigs ag qug gs hbpnrtdltg tdltn `d bgltg inbn g` iugrpn, uld gstä `hmdad ag `d ntrd. @ds lgurnihglihds jdl adan inlnihbhgltn digrid ag `d bdlgrd rdihnld` y fhshn`ùmhid gl qug `ds pgrsnlds ``gvdl d iden sus inbpnrtdbhgltns, inbn sg bglihnlù dltgrhnrbgltg. Bäs ag `d bhtda ag `ds hlvgsthmdihnlgs ditud`gs gl `d lgurnihglihd, snl snerg g` dprglahzdkg y `d bgbnrhd, pnr gkgbp`n sh uld pgrsnld thglg

 

9 ahfhiu`tda gl g` dprglahzdkg, `d lgurnihglihd dyuad d agsidrtdr n agsiuerhr sh `d rdzùl ag gstd agfhihglihd gs fâshid n ln. Yh ehgl, gs ihgrtn qug `d inlauitd jubdld gstä `hmdad d fditnrgs gxtgrlns inbn g` gltnrln, ``äbgsg fdbh`hd y gsiug`d? tdbehèl gstä agtgrbhldad pnr dspgitns jgrgahtdrhns y ag idräitgr mglèthin, `ds gstruiturds igrgerd`gs nrmdlhzdads ag fnrbds shbh`drgs gl bhgberns ag `d bhsbds fdbh`hds, `d rgspugstds inlauitud`gs d gstâbu`ns y agtgrbhldads shtudihnlgs gl nidshnlgs snl rgpgthads, inphdads n jgrgadads? pnr g``n `d lgurnihglihd gstuahd ln sù`n d` igrgern shln qug `d bgltg tdbehèl `d inlauitd, gs agihr, gstuahd d` shstgbd lgrvhnsn kultn inl g` hbpditn ag èstg gl `ds fulihnlgs inmlhthvds y g` inbpnrtdbhgltn jubdln. Ydegr iùbn gstä gstruiturdan g` bntnr ag ul dutn gs hlahspglsde`g pdrd inlnigr su fulihnldbhgltn, gl gstg nragl ag hagds sh sg inlnig g` igrgern d prnfulahada sg pugag sdegr inl igrtgzd iùbn èstg fulihnld, pnr què surmgl rgspugstds d gstâbu`ns y tdbehèl g` pnr què ag g``ds. ‐G` gstuahn ag `d inlihglihd inl g` fhl ag pnagr gxp`hidr`d jd shan ul tgbd denradan aurdltg dôns pnr ihglihds inbn `d fh`nsnfâd, `d pshin`nmâd, `d bgahihld y bäs rgihgltgbgltg pnr `d lgurnihglihd‒. (Gsigrd, 5331). ‐@ds idtgmnrâds y inligptns gl ihglihd ln sg `hbhtdl d` inlnihbhgltn gbpârhin ag uld agtgrbhldad ärgd ag gstuahn, shln td` inbn `n agbugstrd `d jhstnrhd ag `d fnrbdihùl ag `d lgurnihglihd y `ds ihglihds inmlhthvds, `d inlstruiihùl tgùrhid rgquhgrg ag drthiu`dr  ahvgrsns idbpns ag gstuahn, ag td` fnrbd qug `d inbprglshùl y g` agsdrrn``n inligptud` `g pgrbhtd d `d lgurnihglihd dvdlzdr inbn shstgbd ihgltâfhin hltgmrdanr? idad ihglihd d trdvès ag sus bètnans jd denradan gstg prne`gbd, shl gbedrmn `d drthiu`dihùl ag` inlkultn ag dvdligs ihgltâfhins rgquhgrg ul dlä`hshs bgtnan`ùmhin‒. @gegahlsoy (48:7). @d tgnrâd ag `d sg`giihùl ag mrupns lgurnld`gs (Gag`bdl 48:=) snsthglg qug aurdltg g` agsdrrn``n nltnmglèthin ag` shstgbd lgrvhnsn rgsu`tdl sg`giihnldans dqug``ns g`gbgltns qug nfrgigl bgknrgs pgrspgithvds dadptdthvds. G` iùahmn mglèthin sgrâd pnr sâ sn`n hlsufhihgltg pdrd gspgihfhidr `d nrmdlhzdihùl didedad ag` igrgern; èstd danptd uld fnrbd agtgrbhldad pdrthglan ag uld gxigshvd pne`dihùl lgurnld` qug, inl g` trdlsiursn ag`

 

1 thgbpn y g` hlf`ukn ag `d gxpgrhglihd, sg vg rgauihad y pgrfh`dad, y snerg `d iud` npgrd `d sg`giihùl ag `ds hltgrinlgxhnlgs y mrupns lgurnld`gs bäs dagiudans pdrd `d inlauitd dadptdad. G` pdtrùl ag hltgrinlgxhnlgs lgurnld`gs ln vhglg agtgrbhldan mglèthidbgltg ag ul bnan râmhan. G` iùahmn mglèthin trdg inlshmn uld sgrhg ag inlstrhiihnlgs qug ln hbp`hidl qug hlahvhauns haèlthins mglèthidbgltg jdydl ag agsdrrn``dr haèlthins ahdmrdbds ag inlgxhnlgs, yd qug ul prnigsn ag sg`giihùl gphmglèthid thglg `umdr gl g` p`dln hlahvhaud`; g` igrgern ag` gberhùl gstdrâd aèeh`bgltg agtgrbhldan pnr su jgrglihd mglèthid. Vhstn ag gstd bdlgrd g` dpnrtg dltgrhnr gxdbhld tnads `ds dithvhadags npgrdthvds fulihnld`gs ag` igrgern g hlahvhaud`hzd gl fnrbd buy pdrthiu`dr `ds diihnlgs qug sg agsdrrn``dl gl g` igrgern ag uld pgrsnld frgltg d `ds agbäs. Vu`mdrbgltg gsiuijdbns agihr ‐qug idad idegzd gs ul bulan‒, `n qug lns pnaâd sgrvhr ag d`muld bdlgrd hltgrprgtdr  qug `ds dithvhadags lgurnld`gs gl g` igrgern ag uld pgrsnld ditûd inl inbp`gtd dutnlnbâd shl agpglagr pdrd ldad ag `ds ag ntrns hlahvhauns y ag` rgsu`tdan ag inlauitds y inbpnrtdbhgltns y gstn kustdbgltg `n qug gstuahd gl ul gxdbgl kuhihnsn `d lgurnihglihd. @d jhpùtgshs ag` lûi`gn ahläbhin supnlg `d dpnrtdihùl qug inl ‐D ulhvgrsg nf  inlsihnuslgss‒ (Gag`bdl y Qnlnlh, 5333) vhglg d subdrsg d` bdrin tgùrhin g`denrdan pnr  Gag`bdl. Ahijd jhpùtgshs gs p`dltgdad inbn uld gxp`hidihùl ehn`ùmhid ag `d inlihglihd, y pnagbns gltglagr`d inbn g` pultn ag agsgbenidaurd ag `d sg`giihùl ag mrupns lgurnld`gs. G` lûi`gn ahläbhin inrrgspnlagrâd d `d dithvdihùl in`githvd, ahläbhid y innrahldad, gl bh`hsgmulans, ag mrupns lgurnld`gs inlirgtns gl prnigsns ag rggltrdad gltrg ahfgrgltgs bdpds. G` lûi`gn ahläbhin sustgltd tnad lugstrd vhad inlsihgltg. Èstd, gl trdzns buy mrugsns, sgrâd `d prnpugstd; `d dithvhada ag ul mrupn lgurnld` pugag inltrheuhr d `d gxpgrhglihd inlsihgltg sh fnrbd pdrtg ag uld dmrupdihùl fulihnld` idrditgrhzdad pnr `d prgsglihd ag fugrtgs hltgrdiihnlgs butuds aurdltg pgrânans ag igltgldrgs ag bh`hsgmulans. Qd` dmrupdihùl (g` lûi`gn ahläbhin) tglarâd uld inbpnshihùl inlstdltgbgltg idbehdltg y shgbprg hltgmrdad, `nid`hzälansg ’prhlihpd`bgltg’ gl g` shstgbd td`dbninrthid`.

 

7 G` dpnrtg dltgs rgfgrglihdan ln gstä gxp`hidlan `d hbpnrtdlihd y `d vd`âd ag `ns gstuahns pdrd nesgrvdr y gxdbhldr `ds dithvhadags lgurnld`gs rg`dihnldads inl g` gstdan ag inlsihglihd gl `ds pgrsnlds qug sg rgf`gkdl gl `ns thpns ag inbpnrtdbhgltns ag inlauitds, rgdiihnlgs, gstâbu`ns y gbnihnlgs ag `d dithvhada jubdld. G` gstuahn ag `d inlsihglihd gl `ds û`thbds aèidads sg jd igltrdan gl hlvgsthmdihnlgs qug eusidl g`hbhldr g` prne`gbd ag `ns gstdans bgltd`gs d lhvg` nltn`ùmhin, g` rgijdzn ag` prne`gbd ag `d inlsihglihd sg rgd`hzd pnr bgahn ag `d rgauiihùl, iudlan hltgltd lgmdr `n qug gs gvhagltg pdrd iud`quhgr sgr jubdln, `d gxpgrhglihd hltrâlsgid ag `ns gstdans bgltd`gs, irgglihds, agsgns, pglsdbhgltns g hltgrprgtdihnlgs ag bnan suekgthvn, inbn `ds gxpgrhglihds agsag g` pultn ag vhstd inligptud`, `d inlsihglihd jd shan hltgrprgtdad inbn ul prnauitn ag `d dithvhada lgurnld`. @d lgurnihglihd sg pugag dp`hidr gl edstdltgs idbpns, inbn `n snl `d ginlnbâd, mdstrnlnbâd y gl gstg idsn `d pshin`nmâd y `d inlsihglihd, @n qug quhgrg agihr qug `d lgurnihglihd rgsu`td hlahspglsde`g gl tnan idbpn ag `d vhad. Snr `d bdlgrd gl iùbn g` igrgern `nmrd ihgrtds diihnlgs y inlauitds, rgsu`td buy lnvgansn y pnshe`g qug bgahdltg `d pshin`nmâd sg `nmrgl ahsgôdr bètnans y gstrdtgmhds, qug pgrbhtdl bgknrdr td`gs inbpnrtdbhgltns y inlauitds qug ln gstäl ag` tnan ehgl, dsâ inbn rgsn`vgr prne`gbds bgltd`gs qug dfgitgl g` dspgitn pshin`ùmhin ag` sgr jubdln. @d lgurnihglihd y `d pshin`nmâd ahspnlgl ag uld hlirgâe`g rg`dihùl y digridbhgltn gltrg sâ, yd qug pdrd qug gxhstd `d bgltg ageg gstdr prgsgltg g` igrgern ag bdlgrd ne`hmdtnrhd. Gstn ln quhgrg agihr qug `d lgurnihglihd vdyd d rggbp`dzdr n susthtuhr d` bulan ag `d pshin`nmâd, idad uld ahspnlg ag su gspdihn y gstuahns, pnr g` bnbgltn. Sgrn `d rg`dihùl qug pgrbhtg gsd hltgrdiihùl gltrg sâ. G` gstuahn igrgerd` y inlauitud` d trdvès ag `d lgurnihglihd pgrbhtg inlnigr d uld pgrsnld td` y inbn gs, hli`usn d `ns sgrgs vhvns ag` bulan dlhbd` sgmûl d`mulns

 

6 gstuahnsns gl `d bdtgrhd, dp`hidr `d lgurnihglihd rgsu`td fdvnrde`g pdrd diigagr d hlfnrbdihnlgs qug vhshe`gbgltg ln tglgbns d` d`idlig. Ag fnrbd inli`uygltg, gs prgihsn dfhrbdr qug `d lgurnihglihd ag gltrg ntrds ihglihds gs `d hlahidad kultn inl `d pshin`nmâd pdrd inlnigr rgd`bgltg `d ldturd`gzd ag` sgr jubdln, su inlihglihd y tnans sus dspgitns inlauitud`gs, pnrqug d` gstuahdr `ns idbpns ehn`ùmhins y pshin`ùmhins sg denradl gl mglgrd` `ds vdrhdltgs qug hlihagl gl `n qug rgsu`td g` inbpnrtdbhgltn ag` sukgtn? shl `d lgurnihglihd ln sgrâd pnshe`g tglgr g` dvdlig qug sg thglg gl g` idbpn ag `d inlauitd jubdld y su inlsihglihd.

 

= Ugfgrglihds

 Drdmùl U., (5348). (5348). Lgurnihgl Lgurnihglihd; ihd; què gstuahd y su hbp`hidihù hbp`hidihùl l gl `d pshin`nmâd. pshin`nmâd. Lgurnihglihd | Tuè Gstuahd y su Hbp`hidihùl gl `d Sshin`nmâd (gsd`ua.inb) Gag`bdl, M. B. (48:=). Lgurd` Adrwhlhsb; Adrwhlhsb; Qjg tjgnry nf lgurnld` mrnup mrnup sg`githnl. Lgw Xnro; Edshi Ennos. tnbdan ag; Lgurnihgl Lgurnihglihd ihd ag `d inlihglihd; inlihglihd; Hltrnauiihùl d` bdrin tgùrhin ag ul ul i`äshin inltgbpnrälgn | Ihglihd Inmlhthvd Gag`bdl, M. B. y Qnlnlh, M. (5335). G` ulhvgrsn ag `d inlihglihd; Iùbn `d bdtgrhd sg inlvhgrtg gl hbdmhldihùl. (Qjg ulhvgrsg nf tjg inlsihnuslgss; Jnw tjg suestdlig turlgs hltn hbdmhldthn hbdmhldthnl). l). Edrig`nld; Irâthid. tnbdan ag; G` gstuahn lgurn`ùmhin lgurn`ùmhin ag `d inlihglihd; uld vd`nrdihùl irâthid (hsihhh.gs) (hsihhh.gs) Bdurghrd, F. (5343). @d lgurnihglihd inmlhthvd;¾ Wld ihglihd edsg pdrd `d Sshin`nmâd. Sshquhdtrâd Wlhvgrshtdrh Wlhvgrshtdrhd d, 6 (1), (1),

118-179.jttps;//a4wqtxts 118-179. jttps;//a4wqtxts4xz`g=.i`nua 4xz`g=.i`nuafrnlt.lgt/9613 frnlt.lgt/96139=61/:-@d^ 9=61/:-@d^lgurnihgl lgurnihglihd^i ihd^i nmlhthvd^edsg^ag^`d^pshin`nmhd-whtj-invgr-pdmg-v5.paf>Gxphrgs2461664536 1&Yhmldturg2@[s1=h`ANhqaySf5taiO~xjrMvwoEdBzYpIJs:44i:-fAI~7i8G W4w1vT8SsIv=`e-ExjNVhOsjOQOdrZAXxbAD6F6wr=vVMx:GUJvb1NEbl uuSrbgwxXyIxAzQ[ia9FY]vqxW-dW:7YuWVi:1zls9tjkd41U]qjoH~gv=I NoYpt[tAB3Er-[ve-998DG]zZlodqb4b@uKqyzyiOp@Bq3TwEzoz6`l4bkzD XZ~3VYF=q8MYsQyvQWmDM15GXry1:llDz557y8JnsuZQzLrYFt]QAVr-6gy pJLV=FhX74fuN6vJAD8h31SvV~D[jwl[36-`JuAI656jM~gTGeiJlDFw^^  &Ogy-Sdhr-Ha2DSODK@NJF7MM &Ogy-Sdhr-Ha2 DSODK@NJF7MMY@UEV1[D Y@UEV1[D Sèrgz Mùbgz, I. D. (534:). Srhlihphns bgtnan`ùmhins ag `d lgurnihglihd pdrd g` gstuahn ag `d inlihglihd. Qnbdan ag; jttps;//a4wqtxts4xz`g=.i`nua jttps;//a4wqtxts4 xz`g=.i`nuafrnlt.lgt/7=88 frnlt.lgt/7=883576/Idr`n 3576/Idr`ns-Sgrgz^Srhl s-Sgrgz^Srhlihphns^Bgtn ihphns^Bgtnan`nmh an`nmh ins^ag^`d^Lgurnihglihd^pdrd^g`^gstuahn^ag^`d^Inlihglihd-whtj-invgr-pdm g-v5.paf>Gxphrgs246166574=3&Yhmldturg2ZDUNxHOmNeqg9oLdwa6iJ[GQJ Y1O[aLiAn3UQpXpzLb3~J[DQNwDY]WdzuZFO`BVs-9ogk8dLoiuGf6gaM

 

: IUxZBTmWV`vhqW3AtaiSNG]epF-xli~X9[W4ze513`xzppGxWAwVyX=8wN lqx66rjawLlj7w3xSifOUOSisJZuGr=DDbz~QQEq7x9Qk`vZ6`jbMa:hd8@6J a-uwEWpZLuLtB3GaUsrOrmLdmg9bzsZkhXOuQ]6~nxxByDt9qM1yQGV~meF -5QSjOZMJgNAfhnsHh@ZBhdtV4V~@Wbo@H]UVtFp[Bv6F`QwuVHD=`eKxibsva eT86]3NrAmOu`o3S=EiT^^&Ogy-Sdhr-Ha2DSODK@NJF7MMY@UEV1[D Yd`dzdr, Y. F. (5337). G` dpnrtg ag `d lgurnihglihd pdrd `d fnrbdihùl anigltg. Ugvhstd G`gitrùlhid" Ditud`hadags Hlvgsthmdthvds gl Gauidihùl" , 7 (4), (4), 3.

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