Que Es La Contaminación Química

 

H.G EM NMLDGEMZHM

]WÀ@HNM ==¶

¿]WÈ G^ EM NOLTM@HLMNHÞL ]WÀ@HNM? ^g gltgldg por nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm, o m`jhèl rhgsao quà`hno, m em nmpmnhdmd dg nhgros geg`glos y susmlnhms aglgrme`glg aglgrme`gl g dg uso hldusrhme, pmrm hlrodunhrsg gl oros no`pugsos, gkhdos oraílhnos g hlneuso gnoshsg`ms, onmsholmldo nm`jhos h`prgvhshjegs y m `gludo þxhnos o egmegs, no`o nolsgnuglnhm dg rgmnnholgs quà`hnms dgsnolroemdms. Dgsdg nhgro pulo dg vhsm, podràm dgnhrsg qug odm cor`m dg nolm`hlmnhþl gs quà`hnm, ym qug nolshsg gl em hlrodunnhþl dg susmlnhms lonhvms gl ul glorlo me qug rgsueml mkglms, y dge qug eugao gs dhnhe gxrmgrems. ^hl g`jmrao, ge nmso dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm sg dhstlaug dg oros gl qug sus geg`glos nmusmegs provhglgl dhrgnm`glg dg em hldusrhm quà`hnm y nolstuygl susmlnhms þxhnms o pgeharosms. Orhagl dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm; Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm m`jhèl pugdg dmrsg por em mntvhdmd voenílhnm. Em prgsglnhm dg geg`glos quà`hnos o susmlnhms quà`hnms dg `mlgrm dgsnolroemdm gl eos gnoshsg`ms grrgsr grrgsrgs gs sg bm dmdo m eo emrao dg su bhsorhm agoeþahnm gl `ûetpegs onmsholgs, gspgnhme`glg no`o nolsgnuglnhm dg emraos pgràodos dg mntvhdmd voenílhnm o, hlneushvg, dg em mpmrhnhþl y orgnh`hglo dg em vhdm vgagme cooshlètnm, cooshlètnm, qug dg `mlgrm pmuemtlm eeglþ em m`þscgrm m`þscgrm grrgsrg dg oxàaglo amsgoso. ^hl g`jmrao, gl su jrgvàsh`m bhsorhm sojrg ge pemlgm, ge sgr bu`mlo bm megrmdo ge jmemlng dg eos gnoshsg`ms dg `mlgrm `unbo `ís ríphdm y rmdhnme, dgjhdo m em pugsm gl `mrnbm dg ems hldusrhms, gspgnhme`glg eugao dg em Zgvoeunhþl Hldusrhme dge shaeo RSHHH. Em no`prglshþl dge sgr bu`mlo sojrg ge `odo gl qug opgrm em `mgrhm eg bm pgr`htdo cmjrhnmr susmlnhms y `mlhpuemr eos ío`os qug ems nolstuygl, pgro sujprodunhgldo gl ge prongso orms susmlnhms hlûtegs y m `gludo lonhvms, qug m cmem dg `gkor `mlgko vml m dmr me `gdho m`jhglg. Wlm vgz meeà, èsms pugdgl hlrodunhrsg gl em vhdm smevmkg y dgsruhr ge jmemlng quà`hno dge gnoshsg`m, glhgldo nolsgnuglnhms vgrdmdgrm`glg armvgs pmrm em susglmjhehdmd dg em vhdm gl ge pemlgm. Nmusms dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm; Gl su `myoràm, ems nmusms dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm sol dg cuglg bu`mlm. Gxhsgl m`jhèl m`jhè l `mgrh `mgrhmeg megss quà`hn quà`hnos os mrr mrrokm okmdos dos dgsdg dgsdg ge sujsug sujsugeo eo por eos voe voenml nmlgs gs y aè aèhsg hsgrg rgs, s, pgro pgro gs gsos os gv gvgl glos os sol `ís hlcrgnuglgs y m `gludo eg dml m em lmurmegzm ge tg`po lgngsmrho pmrm rgnupgrmrsg dge dmýo gnoeþahno. Gl nm`jho, em nmltdmd nmlt dmd dg susmlnhms susmlnhms qug vgrt`os eos sgrgs sgrgs bu`mlos me mhrg, mhrg, maum y tgrrm tgrrm dàm rms dàm sol `ís mjuldml mjuldmlgs, gs, dhnhegs dg geh`hlmr y por eo mlo lonhvms m `gdhmlo y emrao pemzo. Ge vgrtdo hldhsnrh`hlmdo dg maums rgshdumegs o dg amsgs y susmlnhms m eos ràos, me mhrg o m eos `mrgs provhglg lo soeo dg ems armldgs cíjrhnms, shlo dge gsnmpg dg eos muo`þvhegs, dg produnos no`grnhmegs dgsgnbmdos y dg pemlms dg glgraàm. Nolsgnuglnhms dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm; Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm pugdg onmsholmr cglþ`glos no`o em eeuvhm ínhdm. Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm tglg armvgs nolsgnuglnhms gl ge jmemlng `oegnuemr dg eos gnoshsg`ms y dg em vhdm `hs`m, megs no`o; - Gegvmdos Gegvmdos lhvgegs dg oxhnhdmd oxhnhdmd;; Eo nume mnmrrgm `ugrgs `mshvms dg gspgnhgs gspgnhgs mlh`megs o vgagme vgagmegs gs o `hnrosnþ `hnrosnþphnms phnms,, dgsruygldo ge jmemlng rþno (meh`gltnho) dg ul gnoshsg`m dggr`hlmdo dggr`hlmdo,, y dhs`hluygldo su jhodhvgrshdmd. - Glcgr`gdmdgs nrþlhnms; Tmegs Tmegs no`o ge nílngr, ems hlsunhglnhms rgsphrmorhms, eos dmýos m em phge, gn., mlo gl ge sgr bu`mlo no`o gl eos mlh`megs y pemlms. - Zgmnnholgs quà`hnms h`prgdgnhjegs; Me hlrodunhrsg gl eos nhneos `ggoroeþahnos y neh`ítnos, gsms susmlnhms pugdgl produnhr rgmnnholgs qug dml dmýos orhagl`mgrhmegs. m cglþ`glos no`o em eeuvhm ínhdm, por gkg`peo, gl em qug gl euamr dg eeovgr maum, eeugvg ul ínhdohlgspgrmdms `uy egvg qug nmusm - Mnu`uemnhþl jhoquà`hnm; Dggr`hlmdos nolm`hlmlgs nolm`hlmlgs pugdgl me`mnglmrsg gl ge nugrpo dg eos sgrgs vhvos, vhmkmldo msà dg ul euamr m oro m `gdhdm qug ul mlh`me dgvorm m oro, y eegamldo gvglume`glg m lugsrm prophm no`hdm, pmrm hlrodunhrsg gl lugsros nugrpos y onmsholmrlos glcgr`gdmdgs. Thpos dg quà`hnos nolm`hlmlgs; Eos nolm`hlmlgs quà`hnos pugdgl nemshnmrsg sgaûl su gcgno sojrg ge `gdhom`jhglg gl; - Sglglos; ^usmlnhms qug me hlrodunhrsg gl ge nugrpo dg eos sgrgs vhvos hlbhjgl o megrml drm`ítnm`glg sus prongsos jhoquà`hnos vhmegs y onmsholml em `ugrg. - @umaèlhnos; ^usmlnhms nuym prgsglnhm gl ge oramlhs`o dg eos sgrgs vhvos hlnhdg gl em nolcor`mnhþl dg ems `oeènuems dg MDL, onmsholmldo msà `umnholgs h`prgdgnhjegs, meaulms dg ems numegs pugdgl eegamr m rms`htrsg aglgrmnholme`glg. aglgrmnholme`glg. - Norroshvos @mgrhmegs qug me hlgrmnumr hlgrmnumr nol em `mgrhm oraílhnm onmsholml su norrosh norroshþl, þl, gs dgnhr, dgnhr, su oxhdmnhþl vhoeglm, nmusmldo dmýos hrrgpmrmjegs gl èsm. Msxhmlgs; Gspgnhme`glg amsgs, sol `ís ehvhmlos qug ge mhrg y sugegl dgspemzmreo, onupmldo ge gspmnho dg eos pue`olgs y aglgrmldo msxhm `gnílhnm gl eos sgrgs vhvos. Zmdhmntvos; ^usmlnhms hlgsmjegs mþ`hnm`glg, qug g`hgl pmrnuems y oldms dg glgraàm m ulm crgnuglnhm me, qug hlnhdgl sojrg ge MDL onmsholmldo dmýos aglètnos y prophnhmldo glcgr`gdmdgs.

 

Cor`ms dg nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm; Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm aglgrme`glg onurrg por hlbmemnhþl (rgsphrmnhþl dg amsgs þxhnos) o nolmno dhrgno (pglgrmnhþl por em phge), o hrrmdhmnhþl (sh`peg`glg por gsmr gl ems hl`gdhmnholgs dge `mgrhme) gl ge nmso dg eos `mgrhmegs rmdhmntvos. Gl ge nmso dge sgr bu`mlo gsms noldunms pugdgl nolroemrsg y `hlh`hzmr ge dmýo hl`gdhmo, pgro lo msà gl ge dg eos mlh`megs o ems pemlms, qug pmdgngl eos gcgnos dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm y gvglume`glg eos rmgl bmsm lugsros prophos meh`glos. Mdg`ís, eos dmýos me gnoshsg`m qug onurrgl dg `mlgrm sheglnhosm lo podg`os prgvgreos me `o`glo dg vgrgr vgr gr susmlnhms susmlnhms,, supolam`o supolam`os, s, m eos ràos. ^us gcgnos sgríl ojsgrvmjegs ojsgrvmjegs m emrao emrao pemzo, pemzo, aglg aglgrme` rme`gl glgg numldo numldo ym sgm dg`mshmdo mrdg. Vrhlnhpmegs nolm`hlmlgs quà`hnos Eos prhlnhpmegs nolm`hlmlgs quà`hnos dg em mnumehdmd sol; - @gmegs pgsmdos; Geg`glos `gíehnos g`pegmdos gl em cmjrhnmnhþl dg bgrrm`hglms, ujgràms y oros usos hldusrhmegs, nmpmngs dg dgsprgldgr nol ge tg`po pmrnuems qug gr`hlml suspgldhdms gl ge mhrg, m hrg, gl ge maum o no`o pmrg dg em no`hdm, y qug m em emram pugdgl nmusmr glvglglm`hglo o hlnhdglnhms dg nílngr nílngr.. - Vgstnhdms Vgstnhdms quà`hnos. quà`hnos. ^usmlnh ^usmlnhms ms g`pegmdms gl em hldusrhm hldusrhm marànoem marànoem y qug nu`pegl nu`pegl em culnhþl dg progagr progagr eos nuetvos dg hlsgnos, jmngrhms o hlneuso dg bhgrjms qug pugdml mrruhlmreos, pgro qug mdg`ís tglgl ulm prgsglnhm rgshdume gl ems maums sujgrrílgms sujgrr ílgms y gl eos prophos meh`glos, bmnhèldoeos ehagrm`glg þxhnos pmrm ge nolsu`o. - Zgshduos dg `gdhnm`glos; Ge dgsgnbo dg `gdhnm`glos vglnhdos o hllgngsmrhos dgjg dmrsg m rmvès dg `gnmlhs`os mdgnumdos, o dg eo nolrmrho sus no`polglgs mntvos hríl m pmrmr me `gdho m`jhglg, nolvhrtèldosg msà gl nolm`hlmlgs jhoquà`hnos. - Dgsgnbos no`grnhmegs; Ge nolglhdo quà`hno dg jmgràms (phems), produnos gl mgrosoe, dgshlcgnmlgs y oros produnos dg uso notdhmlo gl lugsros boamrgs vml nmsh shg`prg m dmr me `gdho m`jhglg y, gl armldgs propornholgs, sg nolvhgrgl gl cuglg dg susmlnhms quà`hnms lonhvms. - Zmdhmntvhdmd; Em rmdhmntvhdmd gs ulo dg eos nmsos `ís armvgs dg nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm qug gxhsgl, ym qug sg rmm dg geg`glo geg` gloss quà`hnos quà`hnos hlgs hlgsmjeg mjegs, s, qug g`hgl g`hgl pmrnu pmrnuems ems y oldms glgraètnms glgraètnms nolsml nolsmlg`gl g`glg g y gl odms dhrgnnholgs, dhrgnnholgs, mrmvgsmldo príntnm`glg odm em `mgrhm (gxngpo ge peo`o, por eo qug sg g`pegm pmrm nolglgr gsg tpo dg `mgrhmegs) y dmýmldo sojrg odo ge `mgrhme aglètno dg eos sgrgs vhvos. Eos `mgrh `mgrhmeg megss rmdhm rmdhmntv ntvos os tgl tglgl gl ul pgràod pgràodo o dg dgshl dgshlgar garmnh mnhþl þl vmrhmj vmrhmjeg, eg, pgr pgro o qug gl mea meaulo uloss nmsos nmsos pugdg pugdg sgr gxrg`mdm`glgg emrao, no`o onurrg gl ge peuolho-:>8 qug g`hg rmdhmnhþl durmlg :4.=66 mýos, g`pegmdo durmlg ge shaeo gxrg`mdm`gl RR gl em cmjrhnmnhþl dg mr`ms lunegmrgs. ¿Nþ`o prgvglhr em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm?; Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm gxhag `gdhdms r`gs dg pmrg dg ems sonhgdmdgs pmrm rgdunhr em nmltdmd dg `mgrhmegs lonhvos qug sg vhgrgl me `gdho m`jhglg dg `mlgrm notdhmlm. Gso pugdg shalhnmr; Nolroegs aujgrlm`glmegs gsrhnos pmrm ems hldusrhms quà`hnms, pgroquà`hnms y shdgrûrahnms rgspgno me `mlgko dg maums rgshdumegs, vmporgs y dgsgnbos. Nmstaos gkg`pemrhzmlgs pmrm quhglgs mnmrrggl dmýos m`jhglmegs `gdhmlg ge pojrg o hrrgspolsmjeg `mlgko dg susmlnhms quà`hnms. Vrobhjhnhþl dg no`grnhmehzmnhþl dg produnos nol geg`glos quà`hnos lonhvos, co`glo me nolsu`o dg megrlmtvms gnosmeudmjegs y gsrmgahms dg rgnhnemkg pmrm qug dhnbos produnos lo mnmjgl gl ge `gdho m`jhglg. Vrobhjhnhþl o nolroe dg eos maroþxhn maroþxhnos os g h`pueso dg gsudhos hldgpgldhglgs, ojkgtvos y muolmlnhmdos qug gvmeûgl nmdm produno mlgs dg su dg uso`mgrhmegs `mshvo. pgeharosos; phems, `gdhnm`glos, glvmsgs vmnàos dg mgrosoe, gn. ^hsg`ms dg rgnhnemkg Nm`pmýms dg nolnhgltzmnhþl pmrm qug em pojemnhþl gltgldm eos rhgsaos dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm. Gkg`peos dg nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm; - Em hldusrhms quà`hnms vhgrgl susmlnhms þxhnms nolm`hlmldo ge onèmlo; Meaulos gkg`peos neíshnos dg nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm sol eos onmsholmdos por nhgrms hldusrhms quà`hnms gl ge onèmlo; me vgrgr sus maums eeglms dg suecmos y orms susmlnhms gl ge maum, co`glml ge nrgnh`hglo (por sojrgmeh`glmnhþl) dg nhgrms meams y oramlhs`os sh`hemrgs, nuym pojemnhþl mu`glm me pulo me dg msxhmr m orms gspgnhgs y eugao no`pgtr m sà `hs`os, `urhgldo `mshvm`glg y pudrhèldosg m ems orheems dge `mr, `mr, eo nume vm odo gl dgrh`glo dg em dhvgrshdmd jhoeþahnm y dge gquhehjrho jhþtno `mrhlo. - Oro gkg`peo rmdhnholme tglg qug vgr nol ge uso dge DDT no`o pgstnhdm durmlg ge shaeo RR, bmsm su probhjhnhþl me bmjgr glnolrmdo rmzms dg gsm susmlnhm þxhnm gl mlh`megs dge oro emdo dge `uldo, msà no`o gl meh`glos g hlneuso maums sgrvhdms pmrm nolsu`o bu`mlo.

 

H.G EM NMLDGEMZHM

]WÀ@HNM ==¶

¿GL ]WÈ NOL^H^TG EM NOLTM@HLMNHÞL ]WÀ@HNM? Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm nolshsg gl em mnu`uemnhþl dg susmlnhms gl sugeos, maums o gl ge mhrg, qug nmusml gcgnos lgamtvos sojrg gsos `gdhos. Ems nmusms `ís crgnuglgs dg gsg tpo dg nolm`hlmnhþl sol dgjhdms m em mnumnhþl por pmrg dge bo`jrg, no`o em marhnueurm, em hldusrhm o ge ríno. ^hl g`jmrao, m`jhèl pugdg sgr dgjhdm m nmusms lmurmegs, no`o g`hshþl dg amsgs m em m`þscgrm durmlg ems grupnholgs voenílhnms. Thpos dg maglgs nolm`hlmlgs Eos poshjegs tpos dg nolm`hl nolm`hlmnhþl mnhþl sol `uy dhvgrsos, pgro em `myoràm sg dgjgl m em mnumnhþl dge bo`jrg. Gsos maglgs nolm`hlmlgs pugdgl sgr no`polglgs oraílhnos o hloraílhnos. Dglro dg geeos glg`os; @gtmegs pgsmdos; pgsmdos; sol lgngsmrhos gl pgqugýms nmltdmdgs, pgro me sojrgpmsmr nhgro eà`hg sg vugevgl þxhnos. G`hsholgs ínhdms mt`oscèrhnms; mt`oscèrhnms; sol dhvgrsos tpos dg amsgs quà`hnos eos qug sg dgsprgldgl, no`o NO:, ^O:, o NB4. ^u orhagl sg glnuglrm gl hldusrhms o gl ge ríno. Wso dg maum dg rhgao smehlm; smehlm; provonm ul nû`ueo dg smegs qug bmng eos sugeos `glos mpos pmrm ge nrgnh`hglo dg eos nuetvos. Maums rgshdumegs noltm`hlmdms noltm`hlmdms nol  nol geg`glos quà`hnos; lo sol mdgnumdms pmrm su nolsu`o. Chtosmlhtmrhos (pemauhnhdms, Chtosmlhtmrhos  (pemauhnhdms, cgrtehzmlgs y bgrjhnhdms); noltglgl susmlnhms þxhnms pmrm odos eos sgrgs vhvos. Mnvhdmd `hlgrm; `hlgrm; provonm projeg`ms pmrm ge dgsmrroeeo dg ulm nujhgrm vgagme y nolm`hlm eos sugeos y ems maums dg rgemvg. Eeuvhm ínhdm; ínhdm; sol dgposhnholgs dg em m`þscgrm, qug pugdgl cor`mr ínhdo làrhno o suecûrhno. Zgshduos o jmsurm; jmsurm; sol ríphdm`glg hlnorpormdos me sugeo. Nmusmdos gxneushvm`glg por em mntvhdmd dge bo`jrg. Noltm`hlmnhþl urjmlm; urjmlm; provonmdm por em arml dglshdmd dg ríno y por hldusrhms. ^u prhlnhpme nolsgnuglnhm nolsgnuglnhm gs ge mu`glo dg eos eem`mdos nolm`hlmlgs nolm`hlmlgs urjmlos, qug sol Jm, Nd, Vj, Th y [l. Nolsgnuglnhms dg em nolm`hlmnhþl Em gxhsglnhm dg nolm`hlmlgs gl ul `gdho provonm dhvgrsos gcgnos lgamtvos qug mcgnml m odo tpo dg sgr vhvo. Glrg eos `ís h`pormlgs podg`os nhmr; Dgarmdmnhþl dg em vgagmnhþl. Dhs`hlunhþl dge lû`gro dg gspgnhgs gl ul sugeo. Dmýos sojrg numequhgr supgrnhg o nugrpo nmusmdos por prgnhph prgnhphmnholgs mnholgs ínhdms. Dgarmdmnhþl pmhsmkàstnm por numequhgr tpo dg nolm`hlmlg urjmlo (jmsurm gl aglgrme). Dgsnglso gl em nmehdmd dg ems maums. Dgsnglso gl em nmehdmd dge mhrg. ^oeunholgs m em nolm`hlmnhþl Gl nolrm dg eo qug m vgngs sg phglsm, gxhsgl `unbms soeunholgs m em nolm`hlmnhþl. Gsms soeunholgs m vgngs sol cínhegs, pgro orms lo mlo. Vor gkg`peo, pmrm gvhmr eos rgshduos aglgrmdos por em mntvhdmd nhudmdmlm sh`peg`glg pugdg rgcorzmrsg ge rgnhnemkg. ^hl g`jmrao, bmy nmsos `ís no`pehnmdos, no`o por gkg`peo ge gvhmr ge uso dg pemauhnhdms. Gso pugdg gvhmrsg `gdhmlg marhnueurm jhoeþahnm, pgro supolg `myor dhnuemd y m`jhèl `myorgs nosgs. Vor mlo, sh sg smjg qug gxhsgl `gdhdms pmrm gvhmr ems g`hjegs nolsgnuglnhms dg em nolm`hlmnhþl, eo prh`gro qug dgjg`os bmngr gs nolnhglnhmrlos dge `me qug gsm`os bmnhgldo me `gdho m`jhglg y, glrg odos, mnumr pmrm gvhmr ulm `uy poshjeg `myor nolm`hlmnhþl. 





 



 



     

 

H.G EM NMLDGEMZHM

]WÀ@HNM ==¶

EM NOLTM@HLMNHÞL NOLTM@HLMNHÞL ]WÀ@HNM @WLDHME Nhlno `heeolgs dg pgrsolms cmeegngl nmdm mýo por su gxposhnhþl m sustmlnhms quà`hnms.

Dgsdg mlgs dg lmngr bmsm lugsrm `ugrg vhvh`os gxpugsos m nhglos dg susmlnhms quà`hnms þxhnms no`o lulnm mlgs gl em bhsorhm dg em bu`mlhdmd. Vugdgl gsmr gl eos produnos qug usm`os odos eos dàms; gl em pmsm dg dhglgs, eos peístnos, eos `ugjegs, ge ordglmdor, gl lugsro rmjmko, y gl ge m`jhglg; gl ge maum, mhrg, sugeo o eos prophos meh`glos. @unbms vgngs gsm`os gxpugsos m gsm nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm shl dmrlos nuglm, dg `mlgrm qug lo eo pgrnhjgl lugsros sgltdos, gl pgqugý pgq ugýms ms dos doshs hs pgr pgro o dg `ml `mlgr grmm nr nrþlh þlhnm nm y `ûe `ûetpe tpeg. g. ^hl g`j g`jmr mrao ao,, em rg rgaue auemnh mnhþl þl y nol nolr roe oe dg gs gsos os produn produnos os lo gs propornholme m su pgeharoshdmd Em gxpmlshþl `uldhme lgoehjgrme dg em hldusrhm quà`hnm bm provonmdo em aeojmehzmnhþl dge rhgsao quà`hno qug dgjg`os dgglgr `ís meeí dg nm`jhmr lugsros bíjhos dg nolsu`o hldhvhdume, `gdhmlg rgauemnholgs y nolroegs lmnholmegs g hlgrlmnholmegs qug vmyml rgtrmldo dge `grnmdo eos produnos `ís dmýhlos y m`peàgl lugsros dgrgnbos m glgr ul nugrpo, rmjmko, meh`glo y no`ulhdmd ehjrgs dg nolm`hlmlgs m`jhglmegs. Ge h`pmnto aeojme dg em noltm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm Em hldusrhm quà`hnm `uldhme g`pegmjm mergdgdor dg =6 `heeolgs dg rmjmkmdorgs gl ge `uldo gl :661, sgaûl gst`mnholgs dg em prophm hldusrhm9 nol ul voeu`gl aeojme dg 466 `heeolgs dg olgemdms dg produnos quà`hnos nmenuemdo gl ge mýo :666. ^gaûl em Oramlhzmnhþl Hlgrlmnholme dge Trmjmko (OHT), ems susmlnhms pgeharosms `mml mergdgdor dg 4>2.666 rmjmkmdorgs mlume`glg y sg gst`m qug =6% = 6% dg eos nílngrgs dg phge sol mrhjuhjegs m em gxposhnhþl m susmlnhms pgeharosms gl eos pugsos dg rmjmko. Em OHT gst`mjm mdg`ís qug sg produngl ulos :16 `heeolgs dg mnnhdglgs emjormegs y ulos =36 `heeolgs dg glcgr`gdmdgs rgemnholmdms nol ge rmjmko gl ge `uldo. Lo ojsmlg, bmsm em cgnbm, lo bmy hlcor`mnhþl dhspolhjeg dge pornglmkg dg glcgr`gdmdgs glcgr`gdmdgs emjormegs rgemnholmdms nol em gxposhnhþl quà`hnm m lhvge `uldhme Wlm rgvhshþl shsg`ítnm dg em nmram dg em glcgr`gdmd mrhjuhdm m em gxposhnhþl m susmlnhms quà`hnms gst`mjm gl 4,8 `heeolgs dg `ugrgs y 23 `heeolgs dg mýos dg dhsnmpmnhdmd dgjhdos m em gxposhnhþl m`jhglme m susmlnhms quà`hnms o m su `mlgko hlmdgnumdo gl :664, mulqug em nhcrm pugdg sgr `myor. Orms gst`mnholgs bgnbms gl Gsmdos Wlhdos mdvhgrgl dge hlnrg`gl hlnr g`glo o dg pgrs pgrsolms olms nol ms`m, dhmjg dhmjggs, gs, dgc dgcgnos gnos dg lmnh`h lmnh`hglo glo,, hlc hlcgrteh grtehdmd dmd y oro oross pro projeg`ms jeg`ms rgproduntvos rgproduntvos,, dgsþrdglgs gl em noldunm y mprgldhzmkg9 mdg`ís dg nílngrgs dg dhvgrso tpo (egung`hm, nílngr dg `m`m, ehlco`m lol Bodaihl, dge ngrgjro, bàamdo, rhýolgs, gsnueos, trohdgs, prþsmm, glrg oros) msonhmdos m em gxposhnhþl dg susmlnhms quà`hnms y qug mcgnml lo soeo m eos mdueos shlo m em pojemnhþl hlcmlte, no`o pmsm nol em egung`hm. Gl nolrmsg, em Maglnhm dg Vrognnhþl M`jhglme (GVM) dg Gsmdos Wlhdos soeo bm rgqugrhdo prugjms sojrg ge h`pmno m em smeud y ge `gdho m`jhglg dg :66 susmlnhms quà`hnms dg ems `ís dg 266.666 qug sg produngl y usml gl ge pmàs9 y dg geems soeo 7 sg bml rgauemdo dg `mlgrm eh`hmdm, eo qug dg`ugsrm ems dgnhglnhms dg em Egy dg Nolroe dg ems ^usmlnhms ]uà`hnms y em lgngshdmd dg su rgcor`m gsrunurme gsrunurme pmrm progagr mdgnumdm`glg m em pojemnhþl y ge `gdho m`jhglg. Em gxpmlshþl dg em hldustrhm quà`hnm cugrm dg eos e os pmàsgs `ís hldustrhmehzmdos Em hldusrhm quà`hnm gl su nolkulo nrgnhþ ríphdm`glg gl ge `uldo gl ems ûet`ms dènmdms9 mu`glþ su vmeor dg =1=.666 `heeolgs dg dþemrgs m 4,=: jheeolgs gl ge pgrhodo =816-:6=6 sgaûl eos níenueos dg em prophm hldusrhm. Gsg nrgnh`hglo sg bm dmdo prhlnhpme`glg cugrm dg eos pmàsgs `ís hldusrhmehzmdos, gl Mshm (Nbhlm, Hldhm, ^hlampur, Hldolgshm), Ícrhnm (^udícrhnm y Lhagrhm meauloshldhnmdo gl M`èrhnm Emtlm Nbhlm, nuymquà`hnms produnnhþl quà`hnmgspgnhme`glg) sg rhpehnþ gl geypgràodo y dgsdg ge (Jrmshe :6=6 gsprhlnhpme`glg). nolshdgrmdo ge Dgsmnm prhlnhpmegspgnhme`glg produnor dg susmlnhms dge `uldo, sgaûl ge hlcor`g nhmdo dge VLW@M. ^gaûl proygnnholgs dg em Oramlhzmnhþl pmrm em Noopgrmnhþl pmrm ge Dgsmrroeeo Gnolþ`hno (ONDG) pmrm ge mýo :6:6 eos eem`mdos pmàsgs gl dgsmrroeeo sgríl ge euamr dg produnnhþl dge >=% dge produno aeojme dg em hldusrhm quà`hnm y dge >>% dg su nolsu`o `uldhme. Gs nolonhdo qug ems poeàtnms lgoehjgrmegs dg ehjrg no`grnho y em prognnhþl m em hlvgrshþl gxrmlkgrm, gxrmlkgrm, qug mprovgnbm ulm `mlo dg ojrm jmrmm nol ulm dèjhe rgauemnhþl emjorme y m`jhglme, bml cmnhehmdo gsm gxpmlshþl ehdgrmdm por ems g`prgsms rmlslmnholmegs. Eos nolvglhos m`jhgltmegs hltgrlmnholmegs y eos gscugrzos por eoarmr ulm `gkor protgnnhþl m em smeud y m`jhgltg Dgsdg =81:, nol em Nolcgrglnhm dg ems Lmnholgs Wlhdms sojrg ge @gdho Bu`mlo gl Gsonoe`o, em no`ulhdmd hlgrlmnholme hdgltnþ em lgngshdmd dg em noopgrmnhþl hlgrlmnholme pmrm mcrolmr eos rgos dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm. Eo qug produko gl ems shauhglgs dènmdms ulm sgrhg dg nolvglhos m`jhglmegs `uetemgrmegs pmrm progagr em nmpm dg ozolo (Vroonoeo dg @olrgme, =821), prgvglhr y nolroemr ge `ovh`hglo rmlscrolgrhzo dg eos dgsgnbos pgeharosos (Nolvglho dg Jmshegm, =828)9 nol em eem`mdm Nu`jrg dg em Thgrrm gl =88:, sg gemjorþ ge Vroarm`m := o Veml dg Mnnhþl gl Vro dge Dgsmrroeeo ^osglhjeg (=88:)9 ge Nolvglho dg Zogrdm` nol ul `gnmlhs`o dg lotnmnhþl prgvho o VHN m em gxpormnhþl dg nhgrms susmlnhms pgeharosms (=882)9 ge Nolvglho dg Gsonoe`o sojrg Nolm`hlmlgs Oraílhnos Vgrshsglgs Vgrshsglgs (:66=)9 ge Glcoqug Gsrmèahno Gsrmèahno pmrm em Agstþl dg ems ^usmlnhms ]uà`hnms m Lhvge Hlgrlmnholme, `gkor nolonhdo no`o ^MHN@ por sus shaems gl hlaeès qug gs ul

 

`mrno gsrmèahno qug nujrg odo ge nhneo dg vhdm dg ems susmlnhms quà`hnms y odos eos mspgnos emjormegs, m`jhglmegs y dg smeud pûjehnm9 y lme`glg ge Nolvglho dg @hlm`mm sojrg @grnurho (:6=>). Ge ^MHN@ pemlgm no`o `gm aglgrme qug m `ís mrdmr gl ge mýo :6:6, ―eos produnos quà`hnos sg produznml y utehngl dg `odo qug sg eoarg em `hlh`hzmnhþl dg eos gcgnos mdvgrsos h`pormlgs h`pormlgs gl em smeud bu`mlm y ge `gdho m`jhglg‐. m`jhglg‐. Cmeml sghs mýos pmrm ge :6:6 y gs pono projmjeg qug sg menmlng gsm `gm9 gl rgmehdmd, m pgsmr dg sgr ul `mrno gsrmèahno, lo sg bm msu`hdo no`o me por em `myoràm dg eos aojhgrlos. Eos nolvglhos m`jhglmegs `uetemgrmegs `glnholmdos sol ge rgsuemdo dg prongsos no`pegkos dg lgaonhmnhþl y dhsnushþl mlo ènlhnm no`o poeàtnm doldg sg vml nolsruygldo eos nolsglsos y mnugrdos. Vgro ge projeg`m dg coldo qug glcrglml eos aojhgrlos gs dglhr y vmeormr eos hlgrgsgs qug rgprgsglml, sh gs ge hlgrès gnolþ`hno dg ems g`prgsms mcgnmdms ge qug prgdo`hlm o sol eos hlgrgsgs aglgrmegs dge jhgl no`ûl y ge kuhnho nhglno, ehjrg dg nolhnos dg hlgrès, ge qug orhglm em o`m dg dgnhsholgs. Mdg`ís bmy qug nolshdgrmr qug eos g`ms dg em sgaurhdmd quà`hnm lo onupml ulm vhshjhehdmd poeàtnm mem no`o oros nolvglhos m`jhglmegs rgemnholmdos nol ge nm`jho neh`ítno o em prognnhþl dg em jhodhvgrshdmd9 y qug em magldm m`jhglme sg sujordhlm crglg m ems prhorhdmdgs dg nrgnh`hglo gnolþ`hno dg eos `hlhsgrhos dg gnolo`àm, `unbo `ís numldo sg shaugl poeàtnms lgoehjgrmegs o gxrmntvhs gxrmntvhsms. ms. Vor orm pmrg, `uy ponos aojhgrlos tglgl ul `gnmlhs`o dg nolsuem peurme hlstunholme pmrm em dglhnhþl dg su poshnhþl gl gsms lgaonhmnholgs9 y m`pono dhculdgl m`pehm`glg ge nolglhdo dg eos no`pro`hsos msu`hdos glrg su pojemnhþl, gspgnhme`glg glrg eos arupos `ís gxpugsos o vuelgrmjegs; rmjmkmdorgs, `ukgrgs, lhýos y pojemnholgs hldàaglms9 no`o m`pono eos bmngl pmrnhpgs gl ems mrgms dg prgvglnhþl, vhahemlnhm y sgauh`hglo. Gl em lgaonhmnhþl y mnumehzmnhþl dg gsos hlsru`glos hlgrlmnholmegs eos arupos lo aujgrlm`glmegs dg hlgrès pûjehno bml kuamdo ul pmpge poshtvo; propornholmldo hlcor`mnhþl nràtnm y dglulnhms dg eos nmsos `ís gsnmldmeosos dg mcgnmnhþl m em smeud y ge `gdho m`jhglg, pmrtnhpmldo gl em dhsnushþl ènlhnm nol pulos dg vhsm shl nolhno dg hlgrès, oramlhzmldo gvglos pmrmegeos durmlg ems rgulholgs dg eos nolvglhos, hlcor`mldo m em ophlhþl pûjehnm y gemjormldo auàms pmrm em no`prglshþl y vhahemlnhm nhudmdmlm dg eos nolvglhos, nmpmnhíldoeos pmrm nolroemr y pgdhr nuglms m eos aojhgrlos (vgr rgnumdro). Wlo dg eos projeg`ms pmrm em h`peg`glmnhþl dg eos nolvglhos m`jhglmegs gs amrmltzmr ul lmlnhm`hglo mdgnumdo. Bmsm ge `o`glo em `myoràm bml mdopmdo m dopmdo no`o `gnmlhs`o lmlnhgro me Coldo pmrm ge @gdho M`jhglme @uldhme, qug dgstlmrí gl ge írgm dg produnos quà`hnos y rgshduos 774 `heeolgs dg dþemrgs durmlg ge pgràodo dg :6=4 m :6=2, pmrm eos nolvglhos dg Gsonoe`o, ^MHN@, Vroonoeo dg @olrgme y @grnurho, pgro qug rgprgsglm soeo ge =:,7% dge ome dgstlmdo m odos sus proarm`ms m`jhglmegs.P. HVGL bm propugso qug ml soeo ul shsg`m dg rgnupgrmnhþl dg nosgs dge 6,=% sojrg eos hlargsos mlumegs `uldhmegs dg em hldusrhm quà`hnm, ul nglmvo por nmdm =6 dþemrgs dg vglms, shalhnmràm ul `olo nolshdgrmjeg (=,7 jheeolgs dg dþemrgs mlumegs gl :667) qug mehvhmràm em nmram lmlnhgrm dg eos pmàsgs gl dgsmrroeeo pmrm em agstþl dg produnos quà`hnos, pgro gsm propugsm lo bm shdo rgspmedmdm sunhglg`glg. ZGMNB, gl em dhrgnnhþl norrgntm pgro dg egltm mpehnmnhþl y jmko m`glmzm Ge rgaem`glo dg em Wlhþl Guropgm (WG) sojrg ge rgahsr rgahsro, o, gvmeumnhþl, muorhzmnhþl y rgsrhnnhþl dg ems susmlnhms y prgpmrmdos quà`hnos, `gkor nolonhdo por sus shaems gl hlaeès, ZGMNB, hlroduko ul nm`jho h`pormlg gl ge sgltdo norrgno, me rmsemdmr em nmram dg em prugjm dge aojhgrlo m em hldusrhm quà`hnm, quhgl gs em rgspolsmjeg dg em sgaurhdmd dg eos produnos qug cmjrhnm, dg gvmeumr eos rhgsaos y dg propornholmr hlcor`mnhþl m md`hlhsrmnholgs, usumrhos y nolsu`hdorgs. Ge gxo egame mpehnm eos prhlnhphos dg prgnmunhþl, dg sustunhþl y dge dgrgnbo pûjehno m nolongr ems prophgdmdgs y rhgsaos dg ems susmlnhms quà`hnms. Wlo dg eoslg ojkgtvos dg ZGMNB amrmltzmr qug susmlnhms gxrg`mdm`glg pugdml sgr megr geh`hlmdms armdume`g arm dume`glg y sust sustuhdms uhdms por gs orms orm s sus susmlnh mlnhms ms oemsgnlo gnloeoaàms eoaàms `glos pgeharosm pgeha rosms, s, prgonupmlgs numldo numld o sg dhspo dhspolam lam dg megrlmtv lmtvms ms mdgnumdms gnolþ`hnm y ènlhnm`glg vhmjegs. Ems susmlnhms dg `myor prgonupmnhþl no`prgldgl ems qug sol nmlngràaglms, `uíaglms y þxhnms pmrm em rgprodunnhþl, dhsruporgs gldonrhlos, þxhnms, pgrshsglgs y jhomnu`uemjegs (TVJ) y ems `uy pgrshsglgs y `uy jhomnu`uemjegs, y susmlnhms dg prgonupmnhþl gquhvmeglg. Vgro em mpehnmnhþl dg gsg ojkgtvo bm shdo eh`hmdm y `uy eglm. Em WG gst`þ gl ge mýo :66= :6 6= qug gxhsml `ís dg =.766 susmlnhms dg gegvmdo lhvge dg prgonupmnhþl9 shl g`jmrao, bmsm em cgnbm soeo >= bml shdo prhorhzmdms pmrm su sustunhþl. Gsg eh`hmdo lû`gro nolrmsm nol em ^HLEhs gemjormdm gemjo rmdm por Nbg`s Nbg`sgn gn qug hlneuyg 2>6 sus susmlnhms mlnhms y em ehs ehsm m dg 732 sus susmlnh mlnhms ms prop propugs ugsmm por eos shldh shldhnmo nmoss qug dgjgràml prhorhzmrsg dg hl`gdhmo pmrm jusnmr su sustunhþl gl mpehnmnhþl dg ZGMNB. Ge rgaem`glo ZGMNB sg glnuglrm jmko m`glmzm dgjhdo m ems lgaonhmnholgs glrg em Wlhþl Guropgm y Gsmdos Wlhdos pmrm gsmjegngr ul mnugrdo no`grnhme, nolonhdo no`o em Msonhmnhþl Trmlsmeíltnm Trmlsmeíltnm dg No`grnho g Hlvgrsho Hlvgrsholgs lgs (TTHV). Ge TTHV podràm crglmr eos mvmlngs rgauemorhos dge ZGMNB g h`pgdhr su `gkorm gl em rgauemnhþl dg lmlo`mgrhmegs, megrmdorgs bor`olmegs y eh`hmr ge dgrgnbo pûjehno m smjgr dg ems susmlnhms quà`hnms gl eos produnos, por gkg`peo. Msà no`o dgjhehmr eos gscugrzos gl Gsmdos Wlhdos y orms pmrgs dge `uldo por `gkormr su rgauemnhþl. @ís dg ==6 oramlhzmnholgs m`jhglmehsms y dg smeud pûjehnm gl Guropm (hlneuhdm Gnoeoahsms gl Mnnhþl) y Gsmdos Wlhdos sg opolgl m em hlneushþl dge sgnor quà`hno gl ems lgaonhmnholgs no`grnhmegs dge TTHV Y=7 Y=7P. P.

H.G EM NMLDGEMZHM

]WÀ@HNM ==¶

 

Em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm dge peístno, ulm m`glmzm sheglnhosm Nmdm mýo sg produngl ul ome dg >66 `heeolgs dg olgemdms dg peístno. Dg geems, sg gst`m qug onbo `heeolgs mnmjml dhrgnm`glgg gl eos `mrgs y onèmlos dg lugsro pemlgm. dhrgnm`gl Em hluldmnhþl dg peístnos dg `mrgs y onèmlos gs ulo dg eos prhlnhpmegs projeg`ms m`jhglmegs dge pemlgm, sgaûl ge hlcor`g dge Vroarm`m dg ems Lmnholgs Wlhdms pmrm ge @gdho M`jhglg (VLW@M) pujehnmdo gsg :6=8. Dg lo o`mrsg `gdhdms, gxhsg ul gegvmdo rhgsao dg dggrhoro dg eos gnoshsg`ms `mrhlos y, por nolshauhglg, dg em jhodhvgrshdmd `mrhlm. Ge h`pmno shno dg ems jmsurms peístnms gl em cmulm gs gvhdglg. Gs crgnuglg glnolr glnolrmr mr mlh`megs, no`o em emss oruams, qug bml qugdmdo qugd mdo glamlnbmd glamlnbmdos os nol rgdgs rgdgs o nugrdms, nugrdms, qugdmldo gsrmlauemd gsrmlauemdos os gl sus gxrg`hdmdg gxrg`hdmdgss y sucrhgldo sucrhgldo cmem dg rhgao rhgao smlauàlgo. Mdg`ís, `unbms gspgnhgs `mrhlms bml hlnorpormdo peístnos gl su oramlhs`o, hlneuygldo ngíngos, mvgs, oruams, pgngs y pemlnol. @unbos `ugrgl por em hlagstþl dg peístno qug egs bm jeoqugmdo ge shsg`m dhagstvo. ^g nmenuem qug `ís dge 36 % dg odms ems gspgnhgs dg mvgs `mrhlms tglgl rmsros dg peístnos gl sus hlgstlos y sg bml glnolrmdo peístnos gl eos gsþ`maos dg nmsh 166 gspgnhgs dg vgrgjrmdos `mrhlos. ^hl g`jmrao, ge h`pmno quà`hno dg eos peístnos gs `glos gvhdglg.

Me qugdmrsg glrgdmdms gl ge maum, oruams lo pugdgl sujhr m rgsphrmr. rgsphrmr. LOMM VHC^N/Cehnir, VHC^N/Cehn ir, NN JX Eos mdhtvos dg eos peístnos Eos peístnos gsíl cor`mdos por poeà`gros, lor`me`glg dgrhvmdos dge pgrþego, m eos qug sg mýmdgl dhvgrsos no`pugsos quà`hnos, qug pugdgl nolstuhr `ís dge 76 % dge pgso dge peístno. Nmdm no`pugso quà`hno qug sg mýmdg tglg su culnhþl; Eos pemstnmlgs propornholml em gxhjhehdmd, durgzm o rhahdgz, dgpgldhgldo dg ems dhcgrgl dhcgrglgs gs mpehnmnholgs dge produno. Eos gsmjhehzmlgs sg mýmdgl pmrm hlbhjhr o rgmrdmr ge `gnmlhs`o dg oxhdmnhþl y dgarmdmnhþl dg eos poeà`gros durmlg su cmjrhnmnhþl. Eos rgmrdmlgs dg eem`m sg mýmdgl m odo tpo dg `mgrhme pmrm gvhmr su m`mjhehdmd. Msà, sh sg produng ul hlngldho, em propmamnhþl dg ems eem`ms gs `ís eglm. Eos eros soemrgs sg mýmdgl pmrm mjsorjgr em euz WS y msà mu`glmr em vhdm ûte dg eos peístnos gxpugsos me soe. Eos mltjmngrhmegs sg mýmdgl pmrm gvhmr qug jmngrhms nrgznml gl ge peístno. Gso gs `uy h`pormlg pmrm ge dgstlmdo m usos meh`gltnhos. Gxhsgl `íspmrm dg >em666 susmlnhms quà`hnms msonhmdms m eos peístnos yy `ís dg 36 nmrmngrhzmdms susmlnhms dg meo rhgsao smeud, shgldo meaulms dgdhcgrglgs geems pgrshsglgs, pgrshsgl gs, jhomnu`uemjegs þxhnms. Gxhsgl nhglos dgno`o gsudhos nhglnos qug dg`ugsrml qug mdhtvos no`ulgs dge peístno, no`o eos jhscgloegs, eos memos, eos rgmrdmlgs dg eem`m y eos `gmegs pgsmdos, sol `uy pgeharosos pmrm em smeud. Eos `hnropeístnos Eos `hnropeístnos sol pgqugýos pgdmzos dg peístno qug `hdgl `glos dg `gdho ngl`gro, no`o ge m`mýo dg ul armlo dg mrroz. Eegaml me `mr por dos vàms dhcgrglgs; dhcgrglgs; Vor ul emdo, prongdgl dg eos `hnropeístnos cmjrhnmdos gspgnànm`glg pmrm sgr usmdos gl mrnueos no`o nos`ètnos, pmsm dg dhglgs, kmjþl dg `mlos y produnos dg eh`phgzm. Nmdm mýo, eos cmjrhnmlgs guropgos utehzml > =:7 olgemdms dg `hnropeístnos. Ems maums rgshdumegs y ems gsnorrglms eos eegvml m ems vàms uvhmegs y dg mquà vml m pmrmr m eos `mrgs. Vor oro emdo, numldo eos peístnos eegaml me `mr, sg vml crma`glmldo gl pgdmzos `unbo `ís pgqugýos por em mnnhþl dg em euz soemr y ge oegmkg. Mdg`ís, eos `hnropeístnos tglgl em nmpmnhdmd dg mrmgr y mnu`uemr ems susmlnhms þxhnms prgsglgs gl ge `gdho `mrhlo, dg `mlgrm qug culnholml no`o ul `gdho dg rmlsporg dg nolm`hlmlgs. Msà, gsos crma`glos dg peístno, nol odms ems

 

susmlnhms quà`hnms msonhmdms m geeos, msà no`o nol odos eos nolm`hlmlgs dge `gdho mrmàdos sojrg geems, sol hlagrhdos por em cmulm `mrhlm, dgsdg eos pgngs `ís pgqugýos bmsm eos `m`àcgros.

Em cugrzm dge maum y ge soe grosholml eos peístnos bmsm nolvgrtreos gl pgqugýms pmrnuems. Nbgmsgpgmig Jmy Vroar Vroarm`/Cehnir m`/Cehnir,, NN JX-LN Em m`glmzm dg em nolm`hlmnhþl quà`hnm Wlm vgz hlagrhdos eos `hnropeístnos, ge mlh`me mnu`uem eos no`pugsos quà`hnos msonhmdos gl sus gkhdos. Gsos no`pugsos quà`hnos lo sg `gmjoehzml, por eo qug sg vml mnu`uemldo gl ge mlh`me m eo emrao dg odm su vhdm. Mdg`ís, sg produng ge gcgno dg em jho`malhnmnhþl; eos lhvgegs dg gsos no`pugsos vml mu`glmldo m `gdhdm qug sg msnhgldg gl em nmdglm rþnm, dg cor`m qug ems prgsms tglgl `glor nolnglrmnhþl nolnglrmnhþl dg susmlnhms þxhnms qug ge prgdmdor. prgdmdor. Dg gsm `mlgrm, eos `myorgs lhvgegs dg nolm`hlmnhþl eos vm`os m glnolrmr gl ems gspgnhgs dg lhvge rþno supgrhor, no`o eos dgelgs. Eos no`pugsos quà`hnos msonhmdos m eos peístnos, no`o eos `glnholmdos mlgrhor`glg, mlgrhor`glg, lo provonml oxhnhdmdgs maudms, o sgm, lo produngl gcgnos mdvgrsos hl`gdhmos. ^hl g`jmrao, sà qug produngl ulm oxhnhdmd nrþlhnm, gs dgnhr, provonml eos gcgnos mdvgrsos no`o rgsuemdo dg pgqugýms doshs dhmrhms dg ulm susmlnhm quà`hnm. Meaulos sol dhsruporgs gldonrhlos; h`hml ge no`porm`hglo dg ems bor`olms g hlneuso nolnglrmnholgs pgqugýàsh`ms pugdgl produnhr `umnholgs armvgs armvgs m lhvge ngeuemr. Meaulms dg ems megrmnholgs qug sg bml rgemnholmdo nol eos mdhtvos þxhnos dge peístno peístno sol dhvgr dhvgrsos sos tpos dg nílng nílngrr, hlcgrteh hlcgrtehdmd, dmd, projeg`ms projeg`ms dg dgsmrroee dgsmrroeeo, o, glc glcgr`g gr`gdmdgs dmdgs lgurodgag lgurodgaglgr lgrmtvms mtvms,, glcgr`gdmdgs nmrdhovmsnuemrgs, nmrdhovmsnuemrgs, ojgshdmd y dhmjggs. Zgpgrnushþl gl em smeud bu`mlm Eos bu`mlos, me gsmr gl em nûsphdg dg em phrí`hdg rþnm, lo gsm`os gx gxglos glos dg pgeharo. Ems vàms dg gxposhnhþl bu`mlm m eos mdhtvos quà`hnos dg eos peístnos sol jíshnm`glg dos; em hlagsm y em hlbmemnhþl. Ge `myor mporg norrgspoldg m em dhgm. Numldo hlagrh`os ul pgsnmdo, gsm`os hlnorpormldo m lugsro oramlhs`o odos eos nolm`hlmlgs qug bm mnu`uemdo m eo emrao dg su vhdm. Gs h`pormlg dgsmnmr qug ge projeg`m lo vhglg por ge peístno qug ge mlh`me glam gl ge rmno amsrohlgstlme, ym qug gsm pmrg lo gs no`gstjeg. Ge projeg`m vhglg dg eos mdhtvos quà`hnos dge peístno, qug sà sg mnu`ueml gl eos gkhdos armsos, no`o ge `ûsnueo, ulm pmrg qug sà gs no`gstjeg. Tm`jhèl bmy qug glgr gl nuglm qug eos meh`glos pugdgl nolm`hlmrsg durml durmlgg em produnnhþl, ge prongsm`hglo hldusrhme (g`pmqugmdo, glemmdo y sgnmdo) y ge me`mnglm`hglo, dgjhdo m em prgsglnhm dg nolm`hlmlgs gl meaulos `mgrhmegs utehzmdos gl ge prongsm`hglo, msà no`o m em rmlscgrglnhm dg nolm`hlml nolm`hlmlgs gs dgsdg eos `mgrhmegs dg glvmsmdo. Em orm vàm dg gxposhnhþl bu`mlm gs m rmvès dge mhrg. Gsos quà`hnos sg bmeeml gl ems pmrnuems dge mhrg qug rgsphrm`os, sojrg odo gl hlgrhorgs (nmsms, onhlms, …),ymym qug dhnbos no`gr m`jhglgs eeglos dg `mgrhmegs peístnos.qug Lor`me`glg, gxposhnhþl gs hlcgrhor m em dg em dhgm, qug soeg`os bmsmgsíl : ia dg meh`glos por dàm, `hglrms em hlbmemnhþlgsm dg pmrnuems m rmvès dg em rgsphrmnhþl sugeg sgr dg :6 `a por dàm. Msà pugs, em nolm`hlmnhþl por peístno supolg ul armvg projeg`m m`jhglme y ulm poglnhme m`glmzm pmrm em smeud bu`mlm, por eo qug sol lgngsmrhms `gdhdms pmrm hlglmr rgdunhr ge uso dg `mgrhme peístno gl em sonhgdmd.

Ems armvgs nolsgnuglnhms dg eos hlngldhos gl em M`mzolhm dg Jrmshe

 

Ems armvgs nolsgnuglnhms dg eos hlngldhos gl em M`mzolhm dg Jrmshe Ge mu`glo dg eos conos dg nmeor gl em M`mzolàm jrmshegým lo tglg prgngdglgs. Eos josqugs mrdmràml dènmdms g hlneuso shaeos gl rgnupgrmrsg rgnupgrmrsg y em mcgnmnhþl dg cmulm gs ul g`m gl ge qug rghlm em hlngrtdu`jrg. Eos hlngldhos gl Jrmshe hlhnhmrol bmng vmrhms sg`mlms, shl qug bmym shdo poshjeg eoarmr su nolroe Wlm dglsm nmpm dg nolm`hlmnhþl bm mno`pmýmdo durmlg vmrhos dàms m nhudmdgs no`o ^mo Vmueo, @mlmos y Nuhmjí. Gso sg dgjg, m pgsmr dg eo egkmlo, me arml lû`gro dg hlngldhos qug sg gsíl rgahsrmldo prhlnhpme`glg gl ems sgevms dge sur dg em M`mzolàm jrmshegým. Ge Hlstuo Lmnholme dg Hlvgstamnhþl Gspmnhme (HLVG) rgvgeþ qug gsg mýo bm shdo ge qug `ís conos dg hlngldhos bm prgsglmdo, prgsglmd o, dgsdg qug sg g`pgzmrol m bmngr ems `gdhnholgs gl ge :6=:. Em gltdmd bm dggnmdo 14 =77 cugaos glrg ge = dg glgro y ge :6 dg maoso dg :6=8, eo qug rgprgsglm ul hlnrg`glo dge 27% no`pmrmdo nol ge `hs`o pgrhodo dge mýo mlgrhor. mlgrhor. Eos gsmdos `ís mcgnmdos por gsg cglþ`glo sol @mo Arosso nol =4 666 hlngldhos, Vmrí nol 82=2, M`mzolms nol 1=76, Tonmltls nol 7113 y Zoldolhm nol 7364. Gxpgros nolsuemdos por @olamjmy Emm` msgaurml qug eo qug gsí onurrhgldo gl Jrmshe gs `uy armvg y supgrm odos eos prolþstnos, sojrg odo, gl ul mýo qug lo gs pmrtnuemr`glg mphno gl èr`hlos dg gvglos neh`ítnos gxrg`os no`o sgquàms. ―Ge cþscoro qug prgldhþ gso cug ul noegntvo bu`mlo qug quhso mprovgnbmr em M`mzolàm m numequhgr noso y sg egs smehþ dg ems `mlos no`o lulnm mlgs‐, mlgs‐, dhng Doeors Mr`glgrms, jhþeoam noeo`jhmlm y procgsorm dg em Wlhvgrshdmd Lmnholme dg Noeo`jhm qug eegvm vmrhos mýos rmjmkmldo nol conos dg nmeor g hlngldhos gl ge jho`m m`mzþlhno. m`m zþlhno. Gcgnos dgvmsmdorgs Eos gcgnos uvhgrol qug sgltrsg y vhvhrsg gl ems nhudmdgs pmrm qug ge `uldo sg pgrnmmrm pgrnmmrm dg em armvgdmd dg eo qug onurràm gl em M`mzolàm, nolshdgrmdm ge pue`þl dge `uldo y ulm dg ems zolms `ís jhodhvgrsms dge pemlgm. Em lujg dg nolm`hlmnhþl qug bmng ulos dàms nujrhþ ge nhgeo dg nhudmdgs no`o ^mo Vmueo cug ge arml dgolmlg. ]uè pmsm nol ems nhcrms dg dgcorgsmnhþl gl Jrmshe Jrmshe rgnbmzþ myudm dge A1 pmrm nolroemr eos hlngldhos dge M`mzolms Eos vhglos rmkgrol ge `mgrhme pmrtnuemdo dgsdg em sgevm m`mzþlhnm. Cosgr Jrowl, agoquà`hno m`jhglme dge Qoods Boeg Zgsgmrnb Nglgr `mlhcgsþ su prgonupmnhþl por eos mesh`os lhvgegs dg V@ :.7, ge `mgrhme pmrtnuemdo `ís pgqugýo qug pugdg aglgrmr armvgs projeg`ms dg smeud me hlsmemrsg gl ems vàms rgsphrmorhms. ^gaûl `osrþ, nol dmos dg VurpegMhr —ulm pemmcor`m dg `olhorgo dg `mgrhme pmrtnuemdo— gl em rhpeg crolgrm Vgrû-Jrmshe-Joehvhm gl ge gsmdo jrmshegýo dg Mnrg, ge =3 dg maoso em nolnglrmnhþl dg V@ :.7 supgrþ eos 366 `hnroarm`os por `gro nûjhno (·a/`¾) y ge =8 dg maoso rozþ eos 766, numldo ge `íxh`o rgno`gldmdo por em Maglnhm dg Vrognnhþl M`jhglme dg Gsmdos Wlhdos gs :7 ·a/`¾. ·a/ `¾. ―Tglg`os ul meo rgahsro dg conos dg cugaos y gsí o`mldo ulm gxglsm írgm dg em M`mzolàm. X lo sþeo mbà shlo m`jhèl sojrg ge jho`m Ngrrmdo y Vmlmlme‐, `mlhgsm Nmreos Durhaml, dhrgnor dg QN^ Jrmshe. Dg mnugrdo nol èe, gso gs `uy armvg porqug mpglms hlhnhþ em gsmnhþl sgnm, qug pugdg hr bmsm hlhnhos dg Lovhg`jrg. Mdg`ís, Maoso y ^gptg`jrg sol eos `gsgs `ís nràtnos. Durhaml msgaurm qug eo qug onurrg lo gs soeo nolsgnuglnhm dge nmeor. ―Tm`jhèl sg dgjg m ul dgjhehm`hglo dg ems poeàtnms m`jhglmegs y em nrhshs dg ems maglnhms dg `olhorgo dge aojhgrlo. Gs ul pgràodo `uy duro por ge qug gsm`os pmsmldo‐, rgsmem. Gl gso nohlnhdg m`jhèl Ehehmlm Dívmeos, jhþeoam g hlvgstamdorm dg em Wlhvgrshdmd ^oly Jrooi dg Lugvm Xori. ―Lo sg nu`pegl ems lor`ms m`jhglmegs, gl meaulos nmsos bmsm sg bml dgroamdo, dgroamdo, mdg`ís qug mjhgrm`glg sg bml sgýmemdo pmums rgaholmegs y lmnholmegs pmrm jglgnhmr em gspgnuemnhþl dg tgrrms, em amlmdgràm y em marhnueurm hldusrhme. Eos nm`jhos dg poeàtnm rgprgsglml ulm oporulhdmd pmrm rmlscor`mr em sgevm‐. Dívmeos m`jhèl rgnolong qug gsg cglþ`glo onurrg nmdm mýo durmlg em èponm sgnm g hl`gdhmm`glg hl`gdhmm`glg dgspuès sg mu`glm em crgnuglnhm dg hlngldhos. ^hl g`jmrao, msgaurm qug gsg mýo bml mmu`glmdo u`glmdo dgspropornholmdm`glg, dgspropornholmdm`glg, me ordgl dg `ís dge 36%. Hlngldhos gl em M`mzolàm dg Jrmshe. Àldhngs dg `mgrhme pmrtnuemdo V@ :.7 gl ulo dg eos pulos dg `olhorgo pmrm ge gsmdo dg Mnrg, Jrmshe. Coo; Vurpegmhr.no` Àldhngs dg `mgrhme pmrtnuemdo V@ :.7 gl ulo dg eos pulos dg `olhorgo pmrm ge gsmdo dg Mnrg, Jrmshe. Coo; Vurpegmhr Vurpegmhr.no` .no` Doeors Mr`glgrms Mr`glgrms gkg`pehnm em armvgdmd dg em shumnhþl. ―Bm bmjhdo ngrnm dg =6 666 conos mntvos gl em ûet`m sg`mlm. Wlm mproxh`mnhþl `uy aglgrme aglgrme `osrmràm qug ul cono dg nmeor mntvo podràm msonhmrsg m ulm mcgnmnhþl dg =66 bgnírgms (= `heeþl gl gsm sg`mlm). Gsmràm`os bmjemldo dg ngrnm dg 1.7 `heeolgs dg bgnírgms poglnhme`glg mcgnmdms gl eo qug vm dge mýo gl Jrmshe. Gso gsí cugrm dg eos nolroegs qug sg bmjàml eoarmdo gl ge pmàs pmrm rgdunhr em dgcorgs dgcorgsmnhþl mnhþl y eos cugaos msonhmdos. Gs `uy armvg‐. armvg‐. Tm`jhèl bmjràm qug gspgrmr ul jugl tg`po pmrm glgr nhcrms onhmegs sojrg ems írgms qug`mdms.

 

^u`mdo m gso, ems g`hsholgs dg NO: dgspuès dge =6 dg Maoso mu`glmrol gxpolglnhme`glg, ―dg `mlgrm gxmagrmdm‐, `mlhgsm Mr`glgrms y dg mbà em arml nolm`hlmnhþl dge mhrg qug sg bm bgnbo gvhdglg gl zolms rurmegs y armldgs nhudmdgs dg Jrmshe. Jhodhvgrshdmd gl `íxh`m megrm Nmreos Durhaml, dg QN^ Jrmshe, mr`m qug bmy ulm msonhmnhþl nrh`hlme qug prgldg cugao pmrm nrgmr glor`gs írgms dg gxpmlshþl pmrm em marhnueurm y em amlmdgràm m arml gsnmem, prhlnhpme`glg gl ge sur dg em M`mzolàm, doldg gsí ge arml mrno dg dgcorgsmnhþl dgcorgs mnhþl jrmshegýo y doldg bmy írgms lmurmegs progahdms y grrhorhos hldàaglms qug sg gsíl vhgldo mcgnmdos. Em jhodhvgrshdmd gl aglgrme gs ulm dg ems armldgs vànt`ms. ―^mjg`os qug ge nm`jho dg uso dg em tgrrm gs ulm dg ems nmusms dg pèrdhdm dg jhodhvgrshdmd y gsg `heeþl dg gspgnhgs gl pgeharo dg ems qug bmjemjm ge ûet`o hlcor`g dg HVJG^ gsíl gl `myor rhgsao nol gvglos no`o gsg‐, dhng Doeors Mr`glgrms. Meaulms gspgnhgs nol jmkm `ovhehdmd no`o hlsgnos o vgrgjrmdos no`o oruams, emamros y mljhos projmjeg`glg lo gsnmpmríl dge cugao. Mr`glgrms no`glm qug odmvàm lo sg bml dh`glsholmdo jhgl ems nolsgnuglnhms gl cmulm y gl èr`hlos dg vgagmnhþl sg gsíl pgrdhgldo josqugs mltquàsh`os, eo qug aglgrm `ís g`hshþl dg nmrjolo g h`poshjhehdmd dg nmpurmreo lugvm`glg. Eg suagrh`os; Vgrû dgnrgm megrm por hlngldhos gl M`mzolhm jrmshegým Ge glor`g projeg`m, pmrm em nhglnm, gs qug `unbos dg eos josqugs m`mzþlhnos lo sg rgnupgrmríl mulqug lo qugdgl nmenhlmdos por no`pego. ―Eos gsudhos nhglnos odmvàm lo los dhngl nuílos mýos mrdmríl gl rgnupgrmrsg pgro sol dènmdms, hlneuso shaeos, pmrm qug rgnupgrgl meao dg eo qug cugrol. Mûl msà, lo voevgríl m sgr haumegs‐ haumegs‐,, dhng. Em `hnrojhom, eos `hnrooramlhs`os dge sugeo m`jhèl sg phgrdgl y gs ul g`m gl ge qug, sgaûl hldhnm Mr`glgrms, odmvàm cmem `unbo gsudho. Hlngldhos gl em M`mzolàm dg Jrmshe. Eos vhglos bml eegvmdo ems nglhzms m nhudmdgs jrmshegýms megkmdms dg em M`mzolàm Eos vhglos bml eegvmdo ems nglhzms m nhudmdgs jrmshegýms megkmdms dg em M`mzolàm Ge mu`glo dg em dgcorgsmnhþl y dge lû`gro dg hlngldhos gs meao qug lo dgjg vgrsg dg `mlgrm mhsemdm crglg m eo qug pugdm onurrhr gl ul cuuro gl em M`mzolàm. Ehehmlm Dívmeos no`glm qug nmdm rmnbm dg hlngldhos sgnm y gxpolg `ís ge sugeo y lugvos jeoqugs dg sgevm qugdml dgsprogahdos. Gso nolrhjuyg m qug rgsueg `ís cínhe sgauhr u`jmldo josqug. ―Bmy gsudhos qug dg`ugsrml qug em M`mzolàm gsí glrmldo gl ul lugvo rèah`gl dg `unbm `myor sgquàm y rgquhrhgldo `ís tg`po pmrm rgaglgrmnhþl lmurme‐, mýmdg. Eos gxpgros msgaurml qug eo qug onurrg boy gl Jrmshe lo dgjg sujgst`mrsg. Eos gcgnos, gl nmso qug em dgcorgsmnhþl y eos hlngldhos noltlûgl lo soeo gl Jrmshe shlo gl odos eos pmàsgs m`mzþlhnos, sgràml dgvmsmdorgs. Dívmeos `glnholm, glrg oros, em dhs`hlunhþl dg nmudmegs gl ems nuglnms nol gcgnos sojrg em pgsnm y em `hs`m marhnueurm9 proculdhzmnhþl dg em nrhshs dg m`glmzm m gspgnhgs, hlneuygldo dgsdg jro`gehms y bolaos, bmsm armldgs cgehlos y dmlms y9 proculdhzmnhþl dge nm`jho neh`ítno rgaholme y aeojme. ―Gl gsg `o`glo gs hldhspglsmjeg nrgngr em M`mzolàm, rgsmurmr rgsmurmr josqugs y sgevms pmrm smnmr NO: dg em m`þscgrm. Me qug`mr y u`jmr gsm`os ygldo bmnhm ul cuuro ngrnmlo dg `glor produntvhdmd marànoem, `glos sgaurhdmd meh`glmrhm y `ís hlgsmjhehdmd sonhme y gnolþ`hnm‐ gnolþ`hnm‐,, dhng. Orms oramlhzmnholgs oramlhzmnholgs no`o QQC m`jhèl `mlhcgsmrol `mlhcgsmrol su prgonupmnhþl por eos hlngldhos gl em M`mzolàm. Zhnmrdo Jossbmrd, dhrgnor gl Nbheg, msgaurþ qug gso lo gs soeo ulm rmagdhm pmrm eos pmàsgs m`mzþlhnos, shlo pmrm ge `uldo glgro y qug, no`o pmàs mlrhþl dg em prþxh`m NOV:7 dg nm`jho neh`ítno, gspgrm qug Nbheg pugdm ―noeonmr cugrg`glg gl em magldm em uraglnhm dg o`mr `gdhdms pmrm rojusgngr ems poeàtnms nolrm em dgcorgsmnhþl, msà no`o pemlgs pmrm rgcorgsmr y rgsmurmr josqug lmtvo, g`ms^hevm, nemvggx`hlhsrm pmrm em prgvglnhþl dg hlngldhos y `htamnhþl g`hsholgs‐. g`hsholgs‐ . Chlme`glg, @mrhlm dg M`jhglg dg Jrmshe corgsmegs y quhgl pmrtnhpþ gl uldg gvglo rgmehzmdo gsg :: dg maoso por ge Nglro OD^ pmrm M`èrhnm Emtlm y ge Nmrhjg gl Joaoí, gxprgsþ qug em nrhshs m`jhglme sg rgemnholm nol em nrhshs ètnm y poeàtnm. ―Gs hllgaonhmjeg qug lo sg prgsgrvg ge `gdho m`jhglg lh progkm`os m ems pojemnholgs hldàaglms. Zgrongdgr gs mûl `ís pgeharoso qug lo mvmlzmr, gsm`os voevhgldo m no`hglzos dge shaeo RR numldo lo nolonàm`os lmdm. Eos prhlnhphos y vmeorgs dgjgl sgr nemros pmrm qug ems poeàtnms sgml durmdgrms‐, durmdgrms‐, dhko. ^u nolneushþl gs qug em M`mzolhm sg gsí dgsruygldo jmko ul shsg`m rgroarmdo qug lhgam ge `gdho m`jhglg. ―Tglg`os qug `ovhehzmrlos por em M`mzolàm. Lo sg pugdg smnrhnmr eos rgnursos dg `hegs dg mýos por ge eunro dg ulms ponms dènmdms. Gs lgngsmrho pglsmr gl ul lugvo `odgeo‐.

bps;//www.mjn.gs/sonhgdmd/mjnh-hlng bps;//www .mjn.gs/sonhgdmd/mjnh-hlngldhos-m`mzolhm-mcg ldhos-m`mzolhm-mcgnml-mulqug-vhvm-or nml-mulqug-vhvm-orm-pulm-pemlg m-pulm-pemlgm-:6=862:7=368_lotnhm.b`e m-:6=862:7=368_lotnhm.b`e bps;//www.nemrhl.no`/sonhgdmd/pugdg bps;//www .nemrhl.no`/sonhgdmd/pugdgl-nolsgnuglnhms-nor l-nolsgnuglnhms-noro-`gdhmlo-pemzo-hlng o-`gdhmlo-pemzo-hlngldho-m`mzolms_6_cohNmm ldho-m`mzolms_6_cohNmmvEa.b`e vEa.b`e

bps;//www.onu.ora/shg_h`mags/>6_nbms_meh`glmnhol/VDC/>nol bps;//www.onu.ora/shg_h`mags/>6_nbms_meh` glmnhol/VDC/>nolquh`hnm.pdc  quh`hnm.pdc