Que Es La Contaminacion Ambiental

 

QWG GZ NA JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN Zg lgfhikfa jhftaikfajkúf aidkgftan a na prgsgfjka gf gn aidkgftg lg juanqukgr  acgftg (eéskjh, quéikjh h dkhnúckjh) h dkgf lg ufa jhidkfajkúf lg varkhs acgftgs gf nucargs, ehrias y jhfjgftrajkhfgs tangs qug sgaf h puglaf sgr fhjkvhs para na sanul, na sgcurklal h para gn dkgfgstar lg na phdnajkúf, h dkgf, qug puglaf sgr  pgrou pg roulk lkjk jkan angs gs pa para ra na vk vkla la vg vgcg cgta tann h af afki kian an,, h kip kipkl klaf af gn us ush h fh fhri rian an lg na nass prhpkg prh pkglal lalgs gs y nuc nucarg argss lg rgj rgjrga rgajkú jkúf f y chj chjg g lg nhs iks iksihs ihs.. Na jhf jhftai taikfa kfajkú jkúf f aidkgf aid kgftan tan gs tai taidkë dkëf f na kfj kfjhrp hrphra hrajkú jkúf f a nhs jug jugrph rphss rgj rgjgpt gpthrg hrgss lg sus sustaf tafjka jkass súnknkla lass, nknkq qukl kla as h ca cassgh ghsa sass, h ig igzj zjna nass lg gnnnna as, sk skg gip iprg rg qug antntg grg rgf f lgseavhradngigftg nas jhflkjkhfgs faturangs lgn iksih, h qug puglaf aegjtar na sanul, na mkckgfg h gn dkgfgstar lgn pÿdnkjh.  A iglkla qug auigfta gn phlgr lgn mhidrg shdrg na faturangza y apargjgf fugvas fgjgsklalgs jhih jhfsgjugfjka lg na vkla gf shjkglal, gn iglkh aidkgftg qug nh rhlga sg lgtgrkhra jala vgz iás. Gn jhiphrtaikgfth shjkan lgn mhidrg, qug nh jhfluoh a jhiufkjarsg phr iglkh lgn ngfcuaog, qug phstgrkhrigftg ehriú na juntura muiafa, ng pgriktkú lkegrgfjkarsg lg nhs lgiás sgrgs vkvhs. Pgrh ikgftras gnnhs sg alaptaf an iglkh aidkgftg para shdrgvkvkr, gn mhidrg alapta y ihlkekja gsg iksih iglkh sgcÿf sus fgjgsklalgs. Gn prhcrgsh tgjfhnúckjh, phr ufa partg y gn ajgngralh jrgjkikgfth lgihcráekjh, phr na htra, prhlujgf na antgrajkúf lgn iglkh, nngcaflh gf ancufhs jashs a atgftar jhftra gn gquknkdrkh dkhnúckjh lg na \kgrra. Fh gs qug gxksta ufa kfjhipatkdknklal adshnuta gftrg gn lgsarrhnnh tgjfhnúckjh, gn avafjg lg na jkvknkzajkúf y gn iaftgfkikgfth lgn gquknkdrkh gjhn gj hnúc úckj kjh, h, pg pgrh rh gs ki kiph phrt rtaf aftg tg qu qug g gn mh mhid idrg rg sg sgpa pa ar arih ihfk fkza zarnh rnhs. s. Pa Para ra gn gnnh nh gs fgjg fg jgsa sarkh rkh qu qug g pr prht htgo goa a nh nhss rg rgju jurs rshs hs rg rgfh fhva vadn dngs gs y fh rg rgfh fhva vadn dngs gs y qu qug g th thig ig jhfjkgfjka lg qug gn safgaikgfth lgn aidkgftg gs euflaigftan para na vkla shdrg gn pnafgta Na jhfta jhftaikfaj ikfajkúf kúf  gs ufh lg nhs prhdngias aidkgftangs iás kiphrtaftgs qug aegj ae gjta taf f a fu fugs gstr trh h iu iufl flh h y su surc rcg g ju juaf aflh lh sg pr prhl hluj ujg g uf lg lgsg sgqu quknk knkdr drkh kh,, jh jhih ih rgsuntalh lg na alkjkúf lg juanqukgr sustafjka an iglkh aidkgftg, gf jaftklal tan, qug jausg gegjths alvgrshs gf gn mhidrg, gf nhs afkiangs, vgcgtangs h iatgrkangs gxpu gx pugs gsth thss a lh lhsk skss qu qug g sh shdr drgp gpas asgf gf nh nhss fk fkvg vgng ngss aj ajgp gpta tadn dngs gs gf na fa fatu tura rang ngza za.. Na jhftaikfajkúf puglg surckr a partkr lg jkgrtas iafkegstajkhfgs lg na faturangza (eugftgs faturangs) h dkgf lgdklh a nhs lkegrgftgs prhjgshs prhlujtkvhs lgn mhidrg (eugftgs aftrhphcëfkjas) qu qug g jh jhfe fehr hria iaf f na nass aj ajtktkvk vkla lalg lgss lg na vk vkla la lk lkar arka ka.. Nas eugftgs qug cgfgraf jhftaikfajkúf lg hrkcgf aftrhphcëfkjh iás kiphrtaftgs shf? kflustrkangs (erkchréekjhs, iatalgrhs y jurtkgidrgs, ajtkvklal ikfgra y pgtrhngra),

 

jhigrj grjkan kangs gs (gf (gfvh vhntu nturas ras y gip gipaqu aqugs) gs),, acr acréjh éjhnas nas (ac (acrhq rhquéi uéikjh kjhs), s), lhi lhikjk kjknka nkarka rkass jhi (gfvasgs, pañangs, rgsths lg oarlkfgréa) y eugftgs iúvkngs (casgs lg jhidustkúf lg vgméjunhs). Jhih eugftg lg gikskúf sg gftkgflg gn hrkcgf eéskjh h cghcráekjh lhflg sg prhlujg ufa nkdgrajkúf jhftaikfaftg an aidkgftg, ya sga an akrg, an acua h an sugnh. \ralkjkhfanigftg gn iglkh aidkgftg sg ma lkvklklh, para su gstulkh y su kftgrprgtajkúf, gf gshs trgs jhiphfgftgs qug shf? akrg, acua y sugnh2 skf gidarch, gsta gs ta lk lkvk vksk skúf úf gs ig igra raig igft ftg g tg tgúr úrkj kja, a, ya qu qug g na ia iayh yhré réa a lg nh nhss jh jhft ftai aikf kfaf aftg tgss kftgrajtÿaf jhf iás lg ufh lg nhs gngigfths lgn aidkgftg. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  1=4 Jhigftarkhs

\KPHZ LG JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN Jhftaikfajkúf lgn acua? gs na kfjhrphrajkúf an acua lg iatgrkas gxtrañas, jhih

ikjrhhrcafksihs, prhlujths quéikjhs, rgskluhs kflustrkangs, y lg htrhs tkphs h acuas ikjrhhrcafksihs, rgskluangs. Gstas iatgrkas lgtgrkhraf na janklal lgn acua y na majgf kfÿtkn para nhs prgtgflklhs. Jhftaikfajkúf lgn sugnh? gs na kfjhrphrajkúf an sugnh lg iatgrkas gxtrañas, jhih

dasura dasu ra,, lg lgsg sgjm jmhs hs tú túxk xkjh jhs, s, pr prhl hluj ujth thss qu quéi éikjh kjhs, s, y lg lgsg sgjm jmhs hs kf kflu lust strk rkang angs. s. Na jhftaikfajkúf lgn sugnh prhlujg uf lgsgquknkdrkh eéskjh, quéikjh y dkhnúckjh qug aegjta fgcatkvaigftg nas pnaftas, afkiangs y muiafhs. Jhftaikfajkúf lgn akrg? gs na alkjkúf lañkfa a na atiúsegra lg casgs túxkjhs, JH, u

htrhss qu htrh qug g ae aegj gjta taf f gn fh fhri ria an lg lgsa sarr rrhn hnnh nh lg pn pnaf afta tas, s, af afki kian angs gs y qu qug g ae aegj gjta taf f fgcatkvaigftg na sanul lg nhs muiafhs. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  17= Jhigftarkhs

JAWZAZ LG NA JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN • lgsgjmhs súnklhs lhiëstkjhs • lgsgjmhs súnklhs kflustrkangs • gxjgsh lg egrtknkzaftg y prhlujths quéikjhs • tana • qugia • dasura • gn ihfúxklh lg jardhfh lg nhs vgméjunhs • lgsacþgs lg acuas fgcras h jhftaikfalas jhftaikfalas an iar h réhs

Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  :45 Jhigftarkhs

 

JHF\AIKFAJKHF KHF AIDKGF\AN ZGCWF GN JHF\AIKFAF\G JHF\AIKFAJ Jhftaikfajkúf quéikja? rgekgrg a juanqukgra lg nas jhigftalas gf nhs apartalhs

aftgrkhrgs, gf nas qug uf lgtgrikfalh jhipugsth quéikjh sg kftrhlujg gf gn iglkh. Jhftaikfajkúf ralkajtkva?  gs aq aqugn ugnna na lgr lgrkva kvala la lg na lks lkspg pgrsk rskúf úf lg iat iatgrk grkang angss ralkaj ral kajtkv tkvhs, hs, jhi jhih h gn ura urafkh fkh gfr gfrkqu kqugjk gjklh, lh, usa usalh lhss gf kfs kfsta tanaj najkhf khfgs gs iël iëlkja kjass h lg kfvgstkcajkúf, rgajthrgs fujngargs lg jgftrangs gfgrcëtkjas, iufkjkúf dnkflala jhf igtan angalh jhf urafkh, sudiarkfhs, satënktgs artkekjkangs, gtj., y qug sg prhlujg phr  uf ajjklgftg (jhih gn ajjklgftg lg Jmgrfúdkn), phr gn ush ú phr na lksphskjkúf ekfan lgnkdgrala lg nhs rgskluhs ralkajtkvhs. Jhftaikfajkúf tërikja? rgekgrg a na gikskúf lg enuklhs a gngvala tgipgratura2 sg puglg prhlujkr gf jurshs lg acua. Gn kfjrgigfth lg na tgipgratura lgn iglkh lksikfuyg na shnudknklal lgn hxécgfh gf gn acua. Jhftaikfajkúf ajÿstkja? gs na jhftaikfajkúf lgdkla an ruklh prhvhjalh phr nas ajtkvklalgs kflustrkangs, shjkangs y lgn trafsphrtg, qug puglg prhvhjar iangstar, krrktadknklal, kfshifkh, shrlgra parjkan, gtj. Jhftaikfajkúf gngjtrhiacfëtkja? gs na prhlujkla phr nas ralkajkhfgs lgn gspgjtrh gngjtrhiacfëtkjh qug prhlujgf nhs gqukphs gngjtrúfkjhs y aegjtaf a nhs sgrgs vkvhs. Jhftaikfajkúf nuiéfkja? rgekgrg an drknnh h rgspnaflhr lg nuz gf gn jkgnh fhjturfh prhlujklh phr na rgengxkúf y na lkeuskúf lg na nuz artkekjkan gf nhs casgs y gf nas partéjunas lgn akrg phr gn ush lg nuikfarkas ú gxjgshs lg knuikfajkúf, asé jhih na kftruskúf lg nuz h lg lgtgrikfalas nhfcktulgs lg hfla lgn gspgjtrh gf nucargs fh lgsgalhs. Jhftaikfaj Jhfta ikfajkúf kúf vksua vksuan? n?  sg prhl prhlujg ujg cgfg cgfgranig ranigftg ftg phr kfsta kfstanajkh najkhfgs fgs kflu kflustrkan strkangs, gs, glkekjkhs g kferagstrujturas qug lgtgrkhraf na gstëtkja lgn iglkh. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  :1 Jhigftarkhs

PTGUGFJKHF PTGUGFJKH F LG NA JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN • Fh qugiar fk tanar pnaftas • Jhftrhnar gn ush lg egrtknkzaftgs y pgstkjklas • Fh dhtar dasura gf nucargs kfaprhpkalhs • Tgcunar gn sgrvkjkh lg asgh urdafh • Jrgar jhfjkgfjka jkulalafa • Jrgar véas lg lgsacþgs para nas kflustrkas qug fh nngcugf a nhs iargs fk réhs utknkzalhs para gn sgrvkjkh h jhfsuih lgn mhidrg fk afkiangs • Jhftrhnar nhs lgrraiaikgfths ajjklgftangs lg pgtrúngh • Jhftrhnar nhs rgnavgs ikfgrhs

 

Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  407 Jhigftarkhs

GEGJ\HZ LG NA JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN Gxpgrths gf sanul aidkgftan y jarlkúnhchs lg na Wfkvgrsklal lg Jankehrfka lgn Zur  (GG.WW), ajadaf lg lgihstrar phr prkigra vgz nh qug masta amhra gra apgfas ufa craflg flgs s jku jkulal lalgs gs aeg aegjta jta na san sanul  ul  shspg sh spgjma jma?? na jhf jhftai taikfa kfajkú jkúf f aid aidkgf kgftan tan lg nas cra jarlkhvasjunar . Zg jhiprhdú qug gxkstg ufa rgnajkúf lkrgjta gftrg gn auigfth lg nas partéjunas jhftaikfaftgs lgn akrg lg na jkulal y gn gfcrhsaikgfth lg na pargl kftgrfa lg nas artgrkas (na "éftkia iglka"), qug gs uf kflkjalhr jhiprhdalh lg atgrhsjngrhsks. Gn gegjth pgrskstgftg lg na jhftaikfajkúf lgn akrg rgspkralh, gf uf prhjgsh skngfjkhsh lg añhs, jhflujg ekfanigftg an lgsarrhnnh lg aegjjkhfgs jarlkhvasjunargs aculas, jhih gn kfearth. An kfspkrar partéjunas aidkgftangs jhf uf lkáigtrh igfhr lg 4,7 ikjrúigtrhs, kfcrgsaf gf nas véas rgspkrathrkas iás pgqugñas y nugch krrktaf nas pargl pa rglgs gs art artgrk grkang angs. s. Nhs kfv kfvgst gstkca kcalhr lhrgs gs ma mannar nnarhf hf qug ph phrr jal jala a au auigf igfth th lg 10 ikjrhcraihs phr igtrh jÿdkjh lg gsas partéjunas, na antgrajkúf lg na pargl éftkia iglka lg nas artgrkas auigfta uf 7,; %. Gn muih lgn tadajh y gn qug gf cgfgran prhvkgfg lgn skstgia lg gsjapg lg nhs auths prhlujgf na iksia jaftklal lg gsas partéj pa rtéjuna unas. s. Fhr Fhria iass gst gstrkj rkjtas tas lg akr akrg g nki nkipkh pkh jh jhftr ftrkdu kdukré kréaf af a ufa ig igohr ohr sa sanul nul jhf gegjths gf craf gsjana. Htrh lg nhs gegjths gs gn lgdknktaikgfth lg na japa lg hzhfh,  qug prhtgcg a nhs sgrgs vkvhs lg na ralkajkúf untravkhngta lgn Zhn, lgdklh a na lgstrujjkúf lgn hzhfh gstrathseërkjh phr Jn y Dr prhjglgftgs lg na jhftaikfajkúf2 h gn jangftaikgfth cnhdan prhvhjalh phr gn auigfth lg na jhfjgftrajkúf lg JH4 atihseërkjh qug ajhipaña a na jhidustkúf iaskva lg iatgrkangs eúskngs. Nastkihsaigftg nhs giprgsarkhs y sus chdkgrfhs fh sg jhfsklgraf partg lg na faturangza fk lgn aidkgftg qug ng rhlgaf, fk thiaf fkfcufa jhfjkgfjka lg nhs lañhs qug majgf an pnafgta, g kflkrgjtaigftg a sé iksia, an iksih rktih jhf qug nhs prhlujg2 sanvh gn rgtkrar sus jhftaikfaftgs lg sus rgckhfgs. Lgtgrkhra jala vgz iás a fugstrh pnafgta Atgfta jhftra na vkla lg pnaftas, afkiangs y pgrshfas Cgfgra lañhs eéskjhs gf nhs kflkvkluhs Jhfvkgrtg gf uf gngigfth fh jhfsuikdng an acua Gf nhs sugnhs jhftaikfalhs fh gs phskdng na skgidra Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  1:= Jhigftarkhs

 

GEGJ\HZ LG NA TALKAJ\KUKLAL Nhs gegjths lg na ralkajtkvklal gf nhs sgrgs vkvhs shf lañkfhs para su kftgcrklal eéskja eés kja.. Pug Puglgf lgf sgr kfi kfigl glkat kaths hs h tar tarléh léhs, s, sgc sgcÿf ÿf na lhs lhsks. ks. Jua Juaflh flh gn hrc hrcaf afksi ksih h muiaf mu iafh h rgj rgjkdg kdg lg ch chnpg npg ant antas as lh lhsks sks lg ral ralkaj kajkúf kúf,, pug puglg lg shd shdrgv rgvgf gfkr kr na iug iugrtg rtg.. Jaftklalgs antas rgjkdklas gf erajjkhfgs pgqugñas y gspajkalas prhlujgf gegjths tarléhs, jhih na ngujgika, jáfjgrgs, jataratas y htrhs prhjgshs lgcgfgratkvhs . Lhsk Lh skss da daoa oass y gs gspa pajk jkal alas as gf gn tktkgi giph ph pu pugl glgf gf pr prhl hluj ujkr kr ge gegj gjth thss ta tarl rléh éhss h afhrianklalgs gf nas prúxkias cgfgrajkhfgs. Gn ush iknktar y jhigrjkan lg na gfgrcéa fujngar rgprgsgfta uf pgnkcrh kfajgptadng tafth phr sus gikskhfgs rutkfarkas lg ralkajtkvklal y nhs rgskluhs qug cgfgraf, jhih phr gn rkgsch lg ajjklgftg qug su eufjkhfaikgfth suphfg. Gs prgjksh adaflhfar na gfgrcéa fujngar. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  45 Jhigftarkhs

JAIDKHZ JNKIA\KJHZ AIDKGF\AN

PHT

NA

JHF\AIKFAJKHF

Gn jai jaidkh dkh jnk jnkiá iátkj tkjh, h, kfl kflujk ujklh lh phr na aj ajtkv tkvkla klal l lg lgnn sg sgrr mu muiaf iafh, h, sup suphfg hfg qug na tgipgratura iglka lgn pnafgta auigftú 0,5 cralhs gf gn Z.]]. Na tgipgratura iglka lgn pnafgta sudkrá gftrg 1,< y 7,= cralhs gftrg 1;;0 y 4100. Gf gn iksih pgréhlh, gn fkvgn iglkh lgn iar auigftará gftrg 0,0; y 0,== igtrhs. Gn auigfth lgn Z.]] fh sg ma lalh gf fkfcufh lg nhs ÿntkihs lkgz skcnhs. Gn jaidkh jnkiátkjh ajgngrará na aparkjkúf lg gfegriglalgs kfegjjkhsas, jhih nas trhpkjangs, qug gfjhftraráf jhflkjkhfgs prhpkjkas para su gxpafskúf, kfjnush gf

zhfas lgn Fhrtg. Na Hrcafkzajkúf Iuflkan lg na Zanul alvkrtkú qug gs prhdadng qug nhs jaidkhs nhjangs lg tgipgraturas y prgjkpktajkhfgs jrggf jhflkjkhfgs jhflkjkhfgs iás eavhradngs para nhs kfsgjths trafsikshrgs lg gfegriglalgs kfegjjkhsas, jhih na ianarka h gn lgfcug.  Na atiúsegra ajtÿa jhih ufa traipa tërikja t ërikja y gstg gegjth kfvgrfalgrh k fvgrfalgrh auigfta jhf na jhfjgftrajkúf lg casgs jhih gn JH4. Na ajtkvklal muiafa, na lgehrgstajkúf y, shdrg thlh, na qugia lg jhidustkdngs eúskngs kfjrgigftaf na prgsgfjka lg gstg cas gf gn akrg. Na jhfjgftrajkúf atihseërkja lg JH4 sg ma kfjrgigftalh gf uf :1% lgslg 1370.

 

Na judkgrta lg fkgvg y mkgnh ma lksikfuklh gf uf 10% lgslg ekfangs lg nhs 50. Kcuanigftg, sg hdsgrva ufa rglujjkúf lg nhs cnajkargs a nh narch lgn Z.]]. Ma auigftalh na tgipgratura supgrekjkan lgn hjëafh y gn fkvgn lgn iar gftrg 0,1 y 0,4 i. gf gn Z.]] (y qug krá gf auigfth aigfazaflh aigfazaflh lg kfuflar a jkgrths paésgs). \aidkëf sg rgckstraf jaidkhs gf gn rëckigf lg nnuvkas, gf na judkgrta lg fudgs y gf gn patrúf lg hjurrgfjka lg egfúigfhs jhih na jhrrkgftg jánkla lg Gn Fkñh, qug sg ma vugnth iás er erg gju jug gftg tg.. \an aui uig gfth pu pugl glg g jhfl fluj ujkr kr a uf ufa a iayh yhrr kf kfjk jkl lgf gfjjka lg gfegriglalgs trafsiktklas phr gn acua, jhih gn júngra, y lg nas rgnajkhfalas jhf thxkfas, jhih gn gfvgfgfaikgfth phr iarksjhs. Na ÿfkja ehria lg ergfar na ihlkekjajkúf lgn jnkia gs rglujkr lrástkjaigftg nas gikskh gik skhfgs fgs lg ca casg sgss kfv kfvgrf grfalg algrh, rh, jhi jhih h gn JH4 JH4.. Gs fgj fgjgsa gsarkh rkh prg prgskh skhfar far a nhs chdkgrfhs y giprgsas iuflkangs, dáskjaigftg, para qug rgluzjaf nas gikskhfgs lg JH4. Na kfjkfgrajkúf lg nhs rgskluhs  gs ufa eugftg iuy kiphrtaftg lg jhftaikfajkúf

aidkgftan pugs giktg sustafjkas lg gngvala thxkjklal, a na atiúsegra y cgfgra jgfkzas taidkëf túxkjas. An jhftaikfar, pugs, gn akrg qug rgspkraihs, gn acua qug dgdgihs y fugstrhs ankigfths, na kfjkfgrajkúf aegjta cravgigftg a fugstra sanul. Gftrg Gft rg nhs jhi jhipug pugsth sthss tú túxkj xkjhs hs lgs lgstaj tajaf af -pr -prkfj kfjkpa kpanig nigftg ftg-- igt igtang angss pgs pgsal alhs hs y nas lkhxkfas. Gstas ÿntkias shf gxtrgialaigftg túxkjas, pgrskstgftgs y ajuiunatkvas gf thla th la na ja jalg lgfa fa an anki kigf gfta tark rka. a. Zh Zhf f sus susta tafjk fjkas as jaf jafjgr jgréc écgfa gfas s y qug an antg tgraf raf nhs skstgias kfiufktarkh, mhrihfan, rgprhlujthr y fgrvkhsh.  Gf jhfsgjugfjka, nas giprgsas y nas Alikfkstrajkhfgs lgdgf kfvgrtkr sus gseugrzhs gjhfúikjhs y pgrshfangs gf lgsarrhnnar htras antgrfatkvas. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  73 Jhigftarkhs

LGZ\TWJJKHF LGN H_HFH Gn lkúxklh lg jardhfh y gn gegjth kfvgrfalgrh gstáf jangftaflh gn pnafgta. Na lgstrujjkúf lgn hzhfh lgdklh a nas ajtkvklalgs muiafas ma nngcalh ya an pufth gf qug nhs lañkfhs rayhs shnargs, nhs untravkhngtas D, nngcaf, gf craflgs zhfas lg na supgrekjkg tgrrgstrg, a fkvgngs japajgs lg jausar gxtgfshs lañhs a na vkla. Nas lhsks jala vgz iayhrgs lg WU-D aigfazaf na sanul y gn dkgfgstar muiafh, nas jhsgjmas, nhs dhsqugs, dhsqugs, nas pnaftas, na vkla sanvaog y iarkfa. Zg ma prhlujklh ufa gngvajkúf lg na tasa lg jáfjgr lg pkgn. Na gxphskjkúf a na ralkajkúf WU-D rglujg na gegjtkvklal lgn skstgia kfiufhnúckjh. 

 

May qug prhmkdkr na eadrkjajkúf y ush lg thlhs nhs jhipugsths lgstrujthrgs lgn hzhfh. Na eanta lg acua, gegjth lgn jangftaikgfth lgn pnafgta, aigfaza sgrkaigftg nhs iglkhs lg sudskstgfjka lg iás lg 1400 iknnhfgs lg pgrshfas, na juarta partg lg na phdnajkúf iuflkan. A pgsar lg nas jrgjkgftgs prghjupajkhfgs rgspgjth a gsths tgias, nas iglklas lg áidkth kftgrfajkhfan gfjugftraf gsjhnnhs kfsanvadngs para su apnkjajkúf a jausa lgn lgsarrhnnksih kfjhftrhnalh, lgn jhfsuiksih y na ikhpéa lg nhs lkrkcgftgs phnétkjhs, jautkvhs lg nhs kftgrgsgs y na jhlkjka lg nhs jnafgs ekfafjkgrhs. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  :: Jhigftarkhs

JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN KFLWZ\TKAN Na apgrtura lg cangréas ikfgras qug eavhrgjgf nas kfekntrajkhfgs lg san phtasa,  phr  gogipnh, gf gn tgrrgfh2 nhs casgs túxkjhs qug sg lksugnvgf gf gn acua lg nas prgjkp prg jkpkta ktajkh jkhfg fgss y na pht phtgfj gfjkan kan rup ruptur tura a ajj ajjklg klgfta ftann lg nas jaf jafank ankzaj zajkhf khfgs gs lg nas kflustrka kflu strkass lg trafs trafsehri ehriajkúf ajkúf22 nhs vgrtklhs lg acua acuass jhf igtangs pgsalhs, pgsalhs, jali jalikh, kh, pnhih, arsëfkjh y jhipugsths hrcáfkjhs lg séftgsks2 gn aniajgfaikgfth lgekjkgftg lg prhlujths quéikjhs2 nhs casgs lg nhs gsjapgs y ajgktgs gf na jarrgtgra lg nhs trafsphrtgs2 na phnujkúf tërikja phr acua jankgftg lg nas jgftrangs fujngargs2 gn arrhoh lg lgspgrlkjkhs gf gn iar lg nhs duqugs... Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  41 Jhigftarkhs

JHF\AIKFAJKHF AIDKGF\AN WTDAFA Na rgnajkúf lgn mhidrg jhf su aidkgftg sg a vksth aegjtala taidkëf phr gn prhjgsh urdaféstkjh, nh qug ma nngvalh a na lgstrujjkúf lg árgas vgrlgs para lar pash a fugvas jhfstrujjkhfgs madktajkhfangs, madktajkhfangs, lhflg nas árgas rgjrgatkvas shf jala vgs iás gsjasas. Na ikcrajkúf lgn jaiph a na jkulal trag jhfskch kfsuekjkgfjka lg sgrvkjkhs pÿdnkjhs (acua, nuz, trafsphrtg) y daoh fkvgn lg vkla lg uf gngvalh phrjgftaog lg na phdnajkúf urdafa. Na jhftaikfajkúf súfkja gf ancufas jkulalgs gs iuy acula? vgméjunhs, avkhfgs, iaqu ia qukf kfar arka kas. s. gt gtj. j... .. Gn ru rukl klh h pr prhl hluj ujg g ge gegj gjth thss ps pskj kjhn hnúc úckjh kjhss la lañk ñkfh fhss jh jhih ih sh shf f kftgrruipkr gn sugñh (juaflh na kftgfsklal supgra nhs 30 lgjkdgnkhs), lksikfukr gn rgflkikgf rgfl kikgfth th nadh nadhran ran y prhvh prhvhjar jar uf jhfs jhfstaftg taftg gstalh gstalh lg afskglal. afskglal. Zg lkjg qug nas cgfgrajkhfgs oúvgfgs lg mhy sgráf euturhs shrlhs, pugs jala vgz gs iayhr gn ruklh lg nas jkulalgs.

 

Na jhftaikfajkúf lgn acua lgpurala phr jafankzajkhfgs hdshngtas y a na lkshnujkúf lg darrhs lg lgpurajkúf gf gn trataikgfth lgn acua2 na jhftaikfajkúf lg nas acuas lhiëstkjas2 na euca lg iatgrka hrcáfkja egrigftadng lg nas ehsas sëptkjas2 gn vgrtklh lg acuas usalas fh lgpuralas lgn anjaftarknnalh2 nhs vgrtklhs lg acuas lg nas jhnalas (ehseaths)2 gn navalh lg nhs sugnhs urdafhs saturalhs lg jhftaikfaftgs lkvgrshs2 na ekntrajkúf lg prhlujths fhjkvhs lgdkla a lgsjarcas kfjhftrhnalas... Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  45 Jhigftarkhs

TGZKLWHZ FH DKHLGCTALADNG DKHLGCTALADNGZ Z Nhs lgsgjmhs qug gf na ajtuanklal maf jhdralh iás rgngvafjka shf nhs lgrkvalhs lg na Gfgrcéa Atúikja. Nhs lgsgjmhs ralkajtkvhs jhfstktuygf ufa aigfaza para gn mhidrg phrqug fh puglgf sgr gnkikfalhs2 na ÿfkja ehria lg sankr lg gnnhs gs aniajgfáflhnhs gf lgpúskths gspgjkangs, pgrh jhih na vkla ralkajtkva lg gshs lgsgjmhs gs narca jhftkfÿaf skgflh uf pgnkcrh. Gf na ajtuanklal sg pkgfsa gvajuar  gsths prhlujths gf phzhs pgrehralhs gf gn sugnh, lgftrh lg jaoas lg parglgs eugrtgs lg pn pnhi hih, h, lg ih ihlh lh qu qug g pu pugl glaf af sg sgrr kf kfjh jhrp rphr hral alhs hs a nh nhss jk jkjn jnhs hs dk dkhn hnúc úckj kjhs hs..  Ajtuanigftg para na gnkikfajkúf lg dasura sg utknkza? .- Gn rgnngfh safktarkh? gftgrraflh na dasura jhiprkikla gf craflgs lgsfkvgngs. .- Kfjkfgrajkúf? gstg iëthlh gs iuy ÿtkn, puglg cgfgrar gngjtrkjklal y janhr, tkgfg na lgsvgftaoa lg qug prhlujg rgskluhs kfjhidustkdngs y algiás jhftaikfa gn akrg. .- Tgjkjnaog? gs gn iás jhfvgfkgftg, phr gstg iglkh sg rgjupgraf iatgrkangs jhih? gn vklrkh, gn papgn, gn jartúf, na jmatarra y nhs gfvasgs lg igtan. \aidkëf sg puglgf prhluj prh lujkr kr a par partkr tkr lgn rgj rgjkjn kjnaog aog lg na da dasur sura a ank ankigf igfths ths par para a af afkia kiangs ngs y ad adhfh hfhss acréjhnas, utknkzaflh nhs lgsgjmhs lg hrkcgf hrcáfkjh prgvkaigftg gsjhcklhs, jhih? crasa, mugshs, safcrg. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  :4 Jhigftarkhs

GN GQWKNKDTKH GJHNHCKJH Gs gn rgsuntalh lg na kftgrajjkúf lg nhs lkegrgftgs eajthrgs lgn aidkgftg, qug majgf qug gn gjhskstgia sg iaftgfca jhf jkgrth cralh lg gstadknklal lkfáikja. Na rgnajkúf gftrg nhs kflkvkluhs y su iglkh aidkgftg lgtgrikfaf na gxkstgfjka lg uf gquknkdrkh gjhnúckjh kflkspgfsadng para na vkla lg thlas nas gspgjkgs, tafth afkiangs jhih vgcgtangs.

 

Nhss ge gegj gjth thss iá iáss cr crav avgs gs ma maf f sk sklh lh nh nhss hj hjas askh khfa falh lhss a nh nhss rg rgju jurs rshs hs fa fatu tura rang ngss Nh rgfhvadngs? Gn Acua, Gn Zugnh, Na Enhra, Na Eaufa y Gn Akrg. Gn cra craf f lgs lgsarr arrhnn hnnh h tg tgjfh jfhnúc núckjh kjh g kfl kflust ustrka rkann ma shd shdrgp rgpasa asalh lh na ja japaj pajkla klal l lg na faturangza para rgstadngjgr gn gquknkdrkh faturan antgralh y gn mhidrg sg ma vksth jhiprhigtklh. Gn ia iayh yhrr pr prhd hdng ngia ia lg na nass jh jhiu iufk fkla lalg lgss mu muia iafa fass gs mh mhyy gf lé léa a na da dasu sura ra,, jhfsgjugfjka lgn gxjgskvh jhfsuih. Nhs sgrvkjkhs pÿdnkjhs sg thrfaf kfsuekjkgftgs y na jaf jaftkl tklal al lg da dasur sura a jhi jhih h lgs lgsgj gjmh mh lg gs gsa a cra craf f ia iasa sa phd phdnaj najkhf khfan an al alquk qukgrg grg lkigfskhfgs jrétkjas y ma pgrturdalh nhs gjhskstgias. Nhs lgspgrlkjkhs lg nhs ankigfths y iatgrkas hrcáfkjas jhftgfklhs gf na dasura, jhfstktuygf uf prhdngia lg sanul phrqug shf jrkalgrhs lg kfsgjths, rgsphfsadngs lg na trafsikskúf lg gfegriglalgs jhih Castrhgftgrktks, Ekgdrg \kehklga, Panulksih, Gfjgeanktks, gtj...2 atrag nas ratas qug kftgrvkgfgf gf na prhpacajkúf lg na Pgstg Dudúfkja, gn tkeus, Kfthxkjajkhfgs Ankigftkjkas y Htras. Ugr Jhigftarkhs h Kfehriajkúf Alkjkhfan  Alkjkhfan  53 Jhigftarkhs

AJ\KUKLALGZ AIDKGF\AN

GJHFHIKJAZ

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JHF\AIKFAJKHF

Nas ajtkvklalgs gjhfúikjas shf partg gsgfjkan lg na gxkstgfjka lg nas shjkglalgs, gnnas pgriktgf na prhlujjkúf lg rkqugzas, gn tradaoh lg nhs kflkvkluhs y cgfgraf nhs dkgfgs y sgrvkjkhs qug caraftkzaf su dkgfgstar shjkan. Nas ajtkvklalgs gjhfúikjas shf jala léa iás jhipngoas y rgqukgrgf lgn ush y tgjfhnhcéas iás avafzalas, jhf gn hdogth lg iaftgfgr na prhlujtkvklal jhipgtktkva gf uf igrjalh jala vgz iás gxkcgftg. Gf na ajtuanklal, iujmas ajtkvklalgs gjhfúikjas shf eugftg pgriafgftg lg jhftaikfajkúf. Lg gsta ehria sg fhs prgsgfta gn prhdngia lg na fgjgsklal lg iaftgfgr y aipnkar  fugstras ajtkvklalgs gjhfúikjas phr gn skcfkekjalh shjkan qug gnnas tkgfgf gf na cgfgrajkúf lg rkqugzas2 pgrh an iksih tkgiph lgdgihs thiar jhfjkgfjka shdrg na jhftaikfajkúf aidkgftan qug ëstas jausaf, para dusjar shnujkhfgs y iaftgfgr gn gquknkdrkh gjhnúckjh y aidkgftan.

 

Gegjth kfvgrfalgrh Zg lgfhikfa gegjth kfvgrfalgrh an egfúigfh phr gn juan lgtgrikfalhs casgs, casgs, qug shf jhiphfgftgs lg na atiúsegra tgrrgstrg, atiúsegra tgrrgstrg, rgtkgfgf partg lg na gfgrcéa qug na supgrekjkg pnafgtarka giktg pnafgtarka giktg phr madgr sklh gstgnar  r . Aegjt gjta a thlhs nhs jugrph jugrphss pnafg pnafgtarkhs tarkhs rhjhsh rhjhshss lht lhtalhs alhs lg jan jangft gftala ala phr na ralkajkúf ralkajkúf gstgna atiúsegra. Gstg egfúigfh gvkta qug na gfgrcéa rgjkdkla jhfstaftgigftg vugnva kfiglkataigftg an gspajkh gsp ajkh,, prhluj prhlujkgf kgflh lh a gsjana gsjana pnafgt pnafgtark arka a uf gegjth gegjth skiknar skiknar an hdsgrv hdsgrvalh alh gf uf kfvgrfalgrh. kfvgrfalgrh. Gf Ugfus, na \kgrra \kgrra y  y Iartg. Iartg. gn skstgia shnar , nhs pnafgtas qug prgsgftaf gegjth kfvgrfalgrh shf Ugfus, Gn gegjth kfvgrfalgrh sg gstá vkgflh ajgftualh gf na \kgrra phr \kgrra phr na gikskúf lg jkgrths casgs, jhih gn lkúxklh lg jardhfh y jardhfh y gn igtafh igtafh,, lgdklh a na ajtkvklal muiafa muiafa.. 1 Fh hdstaftg nh qug sg sgñana aqué, gn akrg ehria gf na trhphsegra ufa igzjna lg casgs dastaftg mhihcëfga a ufa tgipgratura y prgskúf lgtgrikfalas, masta gn pufth lg qug su jhiphrtaikgfth gs gn gqukvangftg an qug tgflréa sk gstuvkgra jhipugsth phr uf shnh cas. 4

Casgs lg gegjth kfvgrfalgrh

Kfjrgigfths gf na atiúsegra lg nhs jkfjh casgs rgsphfsadngs lgn ;3% lgn gegjth kfvgrfalgrh aftrhphcëfkjh gf gn pgrkhlh 1;35-400:.

Ehrzaikgfth ralkatkvh gftrg 1370 y 4007 sgcÿf gstkiajkhfgs lgn KPJJ.

 

Nhs lgfhikfalhs casgs lg gegjth kfvgrfalgrh h casgs kfvgrfalgrh, rgsphfsadngs lgn gegjth lgsjrkth, shf? 

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acua (M  (M4H) Uaphr lg acua Lkúxklh lg jardhfh (JH jardhfh (JH4) Igtafh (JM Igtafh (JM