Qualité logicielle - Introduction

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Mnbhj` Fz``ju

SGN\J 4 “ HB\]N@@N]HIB J] HBMZ\]UHN@H\N]HIB >" ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․HB\]N@@N]HIB 5" ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․"HBMZ\]UHN@H\N]HIB 5531 Lj}}j biufj sjufj} mj diufn`h|ju }iz| `j| suilj||z| sizu mètj`issju zb `iahlhj` lj}}j dih| |j`ib `n th|hib mj `‘è~zhsj hbdiufn}h~zj" J``j neiumj suhblhsn`jfjb} `j| sihb}| |zhtnb}| ;

 jb j|} |ib èti`z}hib" LFFH suisi|j m‘n}}jhbmuj mj| iekjl}hd| aèbèunzw }j`| ~zj ; iuanbh|ju j} s`nbhdhju `j| suilj||z| dizubhu `j| uj||izulj| nmè~zn}j| mèdhbhu j} nddjl}ju `j| uj|sib|neh`h}è| diufju `j| snu}hlhsnb}| uèmhaju j} fj}}uj ã   kizu `n milzfjb}n}hib hfs`h~zju hfs`h~zju `j| snu}hj| sujbnb}j|, ètn`zju `‘jwèlz}hib j} jbdhb ujbmuj lifs}j ã `n mhujl}hib" N`iu| ~zj `n biufj H\I 833> |‘hb}èuj||j ã `‘iuanbh|n}hib aèbèun`j mj `‘jb}ujsuh|j, LFFH n sizu iekjl}hd  m‘nfè`hiuju `j| sun}h~zj| mj mètj`issjfjb} j} mj fnhb}jbnblj" Mj fëfj, `n fè}gimj m‘ètn`zn}hib j|} mhddèujb}j" \h `‘jb}ujsuh|j uèsibm ã `n biufj H\I j``j ujáih} mj `n snu} mj `‘nzmh}jzu gneh`h}è zb lju}hdhln} ~z‘j``j sizuun nddhlgju" Mnb| `j lnmuj m‘zb nzmh} LFFH, `‘ètn`zn}jzu biffè snu `j \JH mè`htuj zb unssiu} lib}jbnb} `j| sihb}| si|h}hd| j} `j| sihb}| bèan}hd| ã nfè`hiuju ntjl mj| suisi|h}hib| sizu sn||ju nz bhtjnz |zhtnb}" Jb jddj}, `j fimç`j LFF suisi|j ã zb |juthlj iz zb suikj} m‘nfè`hiuju |j| sun}h~zj| mj fnbhçuj ¯ mizlj ¿ jb th|nb} mj| sn`hju| mj fn}zuh}è mj s`z| jb s`z| jwhajnb}|" Ib snu`j mj fn}zuh}è `iu|~zj `‘nzmh}è uèzbh} }iz| `j| luh}çuj| bèlj||nhuj| nz sn`hju"

>3 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

@j| : bhtjnzw mj fn}zuh}è |ib} `j| |zhtnb}| ; @j bhtjnz > j|} `j bhtjnz hbh}hn` iø `j |juthlj mih} lifs}ju |zu `j| lifsè}jblj| mj `‘è~zhsj s izu fjbju ã ehjb `j suikj}" ^z‘zb |jz` mèdnh``j iz ~zh}}j lj}}j è~zhsj j} `j suikj} `zh &fëfj sjz} ë}uj fh| jb sèuh` lnu nzlzbj fè}gimj b‘n è}è fh| jb s`nlj sizu ljb}un`h|ju |j| libbnh||nblj|" @j bhtjnz 5 mèfib}uj zbj lju}nhbj mh|lhs`hbj mnb| `n aj|}hib m‘zb m‘z b suikj} ; i

@j| uý`j| j} uj|sib|neh`h}è| mj lgn~zj snu}hlhsnb} |ib} l`nhujfjb} mèdhbh|"

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@j| lifsè}jblj| |ib} jb nmè~zn}hib ntjl `j| ej|ihb mz suikj}"

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Lgn~zj è}nsj j|} s`nbhdhèj szh| jwèlz}èj ntjl mj| iekjl}hd| ~znb}hdhne`j|

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@‘jwèlz}hib m‘zb suilj|| dnh} `‘iekj} m‘zb |zhth ntjl mj| si||heh`h}è| m‘nkz|}jfjb} |h mj| èlnu}| |ib} lib|}n}è|"

Nz bhtjnz < p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju LFFH ifj} zb mè}nh` hfsiu}nb} ; h` suisi|j ~zj `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| mihtjb} ë}uj tn`hmèj| fnh| bj suèlh|j sn| ~zh |zssiu}j lj}}j uj|sib|neh`h}è" @n FIN aèbèun`jfjb} jb lgnuaj mj mibbju |ib ntn` |zu `j| è`èfjb}| dibl}hibbj``j|, j|} sizu}nb} |iztjb} uè}hljb}j ã |‘jbanaju lj ~zh sjz} lifs`h~zju lj}}j è}nsj j} uj}numju `n |zh}j m z suikj}" Jb `‘ne|jblj m‘nsszh mj LFFH, `j lgjd  mj suikj} |j uj}uiztj u j}uiztj snudih| mnb| `‘ie`han}hib mj sizu|zhtuj |nb| lj}}j tn`hmn}hib" Nz}uj snunmiwj |h LFFH |zaaçuj `iah~zj zbj ujtzj mz suikj} ntjl `j| snhu|, l‘j|} ã `n `htunh|ib mz suimzh} j} bib mç| `n libljs}hib" ^znb} ã `n aj|}hib mj `‘è~zhsj hb}èauèj, LFFH hb|h| }j |zu}iz} |zu `j| uça`j| mj ehjb|ènblj liffj `j uj|sjl} mj `‘nth| mj lgnlzb iz `j bib mèbhaujfjb} mj| sju|ibbj| jwljs}hibbj``jfjb} ne|jb}j| ã zbj uèzbhib"

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Lnsh}n`h|n}hib j} nmns}n}hib mj| fè}gimj| ;

Lj }gçfj ujauizsj `j| suilj||z| |zhtnb}| ; &

Mèdhbh}hib mj mj `‘iuanbh|n}hib

&

Aj|}hib mj `‘iuanbh|n}hib mj| suilj||z|

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Diufn}hib ã `‘iuanbh|n}hib

LFFH |zaaçuj hlh mj ljb}un`h|ju `j| hbdiufn}hib| j} `j| milzfjb}n}hib| m‘zb suikj} mnb| zb mi||hju ~zh sjz} ë}uj z}h`h|è mnb| zbj fh||hib z`}èuhjzuj" @j biztjnz lgjd mj suikj} sizuun n`iu| lnsh}n`h|ju |zu lj| libbnh||nblj| sizu fib}ju |n suisuj fh||hib"

Lj ~zj suisi|j LFFH b‘j|} si||he`j ~zj |h lj mi||hju j} `j| milzfjb}| ~z‘h` lib}hjb} |ib} uèmhaè| |iz| zbj diufj gifiaçbj" Mj s`z|, h` j|} lizunb} ~z‘zb lgjd mj suikj} h||z m‘zbj \\HH |ih} uè}hljb} ã dnhuj nssj` nzw mibbèj| m‘zb liblzuujb}" H` j|} mibl hfs`hlh}jfjb} ujliffnbmè sizu `j l`hjb} mj }untnh``ju ntjl zb fhbhzf mj dizubh||jzu| sizu fjbju ã ehjb lj| suilj||z|"



Suimzl}hth}è j} sjudiufnblj ;

LFFH suisi|j auålj nzw suilj||z| |zhtnb}| ; &

Sjudiufnblj mj| suilj||z|

&

Aj|}hib ~znb}h}n}htj| mj| suilj||z|

M‘nfè`hiuju `n suimzl}hth}è j} `j| sjudiufnblj| mz suikj} jb ujlzjh``nb} mj| |}n}h|}h~zj| j} jb `j| lifsnunb} |zu `j| nz}uj| suikj}| sn||è|" Lj| suilj|| bj |ib} nss`hlne`j| ~zj |h `j| suikj}| |zhtjb} mj| }jlgbh~zj| liffzbj|" Mj s`z| h` dnz} zb bifeuj lib|è~zjb}| mj suikj}| sizu ie}jbhu mj| |}n}h|}h~zj| |n}h|dnh|nb}j|"

>= p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju 

Hbbitn}hib j} nbn`x|j lnz|n`j ;

Jb liztunb} `j| suilj||z| |zhtnb}| ; &

Hbbitn}hib iuanbh|n}hibbj``j

&

Nbn`x|j lnz|n`j j} |i`z}hib mj| suie`çfj|

LFFH |zaaçuj `n lnsnlh}è mj ujfib}ju mz lib|}n} ã `n lnz|n`h}è j} m‘nahu |zu lj| lnz|j| sizu is}hfh|ju `j| sjudiufnblj|" @j lgjd mj suikj} j|} èan`jfjb} ã fëfj mj fjbju zbj tjh``j }jlgbi`iah~zj sizu suisi|ju mj| |i`z}hib| hbbitnb}j|"

@j }ne`jnz ~zh |zh} muj||j `n `h|}j mj| suilj||z| ã fnh}uh|ju sizu lgn~zj bhtjnz LFFH

>: p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Jb libl`z|hib ib sjz} mhuj ~zj `j fimç`j LFFH j|} l`nhujfjb} iuhjb}è tju| `j| dizubh||jzu| mj `iahlhj`| j} `j| |juthlj| mj mètj`issjfjb} nz mè}uhfjb} mj `n fnh}uh|j m‘iztunaj" Snu jwjfs`j, lj fimç`j b‘n sn| `n lnsnlh}è mj }unmzhuj zbj nbifn`hj }jlgbh~zj jb hfsnl} sizu `j l`hjb}" N bi}ju ~zj LFFH |‘nsszhj |zu `n biufj H\I >5531 sizu `n li bmzh}j mz suikj}"

:" Fè}gimj m‘ètn`zn}hib \LNFSH \LNFSH iz \}nbmnum LFFH N ssunh|n` diu  S uilj|| uilj|| H fsuitjfjb}  fsuitjfjb}  j|} `n fè}gimj ~z‘n mètj`issèj `j \JH sizu nzmh}ju zb |juthlj iz suikj} j} `zh nssiu}ju `j| lib|jh`| bèlj||nhuj| sizu n}}jhbmuj zb bhtjnz mj fn}zuh}è LFFH" Lj mhnabi|}hl j|} fjbè snu zbj è~zhsj m‘ètn`zn}jzu| diufèj| j} nlluèmh}è| snu `j \JH ~zh ujfj} |j| uè|z`}n}| nz fjfeuj mj `n mhujl}hib ~zh n liffnbmè lj} nzmh} `j \sib|iu jb suè|jblj mz sju|ibbj` libljubè" Aèbèun`jfjb}, `‘ètn`zn}hib \LNFSH bj libljubj ~z‘zbj jb}h}è suèlh|j mj `‘jb}ujsuh|j ~zh |izgnh}j dnhuj `j sihb} |zu |j| fè}gimj| mj }untnh` j} lgjulgj ã nss`h~zju mj| suhblhsj| uhaizujzw j} ujlibbz| sizu nfè`hiuju `n ~zn`h}è" \j`ib `j bhtjnz m‘jwhajblj ujlgjulgè snu `j \sib|iu, \LNFSH suisi|j }uih| }xsj| m‘ètn`zn}hib ; &

\LNFSH L ;

@‘jb}h}è lgjulgj ã libbnh}uj `n fn}zuh}è mj |j| suilj||z| ntnb} m‘jbth|naju m‘jb}uju mnb| zbj mèfnulgj LFFH" @j unssiu} mj| ètn`zn}jzu| neiumjun suhblhsn`jfjb} `j| sihb}| |zhtnb}| ;

&

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@n lifsuègjb|hib mj| suilj||z| LFFH

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@n si||heh`h}è iz bib mj fj}}uj jb sun}h~zj| `j| ujliffnbmn}hib|

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Zbj ètn`zn}hib mj| suilj||z| jwh|}nb}|

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Zbj hmjb}hdhln}hib mj| diulj| j} mj| dnhe`j||j|

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@j| iekjl}hd| ã fjbju nz tz mj| dnhe`j||j| lib|}n}èj|"

\LNFSH E ;

@‘jb}h}è j|} nzmh}èj mj fnbhçuj s`z| nssuidibmhj ndhb mj fj|zuju `j| jddiu}| ã dizubhu sizu n}}jhbmuj zb bhtjnz mj fn}zuh}è" @j| ètn`zn}jzu| |zaaçujb} èan`jfjb} `j| nl}hib| ã |zhtuj sizu uèn`h|ju lj} iekjl}hd" @j lifh}è m‘ètn`zn}hib tn |j sjblgju |zu `j| è`èfjb}| |zhtnb}| ; 

@‘nmè~zn}hib jb}uj `j bhtjnz LFFH |izgnh}è j} `‘iuanbh|n}hib nl}zj``j,



@j mjauè m‘hfs`hln}hib m‘hfs` hln}hib mj| sju|ibbj| hfs`h~zèj| mnb| `j suikj}

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Zbj nbn`x|j suèlh|j mj| sihb}| si|h}hd| j} mj| sihb}| ã nfè`hiuju

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Zbj hmjb}hdhln}hib mj| è`èfjb}| m‘jb}uèj)|iu}hj mj lgnlzb mj| suilj||z| jwh|}nb}|,

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@n si||heh`h}è m‘nmns}ju `j| iekjl}hd| mz suikj} ã `n |}un}èahj |}u n}èahj aèbèun`j mj `‘jb}ujsuh|j, >4 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju 

&

@n suèsnun}hib mj `‘jb}h}è ã `‘ètn`zn}hib \LNFSH N"

\LNFSH N ;

@j| ètn`zn}jzu| fçbjb} `‘nzmh} jb tzj m‘nlliumju zbj tn`hmn}hib iddhlhj``j ã `‘jb}h}è sizu zb bhtjnz LFFH mibbè"

>1 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Milzfjb}| ^zn`h}è mj uèdèujblj

Zbj jb}ujsuh|j mi}èj m‘zb iuanbh|fj mj mètj`issjfjb} 'iz dnh|nb} nssj` ã zbj jb}ujsuh|j }hjulj( j} lju}hdhèj H\I 833> mih} mh|si|ju mj| milzfjb}| ~zn`h}è |zhtnb}| ; Fnbzj` ^zn`h}è Fnbzj` ^zn`h}è @iahlhj` S`nb ^zn`h}è @iahlhj` Fnbzj` mj| suilèmzuj|

>" Fnbzj` ^zn`h}è H` mèluh} `‘iuanbh|n}hib fh|j jb s`nlj mnb| `‘jb}ujsuh|j sizu |n}h|dnhuj nzw ej|ihb| mj `‘è~zhsj ~zn`h}è" Suhblhsn`jfjb} h` mèluh} `j| uj||izulj| j} `j| fè}gimj| z}h`h|èj| sizu nbn`x|ju fj|zuj liuuhaju j} nfè`hiuju `j| suimzh}| th|è|"

>7 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

5" Fnbzj` ^zn`h}è @iahlhj` Lj milzfjb} siu}j |zu `‘nl}hth}è mz lxl`j mj thj mj| `iahlhj`| z}h`h|è| iz mètj`issè| nz |jhb mj `‘jb}ujsuh|j"

8 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Lxl`j mj thj mz `iahlhj`

@n fh|j jb suimzl}hib m‘zbj nss`hln}hib j|} `‘neiz}h||jfjb} mj bifeujz|j| è}nsj| iø mhddèujb}j| è~zhsj| ib} li``neiuè sizu nbhfju j} lib|i`hmju |ib mètj`issjfjb}" Lj| è}nsj| |ib} mèlizsèj| |j`ib zb lxl`j mè}jufhbè ntjl sizu iekjl}hd `n tn`hmn}hib mz `iahlhj` nhb|h mètj`issè, l‘j|} &ã&mhuj `n libdiufh}è mj `‘nss`hln}hib ntjl `j| ej|ihb| jwsuhfèj|" @j| juujzu| |zehj| mzunb} zb mètj`issjfjb} sjztjb} jbajbmuju mj| liÿ}| è`j tè| `iu|~z‘h` dnz} jddjl}zju `j| liuujl}hib| bèlj||nhuj|" S`z| lj}}j juujzu hb}juthjb} }numhtjfjb} mnb| `j mètj`issjfjb} s`z| h` j|} mhddhlh`j mj `n un}}unsju" Jb nmis}nb} zb fimç`j mj lxl`j mj thj h` j|} si||he`j mj mè}jl}ju lj| juujzu| nz s`z| }ý} j} nhb|h mj `j| ujl}hdhju jb anunb}h||nb} mj lj dnh} zbj fnh}uh|j mj `n ~zn`h}è mz `iahlhj` `htuè zb uj|sjl} mj| mè`nh| j} mj| liÿ}| hfsnu}h|"

>" Lxl`j mj thj aèbèuh~zj Zb suikj} hbdiufn}h~zj tn aèbèun`jfjb} |zhtuj `j lxl`j mj thj |zhtnb} ;

53 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

@n mèdhbh}hib mj| iekjl}hd| idduj zb lnmuj nz suikj} j} |‘hb|luh} mnb| zbj |}un}èahj a`ien`j mj `‘jb}ujsuh|j" @‘nbn`x|j mz ej|ihb j} mj `n dnh|neh`h}è mèluh} `j fifjb} iø `j| |izgnh}| mz l`hjb} |ib} diufn`h|è| mnb| zb ujlzjh` m‘jwsuj||hib mj ej|ihb" @j| lib}unhb}j| }jlgbh~zj| } jlgbh~zj| dibl}hibbj``j j} jbthuibbjfjb}n`j| |ib} n`iu| fh|j| jb ntnb} ndhb mj tèuhdhju |h `‘nss`hln}hib j|} uèn`h|ne`j iz bib" @j| sju|ibbj| ã `‘hbh}hn}htj mz suikj} |j uèzbh||jb} lib|i`hmjb} `jzu ej|ihb j} uèmhajb} `j| milzfjb}| |zddh|nffjb} jws`hlh}j| sizu ë}uj lifsuh| snu `j| è~zhsj| ~zh tib} sujbmuj `n |zh}j |ih} `n FIN j} `n FIJ(" 

J}zmj m‘ntnb} suikj}



Uèmnl}hib mj `‘jwsuj||hib mj ej|ihb



Uèmnl}hib mz milzfjb} mj libljs}hib aèbèun`j

@n libljs}hib aèbèun`j mèdhbh} `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| mj `‘nulgh}jl}zuj aèbèun`j mz `iahlhj` ã mètj`issju" @n libljs}hib mè}nh``èj mèdhbh} l`nhujfjb} lgn~zj è`èfjb} lib|}h}znb} `j `iahlhj` ~z‘h` |ih} }jlgbh~zj iz dibl}hibbj`" @j mètj`issjfjb} sjufj} nz `iahlhj` mj sujbmuj lius| j} }unmzh} ã }untju| mhddèujb}j| hb}judnlj| `j| ej|ihb| jwsuhfè| j} uj|sjl}j `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| }jlgbh~zj| mè}nh``èj|" @‘hbaèbhjuhj `iahlhj``j |‘hb}èuj||j snu}hlz`hçujfjb} ã lj}}j sgn|j" S`z|hjzu| fimç`j| sjztjb} ë}uj z}h`h|è| sizu |zhtuj suèlh|èfjb} lgn~zj è}nsj sizu dizubhu nz dhbn` zb suimzh} mj ~zn`h}è" @j s`z| lizunb} j|} `j fimç`j jb ln|lnmj iø `j| è}nsj| mz suikj} |j |zllçmjb} lguibi`iah~zjfjb} lgnlzbj |j }jufhbnb} snu zbj sgn|j mj tèuhdhln}hib" @j| }j|}| zbh}nhuj| tèuhdhjb} lgnlzb mj| iuanbj| lifsi|nb} `j `iahlhj` j} `jzu libdiufh}è snu unssiu} nzw |sèlhdhln}hib|" @n sgn|j m‘hb}èaun}hib sjufj} mj tèuhdhju ~zj `‘hb}judnánaj jb}uj `j| mhddèujb}| fimz`j| mz `iahlhj` j|} ligèujb}" @j eh`nb mj lj| }j|}| j|} lib|habè mnb| zb milzfjb} mèmhè" @n sgn|j mj ~zn`hdhln}hib 's`z| liffzbèfjb} nssj`èj ujlj}}j( th|j ã tèuhdhju `n libdiufh}è mj `‘jb|jfe`j mz `iahlhj` snu unssiu} nzw jwhajblj|" @j lgjd mj suikj} ~zn`hdhln}hib j} |ib è~zhsj sujbbjb} n`iu| `n fnhb sizu tèuhdhju `‘nmè~zn}hib mz `iahlhj` mètj`issè snu unssiu} nzw jwhajblj|" @jzu hb}jutjb}hib j|} luzlhn`j lnu mj `jzu dnlz`}è ã fnh}uh|ju `‘nss`hln}hd j} ã lifsujbmuj `j| milzfjb}|, tn mèsjbmuj mj `n ~zn`h}è mz `iahlhj` `htuè nz dhbn` nzw z}h`h|n}jzu|"

5> p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Zb suikj} lib|è~zjb} tn sn||ju snu `j| è}nsj| mj ~zn`hdhln}hib |zhtnb}j| ; 

Suè&ujlj}}j



Ujlj}}j }jlgbh~zj j} dibl}hibbj``j



Lju}hdhln}hib



Suè&ujlj}}j Ujlj}}j }jlgbh~zj j} dibl}hibbj``j Lju}hdhln}hib

@n milzfjb}n}hib uèzbh} `j| hbdiufn}hib| bèlj||nhuj| sizu `‘jws`ih}n}hib mz `iahlhj` jb suimzl}hib zb fnbzj` z}h`h|n}jzu j} }iz} }iz} nz}uj èluh} sjufj}}nb} |ib nfè`hiun}hib" @n fh|j jb suimzl}hib lib|h|}j ã dizubhu zb snlonaj j} zbj milzfjb}n}hib mè}nh``è sjufj} nz l`hjb} m‘hb|}n``ju |hfs`jfjb} `j `iahlhj` |zu `‘jbthuibbjfjb} dhbn`" @iu| mj lj}}j sgn|j, h` j|} èan`jfjb} hfsiu}nb} mj tèuhdhju `j lifsiu}ju mz `iahlhj` nhb|h mètj`issè dnlj nzw nz}uj| nss`hln}hib| jbthuibbnb}j| j} |‘n||zuju ~z‘h` b‘jwh|}j nzlzbj hb}judèujblj" @n fnhb}jbnblj j|} zbj sèuhimj mèdhbhj snu lib}un} iø `j `iahlhj` |zeh} mj| fnhb}jbnblj| liuujl}htj| jb ln| mj snbbj iz i z mj| sgn|j| mj fnhb}jbnblj| suètjb}htj| mèdhbhj snu ntnblj"

Sizu fj}}uj jb sun}h~zj `j| mhddèujb}j| sgn|j| mz lxl`j mj thj mz `iahlhj` mjzw fimç`j| |ib} aèbèun`jfjb} z}h`h|è| ; @j fimç`j jb ln|lnmj" @j fimç`j mj lxl`j jb T"

5" Fimç`j jb ln|lnmj Lj fimç`j j|} h||z mj `‘jw sèuhjblj mj| hbaèbhjzu| mz eå}hfjb} j} n libbz |n diufn`h|n}hib mnb| `j| nbbèj| >813" H` snu} mz suhblhsj ~zj `‘ib bj sjz} èuhaju `j| fzu| m‘zbj fnh|ib |jz`jfjb} |h `j| dibmn}hib| |ib} |i`hmj|" Jan`jfjb} `n }ih}zuj bj sjz} ë}uj si|èj ~zj `iu|~zj `j| fzu| |ib} liuujl}jfjb} si|è| j} lnsne`j| mj |zssiu}ju `j sihm| hbgèujb} ã `n |}uzl}zuj |zsèuhjzuj" S`z| }num j|} mè}jl}è `n mèdnh``nblj s`z| auntj| sjztjb} ë}uj `j| li b|è~zjblj|" Nss`h~zè ã `‘hbdiufn}h~zj j} nz mètj`issjfjb} mz `iahlhj`, `j fimç`j jb ln|lnmj s uisi|j zbj è}nsj mj tèuhdhln}hib ã `‘h||zj mj lgn~zj sgn|j mz lxl`j" Nhb|h, h` j|} si||he`j mj mè}jl}ju `j| nbifn`hj| |zutjbnb} ã lgnlzbj mj lj| sgn|j| j} mj `j| liuuhaju |h bèlj||nhuj ntnb} mj sn||ju ã `n sgn|j |zhtnb}j"

55 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

3 ã 53* ã `!j|}hfn}hib aèbèun`j sizu aèuju lj}}j snu}hj"



Hmjb}hdhln}hib mj| luh}çuj| mj uèz||h}j

Nbn`x|j i

Nbn`x|j mj| hbdiufn}hib| fh|j| ã mh|si|h}hib ; |sèlhdhln}hib| nulgh}jl}zuj }jlgbh~zj hb}judnlj| ․

i

Uèmnl}hib j} l`n||hdhln}hib mj| jwhajblj| mj }j|}

:: p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Libljs}hib i

Fh|j jb s`nlj mj `!jbthuibbjfjb} mj }j|} ; iz}h`| sju|ibbj` nllç| nzw jbthuibbjfjb}| """

i

Libljs}hib mz s`nb mj }j|}

i

Libljs}hib mj| |lèbnuhi| mj }j|}

i

Tèuhdhln}hib mj `n liztju}zuj mj| jwhajblj| snu `j| ln| mj }j|} nmè~zn}|"

i

Luèn}hib m!zb lnghju mj }j|}

Jwèlz}hib i

Iuanbh|n}hib mj| è~zhsj| mj }j|}| ; diufn}hib ã `!iz}h` mj }j|} j} nzw iekjl}hd| n}}jbmz| |!h` |!nah} m!z}h`h|n}jzu| dhbnzw"

i

Iuanbh|n}hib mj `n lnfsnabj mj }j|} ; uèsnu}h}hib mj| }ålgj| m!jwèlz}hib fnbzj``j s`nbhdhln}hib mj| giunhuj| mj `nbljfjb}| mj| en}lg| nz}ifn}h~zj|"

i

Jwèlz}hib mj| |lèbnuhi| mj }j|}"

i

Nbn`x|j mj| }j|}| jwèlz}è| ; lifsnunh|ib jb}uj uè|z`}n}| n}}jbmz| j} uè|z`}n}| ie|jutè|"

i

Aj|}hib mj| nbifn`hj| ; mèl`nun}hib |zhth jwèlz}hib mj| ln| mj }j|}| `hè| nsuç| liuujl}hib l`ý}zuj"

i

Fh|j ã kizu mz lnghju mj }j|}

Jtn`zn}hib i

\xb}gç|j mj| uè|z`}n}| mj| }j|}| ; 

Sizuljb}naj mj| }j|}| sn||è| ntjl |zllç|"



Sizuljb}naj mj| }j|}| jb juujzu|"



Sizuljb}naj mj| }j|}| bib sn||è|"



L`n||hdhln}hib mj| nbifn`hj| jbliuj iztju}j| snu luh}hlh}è"

i

Tèuhdhln}hib mj `!nmè~zn}hib jb}uj `n |xb}gç|j j} `j| luh}çuj| mj |iu}hj suèlibh|è|"

i

Uèmnl}hib m!zb unssiu} mj |xb}gç|j ã mj|}hbn}hib mj| nl}jzu| mz suikj}" H` |jun kihb} nz lnghju mj }j|}|"

L`ý}zuj i

Uèmnl}hib mj dhlgj| mj mjfnbmj| m!èti`z}hib sizu `j| nbifn`hj| uj|}nb}j|"

i

Ujtzj mj| }j|}| j} fh|j ã kizu mz lnghju mj }j|}| :4 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju i

Nulghtnaj mj `!jbthuibbjfjb} mj }j|}|

i

Suisi|h}hib m!nfè`hiun}hib sizu `!nl}hth}è mj }j|}| jb tzj mj| suie`çfj| ujblib}uè|

i

\habn}zuj mj `n sgn|j m!nlljs}n}hib mz `iahlhj` jb}uj `j| snu}hj| sujbnb}j|" su jbnb}j|"

Dnfh``j| mj }j|} @j| }j|}| ib} mj| iekjl}hd| suèlh| ; tèuhdhju zb n|sjl} dibl}hibbj` iz }jlgbh~zj mj `!nss`hln}hib ã zb bhtjnz mibbè mz mètj`issjfjb}" H` j|} hb}èuj||nb} mj `j| ujauizsju mnb| mj| dnfh``j| dnfh``j| mh|}hbl}j| ndhb mj fhjzw ljubju `jzu z}h`h}è"

]j|}| mj| lifsi|nb}| `iahlhj`| ◤

]j|}| mj dibl}hibbn`h}è|"

◤

]j|}| m!è`èfjb}| }jlgbh~zj| mj `!nss`hln}hib"

Lj| }j|}| |ib} h||z| mj| |sèlhdhln}hib| dibl}hibbj``j| j} }jlgbh~zj| ntjl `j |zssiu} mj| è~zhsj| mj mètj`issjfjb}" @j| nbifn`hj| mèliztju}j| hlh |ib} liuuhaè| zbj snu zbj mnb| `j| s`z| eujd| mè`nh|"

]j|}| m‘hb}èaun}hib ◤

]j|}| m‘hb}junl}hib m‘hb}junl}hib jb}uj `j| lifsi|nb}|"

◤

]j|}| m‘jblgnâbjfjb} mj }unb|nl}hib|"

◤

]j|}| mj bib uèauj||hib

]xsh~zjfjb} `iu|~zj `j| mètj`issjzu| ib} `htuè zb fimz`j L ~zh dnh} |zh}j nzw fimz`j| N j} E `j| }j|}| m‘hb}èaun}hib ib} sizu }ålgj mj tèuhdhju `‘hb}junl}hib j b}uj `j| fimz`j| N E j} L j} èan`jfjb} mj |‘n||zuju ~z‘h` b‘jwh|}j nzlzbj bib uèauj||hib mnb| `n liffzbhln}hib jb}uj `j| fimz`j| N j} E"

]j|}| |x|}çfj i

]j|}| mj lifsiu}jfjb} mj `‘nss`hln}hib en|è |zu mj| ln| m‘z}h`h|n}hib aèbèunzw

i

]j|}| }xsj ¯ eih}j bihuj ¿ sizu tèuhdhju `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| dibl}hibbj``j|

i

]j|}| }xsj ¯ eih}j e`nblgj ¿ |zu `j| fjbz| iz nz}uj| fè}gimj| mj bnthan}hib nz |jhb mj `‘nss`hln}hib"

:1 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju @j| }j|}| |x|}çfj |ib} fh| jb Ŝztuj `iu|~zj `‘nss`hln}hib j|} jb dhb mj mètj`issjfjb} " @n dhbn`h}è mj lj| }j|}| j|} mj fib}uju `j lifsiu}jfjb} mj `‘nss`hln}hib mnb| zb z|naj suilgj mj `n suimzl}hib"

]j|}| m‘nlljs}n}hib i

]j|}| ntnb} mès`ihjfjb} |zu mj| lnunl}èuh|}h~zj| }jlgbh~zj|

i

]j|}| |zu mj| isèun}hib| mj fnhb}jbnblj

i

]j|}| mj |nztjanumj j} mj uj|}nzun}hib

i

]j|}| |zu mj| dnh``j| mj |èlzuh}è| hmjb}hdhèj|

i

]j|}| m‘z}h`h|n}hib

@j| }j|}| m‘nlljs}n}hib b‘ib} sn| sizu iekjl}hd suhblhsn` mj `jtju mj| nbifn`hj|" N`iu| ~zj `j suimzh} j|} jb sn||j m‘ë}uj `htuè, ib bj mjtunh} m‘nh``jzu| s`z| mèliztuhu mj biztj``j| mèd nh``nblj|" mèd nh``nblj|" @j ez} j|} s`z}ý} m‘nbn`x|ju `j lifsiu}jfjb} mj `‘nss`hln}hib iz |jhb mj `‘jbthuibbjfjb} l`hjb} iz mnb| zb jbthuibbjfjb} suilgj mj `n suimzl}hib" Lj| }j|}| sjztjb} |j suè|jb}ju |iz| `n diufj mj ; i

]j|}| z}h`h|n}jzu| iø zb snbj` mj sju|ibbj| mè|ha bèj| snu `j l`hjb} mibbjun |ib nth| |zu `‘iz}h` ã }untju| mj| }j|}| }unb|tju|nzw"

i

]j|}| isèun}hibbj`| iø `‘ib jddjl}zj mj| fnbhsz`n}hib| |sèlhdh~zj| ; |nztjanumj uj|}nzun}hib lun|g }j|}| ․

i

]j|}| N`sgn j} Ej}n iø zbj `nuaj anffj m‘z}h`h|n}jzu| j|} fh|j ã lib}uhez}hib sizu fnbhsz`ju `heujfjb} `j suimzh}"

]j|}| dibl}hibbj`| i

]j|}| mz lifsiu}jfjb} jw}èuhjzu mz suimzh}

i

]j|}| mj |èlzuh}è ; |}neh`h}è mj `‘nss`hln}hib dnlj ã mj| è`èfjb}| `iahlhj`| iz fn}èuhj`| mj |èlzuh}è 'snuj&djz, 'snuj&djz, nb}hthuz|, suiwx ․(

Lj| }j|}| }j|}| sjufj}}jb} mj fj}}uj ã `‘èsujztj `j| dibl}hibbn`h}è| mèluh}j| mnb| `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| iz }iz} nz}uj `iahlhj` iz fn}èuhj` mèmhè ã `n |èlzuh}è"

:7 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

]j|}| bib dibl}hibbj`| i

]j|}| mj sjudiufnblj|"

i

]j|}| mj lifsiu}jfjb} j} mj |}neh`h}è ; dzh}j| mj fèfihuj |zulgnuaj libbjwhib| |hfz`}nbèj| j}l"

i

]j|}| m‘hb}juisèuneh`h}è ntjl `j| nss`hln}hib| l`hjb}j|"

Lj| }j|}| |j |h}zjb} ã mhddèujb}| bhtjnz mz lxl`j mj thj mz `iahlhj`" H`| sjufj}}jb} m‘èsuiztju `j| è`èfjb}| }jlgbh~zj| j} mj tèuhdhju `jzu nmè~zn}hib ntjl `j| lib}unhb}j| mz l`hjb}"

]j|}| |}uzl}zuj`| i

]j|}| mj liztju}zuj

i

]j|}| mj }xsj Eih}j e`nblgj

Lj| }j|}| ib} sizu ez} m‘ètn`zju suèlh|èfjb} `j bhtjnz mj liztju}zuj mj| jwhajblj|"

J``j| sjztjb}

fj|zuju `‘ntnbljfjb} mj| }j|}| iz mz mètj`issjfjb} ~z‘h` |‘nah||j mj `‘nss`hln}hib mnb| |ib jb|jfe`j iz m‘zbj dunl}hib snu}hlz`hçuj mz suimzh}"

]j|}| si|} fimhdhln}hib i

]j|}| mj libdiufh}è

i

]j|}| mj uèauj||hib

Nsuç| mè}jl}hib j} liuujl}hib m‘zbj nbifn`hj, ~z‘j``j |ih} m‘iumuj dibl}hibbj``j iz }jlgbh~zj, h` dnz} tn`hmju `j| fimhdhln}hib| snu zb }j|} aèbèun`jfjb} lj`zh ~zh n sjufh| |n `jtèj" Lj }xsj mj }j|} j|} mz uj||iu} mj `‘è~zhsj mj mètj`issjfjb}" @j| }j|}| mj uèauj||hib |ib} |ib} hbgèujb}| ã }iz}j fimhdhln}hib" fimhdhln}hib" H`| sjufj}}jb} bi}nffjb} bi}nffjb} mj ; i

]j|}ju `j| nbifn`hj| liuuhaèj| j} tèuhdhju ~zj `n liuujl}hib n ehjb uè|i`z `j suie`çfj |nb| luèju mj suie`çfj| |iz|&knljb}|"

i

\zssuhfju `j| }j|}| ujmibmnb}|"

:8 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

]j|}| mj fnhb}jbnblj i

]j|}| nsuç| fh|j ã kizu

i

]j|}| nsuç| fhaun}hib

i

]j|}| mj `‘jbthuibbjfjb} nsuç| |zssuj||hib mj `‘nss`hln }hib"

Zbj dih| jb suimzl}hib `j suimzh} j|} nfjbè ã |zehu mj| èti`z}hib| mj| lgnbajfjb}| mj fn}èuhj` j} nz dhbn` zbj fh|j ã `n uj}unh}j sizu ë}uj ujfs`nlè snu zbj biztj``j tju|hib iz zb nss`hln}hd  liblzuujb}hj`" N lgnlzbj mj lj| fimhdhln}hib| `j| }j|}| mj fnhb}jbnblj sjufj}}jb} mj tèuhdhju ~zj `‘nss`hln}hd `zh&fëfj `zh&fëfj j|} }izkizu| libdiufj nzw n}}jb}j| ã }untju| mj| |lèbnuhi| isèun}hibbj`|"

]j|}| |}n}h~zj| i

Ujtzj mz limj

i

Ujtzj mj| jwhajblj|

i

Ujtzj mj| |sèlhdhln}hib|

i

Ujtzj mj| |lèbnuhi| mj }j|}

i

Nbn`x|j |}n}h~zj

Mjuuhçuj `j }jufj |}n}h~zj |j lnlgj `‘hmèj m‘nbn`x|ju `j suimzh} |nb| `‘jwèlz}ju" Jb sun}h~zj, ib ujlgjulgju ã tèuhdhju `n ligèujblj mj| hbdiufn}hib| sèuhsgèuh~zj| ã `‘nss`hln}hib" @iu|~zj lj}}j isèun}hib j|} fnbzj``j ib snu`j mj ujtzj ? nz}ifn}h~zj, nz}ifn}h~zj, h` |‘nah} n`iu| m‘ nbn`x|j

|}n}h~zj" @‘hb}èuë} suhblhsn` mj lj }xsj mj }j|} j|} mj mè}jl}ju `j s`z| }ý} si||he`j mj| nbifn`hj| `hèj| nzw `htune`j| j} m‘x nssiu}ju `j| liuujl}hib| bèlj||nhuj| ntnb} `jzu suh|j jb fnhb snu `j| è~zhsj mj mètj`issjfjb}" Sizu fjbju ã ehjb zbj sgn|j mj ujtzj h` dnz} ; 

\è`jl}hibbju è`èfjb}| ã nbn`x|ju



Snulizuhu jb suidibmjzu `j| è`èfjb}| mè|habè|"



Uèmhaju zb milzfjb} mj |xb}gç|j iø |juib} bi}èj| `j| nbifn`hj| si}jb}hj``j|"



Iuanbh|ju zbj uèzbhib ntjl `j| suhblhsnzw nl}jzu| mj| suikj}| j} liffjb}ju `j| mèdnh``nblj| suiene`j|"



Dnhuj mj| ujliffnbmn}hib| sizu `n liuujl}hib l iuujl}hib mj| mèdnz}|" Jliz}ju `j| suisi|h}hib|"



Mjfnbmju nzw nz}jzu| mj| hbdiufn}hib| nbn`x|èj| m‘jddjl}zju `j| liuujl}hib|"



Tèuhdhju `j| biztj``j| tju|hib| mj| hbdiufn}hib| liuuhaèj|"

43 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Zb milzfjb} mj ujtzj sjz} ë}uj uèmhaè j|} lib}jbhu s`z|hjzu| lgnsh}uj|, lgnlzb m‘jzw è}nb} mèmhè ã zbj nbn`x|j |}n}h~zj suèlh|j" Snu jwjfs`j h` sjz} lib}jbhu `j| lgnsh}uj| |zhtnb}| ; 

Ujtzj mj limj i

@j limj j|} mhth|è jb e`il| dibl}hibbj` j} h` j|} liffjb}è snu `‘è~zhsj }jlgbh~zj"







Ujtzj }jlgbh~zj i

Uèzbhib mj suèsnun}hib ã `n ujtzj }jlgbh~zj

i

@h|}j mj| nbifn`hj| j} gh|}iuh~zj mj `jzu liuujl}hib

i

Unssiu} mj `n ujtzj

i

Suisi|h}hib| m‘èti`z}hib|, liffjb}nhuj| mhtju|

Ujtzj dibl}hibbj``j i

Ujtzj fjbèj snu zb }hju| mè|habè snu `j l`hjb}"

i

Hb|sjl}hib en|èj |zu mj| lgjlo `h|}| ntjl mj| luh}çuj| m‘jb}uèj j} mj |iu}hj

i

Snu}hlhsn}hib mj| mhddèujb}| nl}jzu| mz suikj}

i

Suisi|h}hib| m‘nfè`hiun}hib|

Ujtzj mj suikj} i

\xb}gç|j| mj| uèzbhib| hfsiu}nb}j|

i

Unssiu} mj ujtzj

Jb lj ~zh libljubj `‘nbn`x|j mj limj, snu jwjfs`j, h` jwh|}j mj| iz}h`| ~zh sjufj}}jb} mj ujlgjulgju mj| mèdnz}| mj fnbhçuj nz}ifn}h|èj" Lj| iz}h`| |j en|jb} |zu mj| uça`j| uça`j| mèdhbhj| snu `j| mètj`issjzu| j} j} }un~zjb} `j| nbifn`hj| mj }xsj ; 

Tnuhne`j| ntjl mj| tn`jzu| hbligèujb}j| iz hbmèdhbhj|



Tnuhne`j| bib z}h`h|èj|



Limj hbz}h`h|è



Uj|sjl} mj| biufj| mj limnaj



Suie`çfj| mj |xb}nwj



dnh``j| mj |èlzuh}è

Fè}gimj mj }j|} aèbèun` @j| }jlgbh~zj| suisi|èj| hlh sjztjb} ë}uj z}h`h|èj| }nb} sizu tèuhdhju zb sihb} dibl}hibbj` mz suimzh} ~zj sizu tn`hmju zb luh}çuj }jlgbh~zj" }jlgbh~zj"

]j|} snu nddhufn}hib ; @!iekjl}hd mj lj }xsj mj }j|} j|} mj tèuhdhju `n tn`hmh}è m!zb n|sjl} mz suimzh} jb nllium ntjl `!jwhajblj n||ilhèj"

4> p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Jwjfs`j ; ]xsj mj }j|} ;

&

Dibl}hibbj`

Mj|luhs}hib ;

&

@j bif mj `n sju|ibbj libbjl}èj |zu `‘nss`hln}hib mih} tihu |ib bif |‘nddhlgju mnb| zb j|snlj mèmhè

Snunfç}uj| jb jb}uèj ;

&

@iahb j} fi} mj sn||j m‘zb z}h`h|n}jzu nxnb} mj| muih}| m‘nllç| ã `‘nss`hln}hib

Uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz ;

&

@j bif j} `j suèbif mj `‘z}h`h|n}jzu `‘z}h`h |n}jzu nssnunh} mnb| zb lnmuj jb gnz} ã muih}j mj `n snaj m‘nllzjh`

]j|} snu bèan}hib ; Lj }j|} sjufj} m!jws`ih}ju `j| dnh``j| mj `!nss`hln}hib l!j|}&ã&mhuj h` mih} tèuhdhju `j |ib lifsiu}jfjb} jb jddjl}znb} mj| fnbhsz`n}hib| giu| mz dibl}hibbjfjb} suètz" @!jfs`ih mj lj }xsj mj }j|} j|} snu}hlz`hçujfjb} hfsiu}nb} `j| |sèlhdhln}hib| fnb~zjb} mj suèlh|hib |zu zb sihb} snu}hlz`hju"

Jwjfs`j ; ]xsj mj }j|} ;

]jlgbh~zj

Mj|luhs}hib ;

Tèuhdhju `j lifsiu}jfjb} mj `!nbbznhuj `iu|~zj `iu|~zj `!ib `nblj zbj ujlgjulgj |nb| mibbju mj luh}çuj|"

Snunfç}uj| jb jb}uèj ;

& Tn`hmn}hib |nb| luh}çuj|

Uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz ;

& zb fj||naj jws`hlh}j nssnunâ} ie`hajnb} `!z}h`h|n}jzu ã |nh|hu nz fihb| > luh}çuj"

]j|}| }jlgbh~zj| @j| }jlgbh~zj| suè|jb}èj| hlh sjufj}}jb} mj tèuhdhju `j eib dibl}hibbjfjb} mj| lifsi|nb}| hb}jubj| mz `iahlhj` mz sihb} mj tzj mj| è~zhsj| mj mètj`issjfjb}| j} uj|sib|ne`j| |x|}çfj"

]j|} mj `n eih}j e`nblgj Lj}}j }jlgbh~zj n sizu ez} m!nbn`x|ju `n |}uzl}zuj hb}jubj m!zb lifsi|nb} iz m!zb fimz`j snu}hlz`hju mj `!nss`hln}hib ã }untju| mj| }j|}| suèlh| ;

Jwjfs`j ; Auålj ã zb }j|} mj liztju}zuj ib |izgnh}j tèuhdhju ~zj `!hb|}uzl}hib j|} snulizuzj nz fihb| zbj dih| ntjl `j snunfç}uj m!jb}uèj nmè~zn}" 45 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

]xsj mj }j|} ;

&

]jlgbh~zj

Mj|luhs}hib ;

&

lgn~zj libmh}hib suè|jb}j mnb| `j limj j|} jwèlz}èj |j`ib `j kjz mj mibbèj jb jb}uèj"

Snunfç}uj| jb jb}uèj ;

&

Ln| > ; w 6 >

&

Ln| 5 ; w 6 :

&

Ln| < ; w 6 &5

Hb|}uzl}hib ã }j|}ju ;

Hd w2 3 nbm w 0 : ]gjb suhb} ¯ `n tn`jzu ujlgjulgèj j|} mnb| `j eib hb}jutn``j ¿ J`|j suhb} ¯ @n tn`jzu ujlgjulgèj bj liuuj|sibm sn| nzw luh}çuj| ¿

Uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz ;

&

Ln| > ; ¯ `n tn`jzu ujlgjulgèj j|} mnb| `j eib hb}jutn``j ¿

&

Ln| 5 ; ¯ @n tn`jzu ujlgjulgèj bj liuuj|sibm sn| nzw luh}çuj| ¿

&

Ln| < ; ¯ @n tn`jzu ujlgjulgèj bj liuuj|sibm sn| nzw luh}çuj| ¿

]j|}| Dibl}hibbj`| @!nssuilgj mj| }j|}| suisi|è| hlh j|} iuhjb}èj i uhjb}èj lý}è dibl}hibbj` ndhb mj tèuhdhju `n li gèujblj mz suimzh} ntjl `j| jwhajblj| fè}hju"

]j|} mj `n eih}j bihuj Lj}}j }jlgbh~zj n sizu ez} mj tèuhdhju `j lifsiu}jfjb} mz `iahlhj` |nb| sujbmuj jb lib|hmèun}hib |n |}uzl}zuj hb}jubj" @!iekjl}hd j|} mibl mj }j|}ju `j| mhddèujb}j| dibl}hibbn`h}è| suèlh|èj| mnb| `j| jwhajblj| jb |j en|nb} |zu `j unssiu} jb}uj `j| mibbèj| dizubhj| jb jb}uèj j} `j| hbdiufn}hib| jb |iu}hj"

]xsj mj }j|} ;

Dibl}hibbj`

Mj|luhs}hib ;

Tèuhdhju `j| hbdiufn}hib| nddhlgèj| jb |iu}hj jb dibl}hib m‘zb bi f j} m‘zb suèbif dizubh| nz fi}jzu mj ujlgjulgj mj `‘nbbznhuj"

Snunfç}uj| jb jb}uèj ;

&

Bif ; Eju`h}{

&

Suèbif ; Kjnb&Ens}h|}j

Uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz ;

@j fi}jzu }uiztj `n sju|ibbj mè|huèj j} dizubhj `j| mibbèj| |zhtnb}j| ; &

Bif ; Eju`h}{

&

Suèbif ; Kjnb&Ens}h|j

&

\juthlj ; Uj`n}hib| liffjulhn`j|

&

Si|}j ; 5>4=

&

J&fnh` ; ke"eju`h}{Cdz|ji"lif

4< p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

]j|} Mhujl}iu ; Zb iz}h` mj aj|}hib mj }j|} GS ]j|} Mhujl}iu j|} zb iz}h` ~zh sjufj} mj aèuju mj N ã [ zbj zbj ujlj}}j nss`hln}htj" Jb jddj} mj `‘hb}èaun}hib mj| jwhajblj| ã `n aj|}hib mj| nbifn`hj|, h` idduj zbj tzj jb }jfs| uèj` mj `‘è}n} mz suikj} j} sjufj} ã lgn~zj fjfeuj mj `‘è~zhsj mj snu}hlhsju iz mj |hfs`jfjb} mj th|zn`h|ju zb è`èfjb} suèlh| mz suikj} iz m‘jb }huju } huju mj| |}n}h|}h~zj|" @j |lgèfn lh&mj||iz| lh&mj||iz| h``z|}uj `‘hb}junl}hib jb}uj ]j|} Mhujl}iu j} zbj ujlj}}j `iahlhj``j ;

Sizu iuanbh|ju `n sgn|j mj ~zn`hdhln}hib `j Lgjd mj Suikj} |j en|j |zu `n |}un}èahj mj }j|}" Lj``j&lh j|} è}ne`hj auålj ã ; @‘jddiu} mj }j|} }gèiuh~zj ;

@j Lgjd mj Suikj} libáih} `j sèuhfç}uj mj| }j|}| ã snu}hu mj| milzfjb}| ã |n mh|si|h}hib ; jwsuj||hib| mj ej|ihb| |sèlhdhln}hib| }jlgbh~zj| j} dibl}hibbj``j| j}l" H` è}ne`h} jb|zh}j zb s`nbbhba |nb| }jbhu lifs}j mj| |sèlhdhlh}è| mz l`hjb}"

@n |}un}èahj mj }j|} uèj``j ; @j Lgjd mj Suikj} sujbm jb lifs}j `‘jbthuibbjfjb} mz l`hjb} ntjl |j| `hfh}n}hib| j} |j| |sèlhdhlh}è| j} nss`h~zj lj| lib}unhb}j| }nb} nz sèuhfç}uj mj| }j|}| }gèiuh~zj| ~z‘nz s`nbbhba hbh}hn`" Zbj dih| tn`hmèj snu }iz| `j| hb}jutjbnb}| nz suikj} `n |}un}èahj tn |juthu mj uèdèujb}hj` }iz} nz `iba mj `n sgn|j mj ~zn`hdhln}hib"

4= p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju S`z| suèlh|èfjb}, `‘è}ne`h||jfjb} m‘zbj |}un}èahj mj }j|} mih} |zhtuj `j suilj||z| lh &mj||iz| ;

Zbj dih| `n |}un}èahj mèdhbhj `j Lgjd mj Suikj} n sizu }ålgj mj mèlizsju `n sgn|j mj ~zn`hdhln}hib jb lgnb}hju| lxl`j| j} lnfsnabj mj }j|}|" H` sjz} mç| n`iu| hb}èauju `j| hbdiufn}hib| nz |jhb mj ]j|} Mhujl}iu ;

4: p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

44 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Nhb|h ]j|} Mhujl}iu iuanbh|j j} |zh} }iz} `j lxl`j mj `n ujlj}}j ã }untju| mj| iba`j}| mh|}hbl}| ; @‘iba`j} ¯ Uj~zhujfjb}| ¿

L‘j|} nz |jhb mj lj} iba`j} ~zj `j Lgjd mj Suikj} mèdhbh} `n `h|}j mj| jwhajblj|" Lgnlzbj m‘j``j mih} ë}uj lifs`è}èj snu zbj suhiuh}è j} sihb}ju tju| `j milzfjb} |izulj"

@j| li`ibbj| suhblhsn`j| |ib} ; 

¯ @hej``è ¿ ; Ib x }uiztj `‘nueiuj|ljblj mj| mi||hju| iø `j mjubhju bhtjnz liuuj|sibm ã `‘jwhajblj j``j&fëfj" j``j&fëfj" H` j|} aèbèun`jfjb} lib|jh``è mj bj sn| mèsn||ju = bhtjnzw"



¯ \}n}z} liztju}zuj ¿ ; Lj}}j li`ibbj sjufj} mj tèuhdhju |h `‘jwh ajblj n è}è liztju}j snu nz fihb| zb ln| mj }j|} j} hbmh~zj mnb| lj ln| `‘è}n} mj |ib jwèlz}hib"



¯ Uj~HM ¿ ; H` |‘nah} m‘zb hmjb}hdhnb} zbh~zj sizu lgn~zj jwhajblj"



¯ Libljs}jzu ¿ ; Bif iz `iahb mj `n sju|ibbj ~zh hb}èauè `‘jwhajblj nz |jhb mj }j|} Mhujl}iu"



¯ \}n}z} Libljs}hib ¿ ; @j Lgjd mj Suikj} hbmh~zj hlh |h `‘jwhajblj n è}è tn`hmèj" \h }j` b‘j|} sn| `j ln|, `j Lgnuaè mj ^zn`hdhln}hib bj |jun sn| jb fj|zuj m‘jwèlz}ju `j| ln| mj }j|}| n||ilhè|"



¯ Suhiuh}è ¿ ; @j Lgjd mj S uikj} l`n||hdhj `j bhtjnz mj suhiuh}è ã `‘jwhajblj"



¯ ]xsj ¿ ; Lj}}j li`ibbj sjufj} m‘iuanbh|ju `j| jwhajblj| |j`ib `jzu iuhahbj ; }jlgbh~zj, dibl}hibbj``j ․

41 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju @‘iba`j} ¯ ]j|} S`nb ¿

Zbj |}un}èahj mj }j|} ehjb iuanbh|èj idduj nz Lgnuaè mj ^zn`hdhln}hib zbj en|j |i`hmj sizu libljtihu `j s`nb mj }j|}" ]iz} m‘neium, h` mèdhbh} `‘nueiuj|ljblj mz s`nb" H` |‘nsszh j aèbèun`jfjb} |zu `j| dibl}hibbn`h}è| mz suimzh} ã }j|}ju" Szh| h` luèè `j| ln| mj }j|}| j} `j| è}nsj| jb dizubh||nb} zbj mj|luhs}hib jws`hlh}j sizu `j }j|}jzu '~zh sjz} jb jddj} ë}uj zbj sju|ibbj mhddèujb}j(" Jbdhb h` n||ilhj lgn~zj ln| mj }j|} ã zbj iz s`z|hjzu| jwhajblj| ndhb mj anunb}hu `n }unáneh`h}è mj |ib }untnh`"

@‘iba`j} ¯ ]j|} S`nb ¿ j|} mèlizsè jb mjzw djbë}uj| mh|}hbl}j| ; 

@n djbë}uj mj anzlgj lib}hjb} `‘nueiuj|ljblj `‘nueiuj|ljbl j mz s`nb mj }j|} iø `j mjubhju bhtjnz liuuj|sibm nz ln| mj }j|} `zh&fëfj"



@n djbë}uj mj muih}j mè}nh``j `j| hbdiufn}hib| suisuj| nz ln| mj }j|} ; i

¯ Mè}nh`| ¿ ; Lj} j|snlj sjufj} mj mibbju mj| jws`hln}hib| |zu `j ln| mj }j|}| ã jwèlz}ju" H` hbmh~zj èan`jfjb} ~zh n luèè `j ln| mj }j|}| |ib |}n}z} iz jbliuj |n mn}j mj libljs}hib"

i

¯ Mj|hab \}js| ¿ ; Hlh |ib} `h|}èj| `j| è}nsj| mz ln| mz ln| mj }j|}

i

¯ Uj~| Litjunaj ¿ ; L‘j|} hlh ~zj `j ln| mj }j|} j|} n||ilhè ã zbj iz s`z|hjzu| jwhajblj|"

i

¯ ]j|} \luhs} ¿ ; Lj}}j djbë}uj idduj `n si||heh`h}è mj kihbmuj zb |luhs} ~zj `j }j|}jzu mjtun jwèlz}ju" Lj}}j dibl}hibbn`h}è j|} }uç| sjz jfs`ixèj"

47 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju i

¯ N}}nlgfjb}| ¿ ; Ib x |}iloj hlh h lh mj| dhlghju| ~zh sjztjb} suè|jb}ju zbj hfsiu}nblj sizu `n eibbj jwèlz}hib mz ln| mj }j|} ; zb nsjuáz m‘èlunb, snu jwjfs`j"

@‘iba`j} ¯ ]j|} @ne ¿

Lj} iba`j} idduj `n si||heh`h}è m‘iuanbh|ju m‘iuanbh|ju `j| |lèbnuhh jb `i}|, lxl`j| j} lnfsnabj|" Nz bhtjnz `j s`z| en| ib x uj}uiztj mibl `j |lèbnuhi `zh&fëfj ntjl |zu zbj djbë}uj mèmhè `n `h|}j mj| }j|}| ã jwèlz}ju h||z| mz s`nb mj }j|}"

Lj}}j djbë}uj mj muih}j lib|}h}zj mibl `‘hb}judnlj suhblhsn`j sizu `j }j|}jzu" J``j j|} lib|}h}zèj mj| iba`j}| |zhtnb}| ; 

¯ Jwjlz}hib Auhm ¿ ; Ib x }uiztj `n `h|}j mj| ln| mj }j|}| ã jwèlz}ju sizu `j |lèbnuhi |è`jl}hibbè"



¯ Jwjlz}hib D`iq ¿ ; |‘nddhlgj hlh zbj ujsuè|jb}n}hib |lgèfn}h~zj mj }xsj ‗Qiuod`iq‘ mj `‘jblgnhbjfjb} mj| |lèbnuhh" Lj}}j dibl}hibbn`h}è j|} }uç| sjz z}h`h|èj"



¯ ]j|} \j} Suisju}hj| ¿ ; Lj} iba`j} sjufj} mj |nh|hu mj| hbdiufn}hib| lifs`èfjb}nhuj| |zu `j |lèbnuhi ; mè}nh`| bif mz libljs}jzu j}l"

48 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Sizu ehjb lifsujbmuj `n mh|}hbl}hib jb}uj s`nb mj }j|} j} |lèbnuhi, h` j|} hb}èuj||nb} mj snu}hu m‘zb jwjfs`j libluj} ; hfnahbib| snu jwjfs`j `n ujlj}}j mz fi}jzu mj ujlgjulgj ¯ Ehba ¿ ;

H` j|} si||he`j mj mèlizsju lj}}j hb}judnlj mj `n fnbhçuj |zhtnb}j ; 

Iba`j} ; Nllç| ã `n snaj m‘nllzjh`



Sntè| ; Nllç| nzw dibl}hibbn`h}è| ;



i

Qje

i

Hfnaj|

i

\gisshba

i

Nl}zn`h}è|

i

Lnu}j|

i

S`z|

Lgnfs ; Hb|ju}hib mj `‘hbdiufn}hib ã ujlgjulgju |j`ib `j luh}çuj |è`jl}hibbè nz bhtjnz ¯ sntè ¿

@n uèmnl}hib mj| lnfsnabj| nz n z |jhb mz ¯ ]j|} @ne ¿ mj ]j|} Mhujl}iu sjztjb} |zhtuj `n `iah~zj |zhtnb}j ; 

]j|} mj |zudnlj ;

@‘nss`hln}hib j|} }j|}èj ã zb bhtjnz en|h~zj ndhb mj tèuhdhju |n |}neh`h}è j} `n ligèujblj aèbèun`j mj| mhddèujb}j| dibl}hibbn`h}è|" 

Ib tèuhdhj hlh ~zj `‘ZU@ j|} nllj||he`j j} `n snaj |‘nddhlgj ~zj`~zj |ih} `j bnthan}jzu z}h`h|è" Ib sjz} èan`jfjb} }j|}ju `j uj}izu dizubh snu `j fi}jzu jb jb}unb} mj| hbdiufn}hib| mhtju| sizu lgnlzb mj| sntè|"

13 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju 

]j|} eh`n}èun` ;

@j| mhddèujb}j| mhddèujb} j| dibl}hibbn`h}è| mj `‘nss`hln}hib |ib} }j|}èj| s`z| jb suidibmjzu" ]iz} m‘neium, ib tèuhdhj `n ligèujblj mj| uè|z`}n}| ie|jutè| ; lj |ib} `j| }j|}| si|h}hd| " N `‘hbtju|j, ib }j|}j `n uènl}hib mj `‘nss`hln}hib |h `j| è`èfjb}| jb jb}uèj bj liuuj|sibmjb} sn | ã lj ~zh j|} suètz ; ib snu`j n`iu| mj }j|}| bèan}hd|" 

Ib tèuhdhj snu jwjfs`j ~z‘jb jb}unb} `j fi} ¯ fnh|ib ¿ `n uèsib|j nz bhtjnz mz sntè ¯ Qje ¿ j|} jddjl}htjfjb} zbj `h|}j mj |h}j| lib|nluè| ã lj |zkj}" Zbj ujlgjulgj mj lj fëfj ntjl `n ` n dibl}hib ¯ Hfnaj| ¿ nddhlgjun n`iu| zbj |zllj||hib mj sgi}i| iz mj mj||hb| liuuj|sibmnb} nz fi} jb}uè" Sizu `j| }j|}| bèan}hd| ib sjz} tèuhdhju `n uènl}hib mz fi}jzu `iu|~zj `‘ib jb}uj zbj lgnâbj mj lnunl}çuj| }j``j ~zj ¯ ,+ ¿"

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]j|} ntnblè ;

@‘hb}èaun`h}è mj `‘nss`hln}hib `‘nss`hln}hib j|} sn||èj jb ujtzj" Lgn~zj dibl}hibbn`h}è j|} }j|}èj mnb| |j| fihbmuj| mè}nh`|" N lj bhtjnz `j| n|sjl}| }jlgbh~zj| |ib} èan`jfjb} }unh}è|" 

Mj| jwjfs`j| jws`hlh}j| |ib} z}h`h|è| sizu tèuhdhju `j| uèsib|j| dizubhj| snu `j fi}jzu mj ujlgjulgj j} lj`n sizu }iz| `j| sntè| j} sizu }iz}j| `j| is}hib|" Jb }jufj| }jlgbh~zj| ib }j|}jun snu jwjfs`j `j| }jfs| mj uèsib|j `j| fi}| `iba| `n lgnu}j aunsgh~zj j}l"



]j|} mj bib uèauj||hib ;

Ib tèuhdhj ã lj bhtjnz ~zj `‘nss`hln}hib }j|}èj bj fimhdhj jb uhjb `j lifsiu}jfjb} mj| nz}uj| nss`hln}hib| ntjl `j|~zj`| j``j ligneh}j" 

Mnb| `j ln| mz fi}jzu mj ujlgjulgj, ib sjz} tèuhdhju ~zj `‘nss`hln}hib ¯ Lnu}j| ¿ nllj||he`j mjszh| `j sntè liuuj|sibmnb} b‘n |zeh} nzlzbj mèaunmn}hib"

@‘iba`j} ¯ Mjdjl}| ¿

N `‘jwèlz}hib mz |lèbnuhi `j }j|}jzu n sizu iekjl}hd mj mè}jl}jzu `j fihbmuj èlnu} snu unssiu} nz uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz" H` mèl`nuj nhb|h zbj nbifn`hj mnb| ]j|} Mhujl}iu mèluh} `j suie`çfj ujblib}uè j} `hj lj}}j nbifn`hj nz ln| mj }j|}| jb lizu|" @j Lgjd mj Suikj} ^zn`hdhln}hib sujbm n`iu| `n fnhb nbn`x|j `n sju}hbjblj mj lj}}j nbifn`hj szh| `‘jbtihj ã `‘è~zhsj libljubèj" Lj}}j nbifn`hj j|} n`iu| liuuhaèj snu `‘è~zhsj uj|sib|ne`j j} èmh}j zb milzfjb} jws`h~znb} `j| mè}nh`| mj `n uè|i`z}hib" N `n uèljs}hib mz milzfjb} `j Lgjd mj Suikj} nz}iuh|j `j }j|}jzu ã uj`nblju `‘jwèlz}hib mz ln| }j|} n||ilhè" \h `j uè|z`}n} n}}jbmz j|} ligèujb}, `‘nbifn`hj j|} n`iu| mèl`nuèj liffj ¯ liuuhaèj ¿"

1> p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Nz |jhb mj ]j|} Mhujl}iu, `‘nbifn`hj j|} hmjb}hdhèj suhblhsn`jfjb} snu `j| li`ibbj| |zhtnb}j| ; 

¯ Mjdjl}HM ¿ ; L‘j|} zb mhmjb}hdhnb} zbh~zj sizu `‘nbifn`hj"

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¯ Mn}j Nbifn`hj ¿ ; Mn}j ã `n~zj``j `‘nbifn`hj n è}è mèl`nuèj"

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¯ \ètèuh}è ¿ ; Bhtjnz mj |ètèuh}è mj `‘nbifn`hj" Lj}}j hbdiufn}hib j|} hbh}hn`h|èj snu `j }j|}jzu `iu| mj `n luèn}hib mj `‘nbifn`hj szh| fimhdhèj |h bèlj||nhuj snu `j Lgjd mj Suikj} `iu| mj |ib nbn`x|j"



¯ Nddjl}èj ã ¿ ; Bif mj `n sju|ibbj iz mj `‘ ` ‘è~zhsj jb lgnuaj mj `‘ ` ‘nbifn`hj" Lj}}j mibbèj j|} aèbèun`jfjb} mz Lgjd mj Suikj} ~zh nddjl}j `‘ ` ‘nbifn`hj |j`ib |ib iuhahbj ; fè}hju }jlgbh~zj ․



¯ Sgn|j mj ^zn`hdhln}hib ¿ ; Zb fëfj ln| mj }j|} sjz} ë}uj z}h`h|è mnb| s`z|hjzu| sgn|j| mj `n ujlj}}j" H` j|} mibl hb}èuj||nb} mj |ntihu ã `n~zj``j `‘ ` ‘nbifn`hj j|} n||ilhèj"



¯ Uè|zfè ¿ ; Euçtj mj|luhs}hib mj `‘ ` ‘nbifn`hj"

15 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju Jb uè|zfè, `j lxl`j mj thj m‘zbj nbifn`hj |zh} `j lgjfhbjfjb} |zhtnb} ;

Fimz`j ¯ \}n}| ¿ H` j|} hfsiu}nb} sizu `j Lgjd mj Suikj} m‘ m ‘ntihu zbj th|hib |xb}gè}h~zj mz suikj} ã zb hb|}nb} mibbè bi}nffjb} sizu `n suèsnun}hib mj lifs}j&ujbmz iz mj lifh}è| mj sh`i}naj" ]j|} Mhujl}iu fj} ã mh|si|h}hib zb iz}h` mj luèn}hib mj |}n}h|}h~zj|" Nhb|h h` j|} si||he`j mj luèju zb aunsgh~zj ã enuuj| ã snu}hu mj `n |h}zn}hib mz s`nb mj }j|} mj `n lnfsnabj iz jbliuj mj| nbifn`hj|" Snu jwjfs`j h` sjz} ë}uj z}h`j mj libbnâ}uj ` ‘è}n} mj| nbifn`hj| jb dibl}hib mj `jzu luh}hlh}è" Ib nzunh} zb aunsgh~zj ~zh uj||jfe`junh} ã lj`zh&lh ;

1< p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

Sgn|j 4 2 Hb|}n``n}hib j} hbmz|}uhn`h|n}hib

@!hb|}n``n}hib j|} zbj è}nsj ã bj sn| bèa`haju" J``j mih} |j mèuiz`ju mj `n fnbhçuj `n s`z| l`nhuj ntjl `!nsszh m!zbj milzfjb}n}hib jws`hlh}j j} |iz| `!èahmj mj sju|ibbj| lifsè}jb}j|" H` |!nah} bib |jz`jfjb} mj fnâ}uh|ju `n sujfhçuj hb|}n``n}hib |zu zb jbthuibbjfjb} thjuaj fnh| èan`jfjb} `j| uèhb|}n``n}hib| |zhtnb}j| bi}nffjb} ã `n |zh}j m!zbj liuujl}hib iz m!zbj fh|j ã kizu mz suimzh}" Ib sizuun n`iu| snu`ju m!hbmz|}uhn`h|n}hib `iu|~zj lj| mjzw suilj|| hb|}n``n}hib j} uèhb|}n``n}hib |j mèuiz`jfjb} snudnh}jfjb}"

>" Hb|}n``n}hib L!j|} nz Lgjd mj Suikj} ^zn`hdhln}hib mj mibbju `j djz tju} sizu `j| sujfhju| }j|}| m!hb|}n``n}hib ; }iz}j| `j| nbifn`hj| mj ujlj}}j mihtjb} ë}uj liuuhaèj| j} l `i|j| `j| }j|}| mj eiz} jb eiz} |n}h|dnh|nb}|" @j| lifsi|nb}| ã hb|}n``ju mihtjb} ë}uj hmjb}hdhè| mnb| `n aj|}hib mj libdhazun}hib" @n suilèmzuj m!hb|}n``n}hib mih} èan`jfjb} mh|}hbazju `j| isèun}hib| fnbzj``j| mj| }ålgj| nz}ifn}h~zj|" Zb lnghju m!hb|}n``n}hib mih} nddhlgju zbj th|hib }jfsiuj``j mj `n suilèmzuj ntjl mj| mj| j|}hfn}hib| mj mzuèj sizu lgn~zj è}nsj" Lj lnghju mjtunh} jb iz}uj lib}jbhu ; @j| suè&uj~zh| suè&uj~zh| fn}èuhj`| 'libdhazun}hib fhbhfn`j, ujliffnbmèj ․(, @j| suè&uj~zh| `iahlhj`| @j| uj||izulj| gzfnhbj| bèlj||nhuj| @n `h|}j mj| lifsi|nb}| ã hb|}n``ju @j| suilèmzuj| nz}ifn}h~zj| @j| suilèmzuj| fnbzj``j| Zb iuanbhaunffj mj s`nbhdhln}hib mj `!hb|}n``n}hib Zb fimj m!jfs`ih"

1= p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju

@n uèmnl}hib j} `!jwèlz}hib mj| sujfhju| }j|}| m!hb|}n``n}hib mih} uèzbhu ; @n FIJ @!jws`ih}n}hib J} is}hibbj``jfjb} `n ~zn`hdhln}hib sizu zb nsszh jb }jufj| m!iuanbh|n}hib mj| }j|}|"

5" Hbmz|}uhn`h|n}hib @!hbmz|}uhn`h|n}hib l!j|} ã mhuj `j mès`ihjfjb} mj `!nss`hln}hib jb suimzl}hib mih} sujbmuj jb lifs}j `j| |sèlhdhlh}è| mj| |h}j| l`hjb}|" Jb iz}uj |h `j suimzh} mètj`issè j|} mj|}hbè ã ujfs`nlju zb `iahlhj` mèkã suè|jb} lgj{ `j l`hjb} h` dnzmun suètihu zb ln`jbmuhju mj mès`ihjfjb} ntjl `!è~zhsj m!jws`ih}n}hib" H` j|} bèlj||nhuj mnb| lj ln| m!n||zuju `j| nl}hth}è| mz |h}j ntjl zb dibl}hibbjfjb} jb snun``ç`j mj fnbhçuj ã siztihu jddjl}zju zb uj}izu jb nuuhçuj |h zbj mèdnh``nblj iz zbj hblifsn}heh`h}è |j suimzh} |zu `j biztjnz suiahlhj`" Lj}}j sgn|j m!hbmz|}uhn`h|n}hib ie`haj `j dizubh||jzu ã ; &

Mèdhbhu zbj |}un}èahj mj liffzbhln}hib sizu ë}uj `j s`z| uènl}hd si||he`j jb ln| mj m!nbifn`hj

&

Sujbmuj jb lgnuaj lj| nbifn`hj| mj `jzu nbn`x|j ã `jzu liuujl}hib

&

Dizubhu zbj milzfjb}n}hib l`nhuj j} jws`hlh}j nmns}è nz sze`hl th|è ; è~zhsj fè}hju }jlgbhlhjb| z}h`h|n}jzu| dhbnzw ․

&

Idduhu zbj diufn}hib ã `!z}h`h|n}hib fnh| èan`jfjb} ã `n fnhb}jbnblj mz suimzh}"

1: p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju @j |lgèfn lh&mj||iz| mèluh} `j| è}nsj| bèlj||nhuj| ã fjbju `iu| mj `n sujfhçuj hb|}n``n}hib kz|~z!nz mès`ihjfjb} dhbn`"

14 p S n a j

Mnbhj` Fz``ju