PV panels lecture

Introducing

Photovoltaic Systems

S u b mi tted to D r.O s a ma Ay a d i 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

DESIGN ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM

INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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The government has issued the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency law in April 2012

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The government has raised the tariff values since 2013, hence PV Systems have become more feasible than ever

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 A maximum irradiance of 1,000 W/m2 of direct sunlight can reach the earth when it is: 

Normal to the earth’s surface

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At sea level

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On a clear day

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Yearly average sum of global radiation

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 1st practical PV modules were developed in 1954 by Bell labs

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 There are two types of PV systems:  Off-grid  On-grid

 Off-grid PV systems are independent from the electricity grid. They use batteries to store energy for later use or directly for pumping.  On-grid PV systems are connected to the electricity grid

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 Basic Components of Off-Grid PV Systems

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 Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems 1.A solar-powered repeater used in telecommunication

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 Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems 2. Small yacht using PV to charge 12 volt batteries

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 Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems 3. Solar Pumping

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 Examples for systems uses Off-Grid PV Systems 4. Street Lighting

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 Basic Components of On-Grid PV Systems

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MONOCRYSTALLINE

SILICON

CELLS

SOLAR

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POLYCRYSTALLINE

THIN FILM

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MONOCRYSTALLINE MODULE

POLYCRYSTALLINE MODULE

THIN FILM MODULE

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 The Photovoltaic Effect

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Standard Test Conditions (STC)

25°C

The output power of PV

modules at STC is measured in units of Watt Peak – Wp

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 Mounting systems should be considered carefully to secure PV modules, protect them from wind and snow loads, and to avoid the occurrence of corrosion.  In most parts of the world, Aluminum, Stainless Steel or Galvanized Steel fixing systems are used

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 DC cables have to be correctly sized to as to reduce cable power losses .  Mechanical protection must be provided to DC cables by means of electric sleeve pipes and/or cable trays  DC cables that are exposed to sunlight have to be UV-resistant to be protected against sunlight

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DC Power

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AC Power

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 All inverters contain devices that are known as Maximum Power Point Trackers, or MPPTs  MPPTs track any changes that occur in the current and voltage of the PV array, and follow up with these changes in order to convert the maximum amount of DC power to AC power

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 Why do we need MPPT Tracker

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Use of smart meters to enable Net Metering

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 Users are allowed to cover up to 100% of their annual consumption using PV Systems  There are two types of PV system applications to the electric utility companies:  Small Scale Systems  1-ph: 3.68 kW  3-ph: 11 kW

 Large Scale Systems

 The total PV capacity that can be installed on each transformer station could be limited 30

 As per the recent Energy Wheeling Regulations, users are allowed to cover up to 100% of their annual consumption using PV Systems installed in remote areas

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How is your customer planning on covering his/her consumption?

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 Maximum Allowed Capacity by Electric Utilities  100% Coverage of Annual Consumption  Maximum Coverage of Annual Consumption  Pre-Defined System Capacity 33

Based on the customer’s consumption levels and tariff type, is the project going to be financially feasible? Annual Consumption? Tariff Type? Available Area? 34

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

DESIGN ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM

INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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There are several approaches for designing on-grid PV systems, but the main concept is the same

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

DESIGN ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY: FLAT ROOF SYSTEM

INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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Define the available area, and draw it based on as-built measurements, including all objects & elevations

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Define the most suitable mounting system type based on the appropriate tilt angle and azimuth for each case

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 Apply shade analysis to all objects to identify the shaded areas

 Seasonal altitude and azimuth angles are used to determine the distance you need to keep between PV modules and other objects to avoid shade where possible 46

45°

315°

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6 17

7 16

270°

21 Jun

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90°

21 Mar 21 Sep 21 Dec 225°

135°

180°

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Shade profiles from different times and seasons are taken into account

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 Shade Analyzers can also help in identifying objects that will potentially cast shade on the modules

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Module Selection: 1.Available Modules 2.Price per capacity

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PV Module Data Sheet

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PV Module Data Sheet

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Draw the PV layout after excluding the shaded areas that are expected to have a big negative impact on the yield

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 Optimum number of modules in almost every case is determined based on both the available area and the mounting system used  DC and AC cables are sized according to the local guidelines

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PV:Inverter Ratio No. of MPPTs 55

Inverter Design Software

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Inverter Data Sheet

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 Inverter Design Inverter Minimum & Maximum Voltage Limits

Min Input Initial Input Min MPP Voltage Voltage Voltage 150V 188V 320V

Max MPP Voltage 800V

Max Input Voltage 1000V

Inverter Maximum Current Limits MPPT B 11A

MPPT A 22A

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MPPT A: n String × n Modules

n × Inverter MPPT B: n String × n Modules 59

Single Line Diagram for Proposed PV System DC Side Existing System

11.22 kWp PV Array SolarWorld Sunmodule Protect 255 Wp MONO Input A: 1 Strings × 22 Modules Input B: 1 String × 22 Modules

AC Side

Low-Voltage Grid

10 kW 3-ph Inverter SMA STP 10000 TL-10

JEPCO AC Disconnect Existing Meter

Main Distribution Panel Integrated DC Isolator (SMA’s ESS)

DC Cables – Average Single Run Distance For All Strings is 22 m – Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

9.35 kWp PV Array SolarWorld Sunmodule Protect 275 Wp MONO Input A: 1 Strings × 17 Modules Input B: 1 Strings × 17 Modules

4-Pole RCCB 4-Pole MCB 20 A 25 A (Sensitivity: 300 mA)

4-Pole MCB 20 A

AC Cables – Distance To Connection Point is15 m – Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

8 kW 3-ph Inverter SMA STP 8000 TL-20

Integrated DC Isolator (SMA’s ESS)

DC Cables – Average Single Run Distance For All Strings is 22m – Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

4-Pole RCCB 4-Pole MCB 16A 25 A (Sensitivity: 300mA)

4-Pole MCB 16 A

AC Cables – Distance To Connection Point is 15 m – Cable Cross Section is 4 mm2

YIELD (kWh) vs

SPECIFIC YIELD (kWh/kWp)

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PV Silmulation Software

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PV Simulation Software •We use simulation software to predict the system yield for each year in life time of the system , and to help us to study the effect of the shade, changing the azimuth & tilt, effect of soiling, on the system yield.

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PV Silmulation Software

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 Selecting a PV system with the highest specific yield is not always the best choice for your case in terms of one or more of the following: 

Total Yield Achieved (kWh)

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Yearly Consumption Coverage (%)

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Total System Price (JOD)

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

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DESIGN ELEMENTS

CASE STUDY: FREE FIELD SYSTEM

INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE

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 Installation

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 Installation

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 Installation

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 Testing & Commissioning 

Electrical Tests:         

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Open Circuit Voltage Measurement Short Circuit Current Measurement Reverse Polarity Test Insulation Test Continuity Test Earth Resistance Test AC/DC Power Measurement Power Factor Measurement THD Measurement

Commissioning 70

 Operation & Maintenance 

Plant Owner Responsibilities: 

Daily Check for Inverter Errors

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Daily Circuit Breaker Check

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Daily Yield Check

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Cleaning the Array Every 2 Weeks

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Online System Monitoring 72

Monitoring for a PV System on 15/5/2015

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Monitoring for a PV System on 14/5/2015

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Irradiance Sensor

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Irradiance Sensor

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Temperature Sensors

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PV Systems Must Be Mainly Evaluated Based on their ACTUAL YIELD on the Field 79

Thank You for your Attention Any Questions?

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