Pulverizer Operation Performance and Testing
March 9, 2021 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Pulverizer Operation Performance and Testing Rod Pifer .1
Coal Recirculation Raw Coal Flow Product Output
Final Classification Gravity Separation Primary Classification Fluidized Bed
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Primary Air Control – Common PA Fan
Hot Air Duct Cold Air Duct
Hot Air Control Damper
Tempering Air Control Damper
Coal‐air Transport Pipes Swing Valve Operators
Flow
Primary Air Damper
Pitot Tubes
Shut‐off Damper
Pulverizer
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Coal Properties Affecting Pulverizer Selection • Basic rating formula – Corrected capacity = Base capacity x Cg x Cf x Cm
• Grindability (Cg) – Effect on capacity – As affected by moisture
• Fineness (Cf) – Effect on capacity – Requirements for fuel rank
• Moisture (Cm) – Effect on capacity – Effects on surface and inherent moisture
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Relative Pulverizer Capacity as a Function of Hardgrove Grindability 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
Pulverizer Capacity Correction Factor, Cg
1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 HGI ASTM D409 .5
B&W Pulverizer Capacity Correction with 200 Mesh Fineness Standard Classifier 1.2
Pulverizer Capacity Correction Factor, Cf
1.0
.8
.6 50
60
70
80
90
Fineness Percent Passing 200 Mesh .6
B&W Pulverizer Capacity Correction Due to Moisture 1.05
1.00
Pulverizer Capacity 0.97 Correction Factor, Cm
0.95
0.93
4
6
8
10
12
Surface Moisture (% by weight) .7
Grindability Index ÌINDEX SCALE 0 ‐100 HGI ÌB&W NOMINAL INDEX 50 HGI ÌTYPICAL COALS
BITUMINOUS = 40‐45 HGI
ÌPRB = 50‐55 HGI
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Ways to Improve Fineness • Air Flow – Operate on design air/coal curve, periodically verified by proper calibration – Improve air distribution in grinding zone • Rotating throat • Throat orifice, plugs, inserts
– Lower/eliminate unnecessary control bias – Readjustments for coal changes • New throat castings (Different vane thickness)
• Increase Classifier Speed .9
Averaging Pitot Tubes for Primary Air Differential Low Side Pressure Tap
High Side Pressure Tap
Equalizing Lines
Detail of the pitot tubes
Primary Air Duct Between Fan & Mill ow
l Air F
Pitot Tubes .10
Possible Pitot Tube Problems New pitot tubes installed but not calibrated or tested Plugged pitot tubes Cracks or holes in the pitot tubes Pitot tube holes eroded or enlarged Leaks or plugs in the signal tubing between the pitot tubes and the pressure transmitters – Dams missing or broken – Dams left in when new pitot tubes were installed
– – – – –
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What Could Be Wrong With Your Mill? – Primary air flow is set too high or too low for proper mill operation – Primary air flow is set too high or too low for good combustion – Primary air flow measurement is incorrect – The coal being burned is not what the mill was calibrated to grind
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Why Proper Mill Calibration Is Important – Primary air is needed to dry the coal and to transport the coal – Only use enough primary air to dry and transport the coal – Proper primary air flow helps maintain the proper bed of coal in the mill – The mill is a ball bearing with the coal bed acting as the grease
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What Happens If We Have Too Much PA? – Coal fineness is reduced as increased circulation through the classifier increases the chance for large particles to blow through the classifier – Higher throat velocity blows coal out of the bed in the rings thus reducing the lubricating effect in the grinding zone – Less coal bed in the grinding zone can result in rippling, chipping and cracking of the rings as well as spalling and uneven wear on the balls – Increased velocity at the burner can make the flame unstable and increase the LOI and possibly NOx emissions
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What Happens If We Have Too Little PA? – Wet coal at the burner may not ignite properly resulting in increased slagging and increased LOI – Reduced PA temperature at the burner may cause ignition issues resulting in increased slagging and increased LOI – The flame could pull back into the burner – Could have coal dribble at lower mill loads
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Compare Pulverizer PA Requirements to PA Requirements for the Rest of the Combustion System Ì B&W coordinates the size and performance of the burners and coal piping with pulverizers Ì Some aftermarket burners require modifications to the PA flow to optimize combustion and emissions Ì Changing the coal pipe size will affect minimum PA flow requirements Ì Pulverizers, coal pipes, and burners cannot be seen as separate entities, as they are all interrelated
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Perform Primary Air Calibrations Properly – – – – – – – – – –
Prepare pulverizer control curve based on the coal being used Calibrate the PA, Dp and Mill Dp pressure transmitters Remove, inspect, clean and leak check pitot tubes Isolate all seal air Fill raw coal chute with coal and close valve at coal silo Perform PA Dp versus Mill Dp test; resulting curve must be a straight line passing through the origin Perform clean air tests (traverses) with PA flows in the range expected during actual operation Use manometer to measure PA Dp, Mill Dp, and PA pressure Compare manometer readings to control room readings Mark test pitot tube for equal areas .17
Perform Primary Air Calibrations Properly (cont.) Measure PA flow in each coal pipe Calculate the K‐factor for the pitot tubes Repeat testing at 3‐4 PA flows All of the K‐factor should be within ±5% of the average Compare PA flows in each coal pipe; this is considered to be a good indication of the coal balance between coal pipes – Prepare final mill control curves also called Characterization Curves or Dirty Air Curves
– – – – –
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What Can Change Your K‐Factor? – New or modified burners – New grinding zone in mill – Significant coal change (changes PA range) – Modifications to PA fans (changes how PA comes off fan toward pitot tubes) – Modifications to the PA Ducts (changes how PA comes off fan toward pitot tubes)
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Effect of PRB on Mill Operations – Significantly higher PA temperatures required due to high moisture in PRB – Significantly higher volume of coal feed due to lower BTU in PRB and lower bulk density of PRB – PRB is Sticky ‐ it plugs chutes and hoppers or anyplace it falls onto a ledge or ridge – PRB loves to burn ‐ it burns in the boiler, it burns in the pulverizers, it burns in the hoppers, it burns in the pile, etc. .20
Effect of PRB on Mill Operations (cont.) – Blends of bituminous coal and PRB have special problems – Grinding bituminous coal is like trying to break a box full of marbles with a sledge hammer – Grinding a blend of bituminous coal and PRB is like trying to break the box full of marbles with the same sledge hammer after someone has mixed in a bunch of tennis balls – PRB is more friable than bituminous coal, so it will have a small size distribution in the bunkers .21
Effect of PRB on Mill Operations (cont.) – Most bunkers and silos are highly effective particle size segregators – This means average particle size of the coal will vary over a bunker loading cycle – Coal bulk density could change depending on how small and large particles fit together in your bunker – Also moisture content could change as smaller particles with more surface to volume ratio bring in more surface moisture .22
Current B&W Roll Wheel Pulverizer Operating Data The following data (provided by the customer) is required by B&W for use in determining the optimum rotating throat port area: 1. Normal full load coal flow per pulverizer. 2. Normal full load air flow per pulverizer. 3. Pulverizer inlet/outlet air temperature at above normal full load coal and air flow. 4. Mill differential pressure at normal full load coal flow. 5. Mill inlet static pressure at normal full load coal flow (high side of mill differential pressure. 6. Maximum coal flow at which pulverizer is operated. 7. Minimum coal flow at which pulverizer is operated. 8. Number of coal pipes in service per pulverizer. 9. Raw coal Hardgrove grindability. 10. Raw coal total/surface moisture. 11. Raw coal ash content. 12. Rank of fuel. 13. Is there a significant amount of pyrites, rock or tramp iron in the coal? 14. Actual vs. desired fineness. 15. What is the major goal of installing rotating throats i.e.; reduce mill pressure drop, reduce grinding zone erosion, improve fineness?
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Raw Coal
Roll Wheel Pulv. Classifier Assembly
Classifier Discharge Baffles
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Poor Fineness in a Roll Wheel Pulverizer Ì Hole in classifier cone Ì Missing flap gate Ì Flap gate stuck open Ì Low spring pressure
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Ways to Improve Roll Wheel Pulverizer Fineness •
Classifier louver section – – – – – –
•
Outside/inside diameter Vane angle Vane length Number of vanes Discharge cylinder length Bottom plate (retention/spin)
Classifier cone – Top I.D. – Cone angle – Cone volume
•
Classifier discharge (reduce “Seal” leakage) – Conical baffles – Sloped discharge doors – Improved doors (hinges fitup weighted) .26
B&W Roll Wheel Pulverizer Improvements Update Rod Pifer .27
B&W Roll Wheel Pulverizer Upgrades – Cast Low Pressure Drop Rotating Throats – Wearesistor® Tires – Wearesistor® Low Profile Tires – Smooth I.D. grinding segments – Segmented Yoke Air Seal – Ceramic‐lined swing valve seats
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Wearesistor (Asymmetric) Tires ®
Standard Tire Profile Ì Substantial increase in usable wear material compared to original design tires Ì Use with original design standard profile grinding segments Ì Mounts on existing wheel Ì No modifications required Wearesistor Tire Profile
®
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Smooth I.D. Grinding Segments for B&W Roll Wheel Pulverizers
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Cut‐Away View of Segmented YAS in Pulverizer
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New Segmented Yoke Air Seal (Split Line Shown)
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New YAS Installed in Pulverizer (Match‐Marked Segments Shown)
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Wear‐resistant Cera‐VAM® Swing Valve Plate and Seat for Roll Wheel and EL Pulverizers
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