PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

April 20, 2019 | Author: Atty. April Lynn Ursal | Category: Sovereign State, United Nations, International Politics, United Nations Security Council, United Nations General Assembly

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Author of the Book used: Assoc. Justice Isagani A. Cruz Professor: Atty. Hidelito S. Pascual University of San Carlos N...

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c ;

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 6

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 3

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 7

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 0

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 4

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 55

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 56

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Vdc Oerjvjoc emf Gaswjea Floejm ‛ klm{j{v{ lg vdc blfjc{ lg pevcr pjvdjm vdc aemf oe{{ emf vdc pevcr{ efiekcmv vl vdc kle{v{ lg vdc {vevc sx vl e {xckjgjcf ajojv Rjwcr{ ‛ oez bc kae{{jgjcf e{9 mevjlmea ${jvsevcf kloxacvcaz jm vdc vcrrjvlrz lg lmc {vevc*> osavjmevjlmea $galp vdrls`d vdc vcrrjvlrjc{ lg {cwcrea  {vevc{*> jmvcrmevjlmea $mewjèbac grlo vdc lxcm {ce emf j{ lxcm vl vdc s{c lg wc{{ca grlo eaa {vevc{*> emf blsmferz $fjwjfc{ vdc vcrrjvlrjc{ lg vdc rjxerjem {vevc{* Bez{ ‛ pcaa/oerncf jmfcmvevjlm pdl{c xcmcvrevjlm j{ jm {skd xrlxlrvjlm vl vdc pjfvd lg jv{ olsvd e{ vl klmvejm aemf/alkncf pevcr{ emf  klm{vjvsvc olrc vdem e ocrc ksrwevsrc lg vdc kle{v Vdc Vcrrjvlrjea [ce ‛ vdc bcav pevcr{ efiekcmv vl vdc kle{v{ lg vdc {vevc! ctkasfjm` vdc jmvcrmea pevcr{ jm bez{ emf `sag{! lwcr pdjkd vdc {vevc  kaejo{ {lwcrcj`mvz emf isrj{fjkvjlm Vdc SM Klmgcrcmkc{ lm vdc Aep lg vdc [ce ‛ vdcrc pcrc ; jmvcrmevjlmea klmgcrcmkc{ vl glrosaevc e mcp aep lg vdc {ce $Klmwcmvjlm lg vdc Aep  lg vdc [ce* Vdc Xdjajxxjmc Vcrrjvlrjea [ce ‛ vdc kaejo lg vdc Xdjajxxjmc{ vl jv{ vcrrjvlrjea {ce pe{ be{cf lm dj{vlrjk rj`dv lr vjvac /// vrcevz ajojv{ vdclrz  Vdc Erkdjxcae`jk Flkvrjmc ‛ vdc Xdjajxxjmc{ xl{jvjlm lm vdc fcgjmjvjlm lg jv{ jmvcrmea pevcr{  Be{j{ lg Ervjkac J lg vdc 5:40 Klm{vjvsvjlm ‛ be{cf lm R-E- Ml- ;867! e{ eocmfcf bz R-E- Ml- 3667  Ocvdlf{ lg Fcgjmjm` vdc Vcrrjvlrjea [ce ‛ vcrrjvlrjea {ce oez bc fcgjmcf! rcèrfac{{ lg jv{ brcefvd! ekklrfjm` cjvdcr vl vdc mlroea be{cf lr vl  vdc {vrej`dv be{cajmc ocvdlf / Mlroea be{cajmc ocvdlf  vdc vcrrjvlrjea {ce j{ {joxaz frepm grlo vdc alp/pevcr oern lg vdc kle{v! vl vdc brcefvd kaejocf! glaalpjm` jv{ {jmsl{jvjc{ emf ksrwevsrc{ bsv ctkasfjm` vdc jmvcrmea pevcr{ jm bez{ emf `sag{ / [vrej`dv be{cajmc ocvdlf  {vrej`dv ajmc{ erc oefc vl klmmckv exxrlxrjevc xljmv{ lm vdc kle{v pjvdlsv fcxervjm` refjkeaaz grlo jv{ `cmcrea fjrckvjlm

k*

Vdc Ecrjea Floejm ‛ j{ vdc ejr{xekc eblwc vdc vcrrc{vrjea floejm emf vdc oerjvjoc emf gaswjea floejm lg vdc {vevc! vl em smajojvcf eavjvsfc bsv mlv jmkasfjm` lsvcr {xekc

KDEXVCR 559 ISRJ[FJKVJLM / vdc esvdlrjvz ctcrkj{cf bz e {vevc lr xcr{lm{ emf vdjm`{ pjvdjm lr {locvjoc{ lsv{jfc jv{ vcrrjvlrz! {sbickv vl kcrvejm ctkcxvjlm{ ) Isrj{fjkvjlm oez bc ctcrkj{cf bz e {vevc lwcr9 e* Jv{ mevjlmea{ b* Vdc vcrrc{vrjea floejm k* Vdc oerjmc emf gaswjea floejm f* Vdc klmvjmcmvea {dcag c* Vdc lxcm {ce{ g* Vdc ecrjea floejm `* Lsvcr {xekc d* Lvdcr vcrrjvlrjc{ Xcr{lmea Isrj{fjkvjlm ‛ j{ vdc xlpcr ctcrkj{cf bz e {vevc lwcr jv{ mevjlmea Vcrrjvlrjea Isrj{fjkvjlm ‛ e {vevc de{ isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr eaa xcr{lm{ emf xrlxcrvz pjvdjm jv{ vcrrjvlrz ) Ctkcxvjlm{9 Glrcj`m {vevc{! dcef{ lg {vevc{! fjxaloevjk rcxrc{cmvevjwc{! emf klm{sa{ vl e kcrvejm fc`rcc  Glrcj`m {vevc xrlxcrvz! jmkasfjm` cobe{{jc{! klm{saevc{! emf xsbajk wc{{ca{ cmè`cf jm mlm/kloocrkjea ekvjwjvjc{  Ekv{ lg {vevc  Glrcj`m ocrkdemv wc{{ca{ ctcrkj{jm` vdc rj`dv{ lg jmmlkcmv xe{{e`c lr errjwea smfcr {vrc{{  Glrcj`m erojc{ xe{{jm` vdrls`d lr {vevjlmcf jm jv{ vcrrjvlrjc{ pjvd jv{ xcroj{{jlm  [skd lvdcr xcr{lm{ lr xrlxcrvz! jmkasfjm` lrèmjyevjlm{ ajnc vdc Smjvcf Mevjlm{! lwcr pdjkd jv oez! bz e`rccocmv! pejwc isrj{fjkvjlm 

EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 57

Aemf Isrj{fjkvjlm ‛ cwcrzvdjm` glsmf pjvdjm vdc vcrrc{vrjea floejm lg vdc {vevc j{ smfcr jv{ isrj{fjkvjlm Oerjvjoc emf Gaswjea Isrj{fjkvjlm ‛ vdc jmvcrmea pevcr{ lg e {vevc erc e{{jojaevcf vl vdc aemf oe{{ emf {sbickvcf vl vdc {eoc fc`rcc lg isrj{fjkvjlm ctcrkj{cf lwcr vdc vcrrc{vrjea floejm / kjwja! krjojmea ' efojm- isrj{fjkvjlm j{ ctcrkj{cf bz vdc gae` {vevc lwcr jv{ xsbajk wc{{ca{ pdcrcwcr vdcz oez bc! xr lwjfcf vdcz‚rc mlv cmè`cf jm kloocrkc Vdc Klmvj`sls{ Ylmc ‛ bc{jfc{ ctvcmfjm` vdc ajojv{ lg vdcjr vcrrjvlrjea {ce bczlmf vdc vrefjvjlmea ; ojac{ grlo vdc alp/pevcr oern! {loc {vevc{ dewc kaejocf e ‑xrlvckvjwc isrj{fjkvjlm‟ Vdc Klmvjmcmvea [dcag  ‛ rcgcr{ vl9 e* Vdc {cebcf emf {sb{lja lg vdc {sboerjmc erce{ efiekcmv vl vdc kle{v bsv lsv{jfc vdc erce lg vdc vcrrjvlrjea {ce! vl e fcxvd lg 288 ocvcr{! lr bczlmf vdev ajojv! vl pdcrc vdc fcxvd lg vdc {sxcriekcmv pevcr{ efojv{ lg vdc ctxaljvevjlm lg vdc mevsrea rc{lsrkc{ lg vdc {ejf erce{> emf b* Vl vdc {cebcf emf {sb{lja lg {jojaer erce{ efiekcmv vl vdc kle{v{ lg j{aemf{ Vdc Xevrjolmjea [ce ‛ vdc ctkas{jwc cklmlojk ylmc pdjkd ctvcmf{ 288 mesvjkea ojac{ grlo vdc kle{v lr vdc be{cajmc{> eaa ajwjm` emf mlm/ajwjm` rc{lsrkc{ glsmf vdcrcjm bcalm` ctkas{jwcaz vl vdc kle{vea {vevc Vdc Lxcm [ce{ ‛ lr dj`d {ce{> erc rc{ kloosmc{ emf ewejaebac vl vdc s{c lg eaa {vevc{ glr xsrxl{c{ lg mewjèvjlm! gazjm` lwcr vdco! aezjm` {sboerjmc kebac{ lg gj{djm` ) E {vevc oez ctcrkj{c isrj{fjkvjlm lm vdc lxcm {ce{ jm vdc glaalpjm` jm{vemkc{9 Lwcr jv{ wc{{ca{ ‛ vdc gae` {vevc de{ isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr jv{ xsbajk wc{{ca{ ev eaa vjoc{! pdcvdcr vdcz bc jm jv{ lpm vcrrjvlrz! jm vdc vcrrjvlrz lg lvdcr  {vevc{ lr lm vdc lxcm {ce{ Lwcr xjrevc{ ‛ xjrevc{ erc cmcojc{ lg eaa oemnjmf emf oez bc kexvsrcf lm vdc lxcm {ce{ bz vdc wc{{ca{ lg emz {vevc! vl pdl{c vcrrjvlrz vdcz  oez bc brls`dv glr vrjea emf xsmj{docmv Jm vdc ctcrkj{c lg vdc rj`dv lg wj{jv emf {cerkd ‛ smfcr vdc aep{ lg mcsvreajvz! vdc xsbajk wc{{ca{ lr ejrkregv lg e bcaaj`crcmv {vevc oez wj{jv emf  {cerkd ez mcsvrea ocrkdemv wc{{ca lm vdc lxcm {ce{ emf kexvsrc jv jg jv j{ glsmf lr {s{xckvcf vl bc cmè`cf lr vl dewc cmè`cf jm ekvjwjvjc{ gewlrebac vl vdc lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv Smfcr vdc Flkvrjmc lg Dlv Xsr{sjv ‛ jg em lggcm{c j{ kloojvvcf bz e glrcj`m ocrkdemv wc{{ca pjvdjm vdc vcrrjvlrjea pevcr{ lg vdc kle{vea {vevc! jv{  lpm wc{{ca{ oez xsr{sc vdc lggcmfjm` wc{{ca jmvl vdc lxcm {ce emf sxlm kexvsrc vl brjm` jv bekn vl jv{ vcrrjvlrz glr xsmj{docmv Ecrjea Isrj{fjkvjlm ‛ vdcrc erc mlv vrefjvjlmea rsac{ jm jmvcrmevjlmea aep rcèrfjm` vdc rj`dv{ lg vdc {sbiekcmv {vevc vl jv{ ecrjea floejm / vdc alkea {vevc de{ isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr vdc ejr{xekc eblwc vl jv vl em smajojvcf dcj`dv! lr ev vdc ol{v sx vl pdcrc lsvcr {xekc bc`jm{ / ml glrcj`m ejrkregv! kjwja lr ojajverz! oez xe{{ vdrls`d vdc ecrjea floejm lg e {vevc pjvdlsv jv{ klm{cmv ) ‑3 ejr grccflo{‟9 Vdc grccflo vl gaz ekrl{{ glrcj`m vcrrjvlrz pjvdlsv aemfjm`  Vdc grccflo vl aemf glr mlm/vreggjk xsrxl{c{  Vdc grccflo vl xsv flpm vreggjk lrj`jmevjm` jm vdc {vevc lg vdc ejrkregv  Vdc grccflo vl cobern fc{vjmcf glr vdc {vevc lg vdc ejrkregv  rf Vdc grccflo vl cobern vreggjk fc{vjmcf glr lr vl xsv flpm vreggjk lrj`jmevjm` jm e ; {vevc  ) Klmwcmvjlm lm Lggcm{c{ emf Kcrvejm Lvdcr Ekv Kloojvvcf lm Blerf Ejrkregv / jv j{ vdc {vevc lg rc`j{vrevjlm lg vdc ejrkregv vdev de{ isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr lggcm{c{ emf ekv{ kloojvvcf lm blerf pdjac jv j{ jm gaj`dv lr lwcr vdc dj`d {ce{ lr emz lvdcr erce lsv{jfc vdc vcrrjvlrz jg emz {vevc ) Ml lvdcr {vevc oez ctcrkj{c isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr {skd ejrkregv ctkcxv pdcm9 5* Vdc lggcm{c de{ cggckv lm vdc vcrrjvlrz lg {skd {vevc 2* Vdc lggcm{c de{ bccm kloojvvcf bz lr eèjm{v e mevjlmea lr xcroemcmv rc{jfcmkc lg {skd {vevc ;* Vdc lggcm{c j{ eèjm{v vdc {cksrjvz lg {skd {vevc 6* Vdc lggcm{c klm{j{v{ lg e brcekd lg emz rsac lr rc`saevjlm{ rcaevjm` vl vdc gaj`dv lr oemcswcr lg ejrkregv jm glrkc jm {skd {vevc 3* Vdc ctcrkj{c lg isrj{fjkvjlm j{ mckc{{erz vl cm{src vdc lb{crwemkc lg emz lbajèvjlm lg {skd {vevc smfcr e osavj/aevcrea jmvcrmevjlmea e`rccocmv Lsvcr [xekc ‛ j{ mlv {sbickv vl vdc isrj{fjkvjlm lg emz {vevc / jmkasfjm` vdc ollm emf lvdcr kcac{vjea blfjc{ {deaa bc grcc glr ctxalrevjlm emf s{c bz eaa {vevc{ pjvdlsv fj{krjojmevjlm lg emz njmf! lm e be{j{ lg cuseajvz emf jm ekklrfemkc pjvd jmvcrmevjlmea aep> ea{l mlv {sbickv vl mevjlmea exxrlxrjevjlm Lvdcr Vcrrjvlrjc{ ‛ e {vevc oez! bz wjrvsc lr ks{vloerz lr klmwcmvjlmea jmvcrmevjlmea aep! ctvcmf jv{ isrj{fjkvjlm bczlmf jv{ vcrrjvlrz emf lwcr vcrrjvlrz mlv geaajm` smfcr jv{ {lwcrcj`mvz ) Vdj{ oez bc cggckvcf jm vdc glaalpjm` pez{9 Vdrls`d e{{crvjlm lg jv{ xcr{lmea isrj{fjkvjlm lwcr jv{ mevjlmea ebrlef lr vdc ctcrkj{c lg jv{ rj`dv vl xsmj{d kcrvejm lggcm{c{ kloojvvcf lsv{jfc  jv{ vcrrjvlrz eèjm{v jv{ mevjlmea jmvcrc{v{ cwcm jg vdc lggcmfcr{ erc mlm/rc{jfcmv eajcm{ Lm vdc {vrcm`vd lg jv{ rcaevjlm{ pjvd lvdcr {vevc{ lr vcrrjvlrjc{! e{ pdcm jv c{vebaj{dc{ e klalmjea xrlvckvlrevc! lr e klmflojmjso! lr efojmj{vcr{  e vrs{v vcrrjvlrz! lr lkksxjc{ cmcoz vcrrjvlrz jm vjoc lg per E{ e klm{cuscmkc lg vdc pejwcr lg isrj{fjkvjlm bz vdc alkea {vevc lwcr xcr{lm{ emf vdjm`{ pjvdjm jv{ vcrrjvlrz  Vdrls`d ekusj{jvjlm lg ctvrevcrrjvlrjea rj`dv{  Vdrls`d vdc cmilzocmv lg ce{cocmv{ lr {crwjvsfc{! 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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 50

KDEXVCR 529 VDC RJ@DV LG AC@EVJLM / j{ lmc lg vdc ol{v cggckvjwc pez{ lg gekjajvevjm` emf xrlolvjm` jmvcrklsr{c eolm` {vevc{ / vdrls`d vdc ekvjwc rj`dv lg {cmfjm` fjxaloevjk rcxrc{cmvevjwc{ emf vdc xe{{jwc rj`dv lg rckcjwjm` vdco! {vevc{ erc ebac vl fcea olrc fjrckvaz emf kal{caz pjvd cekd lvdcr jm vdc joxrlwcocmv lg vdcjr osvsea jmvcrc{v{ E`cmv{ lg Fjxaloevjk Jmvcrklsr{c ‛ fjxaloevjk rcaevjlm{ erc mlroeaaz klmfskvcf vdrls`d vdc dcef lg vdc {vevc! vdc glrcj`m {ckrcverz lr ojmj{vcr emf vdc ocobcr{ lg vdc fjxaloevjk {crwjkc Vdc Dcef lg [vevc ‛ bc dc olmerkd lr xrc{jfcmv / vdc coblfjocmv lg lr ev ace{v rcxrc{cmv{ vdc {lwcrcj`mvz lg dj{ {vevc Vdc Glrcj`m [ckrcverz ‛ vdc joocfjevc rcxrc{cmvevjwc lg vdc dcef lg {vevc emf fjrckvaz smfcr dj{ klmvrla / ea{l vdc dcef lg vdc glrcj`m lggjkc emf de{ fjrckvjlm lg eaa eobe{{eflr{ emf lvdcr fjxaloevjk rcxrc{cmvevjwc{ lg dj{ `lwcrmocmv Fjxaloevjk Cmwlz{ ‛ vdc rc`saer lr fez/vl/fez klmfskv lg jmvcrmevjlmea eggejr{ j{ cmvrs{vcf vl vdc ocobcr{ lg vdc glrcj`m {crwjkc pdl erc ekkrcfjvcf bz vdc {cmfjm` {vevc e{ jv{ xcroemcmv cmwlz{ vl rcxrc{cmv jv jm {vevc pjvd pdjkd jv j{ oejmvejmjm` fjxaloevjk rcaevjlm{ ) Vdc dcef{ lg vdc{c fjxaloevjk oj{{jlm{ erc kae{{jgjcf e{ glaalp{ bz vdc Klmwcmvjlm lm Fjxaloevjk Rcaevjlm{9 Eobe{{eflr{ lr msmkjl{ ekkrcfjvcf vl dcef{ lg {vevc  Cmwlz{! 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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 54

/ vdc rckcjwjm` {vevc {deaa ea{l ctcoxv fjxaloevjk e`cmv{ grlo eaa xcr{lmea {crwjkc{! grlo eaa xsbajk {crwjkc{ lg emz njmf pdevcwcr! emf grlo ojajverz lbajèvjlm / vdc oj{{jlm emf jv{ dcef {deaa dewc vdc rj`dv vl s{c vdc gae` emf cobaco lg vdc {cmfjm` {vevc Vdc Fjxaloevjk [sjvc lr Rcvjmsc ‛ klm{j{v{ lg vdc fjxaloevjk {vegg! vdc efojmj{vrevjwc emf vckdmjkea {vegg emf vdc {crwjkc {vegg Fsrevjlm ‛ cwcrz xcr{lm cmvjvacf vl fjxaloevjk xrjwjac`c{ emf joosmjvjc{ {deaa cmilz vdco grlo vdc olocmv dc cmvcr{ vdc vcrrjvlrz lg vdc rckcjwjm` {vevc lm xrlkccfjm` vl venc sx dj{ xl{v lr! jg earcefz vdcrc! grlo vdc olocmv dj{ exxljmvocmv j{ mlvjgjcf vl vdc glrcj`m ojmj{vrz / pdcm dj{ gsmkvjlm{ dewc kloc vl em cmf! dj{ xrjwjac`c{ emf joosmjvjc{ {deaa mlroeaaz kce{c grlo vdc olocmv dc acewc{ vdc klsmvrz lr lm ctxjrz lg e rce{lmebac vjoc jm pdjkd vl fl {l! bsv {deaa {sb{j{v smvja {skd vjoc cwcm jm ke{c lg erocf klmgajkv Vcrojmevjlm lg Fjxaloevjk Oj{{jlm ‛ e fjxaloevjk oj{{jlm oez kloc vl em cmf bz emz lg vdc s{sea ocvdlf{ lg vcrojmevjm` lggjkjea rcaevjlm{! ajnc fcevd! rc{j`mevjlm! rcolwea! eblajvjlm lg vdc lggjkc! cvkKDEXVCR 5;9 KLM[SA[ Klm{sa{ ‛ {vevc e`cmv{ rc{jfjm` ebrlef glr werjls{ xsrxl{c{ bsv oejmaz jm vdc jmvcrc{v lg kloocrkc emf mewjèvjlm / vdcz erc mlv kder`cf pjvd vdc fsvz lg rcxrc{cmvjm` vdcjr {vevc{ jm xlajvjkea oevvcr{ mlr erc vdcz ekkrcfjvcf vl vdc {vevc pdcrc vdcz erc {sxxl{cf vl fj{kder`c vdcjr gsmkvjlm{ 2 njmf{ lg klm{sa{9 5Klm{sac{ oj{{j  ‛ erc xrlgc{{jlmea lr kerccr klm{sa{ pdl erc mevjlmea{ lg vdc exxljmvjm` {vevc emf erc rcusjrcf vl fcwlvc vdcjr gsaa vjoc vl vdc fj{kder`c lg vdcjr klm{saer fsvjc{ 2Klm{sac{ cackvj  ‛ oez lr oez mlv bc mevjlmea{ lg vdc exxljmvjm` {vevc emf xcrglro vdcjr klm{saer gsmkvjlm{ lmaz jm effjvjlm vl vdcjr rc`saer keaajm`{ Kae{{jgjkevjlm lg klm{sa{ ekklrfjm` vl joxlrvemkc9 5Klm{sa/`cmcrea 2Klm{sa ;Wjkc/klm{sa 6Klm{saer e`cmv Exxljmvocmv lg klm{sa{9 5Aevvcr xevcmv lr acvvrê fc xrlwj{jlm ‛ pdjkd j{ vdc klooj{{jlm j{{scf bz vdc {cmfjm` {vevc 2Ctcusevsr  ‛ pdjkd j{ vdc esvdlrjvz `jwcm vl vdco bz vdc rckcjwjm` {vevc vl ctcrkj{c vdcjr fsvjc{ vdcrcjm Gsmkvjlm{9  

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 5:

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 28

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 25

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Xe`c 22

Eojkebac ocvdlf{ 5* Mc`lvjevjlm ‛ vdc fj{ks{{jlm smfcrvencm bz vdc xervjc{ vdco{cawc{ lg vdcjr rc{xckvjwc kaejo{ emf klsmvcrkaejo{ pjvd wjcp vl vdcjr is{v emf lrfcraz efis{vocmv 2* Jmusjrz ‛ em jmwc{vjèvjlm lg vdc xljmv{ jm usc{vjlm! lm vdc vdclrz vdev vdcjr caskjfevjlm pjaa klmvrjbsvc vl vdc {lasvjlm lg vdc fjggcrcmkc{ bcvpccm vdc xervjc{ rf ;* @llf lggjkc{ ‛ e ocvdlf bz pdjkd e ; xervz evvcoxv{ vl brjm` vdc fj{xsvjm` {vevc{ vl`cvdcr jm lrfcr vl cmebac vdco vl fj{ks{{ vdc j{{sc{ jm klmvcmvjlm emf errjwc ev em e`rccocmv rf 6* Ocfjevjlm ‛ bz ocem{ lg pdjkd vdc ; xervz flc{ mlv ocrcaz xrlwjfc vdc lxxlrvsmjvz glr vdc emve`lmj{v{ vl mc`lvjevc bsv ea{l ekvjwcaz xervjkjxevc{ jm vdcjr fj{ks{{jlm{ jm lrfcr vl rcklmkjac vdcjr klmgajkvjm` kaejo{ emf exxce{c vdcjr gccajm`{ lg rc{cmvocmv / vdc {s``c{vjlm{ lg vdc ocfjevlr erc ocrcaz xcr{se{jwc! dlpcwcr! emf oez bc rcickvcf pjvdlsv lggcm{c bz vdc xervjc{ vl vdc fj{xsvc rf 3* Klmkjajevjlm ‛ ea{l keaa{ glr vdc ekvjwc xervjkjxevjlm lg e ; xervz jm vdc evvcoxv lg vdc fj{xsvemv{ vl {cvvac vdcjr klmgajkv! emf vdc rckloocmfevjlm{ oefc bz jv erc ajncpj{c mlv bjmfjm` rf / vdc {crwjkc{ lg vdc klmkjajevlr erc mlv lggcrcf bz vdc ; xervz bsv {lajkjvcf bz vdc xervjc{ jm fj{xsvc rf 7* Erbjvrevjlm ‛ vdc {lasvjlm lg e fj{xsvc bz em joxervjea ; xervz! s{seaaz e vrjbsmea krcevcf bz vdc xervjc{ vdco{cawc{ smfcr e kdervcr nmlpm e{ vdc kloxrloj{c! pdjkd pjaa xrlwjfc glr! eolm` lvdcr! vdc kloxl{jvjlm lg vdc blfz emf vdc oemmcr lg vdc {cackvjlm{ lg jv{ ocobcr{! jv{ rsac{ lg xrlkccfjm`{ emf {locvjoc{ cwcm vdc aep vl bc exxajcf bz jv! emf vdc j{{sc{ lg gekv lr aep vl bc rc{lawcf / vdc xrlkccfjm`{ erc c{{cmvjeaaz isfjkjea emf vdc eperf j{! bz xrcwjls{ e`rccocmv! bjmfjm` lm vdc xervjc{ vl vdc fj{xsvc 0* Isfjkjea {cvvacocmv ‛ {jojaer vl erbjvrevjlm / mlv lmaz jm vdc mevsrc jg vdc xrlkccfjm`{ emf vdc bjmfjm` kderekvcr lg vdc fckj{jlm{ bsv ea{l jm vdc gekv{ vdev vdc fj{xsvc{ {sbojvvcf glr efisfjkevjlm erc acèa revdcr vdem xlajvjkea Isfjkjea {cvvacocmv Erbjvrevjlm Isfjkjea vrjbsmea j{ e xrc/ctj{vjm` emf xcroemcmv blfzErbjvrea vrjbsmea j{ em ef dlk blfz krcevcf emf gjaacf bz vdc xervjc{ vl vdc fj{xsvc vdco{cawc{Isrj{fjkvjlm j{ s{seaaz kloxsa{lrzIsrj{fjkvjlm j{ wlasmverzVdc aep exxajcf j{ jmfcxcmfcmv lg vdc pjaa lg vdc xervjc{Vdc aep exxajcf oez bc ajojvcf bz vdc xervjc{) Vdc isfjkjea {cvvacocmv lg jmvcrmevjlmea fj{xsvc{ j{ mlp cmvrs{vcf vl vdc Jmvcrmevjlmea Klsrv lg Is{vjkc) Vdc isrj{fjkvjlm lg vdc klsrv j{ mlv kloxsa{lrz bsv fcxcmfcmv lm vdc e`rccocmv lg vdc xervjc{ vl {sbojv vl emf bc blsmf bz jv{ fckj{jlm{) ‑kloxrloj{{erz kaes{c‟  pdjkd coxlpcr{ vdc Klsrv vl {cvvac fj{xsvc{ erj{jm` grlo vdc jmvcrxrcvevjlm lr vdc exxajkevjlm lg {skd vrcevz 4* Rc{lrv vl rc`jlmea emf jmvcrmevjlmea lrèmjyevjlm{ ‛ pdjkd oez bc rc{lrvcf vl bz vdc xervjc{ lm vdcjr lpm wlajvjlm lr vencm bz vdc blfz jv{cag ev jv{ lpm jm{vemkc jg eaalpcf bz e`rccocmv lg vdc ocobcr{ ) Ctkcxv glr mc`lvjevjlm! vdcz eaa jmwlawc vdc xervjkjxevjlm lg e ;

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Xe`c 2;

Pdcrc vdc vcro{ lg {cvvacocmv erc rcickvcf bz emz lg vdc xervjc{! vdc [cksrjvz Klsmkja j{ coxlpcrcf vl venc olrc fre{vjk {vcx{! vl pjv9 5* Jv oez eflxv {skd oce{src{ mlv jmwlawjm` vdc s{c lg erocf glrkc 2* [dlsaf jv klm{jfcr vdev {skd oce{src{ plsaf bc lr dewc xrlwcf jmefcusevc! jv oez vdcm venc {skd ekvjlm bz ejr! {ce lr aemf glrkc{ e{ oez bc mckc{{erz vl oejmvejm lr rc{vlrc jmvcrmevjlmea xcekc emf {cksrjvz $nmlpm e{ cmglrkcocmv ekvjlm * KDEXVCR 549 PER Per ‛ em erocf klmvcmvjlm bcvpccm vdc xsbajk glrkc{ lg {vevc{ lr lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv kloosmjvjc{! joxazjm` vdc coxalzocmv lg wjlacmkc eolm` vdc xervjc{ e{ e ocem{ lg cmglrkjm` vdcjr rc{xckvjwc fcoemf{ sxlm cekd lvdcr $per oez ctj{v cwcm pjvdlsv vdc s{c lg glrkc* ) Vdc gekv ‑per‟ os{v bc e{kcrvejmcf bz vdc kloxcvcmv esvdlrjvjc{- E{ alm` e{ ml lbickvjwc esvdlrjvz j{ c{vebaj{dcf! jv j{ glr vdc {vevc{ klmkcrmcf vl e{kcrvejm vdc ctj{vcmkc lg vdc gekv ‑per‟ jm vdc jmvcrmevjlmea {cm{cLsvaeprz lg Per / Ebdlrrcmkc lg vdc pjfc{xrcef {sggcrjm` jv de{ kes{cf vdrls`d vdc e`c{ de{ jm{xjrcf oemz evvcoxv{ vl {sxxrc{{ jv/ Vdc Kdervcr lg SM j{ kevc`lrjkeaaz kloojvvcf vl vdc lsvaeprz lg per2 jm{vemkc{ j{ vdc s{c lg glrkc eaalpcf9 5* Jm vdc ctcrkj{c lg vdc jmdcrcmv rj`dv lg {cag/fcgcm{c 2* Jm xsr{semkc lg vdc {l/keaacf cmglrkcocmv ekvjlm vdev oez bc fckrccf bz vdc [cksrjvz Klsmkja Aep{ lg Per9 5* Vdc Fckaerevjlm lg Xerj{ lg 5437 2* Vdc De`sc Klmwcmvjlm{ lg 5:80 ;* Vdc @cmcwe Klmwcmvjlm lg 5:23 6* Vdc @cmcwe Klmwcmvjlm lg 5:2: 3* Vdc Fckaerevjlm lg Almflm lg 5:;7 7* Vdc @cmcwe Klmwcmvjlm lg 5:6: 0* Vdc Mskacer Mlmxrlajgcrevjlm Vrcevz Kloocmkcocmv lg Per / Vdc De`sc Klmwcmvjlm{ lg 5:80 xrlwjfc vdev dl{vjajvjc{ ‑os{v mlv kloocmkc pjvdlsv e xrcwjls{ emf ctxajkjv permjm`! jm vdc glr o lg cjvdcr e rce{lmcf fckaerevjlm lg per lr lg em savjoevso pjvd klmfjvjlmea fckaerevjlm-‟ / Per j{ {sxxl{cf vl kloocmkc lm vdc fevc {xckjgjcf jm vdc fckaerevjlm lr lm vdc fevc jv j{ kloosmjkevcf vl vdc cmcozVdc per oez {verv9 5* Pjvd e fckaerevjlm lg per> lr 2* Pjvd vdc rcickvjlm lg em savjoevso> lr ;* Pjvd vdc klooj{{jlm lg em ekv lg glrkc{ rcèrfcf bz ev ace{v lmc lg vdc bcaaj`crcmv{ e{ em ekv lg perCggckv{ lg vdc Lsvbrcen lg Per9 5* Vdc aep{ lg xcekc kce{c vl rc`saevc vdc rcaevjlm{ lg vdc bcaaj`crcmv{ emf erc {sxcr{cfcf bz vdc aep lg per2* Fjxaloevjk emf klm{saer rcaevjlm{ bcvpccm vdc bcaaj`crcmv{ erc vcrojmevcf emf vdcjr rc{xckvjwc rcxrc{cmvevjwc{ erc eaalpcf vl rcvsrm vl vdcjr lpm klsmvrjc{;* Vrcevjc{ lg e xlajvjkea mevsrc erc esvloevjkeaaz kemkcacf! bsv vdl{c pdjkd erc xrckj{caz jmvcmfcf vl lxcrevc fsrjm` per erc ekvjwevcf6* Jmfjwjfsea{ erc joxrc{{cf pjvd cmcoz kderekvcr9 eSmfcr vdc mevjlmeajvz vc{v ! jg vdcz erc mevjlmea{ lg vdc lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv! pdcrcwcr vdcz oez bc> bSmfcr vdc flojkjajerz vc{v ! jv vdcz erc flojkjacf eajcm{ jm vdc vcrrjvlrz lg vdc lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv! lm vdc e{{soxvjlm vdev vdcz klmvrjbsvc vl jv{ cklmlojk rc{lsrkc{ kSmfcr vdc ekvjwjvjc{ vc{v ! jg! bcjm` glrcj`mcr{! vdcz mcwcrvdcac{{ xervjkjxevc jm vdc dl{vjajvjc{ jm gewlr lg vdc lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv 3* Cmcoz xsbajk xrlxcrvz glsmf jm vdc vcrrjvlrz lg vdc lvdcr bcaaj`crcmv ev vdc lsvbrcen lg dl{vjajvjc{ j{! pjvd kcrvejm ctkcxvjlm{! {sbickv vl klmgj{kevjlmKlobevemv{ emf Mlm/klobevemv{ Klobevemv{ ‛ vdl{c pdl erc cmè`cf fjrckvaz jm vdc dl{vjajvjc{ Mlm/klobevemv{ ‛ vdl{c pdl fl mlv cmè`c fjrckvaz jm vdc dl{vjajvjc{ Vdc glaalpjm` erc rcèrfcf e{ klobevemv{9 5* Ocobcr{ lg vdc erocf glrkc{ 2* Vdc jrrc`saer glrkc{> xrlwjfcf vdev9 eVdcz erc klooemfcf bz e xcr{lm rc{xlm{jbac glr dj{ {sblrfjmevc{ bVdcz pcer e gjtcf fj{vjmkvjwc {j`m rckl`mjyebac ev e fj{vemkc kVdcz kerrz ero{ lxcmaz fVdcz klmfskv vdcjr lxcrevjlm{ jm ekklrfemkc pjvd vdc aep{ emf ks{vlo{ lg per ;* Vdc jmdebjvemv{ lg smlkksxjcf vcrrjvlrz pdl! lm exxrlekd lg vdc cmcoz! {xlmvemcls{az venc ero{ vl rc{j{v vdc jmwefjm` vrllx{ pjvdlsv dewjm` derf vjoc vl lrèmjyc vdco{cawc{! xrlwjfcf vdev vdcz kerrz ero{ lxcmaz emf lb{crwc vdc aep{ emf ks{vlo{ lg per $ acwcc cm oe{{c * 6* Vdc lggjkcr{ emf krcp lg ocrkdemv wc{{ca{ pdl glrkjbaz rc{j{v evvekn

EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 26

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EXRJA AZMM A- SR[EA

Xe`c 23

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

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