public international law

September 6, 2017 | Author: Cherry Pulido Placido | Category: Public International Law, Treaty, Jurisprudence, International Law, Legal Concepts
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Reviewer for Public International Law...

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Y Y ú            ú                             Y er ao al law  a c cc $ ,c cc -"..". whh regulae he relao  of Sae a  oher  er ao al pero  a  gover  her o u affe g he  ere of he  er ao al ommu  a a whole. !   "   #$%& '()(%   !     Vc Vhe rule vew aume ha he law   ee ͞rule m Beaue   o Deo maker  Y er ao al Law o  ju f  he releva  rule   ju par of he e re proe. Vhe aumulae re  of pa eo  houl o be apple oblvou of  o ex. Vc úowever he peal e oal proe o whh he wor ͞law refer o  lue ma  h g bee rule e.g. power of oal a  huma ara faor. Y avo paral whh ma be ul e o aa polal e . Vc „ule are ju aumulae pa eo  whh were formulae wh a era o ex m o e he o ex ha ha ge hee rule wll be u able o fx oa  problem whh wll lea o hee rule be g  effeve a  wll  evabl be obee Vc Lau ae m here are ll op o whh here are o pef rule of YL; hu he vew of YL a merel rule reae a gap  he law. Bu b vew g YL a a proe we have avalable o u he ool for auhorave eo mak g o he problem owha  g he abe e of a pree rule whh mu be apple.  $* !² Wha  wro g wh he ͞rule bae ef o  Vc ›va age of vew g YL a a proe² Whe he e rule o lo ger appl here ma be he emerge e of a ew rule or orm. Law  vore from real. Y   apable of ha g g wh he me. Vc Vake for  a e he    &  ² Who fou e ae of Lbera „u awa lave  e e for elver o US. Broke awa from argo hp a  fou e wha  ow alle la  of free lave. Vhe queo he prae of aparhe ʹ ema egregao bae o rae. Y we  o our a  wha   wa  from he our E fore ema moe of egregao   breah of rueehp. Vh wa  he 50. Y ea of e g o he mer  rule affrmavel o he prelm ar objeo . Wh  he our a here  o juro Ycccc c . Cour o l ha ompee e o eal wh legal ue. Y wa a uele rbu al. Wha k  of rbu al woul a ha ema egregao of blak wa c cc  $c  Blaa  rm ao o he ba of kll. Co eque e² reae oher our. Ea a humble pe a  ur e 360 egree ʹ  +. „gh o elfeerm ao  o a fu ame al rgh bu a Y  Y. ›  ae ha rgh o ava e he rgh eve whou uffer g peal  jur. Vc Y we  he gap bewee ͞wha he law  (+Y+ ) a  ͞wha he law houl be (+Y Y Y ).

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Compee  eo maker a  pol maker e.g. ome juge a   er ao al orga  ao  whle o er g rule wll alo o er oher faor a  ha  a fa.

   "   ,"  -!    .      g.c ?›VU„›L L›W ʹ ome wrer ugge ha    he aural orer of h g ha era maer houl be regulae  a ompulor ma er. › oblgaor fou ao o he ba preep of jue  o be fou   aural law 2.c CO?SE?V ʹ h vew  bae o he overeg  of ae whh  ur empha e her freeom o a u laerall ave o he exe  he agree upo o be o ra e. 3.c „ECYP„OCYV ʹ a oo  of jue were replae b o e  o o e  ha grauall bee replae b o e u whh ha ome abou beaue ae pereve a reproal ava age  auo  g elf-rera .    "/      Vc Sae Vc Y vual Vc Y er ao al orga  ao 

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YY   c '/c ,cY!c.c g. Vhe Cour whoe fu o  o ee  aora e wh  er ao al law uh pue a are ubme o  hall appl² a.  c$  wheher ge eral or parular eablh g rule exprel reog  e b he o e g ae; b.  c$  a eve e of a ge eral prae aepe a law; . he c $ c c reog  e b vl e ao ; . ubje o he provo  of ›rle 59  $ c$   a  he $ c cc c c0 c $  of he varou ao  a ubar mea  for he eerm ao of rule of law. 2. Vh provo hall o prejue he power of he Cour o ee a ae 1c0cc f he  cc/c c 'c2+,cY!c.c Vhe eo of he Cour ha o b  g fore exep bewee he pare a   repe of ha parular ae. c  ' $c2 ,cg+3+c4 c cc  c  c$  $ c cc c c cc  c c56c$78c9c› rea   f a he me of  o luo   o fl wh a perempor orm of ge eral  er ao al law. For he purpoe of he pree  Co ve o  a ͞ c c c c  c7  a orm aepe a  reog  e b he  er ao al ommu  of Sae a a whole a a orm from whh c c c  a  whh a be  cccc 0c c cc  cc cc c $$.c           › e fe  ›rle 38(g) of he YCJ Saue hee oure are a follow²

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a.c  er ao al o ve o  wheher ge eral or parular eablh g rule exprel reog  e b o e g Sae; b.c  er ao al uom a eve e of a ge eral prae aepe a law; a  .c he ge eral pr ple of law reog  e b vl e ao . Soure of law refer o orm erve from  er ao al o ve o  or reae uom a  ge eral pr ple of law. Vhe  ve haraer of hee orm  ha he are reae or he aqure b  g effe hrough he meho po e above. cc$ are he prmar oure of  er ao al law. Whle a rea  a legal  rume  whh o ue a maeral oure of orm rea-mak g  a orm-rea g proe a meho of formal  g he o e  of Sae b whh he  e  o be bou  b he rea. Vhe formao of uom  a well a a orm- rea g meho. › formal oure of uomar orm.  $* ! Vc Ý & 012 3 4                ?o Y o l prove ha he e umerao  wha he Courhall appl. Vc     ! e ›-C are prmar mea  whle D  he ubar mea . So o o e ubar mea  u le ou have o oher formal oure. Vc ¯ajor vew² reae are formal oure. Vc &5  e E.g. Ge oe  oure from  er ao al o ve o  a  uom. Vc         !   !    Eve o -g aore o he o ve o wll beome bou  b he orm. Vh overlap effe wa fr llurae  he 6  ae. Vc Vake a look a ›r. 38 ?o. g ͞ er ao al uom a eve e of ge eral prae aepe a law ʹ he orre phra g ͞Y er ao al uom a eve e b ge eral prae aepe a law. Vc Molao  of law a lea o formao of a ew law. &"                +       '/c c$ o  of he meho a  proeure b whh orm are reae; whh e  promulgae he law whh  b  g mc E.g. Y mu pal law he o uo al mah er of law mak g mc  $* !² Vhe YCJ a o be o ere a formal oure beaue  oe o have o ep of are e. ?o eve U e ?ao  Ge eral ›embl reoluo  beaue uh reoluo  are merel reaeme  of uom. /c# c$ are he uba ve eve e of he exe e of orm. Y upple he uba e of he rule o whh he formal oure gve he fore a  aure of law; eve e ha he orm  fa ex mc E.g. › ͞rule for example wll be o ere legall b  g a uomar orm or uom o aou  of he proe or meho b whh  wa reae hrough he formao of ge eral prae aepe a law. úe e $ a a ormrea g proe  a formal oure of law. Y $c c  c cc$ $c  c  ccc cc   maeral oure. mc  $* !² he „›  pr e form Sr „oque² Depe he abe e of a ͞ er ao al o gre we a ll po  ou pef oure of  er ao al law.

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        7 ($& #&8#%9  Vhe eleme  of uom or uomar  er ao al orm are² g.c % c 2.c &  ,c$ $c c$ $ 3.c  c c$ $ haraer e b u form a  o e  4.c -  c c c$   or ͞ge eral prae aepe a law - reog o of he prae ha are legall b  g

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6.c$ $7 a a eleme  of uomar law mu be ͞boh exe ve a  vruall u form.    Some egree of u form  requre. &:

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͞o a  a  u form uage prae b Sae  queo . Bu  a  eve  u veral of prae  ?OV „EQUY„ED.

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   of prae or ao  of ae  eear. › uomar orm of  er ao al law are  o eque e of he repeae ao of ae. Vhe eleme  of repeo   $ccc   c  ccc c$$. Y he major of  a e he repeo of pef ao   a alogou uao  a lea o he o olao of uh prae a a rule of o u. ›or g o Juge úuo ² ͞  whh mu be pree  before a Y Y "c-cY " ' Y- 'c&. -# a be fou  o be eablhe² a.c o ora  prae b a umber of ae wh refere e o a pe of uao fall g wh he oma of  er ao al relao  b.c o  uao or repeo of he prae over a o erable pero of me .c o epo ha he prae  requre b or o e  wh preval g  er ao al law .c ge eral aquee e  he prae b oher ae. ú7#  #48$ 9    Y he formao of  er ao al law orm hrough uom Sae $c b wha he o  prae O„ b her o u. Op o jur mea  ha  o g o he mu  ccc$ $cc $$c c . Vhe o o for he reao ha he prae  requre b law a  o merel beaue of oure or polal expee . & /   "        Vc %$  c c c$ are o oure of law a uh. Vhe are merel ͞ubar mea  for he eerm ao of rule of law. Vhe are regare a eve e of orm of  er ao al law. Vhe are he mea  b whh he rule of law ma be verfe. Y oher wor he ma be regare a eve e of law. Vc Srl peak g he Cour oe o oberve a $ c c $ bu rve everhele o ma a jual o e . Vc Wr g of publ are o l eve e of law bu  ome ubje  vual wrer ha ha a formave  flue e lke Gel  o rbuo o he Law of he Sea.   $* !² Y er ao al law  o wha he YCJ a beaue² Vc here  o pr ple of are e  YCJ elf

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YCJ eo  are herefor o l maeral oure ha  ubar mea 

(* !/   !    4  Vc Ca o be rl a oure of law bu  ma be a mpora  faor  he proe of eo Vc Example of ae whh ue equ² g.c ?orh Sea Co  e al Shelf ae 2.c Fhere Juro ae 3.c Burk a Fao-¯al ae² equ  fra legem 4.c Barelo a Vrao Vc Ex aequo e bo o²  volve eleme  of omprome a  o lao   $* !² Equ  a vague o ep;  bele he exe e of a legal em; ebae he heoreal aumpo ha here  preabl  law.  748#(#$%9  › c$ or   or  a orm whh Sae a o erogae or evae from  her agreeme . Y  a ma aor orm a  a  o a hgher aegor ha a ju povum orm whh Sae a e ae or mof b agreeme .        "   Vhe are reae b Sae hrough   c 9$ c  aepe or reog  e b hem a mea  of expre g her $ a o he b  g effe of hoe orm. úe e  er ao al law  cc c  c$. Vhe meho of rea g or reog   g orm are referre o a oure of law. B mea  of rea or o ve o a  uom Sae reae or reog  e orm a b  g law. ?orm reae b rea are o he whole alle ͞$ c  c7; hoe b uom are alle ͞$ c  c.

6 +42 ;;3   $* !Vhe YLC ompoe of exper  reae b he U? G› o of CYL. S e her work eal wh uomar orm her raf work are ubar mea  of over g CYL. Y o emplae four uao ² g. Purel rea orm m uom 2. Yf rea  a orm he b  g o all eve rea. 3. Cuom  b  g o all. 4. Vrea uom  b  g o all.

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ú ?  "    !    ++ & "  &++YY YY YY " ' g. Sae prae 2. Op o jur ʹ belef ha he orm  aepe a law › o probave value of YLC m reae b he G› o of uomar  er ao al law orm ú         !"  "    ! .    !   g. Vme  o of he ee e 2. Vhe o l ke  ha here  1 cc c  c c$ $. De mark Germa  a  he ?eherla  have ubme o he Cour era ffere e o er  g 'he elmao a bewee he Pare of he area of he o  e al helf  he ?orh Sea whh appera o eah of hem. Vhe Cour  requee o ee wha are he applable 'pr ple a  rule of  er ao al law'. Germa  propoe ha elmao of he o  e al helf bewee he pare  gover e b he pr ple ha eah oaal Sae  e le o a ju a  equable hare. Germa  o e  ha mak g ue of he equa e meho of ›rle 6 paragraph 2 of he Co  e al

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Shelf Co ve o  ha o beome uomar  er ao al law a  wa o u er he ruma e he approprae meho. Vhe equa e meho oul o be ue where  woul o aheve a ju a  equable apporo me  of he helf. › for De mark a  he ?eherla  elmao houl be gover e b he pr ple of ›r. 6 par. 2 a  ha where he pare were  agreeme  a o he bou ar a  peal ruma e  o juf a oher bou ar he ͞he bou ar bewee hem  o be eerm e b he applao of he pr ple of equa e from he eare po  of he bael e from whh he breah of he erroral ea of eah Sae  meaure. Vhe bou ar houl be eerm e ͞o he ba of he exluve rgh of eah Par over he o  e al helf ajae  o  oa a  of he pr ple ha he bou ar  o leave o eah Par ever po  of he o  e al helf whh le earer o  oa ha o he oa of he oher Par. ?eherla  a  De mark argue ha he ue of h meho  o  he aure of a merel o ve o al oblgao  bu  or mu ow be regare a  volv g a rule ha  par of he orpu of ge eral  er ao al law;-a  lke oher rule of ge eral or uomar  er ao al law  b  g o Germa  auomaall a   epe e l of a  pef ae  re or  re gve b he laer. Vh o e o ha boh a pove law a  a more fu ame al ape. › a maer of pove law   bae o he work o e  h fel b  er ao al legal boe o Sae prae a  o he  flue e arbue o he Ge eva Co ve o elf-he lam be g ha hee varou faor have umulavel eve e or bee reave of he op o # Y YY   reque for he formao of ew rule of uomar  er ao al law. Y  fu ame al ape he vew pu forwar erve from wha mgh be alle he aural law of he o  e al helf  he e e ha he equa e pr ple  ee a a eear expreo  he fel of elmao of he aepe or e of he exluve appure a e of he o  e al helf o he earb oaal Sae a  herefore a hav g a a pror haraer of o o peak jur  evabl. Vhe Cour oe o agree wh he o e o  of ?eherla  a  De mark. Y o er g he equa e meho he Y er ao al Law Commo ' uo  reveal ha o o l wa he oo of equa e ever o ere from he a po  of  hav g    a haraer of  here  ee²  wa ever gve a  peal prom e e a all a  era l o pror. Vhe Cour oe ha he pr ple of equa e a  ow fgure  ›r. 6 wa propoe b he YLC wh o erable heao  omewha o a experme al ba a mo Y+YY Y Y  Y+  a  o a all Y+YY+  or a a emerg g rule of uomar  er ao al law. Vh  learl o he or of fou ao o whh ›r. 6 of he Co ve o oul be a o have reflee or rall e uh a rule. De mark & ?eherla  furher argue ha eve f a he ae of he Ge eva Co ve o o he Co  e al Shelf o rule of CYL  favor of he equa e pr ple a  o uh rule wa rall e  ›r. 6 uh a rule ha ome  o be g  e he o ve o  parl beaue of  ow mpa parl o he bau of ubeque  ae prae. Vhe Cour oe o agree͙

+ Y ( Y . Y woul be eear ha he provo houl a all eve  poe all be of a fu ame all orm-rea g haraer uh a oul be regare a form g he ba of a ge eral rule of law. Co ere    he equa e pr ple mgh be a o fulfll h requreme . e  he parular form  whh   emboe  ›r. 6 a  hav g regar o he relao hp of ha ›rle o oher provo  h mu be ope o ome oub. Y he fr plae ›r. 6  o frame a o pu ?D 2 he oblgao o make ue of he equa e meho au g  o ome afer a prmar oblgao o effe elmao b agreeme . Suh a prmar oblgao o ue a u uual prefae o wha  lame o be a poe al ge eral rule of law. Whou

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aemp g o e er  o ll le pro ou e upo a  queo of # Y   well u eroo ha  prae rule of  er ao al law a  b agreeme  be erogae from  parular ae or a bewee parular pare-bu h  o ormall he ubje of a  expre provo  a    ›r. 6. Seo l he par plae b he oo of peal ruma e relave o he pr ple of equa e a emboe  ›r. 6 a  he ver o erable ll u reolve o rovere a o he exa mea  g a  ope of h oo  mu rae furher oub a o he poe all orm-rea g haraer of he rule. F all he faul of mak g reervao  o ›r. 6 whle  mgh o of elf preve  he equa e pr ple be g eve uall reeve a ge eral law oe a o erabl o he fful of regar g h reul a hav g bee brough abou (or be g poe all poble) o he ba of he Co ve o ² for o lo g a h faul o  ue o ex a   o he ubje of a  revo brough abou  o eque e of a reque mae u er ›r. g3-of whh here  a pree  o offal  ao -  he Co ve o elf whh woul for he reao  alrea  ae eem o e  o he provo  of ›r. 6 he ame orm-rea g haraer a for  a e ›r. g a  2 poe. ) Y Y  Y YY  Y   YY +  Y++ 

Y Y   Y/ „egare eear before a o ve o al rule a be o ere o have beome a ge eral rule of  er ao al law mgh be ha eve whou he paage of a  o erable pero of me a ver weprea a  repree ave parpao  he o ve o mgh uffe of elf prove   lue ha of Sae whoe  ere were peall affee. c

Y  Y Y + Y    Y +Y  ›lhough he paage of o l a hor pero of me  o eearl or of elf a bar o he formao of a ew rule of uomar  er ao al law o he ba of wha wa org all a purel o ve o al rule a  pe able requreme  woul be ha wh he pero  queo  hor hough  mgh be Sae prae  lu g ha of Sae whoe  ere are peall affee houl have bee boh @   !   he e e of he provo  voke; a  houl moreover have ourre  uh a wa a o how a ge eral reog o ha a rule of law or legal oblgao   volve. c

   &  2A  ;>>3  $* !Vh  a legal halle ge brough b Ehopa & Lbera aga  Souh ›fra wh repe o he prae of aparhe (alhough ever me o e here ). Y how how eural rule a lea o ba a  paral. Vhe ao  bae o he ma ae gve o Souh ›fra o promoe he maeral & moral well-be g & oal progre of  haba  of he Souh We ›fra error. Vhe Cour  o ee o he mer beaue   o o er he ae a  volv g a legal ue beaue here wa o law prohb g aparhe. Vhe ›ppla  re o erve a legal rgh or  ere  he o u of he ¯a ae for Souh We ›fra from he mple pr ple of he ͞are ru. Vhe pr ple e forh here have bee oblerae  laer ae. Fu ame al equal  ow o ere a Y Y oblgao  e   a fu ame al huma rgh. Souhwe ›fra (SW›) o e  ha Souh ›fra exer g am rave power over he her error b vrue of a ma ae prae  Y e. ha  guhe a o rae olor ao al or rbal org  eablh g he rgh a  ue of he  haba  of he Verror; ha uh prae   volao of  oblgao  a ae  ›rle 2 of he ¯a ae a  ›rle 22 of he Cove a  of he League of ?ao ; a  ha he U o ha he u forhwh o

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eae he prae of  Y  he Verror. Furhermore Souh ›fra b vrue of he eo om polal oal a  euao al pole apple wh SW› ha fale o promoe o he umo he maeral a  moral well-be g a  oal progre of he  haba  of he Verror; ha  falure o o o   volao of  oblgao  a ae  he eo  paragraph of ›rle 2 of he ¯a ae a  ›rle 22 of he Cove a ; a  ha he U o ha he u forhwh o eae  volao  a aforea a  o ake all praable ao o fulfll  ue u er uh ›rle. c  +  +Y+Y+  *+  Y ha bee aempe o erve a legal rgh or  ere  he o u of he ¯a ae from he mple exe e or pr ple of he "are ru". Vhe are ru  wa a wa a "are ru of vl ao " a  he e all vl e ao  ha a  ere  ee g ha  wa arre ou. Bu  orer ha h  ere mgh ake o a pefall legal haraer he are ru elf mu be or beome omeh g more ha a moral or huma ara eal. Y orer o ge erae legal rgh a  oblgao   mu be gve jural expreo a  be lohe  legal form. Vhe moral eal mu o be o fue wh he legal rule  e e o gve  effe. Vhe pr ple of he "are ru" ha o reual jural o e  whh oul o far a a  parular ma ae  o er e operae Y Yo gve re o legal rgh a  oblgao  oue he em a a whole.

&! Bú!Ý  2"-  ;=C3 Ý   - c  c$ $cc  c c c c$/c  ,cc $ c /cc - Pr ple of YL o o reog  e a  rule of u laeral a  ef ve qualfao b he Sae gra  g ploma alum. - Vhe par whh rele o a uom of h k  mu prove ha h uom  eablhe  uh a ma er ha  ha beome b  g o he oher par. Vhe appla  mu prove ha he rule  voke b    aora e wh a $cc  c prae b he Sae  queo .   $* !    "      g.  c c9  cc(re-fu-ma) ʹ pe  g am rave  qur a o e leme  o refugee au ou houl o be brough bak o our homeae 2.  cccc$cccccc c  ʹ owha  g lak of va papor    › pero who ha o leave h her home eher² g. o avo proeuo 2. o avo arme o fl ?oe² Vhere mu be a  $c$ c c c. ¯a ue² WO? Colomba  u laeral a  ef ve qualfao ha ela Vorre  a polal refugee  b  g o Peru uh ha he a be gve afe o u paage o Columba Colomba o e  a he ou r gra  g alum ha   ompee  o qualf he offe e for he purpoe of he a alum wh he lm of he oblgao  reul g  parular from he Bolvara ›greeme  o Exrao ca  he Co ve o o ›lum a  of ›mera  er ao al law  ge eral a  ha Peru a he erroral Sae  bou   he ae ow before he Cour o gve he guara ee eear for he eparure of úaa e la Vorre from he ou r wh ue regar o he  volabl of h pero . Peru o he oher ha  o e  ha hecgra  of alum b he Colomba ›mbaaor a Lma o úaa e la Vorre wa mae  volao of

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›rle g paragraph g a  ›rle ôparagraph 2 em Y  prmera) of he Co ve o o ›lum."   +    YcVhe Par whh rele o a uom of h k  mu prove ha h uom  eablhe  uh a ma er ha  ha beome b  g o he oher Par. Vhe Colomba Gover me  mu prove ha he rule  voke b    aora e wh a o a  a  u form uage prae b he Sae  queo  a  ha h uage  he expreo of a rgh appera  g o he Sae gra  g alum a  a u  umbe  o he erroral Sae. Vh follow from ›rle Ú of he Saue of he Cour whh refer o  er ao al uom ͞a eve e of a ge eral prae aepe a law. Y uppor of  o e o o er  g he exe e of uh a uom he Colomba Gover me  ha referre o a large umber of exrao reae whh a alrea expla e a have o bear g o he queo ow u er o erao . Y ha e o ve o  a  agreeme  whh o o o a a  provo o er  g he allege rule of u laeral a  ef ve qualfao uh a he ¯o eveo Co ve o of g889co  er ao al pe al law he Bolvara ›greeme  of g9ggca  he úava a Co ve o of g928.cY ha  voke o ve o  whh have o bee rafe b Peru uh a he ¯o eveo Co ve o  of g933 a  g939. Vhe Co ve o of g933cha  fa bee rafe b o more ha eleve Sae a  he Co ve o of g939 b wo Sae o l. Y  parularl he ¯o eveo Co ve o of g933 whh Cou el for he Colomba Gover me  ha alo rele o  h o eo . Y  o e e ha h Co ve o ha merel ofe pr ple whh were alrea reog  e b La -›mera uom a  ha   val aga  Peru a a proof of uomar law. Vhe 

c c c .c $cc c c cccc c  c  a  furhermore    valae b he preamble whh ae ha h Co ve o mofe he úava a Co ve o .

6?  ?+     2 ;3 Ý   ( U e ?ao  Ge eral ›embl eve f o -b  g ma be ue a eve e of ae prae a  op o jur. Y ha probave value. ( ?o op o jur² Vhe o -ue of ulear weapo  wa $ cc c1 . Y ma be a ha he ae o  lke. úowever he ulear ae ma a ha here  o ee for hem o ue  beaue   a effeve eerre  o arme o fl. ( F al ah-all provo of he úague Co ve o ² ¯are  laue² Y efaul of pef rea or legal ba ͞ma k  o  ue o be u er he proeo of publ  er ao al law publ o e e a  law of huma .   $* !úow a he a ha   o publ healh ue Vh  he eo  mo oorou YCJ eo  eo  o l o Souhwe ›fra ae. Wha o he mea b a g ͞poeo of ulear weapo  o per e llegal o l whe ue  a arme o fl.  Vhe Serear-Ge eral of he U e ?ao  offall ommu ae o he „egrar he $  cccc c' cc  cc0 cccc cc c  ² o reque he Y er ao al Cour of Jue urge l o re er  avor op o o he follow g queo ² :Yccccc c$c c cc$ $ $c cc  c;:/<    Y+Y+.Y  Vhe Cour oberve ha  ha alrea ha oao o  ae ha queo  "frame  erm of law a  ra g] problem of  er ao al law . . . are b her ver aure uepble of a repl bae o law . . . a ] appear . . . o be queo  of a legal haraer". Y f  ha he queo pu o he Cour b he Ge eral ›embl   ee a legal o e  e he Cour  ake o rule o he ompabl of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo  wh he releva  pr ple a  rule of  er ao al law. Vo o h he Cour mu e f he ex g pr ple a  rule  erpre hem a  appl hem o he hrea or ue of ulear weapo  hu offer g a repl o he queo poe bae o law. Vhe fa ha h queo

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alo ha polal ape a  he aure of h g  he ae wh o ma  queo  whh are   er ao al lfe oe o uffe o eprve  of  haraer a a "legal queo " a  o "eprve he Cour of a ompee e exprel o ferre o  b  Saue". ?or are he polal aure of he move whh ma be a o have  pre he reque or he polal mplao  ha he op o gve mgh have of releva e  he eablhme  of he Cour' juro o gve uh a op o . VY++Y+1 ! Y  +  Y Y/ Y he lgh of he forego g he Cour o lue ha he mo rel releva  applable law gover  g he queo of whh  wa e e  ha rela g o he ue of fore e hr e  he U e ?ao  Charer a  he law applable  arme o fl whh regulae he o u of hole ogeher wh a  pef reae o ulear weapo  ha he Cour mgh eerm e o be releva . .Y  Y   +Y Y1+  Y  Y/cVhe Cour oe ha  orer orrel o appl o he pree  ae he Charer law o he ue of fore a  he law applable  arme o fl  parular huma ara law   mperave for  o ake aou  of he u que haraer of ulear weapo  a   parular her eruve apa her apa o aue u ol huma uffer g a  her abl o aue amage o ge erao  o ome.

  Y Y  Y+   Y  Y  Y   Y1  YY  Vhe Cour he aree he queo of he legal or llegal of reoure o ulear weapo   he lgh of he provo  of he Charer rela g o he hrea or ue of fore. Y ›rle 2 paragraph 4 of he Charer he ue of fore aga  he erroral  egr or polal  epe e e of a oher Sae or  a  oher ma er  o e  wh he purpoe of he U e ?ao   prohbe. Vh prohbo of he ue of fore  o be o ere  he lgh of oher releva  provo  of he Charer. Y ›rle 5g he Charer reog  e he  here  rgh of  vual or olleve elf-efe e f a arme aak our. › furher lawful ue of fore  e vage  ›rle 42 whereb he Seur Cou l ma ake mlar e foreme  meaure  o form wh Chaper MYY of he Charer. Vhee provo  o o refer o pef weapo . Vhe appl o a  ue of fore regarle of he weapo  emploe. Vhe Charer eher exprel prohb or perm he ue of a  pef weapo   lu g ulear weapo . !YY   +  Vhe e leme  o reor o elf-efe e u er ›rle 5g  ubje o he o o  of ee a  proporo al. › he Cour ae  he ae o er  g 2+      +  %  Y  ! ² "here  a pef rule whereb elf-efe e woul warra  c  whh are proporo al o he arme aak a  eear o repo  o  a rule well eablhe  uomar  er ao al law". Vhe proporo al pr ple ma hu o  elf exlue he ue of ulear weapo   elf-efe e  all ruma e. Bu a he ame me a ue of fore ha  proporo ae u er he law of elfefe e mu  orer o be lawful alo mee he requreme  of he law applable  arme o fl whh ompre  parular he pr ple a  rule of huma ara law. ›  he Cour oe ha he ver aure of all ulear weapo  a  he profou  rk aoae herewh are furher o erao  o be bor e  m  b Sae belev g he a exere a ulear repo e  elf-efe e  aora e wh he requreme  of proporo al. Y orer o lee or elm ae he rk of u lawful aak Sae omeme g al ha he poe era weapo  o ue  elfefe e aga  a  Sae vola g her erroral  egr or

Page + of g *

polal  epe e e. Wheher a g ale  e o o ue fore f era eve  our  or  o a "hrea" wh ›rle 2 paragraph 4 of he Charer epe  upo varou faor. Vhe oo  of "hrea" a  "ue" of fore u er ›rle 2 paragraph 4 of he Charer a  ogeher  he e e ha f he ue of fore elf  a gve ae  llegal - for whaever reao - he hrea o ue uh fore wll lkewe be llegal. Y hor f   o be lawful he elare rea e of a Sae o ue fore mu be a ue of fore ha   o form wh he Charer. For he re o Sae - wheher or o  efe e he pol of eerre e - uggee o he Cour ha  woul be lawful o hreae o ue fore f he ue of fore o emplae woul be llegal. +Y Y+ +Y + +Y +Y Y/ Y er ao al uomar a  rea law oe o o a a  pef prerpo auhor  g he hrea or ue of ulear weapo  or a  oher weapo  ge eral or  era ruma e  parular hoe of he exere of legmae elf-efe e. ?or however  here a  pr ple or rule of  er ao al law whh woul make he legal of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo  or of a  oher weapo  epe e  o a pef auhor ao . Sae prae how ha he llegal of he ue of era weapo  a uh oe o reul from a abe e of auhor ao bu o he o rar  formulae  erm of prohbo . ! Y Y Y+   "Y/ Y oe o eem o he Cour ha he ue of ulear weapo  a be regare a pefall prohbe o he ba of era provo  of he Seo  úague Delarao of g899 he „egulao  a exe o he úague Co ve o YM of g907 or he g925 Ge eva Proool. Vhe paer u l ow ha bee for weapo  of ma eruo o be elare llegal b pef  rume . Bu he Cour oe o f  a  pef prohbo of reoure o ulear weapo   reae exprel prohb g he ue of era weapo  of ma eruo ; a  oberve ha alhough  he la wo eae a grea ma  egoao  have bee o ue regar g ulear weapo  he have o reule  a rea of ge eral prohbo of he ame k  a for baerologal a  hemal weapo . Vhe Cour oe ha he reae eal g exluvel wh aquo  ma ufaure poeo  eplome  a  e g of ulear weapo  whou pefall are g her hrea or ue era l po  o a  rea g o er  he  er ao al ommu  wh hee weapo ; Y o lue from h ha hee reae oul herefore be ee a forehaow g a fuure ge eral prohbo of he ue of uh weapo  bu ha he o o o ue uh a prohbo b hemelve. › o he reae of Vlaelolo a  „aroo ga a  her Proool a  alo he elarao  mae  o eo wh he  ef e exe o of he Vrea o he ?o Prolferao of ?ulear Weapo   emerge from hee  rume  ha² c a umber of Sae have u erake o o ue ulear weapo   pef o e (La ›mera; he Souh Paf) or aga  era oher Sae ( o - ulear-weapo Sae whh are pare o he Vrea o he ?o -Prolferao of ?ulear Weapo ); c everhele eve wh h framework he ulear-weapo Sae have reerve he rgh o ue ulear weapo   era ruma e; a  c hee reervao  me wh o objeo from he pare o he Vlaelolo or „aroo ga Vreae or from he Seur Cou l. c   Y Y Y)$! Y Y&#  Vhe Cour he ur  o a exam ao of uomar  er ao al law o eerm e wheher a prohbo of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo  a uh flow

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from ha oure of law. Y oe ha he ¯ember of he  er ao al ommu  are  c   o he maer of wheher 9$cc $ccccc cc$ cc1 c  cc / . U er hee ruma e he Cour oe o o er elf able o f  ha here  uh a #  Y po  ou ha he aopo eah ear b he Ge eral ›embl b a large major of reoluo  reall g he o e  of reoluo g653 (XMY) a  reque g he member Sae o o lue a o ve o prohb g he ue of ulear weapo   a  ruma e reveal he ere of a ver large eo of he  er ao al ommu  o ake b a pef a  expre prohbo of he ue of ulear weapo  a g fa  ep forwar alo g he roa o omplee ulear armame . Vhe  $ a +Y+  of a uomar rule pefall prohb g he ue of ulear weapo  a uh  hampere b he $  c  bewee he ae   # o he o e ha  a  he ll ro g ahere e o he $ c  c$ ( whh he rgh o ue hoe weapo   he exere of he rgh o elf-efe e aga  a arme aak hreae  g he val eur  ere of he Sae  reerve) o he oher.  Y  +  + ›fer keh g he horal evelopme  of he bo of rule whh org all were alle "law a  uom of war" a  laer ame o be erme " er ao al huma ara law" he Cour oberve ha he ar al pr ple o a e  he ex o u g he fabr of huma ara law are he follow g. Vhe fr  ame a he proeo of he vla populao a  vla obje a  eablhe he  o bewee ombaa  a  o -ombaa ; Sae mu ever make vla  he obje of aak a  mu o eque l ever ue weapo  ha are  apable of  guh g bewee vla a  mlar arge. ›or g o he eo  pr ple   prohbe o aue u eear uffer g o ombaa ²   aor gl prohbe o ue weapo  au g hem uh harm or uelel aggrava g her uffer g. Y applao of ha eo  pr ple Sae o o have u lme freeom of hoe of mea   he weapo  he ue. 2 Y+YVhe Cour alo refer o he ¯are  Claue whh wa fr  lue  he úague Co ve o YY wh „epe o he Law a  Cuom of War o La  of g899 a  whh ha prove o be a effeve mea  of are g he rap evoluo of mlar eh olog. › moer vero of ha laue  o be fou   ›rle g paragraph 2 of ›o al Proool Y of g977 whh rea a follow² A3 - Eoppel a  aquee e are ge eral pr ple of law whh a be a ba of  er ao al law.   $* !1 - Vhala  a  Camboa are aga o he verge of war beaue of h. - Vhee pr ple are exal he ame o e fou   he Cvl Coe. Wha are he eleme  of eoppel g] a or repree ao 2] rela e 3] amage Vhe Cour hel ha he Vemple of Preah Mhear wa uae  error u er he overeg  of Camboa a   o eque e ha Vhala  wa u er a oblgao o whraw a  mlar or pole fore or oher guar or keeper ao e b her a he Vemple or   v  o Camboa error. Y alo fou  ha Vhala  wa u er a oblgao o reore o Camboa a  ulpure elae fragme  of mo ume  a o e moel a  a e  poer whh mgh  e he ae of he oupao of he Vemple b Vhala   g954 have bee remove from he Vemple or he Vemple area b he Vha auhore. %+    YYY + +Y + Y Y+ .YYYVhe map wa ever formall approve b he ¯xe Commo  whh ha eae o fu o ome mo h before  prouo . Whle here oul be o reao able oub ha  wa bae o he work of he urve g offer  he Da grek eor he Cour everhele o lue ha    epo   ha o b  g haraer. Y wa lear from he reor however ha he map were ommu ae o he Samee Gover me  a purpor g o repree  he ouome of he work of elmao ;  e here wa o reao o he par of he Samee auhore eher he or for ma  ear he mu be hel o have aquee. Vhe map were moreover ommu ae o he Samee member of he ¯xe Commo  who a oh g. o he Samee ¯ er of he Y eror. Yf he Samee auhore aepe he › ex Y map whou  vegao  he oul o ow plea a  error va g he real of her o e . Vhe Samee Gover me  a  laer he Vha Gover me  ha rae o quer abou he › ex Y map pror o  egoao  wh Camboa  Ba gkok  g958. Vhala  ha everhele o  ue alo o ue a   ee o publh map how g Preah Mhear a l g  Camboa. ¯oreover  he oure of he egoao  for he g925 a  g937 Fra o-Samee Vreae whh o frme he ex g fro er a   g947  Wah go before he Fra o-Samee Co lao Commo   woul have bee aural for Vhala  o rae he maer² he  o o o. Vhe aural  fere e wa ha he ha aepe he fro er a Preah Mhear a  wa raw o he map rrepeve of  orrepo e e wh he waerhe l e. ¯oreover whe  g930 Pr e Damro g o a v o he Vemple wa offall reeve here b he Fre h „ee  for he ajo  g Camboa prov e Sam fale o rea. From hee fa he our o lue ha Vhala  ha aepe he

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› ex Y map. Eve f here were a  oub  h o eo  Vhala  wa prelue from aer g ha he ha o aepe   e Fra e a  Camboa ha rele upo her aepa e a  he ha for ff ear e joe uh be ef a he Vrea of g904 ha o ferre o her. Furhermore he aepa e of he › ex Y map aue  o e er he rea eleme ; he Pare ha a ha me aope a  erpreao of ha eleme  whh aue he map l e o preval over he provo  of he Vrea a  a here wa o reao o h k ha he Pare ha aahe a  peal mpora e o he l e of he waerhe a uh a ompare wh he overr g mpora e of a f al regulao of her ow fro er he Cour o ere ha he  erpreao o be gve ow woul be he ame.

  2 + 3 Ý  Co a  a  u form prae bewee ae  alo a oure of  er ao al law. Vhere  o ee o reor o ge eral  er ao al uom or o ge eral pr ple of law  po g of uh ae whe here  a  c$ $ bewee he pare.  Porugal ha a error  he Y a Pe  ula mae up of he hree r of Goa Dama a  Du. Vhe r of Dama ompre  ao o  loral error wo parel of error ompleel urrou e b he error of Y a whh o ue e lave² Dara a  ?agar-›vel. Porugal ha bee pa g hrough Y a error hrough he ear  orer o he e lave of Dara a  ?agar- ›vel. úowever  g954 he Gover me  of Y a preve e Porugal from exer g h rgh of paage. Porugal lam ha here wa a loal uom   favor wh he rgh of paage over he error. Porugal lam ha he e al of paage b Y a wa o e ue o Y a  ope ampag o a ex Porugee errore. m YY ++ Y YY   YVhe Cour a ha   fful o ee wh he umber of Sae bewee whh a loal uom ma be eablhe o he ba of lo g prae mu eearl be larger ha wo. Vhere  o reao wh lo g o  ue prae bewee wo Sae aepe b hem a regula g her relao  houl o form he ba of muual rgh a  oblgao  bewee he wo Sae. c VY  Y Y  Y Y  Y Y   Y +YVhe queo wa pu o he Cour  repe of he pue whh ha are bewee Y a a  Porugal wh regar o obale plae b Y a  he wa of paage. Y wa  uppor of h o e o ha   voke  rgh of paage a  ake he Cour o elare he exe e of ha rgh. Vh be g o   he eve of he reao of hee obale ha mu be elee a he ar g po  whh o aera wheher or o Porugal poee uh a rgh.   YWh regar o prvae pero  vl offal a  goo  ge eral here exe ur g he Brh a  po-Brh pero a o a  a  u form prae allow g free paage bewee Dama a  he e lave. Vh prae hav g o  ue over a pero exe  g beo  a e ur a  a quarer u affee b he ha ge of regme  repe of he  erve  g error whh ourre whe Y a beame  epe e . Prae wa aepe a law b he Pare a  ha gve re o a rgh a  a orrelave oblgao . Y g954 a rgh of paage over  erve  g Y a error bewee oaal Dama a  he e lave a  bewee he e lave  repe of prvae pero  vl offal a  goo  ge eral o he exe 

Page g) of g *

eear a lame b Porugal for he exere of  overeg  over he e lave a  ubje o he regulao a  o rol of Y a. Vhere wa a lear  o bewee he prae perm g free paage of prvae pero  vl offal a  goo  ge eral a  he prae requr g prevou auhor ao  a  he ae of arme fore arme pole a  arm a  ammu o . Vhere wa o rgh of paage  favour of Porugal  volv g a orrelave oblgao o Y a ha bee eablhe  repe of arme fore arme pole a  arm a  ammu o . Vhe oure of eal g eablhe bewee he Poruguee a  he Brh auhore wh repe o he paage of hee aegore exlue he exe e of a  uh rgh. Vhe prae ha wa eablhe how ha wh regar o hee aegore  wa well u eroo ha paage oul ake plae o l b permo of he Brh auhore. Vh uao o  ue ur g he po-Brh pero. ! Y  Y  ++ Y #Y   Y+   Y Y  Y vew of he e o he preval g   erve  g Y a error he Cour  u able o hol ha Y a  refual of paage o he propoe elegao a   refual of va o Poruguee ao al of Europea org a  o ave Y a Poruguee  he emplo of he Poruguee Gover me  wa ao o rar o  oblgao reul g from Porugal  rgh of paage. Porugal  lam of a rgh of paage  ubje o full reog o a  exere of Y a overeg  over he  erve  g error a  whou a  mmu   favour of Porugal. Y a  refual of paage  hoe ae wa  he ruma e overe b  power of regulao a  o rol of he rgh of paage of Porugal.

   2 ;c$  . O? SUCCESSYO? OF SV›VES. Eve aum g ha he Phlpp e ma be hel a he ueor ae of he US o Palma a  he e re Phlpp e arhpelago a ee ll  woul o    reul  he Phlpp e  ueo o he US  oblgao . Furhermore u er ex g  er ao al law orm $$cccc   $c$$cc c$c@c ,c$$  ,c c  . „ee  ae prae e.g. he ree l u fe Germa  a  he ew ae of he former ugolava prove ha Sae are c cc$c $c  ,c9cc  ,cc$$c. VúE PúYLYPPY?ES ú›S? V ›G„EED VO SUCCEED VúE US Y? VúE P›L¯›S ›„BYV„›VYO?. O he o rar all he Phlpp e  law a  Co uo  ef e her error o he ba of horal le  lu g he mee a  bou  a o a e  he Vrea of Par. Vhere  alo oh g  he Vrea bewee he Phlpp e a  he U e Sae preparaor o he former]  aa me  of  epe e e ha woul  ae ha he former agree o uee he laer o he Palma arbrao . Wha wa pulae wa o l ha² ͞Vhe „P] agree o aume all o  u g oblgao  aume b he US›] u er he Vrea of Peae ... o lue a Par ... a  u er he Vrea bewee he US›] a  Spa o lue a h 6 Wah go he 7 a of ?ovember g900. V $00mÝV01 c  for reao  of   cc  c c   houl #cc$. Vhe fa ha he Vrea of Par  reog  e a ef  g he error of he ou r oe o gve  uppoe eo a  reog o . Y ea he rea o l erve a  $ccc$c  of he ou r a ef e b Spa . Vhe pr ple wa apple  uh ae a he %:5 ?   5   a  he  : 5%   Ý    ae. P›L¯›S W›S "4"c'" "%c -c"c ' c-cY %- ".Y' c '>Y "' - b he Duh  he ›rbrao  u lke he US lam g  a par of he Phlpp e; he e Y o ea   from mak g uh a lam. › mo Y o ea ma be reog  e o have overeg  over he la  b vrue of he Palma arbrao ; purua  o he U?CLOS he la Œ o be g a par of a arhpelagoŒma be ͞e lave7 a  gve  ow erroral ea. ›  oher arra geme  woul be o rar o he U?CLOS a  woul lea o a proporo ae a   equable reul. Vhe urrou  g waer herefore eve u er he be e aro for Y o ea houl

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ll be elare a form g par of Phlpp e arhpelag a  erroral waer. YYY/cc$ c ›um g for he ake of argume  ha Y o ea  le o Palma  c  beaue of he Palma arbrao   cc c Y @cc c  c c c)**)c ccccc c cc c c c$  $c . Vh  beaue Y o ea  preeeor- - ere he ?eherla   o allege  he ›rbrao ha he la  forme par of he arhpelago. ›or gl Palma houl be reae a a c c c cY c$ ccc$/ccc c cc

  2  + ? !3   $* !1VY Y Y00 Y+ Y YY Y  Y   Y !$0cc Vhere wa a ollo a he hgh ea bewee a Fre h mal eamer Lou wh he Vurkh oller Bo Kour. Vhe Bo Kour wa u  wo a  a k. Egh Vurkh ao al o boar e. Vhe offer o wah o boar Lou wa L. Demo  a Fre h  e . L. Demo  wa arree b he Vurkh auhore a  wa ubjee o ral  he Vurkh our. Vhe Fre h gover me  proee he ao  of he Vurkh auhore proe g h arre ema  g h releae or oba  g ra fer of he ae from he Vurkh Cour o he Fre h Cour. Vhe pare ubme he o fl o he Cour a he úague. c 0  Y  Y + +++Vhe ae u er  er ao al law a pree   ha far from la g ow a ge eral prohbo o he effe ha Sae ma o exe  he applao of her law a  he juro of her our o pero  proper a  a oue her error  leave hem  h repe a  c c  c $  whh  c

c c$ c$cc   c . Y oher ae ever Sae rema  free o aop he pr ple whh  regar a be a  mo uable. c VY   +   ++ + Y Y  ++ Vhough   rue ha  all em of law he  $ c cc   c$$c c$

c  fu ame al   equall rue ha all or earl all hee em of law exe  her ao o offe e omme oue he error of he Sae whh aop hem a  he o o  wa whh var from Sae o Sae. c    c c$

cc cccc $ c c

 ccccc$ $ c c  c /c c ! +     Y+Y #   Y  o eear o o er he o e o ha a Sae a o pu h  $c$

c b a foreg er mpl b reao of he ao al of he vm. For h o e o o l relae o he ae where he   c cc $

 he o l rero o whh he rm al juro of he Sae  bae. Suh argume  oul o l be ue  he pree  ae f  er ao al law forbae Vurke o ake  o o erao he fa ha he offe e proue  effe o he Vurkh veel a  o eque l  a plae amlae o Vurkh error  whh he applao of Vurkh rm al law a o be halle ge eve  regar o offe e omme here b foreg er. Bu o uh rule of  er ao al law ex. c ˜   Y Y Y Y  +"  YY+YY Y

Y '  Y YY  era ha he our of ma  ou re eve of ou re whh have gve her rm al leglao a  $c

Page )2 of g *

  c$$  erpre rm al law  he e e ha offe e he auhor of whh a he mome  of ommo are  he error of a oher Sae are everhele o be regare a hav g bee omme  he ao al error f c cc$ c  c cc $ a  more epeall c $ have ake plae here. Fre h our have  regar o a vare of uao  gve eo  a o  g h wa of  erpre g he erroral pr ple. c MYY+ YY Y  Y  Y#     Y  YY + Y 

+ Meel o he hgh ea are ubje o o auhor exep ha of he .cc cc . Y vrue of he pr ple of he  c cc (abe e of a  erroral overeg  upo he hgh ea) o Sae ma exere a  k  of juro over foreg veel upo hem. Vhu f a war veel happe  g o be a he po where a ollo our bewee a veel fl g  flag a  a foreg veel were o e  o boar he laer a offer o make  vegao  or o ake eve e uh a a woul u oubel be o rar o  er ao al law. Bu  oe o follow ha a Sae a ever   ow error exere juro over a whh have $$cccc  c  o he hgh ea (ouble egave o  o l mea  a ae a exere juro   ow error eve f he a ourre o boar a foreg hp). › orollar of he pr ple of he freeom of he ea  ha a  ccc cc c

cc c c cc.cc c c $c c   for ju a   ow error ha Sae exere  auhor upo  a  o oher Sae ma o o. ›ll ha a be a  ha b vrue of he pr ple of he freeom of he ea a hp  plae  he  c  cc c  bu here  oh g o uppor he lam aor g o whh he rgh of he Sae u er whoe flag he veel al ma go farher ha he rgh whh  exere wh  error properl o alle. Yf a gul a omme o he hgh ea proue  effe o a veel fl g a oher flag or  foreg error he  c $ c

cc cc cc  c cc c.cc $$ a  he o luo mu herefore be raw ha here  o rule of  er ao al law prohb g he Sae o whh he hp o whh he effe of he offe e have ake plae belo g from  cc $cc cc$

c c c  a  $ ,c$$ ,cc 0. Vh o luo oul o l be overome f  were how ha here wa a rule of uomar  er ao al law whh eablhe he exluve juro of he Sae whoe flag wa flow . c

(    Y ccc c ccc,c c$c1$ c c  c c c $ /cc   $* !1›lhough boh e were able o pree  eve e eablh g her overeg  over he area uh a expeo  gra  g of o eo  leglao  e. wha wo  for De mark wa cc$0 $$ beaue of he Yhle Delarao . ›lhough aquee e  o a mea  of aqur g le   a proof of a beer lam. Vhere  equal prepo era e of eve e pree e b boh ae a o her oupao of a era poro of Gree la . úowever ?orwa  poeo wa c cc$$c cc  .e. here wa

 c cc  c9 c ¬

¬

¬

c

c   whh  o e of he 2 requreme  of overeg . Y  o have he  e  o poe  behalf of a overeg . „emember ha   cc $c cc c

. Vhere mu alo bec / ?orwa   prolamao of Jul g0 g93g a ha   ak g poeo of whh  ͞offall o frme a  whh  ͞plae u er ?orwega overeg  of Elrk „aue La   Eaer Gree la . Vh prolamao wa r e for  falure o pef he lm of he oupao bu  mu have bee  e e ha o he eaer e of he ea a  he weer e he ͞ la  e houl o ue he lm of he area oupe. Vh g93g Prolamao of ?orwa rggere he o rover bewee De mark a  ?orwa. De mark lam ha he overeg  whh  e jo over Gree la  ha exe for a lo g me ha bee o  uoul a  peaefull exere a  u l he pree  pue ha o bee o ee b a  Power. ›lo De mark lam ha ?orwa b rea or oherwe herelf reog  e Da h overeg  over Gree la  a a whole a  herefore a o pue . ?orwa lam ha De mark poee o overeg  over he area whh ?orwa oupe o Jul g0 g93g a  ha a he me of he oupao he area wa Y ++.   Y Y› lam o overeg  bae o upo ome parular a or le uh a a rea of eo bu merel upo o  ue pla of auhor  volve wo eleme  eah of whh mu be how o ex² he  e o a  wll o a a overeg  a  ome aual exere or pla of uh auhor. › oher ruma e whh mu be ake  o aou  b a  rbu al whh ha o ajuae upo a lam o overeg  over a parular error  he exe  o whh he overeg   alo lame b ome oher Power. Y mo of he ae  volv g lam o erroral overeg  whh have ome before a  er ao al rbu al here have bee wo ompe g lam o he overeg  a  he rbu al ha ha o ee whh of he wo  he ro ger. O e of he peular feaure of he pree  ae  ha up o g93g here wa o lam b a  Power oher ha De mark o he overeg  over Gree la . Y ee up ll g93g o Power pue he Da h lam o overeg .  Y Y  .Y Co que o l operae a a aue of lo of overeg  whe here  war bewee wo Sae a  b reao of he efea of o e of hem overeg  over error pae from he loer o he vorou Sae. Vhe pr ple oe o appl  a ae where a eleme  ha bee eablhe  a a  ou r a    haba  are maare b he aborg al populao . ?or  he fa of "o que" eablhe. Y  k ow ow ha he eleme  mu have appeare a a earl ae bu a he me here eem o have bee a belef ha epe he lo of o a a  he lo of k owlege of he whereabou of he eleme  o e or boh of hem woul aga be overe a  fou  o o a he ee a  of he earl eler.  Y Y  +   Y Vhere  oh g o how a  ef e re u ao o he par of he K g of ?orwa or De mark. ›lo epe hav g o  eroure wh Gree la  he h rao of he K g  rgh lve o  a   he earl par of he g7 Ce ur a revval of  ere  Gree la  o he par of boh he K g a  of h people ook plae. Vha pero wa a era of ave ure a  explorao . Vhe example e b he avgaor of foreg ou re wa  pr g a  a ere aroe  ?orwa a  De mark o reover he error whh ha bee ubje o he overeg  of he K g' a eor  he pa.

Page )3 of g *

!  1ÝY "+ YY )Y    YY+  1 !6Vhe bure of proof le o ?orwa o prove ha De mark ue he wor ͞Gree la  o l o mea he olo e o he We Coa. Vhe geographal mea  g of he wor "Gree la " .e. he ame whh  habuall ue  he map o e om ae he whole la  mu be regare a he or ar mea  g of he wor. Y he op o of he Cour ?orwa ha o ueee  eablh g her o e o . Y  o uffe  for her o how ha  ma  of hee leglave a  am rave a ao wa o l o be ake  he olo e. Vhe fa ha mo of hee a were o er e wh wha happe e  he olo e a  ha he olo e were all uae o he We oa  o b elf uffe  grou  for hol g ha he auhor  vrue of whh he a wa ake ʹ wheher leglave or am rave ʹ wa alo rere o he olo  e area. U le  wa o rere  affor o grou  for  erpre g he wor ͞Gree la   h rere e e. m Y+ .YYY !  he ¯ er of Foreg ›ffar of ?orwa a  Swee (Swee ha o rol over ?orwa ur g h me) wroe o he Brh ¯ er  Sokholm ha he K g of Swee a  ?orwa agree o re ou e  favor of he K gom of De mark her lam over Yela  Gree la  a  he Faroe Yla . Vhe leer wa wre beaue ?orwa-Swee wa ak g for he  erve o of he Brh Pr e „ege   el g  ffere e wh De mark epeall wh  f a al oblgao  u er he Vrea of Kel. › eo  ere of u erak g b ?orwa reog   g Da h overeg  over Gree la   affore b varou blaeral agreeme  o lue b ?orwa wh De mark a  b varou mullaeral agreeme  o whh boh De mark a  ?orwa were o ra g Pare  whh Gree la  ha bee erbe a a Da h olo  or a form g par of De mark or  whh De mark ha bee allowe o exlue Gree la  from he operao of he agreeme . ›lo De mark ma a e ha he prome b  g9g9 b ¯. Yhle  he ?orwega ¯ er for Foreg affar peak g o behalf of h Gover me  ebarre ?orwa from proee g o a  oupao of error  Gree la  eve f he ha o b oher a reog  e a ex g Da h overeg  here.

ú(%&  úú#8(

%* G(  286+  32 ;= 3

   Y   +Y Y 1YY Y #   ++     +Y+ 7  UK a  Fra e eek o eablh overeg  over he ¯ quer Group a  Ereho Group of le a  rok b  g a e  le a  reae. UK wo beaue of 6 c$c   ,7 pefall referr g o² g] Jere our exer g rm al juro for earl g00 ear; 2] Jere law requre he hol g of  que o orpe fou   he area; 3] houe bul  he area were aee for he lev g of axe; 4] le  g of fh g boa; 5] real eae o ra rela g o proper  he area were regere  he publ regr of ee; 7] Jere uom auhore eablhe a uom houe for he purpoe of a e u.

    !    2  +%!3

 c cc  c9 c ¬ Vc

Vc

¬

¬

Y o ea a  ¯alaa la lam over he la  of Lga a  Spaa . Boh ou re e reae olo al Y

Y  Ya  le b ueo a proof of ow erhp. m

Y Y cYCJ rule  favor of ¯alaa beaue effeve oupao wa prove b  ͞effeve a of am rao  pefall² g]  regulao o gaher g of urle egg; 2]  bul g of lghhoue; 3]  elarao of a br a uar.

Page )J of g *

o ep eal wh a of am rao . Vheo u of he am rave auhore a proof of he effeve exere of erroral juro  he rego ur g olo al pero. ¯ap a  g alo e o o o ue erroral le (oume  e owe b  er ao al law wh  r  legal fore for he purpoe of eablh g erroral rgh). úowever he ma be ue alo e wh oher eve e o eablh real fa. Y woul have ha a legal fore f a exe o a leglave or exeuve eree.

(  +)  2 ;;13 Vc

Vc

Vc

Vc

Vc Vc

Vhe pue relae o ow erhp over he re ea la  bewee Errea whh lam le c$$  a  eme whh lam le c  $c cc  $c . !  +Y Y Yal Errea  preeeor  o oba le o he error u er he Vrea of Laua e beaue  wa prove ha he alle power have e o agree o who a lam overeg  over he error. Vherefore Errea  o ga le b ueo . !    +Y ¯eeval eme ha o o ep of erroral overeg . Vherefore eme a o lam le b auoma revero .

 .Y  Y   +  Y0+    Vhe our wll eerm e who ha a beer lam. Vhe group of la  ee o be aware o o e lama . m

Y Y cEffeve oupao  uh a peroleum o eo     Yeve e of le.

   YcVh  a meho b whh  9c  a be arbue o a Sae  overeg . Ycc$cc

c cc$c. Vhe ¯ohabbakah Yla  loae wh he erroral ea of Errea properl belo g o .

%&&(

 '      2"+3 2 ;>A3 m Y+ +Y Sam (Vhala )  eoppe from queo  g he elmao  he map beaue g] Sam  o rea o he map whe  wa o pree e; 2] Fra e (Camboa) rele o Sam  o -objeo .

   Ý   25 ?+%32 ;1>3 Vhe pue relae o he 

 c cc cc$

c  bewee he former olo e of Upper Mola ( ow Burk a Fao) a  Sua ( ow ¯al) a  here from he Fre h am rao a  ex g a he mome  of  epe e e. YCJ ue he     /    a  looke  o eve e of olo al herage    Y ˜  +YcVh pr ple prove    c  cc$ c ur g he olo al pero a  mpoe he oblgao o $c91  c  c    he eve  of c$$ . Y am o $c$c cc   c  a he mome  whe  epe e e  aheve.cVhe rao ale for h pr ple  ha he  $c c c  cc0  ee a he  c$  orer o preerve wha ha bee aheve b people who have ruggle for her  epe e e a  o avo a rupo .  m

Y  Y8Y

Y Y 8 Y Y  " $ c$$   a moe of aqur g le whh eek o prove le o he error. Vh o ep eal wh he exere of overeg  of a ae over a parular error.  m

Y  Y8++Y

Y Y8 Y Y / .c$$   a moe of aqur g le whh eek o prove am rave bou are. Vh

"!+2 ;;c VY

+ Y he ame ear. 

 + 8 YY  Fra e uefull aqure le b oupao .  $c$$   o requre where² g] error  Y ++8 2] a he me he oup g ae make  appeara e here; a  3] ak g of poeo a   e  o poe  how b a publ elarao of overeg . c

,     !, $*  Whe ol wa overe ma  ou re la lam over . Ch a bae  lam o over effeve oupao  a  reog o . Vhe Phlpp e bae  lam o effeve oupao afer Japa re ou e  le over he la . Vhe arle ue he moe of aqur g error. 2 Y %. VY   1  m

Y Y cEffeve oupao  he offal exere of exluve auhor b a oup g ae or a  auhor e pero  wh or whou phal oupao epe  g o wheher or o he la   u  habe (+Y + %   ). ?oe ha error mu be Y ++  %. Y Y  c›quo of error reul where here  lo g a  o  ue poeo . $ Y  +Y

Y    Y%.  VY   1 m Y+ Eoppel  a ge eral pr ple of  er ao al law whh prelue a oher lama  from aqur g le. ÝY 8 Y  +YcDover alo e gve he lama  merel a  hoae le. Vh mu o ur wh effeve oupao for here o be aquo of proper (+   +Y). ?oe ha error mu be Y ++

YPoeo  a ro g eve e of le whe ouple wh effeve oupao  bu  o e ough o  ow for he aquo of le. ?oe ha poeo requre Y Y    YYcVhere  o ruve poeo of he whole la  or arhpelago where a oa of he la  or a la  le rok of he arhpelago have bee auall oupe b

 c cc  c9 c ¬

¬

¬

a oher ae. Vhere a be o o ruve poeo where he oupe la   o far a  from he oher  he group.   cCo gu merel rae a preumpo of oupao . .Y cCo que  a mea  b whh error a be aqure b a e em hrough he omplee a  f al ubjugao of he error ouple wh he e em  elarao of   e o o o quer. Co que wa o e a aepe orm bu  ow llegal.

   YY   Y   

    

Page )+ of g *

++  YYY+     Y  YYY+Y Y+    Y +0  Y#   , Y +Y  YYY+ "Y  Y +0  Y YY Y#   m+ +Y

 +82 ;1>3 US mlar la m e  ?aragua  er al waer a    erroral ea a  alo g ?aragua por au g maeral amage o ?aragua a   oe  veel. Vhe US Gover me   o ue a  publ a  offal war  g o  er ao al hpp g of he exe e a  loao of he m e.

c /c Y " 'c(' ".c c Y er al waer are all waer la war from he bael e of he error (rver lake ba e). Sovereg  over hee  he ame  exe  a overeg  over la  a   o ubje o he rgh of  oe  paage. úowever  0 % %  he arbraor a ha aor g o  er ao al law por of ever ae mu be ope o foreg veel a  a o l be loe whe val  ere of he ae o requre. Bu aor g o !  0a oaal ae ma regulae ae o  por. Ba are well-marke  e ao  whoe pe erao   uh proporo o he wh of  mouh a o o a la -loke waer a  o ue more ha a mere urvaure of he oa. Vo be o ere a ba he area of he  e ao mu be a large a or larger ha  ha of a em-rle whoe ameer  a l e raw aro he mouh of ha  e ao ( YY( +Y Y ). úor ba are hoe whh are reae b he oaal ae a  er al waer o he ba of hor rgh ak owlege b oher ae. 90 1  YYY+     ++  !m00 Y Y V Y  Y Y, Y ! ,  Y + Y  Y  +0  Y+ Y Y   +#      Y+ Y

cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc C

ccc: # c! c  c c # cccc! c cc=c   c cc# cc c cc c=cc c:  )c) cc c !c  !c

 Y + Y Coaal Sae  Sovereg  exe  o  er al waer a  arpae. Coaal Sae  Law appl  Y er al Waer. Vhe la g of m e wh he por of a oher Sae  gover e b he law rela g o  er al waer whh are ubje o he overeg  of he oaal Sae. Vhe poo  mlar a regar m e plae  he erroral ea. Y  herefore he overeg  of he oaal Sae whh  affee  uh ae. Y  alo b vrue of  overeg  ha he oaal Sae ma regulae ae o  por. O he oher ha    rue ha  orer o e jo ae o por foreg veel poe a uomar rgh of  oe  paage  erroral waer for he purpoe of e er g or leav g  er al waer.  , YY  ! Y Y Suh  guara ee fr  he exluve eo om o e a  beo  erroral waer a  o he hgh ea  follow ha a  Sae whh e jo a rgh of ae o por for  hp alo e jo all he freeom eear for marme avgao . Yf h rgh of ae o he por  h ere b he la g of m e b a oher Sae wha   fr ge  he freeom of ommu ao  a  of marme ommere. › all eve    era ha  erfere e wh avgao  hee area prejue boh he overeg  of he oaal Sae over   er al waer a  he rgh of free ae e joe b foreg hp. /c "Y -Y'c."'c Vh  he bel of ea ouwar from he bael e a  up o g2 aual mle beo . „egar g  wh he org al rule wa he ͞a o ho rule where he wh wa meaure  erm of he

 c cc  c9 c ¬

¬

¬

ra ge of hore-bae arller. Vh laer beame he 3-mle rule. U er he U?CLOS he rule  ow g2 mle. Vake oe however ha where he applao of he g2-mle rule o eghbor g loral ae woul reul  overlapp g he v g l e   ea a mea l e equa  from he oppoe bael e. Bu h equa  rule oe o appl where hor le or oher peal ruma e requre a ffere  meaureme . Vhe exe  of he erroral ea epe  o he bael e. Vhe bael e  he low-waer l e alo g he oa a marke o large ale har offall reog  e b he oaal Sae. Vhe wh of he erroral ea  meaure from h l e. Vhere are 2 wa of raw g he bael e. Vhe ͞ ormal bael e  raw follow g he low-waer l e alo g he oa a marke o large-ale har offall reog  e b he oaal Sae. Vh l e follow he urvaure of he oa a  herefore woul ormall o o  of ragh l e. Vhere  o fxe orm for eerm  g h low-waer l e or mark bu he %+(! Y,Y YYuggee u g he mea bewee he hgh a  low e. ›rhpelag ae  ea ue ͞ragh bael e. Vhee are raw o e g elee po  o he oa whou appreable eparure from he ge eral hape of he oa. Vh wa he meho ue  he %+(! Y,Y YY a   ow  ›r. 7(g) of U?CLOS. Vh arle prove ha ragh bael e ma be ue where he oal e  eepl  e e a  u  o or f here  a fr ge of la  alo g he oa   mmeae v . Some guel e o be oberve  u g h meho² g.c he raw g of ragh bael e mu o epar o a  appreable exe  from he ge eral reo of he oa 2.c he ea area l g wh he l e mu be uffe l loel l ke o he la  oma o be ubje o he regme of  er al waer 3.c he bael e hall o be raw o a  from low-e elevao  4.c ake aou  of eo om  ere peular o he rego o er e he real a  mpora e of whh are learl eve e b lo g uage 5.c h meho ma o be apple  uh a ma er a o u off he erroral ea of a oher Sae from he hgh ea or a EEZ (ex. S gapore) Vhe overeg  of he oaal ae over  erroral ea he arpae above  a  he eabe  he ame a  overeg  over  la  error. úowever he ea  ubje o he rgh of  oe  paage b oher ae. Vhe rule o  oe  paage apple o hp a  arraf. Submar e however mu urfae. Y oe  paage  avgao hrough waer  a expeou a  o  uou ma er whh  o prejual o he peae goo orer or eur of he oaal ae. Some example of paage whh  o  oe  are fh g pollu g weapo  prae p g reearh ave a  a  oher av o hav g a re bear g o paage. Coaal ae o have rgh of proeo  whh  he u laeral rgh o verf he  oe  haraer of paage. Vhu he ma ake eear ep o preve  o  oe  paage a  he ma emporarl upe  he rgh of  oe  paage f h  ee al for he proeo of  eur. Vake oe ha la  a  rok whh a o ua huma habao or eo om lfe have her ow erroral ea. Wh he erroral ea he flag ae ha rm al a  vl juro . úowever here are exepo . Wh repe o rm al juro  he oaal ae a exere  rm al juro 

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o eo wh a  rme omme o boar he hp ur g  paage f² g.c he o eque e of he rme exe  o he oaal ae 2.c he rme urb he peae of he ou r or goo orer of he erroral ea 3.c he hp  maer or ploma age  o ular offer of he flag ae requee he aa e of he loal auhore 4.c   eear o uppre ll raff  aro rug. Vhe oaal ae ma exere  vl juro b lev g exeuo or arre g he hp o l  repe of oblgao  or lable aume or  urre b he hp elf  he oure of or for he purpoe of  voage hrough he waer of he oaal ae.

&:     2 ;= 3 Y g935 ?orwa elme a era fhere o e whh wa exluvel reerve o  ao al. Vh elmao  u g ragh bael e wa oppoe b he UK. Vhe oaal o e  volve ha a  ve o fgurao (lo g a  ver broke ). Vhe Cour uphel h ?orwega elmao . Y Y+( Y  "+ For he purpoe of meaur g he breah of he erroral ea   he low-waer mark a oppoe o he hghwaer mark or he mea bewee he wo e whh ha ge erall bee aope  he prae of Sae. Vh rero  he mo favourable o he oaal Sae a  learl how he haraer of erroral waer a appure a  o he la  error. 0  Y+YY  cVh meho o  of ele g approprae po  o he low-waer mark a  raw g ragh l e bewee hem. Vh ha bee vall o e o o l  he ae of well-ef e ba bu alo  ae of m or urvaure of he oa l e where  wa olel a queo of gv g a mpler form o he bel of erroral waer. !  &Y+YY Y+ +cBu he ?orwega elmao  ll ubje o era pr ple whh make  poble o juge he elmao  val u er  er ao al law. Vhe elmao of ea area ha alwa a  er ao al ape;  a o be epe e  merel upo he wll of he oaal Sae a expree   mu pal law. ›lhough   rue ha he a of elmao  eearl a u laeral a beaue o l he oaal Sae  ompee  o u erake  he val of he elmao wh regar o oher Sae epe  upo  er ao al law. Cera ba o erao   here   he aure of he erroral ea br g o lgh era rera whh hough o e rel pree a prove our wh a aequae ba for her eo  whh a be aape o he vere fa  queo . ›mo g hee ome refere e mu be mae o he loe epe e e of he erroral ea upo he la  oma . Y  he la  whh o fer upo he oaal Sae a rgh o he waer off  oa. Y follow ha whle uh a Sae mu be allowe he laue eear  orer o be able o aap  elmao o praal ee a  loal requreme  he raw g of bae-l e mu o epar o a  appreable exe  from he ge eral reo of he oa. › oher fu ame al o erao  he more or le loe relao hp ex g bewee era ea area a  he la  formao  whh ve or urrou  hem. Vhe real queo rae  he hoe of bae-l e   effe wheher era ea area l g wh hee l e are uffe l loel l ke o he la  oma o be ubje o he regme of  er al waer. Vh ea whh  a he ba of he eerm ao of he rule rela g o ba houl be lberall apple  he ae of a oa he geographal o fgurao of whh  a u uual a ha of ?orwa. Vhe la o erao  ha of era eo om  ere peular o a

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rego  he real a  mpora e of whh are learl eve e b lo g uage.

( +ú     2 ;;A3 Vhe legal au of he la  loae  he Gulf of Fo ea beame a ue of pue; he queo of he la  fro er followe  g86g. Borer  e  le o mou  g e o bewee El Salvaor a  úo ura a  ulmael o a arme o fl  g969 +   Y+  ,Y?o e of he la  ha bee erra ullu  g82g he ae of  epe e e. Vhu overeg  over he la  ha bee aheve aor g o he u poe jur pr ple (olo al bou are are o  uall aope). úowever he applao of h pr ple uffere from he lak of oume  ha mgh have efe learl he appera a e of he la  o o e am rave r or he oher. Vhu he Cour wa fore o o e rae more o he behavour of he pare wh regar o he la  afer g82g. O h ba he Cour fou  ha El Vgre appera e o úo ura a  ¯ea guera a  ¯ea guera o El Salvaor. +  ,Y+˜  +7  Y  !$0   +7   Y    Y  +Co er g he me o  a  proporo  he Gulf woul oa be regare a a jural ba  aora e wh U?CLOS. úowever he Gulf wa o a  gle Sae ba bu o ue a o alle horal ba whh  eher ef e  he g958 Co ve o or  he Co ve o of g982. From h fa he Cour o lue ha  eo ha o be ake o he ba of uomar  er ao al law. Cour looke a he Ce ral ›mera Cour of Jue of g9g7 o luo ha he Gulf of Fo ea effevel o ue a "loe ea" belo g g o all hree oaal Sae ommu all wh he exepo of a hree mle o e eablhe u laerall b eah oaal Sae. Vhu he Ce ral ›mera Cour vewe he Gulf of Fo ea a a o om um reul g from he ueo of he hree Sae from Spa  g82g. U l he  he Gulf ha bee a  gle Sae ba belo g g o Spa alo e. ›or g o he Cour he eo of he Ce ral ›mera Cour u erl e he fa ha a he me of  epe e e o bou are were elme  he Gulf a  hu he waer ha rema e u ve. Cour hel ha Gulf of Fo ea wa a ae of "hor waer" whereb he hree oaal Sae ha ueee o ommu al overeg . Y o ra o he fro er elme o la  he waer of he Gulf ha ever bee ve or oherwe elme afer he  epe e e of he hree oaal Sae. Vhu he ommu al ueo for he hree Sae wa a logal o eque e of he u poe jur pr ple wh regar o he overeg  of he Gulf.

8   + 2 ;>=3 Cae  volve he  erpreao of ome erm ue  he Submerge La  ›. Sae of Calfor a a  he Feeral gover me  are r g o eerm e who ow  a  ha juro over he ubol eabe of he o  e al helf a  he reoure loae here alo g he Calfor a. Vo reolve uh he Cour ue he ef o of releva  marme erm. ˜   Feeral gover me  ow  a  ha exluve juro over uh beo  3 mle eawar from he oal e. Calfor a ow  a  ha exluve juro over uh wh 3 mle or he ela  alo g  oa (ef e a he hore of he ma la  a  of la  bewee he l e of mea hgh waer a  he l e of mea lower low waer). ÝY  Cour aop he ef o   he Y er ao al Co ve o o he Verroral Sea a  he Co guou Zo e²

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͞Coal e - (›r. 8 of he Co ve o o he Verroral Sea a  he Co guou Zo e) (a) Vhe l e of mea lower low waer o he ma la  o la  a  o low-e elevao  l g wholl or parl wh hree geographal mle from he l e of mea lower low waer o he ma la  or o a la ; a  (b) Vhe l e mark g he eawar lm of  la  waer. Vh  lue mofao  b aural or arfal mea  a   lue he ouermo perma e  harbour work ha form a  egral par of he harbour em "Yla " - a aurall-forme area of la  urrou e b waer whh  above he level of mea hgh waer; "Low-e elevao " - a aurall-forme area of la  urrou e b waer a mea lower low waer whh  above he level of mea lower low waer bu o above he level of mea hgh waer; "¯ea lower low waer" - he average elevao of all he al lower low e ourr g over a pero of g8.6 ear; "¯ea hgh waer" - he average elevao of all he hgh e ourr g over a pero of g8.6 ear; "Geographal mle" - a a e of g852 meer (6076.g0333 U.S. Surve Fee or approxmael 6076.gg549 Y er ao al Fee). ͞„oaea - waer bewee la  a  waer bewee la  a  he ma la  are o per e  la  waer. "Y la  waer" (Par. 2(b) Co ve o o he Verroral Sea a  he Co guou Zo e) waer la war of he bael e of he erroral ea a   lue² (a) ›  rver or ream flow g rel  o he ea la war of a ragh l e aro  mouh; (b) ›  por la war of  ouermo perma e  harbor work a  a ragh l e aro  e ra e; () ›  "  $c,< a ha erm  ue  paragraph 6 of ›rle 7 of he Co ve o  ef e ee all a a ba over whh he U e Sae ha rao all aere a  ma a e om o wh he aquee e of foreg ao ; () . c $c c›  oher ba (ef e a a well-marke oaal  e ao hav g uh pe erao   proporo o he wh of  e ra e a o o a la loke waer a  hav g a area  lu g la  wh he ba a lea a grea a he area of a emrle whoe ameer equal he le gh of he lo g l e aro he e ra e of he ba or he um of uh lo g l e f he ba ha more ha o e e ra e) la war of a ragh l e aro  e ra e or f he e ra e  more ha 24 geographal mle we la war of a ragh l e o over 24 geographal mle lo g raw wh he ba o a o e loe he greae poble amou  of waer. › euar of a rver  reae  he ame wa a a ba.c

8+2 ;>;3 Vhe ue  abou he orre ef o of ͞Y la  Waer. U.S. argue ha he ef o  of  la  waer o a e  he Y er ao al Co ve o o he Verroral Sea (YCVS) houl preval over Loua a  o e o ha  houl be he ͞Y la  Waer L e (YWL) fxe b he Comma a  of he Coa Guar  g895. 0 Y  Y+  YCour ua  he aopo of he YCVS ef o   he U.S. v. Calfor a ae. Vhe YCVS ef o preval a    a follow - "he l e of or ar low waer alo g ha poro

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of he oa whh   re o a wh he ope ea a  he l e mark g he eawar lm of  la  waer." 7Y+YVhe l e mark g he eawar lm of  la  waer  alo o be raw  aora e wh he ef o  of he Co ve o o he Verroral Sea a  he Co guou Zo e.     +YWheher parular waer are  la  ha epe e o horal a well a geographal faor bu a we a  U e Sae v. Calfor a   ge erall agree ha hor le a be lame o l whe he "oaal ao ha rao all aere a  ma a e om o wh he aquee e of foreg ao ."  Ú/Y !+Y0Y Y YY + +Y  Y,cc c # ,cc > c c   ,c ?eare o he ao ' hore are / Vhee are ubje o he omplee overeg  of he ao  a muh a f he were a par of  la  error a  he oaal ao ha he prvlege eve o exlue foreg veel alogeher.

Beo  he  la  waer a  meaure from her eawar ege  a bel k ow a he. Wh  he oaal ao ma exere exe ve o rol bu a o e  he rgh of  oe  paage o foreg ao 

Oue he erroral ea whh are  er ao al waer o ubje o he om o of a   gle ao .

c 0 +Y +Y + 5 YVhe pol  favor of a era a  able oal e ro g a   woul eearl ouwegh ou erval g pol o erao  u er he Submerge La  ›. We reog  e  Calfor a he erabl of "a  gle oal e for boh he am rao of he Submerge La  › a  he o u of our fuure  er ao al relao ." $/c . 'Y .c c Sra ue for  er ao al avgao (o avgae bewee o e par of he hgh ea or a EEZ a  a oher par of he hgh ea or a EEZ) are u er he purvew of U?CLOS bu he legal regme  uh ra  whh paage  regulae  whole or  par b lo ga  g  er ao al o ve o   fore pefall rela g o uh ra  o affee. Vhrough hee waer hp a  arraf of all ou re are allowe ͞ra  paage a lo g a he proeee whou ela a  whou hreae  g he borer g ae. Vra  paage  he exere of he freeom of avgao a  overflgh olel for he purpoe of expeou a  o  uou ra  (hu he mu proee whou ela) of he ra. Dur g ra  paage foreg hp  lu g marme e f reearh a  hrograph urve hp ma o arr ou a  reearh or urve ave whou he pror auhor ao of he borer g ae. Vra  paage   applable  hree  a e² g.c f here ex hrough he ra a roue hrough he hgh ea or a EEZ of mlar o ve e e  whh ae he freeom of avgao a  overflgh woul appl 2.c f he ra  forme b a la  of a ae borer g he ra a   ma la  a  here ex eawar of he la  a roue o he hgh ea or EEZ of mlar o ve e e  whh ae he rgh of  oe  paage woul appl 3.c f he ra  bewee a par of he hgh ea or EEZ a  he erroral ea of a oher ae  whh ae he rgh of  oe  paage woul appl.

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Borer g ae have he follow g ue² g.c o o mpee he rgh of ra  paage 2.c o gve approprae publ o a  a ger o avgao or overflgh wh or over he ra of whh he have k owlege 3.c o o upe  ra  paage. Shp a  arraf exer g he rgh of ra  paage have he follow g ue² g.c o proee whou ela hrough or over he ra 2.c refra from a  hrea or ue of fore aga  he overeg  erroral  egr or polal  epe e e of Sae borer g he ra or  a  ma er  volao of he pr ple  he U? Charer 3.c refra from a  ave oher ha hoe  e  o her ormal moe of o  uou a  expeou ra  u le eear ue o fore majeure or re 4.c o ompl wh he oher provo  of U?CLOS. ›lo foreg veel ma o arr ou reearh a  urve ave whou he pror auhor ao of he borer g Sae. Vake oe ha hee ue (of borer g Sae a  foreg veel) are alo applable o arhpelag ea la e paage. Sae alo ge he ra however are able o regulae avgao a  oher ape of paage.

   2 ;;3 Vh ae o er e he elmao of he o  e al helf  he ?orh Sea whh  volve De mark he ?eherla  a  Germa . De mark a  he ?eherla  boh wa e o appl he equa e pr ple whle Germa  oppoe a h woul proporo ael reue  area ue o he o ave Germa oal e.  ÝY+    a proe whh  volve eablh g he bou are of a area alrea  pr ple appera  g o he oaal Sae a  o he eerm ao e ovo of uh a area. Delmao  a equable ma er  o e h g bu o he ame h g a awar g a ju a  equable hare of a prevoul u elme area eve hough  a umber of ae he reul ma be omparable or eve e al. Y Y     Y   . Vhe rgh of he oaal Sae  repe of he area of o  e al helf ha o ue a aural prolo gao of  la  error  o a  u er he ea ex    a     b vrue of  overeg  over he la  a  a a exe o of   a exere of overeg rgh for he purpoe of explor g he eabe a  explo g  aural reoure. Y hor here  here a  here  rgh. Y orer o exere  o peal legal proe ha o be go e hrough or have a  peal legal a o be performe. Y exe e a be elare bu oe o ee o be o ue.

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Furhermore he rgh oe o epe  o  be g exere. Y follow ha he oo of apporo  g a a e u elme area  que foreg o a   o e  wh he ba o ep of o  e al helf e leme . m.  YY   +  + Y ha ever bee oube ha he equa e meho of elmao  a ver o ve e  o e. e h oe o uffe o o ver wha  a meho  o a rule of law mak g he aepa e of he reul of u g ha meho oblgaor  all ae  whh he pare o o agree oherwe or  whh 'peal ruma e' a o be how o ex. % YY  Y Y +Y+  0  Y:  . Vhu he queo of whh par of he o  e al helf 'ajae  o' a oal e borer g more ha o e Sae fall wh he appure a e of whh of hem rema  o h exe  a ope o e o o be eerm e o a ba exluvel of proxm. Eve f proxm ma affor o e of he e o be apple a  a mpora  o e  he rgh o o   ma o eearl be he o l or  all ruma e he mo approprae o e. 2 Y  Y +1  + +     +  Y      + Y Y   Y +  Y   Y  YY YY    Y   +Y Y  ++ Y Y Submar e area o o reall appera o he oaal Sae beaue he are ear . Wha o fer he # Y le whh  er ao al law arbue o he oaal Sae  repe of  o  e al helf  he fa ha he ubmar e area o er e ma be eeme o be auall par of he error over whh he oaal Sae alrea ha om o   he e e ha alhough overe wh waer he are a prolo gao or o  uao of ha error a exe o of  u er he ea. Vhu whe ever a gve ubmar e area oe o o ue a aural exe o of he la  error of a oaal Sae eve hough ha area ma be loer o  ha   o he error of a  oher Sae  a o be regare a appera  g o ha Sae; or a lea  a o be o regare  he fae of a ompe g lam b a Sae of whoe la  error he ubmar e area o er e  o be regare a a aural exe o  eve f   le loe o . $ Y% #Y +For oppoe Sae he aural prolo gao  ma mee a  overlap a  a o l be elme b a mea l e; a  g or g he pree e of le rok a  m or oaal projeo  he proporo all or g effe of whh a be elm ae b oher mea  uh a l e mu effe a equal vo of he parular area  volve. Vh pe of ae  ffere  from ha of laerall ajae  Sae o he ame oa wh o mmeael oppoe oa  fro  of . Wherea a mea l e ve equall bewee 2 oppoe ou re area ha a be regare a be g he aural prolo gao of he error of eah of hem a laeral equa e l e ofe leave o g of he Sae o er e area ha are a aural prolo gao of he error of he oher. Vhe or g effe of laeral equa e l e u er era o o  of oaal o fgurao are everhele omparavel mall wh he lm of erroral waer bu proue her maxmum effe  he loale where he ma o  e al helf area le furher ou. Vhere  alo a re orrelao bewee he oo of loe proxm o he oa a  he overeg juro whh he oaal Sae  e le o exere a  mu exere o o l over he eabe u er eah he erroral waer bu over he waer hemelve whh oe o ex  repe of o  e al helf area where here  o juro over he uperjae  waer a  over he eabe o l for purpoe of explorao a  exploao .

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ÝY+   Y  YYY  Y   Y  Y. +Y +Y (a) he pare are u er a oblgao o e er  o egoao  wh a vew o arrv g a a agreeme  a  o merel o go hrough a formal proe of egoao a a or of pror o o for he auoma applao of a era meho of elmao  he abe e of agreeme ; he are u er a oblgao o o o u hemelve ha he egoao  are mea  gful whh wll o be he ae whe eher of hem   upo  ow poo whou o empla g a  mofao of ; (b) he pare are u er a oblgao o a  uh a wa ha  he parular ae a  ak g all he ruma e  o aou  equable pr ple are apple; for h purpoe he equa e meho a be ue bu oher meho ex a  ma be emploe alo e or  omb ao  aor g o he area  volve; () he o  e al helf of a  Sae mu be he aural prolo gao of  la  error a  mu o e roah upo wha  he aural prolo gao of he error of a oher Sae. Y.   YY.  YY  Y Y +   Y1 (a) Vhe lghe rregular  a oal e  auomaall mag fe b he equa e l e a regar he o eque e for he elmao of he o  e al helf. Vhu  ha bee ee  he ae of o ave or o vex oal e ha f he equa e meho  emploe he he greaer he rregular a  he furher from he oal e he area o be elme he more u reao able are he reul proue. So grea a exaggerao of he o eque e of a aural geographal feaure mu be remee or ompe ae for a far a poble be g of elf reave of  equ. (b) Where here  o ouer bou ar o he o  e al helf  happe  ha he lam of everal Sae o verge mee a   erro  loale where epe her a e from he oa he be of he ea ll u queo abl o  of o  e al helf. › u of hee o verge e how how  equable woul be he appare  mplfao brough abou b a elmao whh g or g uh geographal ruma e wa bae olel o he equa e meho. Y 

Y Y Y  ?o objeo ee be fel o he ea of effe g a elmao of ajo  g o  e al helf area b he o urre  ue of varou meho. Equ oe o eearl mpl equal. Vhere a ever be a  queo of ompleel refaho  g aure a  equ oe o requre ha a Sae whou ae o he ea houl be alloe a area of o  e al helf a  more ha here oul be a queo of re er g he uao of a Sae wh a exe ve oal e mlar o ha of a Sae wh a rere oal e. Bu here here are 3 Sae whoe ?orh Sea oal e are  fa omparable  le gh a  whh have bee gve broal equal reame  b aure exep ha he o fgurao of o e of he oal e woul f he equa e meho  ue e  o o e of hee Sae reame  equal or omparable o ha gve he oher wo. ›  equ  reae merel beaue o e oal e  roughl o vex a  he oher o ave. Y  o a queo of oall refaho  g geograph whaever he fa of he uao bu gve a geographal uao of qua-equal a bewee a umber of Sae of aba g he effe of a  e al peal feaure from whh a u jufable ffere e of reame  oul reul.   Y   Y  g. . Vhe o  e al helf  a area phall exe  g he error of mo oaal Sae  o a pee of plaform. Vhe appure a e of he helf o he ou re  fro  of whoe oal e  le  a fa a   a be ueful o o er he geolog

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of ha helf  orer o f  ou wheher he reo ake b era o fgurao al feaure houl  flue e elmao . 2. . Vhe pr ple  ha he la  om ae he ea;   o eque l eear o exam e loel he geographal o fgurao of he oal e of he ou re whoe o  e al helve are o be elme. S e he la   he legal oure of he power whh a Sae ma exere over erroral exe o  o eawar  mu fr be learl eablhe wha feaure o  fa o ue uh exe o . 3. & c cc . Vhe aural reoure of he ubol of he ea  hoe par whh o  of o  e al helf are he ver obje of h legal regme. e  freque l our ha he ame epo le o boh e of he l e v g a o  e al helf bewee wo Sae a   e   poble o explo uh a epo from eher e a problem mmeael are o aou  of he rk of prejual or waeful exploao b o e or oher of he Sae o er e. ›ll ha  eee  o refer o he u erak g e ere  o b he oaal Sae of ha ea wh a vew o e ur g he mo effe  exploao or he apporo me  of he prou exrae. 4. cc c   whh a elmao effee aor g o equable pr ple ough o br g abou bewee he exe  of he o  e al helf appera  g o he Sae o er e a  he le gh of her repeve oal e hee be g meaure aor g o her ge eral reo  orer o eablh he eear bala e bewee Sae wh ragh a  hoe wh markel o ave or o vex oa or o reue ver rregular oal e o her ruer proporo . Vhe hoe a  applao of he approprae eh al meho woul be a maer for he pare.

"!+% 2 ;1=3 Vh o er e he elmao of he o  e al helf bewee Lba a  ¯ala. Vhe ¯eerra ea  borere b Vu a (ea) Yal ( orh) Greee (we) a  Lba (ouh). ¯ala  a group of la  uae  he ¯eerra ea  o he ouh of Yal a  o he orh of Lba. Lba  oa  g fa l larger ha ha of ¯ala. m1 !$0  Y    Y Y+    Y Y + Y+ YY

Y Y   YYY  Y  Y  ++  Y  YYY. +Y+ Vhe Co ve o e a goal o be aheve bu  le  a o he meho o be followe o aheve . Y rer elf o e g a a ar a    lef o Sae hemelve or o he our o e ow h a ar wh pef o e . Y+  mm/+Y+  Y +Y+   Vhe wo  uo  - o  e al helf a  EEZ ʹ are l ke ogeher  moer law. S e he rgh e joe b a Sae over  o  e al helf woul alo be poee b  over he ea-be a  ubol of a  EEZ whh  mgh prolam o e of he releva  ruma e o be o ere for he elmao of he o  e al helf of a Sae  he legall permble exe  of he EEZ appera  g o ha ame Sae. Vh oe o mea ha he o ep of he o  e al helf ha bee aborbe b ha of he EEZ;  oe however g f ha greaer mpora e mu be arbue o eleme  uh a a e from he Coa whh are ommo o boh o ep. ›lhough he  uo  of he o  e al helf a  he EEZ are ffere  a    he rgh whh he EEZ e al over he ea-be of he o e are ef e b refere e o he regme la ow for he o  e al helf. ›lhough here a be a o  e al helf where here  o EEZ here a o be a EEZ whou a orrepo  g o  e al helf. Y follow ha he a e rero mu ow appl o he o  e al helf a well a o he EEZ. Wha h mea   ha where he o  e al marg oe o exe  a far a 200 mle from he hore aural prolo gao  whh  pe of  phal org  ha hroughou  hor beome more a  more a omplex a  jural

Page 2 of g *

o ep   par ef e b a e from he hore rrepeve of he phal aure of he  erve  g ea-be a  ubol. Vhe o ep of aural prolo gao a  a e are herefore o oppoe bu ompleme ar. m. +YY  Y+   +Vhe elmao of a o  e al helf bou ar mu be effee b he applao of equable pr ple  all he releva  ruma e  orer o aheve a equable reul. 0YY. +Y +Y² he pr ple ha here  o be o queo of refaho  g geograph or ompe a g for he  equale of aure; he relae pr ple of o -e roahme  b o e par o he aural prolo gao of he oher (he oaal Sae e jo overeg rgh over he o  e al helf off  oa o he full exe  auhor e b  er ao al law  he releva  ruma e); he pr ple of repe ue o all uh releva  ruma e; he pr ple ha alhough all Sae are equal before he law a  are e le o equal reame  "equ oe o eearl mpl equal" or oe  eek o make equal wha aure ha mae u equal; a  he pr ple ha here a be o queo of rbuve jue. ,  Y Y&  Y Y  Y1 la ma relave eo om poo  of he Pare eur o erao  a  he pr ple of equal.

 +  Y Y  Wha he Cour  e e wa proporo al wa o be ue a a mea  of e f g a  he orre g he k  of oro ha oul are from he ue of a meho  ap o ake aequae aou  of ome k  of oaal o fgurao . ÝY+   Y1 g. ¯ake a provo al elmao b u g a rero a  a meho boh of whh are learl e e o pla a mpora  role  prou g he f al reul. Vhe law applable o lam rela g o o  e al helve loae le ha 200 mle from he oa of he Sae o a rero of a e from he Coa or o he pr ple of ajae  a meaure b a e. Vhu he hoe of he rero a  he meho o be ue o arrve a a provo al reul houl be mae  a ma er o e  wh he o ep u erl g he arbuo of legal le. Y h elmao bewee oppoe oa he ra g of a mea l e bewee hoe oa b wa of a provo al ep  he mo juou ma er of proee g wh a vew o he eve ual aheveme  of a equable reul. Vake oe ha he mea l e raw  o l provo al. Were he Cour o rea  a f al  woul be o ferr g o he equa e meho he au of be g he o l meho he ue of whh  ompulor  he ae of oppoe oa. U er ex g law  mu be emo rae ha he equa e meho lea o a equable reul  he ae  queo . Vo aheve h purpoe he reul o whh he a e rero lea mu be exam e  he o ex of appl g equable pr ple o he releva  ruma e. ›lo remember ha o aheve a equable reul  a uao  whh he equa e l e  prma fae he approprae meho all releva  ruma e mu be exam e  e he ma have a wegh  he aeme  of he eque of he ae whh  woul be proper o ake  o aou  a  o refle  a ajume  of he equa e l e. 2. Exam ao of he provo al oluo  lgh of he requreme  erve from oher rera whh ma all for a orreo of he  al reul.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Due o he grea ffere e  le gh of he oa a  he ge eral geographal o ex (he ¯alee la  appear a a relavel mall feaure  a em-e loe ea)  orer o e ure he aheveme  of a equable oluo  he elmao l e mu be ajue o a o le loer o he oa of ¯ala. Wh he area wh whh he Cour  o er e he oa of he Pare are oppoe o eah oher a  he equa e l e bewee hem le broal we o ea o ha  ajume  a be afaorl a  mpl aheve b ra po g   a exal orhwar reo . Vh l e mee he requreme  of he e of proporo al a   equable gve all releva  ruma e.

  :52 ;1=3 Vhe ae regar g he mar e elmao wa remove from he l of ae of he YCJ beaue boh pare muuall roppe he ae. Vher ma reao wa ha boh pare agree o eablh g a  er ao al age  for he jo exploao of he marme o e  queo .

&        2 ;D13 Vhough he Cour wa prmarl foue o he ue of juro  h ae he releva  ue  wheher or o era la  u er Greek overeg  are e le o a o  e al helf of her ow a  e le Greee o all for he bou ar o be raw bewee hoe la  a  he Vurkh Coa. !#   YCJ ha o juro  e Vurke  o aep uh juro  he „ome Commu que. V "Y &VY ² ͞la   queo are mere proubera e of he Vurkh o  e al helf a  have o o  e al helf of her ow . (Cour  o ee o h ue  e  ha o juro bu Y h k Sr úarr agree wh Vurke  heor  e bae o he map o gra  o  e al helve woul e roah  he erroral ea of Vurke) Vhe ue of wheher hee la  have her ow o  e al helf o er  maer of e leme  (o he la  eerve helve) elmao (wha he area of hee helve) a  erroral au (wll  e roah o eablhe ao al bou are) c  $* !1Y h ae he pr ple  he Spaa ae a  Errea- eme ›rbrao woul appl. Y our uo  Sr a ha he meho of half effe oul be apple. 

+"! Lba a  Vu a requee he YCJ o eerm e wha pr ple a  rule of  er ao al law ma be apple for he elmao of he area of he o  e al helf appera  g o Lba a  o ha of Vu a; ee aor g o 0 c $  a  he c $ $ $ whh haraer e he area a well a he ew aepe re   he Vhr Co fere e o he Law of he Sea; a  larf he praal meho for he applao of hee pr ple o he a elm whou fful. VY2Y   + (Y

Y Vhe elmao  o be effee  aora e wh equable pr ple o er g all releva  ruma e. Vhe area o be elme o ue a  c $ c a he aural prolo gao of boh Sae o pr ple of aural prolo gao a o be ue. Vhe area  elme b wo l e. Y ef  g he a gulao of he  al l e he Cour ook oe of he exe e of he l e  cc $ b eah Par v g her peroleum o eo . › for he eo  l e he $c c $ c cc$  a fa whh mu be ake  o aou . ?oe ha  h ae he la  error of he

Page 3 of g *

wo Sae  ajae  bu beaue of he ha ge  reo of he oa of Vu a  eem oppoe a ome po . Vhe  al elmao l e  ae b he YCJ wll herefore exe  from he ouer lm of he erroral ea u l   ereo wh he parallel of laue of he po  o he oa of he Gulf of Gabe. Y eerm  g he a gulao of he eo  lke he exe e of he Kerke ah Yla  (Vu a) houl be o ere. Vhe Kerke ah Yla   urrou e b le a  low-e elevao . Some effe mu be arbue o . Vhe Cour ha o ake  o aou  o o l he la  bu alo he low-e elevao  whh whle he o o a o la  have a  o  e al helf of her ow  o e jo ome reog o   er ao al law for era purpoe. úowever f he YCJ le he l e ru parallel o he la  oal e ha woul be gv g he la  oo muh wegh. úe e half-effe mu be ue. Vhe eh que  volve raw g c

 c  o e gv g o he la  he c $ arbue o  b he elmao meho  ue a  he oher   cc c a hough   o ex. Vhe elmao l e auall aope  he raw bewee he fr wo l e eher  uh a wa a o ve equall he area bewee hem or a beor of he a gle whh he make wh eah oher or pobl b rea g he la  a plae owar he ma la  b half  aual a e herefrom.

&: & "  2 ;D;3 Vh  volve he elmao of he o  e al helve of Fra e a  UK  he ?orh Sea. Y h ae he Cour o ere he effe of era geologal feaure o he elmao . VYm.  Y(0Y+  YY  +U er ›rle 6 he equa e pr ple ulmael poee a oblgaor fore whh  oe o have  he ame meaure u er he rule of uomar law. Bu he equa e-peal ruma e rule mea  ha he oblgao o appl he equa e pr ple  alwa o e qualfe b he o o "u le a oher bou ar l e  jufe b peal ruma e". Vhe role of he "$ c$ $ $" o o  o e ure a equable elmao a  he omb e "equa epeal ruma e rule"  effe gve parular expreo o a ge eral orm ha fal g agreeme  he bou ar bewee Sae abu g o he ame o  e al helf  o be eerm e o equable pr ple. Co eque l he queo wheher he ue of he equa e pr ple or ome oher meho  approprae for ahev g a equable elmao  ver muh a maer of appreao  he lgh of he geographal a  oher ruma e. $ Y  Y Vhroughou he E glh Cha el where he oa of Fra e & he UK are oppoe eah oher he bou ar houl  pr ple be he mea l e equa  from he repeve oa. Vhe relao hp of "oppoe" or "ajae " Sae  oh g bu a refleo of he geographal fa. Vhe  o raw bewee he wo geographal uao   o e erve o from a  legal heor bu from he ver uba e of he ffere e bewee he wo uao . Wherea  "oppoe" Sae a mea l e wll ormall effe a broal equable elmao  a laeral equa e l e exe  g ouwar from he oa of ajae  Sae for lo g a e ma reul  a  equable elmao b reao of he or g effe of  vual geographal feaure. Y  he omb e effe of he e-b-e relao hp of he wo Sae a  he prolo gao of he laeral bou ar for grea a e o eawar whh ma be prouve of  equ a   he ee e of he  o bewee "ajae " a  "oppoe" oa uao . ,   Yhe legal frame o be ue  ha of elmao bewee ͞oppoe Sae. Vhe fr ep houl be o eerm e he oure of he mea l e wh he Cha el. Vake oe ha he úur Deepúur Deep Faul Zo e a geographal feaure wa  o ere b

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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he Cour gve he ee al geologal o  u of he area (he úur Deep were ju o  ue  he eabe a  ubol whh   rup he ee al u  of he o  e al helf). ,Y  Y  YY+ Y Y  Y+Vhe Cha el Yla  ( o o uo all par of he UK bu re epe e e of he Brh Crow whh were reae a par of he UK  e he UK wa he repo ble auhor wh regar o he o  e al helf) are uae o he Fre h e a  wh he arm of a gulf o he Fre h oa. Vhe pree e of hee la   ha parular uao urb he bala e or he geographal ruma e whh woul oherwe ex bewee he Pare  h rego a a reul of he broa equal of he oal e of her ma la . Vhe legal framework  ha of wo oppoe Sae o e or whh poee la  errore loe o he oa of he oher Sae. ,    Y Y  avgao al efe e a  eur  ere  he rego .

+Y   + +  + YVhe queo  wha area of o  e al helf are o be o ere a legall he aural prolo gao of he Cha el Yla  raher ha of Fra e. Y  er ao al law he o ep of he o  e al helf  a jural o ep whh o oe he aural prolo gao u er he ea o of a o  e  or geographal la  ma bu of he la  error of eah Sae. Vh mea  ha he ope a  he o o  for  applao are o eerm e exluvel b he phal fa of geograph bu alo b legal rule. ¯oreover   lear (gve he peal ruma e provo & empha o equable pr ple) ha he fore of he ar al pr ple of aural prolo gao of error  o abolue bu ma be ubje o qualfao . Vhe pr ple of aural prolo gao of error a o be a o requre ha he o  e al helf o he orh a  orhwe of he Cha el Yla  houl be o ere a auomaall a  eearl appure a  o hem raher ha o Fra e. e f he fore of he pr ple of aural prolo gao of error were abolue a mall la  woul blok he aural prolo gao of he error of he earb ma la   he ame wa f o alwa o he ame exe  a a larger la . Vhe queo of he appure a e o he Cha el Yla  of he area of o  e al helf exe  g o her orh a  orh-we  o herefore reolve merel b referr g o he pr ple of aural prolo gao . Vhe pr ple of aural prolo gao of error  eher o be e ae or reae a abolue  a ae where la  belo g g o o e Sae are uae o o  e al helf whh woul oherwe o ue a aural prolo gao of he error of a oher Sae. Vhe applao of ha pr ple  uh a ae ha o be appreae  he lgh of all he releva  geographal a  oher ruma e a well a o a  releva  o erao  of law a  equ.

+Y Y.  U er uomar law he meho aope for elm g he bou ar mu e ure ha he elmao aor wh equable pr ple. Vhe queo  wheher he Cha el Yla  houl be gve he full be ef or he applao of he pr ple of aural prolo gao  he area o her orh a  orhwe or wheher her uao loe o he ma la  of Fra e requre o equable grou  ome mofao of he applao of he pr ple  hoe area. Vhe or e of he equal of Sae a o be o ere a o u g uh a equable grou  (a h woul have he effe of refaho  g geograph). ›  grou  of equ  o be looke for  he parular ruma e of he ae a   he parular equal of he wo Sae  her geographal relao o he o  e al helf of he Cha el. Charaer of he area² approxmae equal of he ma la  oal e reul g  equal of her geographal relao o he

Page J of g *

o  e al helf of he Cha el f he Cha el Yla  are lef ou of aou . Yf he Cha el Yla  are gve full effe h wll reul  a uba al m uo of he area of o  e al helf whh woul arue o Fra e. Vh fa appear o be prma fae a ruma e reave of  equ a  all g for a meho of elmao ha  ome meaure reree he  equ. Yf h o luo  ee b appl g he equa e-peal ruma e rule he pree e of he Cha el Yla  mu be o ere prma fae a a "peal ruma e" juf g a elmao oher ha he mea l e. VY ( + +   Y  Y++ 1 Fr o ma a he approprae bala e bewee he wo Sae  relao o he o  e al helf a rpara Sae of he Cha el wh approxmael equal oal e he prmar bou ar bewee hem hall be a mea l e. Y elm g  oure  he Cha el Yla  rego he Cha el Yla  hemelve are o be regare  e her o  e al helf mu be he ubje of a eo  a  eparae elmao . 0Y  Y o elm a eo  bou ar eablh g v-à-v he Cha el Yla  he ouher lm of he o  e al helf hel b he Cour o be appure a  o he Fre h „epubl  h rego o he ouh of he m-Cha el mea l e. ,Y  Y Y Y Vhe ee al o  u or he o  e al helf of he E glh Cha el a  ›la  rego ha bee empha e. Y  alo ommo grou  ha geologall he lgh ouhweerl re  of he o  e al helf of he Cha el exe  wewar  o he ›la  rego alo g he l e of he úur Deep Faul Zo e. Vhe o  e al helf of he ›la  rego  o o f e wh he arm of a omparavel arrow ha el bu o e exe  g eawar fro  he oa of he wo ou re  o he ope pae of he ›la  Oea . Y o eque e he area of o  e al helf o be elme le off raher ha bewee  he oa or he wo ou re. › furher o eque e  ha he o  e al helf exe  o eawar of he oa of he wo ou re for grea a e. Vhe aual oal e of he wo ou re abu g o he o  e al helf o be elme are omparavel hor a  ha her geographal relao o eah oher v-à-v he o  e al helf o be elme  o e of laeral raher ha oppoe oa. › oher  ha he UK  oaal fro age proje furher  o he ›la  ha ha of Fra e. Vh ha he e e  o make he UK oa obrue upo he o  e al helf uae o eawar of he more weerl fa g oa of he Fre h „epubl  ha rego . › oher  Fra e a  he UK are  he o l Sae whh abu o he ›la  o  e al helf. Y+ Y "Y U er ›r. 6  he abe e of agreeme  a  u le a oher bou ar  jufe b peal ruma e he bou ar  o be he l e whh  equa  from he eare po  of he bael e from whh he breah of he erroral ea of eah Sae  meaure. Vhere  oh g  he la guage of ›r. 6 o mpl ha  uao  fal g u er paragraph g he vrue of he equa e pr ple a a meho of effe g a equable elmao are  a  wa uperor o hoe whh  poee  uao  fall g u er paragraph 2. Vhe approprae e of he equa e or a  oher meho for he purpoe of effe g a equable elmao  a  gve ae  alwa a fu o or refleo of he geographal a  oher releva  ruma e of he parular ae. Y hor he equable haraer of he elmao reul o from he legal eg ao of he uao a o e of "oppoe" Sae bu from  aual geographal haraer a uh. Smlarl  he ae of "ajae " Sae   he laeral geographal relao of he wo oa whe omb e wh a large exe o of he o  e al helf eawar from hoe oa whh make  vual geographal feaure o eher oa more pro e o re er

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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he geomeral effe of appl g he equa e pr ple  equable ha  he ae of "oppoe" Sae. Vhe greaer rk  hee ae ha he equa e meho ma proue a  equable elmao hu alo reul o from he legal eg ao of he uao a o e of "ajae " Sae bu from  aual geographal haraer a o e  volv g laerall relae oa. Y h ae ue o he eparao of he 2 oa b a we expa e of ea he area (›la  rego )  o ere a a ae of oppoe Sae. %Y+  Y1he prolo gao of he Sll Yle (UK) ome a e furher wewar ha he Uha  la  (Fra e) whh jufe a bou ar oher ha he r mea l e. úowever h oe  auhor e he ue of a  meho  orer o effe a equable elmao . 2  Y Y.  YY   Y a large proporo of elmao  where a parular geographal feaure ha  flue e he oure of a o  e al helf bou ar he meho of elmao aope ha bee ome mofao or vara  of he equa e pr ple raher ha  oal rejeo . úere he problem alo are preel from he or g effe of a geographal feaure  ruma e  whh he l e equa  from he oa of he wo Sae woul oherwe o ue he approprae bou ar. Vhe approprae meho  o ake aou  of he Sll Yle a par of he oal e of he UK bu o gve hem le ha her full effe  appl g he equa e meho. Ju a   o he fu o of equ  he elmao of he o  e al helf ompleel o refaho geograph o   alo o he fu o of equ o reae a uao of omplee equ where aure a  geograph have eablhe a  equ. + (Y

Y + Y o e  a e he meho emploe wa o gve half  ea of full effe o he offhore la   elm g he equa e l e. Vh meho o   elm g he l e equa  bewee he wo oa fr whou he ue of he offhore la  a a bae-po  a  eo l wh  ue a a baepo ; a bou ar gv g half-effe o he la   he he l e raw mwa bewee hoe wo equa e l e. Vh meho appear o be a approprae a  praal meho of aba g he proporo a   equ whh oherwe reul from gv g full effe o he Sll Yle a a baepo  for eerm  g he oure of he bou ar. 90 1 YY   + Y

Y + YY      Y+  Y&  Y  Y  Y+Y 

   (  2 ;003 De mark ue ?orwa for oup g era errore  Eaer Gree la . Boh ou re are lam g ha he have he uperor lam over h area. Ý Y ;0Y Y % ++ mY Y 3H !I Vh  a pue rela g o Ca aa  ame me  of he Ca aa  +,Y Y  Y %  b vrue of whh Ca aa purue boare a  e e a fh g veel he Ea; fl g he Spa h flag) o he hgh ea  orer o pu a op o he overfh g of Gree la  halbu b Spa h fherme . ›rgume ² Europea Commu   poo - ͞he arre of a veel   er ao al waer b a Sae oher ha he Sae of whh he veel  fl g he flag a  u er whoe juro  fall  a llegal a u er boh he ?›FO Co ve o a  uomar  er ao al law a  a o be jufe b a  mea . Ca aa  Poo - pue o er  he aopo of meaure for he o ervao a  ma ageme  of fhere ok wh repe o veel fh g  he ?›FO „egulaor ›rea a  her e foreme  Spa  Poo - Spa argue ha he erm ͞o ervao a  ma ageme  meaure" mu be  erpree  aora e wh  er ao al law o  mu exlue a  u laeral meaure b a

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Sae whh averel affee he rgh of oher Sae oue ha Sae' ow area of juro . Dor e² Y  er ao al law o l 2 pe of meaure ake b a oaal Sae oul  prae be regare a "o ervao a  ma ageme  meaure"² g] hoe rela g o he Sae' exluve eo om o e; a  2] hoe rela g o area oue ha o e  o far a hee ame wh he framework of a  er ao al agreeme  or were ree a aele veel. ¯eaure o af g hee o o  were o o ervao a  ma ageme  meaure bu u lawful a pure a  mple.  $* !1¯u  ubm veel gul of llegal fh g o

$$  bu mu  c hem upo he po g of a ah bo .

%-'2+A3 2 ;;;3 Vhe Saga  a Cpro ol a ker ha wa arree a  boare b Gu ea auhore whe  wa al g ouh of he ouher lm of he exluve eo om o e of Gu ea. Vhe appla  are halle g g he val of he arre a  wa  amage. Gu ea    g ha he ha juro o arre a   voke ho puru. 0&! + 5 !$0m! !m!>Vm0V ›rle 9g paragraph g of he Co ve o prove² "Vhere mu ex a ge u e l k bewee he Sae a  he hp." Vwo queo  ee o be aree  h o eo . (a) Vhe fr  wheher he abe e of a ge u e l k bewee a flag Sae a  a hp e le a oher Sae o refue o reog  e he ao al of he hp. (b) Vhe eo  queo  wheher or o a ge u e l k exe bewee he Saga a  Sa  M e  a  he Gre a e a he me of he  e . mm/5Y+ + +   +  Y    + +  ++     Y +Y?  ôVhe Vrbu al oe ha u er he Co ve o  a oaal Sae  e le o appl uom law a  regulao    erroral ea (arle 2 a  2g). Y he o guou o e a oaal Sae ma exere he o rol eear o² (a) preve   fr geme  of  uom fal mmgrao or a ar law a  regulao  wh  error or erroral ea; (b) pu h  fr geme  of he above law a  regulao  omme wh  error of erroral ea. úowever  he exluve eo om o e he oaal Sae ha juro o appl uom law a  regulao   repe of arfal la   allao  a  ruure (arle 60 paragraph 2). Vhe Co ve o oe o empower a oaal Sae o appl  uom law  repe of a  oher par of he exluve eo om o e o me o e above. mY 50  Y !YY % V@ (;$Vm  m0$, !Vm !%V$!%%)"c>Y >c."'.c c Vhee are all par of he ea ha are o  lue  he erroral ea or  he  er al waer of a Sae. Vhe hgh ea are ubje o 6 freeom² g.c freeom of avgao 2.c freeom of overflgh 3.c freeom of fh g 4.c freeom o la ubmar e able a  ppel e 5.c freeom o o ru arfal la  a  ruure 6.c freeom of e f reearh. Freeom of overflgh belo g o boh vla a  mlar arraf. Freeom of fh g alo  lue he u o ooperae  ak g meaure o e ure he o ervao a  ma ageme  of he lv g reoure of he hgh ea. Ever Sae wheher oaal or la -loke ha he rgh o al hp fl g  flag o he hgh ea. Vhe flag ae ha exluve juro over  hp o he hgh ea o he exe  o lme b agreeme . B legal fo  a hp  a floa g par of he flag ae. › warhp whh e ou er o he hgh ea a foreg hp a boar he laer o l f here  a reao able grou  for upe g ha² g.c he hp  e gage  pra 2.c he hp  e gage  lave rae 3.c he hp  e gage  u auhor e broaa g a  he flag ae of he warhp ha juro 4.c he hp  whou ao al 5.c hough fl g a foreg flag or refu g o how  flag he hp  reall of he ame ao al a he warhp. Pra refer o he follow g a² g.c a  llegal a of vole e or ee o  or a  a of epreao  omme for prvae e  b he rew or he pae ger of a prvae hp or a prvae arraf a  ree² o he hgh ea aga  a oher hp or arraf or aga  pero  or proper o boar uh hp or arraf; or aga  a hp arraf pero  or proper  a plae oue he juro of a  Sae; 2.c a  a of volu ar parpao  he operao of a k ow prae hp or arraf; 3.c a  a of   g or of  e o all fala g a  of he above a.

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Vake oe ha he o guou o e  par of he hgh ea. úo puru  allowe where here  goo reao o beleve ha he hp ha volae law or regulao  of a oaal ae. Vh mu omme e whe he foreg veel  wh he  er al waer he arhpelag waer he erroral waer or he o guou o e of he puru g ae. Y ma o  ue o he hgh ea f he puru ha o bee  errupe. Y  o eear ha a he me whe he foreg hp wh he erroral ea or o guou o e reeve he orer o op he hp gv g he orer houl lkewe be wh he erroral ea or o guou o e. Yf he foreg hp   he o guou o e  ma be purue o l for volao  of he rgh of he oaal ae  he o guou o e. 2    he rgh of ho puru hall alo appl o volao  of applable law a  regulao  of he oaal ae  he EEZ or he o  e al helf  lu g he afe o e of he helf. úo puru mu op a oo a he hp purue e er he erroral waer of  ow ae or of a hr ae. úo puru ma be arre ou o l b warhp or mlar arraf or a  oher hp or arraf properl marke for ha purpoe. úo puru  o eeme o have begu u le he puru g hp ha afe elf b uh praable mea  a ma be avalable ha he hp purue  wh he lm of he erroral ea or a he ae ma be wh he o guou o e EEZ or above he o  e al helf. Vhe puru ma o l be omme e afer a vual or auor g al o op ha bee gve a a a e whh e able  o be ee or hear b he foreg hp. Y he eve  of a ollo or a  oher  e  of avgao o er  g a hp o he hgh ea  volv g he pe al or pl ar repo bl of he maer or of a  oher pero  he erve of he hp o pe al or pl ar proee g ma be  ue aga  uh pero exep before he jual or am rave auhore eher of he flag Sae or of he Sae of whh uh pero  a ao al. Y pl ar maer he Sae whh ha ue a maer' erfae or a erfae of ompee e or le e hall alo e be ompee  afer ue legal proe o pro ou e he whrawal of uh erfae eve f he holer  o a ao al of he Sae whh ue hem. ?o arre or ee o of he hp eve a a meaure of  vegao  hall be orere b a  auhore oher ha hoe of he flag Sae. /c

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c ›ll ae have he rgh for her ao al o e gage  fh g o he hgh ea ubje o her rea oblgao  he rgh a  ue of oaal ae a  he U?CLOS provo . Y l e wh h all ae have he u o ake or o ooperae wh oher ae  ak g uh meaure for her repeve ao al a ma be eear for he o ervao of he lv g reoure of he hgh ea (e.g. eerm  g he allowable ah).

  5  2 ;;;3 ›urala a  ?ew Zeala  allege ha Japa ha fale o ompl wh  oblgao o ooperae  he o ervao of he ouher blue f u a (SBV) ok b u erak g u laeral experme al fh g for ouher bluef u a  breah of  oblgao  u er ›r 64 a  gg6 o gg9 of U?CLOS  relao o he o ervao a  ma ageme  of he SBV. Vhe are alo ak g for provo al remee  he form of a orer omma  g Japa o e from uh u laeral experme al fh g.

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+ 2   0YY Y  Y Y 6 U er ar 64 rea ogeher wh ar gg6 o gg9 of he Co ve o  Sae Pare o he Co ve o have he u o ooperae rel or hrough approprae  er ao al orga  ao  wh a vew o e ur g o ervao a  promo g he objeve of opmum ul ao of hghl mgraor pee. SOUVúE„? BLUE FY? VU?› › úYGúL ¯YG„›VO„ SPECYES OF FYSú Vhe l of hghl mgraor pee o a e  › ex Y o he Co ve o  lue ouher bluef u a²  ;

+ YY Y  Y 5 + Y ˜ Y+Y   Y    Y4CCCYY Y +   Y++Y   Ú4%   P„OMYSYO?›L ¯E›SU„ES ›Y¯S VO P„ESE„ME „YGúVS ›?D ú›„¯ VO E?MY„O?¯E?V.Y aora e wh ar 290 of he Co ve o  he Vrbu al ma prerbe provo al meaure o preerve he repeve rgh of he pare o he pue or o preve  erou harm o he mar e e vro me . ¯E›SU„ES SúOULD BE V›KE? VO P„ESE„ME „YGúVS ›?D ›ME„V ¯O„E DEVE„YO„›VYO?. ›lhough he Vrbu al a o o luvel ae he e f eve e pree e b he pare  f  ha meaure houl be ake a a maer of urge  o preerve he rgh of he pare a  o aver furher eerorao of he ouher blue f u a ok. /c Y > c-c' %9-C"%c. ' ".c -c' %c-#c >"c."'c c › la -loke ae  o e whh ha o ea-oa. Vhee ae have he rgh of ae o a  from he ea a  he freeom of ra  hrough he error of a ra  ae (a ae wh or whou a eaoa uao bewee a la -loke ae a  he ea hrough whoe error raff  ra  pae). Vraff  ra  hall o be ubje o a  uom ue axe or oher harge exep hoe leve for pef erve re ere  o eo wh uh raff. c /c Y " ' Y- 'c."'"%c'"'c c Vhee are area of he eabe a  he oea floor a  her ubol whh le beo  a  ao al juro . Vhee are he ommo herage of ma k  a  ma o be approprae b a  ae or pero . ›ll rgh  he reoure of he ›rea are vee  ma k  a a whole o whoe behalf he ›uhor (he Y er ao al Sea-Be ›uhor) hall a. Vhee reoure are o ubje o ale ao . Vhe m eral reovere from he ›rea however ma o l be ale ae  aora e wh he releva  provo  of U?CLOS. Vhe E erpre  he orga of he ›uhor whh hall arr ou ave  he ›rea rel a well a he ra por g proe g a  marke g of m eral reovere from he ›rea a  hall have  pr pal plae of bu e a he ea of he ›uhor.

/c #'Y "c -& Y- cc c ¯ar e polluo preve o a  o rol ar g from la -bae oure ea-be-ave ubje o ao al juro  ave  he ›rea veel a  oher are overe que exe vel u er U?CLOS. Sae are bou  o preve  a  o rol mar e polluo from a  oure a  are lable for amage aue b volao of her  er ao al oblgao  o omba uh polluo . 90 1 Y++ Y Y 

Y Y  .( Y+    Y + Y  Y. Y   Y+YY Y   YY  Y  Y  YV$M%$   0V$ Y YYY   Y +    Y Y Y  Y       Y+Y(YY  + Y Y Y. Y   +  Y  Y  +  V Y YY  Ym Y V"Y Y   Y 0 Y&  Y-YY+%+Y  

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Y+YY YY+++Y YYY   + Y ++   ++YY++Y   Y YY Y    Y+Y( /c '4Y ' Y- c c Ever Sae ha he rgh o al hp fl g  flag o he hgh ea. Y  he Sae  rgh o ee he o o  b whh  wll aor he rgh o fl  flag. ?o hp ma ha ge  flag ur g  voage exep  ae of ra fer of ow erhp or o he ba of ha ge of regr. Yf a hp al u er he flag of 2 ae   o ere a hav g o ao al a  ma o lam a  of he ao ale repree e b hee flag wh repe o a  oher Sae. O l he flag ae ma exere rm al juro over he maer or a  pero  he erve of he hp. Vh  a eparure from he 00  ae. ›lo he flag ae hall have he u o requre he hp  maer whou a ger o he rew or pae ger o re er aa e o a  pero a ea  a ger of be g lo or o reue pero   re. /c ." "#" c-c%Y. & ".c c Peaeful eleme  of pue  ompulor. Yf a blaeral eleme  fal U?CLOS requre ubmo of he pue for ompulor eleme   o e of he rbu al lohe wh juro . Vhe aler ave are he Y er ao al Vrbu al for he Law of he Sea he YCJ or a arbral rbu al o ue u er he Co ve o . /c "'"&c&."c-c >"c-"' .cc c c Y exer g her rgh a  perform g her ue u er U?CLOS ae hall refra from a  hrea or ue of fore aga  he erroral  egr or polal  epe e e of a  Sae or  a  oher ma er  o e  wh he pr ple of  er ao al law emboe  he U? Charer. 0/c '>'"-- Y'c' %c>Y. -Y'c-!" .c c Sae have he u o proe obje of a arhaeologal a  horal aure fou  a ea.

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Y " 'c(' ".c Waer o he la war e of he bael e of he erroral ea. Y lue waer of lake rver por a  ba

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Coaal ae ha abolue vl & rm al juro

¬ ¬ "Y -Y'c."'.c › ajae  bel of ea whh oe o exee g2 aual mle from he bael e. U er he U?CLOS roaea are par of he erroral ea.

Coaal ae ha overeg  (over arpae eabe ubol)  lme b he rgh of  oe  paage Flag ae exere vl rm al juro wh EXCEPVYO?S g. Crm al ʹ o eque e exe  o oaal ae urb he peae goo orer reque for aa e rug raff 2. Cvl ʹ hoe  urre b hp elf o ee wh he voage

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Vo aop law regulao  rela g o  oe  paage Whe eear wh regar o avgao al afe requre foreg hp o ue ea la e raff eparao heme „gh of proeo ( lue rgh o emporarl upe   oe  paage f ee al for proeo of  eur)

'>Y "' -c › grp. of la   lu g par of la   ero e g waer & oher aural feaure whh are o loel  errelae ha uh form a  r  geographal eo om & polal e  or whh horall have bee regare a uh

- Y &-&.cB- "c › o e o guou o he erroral ea ha ma o exe  beo  24 aual mle from he bael e

›rhpelag ae  overeg  exe  o he arhpelag waer he arpae above hee waer he eabe ubol a  he reoure. Vh overeg   exere ubje o he rgh of arhpelag ea la e paage.

Coaal ae oe o exere overeg  bu proeve juro . Coaal ae ha juro o l over uom fal mmgrao  or a ar law & regulao 

Page 2 of g ""Bc › area beo  a  ajae  o he erroral ea whh exe  200 aual mle from he bael e

Vhee are lme. Sovereg rgh o l for he purpoe of explor g explo g o erv g a  ma ag g he aural reoure lv g or o lv g  he waer eabe a  ubol.

* - Y " 'c.>"c Seabe a  ubol of ubmar e area ha exe  beo  he erroral ea hroughou he aural prolo gao of  la  error o he ouer ege of he o  e al marg  or o a a e of 200 mle from he bael e whhever  greaer. Coaal ae ha era overeg rgh over he o  e al helf hough  oe  form par of  error. Vhee overeg rgh o  affe he legal au of uperjae  waer a  arpae over he waer.

Juro  lme wh regar o arfal la  a   allao  mar e e f reearh a  proeo  preervao of mar e e vro me 

Vo upe  he rgh of paage wh regar o pefe area f ee al for he proeo of he ae  eur a  whou rm ao amo g foreg hp Vo eg ae ea la e & ar roue Prerbe raff eparao heme for afe paage of hp va arrow ha el  uh la e Subue oher ea la e

Coaal ae mu make a lam o  o guou o e for her per e  rgh o ex (h o e  o l  + he oher are ma aor). Vhe o guou o e f lame wll be upermpoe o he EEZ. Yf here  o lam he area wll be par of he hgh ea. Exere eear o rol o preve  volao  wh regar o uom fal a ar

Vo explore explo o erve & ma age aural reoure lv g or o lv g  he waer eabe or ubol. Vo o ru operae & ue arfal la  &  allao  Vo la ubmar e able & ppel e Freeom of avgao &

Sovereg rgh o explore explo aural reoure (m eral & oher o lv g reoure of he eabe & ubol & lv g orga m a he harveable age eher mmoble o or u er he eabe or are u able o move exep  o a  phal o a wh he eabe or ubol)

>Y >c."'.c ›ll par of he ea ha are o  lue  he exluve eo om o e  he erroral ea or  he  er al waer of a Sae or  he arhpelag waer of a arhpelag Sae. ?o u er juro  overeg  of a  ae Shp u er he flag of g ae hall be ubje o he exluve juro of uh ae. For ollo  o pe al proee g ma be  ae exep before he jual or am rave auhore of eher he flag ae or of he ae of whh pero   he erve of he hp  a ao al FO„ ›LL SV›VES² Freeom of he hgh ea - avgao - overflgh - la ubmar e able ppel e - o ru arfal la   allao  - fh g - e f reearh

Vo o ru operae & ue arfal la  &  allao 

Vo v warhp

Vo la ubmar e able &

Ymmu  of

úo puru

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?o o hamper he  oe  paage of foreg hp

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Vo gve approprae publ o a  a ger o avgao  of whh  ha k owlege wh  erroral ea

„eog  e rao al fh g rgh oher legmae ave of ajae  eghbor g ae

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mmgrao

overflgh

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„gh of  paage

oe 

?o harge ma be leve o foreg veel b reao o l of her paage Submar e u erwaer vehle mu avgae o he urfae & how her flag Compl wh oaal ae  rule regulao  rela g o  oe  paage Whe requre foreg hp mu ue eg ae ea la e raff eparao heme Foreg ulear-powere hp hoe arr g ulear  here l a gerou oxou uba e ur g  oe  paage mu arr oume  &

„gh of arhpelag ea la e paage

Shp a  arraf  arhpelag ea la e paage hall o evae more ha 25 mle o eher e of he la e ur g paage „epe applable ea la e a  raff eparao heme

Vo explo he ubol va u el g ?o o  fr ge  erfere wh rgh & freeom of oher Sae e.g. avgao ?o o mpee he la g ma e a e of able ppel e

„epe ex g ubmar e able la b oher ae & pa g hrough  waer whou mak g a w fall ›llow he ma e a e a  replaeme  of uh able „gh of  oe  paage

Exluve rgh o auhor e & regulae rll g o he helf

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warhp hp ow e or operae b a ae & ue o l o gov  o ommeral erve

FO„ ›LL SV›VES² Vo fx o o  for gra  of ao al o hp (rgh o fl  flag) Exere juro & o rol  am rave eh al oal maer over hp fl g  flag Vo re er aa e

„gh o  paage

oe 

„gh o ra  paage

Vo abe b he rule a  regulao  e b he oaal ae

Vo la ubmar e able & ppel e

Vo la ubmar e able a  ppel e

Freeom of avgao & overflgh

Vo repar ex g able ppel e

Due regar o he rgh & ue of he oaal ae

Y la g able ppel e o have ue regar o hoe alrea  poo

Compl wh he law regulao  of he oaal ae

YF BE O?D 200-¯Y. ZO?E² Vhe u o make a ual pame  or o rbuo   k  afer he fr 5 ear of prouo exep  ae of a evelop g ae whh  a e mporer of m eral reoure from  o  e al helf

Foreg hp mu repe he afe o e eablhe b he oaal Sae

Vo preve  pu h he ra por of lave Vo repre pra Vo uppre ll raff  aro rug phorop uba e Vo uppre u auhor e broaa g Pu h he break g of ubmar e able Vo ooperae  o ervao  ma ageme  of lv g reoure

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Ú  Y Y Y Y YY +c c  › Y rouo o Y er ao al Law (for eaer rea g; úgg  & Brow le arle are  he ge) > Juro ʹ auhor o affe legal  ere. K ² g.c juro o prerbe orm of o u (leglave juro ) 2.c juro o e fore he orm prerbe (exeuve juro ) 3.c juro o ajuae (jural juro ) 2c  cc c  $ cc1  c$

 u er  er ao al law² g.c VY   + where juro  bae o wheher juro  bae o he plae where he offe e  omme (  ; 2.c  Y Y where juro  bae o he ao al of he offe er (

" ; 3.c  Y Y where juro  bae o wheher he ao al  ere   jure; 4.c Y + where juro  o ferre  a  forum ha oba  phal uo of he perpeuaor of era offe e o ere parularl he ou a  harmful o huma  ((+&

!:     ; 5.c Y Y + where juro  bae o he ao al of he vm. Effeve ao al l k or e (   c  $ ) ʹ eerm e whh of wo ae of whh a pero  a ao al wll be reog  e a hav g he rgh o gve ploma proeo o holer of ual ao al (! Y c  $* !1 Juro g.c Verroral juro 2.c U veral juro regarle of where wha ao al of vm or offe er. Ex. › o offe ve rme v.   l orer pra war rme rme & rme aga  huma  orure ge oe 3.c ›ler ave bae for exere of juro ² ao al ʹ offe er („P Cvl Coe) c

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5  +  ›o o ompel pame  o a e owme  pol paable o a Japa ee u er he Vra g wh he E em ›. m+Y#   Vhe juro of he ao wh  error  $ c1$ cc. Y  uepble of o lmao o mpoe b elf. ›  rero upo  erv g val from a exer al oure woul mpl a m uo of  overeg  o he exe  of he rero  a  a  veme  of ha overeg  o he ame exe   ha power  whh woul mpoe uh rero . ›ll exepo  o he full a  omplee power of a ao wh  ow errore mu be rae up o he o e  of he ao elf. Vhe a flow from o oher legmae oure. Vh o e  ma be eher expre or mple. Vhe o e  of a Se ae o he operao of a foreg law wh  error oe o ee o be expre;   e ough ha a o e 

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be mple from  o u or from ha of  auhor e offer. „afao a be gve al a well a exprel. Va rafao ake plae whe a Sae beg  he exeuo of a rea whou exprel raf g . Vhe rafao of or o urre e of he „P o he agreeme  for he exe o of he Phlpp e Proper › of g946  learl mple from he a of he Pree  of he „P a  of he Serear of Foreg ›ffar a well a b he e ame  of „› 7 8 a  477. US law have o exraerroral effe. Vhe applao of a law  he „P  bae o urre l o a a (Phlpp e Proper › of g946) a  o he a o e  hereo a  he o u of he „P Gover me  elf  reev g he be ef of  provo . c

   +:&   $* !1Eve whou ome exeu g lawŒo wh o for e fore appeara e Exra-jual kll g ›ga  Oama who ha 2 Flp a wveŒf he he here a we ue Y+Y+( + ES Vhe lak of ome law oe o make he a a  more legal. „PC ʹ exraerroral laue ow rea g ae. ›ppeal aga  o vo for pra. Y +#   Y   CFY ha juro over he rme of pra whh  robber or forble epreao o he hgh ea whou lawful auhor a  o e  Y Y  a   he pr a   e o of u veral hol. Prae are  law     . Pra  a rme o aga  a  parular ae bu aga  all ma k . Y ma be pu he  he ompee  rbu al of a  ou r where he offe er ma be fou  or  o whh he ma be arre. Vhe juro of pra u lke all oher rme ha o erroral lm. ›   aga  all o ma  be pu he b all. ?or oe  maer ha he rme wa omme wh he juro al 3-mle lm of a foreg ae "for hoe lm hough eural o war are o eural o rme."

""G  +   Peo aga  US $ c c   .  Y Y S e uh par of he US ›rm  ao e  he „P wh permo of our gover me  & peo er who belo g o he mlar pero el of ha arm are harge wh volao  of ›rle of War for offe e omme  area u er he o rol of he US ›rm a ele pr ple of  er ao al law gve a arm juro over her pero a  he offe e harge. YL rule² c  c ccc $ccc  c $cccc c c ,cc  c c c cc  ,c c1 c  cc$  cDc$

c  $ c cc $; he agreeme  for he ao  g of he US ›rm or a par of  fore  he „P mple a  c cc  $ cc c c cc

c$cc$c  & perm he alle ge eral or omma er- -hef o rea ha exluve o rol & pl e whh he gover me  of h arm ma requre. c

ú+ 5?     $* !1› of a bellgere  mlar oupa   val f   o polal. ͞Co fao   o allowe o l ͞equerao  whh  a val meaure of preve o .

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Peo o ompel a ellao of morgage wh equeere ba k. 0Y.Y    . Co fao  o allowe u er he úague „egulao . Vhere wa o o fao here bu a mere equerao . U er  er ao al law he $$ c a c  $cc 0   ha   hec  c cc c0 . Y he effor of oup g power o o rol e em proper wh her juro  orer o avo her ue  a of he e em a  o  reae her ow reoure he ha o reor o uh meaure of  Œwhh o o amou  o a ragh o fao  a free  g blok g pla g u er uo a  equera g he e em prvae proper.c¯eaure of preve o are o repug a  o úague „egulao . Vh  bae o g] wr g of well-k ow wrer o Y er ao al Law 2] expre auhor ao gra e u er he ›rm a  ?av ¯a ual of ¯lar Gover me  a  Cvl ›ffar of US a  of oher vl e ou re a  3] Vra g wh he E em › of he US a  oher vl e ou re. Vhu here wa  cc c  o BOV whh harge úaw Pa  oblgao .

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 ú+(  %   $* !1 - Cor wave mmu  m mpora   e mmu  oul ll be lame. - Mm of Japa  omfor wome polŒ›CV› lam for e laveme  ur g warme me  e Japa   wave mmu  (f   overeg a a be proeue). - ?ormave value of law² eve overeg a are o mmu e o make  u we o omm he volao . Doe he US have juro over a ae  volv g  c  for $cc cc  wh c1ccc&. (afer Cour fou  ha ¯aro wa o mmu e a of orure are o a of ae a of orure volae uomar   l law) !Y Y   Y    YUS ›le Vor Saue prove a forum for $

cc c cccc $$c. Y requre a lam b a ale  a or a  a volao of  er ao al law. Vhe prohbo aga  offal orure arre wh  he fore of #Y orm whh e jo he hghe au   er ao al law. ›ll ae beleve ha orure  wro g all ha e gage  orure e   a  o ae lam a overeg rgh o orure  ow  e . U er  er ao al law a  ae ha e gage  offal orure volae #Y. ?oe ha „P fle a bref a g ha  foreg relao  wh he US woul o be averel affee f lam aga  ¯aro were lgae  he US.

 48%&  +$ Peo aal g Labor ›rber  juro over   c cc  c cc$c cc&.. 0Y Y 1    Y Y Y +   › u aga  uh a age   a u aga  he US Gover me  albe  wa o mpleae  he ompla . Co er g ha he US ha o wave or o e e o he u he ompla  aga  JUS¯›G a o o proper. Ymmu  of Sae from u  a u verall reog  e pr ple. Y  er ao al law "mmu "  ommo l u eroo a a exempo of he ae a   orga  from he jual juro of a oher ae.cVh  a hore o

Page + of g *

he pr ple of he  c0 c c u er whh o e ae a o aer juro over a oher  volao of he maxm    "  (a equal ha o power over a equal). c$ c cY

 c c $cc c c c$    (# YY +) a  a o be exe e o ommeral prvae a  proprear a (# YY ) Vhe o ra wa e ere  o  he harge of  gover me al fu o  he overeg ae a o be eeme o have wave  mmu  from u.

8+$ !   $* !1Jurprue e  h regar   flux (exe of auhor mea    o wh amb of mmu )c Drm ao ae aga  ore ma ager  a exha ge  JUS¯›G. !  +   YY        Brafor wa ue  her  ccc$$  for a allegel o e beo  he ope a  eve beo  her plae of offal fu o  he ae fall wh he 1$ ccc$ c  cc

 . & ?c$c c c $ cc  $ccc$c cc. a  a ao aga  he offal or offer b o e whoe rgh have bee  vae or volae b uh a for he proeo of h rgh  o a u aga  he Sae wh he rule of mmu  of he Sae from u. › publ offal ma be lable  h pero al prvae apa for whaever amage he ma have aue b h a o e wh male a   ba fah or beo  he ope of h auhor or juro  for example u er ›r. 3g of he Me a Co ve o o Dploma „elao  whh am of exepo  of he ge eral rule of a ploma age   mmu  from rm al juro of he reev g ae² () a ao rela g o a  profeo al or ommeral av exere b he ploma age   he reev g Sae oue h offal fu o .

 ! +$  Ý  1 :›  offal apa beaue of he aure of he publao (aahe o he orga  ao ) or beaue of fu o apa  whh ou ae. - ?aure of mmu ² juro o applao f overeg a. - ?o mmu  beaue he a o u g qua-el ( h o e  wh or e ) Coverage  o applable o eglge  or ba fah a. Lbel ae aga  US arm pero el  harge of he publao . !  + )V m% ÝV$   Whle he or e appear o prohb o l u aga  he ae whou  o e    alo applable o ompla  fle aga  offal of he ae for a allegel performe b hem  he harge of her ue. Vhe rule  ha cc c c$c $ c  c0 ccc  cc  cc   c$cc  c c ,c$ccc  c cc cccc c cc c ,cc c cccc  ccc  cc cccc  c

. Publ offal a be hel pero all aou able for a lame o have bee performe  o eo wh offal ue where he have ae +  Y or where here  how g of ba fah.

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Page 2* of g *

   . Vhe or e a o  uo al e rrepo bl a  o -aou abl or gra  a prvlege au o lame b a  oher offal of he „epubl. › a or omo ha  +  Y a o be par of offal u bu  a orou a. c

o raual labl ha ha polal e  ma aume u er he o ra. 

8+$.

 $* !1++YY; c cc - Sae mmu  probabl grew from he horal mmu  of he pero of he mo arh. Suh pero al mmu  of he hea of ae per o he pree  a² he hea of ae  e le o he ame mmu  a he ae elf. Y

 c c' c Vhe Me a Co ve o o Dploma „elao  g96ggg over he mmu  of he ›mbaaor. Y prove ha² Vc he ›mbaaor hall e jo h mmu  a  prvlege from he mome  he ake up po. Vc ›fer h po  over he hall ll e jo hee prvlege a  mmu  u l he leave he ou r or o expr of a reao able pero  whh o o o bu hall ub u l ha me eve  ae of arme o fl. úe hall o  ue o e jo mmu  wh repe o a performe  he exere of h fu o  (›r. 39(2); lme mmu ;  Y  Y Y). 9Ba Pr ple Of YL ha o e - mmu e & prvlege he overeg ae (he forum ›mbaaor e joe eae he ae) oe o ajuae o mome  he leave he ou r he o u of a foreg ae. afer h po. Bu o preerve he  egr of he ave of he foreg ae ur g he pero whe he wa ambaaor   eear o prove ha mmu   affore o h 

+ a ur g h e ure  po. Yf h were o o e he overeg mmu  of he ae oul be evae b all g  queo a o e ur g he prevou ambaaor' me. - foreg ae  e le o -Vh o  u g paral mmu  proeural mmu  from he  ffere  from ha e joe proee of he forum ae.  YY Y whle he wa

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Page 2) of g *

- mmu  exe  o boh rm al & vl labl. - hea of ae  e le o he ame mmu  a he ae elf. - ploma repree ave of he foreg ae  he forum ae  alo affore he ame mmu   reog o of he g  of he ae whh he repree . -Ymmu    YY Y aah g o he pero of he hea of ae or ambaaor a   a omplee mmu  re er g hm mmu e from all ao  or proeuo  wheher or o he relae o maer o e for he be ef of he ae.

ll  po. -S e he o lo ger repree  h ae he mer o parular prvlege or mmu e a a pero .

-U er ›r. 39(2) he ambaaor lke a  oher offal of he ae e jo mmu   relao o h offal a o e whle he wa a offal. Vh lme mmu   o be o rae wh he former mmu   YY Ywhh gave omplee mmu  o all ave publ or prvae. Vhere  o eablhe rule of YL ha requre ae mmu   Y Y Y o be aore  repe of proeuo for a  er ao al rme.

6 +  Ker wa k appe from Peru & brough o Cook Cou  US o fae lare  & embe leme  harge.  Y+  Y  Y    Y 

Y #    ͚Due proe of law  omple wh whe he par  c

 $ b he proper gra  jur  he ae our ha a ral aor g o he form a  moe prerbe for uh ral a  whe  ha ral a  proee g he   eprve of rgh o whh he  lawfull e le. For mere rregulare  ma er  whh he wa brough  o he uo of he law he   e le o a ha he houl  be re for he rme wh whh he  harge  a regular  me . Vh rea (of exrao ) or a  oher rea oe  prove ha a par flee g from he US o eape pu hme  for rme beome hereb e le o a alum  he ou r o whh he ha fle. Y   o e e ha Peru oul  have orere Ker ou of he ou r o h arrval or a a  pero of h ree e here. ?or a  be oube ha Peru oul of  ow aor whou a  ema  from he US have urre ere Ker o a age  of Yll o a  h urre er woul ve bee val wh he om o  of Peru. Vhe rgh of he Peruva gover me  o volu arl gve a par  Ker  o o  a alum  ha ou r  que a ffere  h g from h rgh o ema  a    upo eur  uh a alum. Vhe rea o far a  regulae he rgh of alum   e e o lm h rgh  he ae of o e who  prove o be a rm al flee g from jue; o ha o proper ema  a  proee g ha here  he gover me  of he ou r of he alum hall elver hm up o he ou r where he rme wa omme. ›  o h exe  he rea oe regulae or mpoe a rero upo he rgh of he gover me  of he ou r of he alum o proe he rm al from removal. Y h ae he rea wa  alle  o operao or rele upo .  $* !1Org of he ͞¯a-a -Pa or e. cYmmu  from Juro Ge eral rule² he juro of a ae wh  error  omplee a  abolue.

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Caegore of exepo ² Sovereg mmu  whh over boh a hea of ae a  he ae elf & Ymmu  of he repree ave of ae or ploma a  o ular mmu e. Sae mmu  ʹ he pr ple ha he ae ma o be ue whou  o e  fou   he Phlpp e Co uo  boh mu pal law a  alo  er ao al law applable o foreg ae. Vh  bae o he pr ple of equal of ae²   Y Y Y . Vhe mmu  of he overeg hea  ee a alo ommu ae o he overeg ae. Dploma a  o ular mmu e - muh of he law gover  g ploma relao   uomar law. Offal repree ave of a ae are gve mmu e a  prvlege whh are pero al (he be ef he pero ) whe he are wh he error of a oher ae. Bu he purpoe of he mmu e gve  fu o al ha  o e able hem o perform her fu o  properl. O he par of he reev g ae here le era oblgao  o proe he repree ave a  h proper a  offe. c  $* !1 Seem g ffere e bewee overeg mmu  a  mmu  of a YO² o e reall whe we agree o lm erroral juro va he Bae ›greeme  (amo g oher) emploee are mmu e for boh fu o al a  full mmu . Ve e ² arrow o ruo of mmu ² over o l overeg a Lm o Sovereg ² -US-„P Bae ›greeme  ʹ ra or provo ² omplee mmu  o lme mmu  (lme o overeg a a oppoe o proprear a) -bu whe overeg Proprear Wha abou whe bul g bae Or he ZVE o ra (ae e erpreŒa of Ch ee ae Ch a ha o o ep of prvae e e) Whe bu g heloper armame  (for efe e)Œll overeg a. Dfful ae² ra porao Œvla a  overeg haraer f ur g o -go g arme o fl prvae veel ommo e b he ae f here  o o fl -„VC of ¯aka² o omplee mmu  Ve² g.c ?aure of a ʹ wheher overeg or proprear. 2.c Pero al of o ra g pare ʹ rumpe b purpoe e (armame  ol b prvae e e o ae o be ue for efe e).

Page 2 of g *

here wa o eparae rea wh uh a prohbo . Our revew of he  er ao al auhore a  leraure reveal o pef b  g oblgao  expre or mple o he par of he US or  age  o refra from ra borer k app g. ?or a we a ha here  a ͞u veral o e u  he e e ha we ue ha erm o erbe well-e re he uom of  er ao al law. Beaue a huma rgh orm reog   g a  vual' rgh o be free from ra borer abuo  ha o reahe a au of  er ao al aor uffe  o re er  ͞oblgaor or ͞u veral  a o qualf a a ao able orm u er he ›VC›. ›prao ha o e rpe e  o oblgao . Bu exraerroral applao oe o auomaall gve re o exraerroral e foreme  auhor. Vha Co gre ma have  e e he reah of a rm al aue o exe  beo  our borer oe o mea ha Co gre alo  e e o gve feeral law e foreme  offer u lme auhor o volae he erroral overeg  of a  foreg ao o e fore hoe law or o breah  er ao al law  o g o. ›lhough we reog  e ha he k app g a  murer of DE› age  abroa eeae he exere of exraerroral rm al juro  abe  a lear reve we a o o lue ha Co gre ha gve he DE› u lme e foreme  power abroa. ›lvare ' arre a  he e h ee o  were arbrar beaue he were o ͞purua  o law. Co eque l ›lvare eablhe a or omme  volao of he law of ao . O he Feeral Vor Clam ›² ›lhough he  jure were uffere  ¯exo he proxmae aue of uh  jure (pla  g hem g e.) were o e  he US a  o  fall u er he heaquarer or e exepo o he foreg ave exepo . ›  alhough he waver of overeg mmu  u er he FVC› exlue  e o al or uh a fale arre h exluo  followe b a mpora  provo² Y oe o appl f he  e o al or  omme b a ͞ vegave or law e foreme  offer. Vhe DE› age  who orherae ›lvare ' arre are law e foreme  offer a ef e b he FVC› beaue he are ͞empowere b law o exeue earhe o e e eve e or o make arre for volao  of Feeral law. Beaue he prmar orou a wa he  ao a  pla  g of ›lvare ' abuo b he DE› age  h lam fall quarel wh h law e foreme  provo a  hu he  e o al or exluo oe o appl.

+%2   3 & .:%+2Ý   3

Clama  eek amage for llegal arre & wro gful ee o .

 $* !1 - Mal exrao u er  er ao al law ʹ rea a  offe e mu af c cc$

  (boh a me of happe  g or ommo a  a he me of reque he offe e mu be ef e  boh errore). 2007 Bar] - ou are c0 cc1  (for orure e.) from a ou r oorou for volao of orure e. ( lu g he eah pe al) - Polal rme are ef e  Exrao Vrea a be g o exraable; pero aue for uh ma appl for refugee au be a alum eeker.

%V%+ #   +Y  YFVC›  foreg ou r exepo bar all lam bae o a   jur uffere  a foreg ou r regarle of where he orou a or omo ourre. Vhe ›le Vor Saue  a juro al aue rea g o ew aue of ao . Vhe reao able  fere e from hor & prae  ha he ›VS wa  e e o have praal effe he mome   beame law o he u era  g ha he ommo law woul prove a aue of ao for he moe umber of YL volao  hough o arr pero al labl a he me² offe e aga  ambaaor volao of afe o u & pra. Y erv g a a ar for ae g ›lvare ' lam  uffe o look o he horal a eee  whh peruae h Cour ha feeral our houl o reog  e lam u er feeral ommo law for volao  of a  YL orm wh le ef e o e  & aepa e amo g vl e ao  ha he g8h-e ur paragm famlar whe he ›VS wa e ae. (͞F]or purpoe of vl labl he orurer ha beomeʹlke he prae & lave raer before hmʹ  YY  a e em of all ma k ) Ym  Y  2      ͞›o able volao  of YL mu be of a orm ha  pef u veral & oblgaor. ›  gle llegal

›lvare ue US & pa k apper afer he wa aque o harge for whh he wa brough o he US. >   +Y  Y %V% O he ›le Vor Clam ›² US oe o reog  e a prohbo aga  ra borer k app g or a  be a ha here   er ao al aepa e of uh a orm. › he me of ›lvare ' abuo  he US-¯exo Exrao Vrea  o exe  o ra borer abuo a 

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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ee o of le ha a a followe b he ra fer of uo o lawful auhore & a promp arrag me  volae o orm of uomar YL o well ef e a o uppor he reao of a feeral reme. c  $* !1cc SC² Show  jur from a offal a; „equreme ² o break  he auao of eve  (ommo mu be  he US error). O Soa² ›CV›  avalable for vm of  er ao al rme; f erve b ummo   US. ›CV› oe o applŒjuro -gv g o l; c $c c$  prove  he law; k app g  c $c c c c c$ c$

. ›CV›² for +2 Œamage for polal murer e fore appeara e. ›CV›² ame e b Buh; ow avalable o l for orure (before  lue volao of law of ao Œwar rme rme aga  huma  laver orure) Y k app g a  er ao al rme 

(+&

  !:      ›ppeal of o vo for rme aga  huma  ur g he úoloau. Y +#   Y  Y  8Y   Y  Y 

Y #   O juro ² Vhe pr ple of erroral overeg  merel requre ha he Sae exere  power o pu h wh  ow borer o oue hem; ha ubje o h rero ever Sae ma exere a we reo a o he applao of  law a  he juro of  our  repe of a omme oue he Sae; a  ha o l  o far a   poble o po  o a pef rule prohb g he exere of h reo . . .  a Sae preve e from exer g . Vha vew wa bae o he follow g wo grou ² (g) Y  preel he o epo of Sae overeg  whh ema  he preluo of a  preumpo ha here  a rero o   epe e e; & (2) Eve f   rue ha he pr ple of he erroral haraer of rm al law  frml eablhe  varou Sae   o le rue ha  almo all of uh Sae rm al juro ha bee exe e . . . o a o embrae offe e omme oue  error. . . úowever   he u veral haraer of he rme  queo whh ve  ever Sae he power o r hoe who parpae  he preparao of uh rme a  o pu h hem herefor. Y follow ha he Sae whh proeue a  pu he a pero for ha offe e a olel a he orga a  age  of he  er ao al ommu  a  mee ou pu hme  o he offe er for h breah of he prohbo mpoe b he law of ao . . . . O ma er of arre (k app g from ›rge  a)² (a) Y he abe e of a exrao agreeme  bewee he Sae o whh a "fugve offe er" ha bee brough for ral a  he ou r of "alum" . . . a  eve f here exe uh a agreeme  . . . bu he offe er wa o exrae . . .  aora e herewh he Cour wll o  vegae he ruma e  whh he wa ea e a  brough o he area of juro (Sr² he ͞¯a-a -Pa or e org all from >Y ++). (b) Vh alo apple f he offe er' o e o be ha he abuo wa arre ou b he age  of he Sae proeu g hm  e  uh a ae he rgh volae  o ha of he offe er bu he overeg rgh of he Sae aggreve. () he aggreve Sae ma o o e he volao of  overeg  a  wave  lam  lu g he lam for he reur of he offe er o  error a  uh waver ma be expl or b aquee e.

Page 2 of g *

›ppella   a "fugve from jue" from he po  of vew of he law of ao   e he rme ha were arbue o hm are of a  er ao al haraer a  have bee o em e publl b he vle worl; herefore b vrue of he pr ple of u veral juro  ever ou r ha he rgh o r hm. Vh juro wa auomaall vee  he Sae of Yrael o  eablhme   g948 a a overeg Sae. Vherefore  br g g he appella  o ral  fu o e a a orga of  er ao al law a  ae o e fore he provo  hereof hrough  ow law. Co eque l   mmaeral ha he rme  queo were omme whe he Sae of Yrael  o ex a  oue  error Vhe mome    ame ha he Sae of Yrael poee rm al juro boh aor g o loal law a  aor g o he law of ao   mu alo be o ee ha he Cour  o bou  o  vegae he ma er a  legal of he arre a ]͙ee o ...

4Ý +8#& Burmee  e  ue for   u er he ›VC› alleg g ha  c$ c fore hem o loae a  he make am. 0Y +%V%+For purpoe of   c ccc

$ c  o hal ›mera orporao '  volveme   ga ppel e proje  ¯a mar beaue of allege o  u g volao  of huma rgh Burmee  e  lv g  refugee amp  Vhala  emo rae exe e of reble hrea ha he woul be ubjee o huma rgh volao  allegel omme  furhera e of ppel e proje b how g ha he are  a ger of be g forbl reparae o ¯a mar eher a reul of Burmee aak o refugee amp or Vha Y +YY ao . Yf pla ff eablhe a  g o eek amage our ccc c c 0 c c0 c  . Yua e of  ju o o hal ›mera orporao '  volveme   ga ppel e proje  ¯a mar beaue of Burmee gover me ' allege o  u g volao  of huma rgh wa o lkel o hal allege huma rgh volao  where bulk of orporao '  al apal  veme  ha alrea bee mae a  operao of ppel e wa wh reo of pare who were o pare o lawu.  $* !1 Ppel e  ¯a mar;  ge ou people fore o leave a  he work. Clam  Feeral Cour u er ›CV›. U?OC›L wa  vee  a a eparae ompa  (jo  ve ure). ¯a mar² o roll g hare  loal ubar. Yue² Wh pr pal ompa  wa hel lable Eve f he o l ha m or hare a  he ma ageme  wa wh he rul g ju a. Vhere  a relao of a of ju a a  pero al of he moher ompa  (pave  veor). Cour² E fore laver prohbo  eve b 9c$. Feeral Cour a² ?o o rol over ¯a mar. Speal Cru Cour² „evere hel U?OC›L lable.

+5  Y er ao al arre warra  aga  Co go Foreg ¯ er proee a volao of uomar YL wh repe o ploma  abolue mmu ; ¯ er ha  e lef he gover me . , + + Y   Y Y+ Dploma a  o ular age  era hgh-ra k g offal  a ae uh a he úea of Sae úea of Gover me  a  ¯ er for Foreg ›ffar e jo mmu e from juro  oher ae boh vl a  rm al. Ymmu e aore o m er of foreg affar  uomar YL are aore o e ure he effeve performa e of her fu o  o behalf of her ae a  o for her pero al be ef. ›fer he YCJ o ere he aure of he fu o 

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exere b a m er of foreg affar  o lue ha h fu o  are uh ha hroughou he urao of h offe he whe abroa e jo full mmu  from rm al juro a   volabl. Vh mmu  a   volabl proe he  vual o er e from a  a of auhor of a oher ae whh woul h er hm or her  he performa e of h or her ue. Vhere a be o  o from a whh were performe  a ͞offal apa a   a ͞prvae apa.  YCJ  u able o o lue ha here ex exepo  u er uomar YL  regar o ao al our upo exam ao of he rule o er  g mmu  or rm al repo bl of pero  hav g offal apa o a e  he legal  rume  rea g  er ao al rm al rbu al. Sae Prae alo oe o how he exe e of exepo  o he m er of foreg affar

mmu  u er uomar YL. Vhe eo  of he ?uremberg a  Voko  er ao al ¯lar Vrbu al a  of he Y er ao al Crm al Vrbu al for he Former ugolava o o eal wh he queo of mmu e  umbe  m er of foreg affar before ao al our where he are aue of war rme or rme aga  huma . Belgum volae he mmu e of he he ¯ er of Foreg ›ffar of he Co go. Vhe mere ue a  he rulao of he a w WO?  g fa l  erfere wh eroa  ploma av o ue a volao of a oblgao of Belgum owar Co go  ha  fale o repe he mmu  of ha ¯ er a  more parularl  fr ge he mmu  from rm al juro a  he  volabl e joe b hm u er YL.

8&+ G   Jme e o e arre warra  ue aga  hm YCOW a exrao reque b he US. m   8 Y Vhe ulmae purpoe of exrao proee g  o eerm e wheher he reque expree  he peo  uppore b  a exe & he eve e ha ma be aue ur g he hear g of he peo  $  c cc"1  c cc; & wheher he pero ough  1 . Vhe proee g are  e e merel o  cc0 c  br g g he aueŒor he fugve who ha llegall eapeŒ bak o  error o ha he rm al proe ma proee here . B e er g  o a exrao rea „P  eeme o have repoe  ru  he relabl or ou  e of he legal a  jual em of  rea par er a well a  he abl a  he wll g e of he laer o gra  ba rgh o he aue  he pe  g rm al ae here . Exrao proee g are c0 ccc$

c$  whh gul or  oe e  eerm e. Co eque l a exrao ae  o o e  whh he o uo al rgh of he aue are eearl avalable. Y  more ak  f a all o a $@c 0cc $c  c ccc cc$$cc cc ccc$c cc c . úav g o e eape he juro of he reque g ae he reao able   Y preumpo  ha he pero woul eape aga f gve he opporu .  c1 ccccc c cc c cc $c ccc cccc cc  cccc /c c c > Exrao ʹ he urre er of a  vual b he ae wh whoe error he  fou  o he ae u er whoe law he  allege o have omme a rme or o have bee o ve a rme. Y  a proe ha  gover e b rea. Vhe legal rgh o

Page 22 of g *

ema  exrao a  he orrelave u o urre er a fugve ex o l whe reae b rea whh ma over pef rme o l or all offe e o ere rm al b boh ae. ¯o reae exlue relgou a  polal offe e alhough he laer have ever bee preel ef e. Bu a ae ma urre er a fugve f urre er g hm  o o rar o he ae  o uo . > Pr ple o Exrao ² g.c ?o ae  oblge o exrae u le here  a rea 2.c Dffere e  legal em a be a obale o  erpreao of wha he rme  3.c „elgou a  polal offe e are o exraable. > proeure  ormall hrough ploma ha el (how exrao rule a be bpae² 0%+ Y-(2; how ue proe requreme  work  a exra ae² 0Y Y   ˜ Y  8 0%   Y).

 YY    YYY Yc% c' $cc.c   c c '/c)cY c c$c cc. whe o u o  of a ao or omo ² a. arbuable o he Sae u er YL; & b. o ue a breah of a   l oblgao of he Sae. c '  c c$cc c-c cc5'/c,c3,cJ8Ecc cY  ccc5'/cc2,c,c+,cg*,cgg8/c c '/cg)cbreah - a of he Sae  o  o form wh wha  requre b he oblgao . '/cg3cSae a g or a g a oher Sae  omm g a  er ao all wro gful a (YW›). '/cgJcSae re & o rol a oher Sae  omm g a YW›. '/cgcSae oere a oher Sae  omm g a YW›. c % c  c   c wro gful e of he a prelue f o e²c '/c)gc lawful meaure of elf-efe e u er he U? Charer. '/c))ca a ou ermeaure u er hee Draf ›rle. '/c) cue o  Y#Y Y '/c)co e o ave a lfe  re o oher reao able mea . '/ )2²  ee. '/ )3 o preluo f wro gful e  YCOW a oblgao ar g u er a preempor orm of ge eral YL. '/c)+clegal o eque e of YW› o o affe o  ue u o perform he oblgao breahe. '/c *coblgao   ae of YW›² a. eae he a f o  u g; b. offer aura e of o -repeo . '/c gEc repo ble Sae oblge o make reparao for  jur aue. Y jur  lue a  amage wheher maeral or moral aue b he Sae  YW›. '/c )c er al law a  juf falure o ompl wh oblgao  '/c 2c repo ble Sae oblge o make reuo (re-eablh uao before YW›) o he exe  ha reuo  o maerall mpoble & bure  o ou of proporo o be ef of reuo raher ha ompe ao . '/c 3c repo ble Sae oblge o ompe ae for amage aue f o reuo poble over g a  f a all aeable amage  lu g lo of prof eablhe. '/c Jcrepo ble Sae oblge o gve afao f o reuo or ompe ao poble o  g of ak owlegme  of breah expreo of regre formal apolog o ou of proporo o  jur o  a wa o a o humlae he repo ble Sae.

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'/c *c rule appl WYVú „EG›„D VO erou breah u er a oblgao ar g u er a preempor orm of ge eral YL.c '/c )c  jure Sae  vok g a oher  repo bl f breah  owe o² a. he Sae  vuall b. group of Sae  lu g  jure o e or   l ommu  a a whole& he breah² . peall affe he Sae . o raall ha ge he poo of oher ae WYVú „EG›„D VO furher performa e of he oblgao '/c c o - jure Sae  vok g repo bl ʹ oblgao breahe  owe o group of ae  lu g ha Sae &  eablhe for proeo of olleve  ere & oblgao owe o   l ommu  a a whole. Clam u er fr par² for eao & prome of o -repeo  & reparao  for he  jure Sae or of be efare. '/c +c  jure Sae ak g ou ermeaure aga  repo ble ae o  ue ompla e wh oblgao ; lme o o performa e a me of ak g he ou ermeaure  uh a wa a o allow reumpo of performa e. '/c 2*c ou ermeaure o o affe² oblgao o refra from hrea or ue of fore fu ame al huma rgh proeo  huma ara oblgao  prohb g repral & oblgao  u er preempor orm of ge eral YL. Vak g ou ermeaure wo  exue from pue eleme  proeure & repe g  volabl of ploma o ular age  preme arhve oume . '/c 2gc omme urae ou ermeaure² grav of YW› rgh affee. '/c2)cbefore ou ermeaure ema  fulfllme  of oblgao & of repo ble Sae of eo o ake ou ermeaure & offer o egoae. Yf eear o proe rgh ake ou ermeaure bu o f (or upe  f alrea ake ) YW› ha eae & pue  pe  g  approprae rbu al our (rera  or upe o o requre f repo ble Sae fal o mpleme  eleme  proeure  goo fah). '/c 2  erm ae ou ermeaure upo ompla e wh oblgao .c  $* !1 Wha f a „P ›rm prvae ho a US ›rm pero el whle ru k Coul a foo oler br g abou ae repo bl aum g aak aga  he ae Vhe a wll e gage S„ beaue he  a age  of he ae o he a a par of a orga of he ae (arm). Y  be g a ulra vre a a efe e ?o. 2007 Bar² ¯aor  EO ba  g o raepve  prvae l  o poor people lo ae o faml pla  g eh olog. Y h o uo al ?o. Prva ( umber of k)Œexpa e ue proe rgh. Y h a volao of   l law Coul ¯aor e gage S„  behalf of he ae e (eve ulra vre a). > Whe o ou  ur S„ „eque (›r. 2)² a.c breah of   l oblgao b.c arbuable o ae (arbuo ) > Soure of he pr ple of S„² YLC Draf ›rle o Sae „epo bl. úow b  g See ?orh Sea Co  e al Shelf ae² YLC ›rle (Co  e al Shelf Co ve o )Œma ae of YLC  o of   l law; ompoe of exper (ubar oure of YL) om ae b ae bu a  epe e l & repree ave of all legal regme of he worl; refle or  eve e of uomar law > Eve e of Cuomar ?ormm YLC ofe he orm² g. Sae prae² repree ave of eo  hel b our all over 2. op o jur² o u er a  ompulo o of orm u er YL bu o l orm he feel are law.

Page 23 of g *

> Doe he Draf ›rle a whe here  S„ Sr² o  o l a whe here  breah of a rea or a orm. Vo eerm e S„ look a uba ve law. ›fer 80 ear of raf g here  o o luo o S„ beaue here  o Co ve o aop g . Vhe o l wa o f h he proje wa o leave he e fao of S„ o uba ve law. Y  l Vrbu al² bewee Sae a  pero   error. ?ow beo  he ao al pr ple o  o a o ao al. > ¯ mum a ar for reame  of people  our error² o fxe; bae o ruma e. Du² ue lge e  proeo of ale  a  her proper  our error. Gve re o breah of oblgao WYVú „EG›„D VO reame  of ale  a  her proper. Draf ›rle² g.c Prove boh eleme ² breah + arbuo 2.c ew oblgao are² repo bl o eae a  e aura e of o -repeo & reparao (reorao o au quo a e or ompe ao f o reorao poble; ex guh all o eque eŒChor ow Faor ae) . > Sae repo bl  a uhell² g. ›r. 2-f here  a breah ew oblgao  are -h arle  he o e ou arle² wha o ue ͞breah 2. ›r. 30-o eae & e; o guara ee o -repeo 3. ›r. 3g-reparao o au quo a e > Who a e gage ae repo bl² g. Sae orga  - ›r. 4² alwa (lea problema); ͞Orga  u er YL  lue all bra he &  rume ale of he gov  a ef e u er o uo al or  er al law. 2. prvae  vual- (mo problema) ›r. 5- empowere ›r. 8- a g upo  ruo or o rol (?aragua v. US) ›r. 9- e fao ›r.g0- ueful  urreo al moveme  ›r.gg- a rafe b he Sae elf > Yllurao ² P o emploe a eur guar  US Bae  Yraq. Vhe o ra  ?aragua (US fu e bu Cour a ha low level uppor   uffe  o e gage S„). ›re he a g a age  Y Burma U?OC›L ue eur guar aga   ge ou people o rve hem awa from her a eral oma  a  he o fore hem o bul am US prove fu ; lam wa WYVú „EG›„D VO laver; ha a omprome agreeme  bu prelm ar rul g wa ha US wa lable for age ; efe e² for eur. Y „P prvae eur guar ue  ell e aga  ?P› f he e gage  frefgh u er YúL are he eur guar ombaa  (for he ae)  o -  l arme o fl c > Sa ar for he proeo of ale ² Dor e of ͞ ao al  ere or ͞equal of reame  ʹ ale  are reae  he ame ma er a ao al of he ae where he ree. Goo² ame be ef. Ba²  he ae  ra al a   mu pal law are harh a  volave of huma rgh eve of  ow  e  he ale  woul alo be ubje o uh harh law. ͞¯ mum  er ao al a ar ʹ however harh he mu pal law mgh be aga  a ae  ow  e  ale  houl be proee b era m mum a ar of huma e proeo . Wel aepe a ar bu abra. > Corporao  a  hareholer² 7 Y+V  Y² Belgum lake #   o exere ploma proeo of hareholer  a Ca aa ompa  wh repe o meaure ake aga  ha ompa   Spa . Whe a ae am  o  error foreg  veme  or foreg ao al   bou  o exe  o hem he proeo of he law a  o aume oblgao  o er  g he reame  affore hem. Bu

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uh oblgao  are o abolue. Y orer o br g a lam  repe of he breah of uh a oblgao  a Sae mu fr eablh  rgh o o o. Whe ever a hareholer   ere are harme b a a o e o he ompa    o he laer ha he ha o look o  ue approprae ao . c

    UK lam aga  ›lba a  m e pla e  he Corfu Cha el; ›lba a lam ha  overeg  wa volae whe UK laer wep he Sra for more m e. ,+ Y   Y +Y Y   Vhe la g of he m efel oul o have bee aomplhe whou he k owlege of ›lba a (loao  le gh of oa a o ra guar po a raeg plae). Y wa her u o of hpp g a  epeall o war he hp proee g hrough he Sra o O. 22 of he a ger o whh he were expoe. ?oh g wa aempe b ›lba a o preve  he aer & hee grave omo   volve her  er ao al repo bl. ›lba a woul have bee jufe  vew of hee exepo al ruma e  u g regulao   repe of he paage bu o  prohb g uh paage or  ubje g  o he requreme  of peal auhor ao . Vhe paage wa  oe  boh   pr ple  e  wa eg e o affrm a rgh whh ha bee u jul e e a    meho of exeuo  whh were o u reao able  vew of he fr g from he ›lba a baer o ¯a g5h. Vhe Cour a o l regar he allege rgh of  erve o a he ma feao of a pol of fore whh a o f  a plae   er ao al law. › regar he oo of elf-help he Cour  alo u able o aep ² bewee  epe e  Sae he repe for erroral overeg   a ee al fou ao for  er ao al relao . Cera l he Cour reog e he ›lba a Gover me   omplee falure o arr ou  ue afer he exploo  a  he laor aure of  ploma ?oe a exe ua g ruma e for he ao of he U e K gom. Bu o e ure repe for  er ao al law of whh   he orga  he Cour mu elare ha he ao of he Brh ?av o ue a volao of ›lba a overeg . c

$"  2 F +  3 Fre h age  eroe a Gree peae Y  l veel he „a bow Warror whle  harbour  ?ew Zeala . ?ew Zeala  proeue 2 apure Fre h age  of he Dreorae Ge eral of Exer al Seur. %      Y› ommu qué from he Prme ¯ er of Fra e o frme ha age  ae u er   ruo  & prome reparao . Dpue over Fra e  ema  for releae & ?ew Zeala   lam for ompe ao . Vhe U? Serear-Ge eral' rul g requre Fra e o pa US $7 mllo o ?ew Zeala  a  o u erake o o ake era ef e meaure  jurou o ?ew Zeala  rae wh he Europea Commu e. Vhe rul g alo prove ha ¯ajor ¯afar a  Capa Preur were o be releae  o Fre h uo bu were o pe  he ex 3 ear o a olae Fre h mlar bae  he Paf.

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Page 2J of g *

cccc c c ccc$cc$ c c ccc. "YYcY . & Y- .c  cc$ c c cc.. Vhe fr aeme  mae b he Yra a gover me  were o uffe  o make he mla  he age  of he ae. Bu a o he eo  aeme  he how g of uppor a  e ourageme  of he ee o of he hoage mae he mla  a ha of he Yra a Sae. Vh gave re o Yra   er ao al repo bl for he a.   $* !1 Vc ›r. ggm ae ak owlege a  aop he o u g. o eve e o l k mob  aak o Yra 2. falure o proe he preme of he emba ploma mo Vc Y er ao al law breah² gro eglge e  u of proe g ale  Vc Sa ar ( o a ef ve formula)² ao al a  m mum a ar of reame  Vc Suba ve orm² ?eer Clam Vc Y he „P he ¯elo Commo a ha here wa omma  repo bl labl o l a far a Palpara we . So f G¯› prae Palpara  her SO?› for a job well o e  here rafao u er ›r. gg c

ÝÝ 8#&   .  !  Pola   allege llegal exproprao labl o Germa ow er. ,+ Y   Y +Y& Y   Pola  ha a pove u o repe a  affor proeo o he proper rgh of ale  lv g   error. Y  er ao al law a  breah of a e gageme   volve a oblgao o make reparao ( oe² wpe ou a muh of he o eque e & reur o au . Y & reuo or ompe ao ).

     & !#     *         #           5   85   !28+  5  3 U o Brge lam amage ar g ou of he removal of he maeral from Por El abeh o he Ymperal ¯lar „alwa Bloemfo e  b úarro  he orekeeper of he Cape Gov  „alwa a Por El abeh a age  of he Brh gov  whou U o Brge  o e  a   ubeque  ale.c %    Y úarro purpore o $cc $  gve o hm a   o g o he omme wo make  a muh a  g) wa eural proper; a  2) wa  e e for a roa a  o a ralwa brge. Vhe o g me  of he maeral o Blomfo e wa a wro gful  erfere e wh eural proper a   wa wh úarro  u a ralwa orekeeper o forwar maeral b ral a  he  o u er  ruo  whh 1c   c cc  c . Vh    c c#&((Ýcc $cc ccccc  or ha he Brh ha c

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a mpoe repo bl o a gover me  u er  er ao al law beaue uh wro gful a mu be o ere o be ͞oue he ope of h ompee . Yf h were he mea  g  e e b he rule he o wro gful a omme b a offal oul ever be o ere a a for whh he gover me  oul be hel lable. Vhe oler parpao  he murer a o be o ere a a  her prvae apa whe   lear ha a he me of he ommo of hee a he eb were o u u er he mmeae upervo a   he pree e of a omma  g offer. Ý   Y  Y²co 1$ cc  $cc$ccc cc c . ›pplable YLC Draf arle² ›r. 4 & 7 c

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Page 2 of g *

Vhee are bu expreo  of a ha ge of ao al wll. c c c  c ccc$$cc c c c c c  c c $. Vhe ao  repo ble for he oblgao  of a ueful revoluo from  beg  g beaue  repree e   a ha g g ao al wll rall  g  he f all ueful reulŒue emo rae ha from he beg  g  wa reger g he ao al wll. Vhe rul g  h ae ha bee ofe  YLC Draf ›r. g0.

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Clama  o e  ha her c c cc c $chave bee u lawfull ake b he Gover me  of Yra whh ha   hem of he  $ c,c$cc c  c c b mea  of varou ao  auhor  g approv g a  raf g a a  o o  ha preve e Sarre from omple g he Proje.

%    Y US  lable for he whole amage a he Ch ee rew of /   are how o have parpae o a uba al exe  a  he par hargeable o u k ow wro goer a o be e fe. Bu  ere  o allowe beaue a o erable hough u aera able par of he amage  o hargeable o he Ch ee rew of he /  . Vhere wa c $ c$ of he Ch ee rew a he me whe he real amage ook plae. Vhe aure of he rew he abe e of vl or mlar o rol ahore a  he uao of he eural proper were ruma e all g for   $cccc cc c$c cc c$cc cc ccccc$ccccc cc .

m   YY   +- +Vhe Cour oe ha he Gover me  of Yra  o ue a  law or eree aor g o whh he Zomoro Proje or Shah Gol exprel wa ao al e or exproprae. úowever   reog  e   er ao al law ha meaure ake b a Sae a   wh proper rgh o uh a exe  ha hee rgh are cc  ha he mu be eeme o have bee exproprae eve hough he Sae oe o purpor o have exproprae hem a  he legal le o he proper formall rema  wh he org al ow er.c

›pplable YLC Draf arle² ›r. 4

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 pefe (Me a Co ve o ²  Ber  Sw ¯ er of Foreg ›ffar) (  :   8   !   Ca  be e fore  a  U? age   lu g he YCJ.

woul be ubje u er  er ao al law  epe e l of he rea.

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cc  cc c c cc Vhe  val erm ao or e u ao of a rea he whrawal of a par from  or he upe o of  operao  a a reul of he applao of he pree  Co ve o or of he provo  of he rea hall o  a  wa mpar he u of a  Sae o fulfll a  oblgao emboe  he rea o whh 

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 rume . Y ea her rule appl o all of hoe  rume  a lo g a he mee he ommo requreme . ›greeme  o lue b he Pree  whh fall hor of reae are ommo l referre o a exeuve agreeme  a  are o le ommo  our heme of gover me  ha are he more formal  rume ² reae a  o ve o . Vhe omeme ake he form of exha ge of oe a  a oher me ha of more formal oume  e om ae "agreeme " or "proool". Vhe po  where or ar orrepo e e bewee h a  oher gover me  e  a  agreeme  wheher e om ae exeuve agreeme  or exha ge of oe or oherwe beg  ma omeme be fful of rea aera me .

 $* !1Ve   er ao al law² wheher he a  overeg or proprear  haraer

Ý5%+6  J '"+6 J Ý (+6 2&"! 3 Peo o e g awar of Worl Ba k-›DB book proje for he DepE o Mbal e al.  pe of earler f  g of $  $c c . SC a ha „VC lake juro ue o he falure o ompl wh he proe meha m² g) he proe mu be  wr g  he form of a verfe poo paper; 2) he proe mu be ubme o he hea of he prour g e ; a  3) he pame  of a o -refu able proe fee. Vhe proe meha m  a  9 c   c  emboe  he law elf. Y wa o prerbe b a am rave age  ake wh mpleme  g a aue hrough he meum of  erpreave rular or bulle . Vhere  o reao wh he pol beh  Seo 55.g o he proeure for proe a o be apple o  9 c$ c$ & „› 9g84 oe  how ha Co gre  e e uh a vara e  he proe proeure. Vhe queo a o WO? foreg loa agreeme  wh  er ao al f a al  uo  (Loa ?o. 7gg8-Pú) parake of a exeuve or  er ao al agreeme  wh he purvew of he Se. 4 ha bee a were  he affrmave  % whh elare ha he „PJBYC loa agreeme  wa o be of gover  g applao over he proje a  ha he JBYC Proureme  Guel e a pulae  he loa agreeme  hall prmarl gover he proureme  of goo eear o mpleme  he ma proje. U er he fu ame al  er ao al law pr ple of   Y   emboe  Se. 4 of „.›. ?o. 9g84 he Phlpp e a borrower bou  elf o perform  goo fah  ue a  oblgao u er Loa ?o. 7gg8- Pú. Vhu he Y›B›C wa legall oblge o ompl wh or aor prma o he WB Guel e o he o u a  mpleme ao of he b g proureme  proe  queo . c  $* !1„egar g he proe requreme  u er Se 55²h  o rue Vhere wa alrea a awarm úe e o ee o proe. „› 9g84 o o l prohb bu alo pe al e o fl of  erem Wh Co  efea he purpoe of ompeve b g

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Page 3g of g *

7 V Y  Vhe hol g of ͞Balkaa 02-g mu be ue  he framework of he c$ o whh he Phlpp e bou  elf. Vhe fr of hee  he ¯uual Defe e Vrea (¯DV). Y  h rea o whh he MF› aver a  he oblgao  hereu er whh  eek o reaffrm. Y  he MF› whh gve $ c$ o he ¯DV epe he paage of ear. Bu  e he erm olog ue  he MF›     we refer o he Me a Co ve o o he Law of Vreae whh o a  provo gover  g  c c  c  (›rle 3g & 32)² he ar al rule of  erpreao mu  volve a 1  c  cc1 whh  preume o  ?cc :c  . Vhe Co ve o lkewe ae wha ma be ue a a o eue he mea  g of erm whh  refer o a he o ex of he rea a well a oher eleme  ma be ake  o aou  alo ge he aforea o ex. O ͞ave SC ha he vew ha  wa elberael mae ha wa o  cc cc$ c c c  . Y h ma er v g US fore ma ojour  Phlpp e error for ccc  . › o eve he jo  exere ma  lue ra  g o ew eh que of parol a  urvella e o proe he ao ' mar e reoure ea earh-a -reue operao  o a veel  re aer relef operao  v ao proje uh a he bul g of hool houe meal a  huma ara mo  a  he lke. Bu he $cc c$ . Boh he ¯uual Defe e Vrea a  he M g Fore ›greeme  a  all oher reae a   er ao al agreeme  o whh he Phlpp e  a par mu be rea  he o ex of he g987 Co uo . Y parular he ¯uual Defe e Vrea wa o lue wa before he pree  Charer hough  everhele rema   effe a a val oure of  er ao al oblgao . Y  % +&  wa ae ha ͞he fa ha  er ao al law ha bee mae par of he law of he la  oe o b a  mea  mpl he prma of  er ao al law over ao al law  he mu pal phere. U er he or e of  orporao a apple  mo ou re rule of  er ao al law are gve a a  g 0,cc ,cc c  . Bu SC a ha² › rea  cc  $ c purua  o he pr ple of   Y  . úe e "e]ver rea  fore  b  g upo he pare o  a  mu be performe b hem  goo fah. Furher a par o a rea  o allowe o ͞ voke he provo  of   er al law a jufao for  falure o perform a rea. SC a o ake jual oe of he eve  ra pr g ow ouh a repore from he aurao overage of he mea. › a rule SC oe o ake og  a e of ewpaper or elero  repor per e o beaue of a  ue a o her ruh aura or mparal bu for he mple reao ha fa mu be eablhe  aora e wh he rule of eve e. Vhe eerm ao hereof  volve baall a queo of fa. Vhe pree  ubje maer  o a f op for a peal vl ao for erorar. c  $* !Whaever ou all  rea exeuve agreeme  oe o maer. Y  ll b  g beaue   all he ame.

5!+F  Co uo al of he MF›. M+ V Y  Y Y Y Y m%+   Y Y   Y› rea  ef e u er ›rle 2 of he Me a Co ve o o he Law of Vreae a "a  er ao al  rume  o lue bewee Sae  wre form a  gover e b  er ao al law wheher emboe  a  gle  rume  or  2 or more relae  rume  a  whaever  parular eg ao ."

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Seo 25 ›rle XMYYY rea² "›fer he exprao  g99g of he ›greeme  bewee he „epubl of he Phlpp e a  he U e Sae of ›mera o er  g ¯lar Bae foreg mlar bae roop or fale hall o be allowe  he Phlpp e exep (g) u er a rea (2) ul o urre  b he Se ae a  whe he Co gre o requre rafe b a major of he voe a b he people  a ao al refere um hel for ha purpoe a  (3) reog  e a a rea b he oher o ra g Sae." U er h provo  cc4'cc; e he phrae "reog  e a a rea" mea  ha he c$$ cc $$cc$cc ccc. US ee o ubm he MF› o he US Se ae for o urre e purua  o  Co uo  beaue h  o aor oo r a mea  g o he phrae. Y   o eque al wheher he US rea he MF› merel a a exeuve agreeme  (E›) beaue c  c,cc 1$ c c cc  ccc. Y  er ao al law here  o ffere e bewee reae a  E›  her b  g effe upo ae a lo g a he   c $  cc   c  c c. Y a  ae he reor reveal ha he US Gover me  hrough ›mbaaor úubbar ha ae ha he US gover me  ha full omme o lv g up o he erm of he MF›. For a lo g a he US ak owlege he MF› a a rea a  b  elf furher o ompl wh  oblgao  u er he rea here  a ompla e wh he ma ae of he Co uo  a E›  b  g.   +(     ae ha E› are b  g eve whou o urre e of he Se ae or Co gre beaue ͞he rgh of he Exeuve o e er  o b  g agreeme  whou he ee of ubeque  Co greo al approval ha bee o frme b lo g uage͙Vhe val of hee ha ever bee eroul queo e b our our.  $ c cc1$ c$ u erake b he hea of he ae or of he gover me  a he ae ma be hrough whh he formal aepa e of he rea  prolame. Y  0 cc c $$$. Vhe o e  o be bou   expree b rafao whe ² g] he rea prove for uh rafao  2]   oherwe eablhe ha he egoa g Sae agree ha rafao houl be requre 3] he repree ave of he Sae ha g e he rea ubje o rafao  or 4] he  e o of he Sae o g he rea ubje o rafao appear from he full power of  repree ave or wa expree ur g he egoao . Vhe power o raf  vee  he Pree  a  o  he leglaure. Vhe role of he Se ae  lme o l o gv g or whhol g  o e  or o urre e o he rafao . Vhe role of he Se ae  relao o reae  ee all leglave  haraer. Vhe Pree  ae wh he o f e a  lm of he power vee  hm b he Co uo . Eve f he erre  ubm g he MF› o he Se ae for o urre e u er Seo 2g  ea of Seo 25 ll he Pree  ma o be faule or arre muh le be ajuge gul of omm g a abue of reo  ome pae  gro a  aprou ma er. c  $* !1 Vc Yue² MF›-o urre  b our e ae bu o b he US e ae. Vc SC² MF› ll b  g o u  ll a b  g rea beaue   cc ccc cc  $cc ccc

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 $cc c$ of he ae  ae where rafao of he rea  requre. Vhe oume   or arl g e  aora e wh he aler a ha  eah of he everal egoaor  allowe o g fr o he op whh he wll br g home o h ow ae. 3.c 7$   whh  he ex ep  he  c$cb whh a c$   a  $$ he provo  of a rea o lue b  repree ave. Vhe purpoe of rafao  o cc$$ ccc1 ccc c $ a  o  c cc cc cccc c ccc c c 

$cc c  4.c 7(@         9 whh uuall c  cc $   of he rea u le a ffere  ae ha bee agree upo b he pare. Where rafao  pe e wh a  o effev laue  emboe  he rea he  rume   eeme effeve upo  g aure. Vhe DF›   c cc0cc $ . Vhe g aure oe o g f he f al o e  of he ae o he rea. Y  he rafao ha b  he ae o he provo  hereof. Y fa he „ome Saue elf requre ha he g aure of he repree ave of he ae be ubje o rafao  aepa e or approval of he g aor ae. „afao  he a b whh he provo  of a rea are  c$  cc b a Sae. B raf g a rea g e   behalf a ae expree  wll g e o be bou  b he provo  of uh rea. Vhu he  ccc $  eve afer he g  g of he rea b he Phlpp e repree ave WO? o raf he ame. Vhe Me a Co ve o o he Law of Vreae oe o o emplae o efea or eve rera h power of he hea of ae. Yf ha were o he requreme  of rafao of reae woul be po le a  fule. Y ha bee hel ha a cccccc cc c cc whh ha bee g e b  ple poe are. Vhere  o legal oblgao o raf a rea bu  goe whou a g ha he  c cccc ccc cc $ cc

 $c. Vhe cc   vee  he Pree  ubje o he o urre e of he Se ae. Vhe role of he Se ae  lme o l o gv g or whhol g  o e  or o urre e o he rafao . ›lhough he refual of a ae o raf a rea whh ha bee g e   behalf  a erou ep ha houl o be ake lghl

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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uh eo  wh he ompee e of he Pree  alo e whh a o be e roahe b SC va a wr of ma amu. SC ha o juro over ao  eek g o e jo he Pree   he performa e of h offal ue. c  $* !1 Vc „afao  ompla e wh he proe o make  b  g² g) g  g of e ae; 2) o urre e of e ae Vc Se ae o urre e² Wha rgger  Vra mal b Exeuve a    o a m eral a. Bu afer g  g bou  o o efea he pr of he rea & ompl wh requreme  of rafao Œra mal o Se ae. Vc Yue o proeure² EO 459 Se. 7² ͞hall ( o reo o ubmo for o urre e).

  2ACCD3 Challe ge o „VC orer ra ferr g Da el Smh from he ¯aka C Jal o US uo u er a agreeme  bae o he MF›. Yue² (g) WO? he ¯uual Defe e Vrea (¯DV) apple o he MF› m Vhere  o room for applao of he ¯DV  he MF› a here  o exer al arme aak o he Phlpp e o peak of. (2) Wheher he wor  mea  wha  a a apple  lgh of he u era  g a  he aura e mae ur g he rafao b he Se ae of he MF› a  more mpora l  he o ex of urre  prae of he US arme fore - Y   umbe  upo h Cour o  qure a o he $cc c 

c&.c  ccc cc     epeall hoe  ¯ a ao u er he gue of a  purua  o he MF› - US mlar pero el are  he Phlpp e he whole ear rou  whou a  geographal a  me lmao . Suh pree e oul o b a  reh of mag ao  be o ere a Y     Grou  g.c ¯DV oe o appl o he MF› o rar o he lear  e  of he MF› US mlar fore o o merel v he Phlpp e bu a o  ef el ʹ ee ue g 2.c G›D›LEJ  e er g  o pae l u o uo al agreeme  wh US ›mbaaor a  ra ferr g uo over Smh he US ›uhore o er g ha² a.c MF› erogae a   fr ge o he exluve power of he SC o promulgae rule of proeure (›r. MYYY Se. 5 par. 5 g987 Co uo ) b.c MF› volae peo er rgh o ue proe a  equal proeo ʹ o uo of Smh 3.c MF›  u o uo al a  volae Se. 25 ›r. XMYYY of he Co uo . Y a o be ue o juf he ra fer of uo of Smh. 4.c C›  G›D›LEJ  reog   g he agreeme  bewee US ›mbaaor a  Se. „omulo a b  g o he Phlpp e a  elar g he Smh peo moo ʹ ee Co uo al requreme  e  7 /  wh regar o ›r. XMYYY Seo 25. 5.c Publ repo e  gravel abue her reo whe he ra ferre uo of Smh o US auhore whou our auhor. c

$                       › Sae whh ha cc   cc  whh ha bee $c b o e or more of he pare o he Co ve o bu o b oher a be regare a be g a par o he Co ve o f he reervao  $  c cc$cc  of he Co ve o ; oherwe ha Sae a o be

Page 3 of g *

regare a be g a par o he Co ve o . Yf a par o he Co ve o obje o a reervao whh  o er o be

$   wh he obje a  purpoe of he Co ve o   a  fa o er ha he reerv g Sae  ccccc  ; f o he oher ha  a par aep he reervao a be g ompable wh he obje a  purpoe of he Co ve o   a  fa o er ha he reerv g Sae  a par o he Co ve o . › objeo o a reervao mae b a g aor Sae whh ha o e rafe he Co ve o a have he legal effe  ae  he repl o Queo Y o l upo rafao . U l ha mome   merel erve a a  $ o he oher Sae of he c  of he g aor Sae;a objeo o a reervao mae b a Sae whh  e le o g or aee bu whh ha o e o e o  whou legal effe.   $* !1 ou a make reervao  o provo  a lo g a he are c $   wh he obje a  purpoe of he Co ve o m úe e c ccc

 +8 US o ee juro  e $ccccc  cc   rela g o he ompulor juro of he PCYJ. M+  Y+    Y     Vhe Cour oe ha he ?aragua elarao wa val a he me whe he queo of he applabl of he ew Saue ha of he YCJ aroe  e u er he em of he PCYJ a elarao wa val o l o o o ha  ha bee mae b a Sae whh ha g e he Proool of Sg aure of he Saue. Y ha o beome b  g u er ha Saue  e ?aragua cc c c

 c c $  a   wa herefore o a par o he Saue. úowever   o pue ha he g929 elarao oul have aqure b  g fore. ›ll ha ?aragua ee have o e wa o epo   rume  of rafao  a   oul have o e ha a a  me u l he a o whh he ew Cour ame  o exe e. Y follow ha he $ ccc$ c c  $c $c$cc   c c c. úav g bee mae ͞u o o all a  be g val for a u lme pero  ha  c c c $ a he mome  whe ?aragua beame a par o he Saue of he ew Cour. Vhe Cour o er ha hav g regar o he oure a  ge eral of aeme  o he effe ha ?aragua wa bou  b  g929 elarao    rgh o o lue ha he $c$0 $$ of ha Sae  hoe affrmao  o ue a  c c c   c c c c c$ ?cc$ c  $  of he Cour. Y furher o er ha he  o whh he US ha rele a  whh woul have barre ?aragua from  u g proee g aga   a o be a o appl o .  $* !1 Vc Vrea-mak g Proe² g.c Prelm are 2.c ?egoao  3.c Sg  g 4.c „afao Vc Yf rafao  o requre g  g e ough; f rafao  requre g  g  o l c $  of he oume  a  here are a oher oblgao ² cccc cc  ccc ccc cc $ . Vc Sae age  mu have auhor o egoae² &c -(". lak hereof make  vo ab  o. c

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a Y Y  Y Y  Y  Y Y    Y   Y      c  $* !1 c %   $cY

  c g.c›mbaaor o ul e 2.cSpoue a  k 3.cDploma aff 4.cúouehol aff

Page 3 of g *

'/cgc $c   $c cc

  Ec /c 'c c $ c cc   $c  /c '/c+c   /cc '/c)),c) ,c),c)J,c)+,c *,c g,c ),c ,c ,c 3,c J,c ,c +c cc   c cc   $c  /cc '/cgccc$cc c$  c/c '/c)c   cc  cc$

$ c$ $c c c c cc./c

full mmu e fu o al mmu e

Dploma mmu   c² g.cVo he aree ae 2.cWhle  ra  o a  from he aree ae & he e  g ae ploma ao m oe o appl whe he  o vaao 5 c > › of Sae Dor e ʹ aroe from a ere of ae  he US where he ue wa wheher US our oul o er he val of a of a foreg ae allege o be  volao of  er ao al law.c > Dploma mmu e ʹ WYVú „EG›„D VO polal relao  of ae; ofao of he law  he Me a Co ve o o Dploma „elao  (g96g). Dploma relao  are purel b muual o e . Before he hea of mo  e  o he reev g ae („S) a  YY mu fr be oba e. „S  u er o oblgao o gve reao  for refu g a  YY (›r. 4). c c c

> Co ul a  o ular mmu e - Co ul ae  o am rave a  eo om ue uh a he ua e of va; Me a Co ve o o Co ular „elao  (g967). Vhe hea of a o ular po  ame o he exere of h fu o  b a auhor ao from he „S erme a YY.  . Vhere  o prerbe form. „S ma a a  me of he e  g ae (SS) ha he o ular offer  Y    or ha a  oher member of he o ular aff  o aepable. SS hall eher reall or erm ae h fu o  wh he o ular po. '/c2cc $ c '/c)J,c g,c c.c c$cc$c ,c$ cc

c cc../c '/c c  c c  c '/c 2c  c c$

 $ c '/c 3c$

 $ cc$$c c c cc c c '/cgcc    c c$c $c '/c)c $ c c,c cc$ c '/c c

 c  c  $ c '/cc   cc c $c '/c2c c c  cc

  c

4 c cc%   $c ccc c c c $ c

%Y -#' Yc"' Y- .c '/c c g.repree  g e  g Sae (SS)  reev g Sae („S); 2. proe g  „S he  ere of he SS &  ao al 3. egoa g wh „S Gover me  4. aera  g b all lawful mea  o o  & ev   „S & repor g o he Gov  of he SS; (úL„² epo age; allowe f o mae avalable elewhere) 5. promo g fre l relao  bewee he SS & he „S & evelop g her eo om ulural & e f relao . 2. ?oh g here hall be o rue a preve  g he performa e of o ular fu o  b a ploma mo .

- .&'c"' Y- .c '/c2c (a) proe g  ere of SS  ao al boh  vual & boe orporae (b) furher g ev  of ommeral eo om ulural & e f relao  & promo g fre l relao  bewee SS & „S () aera  g b all lawful mea  o o  & ev   „S ommeral eo om ulural & e f lfe repor g o SS & gv g  fo o pero   eree; () u g papor & ravel oume  o SS ao al & va or oume  o pero  wh g o ravel o SS; (e) help g & a g ao al of SS; (f) a g a oar vl regrar  mlar apae & perform g era fu o  of a am rave aure o o rar o „S law (g) afeguar g  ere of SS ao al  ueo    „S per law of „S (h) afeguar g per „S law  ere of m or & pero  lak g full apa who are ao al of SS () per „S proeure repree  g or arra g g repree ao for SS ao al before „S rbu al & auhore o ge provo al meaure for preervao of rgh &  ere of abe  ao al (j) ra m g jual & exrajual oume  or exeu g leer rogaor or ommo  o ake eve e for SS our (k) exer g rgh of upervo &  peo per law of SS  repe of SS veel & arraf & rew (l) exe  g aa e o veel & arraf  (k) & o her rew ak g aeme  regar g he voage exam  g & amp g he hp' paper & whou prejue o he power of „S auhore o u g  vegao   o a   e  ur g he voage & el g pue of a  k  bewee he maer offer & eame per SS law (m) perform g fu o  e rue o a o ular po b SS o prohbe b „S law or o objee o b „S  he agreeme 

 c cc  c9 c ¬ c c >c

$$c cc>c

# c c

 c c

    

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'/cgc g. úea of mo are ve  o 3 lae² g. ambaaor or u o aree o úea of Sae & oher hea of mo of equvale  ra k; 2. e vo m er &  er u o aree o úea of Sae; 3. harge 'affare aree o ¯ er for Foreg ›ffar. 2. Exep a o er  preee e & equee here hall be o ffere ao bewee hea of mo b reao of her la. '/cg3c g. úea of mo hall ake preee e  her repeve lae  he orer of he ae a  me of ak g up her fu o   aora e wh ›rle g3. 2. ›lerao   he ree al of a hea of mo o  volv g a  ha ge of la hall o affe h preee e. 3. Vh arle  whou prejue o a  prae aepe b he „S regar g he preee e of he repree ave of he úol See.

'/c2c g. SS ma afer  ha gve ue ofao o „S o er e are a hea of mo or ag a  member of he ploma aff o more ha g Sae u le here  expre objeo b a  of he „S. 2. Yf SS are a hea of mo o g or more oher Sae  ma eablh a ploma mo heae b a harge 'affare a  erm  eah Sae where he hea of mo ha o h perma e  ea. 3. › hea of mo or a  member of he ploma aff of he mo ma a a repree ave of he SS o a  YO. c '/c3c Vwo or more Sae ma are he ame pero a hea of mo o a oher Sae u le objeo  offere b he „S. '/cg+c g. Yf he po of hea of he mo  vaa  or f he hea of he mo  u able o perform h fu o  a harge 'affare a  erm hall a provo all a hea of he mo . Vhe ame of he harge 'affare a  erm hall be ofe eher b he hea of he mo or  ae he  u able o o o b he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar of he SS o he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar of he „S or uh oher m r a ma be agree. 2. Y ae where o member of he ploma aff of he mo  pree   he reev g Sae a member of he am rave a  eh al aff ma wh he o e  of he „S be eg ae b he SS o be  harge of he urre  am rave affar of he mo .

'/c+c g. „S ma a a  me & whou hav g o expla  eo  of SS ha he hea of he mo or a  member of he ploma aff of he mo  Y 

Page 32 of g * '/c+c g. úea of o ular po are ve  o 4 lae² (a) o ul-ge eral; (b) o ul; () ve-o ul; () o ular age . 2. Par. g of h ›r.  o wa rer he rgh of a  of he Co ra g Pare o fx he eg ao of o ular offer oher ha he hea of o ular po.

'/cg3c g. úea of o ular po hall ra k  eah la aor g o he ae of he gra  of he exequaur. 2. Yf he hea before oba  g he exequaur  ame o he exere of h fu o  provo all h preee e hall be eerm e aor g o he ae of he provo al amo ; h preee e hall be ma a e afer he gra  g of he exequaur. 3. Orer of preee e a bewee 2 or more hea who oba e he exequaur or provo al amo o he ame ae hall be eerm e per he ae o whh her ommo  or mlar  rume  or he ofao  referre o  par. 3 of ›r. gg were pree e o „S. 4. › g hea of po hall ra k afer all hea & a bewee hemelve ra k aor g o he ae he aume fu o  a a g hea per  he ofao  gve u er par. 2 of ›r. g5. 5. úo orar o ular offer who are hea hall ra k  eah la afer areer hea  he orer & per rule la ow  he forego g paragraph. 6. úea hall have preee e over o ular offer o hav g ha au. '/cgc Vwo or more Sae ma wh he o e  of „S appo  he ame pero a a o ular offer  ha Sae.

'/cg2c g. Yf he hea of a o ular po  u able o arr ou h fu o  or he poo of hea of o ular po  vaa  a a g hea of po ma a provo all a hea of he o ular po. 2. Vhe full ame of he a g hea of po hall be ofe eher b he ploma mo of he SS or f ha Sae ha o uh mo  he „S b he hea of he o ular po or f he  u able o o o b a  ompee  auhor of he SS o he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar of he „S or o he auhor eg ae b ha ¯ r. › a ge eral rule h ofao hall be gve  ava e. „S ma make he amo a a g hea of po of a pero who  eher a ploma age  or a o ular offer of he SS  he „S o o al o  o e . 3. Vhe ompee  auhore of he „S hall affor aa e a  proeo o he a g hea of po. Whle he   harge of he po he provo  of he pree  Co ve o hall appl o hm o he ame ba a o he hea of he o ular po o er e. „S hall o however be oblge o gra  o a a g hea of po a  fal prvlege or mmu  whh he hea of he o ular po e jo o l ubje o o o  o fulflle b he a g hea of po. 4. Whe   he ruma e referre o  paragraph g of h ›rle a member of he ploma aff of he ploma mo of he SS  he „S  eg ae b he SS a a a g hea of po he hall f he „S oe o obje hereo o  ue o e jo ploma prvlege a  mmu e. '/c) c g. „S ma a a  me of SS ha a o ular offer  Y    or ha a  oher member of he o ular aff  o aepable. SS hall eher reall he pero or erm ae h fu o  wh he o ular po.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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   or ha a  oher member of he aff of he mo  o aepable. SS hall eher reall he pero or erm ae h fu o  wh he mo . › pero ma be elare    or o aepable before arrv g  „S error. 2. Yf SS refue or fal wh a reao able pero o arr ou  oblgao  u er par. g „S ma refue o reog  e he pero a a member of he mo .

"1  c  c cDc $ c

'/c 3c g. „S hall perm e r of & gra  exempo from all uom ue axe a  relae harge oher ha harge for orage arage a  mlar erve o ² g. arle for he offal ue of he mo ; 2. arle for he pero al ue of a ploma age  or member of h faml form g par of h houehol  lu g arle  e e for h eablhme . 2. Vhe pero al baggage of a ploma age  hall be exemp from  peo  u le here are erou grou  for preum g ha  o a  arle o overe b he exempo  me o e  paragraph g of h ›rle or arle he mpor or expor of whh  prohbe b he law or o rolle b he quara  e regulao  of he „S. Suh  peo hall be o ue o l  he pree e of he ploma age  or of h auhor e repree ave.

1c 1  c

'/c c › ploma age  hall be exemp from all ue & axe pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep² g.  re axe of a k  whh are ormall  orporae  he pre of goo or erve; 2. ue & axe o prvae mmovable proper  „S error u le he hol  o behalf of he SS for he purpoe of he mo ; 3. eae ueo or  hera e ue leve b he „S ubje o par. 4 of ›rle 39; 4. ue & axe o prvae  ome hav g  oure  he „S & apal axe o  veme  mae  ommeral u erak g  he „S; 5. harge leve for pef erve re ere; 6. regrao  our or reor fee morgage ue a  amp u WYVú „EG›„D VO mmovable proper ubje o he provo  of ›rle 23. c '/c) c g. SS & he hea of he mo hall be exemp from all ao al rego al or mu pal ue & axe  repe of he preme of he mo  wheher ow e or leae oher ha uh a repree  pame  for pef erve re ere. 2. Vh exempo hall o appl o uh ue & axe paable u er „S law b pero  o ra g wh SS or he hea of he mo . '/c)*c Vhe mo a   hea hall have he rgh o ue he flag a  emblem of he e  g Sae o he preme of he mo   lu g he ree e of he hea of he mo  a  o h mea  of ra por.

&c c..@c c Dc  c

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'/c))c g. Preme of he mo hall be  volable. Vhe age  of he „S ma o e er hem exep wh he o e  of he hea of he mo . 2. „S  u er a peal u o ake all approprae ep o proe he preme of he mo aga  a   ruo or amage a  o preve  a  urba e of he peae of he

Page 33 of g * 2. Yf SS refue or fal wh a reao able me o arr ou  oblgao  u er par. „S ma eher whraw he exequaur from he pero or eae o o er hm a a member of he o ular aff. 3. › pero appo e a a member of a o ular po ma be elare u aepable before arrv g  he error of „S or f alrea  „S before e er g o h ue wh he o ular po. SS hall whraw h appo me . 4. Y ae  par. g & 3 of h ›rle „S  o oblge o gve o SS reao  for  eo . '/c2*c g. „S hall perm e r of & gra  exempo from all uom ue axe & relae harge oher ha harge for orage arage & mlar erve o ² (a) arle for he offal ue of he o ular po; (b) arle for he pero al ue of a o ular offer or member of h faml form g par of h houehol  lu g arle  e e for h eablhme . Vhe arle  e e for o umpo hall o exee he qua e eear for re ul ao b he pero  o er e. 2. Co ular emploee hall e jo he prvlege & exempo  pefe  paragraph g of h ›rle  repe of arle mpore a he me of fr  allao . 3. Pero al baggage aompa  g o ular offer & member of her famle form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from  peo . Y ma be  pee o l f here  erou reao o beleve ha  o a  arle oher ha hoe referre o  ub-paragraph (b) of paragraph g of h ›rle or arle he mpor or expor of whh  prohbe b he law a  regulao  of he „S or whh are ubje o  quara  e law a  regulao . Suh  peo hall be arre ou  he pree e of he o ular offer or member of h faml o er e. '/c+c g. Co ular offer a  o ular emploee a  member of her famle form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all ue a  axe pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep² (a)  re axe of a k  whh are ormall  orporae  he pre of goo or erve; (b) ue or axe o prvae mmovable proper uae  he error of „S ubje o he provo  of ›rle 32; () eae ueo or  hera e ue a  ue o ra fer leve b he „S ubje o he provo  of paragraph (b) of ›rle 5g; () ue a  axe o prvae  ome  lu g apal ga  hav g  oure  he „S a  apal axe rela g o  veme  mae  ommeral or f a al u erak g „S; (e) harge leve for pef erve re ere; (f) regrao  our or reor fee morgage ue a  amp ue ubje o he provo  of ›rle 32. 2. ¯ember of he erve aff hall be exemp from ue a  axe o he wage whh he reeve for her erve. 3. ¯ember of he o ular po who emplo pero  whoe wage or alare are o exemp from  ome ax  he „S hall oberve he oblgao  whh he law a  regulao  of ha Sae mpoe upo emploer o er  g he lev g of  ome ax.

' $c)+c g. Vhe SS hall have he rgh o he ue of  ao al flag & oa-of-arm  he „S per provo  of h ›rle. 2. Vhe ao al flag of he SS ma be flow &  oa-of-arm plae o he bul g oupe b he o ular po & a he e ra e oor hereof o he ree e of he hea of he o ular po & o h mea  of ra por whe ue o offal bu e. 3. Y he exere of h rgh regar hall be ha o he law regulao  a  uage of he „S. '/c gc g. Co ular preme hall be  volable o exe  here prove. 2. „S auhore hall o e er ha par of he o ular preme whh  ue exluvel for he purpoe of he work of he o ular po exep wh he o e  of he hea of he o ular po or of h eg ee or of he hea of he ploma mo . Suh o e  ma be aume  ae of fre or oher aer requr g promp proeve ao .

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mo or mparme  of  g . 3. Preme of he mo  fur h g & oher proper hereo & he mea  of ra por of he mo hall be mmu e from earh requo  aahme  or exeuo .

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1c 1  c c cDc $c Y   c  c A $c

'/c *c g. Prvae ree e of a ploma age  hall e jo he ame  volabl & proeo a he preme of he mo . 2. ú paper orrepo e e & exep a  par. 3 of ›r. 3g proper hall alo e jo  volabl.c '/c c Vhe fu o of a ploma age  ome o a e   Y  +² g. o ofao b SS o „S ha he fu o of he ploma age  ha ome o a e ; 2. o ofao b „S o SS ha  aora e wh par. 2 of ›rle 9  refue o reog  e he ploma age  a a member of he mo .c '/c)c Vhe fee a  harge leve b he mo  he oure of  offal ue hall be exemp from all ue a  axe. c

'/c)+c Vhe pero of a ploma age  hall be  volable. úe hall o be lable o a  form of arre or ee o . Vhe reev g Sae hall rea hm wh ue repe a  hall ake all approprae ep o preve  a  aak o h pero  freeom or g . c

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'/c gc g. › ploma age  hall e jo mmu  from he rm al juro of „S. úe hall alo e jo mmu  from  vl a  am rave juro  exep  he ae of² g. a real ao rela g o prvae mmovable proper uae  „S error u le he hol  o behalf of SS for purpoe of he mo ; 2. a ao rela g o ueo  whh he ploma age    volve a exeuor am raor her or legaee a a prvae pero & o o behalf of SS; 3. a ao rela g o a  profeo al or ommeral av exere b he ploma age   „S oue h offal fu o . 2. › ploma age   o oblge o gve eve e a a w e. 3. ?o meaure of exeuo ma be ake  repe of a ploma age  exep  he ae u er here ub-par. (a) (b) & () of par. g & prove ha uh meaure a be ake whou  fr g g he  volabl of h pero or ree e.

Page 3J of g * 3. Subje o par 2 of h ›rle „S  u er a peal u o ake all approprae ep o proe he o ular preme aga  a   ruo or amage a  o preve  a  urba e of he peae of he o ular po or mparme  of  g . 4. Co ular preme fur h g proper of he o ular po &  mea  of ra por hall be mmu e from a  form of requo for purpoe of ao al efe e or publ ul. Yf exproprao  eear for uh purpoe all poble ep hall be ake o avo mpe g performa e of o ular fu o  & promp aequae & effeve ompe ao hall be pa o he SS. '/c)2c Vhe fu o  of a member of a o ular po hall ome o a e   Y +² (a) o ofao b SS o „S ha h fu o  have ome o a e ; (b) o whrawal of he exequaur; () o ofao b „S o SS ha he „S ha eae o o er hm a a member of he o ular aff.

'/c +c g. Vhe o ular po ma lev  „S error he fee & harge prove b SS law for o ular a. 2. Vhe um ollee  he form of he fee & harge  par. g of h ›rle & he reep for uh fee & harge hall be exemp from all ue & axe  he „S. '/c*c „S hall rea o ular offer wh ue repe & hall ake all approprae ep o preve  a  aak o her pero  freeom or g . '/cgc g. Co ular offer hall o be lable o arre or ee o pe  g ral exep  he ae of a grave rme a  purua  o a eo b he ompee  jual auhor. 2. Exep  he ae pefe  par. g of h ›rle o ular offer hall o be omme o pro or lable o a  oher form of rero o her pero al freeom ave  exeuo of a jual eo of f al effe. 3. Yf rm al proee g are  ue aga  a o ular offer he mu appear before he ompee  auhore. ?everhele he proee g hall be o ue wh he repe ue o hm b reao of h offal poo & exep  he ae pefe  par. g of h ›rle  a ma er whh wll hamper he exere of o ular fu o  a lle a poble. Whe   he ruma e  par. g of h ›rle  ha beome eear o ea a o ular offer he proee g aga  hm hall be  ue wh he m mum of ela. '/c)c Y he eve  of he arre or ee o  pe  g ral of a member of he o ular aff or of rm al proee g be g  ue aga  hm „S hall prompl of he hea of he o ular po. Shoul he laer be hmelf he obje of uh meaure „S hall of SS hrough he ploma ha el. '/c c g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee hall o be ame able o he juro of he jual or am rave auhore of „S  repe of a performe  he exere of o ular fu o . 2. Vhe provo  of par. g of h ›rle hall o however appl  repe of a vl ao eher² (a) ar g ou of a o ra o lue b a o ular offer or a o ular emploee  whh he  o o ra exprel or mplel a a age  of he e  g Sae; or (b) b a hr par for amage ar g from a ae   „S aue b a vehle veel or arraf.

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4. Suh mmu  from „S juro oe o exemp hm from SS juro .c '/c )c g. Vhe mmu  from juro of ploma age  & of pero  e jo g mmu  u er ›rle 37 ma be wave b SS. 2. Waver mu alwa be expre. 3. Y ao of proee g b a ploma age  or b a pero e jo g mmu  from juro u er ›rle 37 hall prelue hm from  vok g mmu  from juro  repe of a  ou er-lam rel o ee wh he pr pal lam. 4. Waver of mmu  from juro  repe of vl or am rave proee g hall o be hel o mpl waver of mmu   repe of he exeuo of he jugme  for whh a eparae waver hall be eear.c '/c +c g. Ever pero e le o prvlege & mmu e hall e jo hem from he mome  he e er „S error o proee g o ake up h po or f alrea   error from he mome  whe h appo me   ofe o he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar or uh oher m r a ma be agree. 2. Whe he fu o  of a pero e jo g prvlege & mmu e have ome o a e  uh prvlege & mmu e hall ormall eae a he mome  whe he leave he ou r or o expr of a reao able pero  whh o o o bu hall ub u l ha me eve  ae of arme o fl. Bu WYVú „EG›„D VO a performe b uh a pero  he exere of h fu o  a a member of he mo  mmu  hall o  ue o ub. 3. Y ae of he eah of a member of he mo  he member of h faml hall o  ue o e jo he prvlege & mmu e o whh he are e le u l he expr of a reao able pero  whh o leave he ou r. 4. Y he eve  of he eah of a member of he mo o a ao al of or perma e l ree   „S or a member of h faml form g par of h houehol „S hall perm he whrawal of he movable proper of he eeae exep a  proper aqure  he ou r he expor of whh wa prohbe a he me of h eah. Eae ueo &  hera e ue hall o be leve o movable proper he pree e of whh  „S wa ue olel o he pree e here of he eeae a a member of he mo or a a member of he faml of a member of he mo .c '/cgc g. Whou prejue o her prvlege & mmu e   he u of all pero  e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e o repe „S law. Vhe have a u o o  erfere  he  er al affar of ha Sae. 2. ›ll offal bu e wh „S e rue o he mo b SS hall be o ue wh or hrough he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar of „S or uh oher m r a ma be agree. 3. Preme of he mo mu o be ue  a  ma er  ompable wh fu o  of he mo per he Co ve o  rule of ge eral YL or peal agreeme  bewee he SS & „S.c '/c)c › ploma age  hall o  „S prae for pero al prof a  profeo al or ommeral av. c

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'/cc „S mu eve  ae of arme o fl gra  fale  orer o e able pero  e jo g prvlege & mmu e oher ha „S ao al & member of he famle of uh

Page 3 of g *

'/c2c g. SS ma wave WYVú „EG›„D VO a member of he o ular po a  of he prvlege & mmu e prove for  ›r. 4g 43 & 44. 2. Vhe waver hall  all ae be expre exep a  par. 3 of h ›rle & hall be ommu ae o „S  wr g. 3. Vhe  ao of proee g b a o ular offer or a o ular emploee  a maer where he mgh e jo mmu  from juro u er ›rle 43 hall prelue hm from  vok g mmu  from juro  repe of a  ou er-lam rel o ee wh he pr pal lam. 4. Vhe waver of mmu  from juro for he purpoe of vl or am rave proee g hall o be eeme o mpl he waver of mmu  from he meaure of exeuo reul g from he jual eo ;  repe of uh meaure a eparae waver hall be eear. '/c2 c g. Ever member of he o ular po hall e jo here prvlege & mmu e from he mome  he e er „S error o proee g o ake up h po or f alrea   error from he mome  whe he e er o h ue wh he o ular po. 2. ¯ember of he faml of a member of he o ular po form g par of h houehol & member of h prvae aff hall reeve he prvlege & mmu e from he ae from whh he e jo prvlege & mmu e per par. g of h ›rle or from he ae of her e r  o „S error or from he ae of her beom g a member of uh faml or prvae aff whhever  he lae. 3. Whe he fu o  of a member of he o ular po have ome o a e  h h faml  h prvae aff  prvlege & hall ormall eae a he mome  whe he pero o er e leave „S or o he expr of a reao able pero  whh o o o whhever  he oo er bu hall ub u l ha me eve  ae of arme o fl. Y he ae of he pero   par. 2 of h ›rle prvlege & mmu e hall ome o a e  whe he eae o belo g o he houehol or o be  he erve of a member of he o ular po prove ha f uh pero   e  leav g „S wh a reao able pero hereafer her prvlege & mmu e hall ub u l he me of her eparure. 4. Bu WYVú „EG›„D VO a performe b a o ular offer or a o ular emploee  he exere of h fu o  mmu  from juro hall o  ue o ub whou lmao of me. 5. Y he eve  of he eah of a member of he o ular po he member of h faml form g par of h houehol hall o  ue o e jo he prvlege & mmu e aore o hem u l he leave „S or u l he expr of a reao able pero e abl g hem o o o whhever  he oo er. '/c22c g. Whou prejue o her prvlege & mmu e   he u of all pero  e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e o repe he law & regulao  of „S. Vhe alo have a u o o  erfere  he  er al affar of ha Sae. 2. Vhe o ular preme hall o be ue  a  ma er  ompable wh he exere of o ular fu o . 3. Par. 2 of h ›rle hall o exlue he pobl of offe of oher  uo  or age e be g  alle  par of he bul g  whh he o ular preme are uae prove ha he preme ag e o hem are eparae from hoe ue b he o ular po. Y ha eve  he a offe hall o be o ere o form par of he o ular preme. '/c2Jc g. Career o ular offer hall o arr o for pero al prof a  profeo al or ommeral av  „S. 2. Prvlege & mmu e hall o be aore² (a) o o ular emploee or o member of he erve aff who arr o a  prvae ga ful oupao  „S; (b) o member of he faml of a pero referre o  ub-par. (a) of h paragraph or o member of h prvae aff; () o member of he faml of a member of a o ular po who hemelve arr o a  prvae ga ful oupao  „S. '/c)3c „S hall eve  ae of arme o fl gra  o member of he o ular po & member of he prvae aff oher ha „S ao al & o member of her famle form g par of her houehol rrepeve of ao al

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pero  rrepeve of her ao al o leave a he earle poble mome . Y mu f eee plae a her poal eear mea  of ra por for hemelve & her proper. c '/c2c Yf ploma relao  are broke off bewee 2 Sae or f a mo  perma e l or emporarl realle² g. „S mu eve  ae of arme o fl repe & proe he preme of he mo  wh  proper & arhve; 2. SS ma e ru he uo of he preme of he mo  wh  proper & arhve o a hr Sae aepable o „S; 3. SS ma e ru he proeo of   ere & of  ao al o a hr Sae aepable o „S. c

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'/c c g. Exep  ofar a ao al prvlege & mmu e ma be gra e b „S a ploma age  who  a ao al of or perma e l ree   „S hall e jo o l mmu  from juro  &  volabl  repe of offal a performe  he exere of h fu o . 2. Oher member of he aff of he mo & prvae erva  who are ao al of or perma e l ree   „S hall e jo prvlege & mmu e o l o he exe  ame b „S. úowever „S mu exere  juro over hoe pero  o a o o  erfere u ul wh he performa e of he fu o  of he mo .

Page 3+ of g * eear me & fale o e able hem o prepare her eparure & o leave a he earle poble mome  afer he erm ao of he fu o  of he member. Y hall f eee plae a her poal eear mea  of ra por for hemelve & her proper oher ha proper aqure  „S he expor of whh  prohbe a he me of eparure. '/c)Jc g. Y he eve  of he evera e of o ular relao  bewee 2 Sae² (a) „S hall eve  ae of arme o fl repe & proe he o ular preme ogeher wh he proper of he o ular po & he o ular arhve; (b) SS ma e ru he uo of he o ular preme wh he proper o a e here & he o ular arhve o a hr Sae aepable o „S; () SS ma e ru he proeo of   ere & of  ao al o a hr Sae aepable o „S. 2. Y he eve  of he emporar or perma e  loure of a o ular po ub-par. (a) of here par. g hall appl. Y ao  (a) f SS alhough o repree e  „S b a ploma mo  ha a oher o ular po  he error of ha Sae ha o ular po ma be e rue wh he uo of he preme of he o ular po whh ha bee loe wh he proper o a e here & he o ular arhve & wh he o e  of „S wh he exere of o ular fu o   he r of ha o ular po; or (b) f SS ha o ploma mo & o oher o ular po  „S ub-par (b) & () of par. g of h ›rle hall appl. '/cJgc g. Exep  o far a ao al fale prvlege & mmu e ma be gra e b „S o ular offer who are ao al of or perma e l ree   „S hall e jo o l mmu  from juro & pero al  volabl  repe of offal a performe  he exere of her fu o  & he prvlege  par. 3 of ›rle 44. So far a hee o ular offer are o er e „S hall alo be bou  b he oblgao la ow  ›rle 42. Yf rm al proee g are  ue aga  uh a o ular offer he proee g hall exep whe he  u er arre or ee o  be o ue  a ma er whh wll hamper he exere of o ular fu o  a lle a poble. 2. Oher member of he o ular po who are ao al of or perma e l ree   „S & member of her famle & member of he famle of o ular offer  par. g of h ›rle hall e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l  o far a hee are gra e o hem b „S. Vhoe member of he famle of member of he o ular po & hoe member of he prvae aff who are hemelve ao al of or perma e l ree   „S hall lkewe e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l  o far a hee are gra e o hem b „S. „S hall exere  juro over hoe pero   uh a wa a o o h er u ul he performa e of he fu o  of he o ular po.

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  cFc%   $c Ecc c c ' $cgc%   c "  cc c$c ͞›r. 2. Vhe eablhme  of ploma relao  bewee Sae & of perma e  ploma mo  ake plae b muual o e . ͞›r. 4. g. › o ular po ma be eablhe  he error of he „S o l wh ha Sae' o e . 2. Vhe ea of he o ular po  lafao a  he o ular r hall be eablhe b he SS a  hall be ubje o he approval of he „S. 3. Subeque  ha ge  he ea of he o ular po  lafao or he o ular r ma be mae b he SS o l wh he o e  of he „S. 4. Vhe o e  of he „S hall alo be requre f a o ulae-ge eral or a o ulae ere o ope a ve-o ulae or a o ular age   a loal oher ha ha  whh   elf eablhe. 5. Vhe pror expre o e  of he „S hall alo be requre for he ope  g of a offe form g par of a ex g o ular po elewhere ha a he ea hereof. c . ?c c#  ; Co ular Saff² D„ - ›r. gg; C„ - ›r. 20² ubje o agreeme  „S ma requre ha he  e of a mo be kep wh lm o ere b  o be reao able & ormal hav g regar o ruma e & o o   „S & o he ee of he parular mo  & „S ma equall wh mlar bou  & o a o rm aor ba refue o aep offal of a parular aegor.   c c  cof ploma aff of mo (›r. 8); of o ular offer (›r. 22)² houl  pr ple be of he ao al of SS. Vhe ma o be appo e from amo g pero  hav g he ao al of „S exep wh he o e  of ha Sae whh ma be whraw a a  me. „S ma reerve he ame rgh WYVú „EG›„D VO ao al of a hr Sae who are o alo ao al of SS. "   of mo (›r. g2); or o ular po (›r. 6)² mu be wh o e  of he „S (whh ma allow o ular offer o exere fu o  oue h po).  $  a o member of mo  faml of a member of mo  prvae erva  (›r. g0); a o member of o ular po faml member form g par of h houehol prvae aff (›r. 24. ga-] & 2)² ͞g. „S ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar or oher m r a ma be agree hall be ofe of² g. appo me  of _________ arrval & f al eparure or erm ao of fu o  wh he mo ; 2. arrval & f al eparure of a pero belo g g o he __________ & where approprae fa ha a pero beome or eae o be a member of he faml of a member of he mo ; 3. arrval & f al eparure of ________ of pero   par. (a) of h paragraph & where approprae fa ha he are leav g uh emplo; 4. e gageme  & harge of pero  ree   „S a member ______ or prvae erva  aff] e le o prvlege & mmu e. 2. Where poble pror ofao of arrval & f al eparure hall alo be gve . ' $A$$

 c c c $    of he mo (›r. 2g); of he o ular po (›r. 30)² „S hall eher falae

Page J* of g *

aquo o  error b SS of preme eear for _____ or a he laer  oba  g ome oher aommoao   lu g hoe for  member. Y   c c$ cDc$  of mo (›r. 24); o ular po (›r. 33)² a a  me wherever he are c $   ͙of he mo (›r. 25); o ular po (›r. 28)² „S hall aor full fale for he performa e of he fu o  of he _________.  c c  c c   of he mo (›r. 26); o ular po (›r. 34)² ͞Subje o  law a  regulao  o er  g o e e r  o whh  prohbe or regulae for reao  of ao al eur he „S hall e ure freeom of moveme  & ravel   error o all member of he ______.  c c$

 $  of he͙mo (›r. 27); o ular po (›r. 35)² ͞g. „S hall perm & proe freeom of ommu ao o he par of he mo o ular po] for all offal purpoe. Y ommu a g wh he Gover me  he ploma mo  & oher o ulae o ular po] wherever uae of he e  g Sae he mo o ular po] ma emplo all approprae mea   lu g ploma or o ular ourer] ploma or o ular bag] a  meage  oe or pher. úowever he mo o ular po] ma  all & ue a wrele ra mer o l wh he o e  of „S. 2. Vhe offal orrepo e e of he mo o ular po] hall be  volable. Offal orrepo e e mea  all orrepo e e rela g o he mo o ular po] a   fu o . 3. Vhe ploma o ular] bag hall be eher ope e or ea e. ?everhele f he ompee  auhore of „S have erou reao o beleve ha he bag o a  omeh g oher ha he orrepo e e oume  or arle referre o  par. 4 of h ›rle he ma reque ha he bag be ope e  her pree e b a auhor e repree ave of SS. Yf h reque  refue b he auhore of SS he bag hall be reur e o  plae of org . 4. Vhe pakage o u g he ploma o ular] bag hall bear vble exer al mark of her haraer & ma o a o l offal orrepo e e & oume  or arle  e e exluvel for offal ue. 5. Vhe ploma o ular] ourer hall be prove wh a offal oume   a g h au & he umber of pakage o u g he ploma o ular] bag. Exep wh „S o e  he hall be eher a „S ao al or u le he  a SS ao al a perma e  „S ree . Y he performa e of h fu o  he hall be proee b he „S. úe hall e jo pero al  volabl & hall o be lable o a  form of arre or ee o . 6. SS  ploma mo   o ular po] ma eg ae ploma o ular] ourer a ho. Y uh ae par. 5 of h ›rle hall alo appl exep ha he mmu e me o e hall eae o appl whe uh a ourer ha elvere o he o g ee he ploma o ular] bag  h harge. 7. › ploma o ular] bag ma be e rue o he apa of a hp or of a ommeral arraf heule o la  a a auhor e por of e r. úe hall be prove wh a offal oume   a g he umber of pakage o u g he bag bu he hall o be o ere o be a ploma o ular] ourer. B arra geme  wh he approprae loal auhore he ploma o ular] po ma e  o e of  member o ake poeo of he bag rel & freel from he apa of he hp or of he arraf.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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.$ c$ c1   for a ploma age  (›r. 33); member of he o ular po (›r. 48)² ͞g. Subje o par. 3 of h ›rle _______ WYVú „EG›„D VO erve re ere b hem for he SS & member of her famle form g par of her houehol] hall be exemp from oal eur provo  whh ma be  fore  he „S. 2. Vhe exempo  par. g of h ›rle hall appl alo o member of he prvae erva  aff] who are  he ole emplo of a _________ o o o ² (a) ha he are o ao al of or perma e l ree   he „S; & (b) ha he are overe b he oal eur provo  whh are  fore  he SS or a hr Sae. 3. ________ who emplo pero  o whom he exempo  par. 2 of h ›rle oe o appl hall oberve he oblgao  whh he oal eur provo  of he „S mpoe upo emploer. 4. Vhe exempo  par. g & 2 of h ›rle hall o prelue volu ar parpao  he oal eur em of he „S prove ha uh parpao  perme b ha Sae. 5. Vhe provo  of h ›rle hall o affe blaeral or mullaeral agreeme  o er  g oal eur o lue prevoul & hall o preve  he o luo of uh agreeme   he fuure. par. 5  o  C„] "1  c  c  c $ of ploma age  (›r. 35); member of he o ular po & member of he famle form g par of her houehol (›r. 52)² „S hall exemp _______ from all pero al erve from all publ erve of a  k  whaoever & from mlar oblgao  uh a hoe o ee wh requo  g mlar o rbuo  & blle g. Y   c cc  c. of a ploma age  (›r. 40); o ular offer (›r. 54) g. Yf a ______ pae hrough or   he error of a hr Sae whh ha gra e hm a va f a va wa eear whle proee g o ake up or reur o h po or whe reur  g o he SS he hr Sae hall aor o hm  volabl & all mmu e prove for b he oher ›rle of he pree  Co ve o a ma be requre o e ure h ra  or reur . Vhe ame hall appl  he ae of a  member of h faml form g par of h houehol] e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e who are aompa  g he _______ or ravel g eparael o jo hm or o reur o he SS. 2. Y ruma e mlar o hoe pefe  paragraph g of h ›rle hr Sae hall o h er he ra  hrough her error of oher member of he am rave & eh al or erve aff of a mo o ular po] or of member of her famle form g par of her houehol] hrough her errore. 3. Vhr Sae hall aor o offal orrepo e e & o oher offal ommu ao   ra   lu g meage  oe or pher he ame freeom a  proeo a he „S  bou  o aor u er he pree  Co ve o . Vhe hall aor o ploma o ular] ourer who have bee gra e a va f a va wa eear & o o ular bag  ra  he ame  volabl & proeo a he „S  bou  o aor u er he pree  Co ve o . 4. Vhe oblgao  of hr Sae u er par g 2 & 3 hall alo appl o he pero  me o e repevel  hoe paragraph & o offal ommu ao  & o ploma o ular] bag whoe pree e  he error of he hr Sae  ue o  Y#Y Y."   c$ $cc$c %   $c c 'cc g. SS mu e ure ha he agréme  of „S ha bee gve for he

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pero  propoe o are a hea of he mo o ha Sae. 2. „S  o oblge o gve reao  o he SS for a refual of agréme . 'cJ. Subje o ›r 5 8 9 & gg SS ma freel appo  he member of he aff of he mo . Y he ae of mlar aval or ar aahe „S ma requre her ame o be ubme beforeha  for  approval. 'cg c g. úea of he mo ake up h fu o   he „S eher whe he ha pree e h ree al or whe he ha ofe h arrval & a rue op of h ree al ha bee pree e o he ¯ r for Foreg ›ffar of he „S or uh m r a ma be agree per he prae  he „S whh hall be apple  a u form ma er. 2. Orer of pree ao of ree al or of a rue op wll be eerm e b ae & me of he arrval of he hea. 'c Jc g. Faml member of a D› form g par of h houehol hall f he are o ao al of he „S e jo he prvlege & mmu e  ›r 29 o 36. 2. ¯ember of he am rave & eh al aff wh faml member form g par of her houehol f o ao al of or perma e l ree   „S e jo he prvlege & mmu e  ›r 29 o 35 exep ha mmu  from vl & am rave juro of he „S  ›r. 3g.g hall o exe  o a performe oue he oure of her ue. Vhe hall alo e jo he prvlege  ›r 36.g a o arle mpore a he me of fr  allao . 3. ¯ember of he erve aff who are o ao al of or perma e l ree   he „S e jo mmu  a o a performe  he oure of her ue exempo from ue & axe o he emolume  reeve ue o her emplome  & he exempo o a e  ›rle 33. 4. Prvae erva  of member of he mo hall f he are o ao al of or perma e l ree   he „S be exemp from ue & axe o he emolume  reeve ue o her emplome . Y oher repe he ma e jo prvlege & mmu e o l o he exe  ame b he „S. „S mu exere  juro over hoe pero   uh a ma er a o o  erfere u ul wh he performa e of he fu o  of he mo . 'c3 SS ma wh he pror o e  of „S & a he reque of a hr Sae o repree e  „S u erake he emporar proeo of he  ere of he hr Sae & of  ao al. c c c 'cJ SS ma afer of g Sae o er e e ru a o ular po eablhe  a parular Sae wh he exere of o ular fu o   a oher Sae u le here  expre objeo b o e of he Sae o er e. 'c. Upo approprae ofao o „S a o ular po of SS ma u le „S obje exere o ular fu o   „S o behalf of a hr Sae. 'cg*c g. úea of o ular po are appo e b SS & are ame o he exere of her fu o  b „S. 2. Formale for appo me  & amo of he hea of a o ular po are eerm e b he law regulao  & uage of SS & of „S repevel. 'cg)c g. úea of a o ular po  ame o he exere of h fu o  b a auhor ao from „S erme a exequaur whaever he form of h auhor ao . 2. › Sae whh refue o gra  a exequaur  o oblge o gve o he SS reao  for uh refual. 3. Subje o ›r. g3 & g5 hea of a o ular po hall o e er upo h ue u l he ha reeve a exequaur.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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'cg › oo a he hea  ame eve provo all o exere of h fu o  „S hall mmeael of ompee  auhore of he o ular r & e ure ha eear meaure are ake o e able he hea of a o ular po o arr ou he ue of h offe & o have he be ef of he Co ve o . 'cgJc g. Y a Sae where SS ha o ploma mo &  o repree e b a ploma mo of a hr Sae a o ular offer ma wh „S o e  & whou affe g h o ular au be auhor e o perform ploma a. Suh performa e b a o ular offer hall o o fer a  rgh o lam ploma prvlege & mmu e. 2. Co ular offer ma afer ofao aree o „S a a repree ave of SS o a   er-gover me al orga  ao . úe hall be e le o e jo prvlege & mmu e aore o uh a repree ave b uomar YL or b   l agreeme ;  repe of he performa e b hm of a  o ular fu o  he hall o be e le o a  greaer mmu  from juro ha ha o whh a o ular offer  e le u er he Co ve o . 'c )c g. Co ular preme & ree e of he areer hea of whh SS or a  pero a g o  behalf  he ow er or leee hall be exemp from all ao al rego al or mu pal ue & axe oher ha uh a repree  pame  for pef erve re ere. 2. Vax exempo  par. g hall o appl o uh ue & axe f u er „S law he are paable b he pero who o rae wh SS or wh he pero a g o  behalf. ' $c 3/ (8+& ) g. Wh a vew o fala g he exere of o ular fu o  rela g o SS ao al² (a) o ular offer hall be free o ommu ae wh SS ao al & o have ae o hem. SS ao al hall have he ame freeom WYVú „EG›„D VO ommu ao wh & ae o o ular offer of SS; (b) f he o reque ompee  auhore of „S hall whou ela  form he o ular po of SS f wh  o ular r a SS ao al  arree or omme o pro or o uo pe  g ral or  ea e. ›  ommu ao aree o he o ular po b uh pero hall alo be forware b a auhore whou ela. Sa auhore hall  form he pero o er e whou ela of h rgh u er h ub-paragraph; () o ular offer hall have he rgh o v a SS ao al who   pro  uo or ee o  o o vere & orrepo  wh hm & o arra ge for h legal repree ao . Vhe hall alo have he rgh o v a  SS ao al who   pro  uo or ee o  purua e of a jugme . Co ular offer hall refra from ak g ao o behalf of a ao al who   pro  uo or ee o f he exprel oppoe uh ao . 2. Vhe rgh  par. g hall be exere  o form wh „S law ubje o he provo ha a law mu e able full effe o be gve o he purpoe for whh he rgh aore u er h ›rle are  e e. 'c J/ Yf releva   formao  avalable o ompee  auhore of „S uh auhore hall have he u² (a) eah of a SS ao al²  form whou ela he o ular po  whoe r he eah ourre; (b)  form ompee  o ular po whou ela of a  ae where he appo me  of a guara or ruee appear o be  he  ere of a m or or oher pero lak g full apa who  a SS ao al. Vhe gv g of h  formao hall be whou prejue o he operao of „S law o er  g uh appo me ; () f a veel hav g he ao al of SS  wreke or ru  agrou   „S erroral ea or  er al waer or f a arraf regere  SS uffer a ae  o „S error²  form whou ela he o ular po eare o he e e of he ourre e.

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'cc g. ¯ember of a o ular po ma be alle upo o ae  a w ee  he oure of jual or am rave proee g. › o ular emploee or a member of he erve aff hall o exep  par. 3 el e o gve eve e. Yf a o ular offer houl el e o o o o oerve meaure or pe al ma be apple o hm. 2. Vhe auhor requr g he eve e of a o ular offer hall avo  erfere e wh he performa e of fu o . Whe poble ake uh eve e a h ree e or a he o ular po or aep a aeme  from hm  wr g. 3. ¯ember of a o ular po are u er o oblgao o gve eve e o er  g maer o ee wh he exere of her fu o  or o proue offal orrepo e e & oume  & are e le o el e o gve eve e a exper w ee WYVú „EG›„D VO SS law. 'c3c g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee & faml member form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all oblgao  u er „S law  regar o he regrao of ale  & ree e perm. 2. Par. g hall o appl o a  o ular emploee who  o a perma e  emploee of SS or who arre o a  prvae ga ful oupao  „S or o a  member of he faml of a  uh emploee. 'cJc g. ¯ember of he o ular po hall WYVú „EG›„D VO erve re ere for SS be exemp from a  oblgao   regar o work perm mpoe b „S law o er  g he emplome  of foreg labour. 2. ¯ember of he prvae aff of o ular offer & of o ular emploee hall f he o o arr o a  oher ga ful oupao  he „S be exemp from he oblgao   par. g. 'c2g Deah of a member of he o ular po or of faml member form g par of h houehol „S² (a) perm expor of he movable proper of he eeae exep proper aqure  „S he expor of whh wa prohbe a he me of h eah; (b) o lev ao al rego al or mu pal eae ueo or  hera e ue & ue o ra fer o movable proper he pree e of whh  he „S wa ue olel o he pree e  ha Sae of he eeae a a member of he o ular po or a a member of he faml of a member of he o ular po. cYYYc9c

c cc>cc- $cDc c ccc$c- $c 'c2c g. ›r. 28 29 30 34Œ39 54.3 & 55.2 & 3 hall appl o o ular po heae b a ho orar o ular offer. Vhe fale prvlege & mmu e of uh o ular po hall be gover e b ›r. 59Œ62. 2. ›r. 42 43 44.3 45 & 53 & 55.g hall appl o ho orar o ular offer. Fale prvlege & mmu e of uh o ular offer hall be gover e b ›r. 63Œ67. 3. úere prvlege & mmu e hall o be aore o member of he faml of a ho orar o ular offer or of a o ular emploee emploe a a o ular po heae b a ho orar o ular offer. 4. Exha ge of o ular bag bewee 2 o ular po heae b ho orar o ular offer  ffere  Sae hall o be allowe whou he o e  of he 2 „S o er e. c

8Ý     28 3 US Emba a  aff  Yra were  ?cc whou Yra a auhore   cc uh bu wh c  c c b he ›aollah.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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,+ Y   Y m  0 

Vhe falure of he Yra a eur fore o proe he Emba or ake a  ep o lberae he aff member amou e o a   c cY@c cc c4 c cc%   $c cccc  ccc$cc c cc . c

  & G#  % @  2% @+83 ¯exo lam breahe of he Me a Co ve o o Co ular „elao  (wh regar o $

 $ )  he reame  of 52 ¯exa  $ $cc$cc  he US. ,+ Y !     O oe ͞whou ela  o eearl o be  erpree a ͞mmeael upo arre or a  be  erpree o g f ha he provo of he oe mu eearl preee a   errogao  o ha he omme eme  of  errogao before he ofao woul be a breah of ›r. 36. Bu he Cour oberve ha here  ll a ccc c   cc cc    ccccccc c c c ?cccc cc  c  or o e here are cc cccc ccc  c l. US wa  breah of  oblgao  o 5g  vual. Vhere are c c c'/c 3c5g8. Yf a Sae breahe  oblgao u er ›r. 36 (gb)  o of g he Co ular Po of he oher ae of he ee o of he laer  ao al  alo breahe ›r. 36 (ga) beaue  prelue he o ular offer of he oher Sae o ommu ae wh a  have ae o her ao al a well a ›r. 36 (g) beaue  prelue he o ular offer of he oher Sae from v g her ea e ao al a  from arra g g for legal repree ao of her ao al. Vhe "#"%Gco make goo hee volao  of  oblgao  houl o   requr g he US o  c $ c cc $   of hee ao al ae b he US our wh a vew o aera  g wheher  eah ae he volao of ›r. 36 omme b he ompee  auhore aue aual prejue o he efe a   he proe of am rao of rm al jue. Vhu  houl ake aou  of he volao of he rgh e forh  he Me a Co ve o a  guara ee ha he volao a  he poble prejue aue b he volao wll be full exam e a  ake  o aou   he revew a  reo erao proe. Lal  cc$   houl be boh of he $ a  of he $ $ .

 c YY 

YY  g  c

    

   ' $c)5 8,c& c ›ll member hall c  c  c   b $ c

  uh a ma er ha  c$cc$ ,cc  $ are c. ' $c)58,c& c ›ll member hall     her  er ao al relao  from he c c c  c $ aga  he   c   or   $c

$ of a  ae or  a  oher ma er  o e  wh he Purpoe of he U e ?ao .

cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc 

cccc c;ccccc

Page J of g *

' $c)5g8,c& c Y orer o e ure  c c  $  ao b he U e ?ao   ¯ember g] o fer o he Seur Cou l 

c     for he ma e a e of  er ao al peae a  eur a  2] agree ha  arr g o  ue u er h repo bl he Seur Cou l $cc c . ' $c)2,c& c Vhe ¯ember of he U e ?ao  agree o $$ a  $c he $  c cc.$ c$   aora e wh he pree  Charer. ' $c) 5g8,c& c Vhe Seur Cou l hall o  of c   of he U e ?ao . Vhe „epubl of Ch a Fra e he U o of Sove Soal „epubl he U e K gom of Grea Bra a  ?orher Yrela  a  he U e Sae of ›mera hall be  c

  of he Seur Cou l. Vhe Ge eral ›embl hall $c c  ¯ember of he U e ?ao  o be 9 c

  of he Seur Cou l ue regar be g peall pa  he fr  a e of he g] $   of ¯ember of he U e ?ao  o he a]  $c c  c$cc$  a  o he b] c  of he Orga  ao  a  alo o 2] 0 c $c   . ' $c)J5 8,c& c Deo  of he Seur Cou l o all oher maer hall be mae b a    c c  c  c    lu g he $$ c c cc c  ;   Y ha  eo  u er Chaper MY a  u er paragraph 3 of ›rle 52 a ccc c hall    from vo g.  $* !1 Vc Ge eral „ule² Vhe U? Charer prohb he >"' c-c&."c-c -" bewee member aga  her erroral  egr or polal  epe e e (›r. 24] U? Charer) Exepo ² (a)  here  rgh o    or $$   9  (›r. 5g U? Charer) (b) whe ccc.$ c$  (›r. 42 U? Charer) Vc Yf here  alrea  c$  $ appl YúL;  ge eral ue U? Charer Vc U l whe a ou allege elf-efe e ʹ u l he SC ha ake og  a e of he maer (hu  c c$cc ) Vc 7&  

?9  eerm e  ?aragua v. US ʹ ͞Y oul  lue o merel ao b he c c $c$c c  c bu alo he  cccc c  ccc c c,c,c cc $ ,c  $c$cc$c c c $c cc͙ Y oul ake plae  $ hrough he ue of o e  ow fore O„  rel hrough arme ba  or rregular. Vhe ke  &(#& ' ).

 +82 ;1>3 Vhe US allegel pla e a  u erook ave ree aga  he ew gover me  of ?aragua pefall he m  g of por a  waer operao  aga  ol  allao  a  aval bae  fr geme  of ar pae a  uppor for he mere ar arm he o ra fore. Vhe US lame olleve elf efe e  behalf of El Salvaor a jufao for  ao . VY Y  "YY    +  Y. YY Vhe ge eral rule prohb g fore allow for era exepo . Fr he  here  rgh whh a  ae poee  he eve  of a arme

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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aak over boh olleve a   vual elf efe e. Vhe pare agree ha ccccc$c c  epe  o oberva e of he $  c cc$ ccc   of he meaure ake  elf efe e. Y he ae of  vual elf efe e he exere of h rgh  ubje o he ae o er e hav g bee a vm of a arme aak. „ela e o olleve elf efe e of oure oe o remove he ee for h. Vhere  #c c c$ c  cc  cccc 1$ cc c c$$ c c ccc c c c-( c '.."..#" c cc  . Y.Y   YY Y ++Y YY+  Y YY+YY Y Vhu  uomar  er ao al law here  o rule perm g he exere of olleve elf efe e  he abe e of a reque b he Sae whh regar elf a he vm of a arme aak. Vhe requreme  of a reque  ao al o he requreme  ha uh a Sae houl have elare elf o have bee aake.

+Y !( Y Y  Vhe pr ple of o - erve o  volve he rgh of ever overeg Sae o o u  affar whou oue  erfere e. › prohbe  erfere e mu aor gl be o e bear g o maer  whh eah Sae  perme b he pr ple of Sae overeg  o ee freel. Vhe eleme  of oero  whh ef e a   ee form he ver ee e of prohbe  erve o   parularl obvou  he ae of a  erve o whh ue fore eher  he re from of mlar ao  or  he  re form of uppor o ubverve or error arme ave wh a oher Sae. Vhee are herefore wro gful  he lgh of boh he pr ple of o -ue of fore a  ha of  erve o . ++Y Y Y (Y Y YY        Y  " Whle a arme aak woul gve re o a e leme  o olleve elf efe e a ue of fore of a leer egree of grav a o proue a  e leme  o ake olleve ou er-meaure  volv g he ue of fore. Vhe a of whh ?aragua  aue eve aum g hem o have bee eablhe a  mpuable o ha Sae oul o l have jufe proporo ae ou er-meaure o he par of he vm Sae (El Salvaor úo ura Coa „a). Vhe oul o juf ou er-meaure ake b a hr Sae (he US) a  parularl oul o juf  erve o  volv g he ue of fore.  $* ! ² YCJ rejee he US  elf efe e argume  a  hel ha he US  fr ge he prohbo o he ue of fore ue o ome of  ave.

  !  8 "!       2 ;;>3 Vhe U? Ge eral ›embl requee he YCJ  ›vor Op o o he queo ² ͞Y he hrea or ue of ulear weapo   a  ruma e perme u er  er ao al law 

 #Y  YY  Vh prohbo of he ue of fore (›r. 2 para 4 U? Charer)  o be o ere  he lgh of oher releva  provo  of he Charer (›r. 5g o he  here  rgh of  vual or olleve elf efe e f a arme aak our; ›r. 42 whereb he Seur Cou l ma ake mlar e foreme  meaure  o form wh Chaper MYY). „eor o elf efe e u er ›r. 5g  ubje o era rera  (he o o  of $ cc   ubmo o whh  a rule  uomar  er ao al law). Vhe proporo al pr ple ma hu o  elf exlue he ue of ulear weapo   elf efe e  all ruma e.

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! Y  Y  Y Y  Y Y Vhee provo  o o refer o pef weapo . Vhe appl o a  ue of fore regarle of he weapo  emploe. Vhe Charer eher exprel prohb or perm he ue of a  pef weapo   lu g ulear weapo . %  + Y  . Y uffe for he Cour o oe ha he ver aure of all ulear weapo  a  he profou  rk aoae herewh are furher o erao  o be bor e  m  b Sae belev g he a exere a ulear repo e  elf efe e  aora e wh he requreme  of proporo al. ;0+Y A3 Vhe expe e  volve are hoe rela g o U? operao   Co go a  he ¯le Ea  purua e of Seur Cou l a  Ge eral ›embl „eoluo . Vhe U? G› requee a avor op o o wheher hee are 1c cc- ?  wh he mea  g of ›r g7 par 2 of he U? Charer. VY˜ YY  Y   a g ha he power of he Cour o gve avor op o  erve from ›r. 65 of he Saue. Vhe power gra e  of a  $ c$$. Vhe Cour be g a Cour of Jue a o eve b gv g avor op o  epar from he ee al rule gu g her av a a Cour. Vherefore cc$c cc c  cccc c0 . Bu eve f he queo  a legal o e  ma o ehele el e o o o. Vhe Cour f  o ͞ompell g reao  wh  houl o gve he avor op o requee. Y ha bee argue ha he queo pu o he Cour   erw e wh polal queo  a  ha for h reao he Cour houl refue o gve a op o . Vhe Cour however a o arbue a polal haraer o a reque whh  ve  o u erake a ee al jual ak amel he  c ccc  .

VY˜  Y++ Y  Y  Y Y.Y ›r. 65 par g  permve a  u er  ha power  of a reo ar haraer. Y exer g h reo  he YCJ lke he PCYJ ha alwa bee gue b he pr ple ha cc $ c,c c c cc  c   ccc0  c c c $ c $$cc c  c c  . Y ha bee a  prevou op o  ha he c cccc c  $  c cc$   c cc& a   pr ple cc c . Vhe Cour ha furher a ha c6$  c 7ccc cc cc cc c  . Y ge eral a op o gve b he Cour wll fur h he G› wh  c ccc$$cccc c c c c$ ? c c(c.. Y a  eve  o wha exe  or egree  op o wll have a mpa o he ao of he G›  o for he Cour o ee. c $ c ccc cc cc   ccc, o e  ha ome o he o luo ha he queo  pu o  are releva  a  have a praal a  o emporar effe a  o eque l are o evo of obje or purpoe. › o lak of o e  he Cour a ha  reog  e ha lak of o e  mgh $ ccc c$  cc cc  c 0 f  he ruma e of a gve ae $  c c  $ c cc cccc cc  . Y hor he $c cc c.c$ ccc,c c cc@c$ $,cc cc$  c cc  c c  cc  .

5 +"2 ;;;3 Vhe YCJ wa requee o eerm e o he ba of he › gloGerma Vrea of g890 a  he rule a  pr ple of  er ao al law he  bewee ?amba a  Bowa a arou  Kakl Seuu Yla  a  he legal au of he la . Vhe reque wa mae hrough a .$ c'  bewee he 2 ae o ubm he pue o he YCJ. ?eher Bowa a or ?amba  a  o he Me a Co ve o o he Law of Vreae boh of hem o er ›r. 3g of he Co ve o a applable   erpre g he › glo-Germa Vrea  amuh a ›r. 3g refle uomar  er ao al law.   $* !1Vhe YCJ aqure juro beaue he pare $cccY!@c  $  a  $ccc '9  c c c  cc .

(   2 ;A03 Vhe Cou l of he League of ?ao  requee he PCYJ o gve a avor op o upo h queo ² ͞Do ›r. g0 a  gg of he Vrea of Peae bewee F la  a  „ua g e a Dorpa a  he a exe Delarao of he „ua Delegao regar g he auo om of Eaer Carela o ue e gageme  of a  er ao al haraer whh plae „ua u er a oblgao o F la  a o he arr g ou of he provo  o a e here  „ua a  F la  are  pue regar g he Delarao  wh F la  a g ha   cc cc$$ a  ha he Vrea wa g e o he erm ha he Delarao wa a    a he

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Vrea elf. „ua argue ha he Delarao wa o b wa of o ra bu wa c$c cc1  c  . VY  Y Y  Y   › „ua  o a member of he League of ?ao  he ae  o e u er ›r. g7 of he Cove a  ( he eve  of pue bewee a member a  a o member he laer hall be   o aep he oblgao  of memberhp for he purpoe of uh pue a  f aepe ›r. g2 o g6 hall be apple wh mofao ). Suh - ."  however ha cc cc . O he o rar  ha o everal oao  learl elare ha  $$cc  cc cc c  . Y appear o he Cour ha ha here are c$c whh re er  ver  expee  ha he Cour houl aemp o eal wh he pree  queo . › „ua refue o ake par   oubful f  $ c   woul be avalable o allow a  jual o luo o wheher F la  a  „ua o rae o he erm of he Delarao a o he aure of Eaer Carela  auo om. Vhe queo pu o he Cour  cc  c$c bu o er  rel he  c c cc $cc$ccc$ ccc   c cc $c cc$. ' cc0 ccc  c0 cc$  cc ccc  .

   2ACC"c &"#" c Y& 'c Vhe ral reule from he war rme a  oher aroe mpue o Germa war offal ur g he Worl War YY. Lke he Voko War Crme Vrbu al he eo of he Vrbu al  ?uremberg l ow (a le gh) all he aroe allegel omme b Germa  ur g he war parularl  Europea ae ha he have oupe a  aga  he Jewh people who have beome prmar vm of  ›ra  ampag . For he purpoe of  er ao al law he follow g are ome of he ee al pr ple e u ae b he Vrbu al  repo e o he varou efe e rae b he aue Germa war offal. g.c FY„SV DEFE?SE² Vhe huma ara law provo  of he úague Co ve o o o appl beaue ome of he ae who parpae  he War were o pare o he Co ve o . Vhe Vrbu al reje h propoo a  aegorall ae ha he provo  of he úague Co ve o are arulao  of uomar  er ao al law rela g o warfare a  o all ae are bou  o hem regarle of o ve o al oblgao ² Y  argue ha he úague Co ve o oe o appl  h ae beaue of he "ge eral parpao " laue  ›rle 2 of he úague Co ve o of g907. Vha laue prove² "Vhe provo  o a e  he regulao  („ule of La  Warfare referre o  ›rle g a well a  he pree  Co ve o o o appl exep bewee o ra g power a  he o l f all he bellgere  are pare o he Co ve o ." Several of he bellgere   he ree  war were o pare o h Co ve o . Y he op o of he Vrbu al   o eear o ee h queo . Vhe rule of la  warfare expree  he Co ve o u oubel repree e a ava e over ex g  er ao al law a he me of her aopo . Bu he Co ve o exprel ae ha  wa a aemp " o reve he ge eral law a  uom of war" whh  hu reog e o be he ex g bu b g939 hee rule la ow  he Co ve o were reog e b all vle ao  a  were regare a be g elaraor of he law a  uom of war whh are referre o  ›rle 6 (b) of he Charer. 2.c SECO?D DEFE?SE² Vhe rule of warfare eae o be applable b he me he oupe errore were  orporae  o Germa  beaue b he  he are o be reae a Germa error a  Germa  a hooe o eal wh uh errore a hough he were par of .

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Vhe Vrbu al reje h argume  a g ha he or e of ubjugao  o applable a lo g a here rema  a fore of rea e wh he oupe errore a  a lo g a uh errore were o uffe l how o have bee  orporae  o he oup g power hrough eve e² ͞› furher ubmo wa mae ha Germa  wa o lo ger bou  b he rule of la  warfare  ma  of he errore oupe ur g he war beaue Germa  ha ompleel ubjugae hoe ou re a   orporae hem  o he Germa „eh a fa whh gave Germa  auhor o eal wh he oupe ou re a hough he were par of Germa . Y he vew of he Vrbu al   u eear  h ae o ee wheher h or e of ubjugao  epe e  a   upo mlar o que ha a  applao where he ubjugao  he reul of he rme of aggreve war. Vhe or e wa ever o ere o be applable o lo g a here wa a arm  he fel aemp g o reore he oupe ou re o her rue ow er a   h ae herefore he or e oul o appl o a  errore oupe afer he g Sepember g939. › o he war rme omme  Bohema a  ¯orava   a uffe  a wer ha hee errore were ever ae o he „eh bu a mere proeorae wa eablhe over hem. 3.c VúY„D DEFE?SE² Vhere were omme o rme aga  huma  ur g he war. Vhe Vrbu al o l parl agree wh h beaue here wa o uffe  eve e o eablh ha before g939 rme aga  huma  have bee omme. úowever afer g939 rme aga  huma  have u oubel bee omme eher hrough (g) war rme whh are alo rme aga  huma  or (2) rme omme  he exeuo of a aggreve war he laer be g u er he juro of he Vrbu al a  a uh woul alo o ue rme aga  huma ² ͞Wh regar o rme aga  huma  here  o oub whaever ha polal oppo e  were murere  Germa  before he war a  ha ma  of hem were kep  o e rao amp  ruma e of grea horror a  ruel. Vhe pol of error wa era l arre ou o a va ale a   ma  ae wa orga e a  ema. Vhe pol of pereuo  repreo a  murer of vla   Germa  before he war of g939 who were lkel o be hole o he Gover me  wa mo ruhlel arre ou. Vhe pereuo of Jew ur g he ame pero  eablhe beo  all oub. Vo o ue rme aga  huma  he a rele o before he oubreak of war mu have bee  exeuo of or  o eo wh a  rme wh he juro of he Vrbu al. Vhe Vrbu al  of he op o ha revol g a  horrble a ma  of hee rme were  ha o bee afaorl prove ha he were o e  exeuo of or  o eo wh a  uh rme. Vhe Vrbu al herefore a o make a ge eral elarao ha he a before g939 were rme aga  huma  wh he mea  g of he Charer bu from he beg  g of he war  g939 war rme were omme o a va ale whh were alo rme aga  huma ; a   ofar a he  huma e a harge  he Y me  a  omme afer he beg  g of he

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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war  o o ue war rme he were all omme  exeuo of or  o eo wh he aggreve war a  herefore o ue rme aga  huma . . ' & "c-c >"cY " ' Y- 'cY#Y 'c-& c5 c 3 .8 c Overvew Vhe „ome Saue eablhe he Y er ao al Crm al Cour. Vh wa o e o o reae a perma e  rbu al whh woul eal wh grave rme ha hreae he peae eur a  well-be g of he worl. Vh Vrbu al hall be +YY  o ao al rm al juro . P›„V g ESV›BLYSú¯E?V OF VúE COU„V ›r g Eablhe he YCC a a perma e   uo hav g juro over mo erou rme of ao al o er a  hall be ompleme ar o ao al rm al juro .

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(e) Ympro me  or oher evere eprvao of phal lber  volao of fu ame al rule of  er ao al law; (f) Vorure; (g) „ape exual laver e fore prouo  fore preg a  e fore erl ao  or a  oher form of exual vole e of omparable grav; (h) Pereuo aga  a  e fable group or ollev o polal raal ao al eh  ulural relgou ge er a ef e  paragraph 3 or oher grou  ha are u verall reog  e a mpermble u er  er ao al law  o eo wh a  a referre o  h paragraph or a  rme wh he juro of he Cour; () E fore appeara e of pero ; (j) Vhe rme of aparhe; (k) Oher  huma e a of a mlar haraer  e o all au g grea uffer g or erou  jur o bo or o me al or phal healh.

›r 3 ʹ Vhe ea of he Cour   he ?eherla  a úague ›r 4 ʹ Vhe Cour hall have  er ao al legal pero al. Y hall alo have uh legal apa a ma be eear for he exere of  fu o  a  he fulfllme  of  purpoe. P›„V 2 JU„YSDYCVYO? ›D¯YSSYBYLYV  ›?D ›PPLYC›BLE L›W ›r 5 !  $ c Vhe juro of he Cour  lme o he follow g rme a)c b)c )c )c

Ge oe Crme aga  huma  War rme Crme of aggreo ʹ Cour hall exere juro over h o e a provo  aope ef  g h rme.

›r 6 $  - a omme wh   co ero  whole or  par a ao al eh al raal or relgou group a uh² (a) Kll g member of he group; (b) Cau g erou bol or me al harm o member of he group; () Delberael  fl g o he group o o  of lfe alulae o br g abou  phal eruo  whole or  par; () Ympo g meaure  e e o preve  brh wh he group; (e) Forbl ra ferr g hlre of he group o a oher group. ›r 7 

c c   -a  of he follow g a whe omme a par of a (g) weprea or ema aak ree aga  a  vla populao (2) wh k owlege of he aak (a) ¯urer; (b) Exerm ao ; () E laveme ; () Deporao or forble ra fer of populao ;

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YY  Y+ Y+YY +  Y Y  Y Y  Y.       YY Y    "+Y Y ++  Y    Y  "  Y YY Y +  Y+ +   Y0  Y   -  YY YY  Y Y    Y   " ++  Y Y +Y  Y+  Y+YY   Y   Y +Y+YY   Y   Y Y Y    Y Y    Y  " ;% "  Y Y  ++ "c(-& %"%A.YCA%"'%c ›r. g6. Pare o he o fl hall reor a oo a poble  repe of eah wou e k or ea pero of he avere Par fall g  o her ha  a  parular whh ma a  h e fao . Vhee reor houl f poble  lue² (a) eg ao of he Power o whh he epe ; (b) arm regme al pero al or eral umber; () ur ame; () fr ame or ame; (e) ae of brh; (f) a  oher parular how o h e  ar or ; (g) ae a  plae of apure or eah; (h) parular o er  g wou  or ll e or aue of eah. › oo a poble he above me o e  formao hall be forware o he Y formao Bureau erbe  ›rle g22 of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949 whh hall ra m h  formao o he Power o whh hee pero  epe  hrough he  ermear of he Proe g Power a  of he Ce ral Pro er of War ›ge . Pare o he o fl hall prepare a  forwar o eah oher hrough he ame bureau erfae of eah or ul auhe ae l of he ea. Vhe hall lkewe olle a  forwar hrough he ame bureau o e half of a ouble e   la wll or oher oume  of mpora e o he ex of k  mo e a   ge eral all arle of a  r  or e me al value whh are fou  o he ea. Vhee arle ogeher wh u e fe arle hall be e   eale pake aompa e b aeme  gv g all parular eear for he e fao of he eeae ow er a well a b a omplee l of he o e  of he parel. Y > c -c&Y'c ›r. g7. Pare o he o fl hall e ure ha bural or remao of he ea arre ou  vuall a far a ruma e perm  preee b a areful exam ao  f poble b a meal exam ao  of he boe wh a vew o o frm g eah eablh g e  a  e abl g a repor o be mae. O e half of he ouble e   or he e   elf f   a  gle  houl rema o he bo. Boe hall o be remae exep for mperave reao  of hge e or for move bae o he relgo of he eeae. Y ae of remao  he ruma e a  reao  for remao hall be ae  eal  he eah erfae or o he auhe ae l of he ea. Vhe hall furher e ure ha he ea are ho ourabl  erre f poble aor g o he re of he relgo o whh he belo ge ha her grave are repee groupe f poble aor g o he ao al of he eeae properl ma a e

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a  marke o ha he ma alwa be fou . For h purpoe he hall orga  e a he omme eme  of hole a Offal Grave „egrao Serve o allow ubeque  exhumao  a  o e ure he e fao of boe whaever he e of he grave a  he poble ra porao o he home ou r. Vhee provo  hall lkewe appl o he ahe whh hall be kep b he Grave „egrao Serve u l proper poal hereof  aora e wh he whe of he home ou r. › oo a ruma e perm a  a lae a he e  of hole hee Serve hall exha ge hrough he Y formao Bureau me o e  he eo  paragraph of ›rle g6 l how g he exa loao a  mark g of he grave ogeher wh parular of he ea  erre here . >-."c(>-c'Y%c >"c(-& %"%c'"c - c -c"c>'#"%c ›r. g8. Vhe mlar auhore ma appeal o he har of he  haba  volu arl o olle a  are for u er her reo  he wou e a  k gra  g pero  who have repo e o h appeal he eear proeo a  fale. Shoul he avere Par ake or reake o rol of he area he hall lkewe gra  hee pero  he ame proeo a  he ame fale. Vhe mlar auhore hall perm he  haba  a  relef oee eve   vae or oupe area po a eoul o olle a  are for wou e or k of whaever ao al. Vhe vla populao hall repe hee wou e a  k a   parular aba from offer g hem vole e. cc ccc cc$ $c c c cccc $/c Vhe provo  of he pree  ›rle o o releve he oup g Power of  oblgao o gve boh phal a  moral are o he wou e a  k.

cYYY/c# $c& cc"  c ›r. g9. Fxe eablhme  a  moble meal u  of he ¯eal Serve ma  o ruma e be aake bu hall a all me be repee a  proee b he Pare o he o fl. Shoul he fall  o he ha  of he avere Par her pero el hall be free o purue her ue a lo g a he apur g Power ha o elf e ure he eear are of he wou e a  k fou   uh eablhme  a  u /c c #"%Y'c& Y .c - "c'%c ›r. 22. Vhe follow g o o  hall o be o ere a eprv g a meal u  or eablhme  of he proeo guara ee b ›rle g9² (g) Vha he pero el of he u  or eablhme  are arme a  ha he ue he arm  her ow efe e or  ha of he wou e a  k  her harge. (2) Vha  he abe e of arme orerle he u  or eablhme   proee b a pke or b e re or b a eor. (3) Vha mall arm a  ammu o ake from he wou e a  k a  o e ha e o he proper erve are fou   he u  or eablhme . (4) Vha pero el a  maeral of he veer ar erve are fou   he u  or eablhme  whou form g a  egral par hereof. (5) Vha he huma ara ave of meal u  a  eablhme  or of her pero el exe  o he are of vla wou e or k. cY4/c c ›r. 24. ¯eal pero el exluvel e gage  he earh for or he olleo  ra por or reame  of he wou e or k or  he preve o of eae aff exluvel e gage  he

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am rao of meal u  a  eablhme  a well a hapla  aahe o he arme fore hall be repee a  proee  all ruma e. ' &"%c>"' >c(-C"A>" ".c ›r. 28. Pero el eg ae  ›rle 24 a  26 who fall  o he ha  of he avere Par hall be rea e o l  o far a he ae of healh he prual ee a  he umber of pro er of war requre. cc cccc c c c . ?everhele he hall a lea be ef b all he provo  of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949. Wh he framework of he mlar law a  regulao  of he Dea  g Power a  u er he auhor of  ompee  erve he hall o  ue o arr ou  aora e wh her profeo al eh her meal a  prual ue o behalf of pro er of war preferabl hoe of he arme fore o whh he hemelve belo g. Vhe hall furher e jo he follow g fale for arr g ou her meal or prual ue² (a) Vhe hall be auhor e o v peroall he pro er of war  labour u  or hopal oue he amp. Vhe Dea  g Power hall pu a her poal he mea  of ra por requre. (b) Y eah amp he e or meal offer of he hghe ra k hall be repo ble o he mlar auhore of he amp for he profeo al av of he rea e meal pero el. For h purpoe from he oubreak of hole he Pare o he o fl hall agree regar g he orrepo  g e or of he ra k of her meal pero el  lu g hoe of he oee eg ae  ›rle 26. Y all queo  ar g ou of her ue h meal offer a  he hapla  hall have re ae o he mlar a  meal auhore of he amp who hall gra  hem he fale he ma requre for orrepo e e rela g o hee queo . () ›lhough rea e pero el  a amp hall be ubje o   er al pl e he hall o however be requre o perform a  work oue her meal or relgou ue. Dur g hole he Pare o he o fl hall make arra geme  for relev g where poble rea e pero el a  hall ele he proeure of uh relef. ?o e of he pree g provo  hall releve he Dea  g Power of he oblgao  mpoe upo  wh regar o he meal a  prual welfare of he pro er of war. ›r. 30. Pero el whoe ree o  o  pe able b vrue of he provo  of ›rle 28 hall be reur e o he Par o he o fl o whom he belo g a oo a a roa  ope for her reur a  mlar requreme  perm. Pe  g her reur  he hall o be eeme pro er of war. ?everhele he hall a lea be ef b all he provo  of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949. Vhe hall o  ue o fulfl her ue u er he orer of he avere Par a  hall preferabl be e gage  he are of he wou e a  k of he Par o he o fl o whh he hemelve belo g. O her eparure he hall ake wh hem he effe pero al belo g g valuable a   rume  belo g g o hem. ›r. 3g. Vhe eleo of pero el for reur u er ›rle 30 hall be mae rrepeve of a  o erao of rae relgo or polal op o  bu preferabl aor g o he hro ologal orer of her apure a  her ae of healh. › from he oubreak of hole Pare o he o fl ma eerm e b peal agreeme  he pere age of pero el o

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be rea e  proporo o he umber of pro er a  he rbuo of he a pero el  he amp. c c4/c  cc# c ›r. 33. Vhe maeral of moble meal u  of he arme fore whh fall  o he ha  of he e em hall be reerve for he are of wou e a  k. Vhe bul g maeral a  ore of fxe meal eablhme  of he arme fore hall rema ubje o he law of war bu ma o be vere from her purpoe a lo g a he are requre for he are of wou e a  k. ?everhele he omma er of fore  he fel ma make ue of hem  ae of urge  mlar ee prove ha he make prevou arra geme  for he welfare of he wou e a  k who are ure  hem. Vhe maeral a  ore ef e  he pree  ›rle hall o be  e o all eroe. c4Y/c# $c c ›r. 35. Vra por of wou e a  k or of meal equpme  hall be repee a  proee  he ame wa a moble meal u . Shoul uh ra por or vehle fall  o he ha  of he avere Par he hall be ubje o he law of war o o o ha he Par o he o fl who apure hem hall  all ae e ure he are of he wou e a  k he o a . Vhe vla pero el a  all mea  of ra por oba e b requo hall be ubje o he ge eral rule of  er ao al law. ›r. 36. ¯eal arraf ha  o a arraf exluvel emploe for he removal of wou e a  k a  for he ra por of meal pero el a  equpme  hall o be aake bu hall be repee b he bellgere  whle fl g a hegh me a  o roue pefall agree upo bewee he bellgere  o er e. Vhe hall bear learl marke he   $ c  prerbe  ›rle 38 ogeher wh her ao al olour o her lower upper a  laeral urfae. Vhe hall be prove wh a  oher mark g or mea  of e fao ha ma be agree upo bewee he bellgere  upo he oubreak or ur g he oure of hole. U le agree oherwe flgh over e em or e emoupe error are prohbe. ¯eal arraf hall obe ever ummo  o la . Y he eve  of a la  g hu mpoe he arraf wh  oupa  ma o  ue  flgh afer exam ao  f a . Y he eve  of a  volu ar la  g  e em or e emoupe error he wou e a  k a well a he rew of he arraf hall be pro er of war. Vhe meal pero el hall be reae aor g o ›rle 24 a  he ›rle follow g. c4YY/c c%  $ c"  c ›r. 38. › a omplme  o Sw erla  he heral emblem of he c$ o a whe grou  forme b rever g he Feeral olour  rea e a he emblem a   ve g of he ¯eal Serve of arme fore. ?everhele  he ae of ou re whh alrea ue a emblem  plae of he re ro he re ree  or he re lo a  u o a whe grou  hoe emblem are alo reog  e b he erm of he pree  Co ve o . ›r. 40. Vhe pero el eg ae  ›rle 24 a   ›rle 26 a  27 hall wear affxe o he lef arm a waer-rea  armle

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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bear g he  ve emblem ue a  ampe b he mlar auhor. Suh pero el  ao o wear g he e   me o e  ›rle g6 hall alo arr a peal e  ar bear g he  ve emblem. Vh ar hall be waer-rea  a  of uh  e ha  a be arre  he poke. Y hall be wore  he ao al la guage hall me o a lea he ur ame a  fr ame he ae of brh he ra k a  he erve umber of he bearer a  hall ae  wha apa he  e le o he proeo of he pree  Co ve o . Vhe ar hall bear he phoograph of he ow er a  alo eher h g aure or h f gerpr  or boh. Y hall be emboe wh he amp of he mlar auhor. Vhe e  ar hall be u form hroughou he ame arme fore a  a far a poble of a mlar pe  he arme fore of he úgh Co ra g Pare. Vhe Pare o he o fl ma be gue b he moel whh  a exe b wa of example o he pree  Co ve o . Vhe hall  form eah oher a he oubreak of hole of he moel he are u g. Ye  ar houl be mae ou f poble a lea  uplae o e op be g kep b he home ou r. Y o ruma e ma he a pero el be eprve of her  g a or e  ar or of he rgh o wear he armle. Y ae of lo he hall be e le o reeve uplae of he ar a  o have he  g a replae. c c4YYY/c"1$ c cc c ›r. 46. „epral aga  he wou e k pero el bul g or equpme  proee b he Co ve o are prohbe. ›r. 47. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake  me of peae a  me of war o em ae he ex of he pree  Co ve o a wel a poble  her repeve ou re a   parular o  lue he u hereof  her programme of mlar a  f poble vl  ruo  o ha he pr ple hereof ma beome k ow o he e re populao   parular o he arme fgh g fore he meal pero el a  he hapla . cY=/c c c'ccY $ c %& Gc -c" Y.' "c ›r. 49. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o e a a  leglao eear o prove effeve pe al a o  for pero  omm g or orer g o be omme a  of he grave breahe of he pree  Co ve o ef e  he follow g ›rle. Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall be u er he oblgao o earh for pero  allege o have omme or o have orere o be omme uh grave breahe a  hall br g uh pero  regarle of her ao al before  ow our. Y ma alo f  prefer a   aora e wh he provo  of  ow leglao  ha  uh pero  over for ral o a oher úgh Co ra g Par o er e prove uh úgh Co ra g Par ha mae ou a prma fae ae. Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall ake meaure eear for he uppreo of all a o rar o he provo  of he pree  Co ve o oher ha he grave breahe ef e  he follow g ›rle. Y all ruma e he aue pero  hall be ef b afeguar of proper ral a  efe e whh hall o be le favourable ha hoe prove b ›rle g05 a  hoe follow g of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949. ›r. 50. c$ o whh he pree g ›rle relae hall be hoe  volv g a  of he follow g a f omme aga  pero  or proper proee b he Co ve o ² wlful kll g

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orure or  huma reame   lu g bologal experme  wlfull au g grea uffer g or erou  jur o bo or healh a  exe ve eruo a  approprao of proper o jufe b mlar ee a  arre ou u lawfull a  wa o l. ›r. 53. Vhe  b  vual oee frm or ompa e eher publ or prvae oher ha hoe e le hereo u er he pree  Co ve o  of he emblem or he eg ao " „e Cro " or " Ge eva Cro " or a  g or eg ao o u g a mao hereof whaever he obje of uh ue a  rrepeve of he ae of  aopo  cc  ccc

. B reao of he rbue pa o Sw erla  b he aopo of he revere Feeral olour a  of he o fuo whh ma are bewee he arm of Sw erla  a  he  ve emblem of he Co ve o  he ue b prvae  vual oee or frm of he arm of he Sw Co feerao  or of mark o u g a mao hereof wheher a raemark or ommeral mark or a par of uh mark or for a purpoe o rar o ommeral ho e or  ruma e apable of wou  g Sw ao al e me  hall be prohbe a all me. ?everhele uh úgh Co ra g Pare a were o par o he Ge eva Co ve o of 27 Jul g929 ma gra  o pror uer of he emblem eg ao  g  or mark eg ae  he fr paragraph a me lm o o exee hree ear from he om g  o fore of he pree  Co ve o o o  ue uh ue prove ha he a ue hall o be uh a woul appear  me of war o o fer he proeo of he Co ve o . Vhe prohbo la ow  he fr paragraph of he pree  ›rle hall alo appl whou effe o a  rgh aqure hrough pror ue o he emblem a  mark me o e  he eo  paragraph of ›rle 38.

c.$c c  c5YY8c cc'   c cc  c c(,c . $cc. $c# c c' c$cc./c ,c g)c'cg++/c ›r 2. Y ao o he provo  whh hall be mpleme e  peaeme he pree  Co ve o hall appl o all ae of elare war or of a  oher arme o fl whh ma are bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he ae of war  o reog  e b o e of hem. Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e. ›lhough o e of he Power  o fl ma o be a par o he pree  Co ve o  he Power who are pare hereo hall rema bou  b   her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore be bou  b he Co ve o  relao o he a Power f he laer aep a  apple he provo  hereof. ›r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a  er ao al haraer ourr g  he error of o e of he úgh Co ra g Pare eah Par o he o fl hall be bou  o appl cc 

 ,c follow g provo ² (g) Pero  ak g o ave par  he hole  lu g member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a  hoe plae hor e omba b k e wou  ee o  or a  oher aue hall  all ruma e be reae huma el whou a 

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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avere  o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex brh or wealh or a  oher mlar rera. Vo h e  he follow g a are a  hall rema prohbe a a  me a   a  plae whaoever wh repe o he aboveme o e pero ² (a) vole e o lfe a  pero   parular murer of all k  mulao  ruel reame  a  orure; (b) ak g of hoage; () ourage upo pero al g   parular humla g a  egra g reame ; () he pa g of e e e a  he arr g ou of exeuo  whou prevou jugeme  pro ou e b a regularl o ue our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog  e a  pe able b vl e people. (2) Vhe wou e k a  hpwreke hall be ollee a  are for. › mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro ma offer  erve o he Pare o he o fl. Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g  o fore b mea  of peal agreeme  all or par of he oher provo  of he pree  Co ve o . Vhe applao of he pree g provo  hall o affe he legal au of he Pare o he o fl. ›r 4. Y ae of hole bewee la  a  aval fore of Pare o he o fl he provo  of he pree  Co ve o cc cc $ccc . Fore pu ahore hall mmeael beome ubje o he provo  of he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a  Sk  ›rme Fore  he Fel of ›ugu g2 g949. ›r 5. c ccccche provo  of he pree  Co ve o o he wou e k a  hpwreke a  o member of he meal pero el a  o hapla  of he arme fore of he Pare o he o fl reeve or  er e  her error a well a o ea pero  fou . ›r 7. Wou e k a  hpwreke pero  a well a member of he meal pero el a  hapla  ma  o ruma e re ou e  par or  e re he rgh eure o hem b he pree  Co ve o  a  b he peal agreeme  referre o  he forego g ›rle f uh here be. cYY/c(,c. $cc. $c ›r g2. ¯ember of he arme fore a  oher pero  me o e  he follow g ›rle who are a ea a  who are wou e k or hpwreke hall be repee a  proee  all ruma e  be g u eroo ha he erm "hpwrek" mea  hpwrek from a  aue a   lue fore la  g a ea b or from arraf. Suh pero  hall be c cc$c  b he Pare o he o fl  whoe power he ma be whou a  avere  o fou e o ex rae ao al relgo  polal op o  or a  oher mlar rera. ›  aemp upo her lve or vole e o her pero  hall be rl prohbe;  parular he hall o be murere or exerm ae ubjee o orure or o bologal experme ; he hall o wlfull be lef whou meal aa e a  are or hall o o  expo g hem o o ago or  feo be reae.

Page g** of g *

O l urge  meal reao  wll auhor e pror  he orer of reame  o be am ere. Wome hall be reae wh all o erao ue o her ex. ›r g3. Vhe pree  Co ve o hall appl o he wou e k a  hpwreke a ea belo g g o he follow g aegore² (g) ¯ember of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl a well a member of mla or volu eer orp form g par of uh arme fore. (2) ¯ember of oher mla a  member of oher volu eer orp  lu g hoe of orga  e rea e moveme  belo g g o a Par o he o fl a  opera g  or oue her ow error eve f h error  oupe prove ha uh mla or volu eer orp  lu g uh orga  e rea e moveme  fulfl he follow g o o ² (a) ha of be g omma e b a pero repo ble for h ubor ae; (b) ha of hav g a fxe  ve g reog  able a a a e; () ha of arr g arm ope l; () ha of o u g her operao   aora e wh he law a  uom of war. (3) ¯ember of regular arme fore who profe allega e o a Gover me  or a auhor o reog  e b he Dea  g Power. (4) Pero  who aompa  he arme fore whou auall be g member hereof uh a vla member of mlar arraf rew war orrepo e  uppl o raor member of labour u  or of erve repo ble for he welfare of he arme fore prove ha he have reeve auhor ao from he arme fore whh he aompa . (5) ¯ember of rew  lu g maer plo a  appre e of he merha  mar e a  he rew of vl arraf of he Pare o he o fl who o o be ef b more favourable reame  u er a  oher provo  of  er ao al law. (6) Y haba  of a o -oupe error who o he approah of he e em po a eoul ake up arm o re he  va g fore whou hav g ha me o form hemelve  o regular arme u  prove he arr arm ope l a  repe he law a  uom of war. -Y ' Y- .c-c >"c".&"%c ›r g4. ›ll warhp of a bellgere  Par hall have he  cc   ha he wou e k or hpwreke o boar mlar hopal hp a  hopal hp belo g g o relef oee or o prvae  vual a well a merha  veel ah a  oher raf cc whaever her ao al prove ha he wou e a  k are  a f ae o be move a  ha he warhp a prove aequae fale for eear meal reame . 'cg2/cY c,c $cc $ccccc ccc cccc  c $ ,c ccc ,ccc0 cc  c,ccc$c cc cc c c c. ›r g6. Subje o he provo  of ›rle g2 c,c $c c $c cc cc c c ccc c c c a  he provo  of  er ao al law o er  g pro er of war hall appl o hem. Vhe apor ma ee aor g o ruma e wheher   expee  o hol hem or o o ve hem o a por  he apor' ow ou r o a eural por or eve o a por  e em error. Y he la ae  c ccccc c c$c cc c cc c cc.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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›r g7. Wou e k or hpwreke pero  who are la e  eural por wh he o e  of he loal auhore hall fal g arra geme  o he o rar bewee he eural a  he bellgere  Power be o guare b he eural Power where o requre b  er ao al law ha he a pero  a o aga ake par  operao  of war. Vhe o of hopal aommoao a   er me  hall be bor e b he Power o whom he wou e k or hpwreke pero  epe . ›r g8. ›fer eah e gageme  Pare o he o fl hall whou ela ake all poble meaure o earh for a  olle he hpwreke wou e a  k o proe hem aga  pllage a  ll-reame  o e ure her aequae are a  o earh for he ea a  preve  her be g epole. Whe ever ruma e perm he Pare o he o fl hall o lue loal arra geme  for he removal of he wou e a  k b ea from a beege or e rle area a  for he paage of meal a  relgou pero el a  equpme  o her wa o ha area. %& Gc -c - YGc ›r g9. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall reor a oo a poble  repe of eah hpwreke wou e k or ea pero of he avere Par fall g  o her ha  a  parular whh ma a  h e fao . Vhee reor houl f poble  lue² (a) eg ao of he Power o whh he epe ; (b) arm regme al pero al or eral umber; () ur ame; () fr ame or ame; (e) ae of brh; (f) a  oher parular how o h e  ar or ; (g) ae a  plae of apure or eah; (h) parular o er  g wou  or ll e or aue of eah. › oo a poble he above-me o e  formao hall be forware o he  formao bureau erbe  ›rle g22 of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of ›ugu g2 g949 whh hall ra m h  formao o he Power o whh hee pero  epe  hrough he  ermear of he Proe g Power a  of he Ce ral Pro er of War ›ge . Pare o he o fl hall prepare a  forwar o eah oher hrough he ame bureau erfae of eah or ul auhe ae l of he ea. Vhe hall lkewe olle a  forwar hrough he ame bureau o e half of he ouble e   or he e   elf f   a  gle  la wll or oher oume  of mpora e o he ex of k  mo e a   ge eral all arle of a  r  or e me al value whh are fou  o he ea. Vhee arle ogeher wh u e fe arle hall be e   eale pake aompa e b aeme  gv g all parular eear for he e fao of he eeae ow er a well a b a omplee l of he o e  of he parel. ›r 20. Pare o he o fl hall e ure ha  ccc cc  arre ou  vuall a far a ruma e perm  preee b a areful exam ao  f poble b a meal exam ao  of he boe wh a vew o o frm g eah eablh g e  a  e abl g a repor o be mae. Where a ouble e    ue o e half of he  houl rema o he bo. Yf ea pero  are la e he provo  of he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a  Sk  ›rme Fore  he Fel of ›ugu g2 g949 hall be applable.

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›r 2g. Vhe Pare o he o fl ma appeal o he har of omma er of eural merha  veel ah or oher raf o ake o boar a  are for wou e k or hpwreke pero  a  o olle he ea. Meel of a  k  repo  g o h appeal a  hoe hav g of her ow aor ollee wou e k or hpwreke pero  hall e jo peal proeo a  fale o arr ou uh aa e. Vhe ma  o ae be apure o aou  of a  uh ra por; bu  he abe e of a  prome o he o rar he hall rema lable o apure for a  volao  of eural he ma have omme.

cYYY/c> c. c ›r 22. ¯lar hopal hp ha  o a hp bul or equppe b he Power peall a  olel wh a vew o a g he wou e k a  hpwreke o rea g hem a  o ra por g hem ma  o ruma e be aake or apure bu hall a all me be repee a  proee o o o ha her ame a  erpo  have bee ofe o he Pare o he o fl e a before hoe hp are emploe. Vhe haraer whh mu appear  he ofao hall  lue regere gro o age he le gh from em o er a  he umber of ma a  fu el. ›r 23. Eablhme  ahore e le o he proeo of he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a  Sk  ›rme Fore  he Fel of ›ugu g2 g949 hall be proee from bombarme  or aak from he ea. ›r 24. úopal hp ul e b ?ao al „e Cro Soee b offall reog  e relef oee or b prvae pero  hall have he ame proeo a mlar hopal hp a  cc1 c  c$ f he Par o he o fl o whh he epe  ha gve hem a offal ommo a   o far a he provo  of ›rle 22 o er  g ofao have bee omple wh. Vhee hp mu be prove wh erfae from he repo ble auhore a g ha he veel have bee u er her o rol whle f g ou a  o eparure. ›r 28. Shoul fgh g our o boar a warhp he k-ba hall be repee a  pare a far a poble. 0"(   Y  Y.Y ++ Y#Y   Y+   Y    Y Y Y   Y  Y+ Y  Y Y. Y    Y  Y  ". ?everhele he omma er  o whoe power he have falle ma afer e ur g he proper are of he wou e a  k who are aommoae here  appl hem o oher purpoe  ae of urge  mlar ee. ›r 29. 'c c c ccc $c c ccc cc  ccc ?cccc c. ›r 30. Vhe veel erbe  ›rle 22 24 25 a  27 hall affor relef a  aa e o he wou e k a  hpwreke whou  o of ao al. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o o ue hee veel for a  mlar purpoe. Suh veel hall  o we hamper he moveme  of he ombaa . Dur g a  afer a e gageme  he wll a a her ow rk.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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›r 33. ¯erha  veel whh have bee ra forme  o hopal hp a o be pu o a  oher ue hroughou he urao of hole. ›r 35. Vhe follow g o o  hall o be o ere a eprv g hopal hp or k-ba of veel of he proeo ue o hem² (g) Vhe fa ha he rew of hp or k-ba are arme for he ma e a e of orer for her ow efe e or ha of he k a  wou e. (2) Vhe pree e o boar of apparau exluvel  e e o falae avgao or ommu ao . (3) Vhe over o boar hopal hp or  k-ba of porable arm a  ammu o ake from he wou e k a  hpwreke a  o e ha e o he proper erve. (4) Vhe fa ha he huma ara ave of hopal hp a  k-ba of veel or of he rew exe  o he are of wou e k or hpwreke vla . (5) Vhe ra por of equpme  a  of pero el  e e exluvel for meal ue over a  above he ormal requreme . c cY4/c c ›r 36. Vhe relgou meal a  hopal pero el of hopal hp a  her rew cc$cc$; he ma o be apure ur g he me he are  he erve of he hopal hp wheher or o here are wou e a  k o boar.

c4/c# $c c(ver mlar o meal la  ra por) ›r 38. Shp harere for ha purpoe hall be auhor e o ra por equpme  exluvel  e e for he reame  of wou e a  k member of arme fore or for he preve o of eae prove ha he parular regar g her voage have bee ofe o he avere Power a  approve b he laer. Vhe avere Power hall preerve he rgh o boar he arrer hp bu o o apure hem or e e he equpme  arre. B agreeme  amo g he Pare o he o fl eural oberver ma be plae o boar uh hp o verf he equpme  arre. For h purpoe free ae o he equpme  hall be gve . c4Y/c c%  $ c"  c5 cc 8c ›r 4g. U er he reo of he ompee  mlar auhor he emblem of he re ro o a whe grou  hall be plae o he flag armle a  o c0  c c cc# $c . $/c ?everhele  he ae of ou re whh alrea ue a emblem  plae of he re ro he re ree  or he re lo a  u o a whe grou  hee emblem are alo reog  e b he erm of he pree  Co ve o . c4YYY/c c c'ccY $ c5 8c ›r 50. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o e a a  leglao eear o prove effeve pe al a o  for pero  omm g or orer g o be omme a  of he grave breahe of he pree  Co ve o ef e  he follow g ›rle. Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall be u er he oblgao o earh for pero  allege o have omme or o have orere o be omme uh grave breahe a  hall br g uh pero  regarle of her ao al before  ow our. Y ma alo f  prefer a   aora e wh he provo  of  ow leglao  ha  uh pero  over for ral o a oher úgh Co ra g Par

Page g*) of g *

o er e prove uh úgh Co ra g Par ha mae ou a prma fae ae. Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall ake meaure eear for he uppreo of all a o rar o he provo  of he pree  Co ve o oher ha he grave breahe ef e  he follow g ›rle. Y all ruma e he aue pero  hall be ef b afeguar of proper ral a  efe e whh hall o be le favourable ha hoe prove b ›rle g05 a  hoe follow g of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of ›ugu g2 g949. ›r 5g. c$ o whh he pree g ›rle relae hall be hoe  volv g a  of he follow g a f omme aga  pero  or proper proee b he Co ve o ² wlful kll g orure or  huma reame   lu g bologal experme  wlfull au g grea uffer g or erou  jur o bo or healh a  exe ve eruo a  approprao of proper o jufe b mlar ee a  arre ou u lawfull a  wa o l.

c  c c  c5YYY8c ccc  c c  c c(/c ,cg)c'cg++/c ›r 2. Y ao o he provo  whh hall be mpleme e  peae me he pree  Co ve o hall appl o all ae of elare war or of a  oher arme o fl whh ma are bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he ae of war  o reog  e b o e of hem. Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e. ›lhough o e of he Power  o fl ma o be a par o he pree  Co ve o  he Power who are pare hereo hall rema bou  b   her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore be bou  b he Co ve o  relao o he a Power f he laer aep a  apple he provo  hereof. ›r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a  er ao al haraer ourr g  he error of o e of he úgh Co ra g Pare eah Par o he o fl hall be bou  o appl a a 

  he follow g provo ² (g) Pero  ak g o ave par  he hole  lu g member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a  hoe plae hor e omba b k e wou  ee o  or a  oher aue hall  all ruma e be reae huma el whou a  avere  o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex brh or wealh or a  oher mlar rera. Vo h e  he follow g a are a  hall rema prohbe a a  me a   a  plae whaoever wh repe o he above-me o e pero ² (a) vole e o lfe a  pero   parular murer of all k  mulao  ruel reame  a  orure; (b) ak g of hoage; () ourage upo pero al g   parular humla g a  egra g reame ; () he pa g of e e e a  he arr g ou of exeuo  whou prevou jugme  pro ou e b a regularl o ue our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog  e a  pe able b vl e people. (2) Vhe wou e a  k hall be ollee a  are for.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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› mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro ma offer  erve o he Pare o he o fl. Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g  o fore b mea  of peal agreeme  all or par of he oher provo  of he pree  Co ve o . Vhe applao of he pree g provo  hall o affe he legal au of he Pare o he o fl. %"Y Y Y- c-c -(c ›r 4. ›.  c c  he e e of he pree  Co ve o  are pero  belo g g o o e of he follow g aegore who have falle  o he power of he e em² (g) ¯ember of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl a well a member of mla or volu eer orp form g par of uh arme fore. (2) ¯ember of oher mla a  member of oher volu eer orp  lu g hoe of orga  e rea e moveme  belo g g o a Par o he o fl a  opera g  or oue her ow error eve f h error  oupe prove ha uh mla or volu eer orp  lu g uh orga  e rea e moveme  fulfl he follow g o o ² (a) ha of be g omma e b a pero repo ble for h ubor ae; (b) ha of hav g a fxe  ve g reog  able a a a e; () ha of arr g arm ope l; () ha of o u g her operao   aora e wh he law a  uom of war. (3) ¯ember of regular arme fore who profe allega e o a gover me  or a auhor o reog  e b he Dea  g Power. (4) Pero  who aompa  he arme fore whou auall be g member hereof uh a vla member of mlar arraf rew war orrepo e  uppl o raor member of labour u  or of erve repo ble for he welfare of he arme fore prove ha he have reeve auhor ao  from he arme fore whh he aompa  who hall prove hem for ha purpoe wh a e  ar mlar o he a exe moel. (5) ¯ember of rew  lu g maer plo a  appre e of he merha  mar e a  he rew of vl arraf of he Pare o he o fl who o o be ef b more favourable reame  u er a  oher provo  of  er ao al law. (6) Y haba  of a o -oupe error who o he approah of he e em po a eoul ake up arm o re he  va g fore whou hav g ha me o form hemelve  o regular arme u  prove he arr arm ope l a  repe he law a  uom of war. B. Vhe follow g hall lkewe be reae a pro er of war u er he pree  Co ve o ² (g) Pero  belo g g or hav g belo ge o he arme fore of he oupe ou r f he oup g Power o er  eear b reao of uh allega e o  er hem eve hough  ha org all lberae hem whle hole were go g o oue he error  oupe  parular where uh pero  have mae a u ueful aemp o rejo he arme fore o whh he belo g a  whh are e gage  omba or where he fal o ompl wh a ummo  mae o hem wh a vew o  er me .

Page g* of g *

(2) Vhe pero  belo g g o o e of he aegore e umerae  he pree  ›rle who have bee reeve b eural or o bellgere  Power o her error a  whom hee Power are requre o  er u er  er ao al law whou prejue o a  more favourable reame  whh hee Power ma hooe o gve a  wh he exepo of ›rle 8 g0 g5 30 ffh paragraph 5867 92 g26 a  where ploma relao  ex bewee he Pare o he o fl a  he eural or o -bellgere  Power o er e hoe ›rle o er  g he Proe g Power. Where uh ploma relao  ex he Pare o a o fl o whom hee pero  epe  hall be allowe o perform owar hem he fu o  of a Proe g Power a prove  he pree  Co ve o  whou prejue o he fu o  whh hee Pare ormall exere  o form wh ploma a  o ular uage a  reae. C. Vh ›rle hall  o wa affe he au of meal pero a  hapla  a prove for  ›rle 33 of he pree  Co ve o .

el

›r 5. Vhe pree  Co ve o hall appl o he pero  referre o  ›rle 4 from he me he fall  o he power of he e em a  u l her f al releae a  reparao . Shoul a  oub are a o wheher pero  hav g omme a bellgere  a a  hav g falle  o he ha  of he e em belo g o a  of he aegore e umerae  ›rle 4 uh pero  hall e jo he proeo of he pree  Co ve o u l uh me a her au ha bee eerm e b a ompee  rbu al. ›r 7. Pro er of war ma  o ruma e re ou e  par or  e re he rgh eure o hem b he pree  Co ve o  a  b he peal agreeme  referre o  he forego g ›rle f uh here be. cYY/c c $ c c  c c(c ›r g2. Pro er of war are  he ha  of he e em Power bu o of he  vual or mlar u  who have apure hem. Yrrepeve of he  vual repo ble ha ma ex he Dea  g Power  repo ble for he reame  gve hem. Pro er of war ma o l be ra ferre b he Dea  g Power o a Power whh  a par o he Co ve o a  afer he Dea  g Power ha afe elf of he wll g e a  abl of uh ra feree Power o appl he Co ve o . Whe pro er of war are ra ferre u er uh ruma e repo bl for he applao of he Co ve o re o he Power aep g hem whle he are   uo. ?everhele f ha Power fal o arr ou he provo  of he Co ve o  a  mpora  repe he Power b whom he pro er of war were ra ferre hall upo be g ofe b he Proe g Power ake effeve meaure o orre he uao or hall reque he reur of he pro er of war. Suh reque mu be omple wh. ›r g3.  c cc ccc

cc c. %  + +    YÝY  Y  Y   Y + Y Y  YY+   Y         Y  ++Y Y Y Y  Y  Y YY  Y . Y parular o pro er of war ma be ubjee o phal mulao or o meal or e f experme  of a  k  whh are o jufe b he meal e al or hopal reame  of he pro er o er e a  arre ou  h  ere. Lkewe pro er of war mu a all me be proee parularl aga  a of vole e or  mao a  aga   ul a  publ uro.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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#c c c c c ccc   /c ›r g4. Pro er of war are e le  all ruma e o repe for her pero  a  her ho our. Wome hall be reae wh all he regar ue o her ex a  hall  all ae be ef b reame  a favourable a ha gra e o me . Pro er of war hall  cc c$  c$$  whh he e joe a he me of her apure. Vhe Dea  g Power ma o rer he exere eher wh or whou  ow error of he rgh uh apa o fer exep  o far a he apv requre. ›r g5. Vhe Power ea  g pro er of war hall be bou  o prove free of harge for her ma e a e a  for he meal ae o requre b her ae of healh. cYYY/c  c .$ cg/c  c c  c ›r g7. Ever pro er of war whe queo e o he ubje  bou  o gve o l h ur ame fr ame a  ra k ae of brh a  arm regme al pero al or eral umber or fal g h equvale   formao . Yf he wlfull  fr ge h rule he ma re er hmelf lable o a rero of he prvlege aore o h ra k or au. Eah Par o a o fl  requre o fur h he pero  u er  juro who are lable o beome pro er of war wh a e  ar how g he ow er' ur ame fr ame ra k arm regme al pero al or eral umber or equvale   formao  a  ae of brh. Vhe e  ar ma furhermore bear he g aure or he f gerpr  or boh of he ow er a  ma bear a well a  oher  formao he Par o he o fl ma wh o a o er  g pero  belo g g o  arme fore. › far a poble he ar hall meaure 6.5 x g0 m. a  hall be ue  uplae. Vhe e  ar hall be how b he pro er of war upo ema  bu ma  o ae be ake awa from hm. ! + Y +   Y   Y     Y  Y + Y  Y    Y Y  Y      "  YY  Y    Y Y  Y   Y  Y YY + Y  YY  +Y     Y Y Y   "  Pro er of war who ow g o her phal or me al o o  are u able o ae her e  hall be ha e over o he meal erve. Vhe e  of uh pro er hall be eablhe b all poble mea  ubje o he provo  of he pree g paragraph. Vhe queo  g of pro er of war hall be arre ou  a la guage whh he u era . ›r g8. ›ll effe a  arle of pero al ue exep arm hore mlar equpme  a  mlar oume  hall rema  he poeo of pro er of war lkewe her meal helme a  ga mak a  lke arle ue for pero al proeo . Effe a  arle ue for her loh g or fee g hall lkewe rema  her poeo  eve f uh effe a  arle belo g o her regulao mlar equpme . › o me houl pro er of war be whou e  oume . Vhe Dea  g Power hall uppl uh oume  o pro er of war who poe o e. Bage of ra k a  ao al eorao  a  arle hav g above all a pero al or e me al value ma o be ake from pro er of war.

Page g* of g *

Sum of mo e arre b pro er of war ma o be ake awa from hem exep b orer of a offer a  afer he amou  a  parular of he ow er have bee reore  a peal reger a  a em e reep ha bee gve  legbl  rbe wh he ame ra k a  u  of he pero u g he a reep. Sum  he urre  of he Dea  g Power or whh are ha ge  o uh urre  a he pro er' reque hall be plae o he re of he pro er' aou  a prove  ›rle 64. Vhe Dea  g Power ma whraw arle of value from pro er of war o l for reao  of eur; whe uh arle are whraw  he proeure la ow for um of mo e mpou e hall appl. Suh obje lkewe um ake awa  a  urre  oher ha ha of he Dea  g Power a  he o vero of whh ha o bee ake for b he ow er hall be kep  he uo of he Dea  g Power a  hall be reur e  her  al hape o pro er of war a he e  of her apv. ›r g9. Pro er of war hall be evauae a oo a poble afer her apure o amp uae  a area far e ough from he omba o e for hem o be ou of a ger. O l hoe pro er of war who ow g o wou  or k e woul ru greaer rk b be g evauae ha b rema  g where he are ma be emporarl kep bak  a a ger o e. Pro er of war hall o be u eearl expoe o a ger whle awa g evauao from a fgh g o e. .$ cYY/cY c c  c c(c cY/c c- c ›r 2g. Vhe Dea  g Power ma ubje pro er of war o  er me . Y ma mpoe o hem he oblgao of o leav g beo  era lm he amp where he are  er e or f he a amp  fe e   of o go g oue  permeer. Subje o he provo  of he pree  Co ve o relave o pe al a  pl ar a o  pro er of war ma o be hel  loe o f eme  exep where eear o afeguar her healh a  he o l ur g he o  uao of he ruma e whh make uh o f eme  eear. Pro er of war ma be parall or wholl releae o parole or prome  o far a  allowe b he law of he Power o whh he epe . Suh meaure hall be ake parularl  ae where h ma o rbue o he mproveme  of her ae of healh. ?o pro er of war hall be ompelle o aep lber o parole or prome. Upo he oubreak of hole eah Par o he o fl hall of he avere Par of he law a  regulao  allow g or forb g  ow ao al o aep lber o parole or prome. Pro er of war who are parole or who have gve her prome  o form wh he law a  regulao  o ofe are bou  o her pero al ho our rupuloul o fulfl boh owar he Power o whh he epe  a  owar he Power whh ha apure hem he e gageme  of her parole or prome. Y uh ae he Power o whh he epe   bou  eher o requre or o aep from hem a  erve  ompable wh he parole or prome gve . ›r 22. Pro er of war ma be  er e o l  preme loae o la  a  affor g ever guara ee of hge e a  healhful e. Exep  parular ae whh are jufe b he  ere of he pro er hemelve he hall o be  er e  pe e are.

Y    Y Y Y+   Y Y Y Y + Y#    Y++Y YY +Y   Y  +Y+ Y

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Vhe Dea  g Power hall aemble pro er of war  amp or amp ompou  aor g o her ao al la guage a  uom prove ha uh pro er hall o be eparae from pro er of war belo g g o he arme fore wh whh he were erv g a he me of her apure exep wh her o e . cYY/cJ,ccc c c  c c(c ›r 25. Pro er of war hall be quarere u er o o  a favourable a hoe for he fore of he Dea  g Power who are bllee  he ame area. Vhe a o o  hall make allowa e for he hab a  uom of he pro er a  hall  o ae be prejual o her healh. Vhe forego g provo  hall appl  parular o he ormore of pro er of war a regar boh oal urfae a  m mum ub pae a  he ge eral  allao  be g a  bla ke. Vhe preme prove for he ue of pro er of war  vuall or ollevel hall be e rel proee from amp e a  aequael heae a  lghe  parular bewee uk a  lgh ou. ›ll preauo  mu be ake aga  he a ger of fre. Y a  amp  whh wome pro er of war a well a me  are aommoae eparae ormore hall be prove for hem. ›r 26. Vhe ba al foo rao  hall be uffe   qua  qual a  vare o keep pro er of war  goo healh a  o preve  lo of wegh or he evelopme  of uro al efe e. ›ou  hall alo be ake of he habual e of he pro er. Vhe Dea  g Power hall uppl pro er of war who work wh uh ao al rao  a are eear for he labour o whh he are emploe. Suffe  r k g waer hall be upple o pro er of war. cc c$$ccc /c Pro er of war hall a far a poble be aoae wh he preparao of her meal; he ma be emploe for ha purpoe  he khe . Furhermore he hall be gve he mea  of prepar g hemelve he ao al foo  her poeo . ›equae preme hall be prove for me g. $ c $  c c $ c cc   . ›r 27. Cloh g u erwear a  foowear hall be upple o pro er of war  uffe  qua e b he Dea  g Power whh hall make allowa e for he lmae of he rego where he pro er are ea e. U form of e em arme fore apure b he Dea  g Power houl f uable for he lmae be mae avalable o lohe pro er of war. Vhe regular replaeme  a  repar of he above arle hall be aure b he Dea  g Power. Y ao  pro er of war who work hall reeve approprae loh g wherever he aure of he work ema . cYYY/c>cc# $c' c ›r 29. Vhe Dea  g Power hall be bou  o ake all a ar meaure eear o e ure he lea l e a  healhful e of amp a  o preve  epem. Pro er of war hall have for her ue a a  gh o ve e e whh o form o he rule of hge e a  are ma a e  a o a  ae of lea l e. Y a  amp  whh wome pro er of war are aommoae eparae o ve e e hall be prove for hem.

Page g*2 of g *

›lo apar from he bah a  hower wh whh he amp hall be fur he pro er of war hall be prove wh uffe  waer a  oap for her pero al ole a  for wah g her pero al lau r; he eear  allao  fale a  me hall be gra e hem for ha purpoe. ›r 30. Ever amp hall have a 0c    where pro er of war ma have he ae o he requre a well a approprae e. Yolao war hall f eear be e ae for ae of o agou or me al eae. Pro er of war uffer g from erou eae or whoe o o eeae peal reame  a urgal operao or hopal are mu be ame o a  mlar or vla meal u  where uh reame  a be gve  eve f her reparao  o emplae  he ear fuure. Speal fale hall be affore for he are o be gve o he able  parular o he bl  a  for her. rehablao  pe  g reparao . Pro er of war hall have he ae o  preferabl of meal pero el of he Power o whh he epe  a  f poble of her ao al. Pro er of war ma o be preve e from pree  g hemelve o he meal auhore for exam ao . Vhe ea  g auhore hall upo reque ue o ever pro er who ha u ergo e reame  a offal erfae  a g he aure of h ll e or  jur a  he urao a  k  of reame  reeve. › uplae of h erfae hall be forware o he Ce ral Pro er of War ›ge . Vhe o of reame   lu g hoe of a  apparau eear for he ma e a e of pro er of war  goo healh parularl e ure a  oher arfal appla e a  peale hall be bor e b he Dea  g Power. c4Y/c% $  c ›r 39. Ever pro er of war amp hall be pu u er he mmeae auhor of a repo ble ommo e offer belo g g o he regular arme fore of he Dea  g Power. .$c $ccc

c c cc$c ccc Ecccc c c  ccccc$ c ccccc cc ,ccc $ c c c ,c c c  $ /c Pro er of war wh he exepo of offer mu alue a  how o all offer of he Dea  g Power he exer al mark of repe prove for b he regulao  appl g  her ow fore. Offer pro er of war are bou  o alue o l offer of a hgher ra k of he Dea  g Power; he mu however alue he amp omma er regarle of h ra k. ›r 42. VYY Y  Y   YY++    Y YY  Y  YY++    YY YYY Y+++ Y YY Y       Y  Y  Y. .$ cYYY/cc c  c c(c ›r 49. Vhe Dea  g Power ma ul e he labour of pro er of war who are phall f ak g  o aou  her age ex ra k a  phal apue a  wh a vew parularl o ma a  g hem  a goo ae of phal a  me al healh. ?o -ommo e offer who are pro er of war hall o l be requre o o upervor work. Vhoe o o requre ma ak for oher uable work whh hall o far a poble be fou  for hem.

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Yf offer or pero  of equvale  au ak for uable work  hall be fou  for hem o far a poble bu he ma  o ruma e be ompelle o work. ›r 50. Bee work o ee wh amp am rao   allao or ma e a e pro er of war ma be ompelle o o o l uh work a   lue  he follow g lae² (a) agrulure; (b)  ure o ee wh he prouo or he exrao of raw maeral a  ma ufaur g  ure wh he exepo of meallurgal mah er a  hemal  ure; publ work a  bul g operao  whh have o mlar haraer or purpoe; () ra por a  ha l g of ore whh are o mlar  haraer or purpoe; () ommeral bu e a  ar a  raf; (e) ome erve; (f) publ ul erve hav g o mlar haraer or purpoe. Shoul he above provo  be  fr ge pro er of war hall be allowe o exere her rgh of ompla   o form wh ›rle 78. 'c2)/c&cccc,cc c cc cc  ccc $c c ccccc/c ?o pro er of war hall be ag e o labour whh woul be looke upo a humla g for a member of he Dea  g Power' ow fore. Vhe removal of m e or mlar eve hall be o ere a a gerou labour. .$ c4/c c c  c c(c( cc"1 c ›r 69. Ymmeael upo pro er of war fall g  o  power he Dea  g Power hall  form hem a  he Power o whh he epe  hrough he Proe g Power of he meaure ake o arr ou he provo  of he pree  Seo . Vhe hall lkewe  form he pare o er e of a  ubeque  mofao  of uh meaure. ›r 70. Ymmeael upo apure or o more ha o e week afer arrval a a amp eve f   a ra  amp lkewe  ae of k e or ra fer o hopal or o a oher amp c c  cccccc c $cc c  ,cccc ,ccccc  c c(c'$c c c c ' $cg)  o he oher ha  a ar mlar f poble o he moel a exe o he pree  Co ve o   form g h relave of h apure are a  ae of healh. Vhe a ar hall be forware a rapl a poble a  ma o be elae  a  ma er. ›r 7g.  c cccccccc$ cc c$. Yf he Dea  g Power eem  eear o lm he umber of leer a  ar e  b eah pro er of war he a umber hall o be le ha wo leer a  four ar mo hl exluve of he apure ar prove for  ›rle 70 a  o form g a loel a poble o he moel a exe o he pree  Co ve o . Furher lmao  ma be mpoe o l f he Proe g Power  afe ha  woul be  he  ere of he pro er of war o er e o o o ow g o ffule of ra lao aue b he Dea  g Power'  abl o f  uffe  qualfe l gu o arr ou he eear e orhp. Yf lmao  mu be plae o he orrepo e e aree o pro er of war he ma be orere o l b he Power o whh he pro er epe  pobl a he reque of he Dea  g Power. Suh leer a  ar mu be o vee b he mo rap

Page g*3 of g *

meho a he poal of he Dea  g Power; he ma o be elae or rea e for pl ar reao . Pro er of war who have bee whou ew for a lo g pero or who are u able o reeve ew from her ex of k or o gve hem ew b he or ar poal roue a well a hoe who are a a grea a e from her home hall be perme o e  elegram he fee be g harge aga  he pro er of war' aou  wh he Dea  g Power or pa  he urre  a her poal. Vhe hall lkewe be ef b h meaure  ae of urge . › a ge eral rule he orrepo e e of pro er of war hall be wre  her ave la guage. Vhe Pare o he o fl ma allow orrepo e e  oher la guage. Sak o a  g pro er of war mal mu be eurel eale a  labelle o a learl o  ae her o e  a  mu be aree o offe of e ao . .$ c4Y/c cc  c c(ccc'  c cY/c  c c  c c(c$ cc   c c  c ›r 78 Pro er of war hall have he rgh o make k ow o he mlar auhore  whoe power he are her reque regar g he o o  of apv o whh he are ubjee. Vhe hall alo have he u rere rgh o appl o he repree ave of he Proe g Power eher hrough her pro er' repree ave or f he o er  eear re  orer o raw her ae o o a  po  o whh he ma have ompla  o make regar g her o o  of apv. Vhee reque a  ompla  hall o be lme or o ere o be a par of he orrepo e e quoa referre o  ›rle 7g. Vhe mu be ra me mmeael. Eve f he are reog  e o be u fou e he ma o gve re o a  pu hme . Pro er' repree ave ma e  pero repor o he uao  he amp a  he ee of he pro er of war o he repree ave of he Proe g Power. cYY/c  c c(c c ›r 79. YY all plae where here are pro er of war exep  hoe where here are offer he pro er hall freel ele b ere ballo ever x mo h a  alo  ae of vaa e pro er' repree ave e rue wh repree  g hem before he mlar auhore he Proe g Power he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro a  a  oher orga  ao whh ma a hem. Vhee pro er' repree ave hall be elgble for reeleo . Y amp for offer a  pero  of equvale  au or  mxe amp he e or offer amo g he pro er of war hall be reog  e a he amp pro er' repree ave. Y amp for offer he hall be ae b o e or more aver hoe b he offer;  mxe amp h aa  hall be hoe from amo g he pro er of war who are o offer a  hall be elee b hem. Offer pro er of war of he ame ao al hall be ao e  labour amp for pro er of war for he purpoe of arr g ou he amp am rao ue for whh he pro er of war are repo ble. Vhee offer ma be elee a pro er' repree ave u er he fr paragraph of h ›rle. Y uh a ae he aa  o he pro er' repree ave hall be hoe from amo g hoe pro er of war who are o offer. Ever repree ave elee mu be approve b he Dea  g Power before he ha he rgh o omme e h ue.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Where he Dea  g Power refue o approve a pro er of war elee b h fellow pro er of war  mu  form he Proe g Power of he reao for uh refual. Y all ae he pro er' repree ave mu have he ame ao al la guage a  uom a he pro er of war whom he repree . Vhu pro er of war rbue  ffere  eo  of a amp aor g o her ao al la guage or uom hall have for eah eo her ow pro er' repree ave  aora e wh he forego g paragraph. cYYY/c cc% $  c.$ c Y/c c   c ›r 82. › pro er of war hall be ubje o he law regulao  a  orer  fore  he arme fore of he Dea  g Power; c %  c ccc c c c $ cc $  c

c c$c cc $c$

ccc c cc  c$c,c cc. úowever o proee g or pu hme  o rar o he provo  of h Chaper hall be allowe. Yf a  law regulao or orer of he Dea  g Power hall elare a omme b a pro er of war o be pu hable wherea he ame a woul o be pu hable f omme b a member of he fore of he Dea  g Power uh a hall e al pl ar pu hme  o l. c 'c2/c  c cc$cccc cc %  c c c$c$

c cc$cc ,c c c$ $,cc c ccc /c YY/c% $  c.$ c ›r 89. Vhe pl ar pu hme  applable o pro er of war are he follow g² (g) › f e whh hall o exee 50 per e  of he ava e of pa a  work g pa whh he pro er of war woul oherwe reeve u er he provo  of ›rle 60 a  62 ur g a pero of o more ha hr a. (2) Do  ua e of prvlege gra e over a  above he reame  prove for b he pree  Co ve o . (3) Fague ue o exee g wo hour al. (4) Co f eme . Vhe pu hme  referre o u er (3) hall o be apple o offer. Ycc$cc $  c  cc  ,ccc cccc c c c/c ›r 9g. Vhe $c cc  of war hall be eeme o have $$ whe ² (g) he ha jo e he arme fore of he Power o whh he epe  or hoe of a alle Power; (2) he ha lef he error u er he o rol of he Dea  g Power or of a all of he a Power; (3) he ha jo e a hp fl g he flag of he Power o whh he epe  or of a alle Power  he erroral waer of he Dea  g Power he a hp o be g u er he o rol of he la ame Power. Pro er of war who have mae goo her eape  he e e of h ›rle a  who are reapure hall o be lable o a  pu hme   repe of her prevou eape. ›r 92. › pro er of war who aemp o eape a   reapure before hav g mae goo h eape  he e e of ›rle 9g c c cccc $  c  c c$c c c$,c c c c ccc $.

Page g*J of g *

› pro er of war who  reapure hall be ha e over whou ela o he ompee  mlar auhor. ›r 93. Eape or aemp o eape eve f   a repeae offe e hall o be eeme a aggrava g ruma e f he pro er of war  ubjee o ral b jual proee g  repe of a offe e omme ur g h eape or aemp o eape. Y o form wh he pr ple ae  ›rle 83 offe e omme b pro er of war wh he ole  e o of fala g her eape a  whh o o e al a  vole e aga  lfe or lmb uh a offe e aga  publ proper hef whou  e o of elf-e rhme  he raw g up or ue of fale paper or he wear g of vla loh g hall oao pl ar pu hme  o l. Pro er of war who a or abe a eape or a aemp o eape hall be lable o h ou  o pl ar pu hme  o l. YYY/c!  $ c $ c ›r 99. ?o pro er of war ma be re or e e e for a a whh  o forbe b he law of he Dea  g Power or b  er ao al law  fore a he me he a a wa omme. ?o moral or phal oero ma be exere o a pro er of war  orer o  ue hm o am hmelf gul of he a of whh he  aue. ?o pro er of war ma be o ve whou hav g ha a opporu  o pree  h efe e a  he aa e of a qualfe avoae or ou el. ›r g00. Pro er of war a  he Proe g Power hall be  forme a oo a poble of he offe e whh are pu hable b he eah e e e u er he law of he Dea  g Power. Oher offe e hall o hereafer be mae pu hable b he eah pe al whou he o urre e of he Power o whh he pro er of war epe . Vhe eah e e e a o be pro ou e o a pro er of war u le he ae o of he our ha  aora e wh ›rle 87 eo  paragraph bee parularl alle o he fa ha  e he aue  o a ao al of he Dea  g Power he  o bou  o  b a  u of allega e a  ha he    power a he reul of ruma e  epe e  of h ow wll. ›r g0g. Yf he eah pe al  pro ou e o a pro er of war he e e e hall o be exeue before he exprao of a pero of a lea x mo h from he ae whe he Proe g Power reeve a a  ae are he eale ommu ao prove for  ›rle g07. ›r g02. % Y   Y+ + Y YY +   Y Y YYYY Y   YY    Y Y Y  Y YY YY   Y Y   Y  Y ÝY  Y     Y  Y Y   Y YY   Y YYYY Y . ›r g05VY Y   ++YY  +Y   Y Y   Y   Y  Y YY .+ Y   Y Y+  Y  Y++  YY  Y YY YY   YY Y Y Y  Y  Y Y Y++Y  Y   YY    YÝY  Y  Y YY  Y Y + Fal g a hoe b he pro er of war he Proe g Power hall f  hm a avoae or ou el a  hall have a lea o e week a  poal for he purpoe. Vhe Dea  g Power hall elver o he a Power o reque a l of pero  qualfe o pree  he efe e. Fal g a hoe of a avoae or ou el b

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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he pro er of war or he Proe g Power he Dea  g Power hall appo  a ompee  avoae or ou el o o u he efe e. Vhe avoae or ou el o u g he efe e o behalf of he pro er of war hall have a h poal a pero of wo week a lea before he ope  g of he ral a well a he eear fale o prepare he efe e of he aue. úe ma  parular freel v he aue a   ervew hm  prvae. úe ma alo o fer wh a  w ee for he efe e  lu g pro er of war. úe hall have he be ef of hee fale u l he erm of appeal or peo ha expre. Parular of he harge or harge o whh he pro er of war  o be arrag e a well a he oume  whh are ge erall ommu ae o he aue b vrue of he law  fore  he arme fore of he Dea  g Power hall be ommu ae o he aue pro er of war  a la guage whh he u era  a   goo me before he ope  g of he ral. Vhe ame ommu ao  he ame ruma e hall be mae o he avoae or ou el o u g he efe e o behalf of he pro er of war. Vhe repree ave of he Proe g Power hall be e le o ae  he ral of he ae u le exepo all h  hel  amera  he  ere of Sae eur. Y uh a ae he Dea  g Power hall ave he Proe g Power aor gl. ›r g06. Ever pro er of war hall have  he ame ma er a he member of he arme fore of he Dea  g Power he  c c cc   from a  e e e pro ou e upo hm wh a vew o he quah g or rev g of he e e e or he reope  g of he ral. úe hall be full  forme of h rgh o appeal or peo a  of he me lm wh whh he ma o o. cY4/c   c c  c .$ cY/c% $c  cc'$$

 c c c  c ›r g09. Subje o he provo  of he hr paragraph of h ›rle  Y  Y +  Y  Y "  Y    Y +Y Y   "Y +  Y   Y + " Y    Y  Y    Y + Y   Y    Y+ Y  Y       Y

++% +Y. Vhroughou he urao of hole Pare o he o fl hall e eavour wh he ooperao of he eural Power o er e o make arra geme  for he aommoao  eural ou re of he k a  wou e pro er of war referre o  he eo  paragraph of he follow g ›rle. Vhe ma  ao  o lue agreeme  wh a vew o he re reparao or  er me   a eural ou r of able-boe pro er of war who have u ergo e a lo g pero of apv. ?o k or  jure pro er of war who  elgble for reparao u er he fr paragraph of h ›rle ma be reparae aga  h wll ur g hole. ›r gg0. Vhe follow g hall be   re² (g) Y urabl wou e a  k whoe me al or phal f e eem o have bee gravel m he. (2) Wou e a  k who aor g o meal op o  are o lkel o reover wh o e ear whoe o o requre reame  a  whoe me al or phal f e eem o have bee gravel m he. (3) Wou e a  k who have reovere bu whoe me al or phal f e eem o have bee gravel a  perma e l m he. Vhe follow g ma be aommoae  a eural ou r²

Page g* of g *

(g) Wou e a  k whoe reover ma be expee wh o e ear of he ae of he wou  or he beg  g of he ll e f reame   a eural ou r mgh  reae he prope of a more era a  pee reover. (2) Pro er of war whoe me al or phal healh aor g o meal op o   eroul hreae e b o  ue apv bu whoe aommoao  a eural ou r mgh remove uh a hrea. Vhe o o  whh pro er of war aommoae  a eural ou r mu fulfl  orer o perm her reparao hall be fxe a hall lkewe her au b agreeme  bewee he Power o er e. Y ge eral pro er of war who have bee aommoae  a eural ou r a  who belo g o he follow g aegore houl be reparae² (g) Vhoe whoe ae of healh ha eerorae o a o fulfl he o o la ow for re reparao ; (2) Vhoe whoe me al or phal power rema  eve afer reame  o erabl mpare. Yf o peal agreeme  are o lue bewee he Pare o he o fl o er e o eerm e he ae of ableme  or k e e al g re reparao or aommoao  a eural ou r uh ae hall be ele  aora e wh he pr ple la ow  he ¯oel ›greeme  o er  g re reparao a  aommoao  eural ou re of wou e a  k pro er of war a   he „egulao  o er  g ¯xe ¯eal Commo  a exe o he pree  Co ve o . .$ cYY/ccc  c c  c c(ccc c c>   cc ›r gg8/c  c cccccc c c c cc$ c c$ c   /c Y he abe e of pulao  o he above effe  a  agreeme  o lue bewee he Pare o he o fl wh a vew o he eao of hole or fal g a  uh agreeme  eah of he Dea  g Power hall elf eablh a  exeue whou ela a pla of reparao  o form wh he pr ple la ow  he forego g paragraph. Y eher ae he meaure aope hall be brough o he k owlege of he pro er of war. Vhe o of reparao of pro er of war hall  all ae be equabl apporo e bewee he Dea  g Power a  he Power o whh he pro er epe . Vh apporo me  hall be arre ou o he follow g ba² (a) Yf he wo Power are o guou he Power o whh he pro er of war epe  hall bear he o of reparao from he fro er of he Dea  g Power. (b) Yf he wo Power are o o guou he Dea  g Power hall bear he o of ra por of pro er of war over  ow error a far a  fro er or  por of embarkao eare o he error of he Power o whh he pro er of war epe . Vhe Pare o er e hall agree bewee hemelve a o he equable apporo me  of he rema  g o of he reparao . Vhe o luo of h agreeme  hall  o ruma e juf a  ela  he reparao of he pro er of war. .$ cYYY/c%c c  c c(c ›r g20. Wll of pro er of war hall be raw up o a o af he o o  of val requre b he leglao of her ou r of org  whh wll ake ep o  form he Dea  g Power of  requreme   h repe. › he reque of he pro er of war a   all ae afer eah he wll hall be ra me whou

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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ela o he Proe g Power; a erfe op hall be e  o he Ce ral ›ge . Deah erfae  he form a exe o he pree  Co ve o  or l erfe b a repo ble offer of all pero  who e a pro er of war hall be forware a rapl a poble o he Pro er of War Y formao Bureau eablhe  aora e wh ›rle g22. Vhe eah erfae or erfe l hall how parular of e  a e ou  he hr paragraph of ›rle g7 a  alo he ae a  plae of eah he aue of eah he ae a  plae of bural a  all parular eear o e f he grave. Vhe bural or remao of a pro er of war hall be preee b a meal exam ao of he bo wh a vew o o frm g eah a  e abl g a repor o be mae a  where eear eablh g e . Vhe ea  g auhore hall e ure ha pro er of war who have e  apv are ho ourabl bure f poble aor g o he re of he relgo o whh he belo ge a  ha her grave are repee uabl ma a e a  marke o a o be fou  a a  me. Wherever poble eeae pro er of war who epe e o he ame Power hall be  erre  he ame plae. Deeae pro er of war hall be bure   vual grave u le u avoable ruma e requre he ue of olleve grave. Boe ma be remae o l for mperave reao  of hge e o aou  of he relgo of he eeae or  aora e wh h expre wh o h effe. Y ae of remao  he fa hall be ae a  he reao  gve  he eah erfae of he eeae. Y orer ha grave ma alwa be fou  all parular of bural a  grave hall be reore wh a Grave „egrao Serve eablhe b he Dea  g Power. L of grave a  parular of he pro er of war  erre  emeere a  elewhere hall be ra me o he Power o whh uh pro er of war epe e. „epo bl for he are of hee grave a  for reor of a  ubeque  move of he boe hall re o he Power o roll g he error f a Par o he pree  Co ve o . Vhee provo  hall alo appl o he ahe whh hall be kep b he Grave „egrao Serve u l proper poal hereof  aora e wh he whe of he home ou r. ' c4/cY   c1cc  c.$  c c  c c (c ›r g23. 'cc  c c(cY   c'$ hall be reae  a eural ou r. Vhe Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro hall f  eem eear propoe o he Power o er e he orga  ao of uh a ›ge . Vhe fu o of he ›ge  hall be o olle all he  formao  ma oba hrough offal or prvae ha el repe g pro er of war a  o ra m  a rapl a poble o he ou r of org of he pro er of war or o he Power o whh he epe . Y hall reeve from he Pare o he o fl all fale for effe g uh ra mo . Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare a   parular hoe whoe ao al be ef b he erve of he Ce ral ›ge  are requee o gve he a ›ge  he f a al a  ma requre. Vhe forego g provo  hall  o wa be  erpree a rer g he huma ara ave of he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro or of he relef oee prove for  ›rle g25.

cc c

Page g*+ of g *

 c5Y48c ccc $ c c   c c c

c c(/c ,cg)c'cg++/c c ›r. 2. Y ao o he provo  whh cc

 c c $9

 he pree  Co ve o hall appl o all ae of elare war or of a  oher arme o fl whh ma are bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he ae of war  o reog  e b o e of hem. Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e. ›lhough o e of he Power  o fl ma o be a par o he pree  Co ve o  he Power who are pare hereo hall rema bou  b   her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore be bou  b he Co ve o  relao o he a Power f he laer aep a  apple he provo  hereof. ›r. 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a  er ao al haraer ourr g  he error of o e of he úgh Co ra g Pare eah Par o he o fl hall be bou  o ,ccc 

  he follow g provo ² (g) Pero  ak g o ave par  he hole  lu g member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a  hoe plae hor e omba b k e wou  ee o  or a  oher aue hall  all ruma e be reae huma el whou a  avere  o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex brh or wealh or a  oher mlar rera. Vo h e  he follow g a are a  hall rema prohbe a a  me a   a  plae whaoever wh repe o he aboveme o e pero ² (a) vole e o lfe a  pero   parular murer of all k  mulao  ruel reame  a  orure; (b) ak g of hoage; () ourage upo pero al g   parular humla g a  egra g reame ; () he pa g of e e e a  he arr g ou of exeuo  whou prevou jugme  pro ou e b a regularl o ue our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog  e a  pe able b vl e people. (2) Vhe wou e a  k hall be ollee a  are for. › mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro ma offer  erve o he Pare o he o fl. Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g  o fore b mea  of peal agreeme  all or par of he oher provo  of he pree  Co ve o . Vhe applao of he pree g provo  hall o affe he legal au of he Pare o he o fl. (>-c'"c >"c ' Y".c - " "%cc ›r. 4. Pero  proee b he Co ve o are hoe who a a gve mome  a   a  ma er whaoever f  hemelve  ae of a o fl or oupao  ccc cc ccc $  $cc-$$ c c c $cccc .

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Page gg* of g *

?ao al of a Sae whh  o bou  b he Co ve o are o proee b . ?ao al of a eural Sae who f  hemelve  he error of a bellgere  Sae a  ao al of a o-bellgere  Sae hall o be regare a proee pero  whle he Sae of whh he are ao al ha ormal ploma repree ao  he Sae  whoe ha  he are.

e em la  ar a  aval fore  orer o obvae he pobl of a  hole ao .

Vhe provo  of Par YY are however wer  applao  a ef e  ›rle g3.

›r. g9. c$ cc $c$   c cc cc c$cccccc$

,c c c    c ,c$c ccc . Proeo ma however eae o l afer ue war  g ha bee gve  am g  all approprae ae a reao able me lm a  afer uh war  g ha rema e u heee. Vhe fa ha k or wou e member of he arme fore are ure  hee hopal or he pree e of mall arm a  ammu o ake from uh ombaa  a  o e bee ha e o he proper erve hall o be o ere o be a harmful o he e em.

Pero  proee b he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a  Sk  ›rme Fore  he Fel of g2 ›ugu g949 or b he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of Wou e Sk a  Shpwreke ¯ember of ›rme Fore a Sea of g2 ›ugu g949 or b he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949 hall o be o ere a proee pero  wh he mea  g of he pree  Co ve o . ›r. 8. $cc c cc$ $ $c$c cc c c cc c$cc cccc   a  b he peal agreeme  referre o  he forego g ›rle f uh here be.

cYY/c c $ c c  c' c c 0$c c(c ›r. g3. VY    Y  Y+Y  Y+    Y Y +     Y Y   Y   +  Y +  Y+ + +  Y  Y Y  ++Y Y Y

Y Y    ›r. g5. ›  Par o he o fl ma eher re or hrough a eural Sae or ome huma ara orga  ao  propoe o he avere Par o eablh  he rego  where fgh g  ak g plae  ?c?  e e o heler from he effe of war he follow g pero  whou  o ² (a) wou e a  k ombaa  or o -ombaa ; (b) vla pero  who ake o par  hole a  who whle he ree  he o e perform o work of a mlar haraer. Whe he Pare o er e have agree upo he geographal poo  am rao  foo uppl a  upervo of he propoe eural e o e a wre agreeme  hall be o lue a  g e b he repree ave of he Pare o he o fl. Vhe agreeme  hall fx he beg  g a  he urao of he eural ao of he o e. ›r. g8.    c  orga  e o gve are o he wou e a  k he  frm a  maer  ae c cc$ $ $ccc $c c$ccccc

cc$cc$c cc  ccc$  $. Sae whh are Pare o a o fl hall prove all vla hopal wh erfae how g ha he are vla hopal a  ha he bul g whh he oup are o ue for a  purpoe whh woul eprve hee hopal of proeo  aora e wh ›rle g9. Cvla hopal hall be marke b mea  of he emblem prove for  ›rle 38 of he Ge eva Co ve o for he ›melorao of he Co o of he Wou e a  Sk  ›rme Fore  he Fel of g2 ›ugu g949 bu o l f o auhor e b he Sae. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall  o far a mlar o erao  perm ake he eear ep o make he  ve emblem  a g vla hopal learl vble o he

Y vew of he a ger o whh hopal ma be expoe b be g loe o mlar objeve   reomme e ha uh hopal be uae a far a poble from uh objeve.

›r.24. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall ake he eear meaure o e ure ha hlre u er ffee  who are orpha e or are eparae from her famle a a reul of he war are o lef o her ow reoure a  ha her ma e a e he exere of her relgo a  her euao are falae  all ruma e. Vher euao hall a far a poble be e rue o pero  of a mlar ulural rao . Vhe Pare o he o fl hall falae he reepo of uh hlre  a eural ou r for he urao of he o fl wh he o e  of he Proe g Power f a  a  u er ue afeguar for he oberva e of he pr ple ae  he fr paragraph. Vhe hall furhermore e eavour o arra ge for all hlre u er welve o be e fe b he wear g of e   or b ome oher mea . cYYY/c.cc  c c $c c .$ cY/c   c$

ccc  c cc ccc $  $ccc$$ c  c ›r. 27. Proee pero  are e le  all ruma e o repe for her pero  her ho our her faml rgh her relgou o vo  a  prae a  her ma er a  uom. Vhe hall a all me be   reae a  hall be proee epeall aga  all a of vole e or hrea hereof a  aga   ul a  publ uro. Wome hall be epeall proee aga  a  aak o her ho our  parular aga  rape e fore prouo  or a  form of  ee  aaul. Whou prejue o he provo  rela g o her ae of healh age a  ex all proee pero  hall be reae wh he ame o erao b he Par o he o fl  whoe power he are whou a  avere  o bae  parular o rae relgo or polal op o . úowever he Pare o he o fl ma ake uh meaure of o rol a  eur  regar o proee pero  a ma be eear a a reul of he war. ›r. 28. Vhe $c cc$cc ccccc c$ c ccc

c  c  c . ›r. 3g. c $cc c$$ ccc1$ c c $c,c c $cc c    c  c c c  c c / ›r. 34. c c cc c  /

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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.$ cYY/c' c cc c ccccc$  $c ›r. 35. ›ll proee pero  who ma ere o  he error a he oue of or ur g a o fl hall be e le o o o u le her eparure  o rar o he ao al  ere of he Sae. Vhe applao  of uh pero  o leave hall be ee  aora e wh regularl eablhe proeure a  he eo hall be ake a rapl a poble. Vhoe pero  perme o leave ma prove hemelve wh he eear fu  for her jour e a  ake wh hem a reao able amou  of her effe a  arle of pero al ue. Yf a  uh pero  refue permo o leave he error he hall be e le o have refual reo ere a oo a poble b a approprae our or am rave boar eg ae b he Dea  g Power for ha purpoe. Upo reque repree ave of he Proe g Power hall u le reao  of eur preve   or he pero  o er e obje be fur he wh he reao  for refual of a  reque for permo o leave he error a  be gve  a expeoul a poble he ame of all pero  who have bee e e permo o leave. ›r. 38. Wh he exepo of peal meaure auhor e b he pree  Co ve o   parularl b ›rle 27 a  4g hereof he uao of proee pero  hall o  ue o be regulae  pr ple b he provo  o er  g ale   me of peae. Y a  ae he follow g rgh hall be gra e o hem² (g) he hall be e able o reeve he  vual or olleve relef ha ma be e  o hem. (2) he hall f her ae of healh o requre reeve meal ae o a  hopal reame  o he ame exe  a he ao al of he Sae o er e. (3) he hall be allowe o prae her relgo a  o reeve prual aa e from m er of her fah. (4) f he ree  a area parularl expoe o he a ger of war he hall be auhor e o move from ha area o he ame exe  a he ao al of he Sae o er e. (5) hlre u er ffee ear preg a  wome a  moher of hlre u er eve ear hall be ef b a  prefere al reame  o he ame exe  a he ao al of he Sae o er e. ›r. 40. Proee pero  ma be ompelle o work o l o he ame exe  a ao al of he Par o he o fl  whoe error he are. Yf proee pero  are of e em ao al he ma o l be ompelle o o work whh  ormall eear o e ure he fee g heler g loh g ra por a  healh of huma be g a  whh  o rel relae o he o u of mlar operao . Y he ae me o e  he wo pree g paragraph proee pero  ompelle o work hall have he be ef of he ame work g o o  a  of he ame afeguar a ao al worker  parular a regar wage hour of labour loh g a  equpme  prevou ra  g a  ompe ao for oupao al ae  a  eae. Y ccc  cc   ,c$cc cccc1$ c c c c$  c c$$$c  c' $c */c ›r. 42. Vhe  er me  or pla g  ag e ree e of proee pero  ma be orere o l f he eur of he Dea  g Power make  aboluel eear.

Page ggg of g *

Yf a  pero  a g hrough he repree ave of he Proe g Power volu arl ema   er me  a  f h uao re er h ep eear he hall be  er e b he Power  whoe ha  he ma be. ›r. 44. Y appl g he meaure of o rol me o e  he pree  Co ve o  he Dea  g Power hall o rea a e em ale  exluvel o he ba of her ao al e jure of a e em Sae refugee who o o  fa e jo he proeo of a  gover me . .$ cYYY/c-$$ c  c ›r. 47. Proee pero  who are  oupe error hall o be eprve  a  ae or  a  ma er whaoever of he be ef of he pree  Co ve o b a  ha ge  roue a he reul of he oupao of a error  o he  uo  or gover me  of he a error or b a  agreeme  o lue bewee he auhore of he oupe errore a  he Oup g Power or b a  a exao b he laer of he whole or par of he oupe error.   orer o  ue hem o work for he Oup g Power are prohbe. ›r. 64. ccc cc$$ c cc  c c $ wh he exepo ha he ma be repeale or upe e b he Oup g Power  ae where he o ue a hrea o  eur or a obale o he applao of he pree  Co ve o . Subje o he laer o erao a  o he ee for e ur g he effeve am rao of jue he rbu al of he oupe error hall o  ue o fu o  repe of all offe e overe b he a law. Vhe Oup g Power ma however ubje he populao of he oupe error o provo  whh are ee al o e able he Oup g Power o fulfl  oblgao  u er he pree  Co ve o  o ma a he orerl gover me  of he error a  o e ure he eur of he Oup g Power of he member a  proper of he oup g fore or am rao  a  lkewe of he eablhme  a  l e of ommu ao ue b hem. ›r. 68. Proee pero  who omm a offe e whh  olel  e e o harm he Oup g Power bu whh cc $ ca aemp o he lfe or lmb of member of he oup g fore or am rao  or a grave olleve a ger or eroul amage he proper of he oup g fore or am rao or he  allao  ue b hem hall be lable o  er me  or mple mpro me  prove he urao of uh  er me  or mpro me   proporo ae o he offe e omme. Furhermore  er me  or mpro me  hall for uh offe e be he o l meaure aope for eprv g proee pero  of lber. Vhe our prove for u er ›rle 66 of he pree  Co ve o ma a her reo o ver a e e e of mpro me  o o e of  er me  for he ame pero. Vhe pe al provo  promulgae b he Oup g Power  aora e wh ›rle 64 a  65 ma mpoe he c aga  a proee pero c c$cccc c c  c ,c c c$c cc cc  c

 c cc-$$ c cc c  c $c  $cc$ccc ccc c,c c c$c $cc cccccc cc $$ c c c $c cc$$ c/c Vhe eah pe al ccc$ aga  a proee pero u le he ae o of he our ha bee parularl alle o he fa ha  e he aue  o a ao al

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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of he Oup g Power he  o bou  o  b a  u of allega e. Y a  ae he eah pe al ma o be pro ou e o a proee pero who wa u er eghee ear of age a he me of he offe e. ›r. 70.  Y Y Y ++ Y Y Y  Y Y    Y   Y$  Y     Y     Y YY Y  Y Y     Y   Y   Y Y   YYY   YY  Y+      ?ao al of he oup g Power who before he oubreak of hole have ough refuge  he error of he oupe Sae hall o be arree proeue o ve or epore from he oupe error exep for offe e omme afer he oubreak of hole or for offe e u er ommo law omme before he oubreak of hole whh aor g o he law of he oupe Sae woul have jufe exrao  me of peae. ›r. 75. Y o ae hall pero  o em e o eah be eprve of he rgh of peo for paro or repreve. ?o eah e e e hall be arre ou before he exprao of a pero of a lea x mo h from he ae of reep b he Proe g Power of he ofao of he f al jugme  o frm g uh eah e e e or of a orer e  g paro or repreve. Vhe x mo h pero of upe o of he eah e e e here prerbe ma be reue   vual ae  ruma e of grave emerge   volv g a orga  e hrea o he eur of he Oup g Power or  fore prove alwa ha he Proe g Power  ofe of uh reuo a   gve reao able me a  opporu  o make repree ao  o he ompee  oup g auhore  repe of uh eah e e e. ›r. 76. $cc$$c c $ccc c c c$$ c$,cc c$ $cccc c $c . Vhe hall f poble be eparae from oher ea ee a  hall e jo o o  of foo a  hge e whh wll be uffe  o keep hem  goo healh a  whh wll be a lea equal o hoe oba  g  pro   he oupe ou r. Vhe hall reeve he meal ae o requre b her ae of healh. Vhe hall alo have he rgh o reeve a  prual aa e whh he ma requre. Wome hall be o f e  eparae quarer a  hall be u er he re upervo of wome . Proper regar hall be pa o he peal reame  ue o m or. Proee pero  who are ea e hall have he rgh o be ve b elegae of he Proe g Power a  of he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro  aora e wh he provo  of ›rle g43. Suh pero  hall have he rgh o reeve a lea o e relef parel mo hl. .$ cY4/c c cc c c c cY/c c  c ›r. 80. Y er ee hall  c c c$  c$$  a  hall exere uh ae a  rgh a ma be ompable wh her au.

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›r. 8g. Pare o he o fl who  er proee pero  hall be bou  o prove c c$c c c  $ a  o gra  hem alo he meal ae o requre b her ae of healh. ?o euo from he allowa e alare or re ue o he  er ee hall be mae for he repame  of hee o. Vhe Dea  g Power hall prove for he uppor of hoe epe e  o he  er ee f uh epe e  are whou aequae mea  of uppor or are u able o ear a lv g. cYY/c $c cY c ›r. 83. Vhe Dea  g Power hall o e up plae of  er me   area parularl expoe o he a ger of war. Vhe Dea  g Power hall gve he e em Power hrough he  ermear of he Proe g Power all ueful  formao regar g he geographal loao of plae of  er me . Whe ever mlar o erao  perm  er me  amp hall be  ae b he leer YC plae o a o be learl vble  he ame from he ar. Vhe Power o er e ma however agree upo a  oher em of mark g. ?o plae oher ha a  er me  amp hall be marke a uh. ›r.84. Y er ee hall be $$

cc  c c  c c ccc  cc c c  c ccc. cYYY/ccc c ›r. 89. Dal foo rao  for  er ee hall be uffe   qua  qual a  vare o keep  er ee  a goo ae of healh a  preve  he evelopme  of uro al efe e. ›ou  hall alo be ake of he uomar e of he  er ee. Y er ee hall alo be gve he mea  b whh he a prepare for hemelve a  ao al foo  her poeo . Suffe  r k g waer hall be upple o  er ee. Vhe ue of obao hall be perme. Y er ee who work hall reeve ao al rao   proporo o he k  of labour whh he perform. Expea  a  ur g moher a  hlre u er ffee ear of age hall be gve ao al foo  proporo o her phologal ee. ›r. 90. Whe ake  o uo  er ee hall be gve all fale o prove hemelve wh he eear loh g foowear a  ha ge of u erwear a  laer o  o proure furher upple f requre. Shoul a   er ee o have uffe  loh g aou  be g ake of he lmae a  be u able o proure a   hall be prove free of harge o hem b he Dea  g Power. Vhe loh g upple b he Dea  g Power o  er ee a  he ouwar mark g plae o her ow lohe hall o be g om ou or expoe hem o rule. Worker hall reeve uable work g ouf  lu g proeve loh g whe ever he aure of her work o requre. cY4/c> cc# $c' c ›r. 9g. Ever plae of  er me  hall have a aequae  frmar u er he reo of a qualfe oor where  er ee ma have he ae o he requre a well a a approprae e. Yolao war hall be e ae for ae of o agou or me al eae. ¯aer  ae a   er ee uffer g from erou eae or whoe o o requre peal reame  a urgal operao or hopal are mu be ame o a   uo where aequae reame  a be gve a  hall reeve are o  feror o ha prove for he ge eral populao . Y er ee hall for prefere e have he ae o of meal pero el of her ow ao al.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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Y er ee ma o be preve e from pree  g hemelve o he meal auhore for exam ao . Vhe meal auhore of he Dea  g Power hall upo reque ue o ever  er ee who ha u ergo e reame  a offal erfae how g he aure of h ll e or  jur a  he urao a  aure of he reame  gve . › uplae of h erfae hall be forware o he Ce ral ›ge  prove for  ›rle g40. Vreame   lu g he provo of a  apparau eear for he ma e a e of  er ee  goo healh parularl e ure a  oher arfal appla e a  peale hall be free of harge o he  er ee. c4YY/c'   cc% $  c ›r. 99. Ever plae of  er me  hall be pu u er he auhor of a repo ble offer hoe from he regular mlar fore or he regular vl am rao of he Dea  g Power. Vhe offer  harge of he plae of  er me  mu have  h poeo a op of he pree  Co ve o  he offal la guage or o e of he offal la guage of h ou r a  hall be repo ble for  applao . Vhe aff  o rol of  er ee hall be  rue  he provo  of he pree  Co ve o a  of he am rave meaure aope o e ure  applao . Vhe ex of he pree  Co ve o a  he ex of peal agreeme  o lue u er he a Co ve o hall be poe  e he plae of  er me   a la guage whh he  er ee u era  or hall be  he poeo of he Y er ee Commee. „egulao  orer oe a  publao  of ever k  hall be ommu ae o he  er ee a  poe  e he plae of  er me   a la guage whh he u era . Ever orer a  omma  aree o  er ee  vuall mu lkewe be gve  a la guage whh he u era . ›r. g00. Vhe  $  c

c c$c c  ccc $ c c   c $  a  hall  o ruma e  lue regulao  mpo g o  er ee a  phal exero a gerou o her healh or  volv g phal or moral vm ao . Ye fao b aoo g or mpr  g g  or mark g o he bo  prohbe. Y parular prolo ge a  g a  roll-all pu hme  rll mlar rll a  ma oeuvre or he reuo of foo rao  are prohbe. ›r. g02. Y ever plae of  er me  he cc c $cc$ccc 1c ,cc  c cc 

c ccc c cc%  c cc $ c  he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro a  a  oher orga  ao whh ma a hem. Vhe member of he Commee hall be elgble for re-eleo . Y er ee o elee hall e er upo her ue afer her eleo ha bee approve b he ea  g auhore. Vhe reao  for a  refual or mal hall be ommu ae o he Proe g Power o er e. c4YYY/c c cc"1 c ›r. g06. › oo a he   er e or a he lae o more ha o e week afer h arrval  a plae of  er me  a  lkewe  ae of k e or ra fer o a oher plae of  er me  or o a hopal ever  er ee hall be e able o e  re o h faml o he o e ha  a  o he Ce ral ›ge  prove for b ›rle g40 o he oher a  er me  ar mlar f poble o he moel a exe o he pree  Co ve o    c c c  c c ,cccc c/ Vhe a ar hall be forware a rapl a poble a  ma o be elae  a  wa.

Page gg of g *

›r. g07. Yccccccc$ ccc $. Yf he Dea  g Power eem  eear o lm he umber of leer a  ar e  b eah  er ee he a umber hall o be le ha wo leer a  four ar mo hl; hee hall be raw up o a o o form a loel a poble o he moel a exe o he pree  Co ve o . Yf lmao  mu be plae o he orrepo e e aree o  er ee he ma be orere o l b he Power o whh uh  er ee owe allega e pobl a he reque of he Dea  g Power. Suh leer a  ar mu be o vee wh reao able epah; he ma o be elae or rea e for pl ar reao . Y er ee who have bee a lo g me whou ew or who f   mpoble o reeve ew from her relave or o gve hem ew b he or ar poal roue a well a hoe who are a a o erable a e from her home hall be allowe o e  elegram he harge be g pa b hem  he urre  a her poal. Vhe hall lkewe be ef b h provo  ae whh are reog  e o be urge . › a rule  er ee' mal hall be wre  her ow la guage. Vhe Pare o he o fl ma auhor e orrepo e e  oher la guage. ›r. gg3. Vhe Dea  g Power hall prove all reao able exeuo fale for he ra mo  hrough he Proe g Power or he Ce ral ›ge  prove for  ›rle g40 or a oherwe requre of wll power of aor e leer of auhor or a  oher oume   e e for  er ee or epahe b hem. Y all ae he Dea  g Power hall falae he exeuo a  auhe ao  ue legal form of uh oume  o behalf of  er ee  parular b allow g hem o o ul a lawer. ›r. gg4. Vhe Dea  g Power hall affor  er ee all $   cc c cc c c prove h  o  ompable wh he o o  of  er me  a  he law whh  applable. For h purpoe he a Power ma gve hem permo o leave he plae of  er me   urge  ae a  f ruma e allow. ›r.gg6. "c ccccc$ c  ,c $ cc ,ccc ccc 0cc  / › far a  poble  er ee hall be perme o v her home  urge  ae parularl  ae of eah or erou ll e of relave. Chaper YX. Pe al a  Dpl ar Sa o  ›r. gg7. Subje o he provo  of he pree  Chaper he law  fore  he error  whh he are ea e  c$ cc cc cc$

c $c c  /c Yf ge eral law regulao  or orer elare a omme b  er ee o be pu hable wherea he ame a are o pu hable whe omme b pero  who are o  er ee uh a hall e al pl ar pu hme  o l. ?o  er ee ma be pu he more ha o e for he ame a or o he ame ou . ›r. gg9. Vhe  $  c   applable o  er ee hall be he follow g² (g) a f e whh hall o exee 50 per e  of he wage whh he  er ee woul oherwe reeve u er he provo  of ›rle 95 ur g a pero of o more ha hr a.

 c cc  c9 c ¬

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(2) o  ua e of prvlege gra e over a  above he reame  prove for b he pree  Co ve o (3) fague ue o exee g wo hour al  o eo wh he ma e a e of he plae of  er me . (4) o f eme . Ycc$cc $  c cc  ,cc cc ccc c /c'$$cccc c c :c,c1ccc c/c Vhe urao of a   gle pu hme  hall  o ae exee a maxmum of hr o euve a eve f he  er ee  a werable for everal breahe of pl e whe h ae  eal wh wheher uh breahe are o ee or o. ›r. g20. Y er ee who are $ afer hav g eape or whe aemp g o eape cc ccc $  c     repe of h a eve f   a repeae offe e. ›rle gg8 paragraph 3 owha  g  er ee pu he a a reul of eape or aemp o eape ma be ubjee o peal urvella e o o o ha uh urvella e oe o affe he ae of her healh ha   exere  a plae of  er me  a  ha  oe o e al he abolo of a  of he afeguar gra e b he pree  Co ve o . Y er ee who a a  abe a eape or aemp o eape hall be lable o h ou  o pl ar pu hme  o l. ›r. g2g. Eape or aemp o eape eve f   a repeae offe e ccc cc c$ $ $  ae where a  er ee  proeue for offe e omme ur g h eape. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall e ure ha he ompee  auhore exere le e   e g wheher pu hme   fle for a offe e hall be of a pl ar or jual aure epeall  repe of a omme  o eo wh a eape wheher ueful or o. c=Y/c%c ›r. g29. Vhe wll of  er ee hall be reeve for afe-keep g b he repo ble auhore; a  f he eve  of he eah of a  er ee h wll hall be ra me whou ela o a pero whom he ha prevoul eg ae. %c c ccc$ c cc$ccc$,cc cc$ $ccc c,c cc$c cc cc$  cc $c c$$/cc › offal reor of he eah ul regere hall be raw up  aora e wh he proeure rela g hereo  fore  he error where he plae of  er me   uae a  a ul erfe op of uh reor hall be ra me whou ela o he Proe g Power a well a o he Ce ral ›ge  referre o  ›rle g40. ›r. g30. Vhe ea  g auhore hall e ure ha  er ee who e whle  er e are c  f poble aor g o he re of he relgo o whh he belo ge a  ha her grave are repee properl ma a e a  marke  uh a wa ha he a alwa be reog  e. Deeae  er ee hall be bure   vual grave u le u avoable ruma e requre he ue of olleve grave. Boe ma be remae o l for mperave reao  of hge e o aou  of he relgo of he eeae or  aora e wh h expree wh o h effe. Y ae of remao  he fa hall be ae a  he reao  gve  he eah erfae of he eeae. Vhe ahe hall be rea e for afe-keep g b he ea  g auhore a  hall be ra ferre a oo a poble o he ex of k o her reque.

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› oo a ruma e perm a  o laer ha he loe of hole he Dea  g Power hall forwar l of grave of eeae  er ee o he Power o whom eeae  er ee epe e hrough he Y formao Bureaux prove for  ›rle g36. Suh l hall  lue all parular eear for he e fao of he eeae  er ee a well a he exa loao of her grave. ›r. g3g. Ever eah or erou  jur of a  er ee aue or upee o have bee aue b a e r a oher  er ee or a  oher pero  a well a a  eah he aue of whh  u k ow  hall be mmeael followe b a offal e qur b he Dea  g Power. › ommu ao o h ubje hall be e  mmeael o he Proe g Power. Vhe eve e of a  w ee hall be ake  a  a repor  lu g uh eve e hall be prepare a  forware o he a Proe g Power. Yf he e qur  ae he gul of o e or more pero  he Dea  g Power hall ake all eear ep o e ure he proeuo of he pero or pero  repo ble. c=YYY/c,c  cc'$$

 c c c  c ›r. g32. "$c ccccccc%  c cccccc $c$ c c  c cc1 . Vhe Pare o he o fl hall moreover e eavour ur g he oure of hole o o lue agreeme  for he releae he reparao  he reur o plae of ree e or he aommoao  a eural ou r of era lae of  er ee  parular hlre  preg a  wome a  moher wh  fa  a  ou g hlre  wou e a  k a   er ee who have bee ea e for a lo g me. ›r. g33. Y er me  hall eae a oo a poble  cc$c  c   . Y er ee  he error of a Par o he o fl aga  whom pe al proee g are pe  g for offe e o exluvel ubje o pl ar pe ale ma be ea e u l he loe of uh proee g a  f ruma e requre u l he ompleo of he pe al. Vhe ame hall appl o  er ee who have bee prevoul e e e o a pu hme  eprv g hem of lber. B agreeme  bewee he Dea  g Power a  he Power o er e ommee ma be e up afer he loe of hole or of he oupao of errore o earh for pere  er ee. ›r. g34. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare hall e eavour upo he loe of hole or oupao  o e ure he c cc

cc cc$c c $,ccc $  c c   /c .$ c4/cY   c1ccc'$c ›r. g36. Upo he oubreak of a o fl a   all ae of oupao  eah of he Pare o he o fl hall eablh a offal Y formao Bureau  c c$  cc   c    c c$c cc$ccc c c c/c Eah of he Pare o he o fl hall wh he hore poble pero gve  Bureau  formao of a  meaure ake b  o er  g a  proee pero  who are kep  uo for more ha wo week who are ubjee o ag e ree e or who are  er e. Y hall furhermore requre  varou eparme 

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o er e wh uh maer o prove he aforea Bureau prompl wh  formao o er  g all ha ge pera  g o hee proee pero  a for example ra fer releae reparao  eape ama e o hopal brh a  eah. ›r. g37. Eah ao al Bureau hall mmeael forwar  formao o er  g proee pero  b he mo rap mea  o he Power  whoe error he ree hrough he  ermear of he Proe g Power a  lkewe hrough he Ce ral ›ge  prove for  ›rle g40. Vhe Bureaux hall alo repl o all e qure whh ma be reeve regar g proee pero . Y formao Bureaux hall ra m  formao o er  g a proee pero u le  ra mo mgh be erme al o he pero o er e or o h or her relave. Eve  uh a ae he  formao ma o be whhel from he Ce ral ›ge  whh upo be g ofe of he ruma e wll ake he eear preauo   ae  ›rle g40. ›ll ommu ao   wr g mae b a  Bureau hall be auhe ae b a g aure or a eal. ›r. g38. Vhe  formao reeve b he ao al Bureau a  ra me b  hall be of uh a haraer a o make  poble o e f he proee pero exal a  o ave h ex of k qukl. Vhe  formao  repe of eah pero hall  lue a lea h ur ame fr ame plae a  ae of brh ao al la ree e a   guh g haraer he fr ame of he faher a  he mae ame of he moher he ae plae a  aure of he ao ake wh regar o he  vual he are a whh orrepo e e ma be e  o hm a  he ame a  are of he pero o be  forme. Lkewe  formao regar g he ae of healh of  er ee who are eroul ll or eroul wou e hall be upple regularl a  f poble ever week. ›r. g39. Eah ao al Y formao Bureau hall furhermore be repo ble for olle g all pero al valuable lef b proee pero  me o e  ›rle g36  parular hoe who have bee reparae or releae or who have eape or e;  hall forwar he a valuable o hoe o er e eher re or f eear hrough he Ce ral ›ge . Suh arle hall be e  b he Bureau  eale pake whh hall be aompa e b aeme  gv g lear a  full e  parular of he pero o whom he arle belo ge a  b a omplee l of he o e  of he parel. Deale reor hall be ma a e of he reep a  epah of all uh valuable. ›r. g40. › Ce ral Y formao ›ge  for proee pero   parular for  er ee hall be reae  a eural ou r. Vhe Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro hall f  eem eear propoe o he Power o er e he orga  ao of uh a ›ge  whh ma be he ame a ha prove for  ›rle g23 of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame  of Pro er of War of g2 ›ugu g949. Vhe fu o of he ›ge  hall be o olle all  formao of he pe e forh  ›rle g36 whh  ma oba hrough offal or prvae ha el a  o ra m  a rapl a poble o he ou re of org or of ree e of he pero  o er e exep  ae where uh ra mo  mgh be erme al o he pero  whom he a  formao o er  or o her relave. Y

Page gg2 of g *

hall reeve from he Pare o he o fl all reao able fale for effe g uh ra mo . Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare a   parular hoe whoe ao al be ef b he erve of he Ce ral ›ge  are requee o gve he a ›ge  he f a al a  ma requre. Vhe forego g provo  hall  o wa be  erpree a rer g he huma ara ave of he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro a  of he relef Soee erbe  ›rle g42. ›r. g4g. Vhe ao al Y formao Bureaux a  he Ce ral Y formao ›ge  hall e jo free poage for all mal lkewe he exempo  prove for  ›rle gg0 a  furher o far a poble exempo from elegraph harge or a lea greal reue rae.



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c cY c' c   $c5 $cY8,cc!cg+JJ/c P›„V g² GE?E„›L P„OMYSYO?S Preamble² Vc ear e wh o ee peae preval amo g people Vc ever Sae ha he u o refra from he hrea or ue of fore aga  he overeg  erroral  egr or polal  epe e e of a  Sae Sope (›rle g) Vc Y ae o overe b h Proool or b oher  er ao al agreeme  vla  a  ombaa  rema u er he proeo a  auhor of he pr ple of  er ao al law erve from eablhe uom from he pr ple of huma  a  from ae of publ o e e. Vc appl o all ae of elare war or of a  oher arme o fl whh ma are bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he ae of war  o reog  e b o e of hem. Vc appl o all ae of paral or oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e. Vc ›lhough o e of he Power  o fl ma o be a par o he pree  Co ve o  he Power who are pare hereo hall rema bou  b   her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore be bou  b he Co ve o  relao o he a Power f he laer aep a  apple he provo  hereof. Vc arme o fl whh people are fgh g aga  olo al om ao a  ale oupao a  aga  ra regme  he exere of her rgh of elf-eerm ao Def o  (›rle 2) Vc „ule of  er ao al law applable  arme o fl" mea  he rule applable  arme o fl e forh   er ao al agreeme  o whh he Pare o he o fl are Pare a  he ge erall reog  e pr ple a  rule of  er ao al law whh are applable o arme o fl Vc Proe g Power" mea  a eural or oher Sae o a Par o he o fl whh ha bee eg ae b a Par o he o fl a  aepe b he avere Par a  ha agree o arr ou

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he fu o  ag e o a Proe g Power u er he Co ve o  a  h Proool Vc "Subue" mea  a orga  ao a g  plae of a Proe g Power Proe g Power (›rle 5) Vc u of he Pare o a o fl from he beg  g of ha o fl o eure he upervo a  mpleme ao of he Co ve o  a  of h Proool b he applao of he em of Proe g Power Vc Proe g Power hall have he u of afeguar g he  ere of he Pare o he o fl Vc eah Par o he o fl hall whou ela eg ae a Proe g Power Vc Yf a Proe g Power ha o bee eg ae he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro whou prejue o he rgh of a  oher mparal huma ara orga  ao o o lkewe hall offer  goo offe o he Pare o he o fl wh a vew o he eg ao whou ela of a Proe g Power o whh he Pare o he o fl o e  P›„V 2² WOU?DED SYCK SúYPW„ECKED Def o  (›rle 8) Vc ͞Wou e" a  "k" mea pero  wheher mlar or vla  who beaue of rauma eae or oher phal or me al orer or abl are  ee of meal aa e or are a  who refra from a  a of hol. Vhee erm alo over maer  ae ew-bor babe a  oher pero  who ma be  ee of mmeae meal aa e or are uh a he  frm or expea  moher a  who refra from a  a of hol Vc "Shpwreke" mea  pero  wheher mlar or vla  who are  perl a ea or  oher waer a a reul of mforu e affe g hem or he veel or arraf arr g hem a  who refra from a  a of hol. Vc "¯eal pero el" mea  hoe pero  ag e b a Par o he o fl exluvel o he meal purpoe e umerae u er e) or o he am rao of meal u  or o he operao or am rao of meal ra por. Vc "„elgou pero el" mea  mlar or vla pero  uh a hapla  who are exluvel e gage  he work of her m r a  aahe o he arme fore of a Par o he o fl o meal u  or meal ra por of a Par o he o fl o meal u  or meal ra por or o vl efe e orga  ao  of a Par o he o fl. Vc "¯eal u " mea  eablhme  a  oher u  wheher mlar or vla  orga  e for meal purpoe amel he earh for olleo  ra porao  ag o or reame   lu g fr-a reame  - of he wou e k a  hpwreke or for he preve o of eae. Vc "¯eal ra porao " mea  he o vea e b la  waer or ar of he wou e k hpwreke meal pero el relgou pero el meal equpme  or meal upple Vc "¯eal ra por" mea  a  mea  of ra porao  wheher mlar or vla  perma e  or emporar ag e exluvel o meal ra porao a  u er he o rol of a ompee  auhor of a Par o he o fl Vc "¯eal vehle" mea  a  meal ra por b la  Vc "¯eal hp a  raf" mea  a  meal ra por b waer Vc "¯eal arraf" mea  a  meal ra por b ar Vc "D ve emblem" mea  he  ve emblem of he re ro re ree  or re lo a  u o a whe grou  whe ue for he proeo of meal u  a  ra por or meal a  relgou pero el equpme  or upple

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Sope (›rle 9) Vc hall appl o all hoe affee b a uao referre o  ›rle g whou a  avere  o fou e o rae olour ex la guage relgo or belef polal or oher op o  ao al or oal org  wealh brh or oher au or o a  oher mlar rera. Proeo of Pero  (›rle gg) Vc ›ll he wou e k a  hpwreke o whhever Par he belo g hall be repee a  proee Vc Vhe phal or me al healh a   egr of pero  who are  he power of he avere Par or who are  er e ea e or oherwe eprve of lber hall o be e a gere b a  u jufe a or omo Vc prohbe o arr ou o uh pero  eve wh her o e ² phal mulao  meal or e f experme  removal of ue or orga  for ra pla ao Vc Exepo  o he prohbo ² o l  he ae of o ao  of bloo for ra fuo or of k for graf g prove ha he are gve volu arl a  whou a  oero or  ueme  a  he o l for herapeu purpoe Proeo of ¯eal U  Vc ¯eal u  hall be repee a  proee a all me a  hall o be he obje of aak (›rle g2) Vc U er o ruma e hall meal u  be ue  a aemp o hel mlar objeve from aak (›rle g2) Vc proeo o whh vla meal u  are e le hall o eae u le he are ue o omm oue her huma ara fu o  a harmful o he e em (›rle g3) Vc o be o ere a a harmful o he e em² ha he pero el of he u  are equppe wh lgh  vual weapo  for her ow efe e or for ha of he wou e a  k  her harge ha he u   guare b a pke or b e re or b a eor ha mall arm a  ammu o ake from he wou e a  k a  o e ha e o he proper erve are fou   he u  ha member of he arme fore or oher ombaa  are  he u  for meal reao  (›rle g3) Proeo of vla meal a  relgou pero el (›rle g5) Vc Cvla meal pero el hall be repee a  proee Vc Vhe Oup g Power hall affor vla meal pero el  oupe errore ever aa e o e able hem o perform o he be of her abl her huma ara fu o  Vc Cvla relgou pero el hall be repee a  proee „ole of he vla populao a  of a oee (›rle g7) Vc Vhe vla populao hall repe he wou e k a  hpwreke eve f he belo g o he avere Par a  hall omm o a of vole e aga  hem Ye fao (›rle g8) Vc vla meal pero el a  vla relgou pero el houl be reog  able b he  ve emblem a  a e  ar erf g her au Vc a Par o he o fl ma auhor e he ue of  ve g al o e f meal u  a  ra por ¯eal Vra porao Vc ¯eal vehle hall be repee a  proee  he ame wa a moble meal u  (›rle 2g)

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Vc ¯eal hp a  raf wheher a ea or  oher waer be repee a  proee  he ame wa a moble meal u  (›rle 23) Vc ›  warhp o he urfae able mmeael o e fore  omma  ma orer hem o op orer hem off or make hem ake a era oure a  he hall obe ever uh omma . Suh hp a  raf ma o  a  oher wa be vere from her meal mo o lo g a he are eee for he wou e k a  hpwreke o boar (›rle 23) Vc › lear refual o obe a omma  gve  aora e wh paragraph 2 hall be a a harmful o he e em (›rle 23) Vc ¯eal arraf hall be repee a  proee (›rle 24) Vc Y a  over la  area phall o rolle b fre l fore or  a  over ea area o phall o rolle b a avere Par he repe a  proeo of meal arraf of a Par o he o fl  o epe e  o a  agreeme  wh a avere Par (›rle 25) Vc › meal arraf whh fle over a area phall o rolle b a avere Par whou or  evao from he erm of a agreeme  eher hrough avgao al error or beaue of a emerge  affe g he afe of he flgh hall make ever effor o e f elf a  o  form he avere Par of he ruma e. › oo a uh meal arraf ha bee reog  e b he avere Par ha Par hall make all reao able effor o gve he orer o la  or o algh o waer or o ake oher meaure o afeguar  ow  ere a   eher ae o allow he arraf me for ompla e before reor g o a aak aga  he arraf. (›rle 27) Vc ¯eal arraf hall o be ue o olle or ra m  ellge e aa a  hall o arr a  equpme   e e for uh purpoe (›rle 28) Vc ¯eal arraf hall o arr a  armame  exep mall arm a  ammu o ake from he wou e k a  hpwreke o boar a  o e ha e o he proper erve a  uh lgh  vual weapo  a ma be eear o e able he meal pero el o boar o efe  hemelve a  he wou e k a  hpwreke  her harge. (›rle 28) Vc ¯eal arraf fl g over area whh are phall o rolle b a avere Par or over area he phal o rol of whh  o learl eablhe ma be orere o la  or o algh o waer a approprae o perm  peo  aora e wh he follow g paragraph. ¯eal arraf hall obe a  uh orer. (›rle 30) Vc Shoul a meal arraf  he abe e of a agreeme  or  evao from he erm of a agreeme  fl over he error of a eural or oher Sae o a Par o he o fl eher hrough avgao al error or beaue of a emerge  affe g he afe of he flgh  hall make ever effor o gve oe of he flgh a  o e f elf. Vha Sae hall make all reao able effor o gve he orer o la  or o algh o waer o allow he arraf me for ompla e before reor g o a aak aga  he arraf. (›rle 3g)

¯ g Pero  (›rle 33) Vc › oo a ruma e perm a  a he lae from he e  of ave hole eah Par o he o fl hall earh for he pero  who have bee repore m g b a avere Par Dea Pero  (›rle 34) Vc Vhe rema  of pero  who have e for reao  relae o oupao or  ee o reul g from oupao or hole a  hoe or pero  o ao al of he ou r  whh he have e a a reul of hole hall be repee a  he gravee of all uh pero  hall be repee ma a e a  marke.

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Vc Y he abe e of a  agreeme  a  f he home ou r of uh eeae  o wll g o arra ge a  expe e for he ma e a e of uh gravee he úgh Co ra g Par  whoe error he gravee are uae ma offer o falae he reur of he rema  of he eeae o he home ou r. Where uh a offer ha o bee aepe he úgh Co ra g Par ma afer he expr of fve ear from he ae of he offer a  upo ue oe o he home ou r aop he arra geme  la ow   ow law rela g o emeere a  grave.

Par 3² ¯eho a  ¯ea  of Warfare Combaa  a  POW ¯eho a  ¯ea  of Warfare Vc prohbe o emplo weapo  projele a  maeral a  meho of warfare of a aure o aue uperfluou  jur or u eear uffer g (›rle 35) Vc prohbe o emplo meho or mea  of warfare whh are  e e or ma be expee o aue weprea lo g-erm a  evere amage o he aural e vro me  (›rle 35) Vc prohbe o kll  jure or apure a averar b reor o perf. ›  v g he o fe e of a averar o lea hm o beleve ha he  e le o or  oblge o aor proeo u er he rule of  er ao al law applable  arme o fl wh  e  o bera ha o fe e hall o ue perf (›rle 37) Vc „ue of war are o prohbe. Suh rue are a whh are  e e o mlea a averar or o  ue hm o a reklel bu whh  fr ge o rule of  er ao al law applable  arme o fl a  whh are o perfou beaue he o o  ve he o fe e of a averar wh repe o proeo u er ha law. Vhe follow g are example of uh rue² he ue of amouflage eo mok operao  a  m formao . (›rle 37) Vc prohbe o make mproper ue of he  ve emblem of he re ro re ree  or re lo a  u or of oher emblem g  or g al (›rle 38) Vc prohbe o make ue of he  ve emblem of he U e ?ao  exep a auhor e b ha Orga  ao (›rle 38) Vc prohbe o make ue  a arme o fl of he flag or mlar emblem  g a or u form of eural or oher Sae o Pare o he o fl (›rle 39) Vc prohbe o make ue of he flag or mlar emblem  g a or u form of avere Pare whle e gag g  aak or  orer o hel favour proe or mpee mlar operao  (›rle 39) Vc ?o pero parahu g from a arraf  re hall be mae he obje of aak ur g h ee  (›rle 42) Vc pero who ha parahue from a arraf  re hall be gve a opporu  o urre er before be g mae he obje of aak u le   appare  ha he  e gag g  a hole a (›rle 42) ›rme Fore (›rle 43) Vc arme fore of a Par o a o fl o  of all orga  e arme fore group a  u  whh are u er a omma  repo ble o ha Par for he o u or  ubor ae Vc ¯ember of he arme fore of a Par o a o fl (oher ha meal pero el a  hapla ) are ombaa  ha  o a he have he rgh o parpae rel  hole. Combaa  a  POW Vc ›  ombaa  who fall  o he power of a avere Par hall be a pro er of war. (›rle 44)

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Vc ombaa  are oblge o  guh hemelve from he vla populao whle he are e gage  a aak or  a mlar operao preparaor o a aak (›rle 44) Vc › ombaa  who fall  o he power of a avere Par whle fal g o  guh hmelf from o ombaa  hall forfe h rgh o be a pro er of war bu he hall everhele be gve proeo  equvale   all repe o hoe aore o pro er of war (›rle 44) Vc › pero who ake par  hole a  fall  o he power of a avere Par hall be preume o be a pro er of war a  houl a  oub are a o wheher a  uh pero  e le o he au of pro er of war he hall o  ue o have uh au u l uh me a h au ha bee eerm e b a ompee  rbu al. (›rle 45) Vc a  member of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl who fall  o he power of a avere Par whle e gag g  epo age hall o have he rgh o he au of pro er of war a  ma be reae a a p (›rle 46) Vc member of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl who o behalf of ha Par a   error o rolle b a avere Par gaher or aemp o gaher  formao hall o be o ere a e gag g  epo age f whle o a g he   he u form of h arme fore (›rle 46) Vc › mere ar hall o have he rgh o be a ombaa  or a pro er of war (›rle 47)

Par 4² Cvla Populao Vc he Pare o he o fl hall a all me  guh bewee he vla populao a  ombaa  a  bewee vla obje a  mlar objeve a  aor gl hall re her operao  o l aga  mlar objeve (›rle 48) Vc Y ae of oub wheher a pero  a vla  ha pero hall be o ere o be a vla (›rle 50) Vc Cvla obje hall o be he obje of aak or of repral. (›rle 52) Vc Sarvao of vla  a a meho of warfare  prohbe (›rle 54) Vc Y he o u of mlar operao  o a  are hall be ake o pare he vla populao  vla  a  vla obje. (›rle 57) Vc Pero  who before he beg  g of hole were o ere a aele pero  or refugee u er he releva   er ao al  rume  aepe b he Pare o er e or u er he ao al leglao of he Sae of refuge or Sae of ree e hall be proee pero  (›rle 73) Vc Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare a  he Pare o he o fl hall falae  ever poble wa he reu o of famle pere a a reul of arme o fl a  hall e ourage  parular he work of he huma ara orga  ao  e gage  h ak  aora e wh he provo  of he Co ve o  a  of h Proool a   o form wh her repeve eur regulao . (›rle 74) Proeo of Cvla Populao (›rle 5g) Vc Vhe vla populao a   vual vla  hall e jo ge eral proeo aga  a ger ar g from mlar operao . Vc Vhe vla populao a uh a well a  vual vla  hall o be he obje of aak. › or hrea of vole e he prmar purpoe of whh  o prea error amo g he vla populao are prohbe. Vc ›ak aga  he vla populao or vla  b wa of repral are prohbe. Vc Vhe Pare o he o fl hall o re he moveme  of he vla populao or  vual vla   orer o aemp o

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hel mlar objeve from aak or o hel mlar operao . Proeo of Cvla Obje Vc ›ak hall be lme rl o mlar objeve. Y o far a obje are o er e mlar objeve are lme o hoe obje whh b her aure loao  purpoe or ue make a effeve o rbuo o mlar ao a  whoe oal or paral eruo  apure or eural ao   he ruma e rul g a he me offer a ef e mlar ava age. (›rle 52) Vc   prohbe²o omm a  a of hol ree aga  he hor mo ume  work of ar or plae of worhp whh o ue he ulural or prual herage of people; o ue uh obje  uppor of he mlar effor; o make uh obje he obje of repral. (›rle 53) Vc prohbe o aak ero remove or re er uele obje  pe able o he urvval of he vla populao  uh a foo-uff agrulural area for he prouo of foo-uff rop lveok r k g waer  allao  a  upple a  rrgao work for he pef purpoe of e  g hem for her ue a e value o he vla populao or o he avere Par (›rle 54) Vc prohbo  above hall o appl o uh of he obje overe b  a are ue b a avere Par² a ue a e olel for he member of  arme fore; or f o a ue a e he  re uppor of mlar ao (›rle 54) Proeo of he ?aural E vro me  (›rle 55) Vc Care hall be ake  warfare o proe he aural e vro me  aga  weprea lo g-erm a  evere amage Vc ›ak aga  he aural e vro me  b wa of repral are prohbe. Proeo of work a   allao  o a  g a gerou fore (›rle 56) Vc Work or  allao  o a  g a gerou fore amel am ke a  ulear eleral ge era g ao  hall o be mae he obje of aak eve where hee obje are mlar objeve f uh aak ma aue he releae of a gerou fore a  o eque  evere loe amo g he vla populao . Vc Y orer o falae he e fao of he obje proee b h arle he Pare o he o fl ma mark hem wh a peal g o  g of a group of hree brgh ora ge rle plae o he ame ax Zo e u er Speal Proeo Vc Y  prohbe for he Pare o he o fl o aak b a  mea  whaoever o -efe e loale (›rle 59) Vc Vhe approprae auhore of a Par o he o fl ma elare a a o -efe e loal a   habe plae ear or  a o e where arme fore are  o a whh  ope for oupao b a avere Par. Suh a loal hall fulfll he follow g o o ² all ombaa  a well a moble weapo  a  moble mlar equpme  mu have bee evauae; o hole ue hall be mae of fxe mlar  allao  or eablhme ; o a of hol hall be omme b he auhore or b he populao ; a  o ave  uppor of mlar operao  hall be u erake . (›rle 59) Vc Y  prohbe for he Pare o he o fl o exe  her mlar operao  o o e o whh he have o ferre b agreeme  he au of emlar e o e f uh exe o  o rar o he erm of h agreeme . › emlar e o e  a o e whh fulfl he follow g o o ² all ombaa  a well a moble weapo  a  moble mlar equpme  mu have

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bee evauae; o hole ue hall be mae of fxe mlar  allao  or eablhme ; o a of hol hall be omme b he auhore or b he populao ; a  a  av l ke o he mlar effor mu have eae. (›rle 60) Cvl Defe e Vc "Cvl efe e" mea  he performa e of huma ara ak  e e o proe he vla populao aga  he a ger a  o help  o reover from he mmeae effe of hole or aer a  alo o prove he o o  eear for  urvval (›rle 6g) Vc Cvla vl efe e orga  ao  a  her pero el hall be repee a  proee (›rle 62) Vc Oup g Power ma arm vl efe e pero el for reao  of eur. (›rle 62) Vc . Vhe proeo o whh vla vl efe e orga  ao  her pero el bul g heler a  maérel are e le hall o eae u le he omm or are ue o omm oue her proper ak a harmful o he e em. Proeo ma however eae o l afer a war  g ha bee gve e g whe ever approprae a reao able me-lm a  afer uh war  g ha rema e u heee. (›rle 65) Vc Y hall alo o be o ere a a a harmful o he e em ha vla vl efe e pero el bear lgh  vual weapo  for he purpoe of ma a  g orer or for elf-efe e (›rle 65) Vc Eah Par o he o fl hall e eavour o e ure ha  vl efe e orga  ao  her pero el bul g a  maérel are e fable whle he are exluvel evoe o he performa e of vl efe e ak. (›rle 66) Vc Vhe  er ao al  ve g of vl efe e  a equlaeral blue ra gle o a ora ge grou  whe ue for he proeo of vl efe e orga  ao  her pero el bul g a  maérel a  for vla heler. (›rle 66) „elef ›o  Vc Yf he vla populao of a  error u er he o rol of a Par o he o fl oher ha oupe error  o aequael prove wh upple relef ao  whh are huma ara a  mparal  haraer a  o ue whou a  avere  o hall be u erake  ubje o he agreeme  of he Pare o er e  uh relef ao . Offer of uh relef hall o be regare a  erfere e  he arme o fl or a u fre l a. Y he rbuo of relef o g me  pror hall be gve o hoe pero  uh a hlre  expea  moher maer  ae a  ur g moher who u er he Fourh Co ve o or u er h Proool are o be aore prvlege reame  or peal proeo . (›rle 70) Vc Eah Par  reep of relef o g me  hall o he fulle exe  praable a he relef pero el  arr g ou her relef mo . O l  ae of mperave mlar ee ma he ave of he relef pero el be lme or her moveme  emporarl rere. (›rle 7g) Pe al Proeuo  (›rle 75) Vc ?o e e e ma be pae a  o pe al ma be exeue o a pero fou  gul of a pe al offe e relae o he arme o fl exep purua  o a o vo pro ou e b a mparal a  regularl o ue our repe g he ge erall reog  e pr ple of regular jual proeure whh  lue he follow g² (a) he proeure hall prove for a aue o be  forme whou ela of he parular of he offe e allege aga  hm a  hall affor he aue before a  ur g h ral all

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eear rgh a  mea  of efe e; (b) o o e hall be o ve of a offe e exep o he ba of  vual pe al repo bl; () o o e hall be aue or o ve of a rm al offe e o aou  or a  a or omo whh  o o ue a rm al offe e u er he ao al or  er ao al law o whh he wa ubje a he me whe  wa omme; or hall a heaver pe al be mpoe ha ha whh wa applable a he me whe he rm al offe e wa omme; f afer he ommo of he offe e provo  mae b law for he mpoo of a lgher pe al he offe er hall be ef hereb; () a o e harge wh a offe e  preume  oe  u l prove gul aor g o law; (e) a o e harge wh a offe e hall have he rgh o be re  h pree e; (f) o o e hall be ompelle o ef aga  hmelf or o o fe gul; (g) a o e harge wh a offe e hall have he rgh o exam e or have exam e he w ee aga  hm a  o oba he ae a e a  exam ao of w ee o h behalf u er he ame o o  a w ee aga  hm; (h) o o e hall be proeue or pu he b he ame Par for a offe e  repe of whh a f al jugeme  aqu g or o v g ha pero ha bee prevoul pro ou e u er he ame law a  jual proeure; () a o e proeue for a offe e hall have he rgh o have he jugeme  pro ou e publl; a  (j) a o ve pero hall be ave o o vo or h jual a  oher remee a  of he me-lm wh whh he ma be exere. Proeo of Wome Vc Wome whoe lber ha bee rere for reao  relae o he arme o fl hall be hel  quarer eparae from me ' quarer. Vhe hall be u er he mmeae upervo of wome . ?everhele  ae where famle are ea e or  er e he hall whe ever poble be hel  he ame plae a  aommoae a faml u . (›rle 75) Vc Wome hall be he obje of peal repe a  hall be proee  parular aga  rape fore prouo a  a  oher form of  ee  aaul. (›rle 76) Vc Preg a  wome a  moher hav g epe e   fa  who are arree ea e or  er e for reao  relae o he arme o fl hall have her ae o ere wh he umo pror. (›rle 76) Vc Vo he maxmum exe  feable he Pare o he o fl hall e eavor o avo he pro ou eme  of he eah pe al o preg a  wome or moher hav g epe e   fa  for a offe e relae o he arme o fl. Vhe eah pe al for uh offe e hall o be exeue o uh wome . (›rle 76) Proeo of Chlre Vc Pare o he o fl hall ake all feable meaure  orer ha hlre who have o aa e he age of ffee ear o o ake a re par  hole a   parular he hall refra from reru g hem  o her arme fore. Y reru g amo g hoe pero  who have aa e he age of ffee ear bu who have o aa e he age of eghee ear he Pare o he o fl hall e eavour o gve pror o hoe who are ole. (›rle 77) Vc Yf arree ea e or  er e for reao  relae o he arme o fl hlre hall be hel  quarer eparae from he quarer of aul exep where famle are aommoae a faml u  (›rle 77)

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Vc Vhe eah pe al for a offe e relae o he arme o fl hall o be exeue o pero  who ha o aa e he age of eghee ear a he me he offe e wa omme (›rle 77) Vc ?o Par o he o fl hall arra ge for he evauao of hlre  oher ha  ow ao al o a foreg ou r exep for a emporar evauao where ompell g reao  of he healh or meal reame  of he hlre or exep  oupe error her afe o requre. Where he pare  or legal guara  a be fou  her wre o e  o uh evauao  requre. Yf hee pero  a o be fou  he wre o e  o uh evauao of he pero  who b law or uom are prmarl repo ble for he are of he hlre  requre. ›  uh evauao hall be uperve b he Proe g Power  agreeme  wh he Pare o er e amel he Par arra g g for he evauao  he Par reev g he hlre a  a  Pare whoe ao al are be g evauae. Y eah ae all Pare o he o fl hall ake all feable preauo  o avo e a ger g he evauao . (›rle 78)

Proeo of Jour al (›rle 79) Vc Jour al e gage  a gerou profeo al mo   area of arme o fl hall be o ere a vla  Vc Vhe ma oba a e  ar mlar o he moel  › ex YY of h Proool. Vh ar whh hall be ue b he gover me  of he Sae of whh he Jour al  a ao al or  whoe error he ree or  whh he ew meum emplo g hm  loae hall ae o h au a a jour al. Grave Breahe (›rle 85) Vc he follow g a hall be regare a grave breahe of h Proool whe omme wllfull  volao of he releva  provo  of h Proool a  au g eah or erou  jur o bo or healh² (a) mak g he vla populao or  vual vla  he obje of aak; (b) lau h g a  rm ae aak affe g he vla populao or vla obje  he k owlege ha uh aak wll aue exeve lo of lfe  jur o vla  or amage o vla obje a ef e  ›rle 57 paragraph 2 (a)(); () lau h g a aak aga  work or  allao  o a  g a gerou fore  he k owlege ha uh aak wll aue exeve lo of lfe  jur o vla  or amage o vla obje a ef e  ›rle 57 paragraph 2 (a)(); () mak g o -efe e loale a  emlar e o e he obje of aak; (e) mak g a pero he obje of aak  he k owlege ha he  hor e omba; (f) he perfou ue of he  ve emblem of he re ro re ree  or re lo a  u or of oher proeve g  reog  e b he Co ve o  or h Proool Vc he follow g hall be regare a grave breahe of h Proool whe omme wllfull a   volao of he Co ve o  or he Proool² (a) he ra fer b he oup g Power of par of  ow vla populao  o he error  oupe or he eporao or ra fer of all or par of he populao of he oupe error wh or oue h error Vc (b) u jufable ela  he reparao of pro er of war or vla ; () prae of aparhe a  oher  huma a  egra g prae  volv g ourage upo pero al g  bae o raal rm ao ; () mak g he learl-reog  e hor mo ume  work of ar or plae of worhp whh o ue he ulural or prual herage of people a  o whh peal proeo ha bee

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gve b peal arra geme  for example wh he framework of a ompee   er ao al orga  ao  he obje of aak au g a a reul exe ve eruo hereof where here  o eve e of he volao b he avere Par of ›rle 53 ubparagraph (b) a  whe uh hor mo ume  work of ar a  plae of worhp are o loae  he mmeae proxm of mlar objeve; (e) eprv g a pero proee b he Co ve o  or referre o  paragraph 2 of h ›rle of he rgh of far a  regular ral. Vc grave breahe of hee  rume  hall be regare a war rme Y er ao al Fa-F  g Commo (›rle 90) Vc a) › Y er ao al Fa-F  g Commo (here afer referre o a "he Commo ") o  g of g5 member of hgh moral a  g a  ak owlege mparal hall be eablhe; (b) Whe o le ha 20 úgh Co ra g Pare have agree o aep he ompee e of he Commo purua  o paragraph 2 he epoar hall he  a  a  erval of fve ear hereafer o ve e a mee g of repree ave of hoe úgh Co ra g Pare for he purpoe of ele g he member of he Commo . › he mee g he repree ave hall ele he member of he Commo b ere ballo from a l of pero  o whh eah of hoe úgh Co ra g Pare ma om ae o e pero ; () Vhe member of he Commo hall erve  her pero al apa a  hall hol offe u l he eleo of ew member a he e u g mee g; () › he eleo  he úgh Co ra g Pare hall e ure ha he pero  o be elee o he Commo  vuall poe he qualfao  requre a  ha  he Commo a a whole equable geographal repree ao  aure; (e) Y he ae of a aual vaa  he Commo elf hall fll he vaa  hav g ue regar o he provo  of he pree g ubparagraph; (f) Vhe epoar hall make avalable o he Commo he eear am rave fale for he performa e of  fu o . Vc Vhe Commo hall be ompee  o² ()  qure  o a  fa allege o be a grave breah a ef e  he Co ve o  a  h Proool or oher erou volao of he Co ve o  or of h Proool; () falae hrough  goo offe he reorao of a aue of repe for he Co ve o  a  h Proool; () Y oher uao  he Commo hall  ue a  qur a he reque of a Par o he o fl o l wh he o e  of he oher Par or Pare o er e; (e) Subje o he forego g provo  or h paragraph he provo  of ›rle 52 of he Fr Co ve o  ›rle 53 of he Seo  Co ve o  ›rle g32 or he Vhr Co ve o a  ›rle g49 of he Fourh Co ve o hall o  ue o appl o a  allege volao of he Co ve o  a  hall exe  o a  allege volao of h Proool. „epo bl (›rle 9g) Vc › Par o he o fl whh volae he provo  of he Co ve o  or of h Proool hall f he ae ema  be lable o pa ompe ao . Y hall be repo ble for all a omme b pero  form g par of  arme fore. De u ao (›rle 99) Vc Y ae a úgh Co ra g Par houl e ou e h Proool he e u ao hall o l ake effe o e ear afer reep of he  rume  of e u ao . Yf however o he expr of ha ear he e ou  g Par  e gage  o e of he uao 

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referre o  ›rle Y he e u ao hall o ake effe before he e  of he arme o fl or oupao a  o  a  ae before operao  o ee wh he f al releae reparao or re-eablhme  of he pero  proee b he Co ve o or h Proool have bee erm ae. Vc Vhe e u ao hall be ofe  wr g o he epoar whh hall ra m  o all he úgh Co ra g Pare.

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 ve emblem me o e  ›rle g a  2 a  her eg ao   lu g he perfou ue a  he ue of a  g or eg ao o u g a mao hereof. ?owha  g he paragraph above úgh Co ra g Pare ma perm pror uer of he hr Proool emblem or of a  g o u g a mao hereof o o  ue uh ue prove ha he a ue hall o be uh a woul appear  me of arme o fl o o fer he proeo of he Ge eva Co ve o  a  where applable he g977 ›o al Proool a  prove ha he rgh o uh ue were aqure before he aopo of h Proool.

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c c 9Y c ' c  $c5 $cYY8,cc!cg+JJ/c Vhe rule oberve   er ao al arme o fl are alo applable  o - er ao al arme o fl.

 c YY        ccYc $c cY c +c '/c"= - Y' Y- c'(c

c  c $c c $c  ccc c c cg)c'cg++,c c ccc' c cc'  c%  $ c"  c 5 $cYYY8,cc%$ c)**2c  D ve Emblem (›rle 2) Vc Vh Proool reog  e a ao al  ve emblem  ao o a  for he ame purpoe a he  ve emblem of he Ge eva Co ve o . Vhe  ve emblem hall e jo equal au. Vc Vh ao al  ve emblem ompoe of a re frame  he hape of a quare o ege o a whe grou  hall o form o he llurao  he › ex o h Proool. Vh  ve emblem  referre o  h Proool a he "hr Proool emblem". Y ave ue of he hr Proool emblem (›rle 3) Vc ?ao al Soee of hoe úgh Co ra g Pare whh ee o ue he hr Proool emblem ma  u g he emblem  o form wh releva  ao al leglao  hooe o  orporae wh  for  ave purpoe² a) a  ve emblem reog  e b he Ge eva Co ve o  or a omb ao of hee emblem; or b) a oher emblem whh ha bee  effeve ue b a úgh Co ra g Par a  wa he ubje of a ommu ao o he oher úgh Co ra g Pare a  he Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro hrough he epoar pror o he aopo of h Proool.

› o e of he mo  am fel of  er ao al ommeral law oa foreg  veme  law ha u ergo e a rap evoluo  ae prae wh he ree  pa. Vhere are ma  e er of o rover wh he larger fel of foreg  veme  law bu arguabl he mo o e ou ue rema  ha of exproprao . Vhe o ex of  er ao al exproprao rule ² he home ae (where he  veme   loae) exproprae he rgh of ow erhp of he  veor ae (who  roue he  veme  a  o whom uh  veme  belo g) who a a ale  ma rel o  er ao al law for he a ar of reame  ha houl be aore o . We mu remember ha exproprao  alhough reog  e a o e of he  here  arbue of overeg  aume a  er ao al a  herefore more omplex me o whe exere aga  foreg proper beaue (g) he  veor ae be g a ubje of a foreg ae a o be eeme o have bee ompleel ubume u er he auhor a  overeg  of he home ae b vrue merel of her o raual relao  (2) he relao hp of home a   veor ae are learl ef e u er a  veme  o ra whh aor g o  verbage ma or ma o make refere e o  er ao al law  ae of o fl  he former ae he eall abolue exere of he home ae  overeg  beome lme o a era exe  b he a ar of  er ao al law. Y avga g hrough he urbule  waer of exproprao rule o e ma be gue b he follow g pr ple whh o ae ma be a o gover foreg  veme  law² g.c Vhe orm rema  o be he harmo  ao of all oure of legal oblgao . O e par o a  veme  o ra a o herefore re ege o he ue  volu arl aume o he preex of ompl g wh a u or exer g a rgh f he oure of uh u or rgh ome  o o fl wh he oblgao  la ow  he  veme  o ra a  or uomar law. Vhe home ae  herefore o allowe o u laerall revoke  veme  agreeme  o he ba of  abolue overeg  over  aural reoure beaue uh exere of overeg  mu a muh a poble be o o a  wh he u o ompl wh oblgao  vall e ere  o.

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Who ma ue he 3 proool emblem Vc ?ao al oee of hgh o ra g pare (›rle 3) Vc Y er ao al Commee of he „e Cro a  he Y er ao al Feerao of „e Cro a  „e Cree  Soee a  her ul auhor e pero el (›rle 4) Vc meal erve a  relgou pero el parpa g  operao  u er he aupe of he U e ?ao  (›rle 5) Preve o a  „epreo of ¯ue (›rle 6) Vc Vhe provo  of he Ge eva Co ve o  a  where applable he g977 ›o al Proool gover  g preve o a  repreo of mue of he  ve emblem hall appl equall o he hr Proool emblem. Y parular he úgh Co ra g Pare hall ake meaure eear for he preve o a  repreo  a all me of a  mue of he

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2.c Yf harmo  ao  o poble he orm rema  o be he exproprabl of ever proper. ›lhough  veme  o ra mu be omple wh  goo fah all ae reog  e he val of he exere of a home ae of  prerogave o exproprae. Vhe home ae a herefore ake foreg proper a  here are o eablhe abolue exepo  o h rule (mea  g here are o ae where he home ae a be a o be aboluel barre or prelue from expropra g). Vhe o l ffere e le  he legal o eque e of ever a of ak g whh woul epe  o wheher he ak g wa lawful or o or wheher he pare exprel prove  he  veme  o ra for he proee o be omple wh ur g uh expropraor a.

3.c For ever a of exproprao  he orm rema  o be he ompe abl of ever a of ak g. Yf he home ae ake   bou  o pa. Vh  he preval g rule  urre  ae prae a  op o jur. Vhe home ae ma exere  prerogave o exproprae bu  a o o o whou ompe a g he  veor ae or a lea re a g he au quo a e (mea  g he o erao  pa for a  be ef reeve u er he o ra woul be reore o he repeve pare). Vhe u o pa ompe ao ma ake varou form. Y ma be (g) a eear legal o eque e of he expropraor a a prove exprel  he  veme  o ra (2) a eear legal o eque e of he expropraor a  aora e wh uomar law (3) a aler ave form of ex guhme  of a legal oblgao ( ea of perform g he oblgao  u er he o ra he home ae hooe o re ae he au quo a e b gv g bak a ompe ao  he o erao for he o ra plu oher  e al ajume ) or (4)  he form of pu ve amage where he ak g wa ajuge o be u lawful  whh ae he o ra ma be e fore or f performa e  alrea mpoble he home ae ma be requre o pa ompe ao  a amou  ha woul approxmae he value of he proper ake a  he amage aue b he u lawful ak g. Vhe fa ha ompe ao mu be pa  ge erall aepe a a orm; he o l po  of o e o  he QU›?VU¯ of uh ompe ao . úow muh houl be pa  ofe a ubje of ebae a  here  a e o fxe rule  eerm  g he value of ompe ao ha mu be pa. Y prae however wha he home ae pa he  veor woul uuall be a maer of egoao a  o o e upo he f a al ruma e of he home ae. Vhere are ome ae where he orm of ompe abl  beleve o be  applable alhough uh exempo  are fou   he wr g of publ a  o auhorave eo ha e bee re ere reog   g hee exempo  a uh. Vhe example are 40 4g he ax g power of he ae  regulaor ak g  a  42 pole power .

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Page g)) of g *

4.c Y a  ae he orm rema  o be e foreabl of ever  er ao al legal oblgao  regarle of he oure. Vhe  veme  o ra ma be prmarl he law bewee he pare. úowever b vrue of he fa ha  veme  agreeme  are ofe o lue bewee ae or bewee prvae e e purua  o a rae agreeme  o lue b her repeve ae  er ao al legal oblgao  woul  evabl ome  o pla. › uh from he me he  veor ae  roue he foreg proper  o he home ae  error boh woul have o be gue b he oblgao  whh boh are bou  o u er  er ao al law. › a o eque e he home ae a o be perme o u erake a exproprao  uh ma er a o be volave of oher  er ao al legal oblgao  lke (g) he u o oberve paa u  43 erva a u er uomar law (2) he u o aor foreg  veor wh he  er ao al m mum a ar 44 of reame  u er uomar law (3) he u o exproprae for a publ purpoe o a o -rm aor ba a  wh pame  of ju ompe ao u er uomar law45 or (4) he u o oberve eleme ar rule of o raual relao  a emboe  ge eral pr ple of law rela g o o ra46. Y eal g wh he ue of exproprao  o e mu be gue b ba U? ex ouh g o exproprao ²

?ao al ao  exproprao or requo  g hall be bae o grou  or reao  of publ ul eur or he ao al  ere whh are reog  e a overr g purel  vual or prvae  ere boh ome a  foreg . Y uh ae he ow er hall be pa approprae ompe ao   aora e wh he rule  fore  he

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($cc& c( c , c  c I c ) c c  c %c c   c   c  c ! c c c (c  )  c  c  c I c ) c c  "B c c c  cc !c(#$c#c " "c $c#! c  c (c ##(#c   c c "c # c c  c  &! +c  # c  "B c &$c !!c c ) % c #c  c   ) c c c &' ) c  c $c & ) c  c ##(#c   c c #&  c c #c ) # c   c c  c  $ c  c %c ( c &$c  c :  !c !#c ##c( c&$c cc cG 3cc c!%cc < c  c  c  5( # c c & c ( c c!#c!!c) # c   cc  c  c c    c & c "( c c ("c  !!$c  "B c #c !"cc c)! $cc 3$ccc = c  c"  !c! cc!%c "B c&$c!!c)!B cc cc (c##!$@ ! ccc" c  c@(! !c&"c %(c   # c c c (c 5(c c c('(c # c  c ! c  c( cc!!c &! c! "!c$ #c c cc# c  c  c  "!!$c c (!"c "  !c ! c c !% c ! c c  c  c c  c  ! c c 2 !c ## !c +c   c &$c  c 2 !c2( cc ccc ) c%c

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Sae ak g uh meaure  he exere of  overeg  a   aora e wh  er ao al law. (›„VYCLE 4)

he pr ple of he law of Lba ommo o he pr ple of  er ao al law a   he abe e of uh ommo pr ple he b a   aora e wh he ge eral pr ple of law  lu g uh of hoe pr ple a ma have bee apple b  er ao al rbu al. Furher u er he o eo o ra a  pue ar g from he  erpreao of he erm of he agreeme  ( lu g allege breahe of he abl ao laue) hall be ubme o  er ao al arbrao .

Foreg  veme  agreeme  freel e ere  o b or bewee overeg Sae hall be oberve  goo fah; Sae a   er ao al orga  ao  hall rl a  o e oul repe he overeg  of people a  ao  over her aural wealh a  reoure  aora e wh he Charer a  he pr ple e forh  he pree  reoluo . (›„VYCLE 8)

(((  Y !  Y+  Y Y 0Y Y Y !  + Y Y %  Y   Y  Y ! YY +%Y+ 4ÝYYY  4C?ô

Vo ao al e exproprae or ra fer ow erhp of foreg proper  whh ae approprae ompe ao houl be pa b he Sae aop g uh meaure ak g  o aou   releva  law a  regulao  a  all ruma e ha he Sae o er per e . Y a  ae where he queo of ompe ao gve re o a o rover  hall be ele u er he ome law of he ao al  g Sae a  b  rbu al u le   freel a  muuall agree b all Sae o er e ha oher peaeful mea  be ough o he ba of he overeg equal of Sae a   aora e wh he pr ple of free hoe of mea . (›„VYCLE 2 Par. 2 Subpar. C) ((( Y  m   Ý Y 0  Y % YÚô 4 !%$ ôC 0Y0!Ú44CD@

› úarr oe he ͞Charer ha o aa e he au of uom beaue evelope ae have effevel mou e a rea e o he laue whh oe o requre a ͞publ purpoe preo o o exproprao . Vhe ame  rue wh he Delarao o he Eablhme  of he ?ew Y er ao al Eo om Orer a oher U? G› „eoluo bake b evelop g ou re whh wa overre  aor g o Wale b he horal  l ao owar marke lberalm. Vhe formula of evelop g ae aor g o hm wa mpl  ompable wh he e e  owar promoo of foreg  veme  he laer requr g aequae a  able proeo  a a  ueme  o rk-avere foreg  veor. Vhe follow g urve of ae law o exproprao repree  he vew ake b  er ao al rbu al   erpre g he ffere  operave erm of he aforequoe ex² c

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