Psychologycal Testing

 

ANNE ANASTASI

Departm De partm ent of Psyc Psychol hology ogy Fordha Fordham m U niversity

SUSANA URBINA

Dep artmen t of Psyc Psycho hollogy University of N orth Flori Florida da

Prentice-Hall International Inc.

 

  o n t n ts Preface

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FUNCTIONS AND ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Nature Nat ure and Use of Psychological Te Tests sts  of f Psychological Tests  2 Uses and Varieties  o What Is  a Psychological Test?  4  of f Psycholog ical T est Why Contr ol   the Us  Usee o ests? s?  Test Administration   13 Examiner and Situational Variables   17 A View from   the Test Test-Taker' Taker'ss Perspective  2 Effects   of Training on Test P erformance  23  of f  Information about Tests  27 Sources  o

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Historic Hist orical al Anteceden Antecedents ts of Mo Mode dern rn Testing

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 of f Me ntally Retarded Pers Early Interes t   in Classi Early Classificat fication ion and Training o Persons ons  The First Experimental Psychologists   34 Contributions   of Fr  Francis ancis Galto n  35 Cattell   and the Ear Early ly M enta l Tests 36  of f Intelligen ce Tests  37 Binet and the Rise o Group Testing   38 Aptitude Testing   39

Standardized Achievement Tests   Assessment of Persona  Persona lity lity  44

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TECHNICAL AND METHODOLO METHODOLOGICAL GICAL PRINCI PRINCIPLES PLES Norm No rms s and the Meaning of Tes Testt Sc Scor ores es

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Statistical Concepts   49 Developmental Norms   54 Within-Group Norms   58 Relativity of Norms  Norms  66 Computers and the Interpretation of Test Scores  

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Domain-Referenced Test Interpretation   76 Minimum Qualifications and Cutoff Scores  

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CONTENTS

4 Re liability liability

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Th e Co rrelation Coeff Coeffic icien ientt 85 Types of Re liability 91 Reliability of Speed ed Test Testss 102 De pen den ce of Reliability Coeffici Coefficients ents on the Sam ple Tested Standa rd Err Error or of M easurement 10 1077 Reliability Ap plied ttoo M aster asteryy Testing and Cutoff Scores

5 V alid ity: Basi Basic Conce Concept ptss

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Evolving Co nc ep ts of Test Validit Validityy 114 Co nten t-De scription Procedur Procedures es 11 1144 Criterion-P rediction Procedur Procedures es 11 1188 Con struct-Identif struct-Identification ication Procedures 126 Overview and Integration 136

6 Va lidity: Measu Measurrement ement and and Interp reta tion

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Validity Coe ffici fficient ent and Error of Estim ate 141 Test Validit Validityy and Decision Th eory 144 Co m binin g Inform ation fr from om Different Different Tests 156 Use of   ests  for Classification De cisions 160 Sta tistica l An alyses of Test Bias 164

7 Item Analysi Analysis Item Diffi Difficulty culty

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Item Discrimination 17 1799 Item Response Theo ry 18 1877 Item An alysis of Speeded Tests 193 Cross-Validation 194 Differenti Differ ential al Item Fu nctio nin g 196 Explorations in Item Dev elopm ent 200

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ABILITY TESTING

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Tests 8   In div idu al Tes

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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Intelligence Scale 205 Th e W echsler Scal Scales es 214 T he Kauf Kaufman man Scal Scales es 222 Differential Differ ential Ab ility Scales 226 Das-Na glieri Co gn itive Assessment System

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Test Tests fo r S pecial Populations 234 pecial  Populations

Infant and Preschool Testing 235 Com prehensive Assessment of M entally Retarded Persons . Testing Persons w ith Physical Disabilities 252 M ulticultural Testi Testing ng 259 1

Testing g 27 1 Group  Testin Gr oup Tests vers versus us Individ ual Test Testss 272 Ad aptive Testin Testingg and Com puterputer-Based Based A dm inistration M ultilevel Batteries 278 Measuring M ultipl ultiplee Ap titudes 287

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Intelligen ce 294 Nature  of Intelligen Meaning of an IQ 295 He ritability and Modifiabil Modifiability ity 297 M otivation and Intell Intelligence igence 300 Factor Ana lysis of Intelligen ce 303 Theories of Trait Organ ization 309 Nature and Development of   raits  3 1 8

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Testing 323 Psychological Issues in   Ability  Testing Longitudinal Studies of Children's Intelligence 323 Intelligence In Ear Early ly Ch ildho od 327 Problems Probl ems iinn the Test Testing ing of Ad ult Intelligence 331 Population Chan ges in Intelligence Test Perf Performance ormance Cultural Diversi Diversity ty 340 P

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Se lf Rep ort Personality Personality Inven tories tories  3 4 8 Con tent-Related Proc Procedur edures es 349 Empirical Empiric al Criter ion Keyi Keying ng 350 Factor Analysis in Test Dev elopm ent 362 Personality Personali ty Theory in Test Dev elopm ent 367 Test-Taking Test-Taki ng A ttitude s and Response Bia Biase sess 374 Traits, Trai ts, States, Persons Persons,, and Situations 379 Cu rrent Status of Personal Personality ity Inventories 385

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Measurin Measuringg Intere sts and Attitudes  3 8 6 Interest Inventories: Cur rent Setting 387 Th e Strong Interest Inventory (SII) 389 Interest Inven tories: Overview and Som e Highlights

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CONTENTS

Some Significant Trends   4 2 Opinion Surveys  and A ttitu de Scal Scales es  Locus  o  of f C ontrol  4 8

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15 Projective Projective T echni echniques ques   41 Nature  of Projective   Projective Tech niques  411 Inkblot Techniques   411 Pictorial Techniques   419 Verbal Techniques   42 425 5 Autobiographical Memories   42 427 7 Performance Techniques   429 Evaluation  o  of f Proj  Projective ective Techniques  43 432 2

1 6 O th e r A s s eess s me n t T e c h n nii qu q u e s   44 3 Measures  o  of f Styles and Types  44 443 3 Situation al Test Testss   45 Self-Concepts   and Personal Con structs  Observer Reports   46 463 3 Biodata  

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A P P LI LI CA CA T I O N S O F T E S T I N G 17 Major Contexts Contexts  of Current   Current Test Use   474 Educa tional Testi Testing ng   474 474 Occupational Testing   49