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VZHJM^D_@VH@

Dl dc prdsdltd `p`rt`nm, sd nds`rrmcc`rà dc tèrehlm nd pshjmtdr`ph` `omrn`lnm cms shauhdltds pultms hepmrt`ltds; bhstmrh` ndc tèrehlm, `så jmem t`eohèl, nhidrdltds ndihlhjhmlds tmeàlnmsd dl judlt` nhvdrsms `utmrds, `ndeàs nd dccm, sd edljhml`rà cms jmepmldltds qud jmlimre`l dc prmjdsm pshjmtdr`pèuthjm, y ihl`cedltd, sd p`s`rà ` ndsjrhohr c` jc`shihj`jhúl nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` tme`lnm dl judlt` dc lûedrm nd p`rthjhp`ltds y dc emndcm nd `omrn`kd pshjmtdr`pèuthjm us`nm p`r` c` edkmrå` nd c`s pdrsml`s qud suirdl nd `caûl tr`stmrlm pshjmp`tmcúahjm. 0.0.BHZ^M_@ NDC ^È_EHLM ND VZHJM^D_@VH@

C` p`c`or` "Vshjmtdr`ph`" dthemcúahj`edltd dstà imre`n` jml r`åjds arhda`s y shalhihj` "tr`t`ehdltm eènhjm us`lnm dc dspårhtu". Zus jmepmldltds cèxhjms sml;  pbsyjbd (`ce`) y tbdr`ph` (tr`t`ehdltm eènhjm). Zhl deo`ram, cms jmljdptms nd Vshjmtdr`ph`, `så jmem nd dlidredn`n edlt`c sd b`l hnm emnhihj`lnm ` cm c`ram nd c` bhstmrh` b`st` `cj`lz`r su dst`nm `jtu`c. Dst` dvmcujhúl pudnd nhsthlauhrsd dl c`s shauhdltds dt`p`s. Zdaûl dc Jmljdptm Eàahjm (ndsnd c` Vrdbhstmrh` b`st` dc _dl`jhehdltm, dl dc shacm RYH7 `c ndsjmlmjdr dc mrhadl nd c` dlidredn`n edlt`c, c`s j`us`s `trhouhn`s ` c` prdsdljh` nd èst` dr`l nd j`ràjtdr smordl`tur`cds y ndemlå`j`s. Dst` prmjdndlj prmjdndljh` h` e`chal` sd dxpchj`o` ohdl pmr c` hlicudljh` nd mtrm sdr bue`lm (e`c nd mkm) m pmr c` `jjhúl nd cms nhmsds. C` jur`jhúl sd cmar`o` ednh`ltd ednhms eàahjms (orukdrå`) dlj`ehl`nms ` dxtr`dr dc dspårhtu e`chalm qud b`oht`o` dl dc judrpm ndc dlidrem (pudstm qud c` dlidredn`n dr` dltdlnhn` jmem ul` dsjhshúl dltrd dc `ce` qud dst`o`  pmsdån` pmr dspårhtus dspårhtus y dc judrpm judrpm). ). Nur`ltd c` prdbhstmrh` c` imre` nd dxpucs`r ` cms dspårhtus lm dr` mtr` qud c` trdp`l`jhúl ndc jràldm ndc `idjt`nm. Nd dst` imre`, sd jmlsdauå` s`l`r ` cms

 

 p`jhdltds. Dl c` `lthau` Edsmpmt`eh`, cms s`jdrnmtd s`jdrnmtdss dr`l cms dlj`ra`nms nd jur`r c`s dlidredn`nds edlt`cds, dxmrjhz`lnm ` cms ndemlhms jucp`ocds nd c`s ehse`s. @ndeàs, dxhstå` ul` nhidrdljh` dltrd dlidredn`nds; j`n` ndemlhm prmnujå` ul thpm nd dlidredn`n nhsthlt` (shdlnm Hnt` dc ndemlhm nd c` cmjur`). Lm most`ltd, dl Dahptm iudrml dljmltr`nms nms p`phrms (j`n` ulm nd cms ju`cds cc`e`nms jmem dc hlvdstha`nmr qud cms b`ccú) dl cms qud `p`rdjå`l ul` chst` nd rhtms y dlj`lt`ehdltms (p`phrm Dodrs) y ul` ndsjrhpjhúl ndc jdrdorm jmem jdltrm nd c`s iuljhmlds edlt`cds (p`phrm Zehtb). Dc jmljdptm eàahjm nd c` dlidredn`n edlt`c y nd c` pshjmtdr`ph`  prmshauhú nur`ltd c`s èp èpmj`s mj`s nd nd `ua `uadd nd cms kunåms y cms pdrs`s, pdrm dep depdzú dzú ` v`rh`r jml cms arhdams. Dl c` Ardjh` jcàshj` (shacm YHHH `.J.) c` dlidredn`n sdauå` tdlhdlnm ul` dthemcmaå` ndsjmlmjhn`, pmr cm qud tmn`vå` dr` jmlshndr`n` jmem irutm nd c` `jtu`jhúl nd iudrz`s smordl`tur`cds. Zhl deo`ram, c` jur` sd cmar`o` c mar`o` ednh`ltd dc usm nd c` p`c`or` jmem hlstruedltm nd tr`t`ehdltm. Dl c`s mor`s nd Bmedrm7 C` Hcå`n` y C` Mnhsd`, sd ndsjrhodl ju`trm imre`s nhidrdltds nd dlidre`r; pmr j`us` tr`ueàthj` (audrr`s, o`t`cc`s), pmr j`us` pulhthv` (pc`a`s dlvh`n`s pmr cms nhmsds), pmr j`us` `eohdlt`c (iråm, vdldlm) y pmr j`us` ndemlå`j` (pmsdshúl ndc judrpm pmr p`rtd nd ul ndemlhm bmsthc). ^`eohèl dxhstdl ju`trm imre`s nd tr`t`r dst`s p`tmcmaå`s; ednh`ltd dls`cem (depcdm nd p`c`or`s nd dls`ce`ehdltm), rudams ` cms nhmsds, jmlkurm m uthchz`lnm p`c`or`s pshjmcúahj`s (jmlvdrs`jhúl jml dc dlidrem jml hltdljhúl suadsthv`). Vmr mtrm c`nm, Vc`túl b`jå` usm nd c` p`c`or` pshjmtdr`pèuthj` depcd`lnm dc r`zml`ehdltm ednh`ltd ehtms qud jmlshstå`l dl odccms nhsjursms p`r` pdrsu`nhr `c dlidrem jml dc ihl nd emnhihj`r su jmlnujt`. Nd c` ehse` e`ldr`, Vc`túl pdrsdauå` jmlsdauhr –Zmpbrmsyld― cm qud shalhihj` –c` mrndl`jhúl nd c`s hnd`s y j`eohm dl c`s

 

jrddljh`s― p`r` qud7 nd dst` dst ` e`ldr`, sd pudn` cmar`r c` s`c s`cun un nd c` edltd y dc judrpm. Dc j`eohm prmnujhnm ` tr`vès nd c` p`c`or` rdjhohú dc lmeord nd j`t`rshs (purhihj`jhúl ndc `ce`). Bhpújr`tds (`ðm >96 `.J.)7 iud dc `rtåihjd nd ul hepmrt`ltd j`eohm dl dc jmljdptm y dc tr`t`ehdltm nd c` dlidredn`n edlt`c. Jml su mor` –Jmrpus Bhppmjr`thjue― sd prmnukm dc jmehdlzm nd c` ednhjhl` jhdltåihj`. Bhpújr`tds

dltdlnå` c` dlidredn`n jmem ul ndsmrndl hltdrlm qud l`n` tdlå` qud vdr jml ndemlhms lh dspårhtus e`chalms. Hlstruyú ` –tdglds― (tèjlhjms), pdrsml`s dlj`ra`n`s nd `l`chz`r què b`jå` dc dlidrem edlt`c y pmr què cm b`jå`. @ndeàs, cms –tdglds―

ndoå`l jmlmjdr dc nh`alústhjm, dc tr`t`ehdltm y dc prmlústhjm, y ndoå`l dxpchj`r `c dlidrem (ednh`ltd dc r`zml`ehdltm) cms såltme`s nd su dlidredn`n, dc mrhadl nd c` ehse`, dtj. Bhpújr`tds `trhouå` dc ndsdquhchorhm hltdrlm ` ul` ndsjmepdls`jhúl dltrd cms ju`trm buemrds jmrpmr`cds (s`lard, icde`, ohchs ldar`, ohchs `e`rhcc`). Vmr cm t`ltm, dc tr`t`ehdltm sd o`s`o` dl dc dst`ocdjhehdltm nd nhdt`s `ndju`n`s, dc usm nd cms iàre`jms `prmph`nms y dc nhàcmam jml dc dlidrem.  Lm most`ltd, pmr mtr` p`rtd, cms rme`lms rme`lms depcd`rml c`s hnd`s nd Bhpújr` Bhpújr`tds. tds. A`cdlm, ulm nd cms eàs i`emsms eènhjms nd c` èpmj`, deuc`o` ` Bhpújr`tds. Vmstdrhmredltd, jml c` ccda`n` ndc jrhsth`lhsem, tmn` c` jmljdpjhúl smord dlidredn`n edlt`c suirhú ul nurm rdtrmjdsm. Ymcvhdrml ` `trhouhrsd j`us`s smordl`tur`cds ` c` `p`rhjhúl nd dlidredn`nds edlt`cds (j`sthams nhvhlms,  pmsdshmlds ndemlå`j`s ndemlå`j`s). ). Nd dst` e`ldr` c` jur` sd jmlsdau jmlsdauå` å` ednh`ltd nhvdrsms rhtms (dxmrjhsems) y pdlhtdljh`. (pdrdarhl`jhmlds, jmlidshmlds). @ulqud dl dc shacm RH cms dlidrems dr`l tr`t`nms jml ul` rdc`thv` j`rhn`n y bue`lhn`n, dl cms shacms RHY y RY sd dlnurdjhú eujbm su jmlnhjhúl. Dl dc shacm RY sd dnhtú dc E`ccdus

 

E`cdihj`rue (dc E`rthccm nd c`s oruk`s), `c qud sd pusm dl rdc`jhúl jml c` dlidredn`n. Dl sdaulnm cua`r, dc Jmljdptm Mra`lhjhst`7 ndsnd dc shacm RYH b`st`  prhljhphms ndc RHR7 ` p`rthr ndc _dl`jhehdltm sd rdtmeú dc pdls`ehdltm nd Bhpújr`tds. ^mn`s c`s dlidredn`nds sml ndohn`s ` tr`stmrlms jmrpmr`cds qud `idjt`l `c jdrdorm. C`s dlidredn`nds sd nhstrhouydl, pmr t`ltm, sdaûl c`s zml`s jdrdor`cds `idjt`n`s. ^mn`s c`s p`rtds y iuljhmlds ndc mra`lhsem thdldl jmem mokdthvm c` supdrvhvdljh`. Dc judrpm bue`lm p`s` ` sdr jmlshndr`nm jmem ul` eàquhl` nhsdð`n` p`r` smordvhvhr. Zhl deo`ram, nur`ltd c` Hcustr`jhúl (shacms RYHH∟RYHHH)

c`s dlidredn`nds sd `l`chz`l ndsnd ndsnd dc pultm nd vhst` iåshjm y quåehjm. Dc judrpm ds tme`nm jmem ul `p`r`tm p`r` smordvhvhr qud tr`lsimre` dldraå` quåehj` dl edjàlhj`. Vmr mtr` p`rtd, dc Jmljdptm Vshjmcúahjm, ndsnd dc shacm RHR b`st` jmehdlzms ndc RR, jml c` ccda`n` ndc _me`lthjhsem `p`rdjd ul ar`l hltdrès pmr dc eulnm hltdrlm (p`shmlds, ndsdms, hlsthltms, dtj.) nd c`s pdrsml`s. Zd hltdlt` jmeprdlndr y dxpchj`r nhjbm eulnm hltdrlm. Dc jmljdptm nd pshjmtdr`ph` b`jå` rdidrdljh` ` tr`t`ehdltm pmr suadsthúl, y nd eètmnms nd jur`jhúl pmr ednhm nd c` edltd. Dc eètmnm j`tàrthjm iud ndsjrhtm pmr Ordudr y ` p`rthr nd èc Irdun nds`rrmccú su eètmnm  pshjm`l`cåthjm. Zhalhihj` ul ar`l p`sm ndsnd cms vhdkms eètmnms nd suadsthúl bhplúthj` `c ludvm eètmnm pshjm`l`cåthjm (Ordudr ndkú nd hlshsthr dl c` suadsthúl bhplúthj` y sd chehtú ` bhplmthz`rc` p`r` rdvhvhr rdjudrnms demjhml`cds tr`ueàthjms. Irdun p`rthú ndc eètmnm j`tàrthjm pmrqud pmnå` jur`r såltme`s, pdrm lm dvht`r qud vmcvhdr`l ` `p`rdjdr. @shehsem, ndst`jú c` hepmrt`ljh` nd c` ndidls` nd c` rdc`jhúl tdr`pèuthj` y prmpmld dc eètmnm nd c` c ` `smjh`jhúl chord.

 

Zhl deo`ram, dc jmljdptm ohmpshjmsmjh`c, ndsnd dc shacm RR b`st` c` `jtu`chn`n, cms `ltdjdndltds bhstúrhjms hepmrt`ltds nd edljhml`r, jmem dc `uedltm nd c`s nde`ln`s nd `tdljhúl nur`ltd c`s nms prhedr`s audrr`s eulnh`cds, t`ltm nd  pdrsml`s tr`ue`thz`n`s, jmem pmr cms n`tms qud sd jmlmjå`l smord c` dxtdlshúl nd c`s `idjjhmlds psåquhj`s, pdrehthú dc imrt`cdjhehdltm nd c` pshjmcmaå` jcålhj` y  prmemvhú p`r` dcc` ul` ludv` ludv` hndlthn`n, qud hljcuyd hljcuyd ul` tr`lshjhúl ndc nh`alús nh`alústhjm thjm ` c` hltdrvdljhúl pshjmtdr`pèuthj`, dst` ûcthe` emn`chn`n eàs `prmph`n` ` c` l`tur`cdz` nd c` jcålhj`. Ndsnd dltmljds, y b`st` c` `jtu`chn`n, c` pshjmtdr`ph` ds jmlshndr`n` sdaûl Jmep`s y Amtcho (?66?), jmem ''c` imre` eàs jmeûl nd hltdrvdljhúl dl c` pshjmcmaå` jcålhj`, prmjdsm us`nm p`r` tr`t`r nhvdrsms thpms nd tr`stmrlm ul` vdz qud b`l mjurrhnm. @shehsem, dc jmljdp jmljdptm tm nd dlidredn`n edlt`c y  pshjmtdr`ph` b`l hnm tme`lnm dl judlt` trds p`rtds hepmrt`ltds hltdrrdc`jhml`n`s ` c` bmr` nd b`jdr c` hltdrvdljhúl prmph`edltd nhjb`; Ohmcúahj`edltd, jmlshndr`lnm c` adlèthj`, `så jmem dc edt`omchsem jdrdor`c7 c` p`rtd Vshjmcúahj`, dl dc ju`c sd tme`l dl judlt` c`s v`rh`ocds nd c` pdrsml`chn`n, `så jmem c`s dxpdrhdljh`s vht`cds y cm smjh`c b`jhdlnm rdidrdljh` `c e`rjm e`r jm `eohdlt`c. 0.?.NDIHLHJHMLDZ 0.?.NDIHLH JHMLDZ NDC ^È_EHLM ND VZHJM^D_@VH@

Zdaûl Vèrdz Aúedz (0822), dxhstdl eûcthpcds ndihlhjhmlds nd pshjmtdr`ph`, `caul`s sue`edltd mrtmnmx`s, qud súcm jmlshndr`l dcdedltms `pmy`nms dl ul` tdmrå` dl p`rthjuc`r, y mtr`s, pmr dc jmltr`rhm, eujbm eàs `epch`s, qud prdtdlndl n`r ul st`tus nd pshjmtdr`ph` ` nhvdrs`s `jthvhn`nds jml ul v`cmr pshjmtdr`pèuthjm hlndtdrehl`nm. @shehsem, Vèrdz Aúedz, ndihld c` pshjmtdr`ph` jmem ul prmjdsm nd `prdlnhz`kd nd dstr`tdah`s `ndju`n`s p`r` jmep`rthr dc eulnm jml cms ndeàs y nd

 

dchehl`jhúl nd c`s dstr`tdah`s pmjm `n`pt`thv`s. V`r` èc, sd tr`t` nd ul` oûsqudn` nd b`ohchn`nds qud i`jhchtdl y b`a`l s`thsi`jtmrh`s c`s rdc`jhmlds hltdrpdrsml`cds. Qmce`l (0828), jmljdptu`chz` c` pshjmtdr`ph` jmem ul tr`t`ehdltm  pshjmcúahjm nd cms ndsúrndlds edlt`cds dl dc ju`c ul` pdrsml` dltrdl`n` (pshjmtdr`pdut`) dst`ocdjd ul` rdc`jhúl jml ul` pdrsml` (p`jhdltd, jchdltd) qud  prdsdlt` prmocde`s demjhml`cds, jml dc prmpúshtm nd `chvh`r m emnhihj`r cms såltme`s m p`trmlds jmlnujtu`cds, ousj`lnm jmem rdsuct`nm c` prmemjhúl ndc jrdjhehdltm nd c` pdrsml`chn`n y dc e`ltdlhehdltm nd ul` s`cun edlt`c. V`r` Jmrshlh (0828) c` pshjmtdr`ph` ds ul prmjdsm imre`c nd hltdr`jjhúl dltrd nms pdrsml`s. Dc prmpúshtm prhljhp`c nd dstd prmjdsm ds dc nd nhsehluhr c` sdls`jhúl suokdthv` nd e`cdst`r demjhml`c m jmlnujtu`c, dl ul` nd c`s p`rtds ` c` qud sd ndlmehl` p`jhdltd, p`jhdltd, jchdltd m jmlsuct`ltd, jml c` `shstdljh` nd c` mtr` p`rtd, ` c` qud sd ndlmehl` pshjmtdr`pdut` m tdr`pdut` y quhdl sd `sued qud judlt` jml; ul judrpm nd jmlmjhehdltms tdúrhjms qud hltdltdl dxpchj`r c` pdrsml`chn`n, dc nds`rrmccm  pshjmcúahjm y dc prmjdsm nd j`eohm bue`lm7 nmehlhm nd `caûl eètmnm nd tr`t`ehdltm rdc`jhml`nm jml dc judrpm nd jmlmjhehdltms tdúrhjms7 y ul dltrdl`ehdltm y `prmo`jhúl cda`c p`r` `jtu`r jmem tdr`pdut`. C`pc`ljbd y Vmlt`chs (?66>) ndihldl c` pshjmtdr`ph`, dl ul sdlthnm `epchm, jmem tmnm eètmnm nd tr`t`ehdltm nd cms ndsúrndlds psåquhjms m jmrpmr`cds qud uthchjd ednhms pshjmcúahjms. Qmcodra, jht`nm dl Odrl`rnh, _. dt `c. (?66>), jmljhod c` pshjmtdr`ph` jmem dc tr`t`ehdltm, pmr ednhms pshjmcúahjms, nd prmocde`s nd l`tur`cdz` demjhml`c, dl dc ju`c ul` pdrsml` dltrdl`n` dst`ocdjd ndchodr`n`edltd ul` rdc`jhúl prmidshml`c jml dc p`jhdltd jml dc mokdtm nd; dchehl`r, emnhihj`r m rdt`rn`r såltme`s dxhstdltds7

 

ednh`thz`r p`trmlds nd jmlnujt` pdrturo`nms y prmemvdr dc jrdjhehdltm pmshthvm nd c` pdrsml`chn`n y dc nds`rrmccm. ^`eohèl, Vèrdz-Zàljbdz, V`rr`-Kheèldz y Dsphlms`-V`rr` (?60>), ndihld c`  pshjmtdr`ph` jmem dc `rtd nd uthchz`r tèjlhj`s y dstr`tdah`s dstr`tdah`s pshjmcúahj`s p`r` `yun`r `yun`r ` c`s pdrsml`s ` dljmltr`r smcujhmlds dihj`jds ` sus prmocde`s ndsnd c` jmlvdrs`jhúl y c` jmc`omr`jhúl dltrd jchdltd y tdr`pdut`, dl ul` rdc`jhúl e`rj`n` pmr dc dljudltrm y dc ndsjuorhehdltm pdrsml`c nd ludv`s e`ldr`s nd pdrjhohr y rd`jjhml`r `ltd c` rd`chn`n qud j`n` ulm nd lmsmtrms jmlstruyd jmlthlu`edltd. Ihl`cedltd, tr`s prmpmldr nhvdrs`s ndihlhjhmlds, pmndems `vdltur`rlms dl n`r ul` ndihlhjhúl prmph`, c` ju`c, jmljhod c` pshjmtdr`ph` jmem ul prmjdsm nd `prdlnhz`kd nd `ndju`n`s dstr`tdah`s `n`pt`thv`s, qud thdldl jmem mokdthvm `chvh`r dc e`cdst`r demjhml`c m emnhihj`r p`trmlds jmlnujtu`cds, y qud, ` su vdz, hepchj`l dst`ocdjdr ul` rdc`jhúl prmidshml`c jml dc pshjmtdr`pdut`. 0.:.JMEVMLDL^DZ 0.:.JMEVMLDL ^DZ V_DZDL^DZ DL C@ VZHJM^D_@VH@

C` dspdjhihj`jhúl nd cms dcdedltms qud jmepmldl ul` shtu`jhúl  pshjmtdr`pèuthj`  pshjmtdr`pèu thj` ds, shl cua`r ` nun`s, ulm nd cms p`sms iuln`edlt`cds nd tmn` hlvdstha`jhúl7 dl dc j`epm pshjmtdr`pèuthjm sd b` `jdpt`nm dl adldr`c qud t`cds dcdedltms pudndl `arup`rsd dl ju`trm ar`lnds j`tdamrå`s7 tmn`s dcc`s sd hlicuydl eutu`edltd, y dc rdsuct`nm mosdrv`nm cudam nd ul` pshjmtdr`ph` , p`rdjd sdr ul` hltrhj`n` rdn nd jmeohl`jhmlds nd didjtms, c` ju`c b`jd sue`edltd `rnu` c` t`rd` nd `hsc`r `prmph`n`edltd c`s v`rh`ocds7 nd tmn`s c`s imre`s7 dc `hsc`ehdltm dl judsthúl lm ndk`rå` nd sdr ul `rthihjhm, pudstm qud lhlaul` v`rh`ocd pshjmtdr`pèuthj` pshjmtdr`pèuthj` mpdr` dl dc v`jåm lh dstà ndtdrehl`n` pmr ul i`jtmr ûlhjm 7 pmr dsm, `c b`oc`r nd ju`cquhdr` nd –cms jmepmldltds― nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` ds hldvht`ocd rdidrhrsd ` cms mtrms, nd cm

jmltr`rhm, lm ds pmshocd jmeprdlndr c`s nhedlshmlds rd`cds nd j`n` ulm nd dccms.

 

  Dc jmepmldltd –^― (dc tdr`pdut`); @c hau`c qud tmnms cms dcdedltms nd c`



shtu`jhúl tdr`pèuthj`, –^― jmlsthtuyd ul` nhedlshúl dxtrde`n`edltd

jmepcdk`, jml rdc`jhúl ` c` ju`c sd dstà euy cdkms nd jmlmjdr hljcusm cms r`sams eàs smords`chdltds, jmem pmnrå`l pmnrå`l sdr c` hlicudljh` nd c` pdrsml`chn`n, nd c` mrhdlt`jhúl jcålhj`, nd c` dxpdrhdljh`, nd c` dn`n, ndc sdxm, nd c`  pmshjhúl smjhmdjmlú smjhmdjmlúehj` ehj` y ndc dltrdl`ehdltm rdjhohnm. B`y jhdrt`edltd, ndjdl`s nd hlvdstha`jhmlds qud hltdlt`l pmldr dl jc`rm ulm u mtrm nd cms i`jtmrds jht`nms, pdrm c`s jmljcushmlds sml euy jmltr`nhjtmrh`s, shdeprd v`a`s y lm rdprdsdlt`l, dl adldr`c, eàs qud ul pultm nd vhst`; dc nd c` tdmrå` ndidlnhn` pmr dc hlvdstha`nmr. Dc mrhadl nd t`cds jmliushmlds lm ds nhiåjhc nd dljmltr`r, sh sd dx`ehl` ul pmjm c` bhstmrh` nd c` pshjmtdr`ph`; lm b`jd eujbm thdepm qud sd `jdpt`o` tmn`vå` c` hnd` nd ul tdr`pdut` –p`lt`cc`―, ds ndjhr, jmepcdt`edltd ldutrm, shdeprd hau`c ` så ehsem y ` cms mtrms tdr`pdut`s nd c` ehse` mrhdlt`jhúl m dsjudc`, quhdl lm b`jå` eàs qud –rdicdk`r―, ar`jh`s ` ul` tèjlh j`

prdjhs` y t`eohèl ulhimred, cms

 pdls`ehdltms,, `jthtunds, sdlthehdltms y jmlichjtms ndc p`jhdltd. @ pds`r nd  pdls`ehdltms tmnm, `ûl cms ednhms hepdridjtms y c`s dstr`tdah`s dquåvmj`s qud sd b`l depcd`nm, pdrehtdl s`j`r `caul`s jmljcushmlds adldr`cds adldr`cds dl cm qud sd rdihdrd `c jmepmldltd ^; -  Dltrd cm qud ^ b`jd y cm qud èc nhjd qud b`jd, b`y ul` jmrrdc`jhúl qud sd dljudltr` euy jdrj` nd jdrm. -  C` ldutr`chn`n nd ^ lm dxhstd; shl rd`jjhmlds demjhml`cds sml  pràjthj`edltd hlsdp`r`ocds ndc nh`alústhjm ndc prmlústhjm, ndc pc`l nd tr`t`ehdltm y nd c` e`ldr` jmem sd jmeulhj` dc sukdtm.

 

-  C` hlicudljh` ndc ar`nm nd dxpdrhdljh` nd ^ smord su jmepmrt`ehdltm tdr`pèuthjm lm ds euy jc`r`, dspdjh`cedltd pmrqud c` e`ymr p`rtd nd dstunhms b`l shnm ccdv`nms ` j`om jml c` p`rthjhp`jhúl tdr`pdut`s ndout`ltds. -  @ cm c`ram nd cms `ðms sd b`l dc`omr`nm ndjdl`s nd puochj`jhmlds dl c`s qud sd hlnhj`l c`s –j`r`jtdråsthj`s iuln`edlt`cds nd c` rd`chn`n ndc tdr`pdut`―, pdrm sml t`lt`s, t`l v`rh`n`s y t`l jmltr`nhjtmrh`s, qud su

v`cmr pr`jthjm ds j`sh lucm. -  C`s cc`e`n`s –jmlnhjhmlds tdr`pèuthj`s―, `l`chz`n`s y imre`chz`n`s ndltrm nd c` dsjudc` nd _madrs, qud ndod mirdjdr dc ^ (dep`tå`, `utdlthjhn`n, `jdpt`jhúl hljmlnhjhml`c, j`cmr) sml jmlstrujtms juy` mpdr`jhml`chz`jhúl mpdr`jhml`chz`j húl prdsdlt` eûcthpcds nhihjuct`nds. -  Ndsnd b`jd `jdrj` nd vdhltd `ðms sd vhdld dstunh`lnm cm qud p`rdjd sdr ul `spdjtm ndc –jmepmldltd ^―; sd tr`t` nd c` jmlnhjhúl cc`e`n` –@ -O―,

dst`ocdjhn` pmr Qbhtdbmrl y Odtz dltrd 084> y 0849, y sd rdihdrd ` jhdrt`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s nd ^ qud cd pdrehthràl sdr rd`cedltd dihj`z jml arupms dspdjåihjms nd sukdtms. -  Tl ûcthem `spdjtm ` suor`y`r dl ju`ltm `c jmepmldltd ^, ds dc p`pdc qud kuda`l c`s dxpdjt`thv`s nd ^ y mtrms `spdjtms lm dspdjåihjms nd su jmepmrt`ehdltm, dc rmc nd dsms dcdedltms ds b`st` dc prdsdltd euy msjurm y, pmr cm ndeàs, ds nhiåjhc dkdrjdr smord dccms ul jmltrmc `ndju`nm,  kust`edltd ` j`us` j`us` nd su jj`ràjtdr `ràjtdr lm dspd dspdjhihjm. jhihjm.   Dc jmepmldltd –Z― (dc sukdtm); Cms jmlmjhehdltms `nquhrhnms b`st` dc



 prdsdltd smord dstd dcdedltm nd c` shtu`jhúl pshjmtdr`pèuthj` sml, t`c vdz, vdz, ul  pmjm eàs ddspdjåihjms spdjåihjms y edlms jmltr`nhjtmrhms qud cms qud qud sd pmsddl rdspdjtm

 

ndc jmepmldltd ^, shl deo`ram, eujb`s iudltds nd jmliushúl hephndl tmn`vå` c` imreuc`jhúl nd jmljcushmlds ldt`s y c` prmpmshjhúl nd adldr`chz`jhmlds vàchn`s. Dl didjtm, dl dstd j`epm y dsm ds jhdrtm t`eohèl  p`r` cms mtrms –jmepmldltds―, c` tdlndljh` ` rd`chz`r r d`chz`r c`s hlvdstha`jhmlds prd supmlhdlnm c` ulhimrehn`n tmt`c nd cms sukdtms qud sd b`l jc`shihj`nm o`km ul` imreuc` ju`cquhdr` (nd thpm nh`alústhjm, pmr dkdepcm), rdiudrz` c` jrddljh` sdaûl c` ju`c tmnms dsms sukdtms rd`jjhml`ràl nd e`ldr` hnèlthj` `ltd c` tdr`ph`. Ds vdrn`n qud dl c` `jtu`chn`n dc rmc nd jhdrtms i`jtmrds y nd jhdrt`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s ndc sukdtm sd b`jd j`n` vdz eàs jc`rm7 sh dsd rmc sd vd jmlihre`nm pmr dstunhms pmstdrhmrds, sdrà pmshocd lm smcm imreuc`r bhpútdshs eàs prdjhs`s dl ju`ltm ` c` hlicudljh` ndc sukdtm smord dc prmjdsm tdr`pèuthjm, shlm qud t`eohèl sdrà pmshocd dspdjhihj`r c`s pmshohchn`nds nd `pchj`jhúl nd ul` u mtr` imre` nd tdr`ph` smord thpms p`rthjuc`rds nd sukdtms. Dl tmnm j`sm,  pmr dc hlst`ltd ndodems suor`y`r qud jhdrtms prmocde`s iuln`edlt`cds, jmem c` prdjhshúl ndc nh`alústhjm, c` bdtdrmadldhn`n nd cms sukdtms dl cms dstunhms, c` nhvdrshn`n nd r`sams, pdrturo`jhmlds y jmepmrt`ehdltms qud sd `arup`l o`km c` dthqudt` nd –ldurmshs―, ndodràl sdr ndihlhnms y rdsudctms

`ltds nd hlhjh`r hlvdstha`jhmlds qud prdtdln`l mirdjdr jmljcushmlds v`cdndr`s y rdcdv`ltds. Dl prhljhphm, cms tr`o`kms puochj`nms pdrehtdl jrddr qud cms shauhdltds dcdedltms sml iuln`edlt`cds p`r` c` jmeprdlshúl ndc jmepmldltd Z; -  V`rdjd j`n` vdz eàs jc`rm qud nhidrdltds nhi drdltds thpms nd sukdtms rd`jjhml`l nd e`ldr`

nhsthlt`

irdltd

`

nhvdrs`s

tèjlhj`s

tdr`pèuthj`s,

hlimrtul`n`edltd,, cms dstunhms smord dstd tde` sml euy r`rms. hlimrtul`n`edltd

 

-  C`s v`rh`ocds `smjh`n`s ` ul prmlústhjm i`vmr`ocd sml `ûl jmltr`nhjtmrh`s, pdrm cms `làchshs ccdv`nms ` j`om pmr Cuomrsgy y sus jmc`omr`nmrds (0810) thdlndl ` n`r ul súchnm `pmym ` c` hnd` nd qud dc thpmh nd sukdtm ndlmehl`nm –X`vhs― pmr Zjbmihdcn (089>), y ndsjrhtm dl v`rh`s mj`shmlds pmr Ztrupp7 ds c` pdrsml` –hnd`c― p`r` sdr tr`t`n` pmr ednhm nd ul` pshjmtdr`ph` –tr`nhjhml`c.  

-   Lm pudnd ndk`r nd ccc`e`r c`e`r c` `tdljhúl dc bdjbm nd qud Cuomrsgy y sus jmc`omr`nmrds b`y`l dljmltr`nm dljmltr`nm qud c` jc`sd smjh`c sd` ul i`jtmr qud lm nhsjrhehl` `ndju`n`edltd, puds ds dvhndltd qud tmn`s c`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s ndc X@YHZ, s`cvm c` dn`n movh`edltd, sd dljudltr`l `smjh`n`s ` c` jc`sd smjh`c. Puhzàs dc prmocde` sd` c` ndtdrehl`jhúl nd –jc`sd smjh`c― dl cms

nhidrdltds dstunhms7 y lm jrddems dst`r b`jhdlnm ul kuhjhm ` prhmrh `c jmlshndr`r dstd i`jtmr jmem dsdljh`c. -  @caulms dstunhms suahdrdl qud cms sukdtms qud cms sukdtms eàs  pdrturo`nms mothdldl edkmrå`s hepmrt`ltds qud cms edlms pdrturo`nms, ehdltr`s qud mtrms suahdrdl qud dl rd`chn`n c` rdc`jhúl ds jurvhcåld`7 `p`rdltdedltd, ^ru`x y J`rgbuii mirdjdl ul` rdspudst` r`zml`ocd `c  prmocde`, puds puds sua suahdrdl hdrdl qud, ` e`ymr pdrturo`jhúl pshjmcúahj` pshjmcúahj` hlhjh`c y `

edlmr

pdrturo`jhúl

jmepmrt`edlt`c,

e`ymrds

sdrå`l

c`s

 prmo`ohchn`nds nd edkmr`. -  @p`rdltdedltd , cms ldurúthjms pdrjhodl p`rthjuc`redltd ohdl c` jmeprdlshúl depàthj` y c` `utdlthjhn`n jmem jmlnhjhmlds tdr`pèuthj`s mirdjhn`s pmr ^, y sd jdltr`rå`l smord c` `utmdxpcmr`jhúl, cms dsquhzmirèlhjms, pmr dc jmltr`rhm , lm pdrjhodl shlm ul` p`rtd nd ds`s jmlnhjhmlds, y dstm j`eoh`rh` pmjm ` tr`vès nd c` tdr`ph`7 dsms p`jhdltds

 

sdrå`l dspdjh`cedltd sdlshocds ` c` `jdpt`jhúl hljmlnhjhml`c y ` c` `utdlthjhn`n nd ^ y pmr t`ltm, jml dccms dc lûjcdm ndc tr`o`km tdr`pèuthjm ndod sdr c` imre`jhúl nd c` rdc`jhúl. -  C` hnd` sdaûl c` ju`c dc ldurúthjm thdlnd ` rdst`ocdjdr, ar`jh`s ` c`  pshjmtdr`ph` ul` jmlarudljh` dltrd sus pdrjdpjhmlds ndc –ym― y ndc –hnd`c ym―, b` shnm sdvdr`edltd pudst` dl dltrdnhjbm. dltrd nhjbm. 

-  C` `pdrtur` ` c` hlicudljh` tdr`pèuthj` p`rdjd sdr ul `adltd hepmrt`ltd qud i`jhcht` dc prmardsm tdr`pèuthjm.   Dc jmepmldltd –V― (c` pshjmtdr`ph`); Dl prhedr` hlst`ljh`, qud cms lmeords

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n`nms ` cms shstde`s pshjmtdr`pèuthj pshjmtdr`pèuthjms7 ms7 –pshjm`làchshs―, –tdr`ph` jdltr`n` dl dc jchdltd―, –tdr`ph` ndc jmepmrt`ehdltm―, lm

n`l eàs qud ul` hnd` euy

armsdr` smord c`s tèjlhj`s depcd`n`s dl dccms. Dl 0848 B`rpdr sd rdidrå` ` :9 shstde`s pshjmtdr`pèuthjms, pdls`lnm qud c` chst` lm dst`o` jmepcdt`, dl 0810 C`z`rus b`oc`o` nd eàs nd 24. Ds prmo`ocd qud dl c` `jtu`chn`n b`y` eàs nd 066, dsm shl hljcuhr –eètmnms― jmem cms nd Ehccdr Ehccd r y Ocmmeodra, m dc jmlkultm nd rdjmedln`jhmlds jàusthj`s nd B`cdy, ` prmpúshtm nd c`s dstr`tdah`s jdrtdr`s p`r` ul ir`j`sm jmem pshjmtdr`pdut`, lh c` bhpútdshs nd Omra`tt` smord c` –cheomtdr`ph`―. @l`chjdems  qud lhlaul` imre` nd tdr`ph` ds –pur`―, y

qud dl rd`chn`n c` j`sh tmt`chn`n nd shstde`s pshjmtdr`pèuthjms

ds dc prmnujtm nd jmeohl`jhmlds "dcèjtrhj`s" nd prhljhphms y nd tèjlhj`s qud sd hlsjrhodl dl jmltdxtms m dl pdrspdjthv`s ihcmsúihjms euy v`rh`n`s. Zhl deo`ram, `c b`jdr ul dx`edl ndt`cc`nm nd c` shtu`jhúl, sd ndsjuord qud dc lûedrm nd prhljhphms oàshjms y nd edj`lhsems dxpchj`thvms ds o`st`ltd rdnujhnm y qud c` hljhndljh` nd c`s hlihlht`s pdrspdjthv`s ihcmsúihj`s ndltrm

 

nd c`s ju`cds sd cds hlsjrhod, c`s eàs nd c`s vdjds thdldl ul` hlicudljh` eålhe` smord su pràjthj`. -  CMZ EDJ@LHZEMZ. Tlm nd cms prmocde`s oàshjms ndc j`epm  pshjmtdr`pèuthjm  pshjmtdr`pèu thjm ds dc nd s`odr juàcds sml cms dcdedltms, cms i`jtmrds m jmepmldltds nd ul` hltdrvdljhúl, qud pudndl rd`cedltd n`r judlt` nd cms rdsuct`nms mosdrv`nms, y smord què àrd`s nd c` pdrsml`chn`n y ndc jmepmrt`ehdltm dkdrjdl su hlicudljh`. Dl c` `jtu`chn`n sd `jdpt` iàjhcedltd qud dst` hlicudljh` ds eucthnhedlshml`c, dl dc sdlthnm nd qud ul j`eohm prmnujhnm dl ul j`epm dspdjhihjm pudnd `idjt`r tmnm dc shstde` jmepmrt`edlt`c , cm ju`c lm shalhihj` qud c`s pshjmtdr`ph`s sd mjup`l nd tmnm dc jmepmrt`ehdltm7 pmr dc jmltr`rhm , lms p`rdjd qud tmn`s sml rdnujjhmlhst`s y qud thdlndl , ldjds`rh`edltd y pmr ndihlhjhúl, ` n`rcd hepmrt`ljh` ` jhdrtms `spdjtms nd c` jmlnujt` dl ndtrhedltm nd mtrms, dstm ndpdlndrà nd c`s pdrspdjthv`s tdúrhj`s `nmpt`n`s nd c`s ldjdshn`nds m nd c`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s ndc sukdtm tr`t`nm y nd c`s  pmshohchn`nds y `cj`ljds nd c`s tèjlhj`s qud sd e`ldk`l. Dc prmocde` jdltr`c jmlshstd dl jrddr qud lm ds heprdsjhlnhocd dxpchj`r tmnms dsms dcdedltms. -  C@ NT_@JHÚL. Tl` nd c`s v`rh`ocds qud eàs prdst` ` c`s e`lhpuc`jhmlds ds c` nur`jhúl nd c` tdr`ph`, dl c` ednhn` dl qud dstd dcdedltm ds mokdthv`ocd dl tèrehlms t èrehlms nd ulhn`nds prdjhs`s7 shl deo`ram, dst` i`jhchn`n lm v`, lh eujbm edlms, ` c` p`r jml jc`rhn`n nd cms rdsuct`nms motdlhnms nd su dstunhm, jmem cm ndeudstr`l cms iurhmsms ndo`tds qud mpmldl, ndsnd b`jd `ðms, ` cms ndidlsmrds nd cms nhidrdltds  pultms nd vhst`7 y c` smcujhúl nd t`cds t`cds ndo`tds lm sd vd euy prúxhe`.

 

-  C@Z _DZVTDZ^@Z NHID_DLJH@CDZ. Ds prmo`ocd qud, ndltrm nd dstd jmlkultm nd prmocde`s, c` judsthúl eàs jmepcdk` sd` c` ndtdrehl`jhúl ndc thpm nd prmocde` qud rdspmlnd edkmr ` ul thpm nd tdr`ph` m, edkmr `ûl, ju`c ds dc thpm nd tdr`ph` eàs `ndju`n` p`r` ul` jc`sd dspdjhihj` nd pdrturo`jhúl. @ul ju`lnm dc pshjm`làchshs y c`s mtr`s imre`s nd pshjmtdr`ph` o`s`n` dl dc hlshabt y c` hltrmspdjjhúl  prmpmrjhml`l, dl c` e`ymrå` nd cms j`sms, rrdspudst`s dspudst`s v`a`s, nde`sh`nm adldr`cds shl ul sustdltm i`jtu`c `prmph`nm, ds hllda`ocd qud nur`ltd c` nèj`n` nd 0896 sd rd`chz`rml dsiudrzms jmlshndr`ocds, sml dc ihl nd ndcheht`r cms `cj`ljds nd c`s tèjlhj`s prdidrhn`s pmr cms hlvdstha`nmrds y  pr`jthj`ltds. -  DC ^_@^@EHDL^M DZ^@LN@_H[@NM. Tl` jmlnhjhúl hnd`c h nd`c ndltrm nd c` hlvdstha`jhúl dl dc j`epm pshjmtdr`pèuthjm , jmlshstd dl pmndr `sdaur`r qud qud tmnms tmnms cms sukdtms tr`t`nms jml c` tèjlhj` –R―

dstàl

didjthv`edltd rdjhohdlnm dc ehsem tr`t`ehdltm, dst` sdaurhn`n a`r`lthz`rå` c` dst`ohchn`n nd cms rdsuct`nms y i`jhcht`rå` dc jmltrmc nd v`rh`jhmlds ndltrm ndc prmjdnhehdltm dsthe`nm , puds `ulqud ds movhm qud ju`lnm sd quhdrd dst`ocdjdr jmep`r`jhmlds dltrd eètmnms nd hltdrvdljhúl ds heprdsjhlnhocd hltrmnujhr v`rh`jhmlds, ju`lnm sd dstunh`l cms didjtms nd ulm smcm sd ldjdsht` qud dstd sd` ulhimred.

  Dc jmepmldltd –E―  (dc ednhm `eohdltd); Dl dstd jmltdxtm, dc ednhm

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`eohdltd sd jmepmld nd i`jtmrds euy nhvdrsms y rdjuord ul ulhvdrsm eujbm eàs `epchm qud c` ehse` pshjmtdr`ph`; rdjuord tmnms cms dcdedltms, tmnms cms sujdsms nd c` vhn` ndc sukdtm iudr` nd c`s bmr`s nd jmlsuct` tdr`pèuthj`.

 

C` rdicdxhúl eàs dcdedlt`c pmld dl dvhndljh` c` hlicudljh` ndjhshv` nd dstd jmlkultm nd i`jtmrds smord cms rdsuct`nms nd c` pshjmtdr`ph`; p`rdjd hljudsthml`ocd qud t`cds rdsuct`nms dstàl ndtdrehl`nms y jmlnhjhml`nms dl ar`l ednhn` pmr c`s shtu`jhmlds dxtdrl`s qud vhvd dc hlnhvhnum. Euy pmjms `utmrds sd emstr`rå`l nhspudstms ` lda`r c` hlicudljh` ndc ednhm y nd cms dvdltms dxtdrlms ` c` pshjmtdr`ph` dl c` dvmcujhúl y dc ndsdlc`jd nd dst`, hljcusm sd rdjmlmjd shl nhihjuct`n qud , nd ul` e`ldr` nde`sh`nm irdjudltd  p`r` sdr imrtuht`, cms j`eohms qud dc tdr`pdut` `trhouyd ` su hltdrvdljhúl jmhljhndl jml j`eohms hepmrt`ltds dl dc ednhm ndc sukdtm7 dstm hepchj` qud, m ohdl cms j`eohms dr`l hlehldltds dl dc emedltm dl dc ju`c dc sukdtm jmedlzú ` ousj`r c` `yun` m ohdl qud c` tdr`ph` cd nhm c` –dldraå`― ldjds`rh ldjds`rh``

 p`r` `irmlt`r ul j`eohm j`eohm qud nd tmn tmn`s `s e`ldr`s sd sd b`orå` prmnujhn prmnujhnm. m. 0.:.0 Dcdedltms jmeulds ` tmn`s c`s pshjmtdr`ph`s;   Tl` rdc`jhúl demjhml`c, nd jmlih`lz` jml ul` pdrsml` qud `yun`; C`

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rdc`jhúl jml dc tdr`pdut` ds ul` jmlnhjhúl ldjds`rh` y ` edlunm suihjhdltd  p`r` edkmr`r edkmr`r dl jju`cquhdr u`cquhdr thpm nd pshj pshjmtdr`ph` mtdr`ph` (_madrs, (_madrs, 0841). Cms p`jhdltds p`jhdltds qud dxpdrhedlt`rml ul` edkmrå` dsthe`rml su rdc`jhúl pdrsml`c jml dc tdr`pdut` jmem c` p`rtd eàs hepmrt`ltd ndc tr`t`ehdltm. @ cms prmphms  p`jhdltds sd cds pdrehtd sdr ndpdlnhdltds ndc tdr`pdu tdr`pdut` t` dl rdc`jhúl ` c` `yun` qud rdjhodl, ` j`us` nd su jmlih`lz` dl c` jmepdtdljh` y oudl` vmcult`n ndc tdr`pdut`. Dst` ndpdlndljh` sd rdiudrz` pmr dc jmlmjhehdltm, pmr p`rtd ndc  p`jhdltd, ndc dltrdl`ehdltm ndc tdr`pdut`, pmr dc shthm nmlnd th thdld dld cua`r dc tr`t`ehdltm y pmr c` jmlarudljh` ndc dlimqud ndc tdr`pdut` jml c`s dxpdjt`thv`s ndc p`jhdltd. Ehdltr`s qud hlhjh`cedltd dc st`tus m c` rdput`jhúl ndc tdr`pdut` `ltd cms mkms ndc p`jhdltd pudnd ndtdrehl`r c` `sjdlndljh` ndc

 

tdr`pdut`, dc èxhtm nd c` tdr`ph` ndpdlnd nd c` j`p`jhn`n ndc tdr`pdut` p`r` jmlvdljdr `c p`jhdltd nd qud juhn` nd èc, ds jmepdtdltd dl c` `yun` qud cd mirdjd y dsm ds cm ûlhjm qud cd hepmrt` (Aure`l, 0811).   Tl `eohdltd nd jur`; Dl prhedr cua`r, `ihre` dc prdsthahm ndc tdr`pdut` y

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rdiudrz` c` dxpdjt`thv` ndc p`jhdltd `ltd c` `yun` qud v` ` rdjhohr, sheomchz`lnm dc p`pdc ndc tdr`pdut` jmem pdrsml` qud jur`, y` sd` dc cua`r ul` jcålhj` dl prdsthahmsm bmspht`c m ul ndsp`jbm prhv`nm ccdlm nd dst`ltdrå`s, ul` eds` heprdshml`ltd, ul smià y ul` shcc` júemn`. @ edlunm, dc cua`r jmlthdld c`s prudo`s ndc dltrdl`ehdltm ndc tdr`pdut`, jmem nhpcme`s y imtms nd sus prmidsmrds. Dl sdaulnm tèrehlm, dc cua`r n` sdaurhn`n. Cms  p`jhdltds s`odl, s`odl, rmnd`nms pmr su suss p`rdnds, qud pudndl ndk`rsd ccdv`r ccdv`r ndltrm nd `epchms cåehtds, qud pudndl `trdvdrsd ` rdvdc`r `spdjtms nd dccms ehsems qud cds b`l mjuct`nm ` mtrms y nhsjuthr v`rh`s `ctdrl`thv`s p`r` c` jmlnujt` iutur` shl jmeprmehsm y shl lhlaul` jmlsdju jmlsdjudljh` dljh` iudr` nd c` jcålhj`.   Dsqude` r`jhml`c, jmljdptu`c, m ehtm; Mirdjd ul` dxpchj`jhúl pc`ushocd p`r`

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cms såltme`s ndc p`jhdltd y prdsjrhod ul rhtu`c m prmjdnhehdltm p`r` rdsmcvdrcms. C`s p`c`or`s ehtm y rhtu`c sd uthchz`l ndchodr`n`edltd p`r` dli`thz`r qud, `ulqud dxprds`nms tåphj`edltd dl tèrehlms jhdltåihjms, cms iuln`edltms y prmjdnhehdltms tdr`pèuthjms lm pudndl sdr rdiut`nms. Cms èxhtms sd tme`l jmem ul` prudo` nd su v`chndz, ` edlunm nd imre` drrúld`, ehdltr`s qud cms ir`j`sms sd dxpchj`l nd imre` chord. Tl` iuljhúl nd cms rhtu`cds tdr`pèuthjms qud sd b` ndsjuhn`nm ` edlunm ds dc nd ul` euy oudl` dxjus` `c p`jhdltd p`r` `o`lnml`r ul såltme` m qudk`rsd ju`lnm sd dstà  prdp`r`nm p`r` b`jdrcm. _dluljh`r ` ul såltme` shl ul` r`zúl dxtdrl`

 

`ndju`n` pmnrå` supmldr c` hepchj`jhúl nd qud dstd dr` trhvh`c m nd qud dc  p`jhdltd cm b`oå` b`oå` prmnujhnm pmr `caûl emthvm. 0.>.JC@ZHIHJ@JHÚL 0.>.JC@ZHIH J@JHÚL ND C@ VZHJM^D_@VH@

Zdaûl C`l` & Yhn`c (?60>), rd`chz`rml c` jc`shihj`jhúl nd c` pshjmtdr`ph`, tme`lnm dl judlt` nms dcdedltms iuln`edlt`cds; dc emndcm nd `omrn`kd tdr`pèuthjm us`nm p`r` rd`chz`r c` pshjmtdr`ph` y dc lûedrm nd p`rthjhp`ltds quhdlds `shstdl ` c`  pshjmtdr`ph`. ^dlhdlnm dl judlt` dst` jc`shihj`jhúl, sd jmlthlu`rà ` rd`chz`r dc nds`rrmccm ndc tde`. 0.>.0.  Jc`shihj`jhúl nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` sdaûl dc emndcm nd `omrn`kd pshjmtdr`pèuthjm uthchz`nm.

V`r` dccm, sd ndsjrhohràl 9 emndcms nd `omrn`kd pshjmtdr`pèuthjm,

dstms sml cms shauhdltds; 0.>.0.0 Emndcm Vshjm`l`cåthjm; Zdaûl Cúpdz (?60?), nds`rrmcc` hlimre`jhúl tdúrhj` smord dc Vshjm`làchshs, nmlnd edljhml` qud ds ul` tdmrå` smord dc iuljhml`ehdltm nd c` edltd bue`l` y ul` pràjthj` tdr`pèuthj`. Iud iuln`nm pmr Zhaeuln Irdun dltrd 0224 y 08:8 y jmlthlû` shdlnm nds`rrmcc`nm pmr pshjm`l`chst`s pmr tmnm dc eulnm. Dc  pshjm`làchshs thdld thdld ju`trm àrd`s àrd`s prhljhp`cds nd ``pchj`jhúl; pchj`jhúl; 0. Jmem ul` tdmrå` ndc iuljhml`ehdltm nd c` edltd bue`l`. ?. Jmem ul eètmnm nd tr`t`ehdltm p`r` cms prmocde`s psåquhjms. :. Jmem ul eètmnm nd hlvdstha`jhúl y, >. Jmem ul` imre` nd vdr y `l`chz`r cms idlúedlms juctur`cds y smjh`cds jmem c` chtdr`tur`, dc `rtd, c`s pdcåjuc`s, emvhehdltms pmcåthjms y arup`cds. @shehsem, Irdun ndsjuorhú, tr`o`k`lnm jml sus p`jhdltds bhstèrhj`s, qud cms såltme`s jmltdlå`l ul shalhihj`nm mjuctm. Jml dc thdepm `prdlnhú qud cms såltme`s ldurúthjms dr`l edls`kds qud pmrt`o`l jmltdlhnms psåquhjms rdprhehnms d hljmlsjhdltds.

 

Dstm cd pdrehthú nds`rrmcc`r su –jur`  pmr c` p`c`or`― cm qud rdvmcujhmlm c`

hltdr`jjhúl dltrd cms p`jhdltds y sus tdr`pdut`s. Irdun `tdlnå` ` sus p`jhdltds sdhs nå`s ` c` sde`l`, dsjujb`lnm y rdspmlnhdlnm ` cm qud dccms quhshdr`l ndjhrcd, ehdltr`s  pdre`ldjå`l tdlnhnms dl dc nhvàl. Dr`l hlvht`nms ` ndjhr tmnm cm qud tr`lsjurrhdr` pmr su edltd, dstm prmvdå` ` Irdun nd `smjh`jhmlds qud prmvdlå`l nd dxpdrhdljh`s rdprhehn`s nd c` lhðdz, ndsdms, y i`lt`så`s qud dr`l rdsuct`nm nd jmlichjtms hljmlsjhdltds.. Tl` vdz tr`ånms ` c` jmljhdljh` nhjbms jmlichjtms pmnå`l sdr `l`chz`nms y hljmlsjhdltds cms såltme`s nds`p`rdj nds`p`rdjå`l. å`l. Dstms : prmjdnhehdltms (dlju`nrd, `smjh`jhúl chord d hltdrprdt`jhmlds) lm smc`edltd sd tr`lsimre`rml dl ul pmtdltd eètmnm nd tr`t`ehdltm, shlm t`eohèl dl ul` bdrr`ehdlt` dihjhdltd p`r` dstunh`r c` pshquhs bue`l`, qud eàs t`rnd mrhahlú dc nds`rrmccm nd ul` j`n` vdz e`s smihsthj`n` tdmrå` pshjm`l`cåthj` smord dc iuljhml`ehdltm nd c` edltd bue`l`. Ds `så qud, cms jmljdptms hepmrt`ltds qud ahr`l dl tmrlm `c nds`rrmccm ndc emndcm  pshjm`l`cåthjm iudrml iudrml cms shauhdltds; 0.  Dc hljmlsjhdltd; C` vhn` psåquhj` dxhstd pmr ndo`km nd cm qud jmlmjdems jmem c` jmljhdljh`, t`eohèl, pmr ndo`km ndc prdjmlsjhdltd dl dc sdlthnm, nd qud, ds `qudccm smord cm qud pmndems vmcvdrlms jmlsjhdltd ju`lnm tr`t`ems nd pdls`r dl dccm. C` e`ymr p`rtd nd ludstr` vhn` edlt`c ds hljmlsjhdltd y ds` p`rtd smcm ds `jjdshocd pmr c` vå` ndc Vshjm`làchshs. ?.  Dxpdrhdljh`s tdepr`l`s nd c` lhðdz; Zml ul` `e`ca`e` nd i`lt`så` y rd`chn`n j`r`jtdrhz`n` pmr ndsdms p`shml`cds, hepucsms prhehthvms y `lshdn`nds hli`lthcds. Dc b`eord ndsphdrt` dc ndsdm nd tr`a`rsd tmnm, pdrm t`eohèl dc tdemr nd sdr tr`a`nm. Dc ndsdm nd dst`r dl jmltrmc d hlndpdlnhdltd dstà `smjh`nm `c tdemr nd sdr e`lhpuc`nm m `o`lnml`nm, c` sdp`r`jhúl nd `caulms nd sus juhn`nmrds pudnd shalhihj`r qudn`r

 

dxpudstm, shl `yun` y `o`lnml`nm. @e`r ` ulm nd cms p`nrds pudnd sdr rhdsamsm,  pudstm qud dc lhðm pudnd tdedr pdrndr dc `emr ndc mtrm p`nrd. Dstms ndsdms tdepr`lms y tdemrds rdsuct`l dl jmlichjtms qud lm pudndl sdr rdsudctms, sml rdprhehnms y sd vudcvdl hljmlsjhdltds hljmlsjhdltds.. :.  Nds`rrmccm Vshjmsdxu`c; Irdun dltdlnhú qud c` e`nur`jhúl prmardshv` nd c`s iuljhmlds jmrpmr`cds sd jdltr`o`l dl c`s zml`s drúadl`s (omj`, `lm, adlht`cds) y sd `v`lz`o` dst` e`nur`jhúl kultm jml cms pc`jdrds y tdemrds dxpdrhedlt`nms dl rdc`jhúl jml sus juhn`nmrds, tme`nms dstms jmem rdc`jhúl nd mokdtm. Dc nds`rrmccm nd dst` dstrujtur` ds dc j`ehlm p`r` c` imre`jhúl nd c` edltd hli`lthc. >.  Dc jmepcdkm nd Dnhpm; ds dc lûjcdm nd tmn` ldurmshs. Dc lhðm ` cms 9 `ðms sd vudcvd jmlsjhdltd nd c` l`tur`cdz` sdxu`c nd c` rdc`jhúl dltrd sus p`nrds, nd c` ju`c èc dstà dxjcuhnm. @p`rdjdl iudrtds sdlthehdltms nd jdcms y rhv`chn`n qud ndodràl sdr rdsudctms, kultm jml mtrms prmocde`s jmem quhdl ds bmeord, quhdl eukdr ` quhdl sd  pudnd `e`r, jml quhdl sd pudnd j`s`r, jmem vhdldl cm odods `c eulnm y qud ds cm qud cms lhðms pudndl b`jdr jmep`r`nm jml cm qud b`jdl cms `nuctms. C` rdsmcujhúl nd dsms nds`iåms v` ` emcnd`r dc j`ràjtdr `nuctm y `c supdrym. 4.  _dprdshúl; Ds c` iudrz` qud e`lthdld hljmlsjhdltd c`s pdcharms`s i`lt`så`s rdc`jhml`n`s jml c` p`rtd lm rdsudct` nd cms c ms jmlichjtms hli`lthcds. 9.  Cms sudðms sml rd`chz`jhúl nd ndsdms; @ edlunm, cms sudðms, dxprds`l dc juepchehdltm nd ndsdms m i`lt`så`s hli`lthcds. Vudstm qud c`s dsjdl`s dl cms sudðms `p`rdjdl ndimre`n`s m nhsir`z`n`s (jmem dsjdl`s `osurn`s, dxtr`ð`s m hljmbdrdltds) dst`s rdquhdrdl `làchshs p`r` rdvdc`r su shalhihj`nm hljmlsjhdltd. Irdun cc`eú ` c` hltdrprdt`jhúl nd cms sudðms c` vå` rdah` `c hljmlsjhdltd. 1.  ^r`lsidrdljh`; Ds c` tdlndljh` uohju` nd c` edltd bue`l` nd vdr d hndlthihj`r ju`cquhdr ludv` shtu`jhúl smord c` pc`lthcc` nd dxpdrhdljh`s dxpdrhdljh`s prdvh`s. Dl pshjm`làchshs

 

c` tr`lsidrdljh` mjurrd ju`lnm dc p`jhdltd vd ` `l`chst` jmem ul` ihaur` p`rdlt`c jml dc ju`c pudnd vmcvdr ` dxpdrhedlt`r cms e`ymrds jmlichjtms hli`lthcds m tr`ue`s jmem sh iudr` c` shtu`jhúl mrhahl`c. 2.  @smjh`jhúl Chord; Ndsjrhod c` dedradljh` nd pdls`ehdltms, sdlthehdltms y i`lt`så`s ju`lnm lm dstàl hlbhohn`s pmr rdstrhjjhmlds jmem dc ehdnm, c` jucp` m c` vdraódlz`. 8.  Dc ym, dccm y supdrym; Dc ym ds dc `shdltm prhljhp`c nd c` jmljhdljh`, dc `adltd nd c` edltd qud dkdrjd c` rdprdshúl, jmlsmchn` d hltdar` cms v`rh`nms hepucsms y tdlndljh`s `ltds nd sdr tr`sc`n`n`s ` c` `jjhúl. @ndeàs, dc dccm ds c` p`rtd hljmlsjhdltd nd c` edltd, dc shthm nmlnd emr` c` p`rtd rdprhehn` d hljmalmsjhocd nd c` edemrh` y nd r`strms nd c`s dxpdrhdljh`s hli`lthcds. Ihl`cedltd, dc supdrym ds c` auå` nd c` edltd y c` jmljhdljh`, dc cua`r ndsnd nmlnd sd rdjudrn`l c`s prmbhohjhmlds y cms c ms hnd`cds pmr cm ju`c cujb`r. Vmr mtrm c`nm, c` c ` Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj` ds ul prmjdsm tdr`pèuthjm o`s`nm dl c`s tdmrå`s pshjm`l`cåthj`s y qud lms `yun` ` rdsmcvdr ludstrms prmocde`s pshjmcúahjms ` tr`vès nd ul `uedltm nd c` jmeprdlshúl nd ludstrm eulnm hltdrlm (i`lt`så`s,  pdls`ehdltms,, demjhmlds,  pdls`ehdltms demjhmlds, sdlthehdltms y sudðms). Dxpdrhdljh`s nmcmrms`s y nhiåjhcds nhiåjhcds ndc  p`s`nm pudndl `idjt`r dc emnm dl qud lms jmepmrt`ems y lms rdc`jhml`ems dl dc  prdsdltd. Dstm mjurrd hljcusm sh dc våljucm dltrd dc prdsdltd y p`s`nm lm ds jc`rm. C` Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj` prmpmrjhml` ul cua`r sdaurm y jmlihndljh`c p`r` b`oc`r nd c`s nhihjuct`nds demjhml`cds y sus j`us`s. @shehsem, c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj` lm mirdjd smcujhmlds ràphn`s7 ds eàs ul prmjdsm ar`nu`c nd jmeprdlshúl nd ludstrm eulnm hltdrlm y ndc thpm nd rdc`jhmlds qud dst`ocdjdems jml cms ndeàs. Zd s`od qud, nhjb` pshjmtdr`ph` nhihdrd nd mtr`s imre`s nd tdr`ph` dl qud pdrshaud ul j`eohm prmiulnm y nur`ndrm t`ltm dl ludstr` vhn` demjhml`c jmem dl c` j`chn`n nd ludstr`s rdc`jhmlds jml cms ndeàs.

 

Vmr dlnd, c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj` p`rtd nd c` hnd` qud p`r` rdsmcvdr ludstrms

prmocde`s

pshjmcúahjms,

nhsehluhr ludstrm

suirhehdltm,

ndodems

 prmardshv`edltd  prmardshv`edl td jmeprdlndr sus r`åjd r`åjds, s, c`s ju` ju`cds cds súcm sml p`rjh`cedltd jmlmjhn`s pmr lmsmtrms. Dc tdr`pdut` lms `yun`rà ` ndsjuorhr c`s mtr`s j`us`s, c`s eàs ndsjmlmjhn`s ndsjmlmjhn`s m hljmlsjhdltds,, y` qud, dl dc prmjdsm qud sd ccdv` ` j`om dl Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj`; hljmlsjhdltds t`ltm tdr`pdut` jmem p`jhdltd tr`o`k`l dl dquhpm p`r` ndsjuorhr c`s j`us`s qud hephndl ` èstd nhsirut`r nd tmnm su pmtdljh`c y ohdldst`r. 0.>.0.?. Emndcm Jmlnujtu`c; Zdaûl _uåz & Zàljbdz (0882), cms pmstuc`nms oàshjms ndc emndcm jmlnujtu`c (G`znhl,08147 Zghlldr,0814) sml; 0. C` jmlnujt` `lmre`c m ndsvh`n` lm ds dc prmnujtm nd prmjdsms edlt`cds m ohmcúahjms `ctdr`nms. Lm ds ul såltme` "supdrihjh`c" nd ul` dstrujtur` suoy`jdltd. Dcc` ehse` jmlimre` c` `lmre`chn`n. Cms cc`e`nms prmjdsms edlt`cds edlt`cds sml `jthvhn`nds jmlnu jmlnujtu`cds jtu`cds dljuohdrt`s, lm mosdrv`ocds nhrdjt`edltd. ?. C` dv`cu`jhúl m nh`almsthjm jmlnujtu`c jmlshstd dl c` ndtdrehl`jhúl nd c` jmlnujt` mokdtm nd dstunhm, sus `ltdjdndltds y sus jmlsdjudljh`s. :. C` hltdrvdljhúl pshjmtdr`pèuthj` jmlnujtu`c jmlshstd dl c` emnhihj`jhúl nd cms `ltdjdndltds y jmlsdjudljh`s jmlsdjudljh`s nd c` jmlnujt` ` ihl nd emnhihj`r dst`. >. C` jmlnujt` pudnd sdr e`lhihdst` (`jtms (`jtms emtmrds y jmlnujt` vdro`c) m dljuohdrt` (pdls`ehdltm, heàadlds y `jthvhn`n ihshmcúahj`). Cms cc`e`nms prmjdsms edlt`cds suokdthvms sml jmlnujt`s dljuohdrt`s rdahn`s pmr cms ehsems prhljhphms nd `prdlnhz`kd qud c` jmlnujt` e`lhihdst`. 4. Dc dstunhm ndc "sukdtm jmlnujtu`c" jmlshstd dl dc `làchshs nd su jmlnujt` e`lhihdst` y dljuohdrt`.

 

9. Dc jmlnujthsem y c` tdr`ph` nd jmlnujt` lm lhda`l c` dxhstdljh` nd cms prmjdsms suokdthvms cc`e`nms edlt`cds, jmem sd sudcd e`chltdrprdt`r, shlm eàs ohdl cms jmlshndr`l `jthvhn`n edlt`c, `jthvhn`nds jmlnujtu`cds m shepcdedltd jmlnujt`. 1. C` tdr`ph` nd jmlnujt` dstunh` c` jmlnujt` dljuohdrt` ` tr`vès nd c` jmlnujt` e`lhihdst`. C` jmlnujt` e`lhihdst` lm dst` j`us`n` pmr c` jmlnujt` dljuohdrt`, shlm qud, `eo`s sd dxpchj`l dl iuljhúl nd c` bhstmrh` nd `prdlnhz`kd ndc sukdtm jmlnujtu`c y c`s v`rh`ocds `ltdjdndltds y jmlthladljh`cds `jtu`cds. 2. Dc tdr`pdut` nd jmlnujt` cd hlimre` nd sus hltdrvdljhmlds ` sus p`jhdltds, nd c`s qud sudcd pdnhr jmlsdlthehdltm. C` tdr`ph` jmlccdv` ul rmc `jthvm ndc p`jhdltd y ndc tdr`pdut`. @ndeàs nd dccm, cms tdr`pdut`s t dr`pdut`s nd jmlnujt` dstàl prmiuln`edltd hltdrds`nms dl e`ltdldr ul` `ndju`n` rdc`jhúl tdr`pèuthj` jml sus jchdltds. Oàshj`edltd c` tdr`ph` nd jmlnujt` jmehdlz` ednh`ltd ul prmjdsm nd nh`alústhjm ndlmehl`nm @làchshs Iuljhml`c m Jmlnujtu`c, dc ju`c jmlshstd dl "tr`nujhr dc prmocde`  prdsdltd ` j`tda j`tdamrå`s mrå`s jmlnujtu`cds jmlnujtu`cds mpdr`thv`s (jmlnujt`s e`lhihdst`s y dljuohdrt`s pmr cm adldr`c jc`shihj`n`s jmem "jmalhjhmlds―, –demjhmlds" y "jmlnujt`s'') y dl ndtdrehl`r c`s v`rh`ocds qud c`s e`lthdldl (mra`låsehj`s, ednh`jhml`cds, `ltdjdndltds dstheuc`rds y jmlthladljh`s nd rdiudrzm). Dc `ltdrhmr prmjdsm ndtdrehl` nd qud v`rh`ocds ds iuljhúl c` jmlnujt` dstunh`n` y auå` dc prmjdsm nd sdcdjjhúl nd c`s tèjlhj`s tdr`pèuthj`s. Dl c` e`ymrå` nd cms j`sms dc tdr`pdut` jmep`rtd jml su jchdltd m p`jhdltd cms rdsuct`nms nd t`c `làchshs y jmem ` p`rthr ndc ehsem ds ndsd`ocd hltdrvdlhr. Dc tdr`pdut` nd jmlnujt` sudcd e`ldk`r ul `epchm `o`lhjm nd tèjlhj`s tdr`pèuthj`s  p`r` nhvdrsms prmocde`s. Dc dep depcdm cdm `ndju`nm nd nnhjb`s hjb`s tèjlhj`s thdld qud qud pmsddr rdc`jhúl irdltd ` c` prmocdeàthj` ndc p`jhdltd.

 

Vmr mtrm c`nm, dxhstdl nms prhljhphms iuln`edlt`cds qud jmlsthtuy jmlsthtuydl dl c` o`sd nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmlnujtu`c, dstms sml; dc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm jcàshjm y dc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm mpdr`ltd. Dc prhedrm nd dccms, jmlshstd dl qud dc `p`rd`ehdltm nd jhdrtms dståeucms v`l ` mj`shml`r dc `prdlnhz`kd nd ul` jmlnujt`. @shehsem, dc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm mpdr`ltd jmlshstd dl qud c` `p`rhjhúl nd ul` jmlnujt` sd v` ` ndodr pmr cms rdiudrzms m j`sthams  prdsdltds dl dl c` dehshúl nd nhj nhjb` b` jmlnujt`. Dstms p`r`nhae`s ndc `prdlnhz`kd, hlicuydl dl c` `p`rhjhúl y nds`rrmccm nd jhdrt`s  p`tmcmaå`s, `så `så jmem t`eohèl, ddll dc e`ltdlhehdltm nd dst`s. ^`eohèl, dxhstdl jhdrt`s dst`s tèjlhj`s ednh`ltd c`s ju`cds sd us`l dl c` tdr`ph` nd c` jmlnujt`, dst`s sml;   ^èjlhj`s o`s`n`s dl dc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm jcàshjm; C` eàs jmlmjhn`s y uthchz`n`s

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sml cms eètmnms nd dxpmshjhúl y nd ndsdlshohchz`jhúl shstdeàthj` qud jmlshstdl dl dlsdð`r `c sukdtm ` dlirdlt`rsd eàs m edlms ar`nu`cedltd ` c`s iudltds dstheuc`rds nd su `lshdn`n, ehdnms, vdraódlz`s y mtr`s demjhmlds, nd emnm qud, ndkdl nd rdspmlndr jml `lshdn`n `ltd c`s ehse`s. C` ndsdlshohchz`jhúl jmlccdv` dc `prdlnhz`kd prdvhm nd b`ohchn`nds nd rdc`k`jhúl.   ^èjlhj`s o`s`n`s o`s`n`s dl dc jmlnhj jmlnhjhml`ehdltm hml`ehdltm mpdr`l mpdr`ltd; td; Oàshj`edltd sd nnhvhndl hvhndl dl

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 prmjdnhehdltms dlj`ehl`nms ` `uedlt`r jmlnujt`s `ndju`n`s `ndju`n`s (rdimrz`ehdltm, emcnd`ehdltm pmr `prmxhe`jhmlds sujdshv`s, dtj.) y `qudccms mtrms dlj`ehl`nms ` rdnujhr jmlnujt`s hl`ndju`n`s (dxthljhúl y j`stham), `så jmem `qudccms qud, jmeohl`l c`s nms ihl`chn`nds `ltdrhmrds (rdimrz`ehdltm nhidrdljh`c, jmltr`tm nd jmlnujt`, jmltrmc nd dståeucms, dtj.).   ^èjlhj`s o`s`n`s o`s`n`s dl dc emndc`ehdltm; ` tr`vès ndc emndc`nm ndc tdr`pdut` m arupm

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sd prdsdlt` `c p`jhdltd nhvdrsms prmjdnhehdltms nd e`ldkm nd prmocde`s

 

rdc`jhml`cds, dc p`jhdltd c`s mosdrvd d heht` dc emndcm y dc tdr`pdut` cd prmpmrjhml` hlimre`jhúl jmrrdjtmr`. ^`eohèl sd uthchz`l tèjlhj`s p`r` dxprds`r lm smcm ludv`s jmlnujt`s, shlm t`eohèl p`rd dxprds`r ndsdms y demjhmlds nhvdrs`s. C`s tèjlhj`s eàs jmlmjhn`s dl dstd tdrrdlm sml dc Dltrdl`ehdltm dl B`ohchn`nds Zmjh`cds y dc Dltrdl`ehdltm dl @sdrthvhn`n.   ^èjlhj`s o`s`n`s dl cms prhljhphms ndc `utmjmltrmc; sd sudcd uthchz`r dl

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jmeohl`jhúl jml c`s `ltdrhmrds, y dl jhdrtm sdlthnm c`s hltdrvdljhmlds `ltdrhmrds sd prmpmldl `c p`jhdltd jmem vå`s nd `utmjmltrmc m `prdlnhz`kd nd e`ldkm nd  prmocde`s. C`s eàs uthchz`n`s sml cms `utmrrdahstrms ` tr`vès nd cms ju`cds dc  p`jhdltd `prdlnd ` mosdrv`r su prmph` jmlnujt` y ` emnhihj`rc` y c`s tèjlhj`s jmalhthv`s ednh`ltd c`s qud sd `prdlnd ` e`ldk`r c` rdc`jhúl dltrd cms `jmltdjhehdltms, `jmltdjhehdltm s, su hltdrprdt`jhúl, v`cmr`jhúl suokdthv` y sus didjtms demjhml`cds y jmlnujtu`cds. Dstms prmjdnhehdltms sd uthchz`l jml e`ymr èli`shs y dxtdlshúl  pmr cms tdr`pdut`s jmalhthvms y nd ul` e`ldr` eàs p`rthjuc`rhz`n` pmr cms tdr`pdut`s jmalhthvms-jmlnujtu`cds jmalhthvms-jmlnujtu`cds m jmlnujthst`s jmalhthvms. Dltmljds, sd pmnrå` ndjhr qud, c` ^dr`ph` Jmlnujtu`c sd jdltr` dl dc jmepmrt`ehdltm bue`lm y ehr` p`r` drr`nhj`r dc jmepmrt`ehdltm lm ndsd`nm m c` e`c` `n`pt`jhúl. Lmre`cedltd dstd thpm nd tdr`ph` sd uthchz` p`r` c`s pdrsml`s jml prmocde`s nd jmepmrt`ehdltm m prmocde`s nd s`cun edlt`cds qud hepchj`l ul jmepmrt`ehdltm lm ndsd`nm. Dkdepcms nd dstm hljcuydl c`s `nhjjhmlds, `lshdn`n, imoh`s y dc tr`stmrlm mosdshvm-jmepucshvm mosdshvm-jmep ucshvm (^MJ), C` ^dr`ph` Jmlnujtu`c ds ul tr`t`ehdltm o`s`nm dl c` `jjhúl qud thdld jmem mokdthvm prmemvdr dc j`eohm nd jmepmrt`ehdltm pmshthvm. Mtr`s tdr`ph`s jmem c` tdr`ph`  pshjm`l`cåthj` thdlndl thdlndl ` sdr eàs jdltr`n` dl dc jmlmj jmlmjhehdltm hehdltm y prmiulnhz`r dl dc p`s`nm. p`s`nm. Dl c` tdr`ph` jmlnujtu`c, dc p`s`nm shaud shdlnm hepmrt`ltd, y` qud ` edlunm rdvdc`

 

núlnd y juàlnm surahú dc jmepmrt`ehdltm lm ndsd`nm, shl deo`ram, sd jdltr` eàs dl dc jmepmrt`ehdltm `jtu`c y dl c`s imre`s dl qud sd pudnd rdjthihj`r. Ihl`cedltd, c` prdehs` ndtràs nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmlnujtu`c ds qud dc jmepmrt`ehdltm  pudnd sdr `prdlnhnm `prdlnhnm y ` c` vdz emnhihj`nm. Dc mokdthvm ddss `yun`r `c hlnhvhnum ` `prdlndr ludvms jmepmrt`ehdltms jmepmrt`ehdltms pmshthvms, qud rdnuzj`l `c eålhem m dchehl`r dc prmocde`. 0.>.0.:. Emndcm Bue`lhst`; C` Vshjmcmaå` Bue`lhst` ds ul emvhehdltm qud `p`rdjd dl cms `ðms 96 ndc shacm RR dl rdspudst` ` cms emndcms tdr`pèuthjms nd dltmljds; dc jmlnujthst` pmr su rhahndz y dc pshjm`làchshs pmr su èli`shs dl c` p`tmcmaå` nd thpm eàs ohdl  pdshehst`. Dst` –tdrjdr` iudrz`― rdûld c`s `pmrt`jhmlds v`chms`s nd c`s mtr`s nms d hltrmnujd

dl c` pràjthj` tdr`pèuthj` jmljdptms jmem dc jrdjhehdltm, c` jrd`thvhn`n, dc `emr, c` `idjthvhn`n m c` `utmrrd`chz`jhúl. Dstd ludvm dlimqud nd c` Vshjmcmaå` mjup`o` c` suokdthvhn`n y c` dxpdrhdljh` hltdrl` nd c` pdrsml` jmem ul tmnm, shl ir`aedlt`jhmlds jmem c` jmlnujt` m dc hljmlsjhdltd, m c` pdrjdpjhúl m ndc cdlau`kd, shlm qud, jmltdepc` ` c` c ` pdrsml` jmem mokdtm cuehlmsm nd dstunhm, `shehsem, nds`rrmcc`r ul` ludv` nhsjhpchl` qud hlvdstha`r` cms idlúedlms eàs pmshthvms y s`lms ndc sdr bue`lm jmem c` jmeulhj`jhúl, c` chodrt`n, c` j`p`jhn`n nd ndjhnhr, dc j`eohm tdr`pèuthjm, y smord tmnm, c` `utdlthjhn`n y dc `rtd nd sdr ulm ehsem, pmrqud nd `ccå ndoå` prmvdlhr dc sdlthnm nd rdspdtm y rdspmls`ohchn`n7 ndsnd dsd lûjcdm ndc sdr, pudnd surahr ul j`ehlm ndc dxhsthr qud sd` s`lm m s`ohm, dquhchor`nm y  pcdlm, c` `utdlthjhn`n jmem ul prmjdsm nd `utm`jdpt`j `utm`jdpt`jhúl húl y `jdpt`jhúl nd tmnm cm qud dxhstd. Dstd arupm nd pdls`nmrds dst`o` jmlsthtuhnm pmr shlauc`rds dxpmldltds nd ul` hlquhdtun juctur`c ludv`; Gurt Amcnstdhl, Drhjb Irmee, J`rc _madrs, @or`b`e E`scmw,

 

Irhtz Vdrcs, _mccm E`y, G`rdl Bmrldy, @cnmus Buxcdy, Bdrodrt E`rjusd, y `ndeàs dst`o`l hltdar`lnm dstd arupm rdvmcujhml`rhm ndc pdls`ehdltm jmltdepmràldm, nms  kúvdlds pshjmtdr`pdut`s, pshjmtdr`pdut`s, dccms dr`l Zhnldy Kmur`rn y Duadld Duadld Adlnchl, `eoms nd ?9 `ðms nd dn`n, jmlvhrthèlnmsd dl dc prhedr prdshndltd nd c` @smjh`jhúl Bue`låsthj` y dc iuturm ndsjuorhnmr ndc Imjushla, rdspdjthv`edl rdspdjthv`edltd. td. Dl eujbms `spdjtms, cms dlimquds bue`lhst`s sml nd l`tur`cdz` ihcmsúihj`, tr`t`l jml v`cmrds, b`oc`l nd c` l`tur`cdz` nd c` jmlnhjhúl bue`l`, jmlndl`l dc usm nd dthqudt`s nd nh`alústhjm y prdihdrdl ul pultm nd vhst` bmcåsthjm nd c` pdrsml`. Zdaûl C` @smjh`jhúl @edrhj`l` nd Vshjmcmaå` (?601), dc emndcm bue`lhst` pmsdd ju`trm j`r`jtdråsthj`s iuln`edlt`cds;   Eudstr`l ul p`rthjuc`r `iàl pmr jdltr`rsd dl c` pdrsml`, su dxpdrhdljh` hltdrhmr, dc

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shalhihj`nm qud c` pdrsml` n` ` sus dxpdrhdljh`s.   Dli`thz`l c`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s nhsthlthv`s y dspdjåihj`edltd bue`l`s jmem sml c`

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jrd`thvhn`n, `utmrrd`chz`jhúl, ndjhshúl, dtj.   E`lthdldl dc jrhtdrhm nd shalhihj`jhúl hltrålsdj` ` c` bmr` nd sdcdjjhml`r cms

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 prmocde`s ` hlvdstha`r, hlvdstha`r, dl jjmltr` mltr` nd ul v` v`cmr cmr hlsphr`nm ûl ûlhj`edltd hj`edltd dl dc v`cmr nd c` mokdthvhn`n.   Zd jmeprmedtdl jml c` nhalhn`n bue`l` y sd hltdrds`l pmr dc nds`rrmccm pcdlm

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ndc pmtdljh`c hlbdrdltd ` j`n` pdrsml`, p`r` dccms c` pdrsml` ds jdltr`c t`c y jmem dst` sd ndsjuord y dl rdc`jhúl jml mtr`s pdrsml`s y jml mtrms arupms smjh`cds. Dl rdc`jhúl ` cms thpms t hpms nd pshjmtdr`ph`s nd mrhadl bue`lhst`, dxhstdl nhvdrsms thpms j`n` ul` nd dcc`s jml sus rdspdjthv`s r dspdjthv`s tèjlhj` tèjlhj`s, s, `caul`s nd dcc`s sml c`s shauhdltds;   ^dr`ph` dxhstdljh`c; Ds ul dlimqud tdr`pèuthjm eàs ihcmsúihjm, iuln`edlt`

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su pdrspdjthv` dl c`s ihcmsmiå`s idlmedlmcúahjm-dxhstdljh`cds. Dstd thpm nd

 

tdr`ph`s `pmy` y jrdd dl c`s j`p`jhn`nds bue`l`s y emthv` ` cms hlnhvhnums ` `suehr c`s rdspmls`ohchn`nds nd sus èxhtms. Ednh`ltd dc nhàcmam hndlthihj` prdkuhjhms y e`ldr`s nd prmjdndr dl c` vhn`, thdld ul` nhspmshjhúl `ohdrt` b`jh` c` shtu`jhúl ndc p`jhdltd y su imre` nd dxpdrhedlt`r c` vhn`, ¡dc tdr`pdut` sd jdltr` dl cms jmlichjtms qud suradl `c dlirdlt`rlms ` ul eulnm qud –`edl`z`!  c`

e`ldr` p`rthjuc`r dl c` qud j`n` pdrsml`

sd b` dxpchj`nm su prmph` dxhstdljh`. Cms jmlichjtms demjhml`cds sd vdl jml jmem ul jmlichjtm hltdrlm j`us`nm pmr c` jmlirmlt`jhúl ndc hlnhvhnum jml cm ndtdrehl`nm pmr c` prmph` dxhstdljh`.   ^dr`ph` Adst`ct; C` Adst`ct jmem tdr`ph`, b`jd su `p`rhjhúl pmr cms `ðms :6

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y >6 ndc prdsdltd shacm, ndohèlnmsd sus prhljhphms oàshjms ` Irdndrhjg Vdrcs,  pshjm`l`chst` `cdeàl. Dst` Dst` tdr`ph` sd shrvd oàshj`edltd nd c` pshjmcmaå` nd c` Adst`ct, ndc Vshjm`làchshs y nd c` Ihcmsmiå` Dxhstdljh`c Durmpd`. C` tdr`ph` adstàcthj` tr`t`rà nd i`jhcht`r p`r` j`n` mra`lhsem dc nds`rrmccm qud  pmshohcht`rà dljmltr`r edt`s shalhihj`thv`s, dl dc prmjdsm nd e`nur`jhúl nd j`n` mra`lhsem. Zu mokdthvm ds nds`rrmcc`r y i`juct`r `c hlnhvhnum p`r` qud `jtûd smord c` o`sd nd tmn` hlimre`jhúl pmshocd, qud j`ptd lm súcm cms i`jtmrds rdcdv`ltds ndc j`epm dxtdrlm, shlm t`eohèl c` hlimre`jhúl rdcdv`ltd hltdrl`, cmar`lnm jml dccm c` `utmrrdauc`jhúl, tr`t`lnm nd ccda`r ` dcc` pmr ednhm ndc n`rsd judlt` dl dc `quå y `bmr`. Nd dst` e`ldr`, c` tdr`ph` adstàcthj` `ltds qud ul` tdr`ph` vdro`c ds ul` tdr`ph` vhvdljh`c7 ds rdvhvdljh` nd cms `sultms hljmljcusms dl dc `quå y `bmr`7 rdst`ocdjhdlnm dc iuljhml`ehdltm tmt`c d hltdar`nm ndc hlnhvhnum p`r` qud èstd pudn` emnhihj`r su jmlnujt`. Vmr mtr` p`rtd, c` hltdrvdljhúl ndc tdr`pdut` sd b`jd dl o`sd ` cm hlednh`tm, ` cm movhm, ` cm qud pdrjhod y nur`ltd c` c`omr tdr`pèuthj`, lm sd hhltdrprdt`7 ltdrprdt`7 shlm qud sd tr`o`k`

 

jml sdls`jhmlds, jml dc judrpm ndc sukdtm7 sd b`jd qud sd rdspmls`ohchjd nd sus `jtms, sdls`jhmlds y demjhmlds; –Xm ed nmy judlt` `quå y `bmr` nd qud `jtûm nd dstd emnm―.  

  ^dr`ph` nd c`s ldjdshn`nds bue`l`s; Ds ul` tdmrå` prmpudst` pmr @or`b`e

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E`scmw, dl c` ju`c sd dxpmld ul` kdr`rquå` nd ldjdshn`nds y i`jtmrds qud emthv`l ` c`s pdrsml`s7 dst` kdr`rquå` sd emndc` hndlthihj`lnm jhljm j`tdamrå`s nd ldjdshn`nds y sd jmlstruyd jmlshndr`lnm ul mrndl kdràrquhjm `sjdlndltd `sjdlndl td nd `judrnm ` su hepmrt`ljh` p`r` c` supdrvhvdljh` y c` j`p`jhn`n nd emthv`jhúl. Nd `judrnm ` dstd emndcm, ` ednhn` qud dc bmeord s`thsi`jd sus ldjdshn`nds suradl mtr`s qud j`eoh`l m emnhihj`l dc jmepmrt`ehdltm ndc ehsem7 jmlshndr`lnm qud smcm ju`lnm ul` ldjdshn`n dstà –r`zml`ocdedltd― s`thsidjb`, sd nhsp`r`rà ul` ludv`

ldjdshn`n. C`s jhljm j`tdamrå`s nd ldjdshn`nds sml; ihshmcúahj`s, sdaurhn`n, smjh`cds, dsthe`/rdjmlmjhehdltm dsthe`/rdjmlmj hehdltm y nd `utmrrd`chz`jhúl.   ^dr`ph` jdltr`n` dl dc jchdltd; Dc prhljhp`c dxpmldltd nd dstd thpm nd tdr`ph`

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ds J`rc _madrs, y `ulqud dl ul prhljhphm tmeú cms eètmnms ndc pshjm`làchshs mrtmnmxm jml dc p`sm ndc thdepm y tr`o`k`lnm t r`o`k`lnm jml sus p`jhdltds sd nhm judlt` nd qud lm dst`o`l shdlnm ndc tmnm dihj`jds. @så pmr c` nèj`n` nd cms `ðms trdhlt` y dst`lnm ` j`ram ndc Jdltrm nd @sdsmrå` _mjbdstdr, _madrs iud hlicuhnm pmr c`s hlvdstha`jhmlds nd Mttm _`lg y Kdsshd ^`ii, dc prhedrm tdlå` ul` imre`jhúl pshjm`l`cåthj` pdrm b`oå` nds`rrmcc`nm sus prmph`s tèjlhj`s y  prmjdnhehdltms pshjmtdr`pèuthjms pshjmtdr`pèuthjms jml c` ihl`chn`n nd mtmra`rcd ` sus  p`jhdltds ul` e`ymr hlndpdlndlj hlndpdlndljh`, h`, pmr su p`rtd ^`ii qud dr` ul` tr`o`k`nmr` smjh`c b`oå` hepcdedlt`nm tèjlhj`s nd rdc`k`jhúl qud pdrehtå`l ` c`s  pdrsml`s jmltrmc`r jmltrmc`r su jmlnuj jmlnujt`. t`.

 

Ds hepmrt`ltd rds`ct`r c` hepmrt`ljh` nd dstms nms dlimquds nd cms qud _madrs iud deodsthnm, puds imre`rml c`s o`sds p`r` cm qud ndspuès sd jmlvdrthrå` c` tdr`ph` jdltr`n` dl dc jchdltd. V`r` dc `ðm nd 08>6 y jml ul` o`st` hlvdstha`jhúl p`r` nds`rrmcc`r ul eètmnm shstdeàthjm nd tr`t`ehdltm, _madrs depcd` dc tèrehlm –tdr`ph` lm nhrdjthv`― c` ju`c tdlå`

jmem o`sd c` jmlih`lz` dl dc p`jhdltd p`r` ccda`r ` c` s`cun edlt`c, `så jmem dc tr`t`r dc `quå y dc `bmr` dl vdz nd hltdrds`rsd pmr dxpdrhdljh` dxpdrhdljh`ss nd c` vhn` p`s`n`, `ndeàs nd qud c` rdc`jhúl tdr`pdut`-p`jhdltd dr` dc prhljhp`c ednhm p`r` `sdaur`r ul prmjdsm tdr`pèuthjm `ndju`nm. Jml dc p`sm ndc thdepm th depm _madrs dli`thzú nd qud dstd prmjdsm tdr`pèuthjm ndoå` sdr ul ednhm chord pmr dc ju`c c`s pdrsml`s jmlshauhdrml dc jrdjhehdltm, pmr cm ju`c dc dlimqud  prmpudstm pmr èc tme` `caulms pu pultms ltms dsdl dsdljh`cds, jh`cds, dc prhedrm ds dc jmljdptm jmljdptm nd dsthe`jhúl dsthe`jhúl  pmshthv` hljmlnhjhml`c, jml cm ju`c sd prdtdlnd qud dc tdr`pdut` mtmraud ` c` pdrsml` jmeprdlshúl, `pmym y dsthe`jhúl nd e`ldr` jmlst`ltd, y `ulqud dst` dsthe`jhúl ds vht`c t`eohèl cm ds c` dep`tå` y` qud dc pmldrsd dl dc cua`r ndc p`jhdltd `yun`rå` ` dltdlndr c`  prmocdeàthj` qud prdsdlt` y `så ppmndrcd mndrcd auh`r dl dc prm prmjdsm. jdsm. Vmr ûcthem, dstà c` jmlarudljh`, ds ldjds`rh` qud dxhst` dl dc sdr bue`lm jml rdspdjtm ` su ym rd`c y su ym hnd`c, puds ehdltr`s e`ymr sd` c` ordjb` dltrd dccms c` pdrsml` sd dljmltr`rà eàs prmpdls` ` ndsdquhchorhms pshjmcúahjms. @ulqud dst`s sml c`s o`sds nd c` tdr`ph` jdltr`n` dl dc jchdltd, ds b`st` dc `ðm 08>9 ju`lnm _madrs ndjhnd pmldrcd dstd lmeord, dc bdjbm nd qud b`y` ndjhnhnm dstd j`eohm sd ndod ` qud jmlshndr`o` qud ul` pdrsml` jml `ctdr`jhmlds pshjmcúahj`s lm dstà dlidre`,  pmr cm t`ltm cc`e`rcd p`jhdltd lm sdrå` `ndju`nm, `ndeàs nd qud èc vd `c tr`t`ehdltm

 

 pshjmcúahjm jmem ju`cquhdr mtrm sdrvhjhm `c qqud ud c` pdrsml` pdrsml` `jund, pmr cm t`ltm t`ltm sd dljudltr` dl c` shtu`jhúl nd jchdltd.   @làchshs tr`ls`jjhml`c; Dc @làchshs ^r`ls`jjhml`c `ndeàs nd sdr ul` tdmrå`

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nd c` pdrsml`chn`n, ds ul` tdmrå` nd c` jmeulhj`jhúl qud pdrehtd jmeprdlndr y edkmr`r c` j`chn`n nd c`s rdc`jhmlds hltdrpdrsml`cds. Dst` tdmrå` dxpchj` júem ` p`rthr nd cms thpms nd edls`kds, j`rhjh`s, e`ln`tms,  prmbhohjhmlds y pdrehsms qud c` pdrsml` rdjhod ndsnd dt`p`s euy tdepr`l`s nd su vhn`, dcc` tme` ndjhshmlds smord quhèl ds y júem ndod sdr, `nmpt`lnm ndtdrehl`n`s pmshjhmlds dxhstdljh`cds m pdrjdpjhmlds smord så ehse`, c`s mtr`s pdrsml`s y c` vhn`. @ p`rthr nd dst`s ndjhshmlds y pdrjdpjhmlds, `jtû` dl jmljmrn`ljh` jmljmrn`ljh` t`ltm jmlsham ehse` jmem jml c`s ndeàs, dst`ocdjhdlnm rdc`jhmlds s`cun`ocds m dlidrehz`s jml dst`s m  p`rthjhp`lnm dl kudams pshjmcúahjms qud cd pdrehtdl e`ltdldr m rdimrz`r sus pmshjhmlds dxhstdljh`cds. Dc prmocde` ds qud eujb`s vdjds nds`rrmcc` ul –ehtm― smord dcc` ehse`,

 o`s`nm dl edls`kds edls`kds i`csms y j`rhjh`s lda`thv`s qud c` ccdv`l ` vhvhr auhmlds ndstrujthvms qud smsthdld ednh`ltd rdc`jhmlds hltdrpdrsml`cds lmjhv`s y kudams pshjmcúahjms. Vmr mtrm c`nm, dc prmpúshtm ûcthem ndc @làchshs ^r`ls`jjhml`c ds qud c` pdrsml` ccdaud ` sdr `utúlme`, cm qud shalhihj` qud dstà hltdrds`n` oàshj`edltd dl sdr dcc` ehse`, dl pc`ltd`rsd edt`s rd`chst`s qud ndl prmpúshtm y shalhihj`nm ` su dxhstdljh` y dl nds`rrmcc`r ul shstde` èthjm p`r` `pchj`rcm ` su vhn` y dl c` tme` nd ndjhshmlds. 0.>.0.>. Emndcm Jmalhthvm; @utmrds jmem J`e`jbm (?66:), e`lhihdst`l dc Jmalhthvhsem surahú iuln`edlt`cedltd jmem ul` rd`jjhúl ` cms emndcms y nds`rrmccms jmlnujtu`cds, y` qud p`r` dstms ûcthems c` pdrsml` rdspmlnå` súcm ` p`rthr nd jmlnhjhml`ehdltms m `prdlnhz`kds `eohdlt`cds, p`r` c` Jmalhthv` lm súcm hepmrt`rà dc dståeucm, shlm

 

 prhljhp`cedltd c` p`rthjuc`r jmlihaur`jhúl jmlihaur`jhúl qud c` pdrsml` b`a` nd dsms dståeucms, cm qud sd nhm dl cc`e`r dc V`r`nhae` ndc Vrmjds`ehdltm nd c` Hlimre`jhúl. Dc prhljhp`c `ltdjdndltd bhstúrhjm nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` qud sd sudcd jht`r ds dc nd Dpåjtdtm quhdl, dl dc Dljbhrhnhml, dl dc Zhacm H, nhjd; –Lm sml c`s jms`s ehse`s c`s qud lms pdrturo`l, shlm c`s mphlhmlds qud tdldems nd c`s jms`s―. Dl  dst`

ir`sd sd pmld nd

e`lhihdstm ulm nd cms prdjdptms oàshjms nd c` jmalhthv`, cm hepmrt`ltd lm ds cm qud p`sú, shlm c` shalhihj`jhúl qud sd cd n` ` dsm qud p`sú, dc sdlthnm m c` `trhoujhúl nd shalhihj`jhúl, dl såltdshs, c` jmlstrujjhúl p`rthjuc`r nd c` rd`chn`n. Dc dstmhjhsem ds dc rdidrdltd ihcmsúihjm eàs hepmrt`ltd, ndsnd Jhjdrúl b`st` E`rjm @urdchm sd ndst`jú dc c`nm suokdthvm nd c` rd`chn`n y dc p`pdc dstrdjbm qud cms pdls`ehdltms kuda`l dl c`s p`shmlds, dcdedltms jdltr`cds qud sdràl rdtme`nms y nds`rrmcc`nms pmr c` Jmalhthv`. @ndeàs nd dccm, dc Jmalhthvhsem t`eohèl tme` `pmrtds nd `utmrds jmem G`lt y eàs `jtu`cedltd nd ihcúsmims dxhstdljh`chst`s, `ulqud ds hepmrt`ltd sdð`c`r qud dxhstdl eujb`s cåld`s y dsjudc`s ndltrm nd c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv` y j`n` ul` nd dcc`s tme` `caûl rdidrdltd p`rthjuc`r. Dl dc j`epm nd c` Vshjmcmaå` ulm nd cms prhljhp`cds dxpmldltds iud Vh`adt qud rd`chzú hepmrt`ltds dstunhms, iuln`edlt`cedltd iuln`edlt`cedltd dl dc nds`rrmccm, e`nur`jhúl y `nquhshjhúl nd c`s j`p`jhn`nds jmalhthv`s nd cms lhðms. V`rthjuc`redltd c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv` surahú ` p`rthr nd nms idlúedlms; -  Dc Zhepmshm nd Bhxsml y dc surahehdltm nd c`s Jhdljh`s Jmalhthv`s; dl dstd i`emsm Zhepmshm, jdcdor`nm dl 08>2, sd shdlt`l c`s o`sds nd ul ludvm p`r`nhae` qud jdltr` su `tdljhúl dl dc prmjds`ehdltm nd c` hlimre`jhúl.

 

-  Cms dsj`sms rdsuct`nms tdr`pèuthjms qud motdlå`l c`s pshjmtdr`ph`s bdadeúlhj` bdadeúlhj`s, s, t`ltm dc pshjm`làchshs jmem dc jmlnujthsem, p`rthjuc`redltd dl cms tr`stmrlms ndprdshvms. C` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv` surahú ndsnd nms sdjtmrds, pmr ul c`nm, `utmrds qud vdlå`l ndc Vshjm`làchshs y pmr mtrm, rdprdsdlt`ltds ndc sdjtmr jmlnujthst`, pdrm eàs `ccà nd dst`s nms jmrrhdltds, sd ndst`j` Gdccy (0844), jmem dc prhedr tdúrhjm jmalhthvm, y` qud  prdsdlt` ul dlimqud dlimqud nd c` pd pdrsml` rsml` y c` tdr`p tdr`ph` h` ndsnd ul pc`l pc`ltdm tdm jc`r`edltd jmalhthvm. jmalhthvm. Gdccy cd n`o` ul` dspdjh`c `tdljhúl `c idlúedlm nd c` `lthjhp`jhúl (Iddnimrw`rn), qud y` sd dsomz`r` dl dc Zhepmshm nd Bhxsml pmr pshjúcmams jmem C`sbcdy (08>2). C` tdmrå` nd dstd `utmr sd o`s` dl dc dstunhm nd c` mra`lhz`jhúl p`rthjuc`r nd c`s dstrujtur`s qud pdrehtdl n`rcd shalhihj`jhúl ` c` rd`chn`n y su tdr`ph` dl c` jmeprdlshúl y emnhihj`jhúl nd c`s dstrujtur`s nhsiuljhml`cds p`r` dc hlnhvhnum. Cms prhljhp`cds dxpmldltds nd c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv`, mrhahl`cedltd vdlå`l ndc Vshjm`làchshs, dltrd dccms Dcchs (089?) y Odjg (0891), `eoms sd `cdk`rml nd ds` dsjudc` pmr jmlshndr`r qud c` ehse` lm `pmrt`o` dvhndljh` depårhj` rdcdv`ltd lh rdsuct`nms i`vmr`ocds dl dc tr`o`km jcålhjm. Vmr dst` r`zúl c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv` pusm ul `jdltm dspdjh`c dl c` jmeprmo`jhúl, v`chn`jhúl d hlvdstha`jhúl nd sus tdmrå`s y iuln`edlt`cedltd iuln`edlt`cedl td nd su pràjthj`. Dcchs nds`rrmccú cm qud sd jmlmjd jmem c` ^dr`ph` _`jhml`c Demthv` Jmlnujtu`c m ^_DJ, dl nmlnd tmnms cms jmepmldltds dr`l tme`nms dl judlt`, cm rdvmcujhml`rhm nd su `pmrtd iud c` `jthtun ndc tdr`pdut` qud p`r` èc ndoå` sdr `jthv` y nhrdjthv`, susthtuyú c` jcàshj` dsjujb` p`shv` pmr ul nhàcmam jml dc p`jhdltd, dl nmlnd sd ndo`tå` y sd judsthml`o` sus pdls`ehdltms nhstmrshml`nms qud sd jrdå` dr`l cms ndtdrehl`ltds nd sus såltme`s.

 

Odjg dl su y` jcàshjm chorm –^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` nd c` Ndprdshúl― (0818), judlt`  

jmem jmedlzú ` judsthml`r prhedr`edltd `caulms `spdjtms tdúrhjms ndc Vshjm`làchshs, b`st` qud sus prmph`s hlvdstha`jhmlds jml p`jhdltds ndprhehnms, cms pmjms èxhtms qud dljmltr`o` dltrd sus jmcda`s qud dst`o`l shdlnm smedthnms ` c`rams d hldihj`jds tr`t`ehdltms y c`s hljmlshstdljh`s qud iud dljmltr`lnm dl dc tr`o`km jml p`jhdltds ndprdshvms, sdaûl sus prmph`s p`c`or`s; –Ed ccdv`rml `  dv`cu`r

nd ul emnm jråthjm c`

tdmrå` pshjm`l`cåthj` nd c` ndprdshúl y, ihl`cedltd tmn` c` dstrujtur` ndc pshjm`làchshs―. Ds `så qud jmehdlz` ` nds`rrmcc`r cm qud pmstdrhmredltd sd tr`lsimre`rå` dl ul` nd c`s  pshjmtdr`ph`s eàs eàs dihj`jds p` p`r` r` dc tr`t`ehdltm nd c` Nd Ndprdshúl. prdshúl. C` mtr` cåld` nd nds`rrmccms qud jmlimreú cms mråadlds nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` jmrrdspmlnd ` cms `utmrds qud prmvdlå`l ndc Jmlnujthsem y vhdlnm c`s cheht`jhmlds ndc ehsem jmedlz`rml ` hljmrpmr`r y `epch`r sus jmljdpjhmlds, dltrd dccms cms eàs ndst`j`nms iudrml O`lnur` (0898), Edhjbdlo`ue (0898) y C`z`rus (0810). Ds pmr dsm qud ` vdjds sd b`oc` nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthvm-jmlnujtu`c, p`r` emstr`r dstd j`ràjtdr hltdar`nmr nd nms emndcms qud dl `qudc dltmljds jmedlz`o`l ` jmlicuhr. Dc `pmrtd iuln`edlt`c nd dstms `utmrds iud c` hljcushúl ndc ndtdrehlhsem  ohnhrdjjhml`c dltrd dc hlnhvhnum y dc ednhm y dl dc `spdjtm pràjthjm c` hljcushúl nd  prmo`n`s tèjlhj`s tèjlhj`s nd hltdrvd hltdrvdljhúl ljhúl jcålhj`, t`cds jjmem mem c` ndsdlsho ndsdlshohchz`jhúl hchz`jhúl shstdeàthj`. C` Vshjmtdr`ph` Jmalhthv` ds ul prmjdnhehdltm qud sd nds`rrmccú mrhahl`cedltd  p`r` tr`t`r c` ndprdshúl, ndprdshúl, pdrm `jtu`cedltd sd sd nds`rrmcc`rml nhsdðms nhsdðms qud pdrehthdrml tr`t`r mtrms tr`stmrlms y mtr`s nhvdrs`s nh vdrs`s prmocdeàthj`s bue`l`s. Dc tr`t`ehdltm sd o`s` iuln`edlt`cedltd dl dc supudstm tdúrhjm nd qud c` jmlnujt` y cms `idjtms nd ul` pdrsml` sd dljudltr`l ndtdrehl`nms pmr su imre` nd dstrujtur`r dc eulnm (Odjg, 0819).

 

Dc dsqude` oàshjm nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` pudnd sdr ar`ihj`nm jmem ul trhàlaucm dl nmlnd dl j`n` vèrthjd pmndems uohj`r ` cms pdls`ehdltms m jmalhjhmlds, c` jmlnujt` y c` demjhúl. Cms pdls`ehdltms sd rdc`jhml`l dstrdjb`edltd jml c`s demjhmlds y c`s jmlnujt`s, dltrd tmn`s dxhstd ul` hlicudljh` rdjåprmj`, pdrm èst` lm ndod sdr dltdlnhn` jmem ul` j`us`. @l`chjdems ul dkdepcm; ul p`jhdltd ndprdshvm qud sd nhjd (pdls`ehdltm); –Lm shrvm p`r` l`n`―, dstm prmo`ocdedltd cm b`a` sdlthrsd  `lausth`nm

(demjhúl) y sdaur`edltd dstm b`rà qud ccmrd, sd thrd dl c` j`e`, hltdltd suhjhn`rsd (jmlnujt`s), `c vdrsd `så jmrrmomr`rà su jrddljh` hlhjh`c; –Lm shrvm p`r` l`n`―.

Ju`lnm dc jhrjuhtm dstà dst`ocdjhnm o`st` qud `p`rdzj` ul cdvd pdls`ehdltm m demjhúl p`r` qud tmnm sd `jthvd. @ndeàs, sd s`od qud c`s jrddljh`s c`s pdrsml`s c`s jmlstruydrml ` p`rthr nd dxpdrhdljh`s y prmjdsms jmalhthvms p`rthjuc`rds, pmr dsm c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` sd v`cnrà nd dstms ehsems dcdedltms p`r` dc tr`o`km jcålhjm. Dc tdr`pdut` kultm jml dc p`jhdltd tr`t`rà nd jrd`r dxpdrhdljh`s p`r` jmltr`st`r sus jrddljh`s. 0.>.0.4. Emndcm Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`c; Zdaûl _uåz, Nå`z & Yhcc`cmoms (?60?), edljhml`l qud, cms `ltdjdndltds ihcmsúihjms y pshjmcúahjms ndc Emndcm Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`c prmvhdldl nd trds tr`nhjhmlds; c` ihcmsmiå`, dc jmlnujthsem y jmalhthvhsem, c`s ju`cds b`l `pmrt`nm dl su nds`rrmccm. Nd dst` imre`, ul` nd c`s hlicudljh`s eàs `lthau`s vhdld nd c` Ihcmsmiå` Ounhst` y ^`mhst`, `ccà pmr dc `ðm 4>46 `.j., quhdlds `ihre`o`l qud c` rd`chn`n dr` jmlstruhn` pmr dc  pdls`ehdltm y cms kuhjhms nd v`cmr, qud pmnå`l sdr p`shml`cds y, pmr t`ltm, adldr`r suirhehdltm. Eàs `ndc`ltd, `crdndnmr ndc `ðm :66 `.j., [dlúl iuln` c` dsjudc` dstmhj`, quhdl `ihre`o` qud, p`r` `cj`lz`r c` idchjhn`n sd ndod vhvhr nds`rrmcc`lnm vhrtunds, cm ju`c sd pudnd cmar`r nmehl`lnm cms hlsthltms y p`shmlds jml ludstr` r`jhml`chn`n. Cudam, vhdld Dpåjtdtm, quhdl rdidrå` qud cms sdrds vhvms vdlhems `c eulnm jml j`p`jhn`n nd imre`rlms rdprdsdlt`jhmlds rdprdsdlt`jhml ds m hnd`s smord cc`` rd`chn`n qud lms rmnd`.

 

Vmr t`ltm, `ihre`o` qud –cms bmeords sd pdrturo`l lm pmr cms `jmltdjhehdltms dl ju`ltm t`cds, shlm pmr c` vhshúl u mphlhúl qud thdldl nd dstms ehsems―. @så, ` pds`r nd

b`odr shnm dsjc`vm y lm b`odr dsjrhtm lhlaûl chorm, sus nhsjåpucms rdjmphc`rml su dlsdð`lz` dl dc Dljbhrhnúl y sus hnd`s qudn`l b`st` ludstrms nå`s. Eàs `ndc`ltd, dl dc shacm RYHH, `p`rdjdl cms dephrhst`s hlacdsds, jmlimre`nms pmr N`vhn Bued, Kmbl Cmjgd y Ir`ljhs O`jml, pmr edljhml`r cms eàs hlicuydltds. Puhdlds  prmpmlå`l qud dc sukdtm sukdtm mothdld hlimre`jhúl ndc mokdtm ` p` p`rthr rthr nd qud sd pmld pmld dl jmlt`jtm jml èc y qud, ndpdlnhdlnm nd c` jmlarudljh` dltrd dc mokdtm ehsem y c` rdprdsdlt`jhúl hltdrl` ndc sukdtm, ndc qud sd cmard ul` vdrn`n. vdrn`n. Vmr t`ltm, dc jmlmjhehdltm ds su suokdthvm okdthvm y  p`r` ccda`r ` èc ds ds ldjds`rhm ul eètmnm dxpdrhed dxpdrhedlt`c. lt`c. @så t`eohèl, y` dltrd dc shacm RYHHH y RHR `p`rdjd c` Jmrrhdltd Hnd`chst` @cde`l` y tdlhdlnm jmem ` su eàxhem rdprdsdlt`ltd ` Hee`ludc G`lt, quhdl edljhml` qud, dc sukdtm lm pdrjhod ul` he`adl ihdc nd c` rd`chn`n dxtdrhmr, shlm ul` rdprdsdlt`jhúl edlt`c nd èc. Nd dst` imre`, c` j`p`jhn`n nd rdjhohr rdprdsdlt`jhmlds sd cc`e` sdlshohchn`n y c` j`p`jhn`n p`r` pdls`rcms, dltdlnhehdltm. Ds `så qud, cms jmljdptms lm sd rdihdrdl hlednh`t`edltd ` cms mokdtms ehsems, shlm ` c`s rdprdsdlt`jhmlds nd dstms y dxhstd `så ul eulnm hltdrhmr y mtrm dxtdrhmr. Cudam, dstà c` hlicudljh` nd c` Jmrrhdltd Idlmedlmcúahj`, chndr`n` pmr Bussdrc y Bdhndaadr, quhdlds prmpmldl qud lm dxhstd mokdtm shl sukdtm y qud pmr t`ltm sd pmld `tdljhúl ` c` mrhdlt`jhúl qud c` pdrsml` thdld b`jh` dc mokdtm, su dxpdrhdljh` suokdthv`. X` ` ihl`cds ndc shacm RHR Vàvcmv y ^bmrlnhgd prmpmldl ul` ludv` imre` nd dstunhm nd c` pshjmcmaå`, jdltràlnmsd `så dl c` jmlnujt`. Vmr su p`rtd Vàvcmv, jml cms dxpdrhedltms rd`chz`nms jml pdrrms ccda` ` n`rsd judlt` nd qud `caul`s jmlnujt`s pudndl sdr `prdlnhn`s, puds cms pdrrms jml cms qud èc tr`o`k`o` s`chv`o`l j`n` vdz qud cm vdå`l,

 

`så lm cds ccdvd jmehn` y pmr mtrm p`rtd, ^bmrlnhgd prmpmld c` cdy nd didjtm, dl c` qud dxpchj` qud sh ul` jmlnujt` v` `jmep`ð`n` nd ul` rdspudst` `ar`n`ocd dc `prdlnhz`kd sd rdiudrz`, pdrm sh pmr dc jmltr`rhm ds `vdrshv`, dc `prdlnhz`kd nd ndohcht`. @ðms eàs t`rnd, y` dl dc shacm RR, Q`tsml y _`yldr, jml cms dxpdrhedltms jml dc lhðm @codrt, n`l cujds smord c` imre` dl c` qud pudnd sdr hlst`ur`n` ul` imoh`, `smjh`lnm ndtdrehl`nms dståeucms y nd c` ehse` imre` tr`t`r dsd ehdnm, rd`chz`lnm dc  prmjdsm hlvdrsm, shdlnm dst`s c`s o`sds p`r` dc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm jcàshjm. Zh ohdl, ds ` ^bmrlnhgd ` quhdl sd cd jmlmjd jmem ulm nd cms phmldrms dl dc dstunhm ndc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm jmlnhjhml`ehdl tm mpdr`ltd, puds hndú sus j`k`s nd smcujhúl ds prmocde`s. Ds Zghlldr dc `utmr eàs hepmrt`ltd dl dstd j`epm nd dstunhm, puds ds jmlmjhnms pmr c`s jmltrhoujhmlds qud bhzm jml su –j`k` nd Zghlldr― y pmr shstde`thz`r `ltdrhmrds hlvdstha`jhmlds, `så jmem

 pmpuc`rhz`r dc jmlnujthsem. jmlnujthsem. Vmr mtrm c`nm, dl dc e`rjm nd c` Zdauln` Audrr` Eulnh`c, cms orhtàlhjms sd dljmltr`rml dl c` ldjdshn`n nd ndsjhir`r cms edls`kds dljrhpt`nms qud sd dlvh`o`l nh`rh`edltd, pdrm jmem c` jc`vd p`r` cmar`r dstm j`eoh`o` nh`rh`edltd, c` hlimre`jhúl qud ndsjuorå`l y` lm sdrvå` `c nå` shauhdltd. Ds dl dsd emedltm qud `c e`tdeàthjm ^urhla sd cd mjurrd jrd`r ul` eàquhl` j`p`z nd jmeput`r n`tms t`c y jmem cm b`jd dc jdrdorm bue`lm, pdrm nd imre` eàs ràphn`. Zhdlnm dst` c` prhedr` jmep`r`jhúl qud sd rd`chz`r dltrd c` edltd bue`l` y jmeput`nmr, puds c` prhedr` ds c` j`p`z nd pdls`r y c` sdauln` nd jmeput`r. X` dl cms `ðms 96 ds Admrad @. Ehccdr qud rd`chz` ul` puochj`jhúl nmlnd dxpmld ul` `l`cmaå` dltrd c` edltd y ul mrndl`nmr, dl c` qud sd dxpchj` t`eohèl jmem sd prmjds` c` hlimre`jhúl, c` ju`c hlards` ` tr`vès nd cms sdlthnms, ds prmjds`n` pmr dc hlnhvhnum y cudam ndvudct` ` tr`vès nd ul mutput.

 

@ndeàs, prmpmld dc emndcm ^M^D, dl dc qud dxpchj` qud dehtd dc sukdtm jmlst`ltdedltd jmlst`ltdedl td dstà shdlnm rddv`cu`n` p`r` dc cmarm nd ul` edt edt`. `. Vmr dsm `ðms t`eohèl, Jbmesgy puochj` ul` jråthj` b`jh` Zghlldr y su pmstuc`nm qud dc cdlau`kd ds `nquhrhnm  pmr ednhm nd jmlnhjhml`ehdltm, jmlnhjhml`ehdltm, dl ddsd sd sdlthnm e`lhihdst` qud dstd ds `p `prdlnhnm rdlnhnm ` tr`vès nd ul` sdrhd nd rdac`s ar`e`thj`cds eålhe`s y qud nd `bå dl `ndc`ltd surad nd imre` j`sh hlihlht`. Dl ds` ehse` nèj`n` qud @. O`lnur` rd`chz` cms dxpdrhedltms jml dc euðdjm  omom jml lhðms y pmld dl dvhndljh` dc `prdlnhz`kd qud sd n` pmr mosdrv`jhúl mosdrv`jhúl y  prmjds`ehdltm  prmjds`ehdl tm nd hlimre`jhúl qud rd`chz` dc hlnhvhnum. Vmstuc`lnm qud dxhstdl : prmjdsms rdauc`nmrds ndc `prdlnhz`kd; `p`rdk`ehdltm nd dvdltms, jmlsdjudljh` nd `jjhmlds y  prmjdsms sheoúchjms. sheoúchjms. Eàs rdjhdltdedltd, vhdldl cms tr`o`kms rd`chz`nms, pmr quhdlds sd cds ndlmehl` cms prdjursmrds nd nhjbm emndcm. Dstms sml; Odjg & Dcchs. Dc prhedrm nd dccms, @`rml ^deghl Odjg quhdl ds ul pshquh`tr` dst`nmulhndlsd l`jhnm dl 08?0 y iud dc jrd`nmr dl cms `ðms 96 nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv`, `shehsem, nds`rrmccú nhjb` tdr`ph` jmem ul tr`t`ehdltm p`r` c` ndprdshúl, dstrujtur`nm y ordvd, jdltr`nm dl c` prmocdeàthj` prdsdltd y ndsthl`nm ` rdsmcvdr prmocde`s `jtu`cds y ` emnhihj`r dc pdls`ehdltm y c`s jmlnujt`s nhsiuljhml`cds (Odjg, 089>). Ds `så qud, c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv` dli`thz`o` dc p`pdc nd cms dcdedltms jmalhthvms dl dc mrhadl y e`ltdlhehdltm nd cms prmocde`s pshjmcúahjms y, `ndeàs, hlvmj`o` c` hltdar`jhúl nd c`s tèjlhj`s jmlnujtu`cds dst`ocdjhn`s dl c` prhedr` adldr`jhúl y dc usm nd c` edtmnmcmaå` dxpdrhedlt`c jmem imre` nd emlhtmrhz`r dc prmjdsm nd hltdrvdljhúl y sus rdsuct`nms tdr`pèuthjms.

 

Dl sdaulnm cua`r, sd thdld ` @codrt Dcchs (080:- ?661), quhdl iud ul pshjúcmam dst`nmulhndlsd, ds dc jrd`nmr nd c` ^dr`ph` _`jhml`c Demthv` Jmlnujtu`c (^_DJ) y  prdjursmr ndc dlimqud pshjmtdr`pèuthjm jmalhthvm. Zu eètmnm tdr`pèuthjm dli`thz` dl dc  p`pdc nd c`s jrddljh`s jrddljh`s ndltrm nd cms tr` tr`stmrlms stmrlms demjhml`cds, ndidlnhdlnm `jthv`edltd qud, dc j`eohm nd jrddljh`s hrr`jhml`cds pudnd jmlnujhr ` ul j`eohm demjhml`c y jmlnujtu`c. @shehsem, dl ju`ltm ` c` dvmcujhúl nd c` ^dr`ph` nd c` Jmlnujt`, dl c` prhedr` adldr`jhúl sd tdlå` c` jrddljh` nd qud cms prmocde`s pshjmcúahjms ndrhv`o`l  prmo`ocdedltd nd ul` bbhstmrh` hstmrh` nd jmln jmlnhjhml`ehdltm hjhml`ehdltm hl`pr hl`prmph`n` mph`n` y dccm shrvhú nd o`sd o`sd ` c`  prhedr` adldr`jhúl nd tdr`pdut`s tdr`pdut`s nd jmlnujt` jmlnujt` p`r` dc nds`rrmccm nd tr`t`ehdltms o`s` o`s`nms nms dl cms prhljhphms mpdr`ltds y ndc jmlnhjhml`ehdltm jcàshjm, lm most`ltd, dc emndcm suoy`jdltd dståeucm-rdspudst` iud pudstm dl dltrdnhjbm jml rdc`thv` r`phndz `jus`nm nd lm n`r judlt` nd c` jmepcdkhn`n nd c` jmlnujt` bue`l`, `så ehsem, dc ir`j`sm nd dst`s hltdrvdljhmlds `c sdr `pchj`n`s ` prmocde`s ndc dst`nm nd àlhem jmem c` ndprdshúl `orhú c` pudrt` ` c` jmalhthvhz`jhúl nd c` ^dr`ph` nd Jmlnujt` y `så `c jmehdlzm nd c` cc`e`n` sdauln` adldr`jhúl. @ndeàs nd dccm, dxhstd c` ldjdshn`n nd j`eoh`r dc tèrehlm ^dr`ph` nd Jmlnujt` pmr ulm eàs ndsjrhpthvm d hltdar`nmr jmem ds dc nd ^dr`ph` Jmalhthvm jmlnujtu`c. Dl ju`ltm ` c` ndihlhjhúl ndc emndcm jmalhthvm jmlnujtu`c, Z`lth`am O`tccd Yhc` (?661), e`lhihdst` qud, nhjbm emndcm jmeohl` cms emndcms nd c` tdmrå` ndc `prdlnhz`kd jml `spdjtms ndc prmjds`ehdltm nd c` hlimre`jhúl, hltdlt`lnm n`r dxpchj`jhúl ` jhdrt`s jmlnujt`s jmem ` tr`stmrlms pshjmcúahjms. @shehsem, `c hltdar`r nhjbms pmstuc`nms tdúrhjms, hltdar` i`jtmrds hltdrlms y dxtdrlms ndc sukdtm. Nhjbm emndcm pmld ar`l èli`shs dl cms prmjdsms nd `prdlnhz`kd y dl c` hlicudljh` nd cms emndcms qud dc sukdtm thdld dl su  prmphm `eohdltd, t`eohèl, n` hepmrt`ljh` ` c` imre` nd prmjds`r c` hlimre`jhúl p`r` hltdlt`r jmeprdlndr dc nds`rrmccm nd cms tr`stmrlms t r`stmrlms pshjmcúahjms.

 

@ndeàs nd dccm, Vc`un dl dc ?660, prmpmld ul` ndihlhjhúl nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`c, dl nmlnd hlnhj` qud `jtu`cedltd c` ^JJ pudnd jmlshndr`rsd jmem c` `pchj`jhúl jcålhj` nd c` jhdljh` nd c` pshjmcmaå`, qud sd iuln`edlt` dl prhljhphms y  prmjdnhehdltms v`chn`nms v`chn`nms depårhj`e depårhj`edltd. dltd. ^`eohèl, Odjg (089>) & Dcchs (089?), edljhml`l nms supudstms jc`vds ndltrm ndc Emndcm Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`c, dstms sml cms shauhdltds; -  C`s pdrjdpjhmlds nd cms dvdltms hlicuydl smord c`s demjhmlds y jmepmrt`ehdltms nd c`s pdrsml`s. -  Cms pdls`ehdltms y sdlthehdltms lm dstàl ndtdrehl`nms pmr c`s pdrsml`s, sh lm, eàs ohdl pmr dc emnm dl jmem c`s pdrsml`s hltdrprdt`l nhidrdltds shtu`jhmlds. @shehsem, _uåz, Nå`z & Yhcc`cmoms (?60?), prmpmldl qud, dc mokdtm nd c` ^JJ ds c` jmlnujt` dl sus nhsthltms lhvdcds; jmlnujtu`c, jmalhthvm, ihshmcúahjm y demjhml`c, jmlshndràlnmc` jmem ul` `jthvhn`n susjdpthocd nd ednhjhúl y dv`cu`jhúl. ^`eohèl, edljhml`l qud dc mokdthvm nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` ds dc j`eohm jmlnujtu`c, jmalhthvm y demjhml`c ` tr`vès nd c` emnhihj`jhúl nd jmlnujt`s y jmalhjhmlds nds`n`pt`thv`s, dlsdð`lnm ` c`s pdrsml`s ednh`ltd dstr`tdah`s, jmlnujt`s y jmalhjhmlds `n`pt`thv`s p`r` qud b`a`l irdltd ` c`s nde`ln`s nd su ednhm. Ihl`cedltd, C`or`nmr, Jruz`nm X Euðmz (0881) hlnhj`l ju`trm j`r`jtdråsthj`s ndc Emndcm Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`c, dst`s sml; -  Dc j`eohm jmlnujtu`c sd b`y` ednh`nm pmr c`s `jthvhn`nds jmalhthv`s, ds ndjhr, c` hndlthihj`jhúl y `ctdr`jhúl nd `spdjtms jmalhthvms nds`n`pt`thvms prmnujhrà cms j`eohms jmlnujtu`cds ndsd`nms. -  C` `jdpt`jhúl ndc ndtdrehlhsem rdjåprmjm dltrd dc pdls`ehdltm, `eohdltd y c` jmlnujt`.

 

-  C` ^JJ dstà nhsdð`n` p`r` `yun`r `c p`jhdltd ` hndlthihj`r y emnhihj`r jrddljh`s y/m pdls`ehdltms nhsiuljhml`cds, nhsiuljhml`cds, `shehsem, t`eohèl sd `yun` ` c` pdrsml` ` qud jmlmzj`l c` rdc`jhúl dltrd c`s jmalhjhmlds, dc `idjtm y c` jmlnujt` kultm ` sus jmlsdjudljh`s, p`r` b`jdrcd jmlsjhdltd `jdrj` ndc rmc qud juepcd cms  pdls`ehdltms lda`thvms dl ddcc e`ltdlhehdltm ndc pprmocde`. rmocde`. -  Zd us`l e`lhpuc`jhmlds `eohdlt`cds ednh`ltd dls`yms nd iddno`jg qud i`jhcht`l c` mpmrtulhn`n p`r` qud c` pdrsml` judsthmld judsthmld,, rdv`cmrhjd y `nquhdr` jmltrmc smord sus jmlnujt`s, sdlthehdltms y jmalhjhmlds nds`n`pt`thv`s, `c ehsem thdepm qud,  pr`jthj` b`ohchn`nds b`ohchn`nds dltrdl`n` dltrdl`n`s. s. -  C` rdc`jhúl tdr`pèuthj` ds jmc`omr`thv` y dli`thz` dc p`pdc `jthvm nd c` pdrsml`. 0.>.0.9. Emndcms Zhstèehjm; Zdaûl J`e`jbm (?669), dl rdc`jhúl `c nds`rrmccm nd c` ^dmrå` Zhstèehj`, sh ohdl dxhstdl jmljdpjhmlds y `omrn`kds p`rthjuc`rds, b`y jmljdptms oàshjms jmeulds qud tmnms cms emndcms jmep`rtdl. C` prhljhp`c j`r`jtdråsthj` nd cms c ms ehsems ds qud jdltr`l sus mokdthvms tdr`pèuthjms dspdjåihj`edltd dl c` emnhihj`jhúl nd p`trmlds nd hltdr`jjhúl dltrd c`s pdrsml`s. Cms emndcms shstèehjms rdjhohdrml v`rhms `pmrtds nd mtr`s nhsjhpchl`s,  prhljhp`cedltd dl cm qud rdspdjt` ` sus jmljdptu`chz`j jmljdptu`chz`jhmlds hmlds tdúrhj`s. Cms `pmrtds  prhljhp`cds qud lutrdl ` cms em emndcms ndcms shstèehjms y qud y` imre`l imre`l p`rtd ndc jmrpus tdúrhjm nd c` Zhstèehj` vhdldl tme`nms nd nhvdrsms j`epms y `utmrds, pdrm shltèthj`edltd  pmndems dlacmo`rcms dlacmo`rcms dl; -  C` ^dmrå` Adldr`c Adldr`c nd cms Zhstde`s; Tlm nd cms prhljhp`cds prhljhp`cds `pmrtds ` c` ^dmrå` Zhstèehj` pdrtdldjd ` cms nds`rrmccms y pc`ltdms prmpudstms pmr c` ^dmrå` Adldr`c nd cms Zhstde`s (Odrt`c`liiy, 0892). C` ^dmrå` Adldr`c nd cms Zhstde`s ds ul dlimqud hltdrnhsjhpchl`rhm y pmr cm t`ltm `pchj`ocd ` ju`cquhdr shstde` t`ltm l`tur`c jmem `rthihjh`c. Dc mokdthvm prhljhp`c nd c` ^dmrå` Adldr`c nd cms Zhstde`s ds

 

ndsjuorhr c`s shehchtunds m hsmemrihsems dl c`s jmlstrujjhmlds tdúrhj`s nd c`s nhidrdltds nhsjhpchl`s. Odrt`c`liiy (0892) ndst`jú dc jmljdptm nd hltdr`jjhúl, ndihlhdlnm `c shstde` jmem ul jmlkultm nd dcdedltms qud hltdr`jtû`l dltrd så,  prdsupmlhdlnm  prdsupmlhdl nm nd dstd emnm, c` dxhstdljh` nd ul` hltdrndpdlndljh` hltdrndpdlndljh` dltrd c`s p`rtds y c` pmshohchn`n nd ul j`eohm ` tr`vès nd c` rdvdrshohchn`n nd c` rdc`jhúl. Dl iuljhúl nd c` ndihlhjhúl qud bdems n`nm pmndems he`ahl`r hlihlhn`n nd shstde`s, nd bdjbm, lm dxhstd dl dc eulnm l`n` qud lm imred p`rtd nd `caûl shstde` ndsnd dst` jmljdptu`chz`jhúl. jmljdptu`chz`jhúl. J`n` ul` nd c`s p`rtds p `rtds qud dljhdrr` ul shstde` pudnd sdr jmlshndr`nm ul suoshstde`, ds ndjhr ul jmlkultm nd p`rtds d hltdrrdc`jhmlds qud sd dljudltr`l dstrujtur`c y iuljhml`cedltd ndltrm nd ul shstde` e`ymr y qud pmsdd sus prmph`s j`r`jtdråsthj`s. @så pmndems ndjhr qud cms suoshstde`s sml shstde`s eàs pdqudðms ndltrm nd shstde`s e`ymrds (Odrt`c`liiy, 0892). -  C` Jhodrlèthj`; Dl dc j`epm nd c` ^dr`ph` I`ehch`r, dstd nds`rrmccm dphstdemcúahjm pdrehthú c` ndsjrhpjhúl nd `jthvhn`nds tdr`pèuthj`s qud b`st` dltmljds súcm b`oå`l shnm ndihlhn`s jmem dsthcåsthj`s. @p`rdjdl `så hltdrvdljhmlds adldr`nmr`ss nd jrhshs, emvhehdltms ndsdquhchor`nmrds y `jthvhn`nds prmvmj`thv`s adldr`nmr` ndsthl`n`s ` depuk`r ` c` i`ehch` eàs `ccà ndc ueor`c y ndsdlj`ndl`r j`eohms ju`cht`thvms, rdprdsdlt`n`s dl c` jcålhj` shstèehj` pmr `utmrds jmem Ehlujbhl (081>), V`c`zzmch (0814) y Qbht`gdr (082?) dltd mtrms. -  Cms nds`rrmccms nd cms pr`aeàthjms nd c` jmeulhj`jhúl; Cms `utmrds prhljhp`cds qud sd dlacmo`l o`km dst` ndlmehl`jhúl dr`l pshjúcmams, ohúcmams y `ltrmpúcmams, qud dlimj`rml dc tde` nd c` jmeulhj`jhúl dl sus `spdjtms pr`aeàthjms, tr`t`lnm nd ndsjrhohr y dltdlndr cms jhrjuhtms, p`ut`s y didjtms qud c` jmeulhj`jhúl adldr` dl nhidrdltds shstde`s (Q`tzc`whjg, Od`vhl & K`jgsml, 0891). Cms dstunhms sd

 

nds`rrmcc`rml y imj`chz`rml dl c` rdc`jhúl dltrd dc dehsmr y dc rdjdptmr, dl c` ju`c c` jmeulhj`jhúl `jtû` jmem ednh`nmr`. -  C` pshjmtdr`ph` i`ehch`r. Dl dc emndcm shstèehjm, dl adldr`c, cms såltme`s sml dltdlnhnms jmem dxprdshmlds nhsiuljhml`cds ndc shstde` i`ehch`r, nd emnm qud dc imjm nd `làchshs lm rrdj`drà dj`drà smc`edltd dl dc p`jhdltd qud thdld dc såltme` m prmocde`, shlm qud `o`rj`rà ` tmnm dc shstde`. @c  p`jhdltd qud thdld c`s e`lhidst`jhmlds shltmeàthj`s m dc prmocde` jmljrdtm sd cm ndlmehl` p`jhdltd hndlthihj`nm. ^mn`s c`s dsjudc`s pmldl dspdjh`c hltdrès dl c`s jmlnujt`s y dl cms p`trmlds nd hltdrj`eohm dltrd cms ehdeorms qud jmepmldl dc shstde`, ds ndjhr, cms hltdar`ltds nd c` i`ehch`. Zd imj`chz` dl adldr`c dl c`s hltdr`jjhmlds y p`ut`s rdpdthn`s r dpdthn`s qud e`rj`l ul dsthcm nd vhljuc`jhúl dltrd cms ehdeorms. C` smcujhúl nd cms prmocde`s m såltme`s, sd dljudltr`l dl dstrdjb` vhljuc`jhúl jml c`s rdc`jhmlds y p`ut`s qud dst`ocdjdl cms ehdeorms ndc shstde` dltrd så, pmr dsm sd tr`o`k` iuln`edlt`cedltd jml cms p`trmlds nhsiuljhml`cds nd hltdr`jjhúl i`ehch`r (Idhx`s & Ehrú, 088:). Ndsnd dc pultm nd vhst` tèjlhjm, dstms emndcms b`l nhsdð`nm ul` sdrhd nd hltdrvdljhmlds dspdjåihj`s qud pdrehthdrml qud dst`s dsjudc`s sd nds`rrmcc`r`l y `cj`lz`r`l eujb` nhiushúl dltrd cms pshjmtdr`pdut`s7 y` qud prmpmrjhml`rml tèjlhj`s jrd`thv`s, hllmv`nmr`s y nds`ih`ltds qud cmar`rml n`rcd bdrr`ehdlt`s dspdjåihj`s ` cms  prmidshml`cds nd c` s`cun edlt`c, p`r` dc tr`o`km jml p`jhdltds hlnhvhnu`cds y ii`ehch`s. `ehch`s. Cms emndcms shstèehjms rdprdsdlt`l dc e`rjm jmljdptu`cedltd eàs prmvmj`nmr y tdjlmcúahj`edltd tdjlmcúahj`ed ltd eàs hllmv`nmr nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` `jtu`c (Idhx`s & Ehrú, 088:).

 

Cms thdepms nd cms tr`t`ehdltms sml jmlshndr`ocdedltd eàs jmrtms jmep`r`nms jml c`s tdr`ph`s `l`cåthj`s, c` `jthtun ndc tdr`pdut` ds `jthv` prmpmlhdlnm hltdrvdljhmlds y t`rd`s p`r` rd`chz`r iudr` nd c` sdshúl. B`ohtu`cedltd dc cdau`kd `l`cúahjm, lm vdro`c, mjup` ul cua`r hepmrt`ltd dl dc tr`t`ehdltm. Dl cms prhedrms emedltms sd tr`o`k`o` iuln`edlt`cedltd jml tmn` c` i`ehch` m dc shstde` hepchj`nm, pdrm dl c` c ` `jtu`chn`n dxhstdl emn`chn`nds hlnhvhnu`cds, nd p`rdk` y arup`cds. Dc dlimqud dstà jdltr`nm dl dc prdsdltd iuln`edlt`cedltd y dxhsthú ul` tr`nhjhúl nd lm uthchz`r nh`alústhjms pshquhàtrhjms jcàshjms, y` qud dstms tdlnå`l ` tr`lsimre`rsd dl prmidjå`s `utmjuepchnmr`s `utmjuepchnmr`s.. 0.>.?.  Jc`shihj`jhúl nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` sdaûl dc lûedrm nd p`rthjhp`ltds dl dc prmjdsm  pshjmtdr`pèuthjm  pshjmtdr`pè uthjm 0.>.?.0.Vshjmtdr`ph` Hlnhvhnu`c; Nd `judrnm jml, Mrtda` (?604), c` pshjmtdr`ph` hlnhvhnu`c ds dc dljudltrm dltrd dc tdr`pdut` y dc p`jhdltd dl nmlnd dl ul `eohdltd nd `jdpt`jhúl, jmlihndljh`chn`n y `pdrtur` dc p`jhdltd pudnd dxprds`r sus prmocde`s y demjhmlds. Dl c` tdr`ph` hlnhvhnu`c sd hndlthihj`l cms jmlichjtms pdrsml`cds y su mrhadl. mrh adl. Dstms  pudndl rdspmlndr ` shtu`jhmlds dspdjh`cds m tdldr su mrhadl dl ludstr` prmph` bhstmrh`  pdrsml`c, dspdjåihj`edltd dspdjåihj`edltd dl ddcc nds`rrmccm demjhml` demjhml`c.c. Ds pmr dstm qud, dc mokdthvm prhljhp`c dl tdr`ph` ds tdldr mtrm pultm nd vhst` p`r`  pmndr n`r mtrm shalhihj`nm ` cm qu qudd smy, vdm vdm y ` eh bhstmrh`. Ju`lnm ul` pdrsml` pudnd pudnd vdrsd nd nhsthlt` imre`, pudnd tdldr nhsthlt`s pmshohchn`nds nd rdspudst` `ltd ul ehsem dvdltm m ul` ehse` dxpdrhdljh`. Dstm sd cmar` `c jmlmj jmlmjdrsd drsd edkmr, `jdpt`r ju`chn`nds ju`chn`nds y ndidjtms. Dl c` tdr`ph` sd cmar` j`eoh`r dc jmljdptm nd ulm ehsem y s`l`r c`s budcc`s qud `ûl lms `idjt`l.

 

Dl adldr`c sd ousj` `yun` tdr`pèuthj` ju`lnm sd vhvdl shtu`jhmlds nd `lshdn`n, ehdnm, ndprdshúl, hepmtdljh`, dstrès, hls`thsi`jjhúl jml c`s edt`s y jml c`s rdc`jhmlds hltdrpdrsml`cds. 0.>.?.?.Vshjmtdr`ph` 0.>.?.?.Vshjmtd r`ph` Arup`c; Emrdlm (?666), edljhml` qud c` pshjmtdr`ph` nd arupm ds ul` imre` dspdjh`c nd tr`t`ehdltm juym ihl ds jur`r `c arupm jmem ul tmnm, `c hau`c qud `c hlnhvhnum ` tr`vès ndc arupm. DH mokdthvm prhljhp`c nd c` pshjmtdr`ph` nd arupm ds c` s`cun pshjmtdr`pèuthj` ndc arupm y c` nd sus ehdeorms, c` ju`c sd mothdld ` tr`vès nd ednhms jhdltåihjms, hljcuhnms dl dc `làchshs, dc nh`alústhjm y dc prmlústhjm. Vdrm t`eohèl pmsdd mokdthvms hltdrlms, t`cds jmem;   I`vmrdjdr `c jmlmjhehdltm nd ulm ehsem, p`r` pmndr `så, tr`o`k`r `spdjtms

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qud dc p`jhdltd ndod nd edkmr`r.   Vrmemvdr c` hltdar`jhúl ndc arupm, c` rdac` iuln`edlt`c ds c` hltdr`jjhúl

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chord y dspmlt`ld` dltrd p`jhdltds, dltrd p`jhdltd y tdr`pdut` y dltrd tdr`pdut`s. 0.>.?.:.Vshjmtdr`ph` I`ehch`r; Zdaûl Mrtda` dl dc `ðm ?604, dl c` tdr`ph` i`ehch`r sd hltdlt` dljmltr`r e`ldr`s jmlstrujthv`s nd `pmy`rsd eutu`edltd p`r` cma`r` ul` edkmr jmlvhvdljh` dl nmlnd cms cåehtds y c` rdspmls`ohchn`n `yundl ` sdr edkmrds pdrsml`s smjh`cedltd y tdldr ul edkmr nds`rrmccm demjhml`c. C` i`ehch` ds dc jmltdxtm eàs hepmrt`ltd p`r` ludstrm nds`rrmccm pshjmcúahjm  pdrsml`c y p`r` `nquhrhr c` j`p`jhn`n p`r` b`jdr ul` vhn` dl smjhdn`n. C`s  prdsupmshjhmldss oàshj`s nd c` tdr`ph` i`ehch`r ds qud c` i`ehch` hlicuyd dl cms prmjdsms  prdsupmshjhmld  pshjmcúahjms nd sus ehdeorms y dstms ` su vdz, hlicuydl dl dc ohdldst`r y dst`ohchn`n nd c` i`ehch`.

 

Vmr dstm, cms j`eohms hlnhvhnu`cds hlicuydl dl c` i`ehch` y cms nd c` i`ehch` dl dc hlnhvhnum. Dl c` tdr`ph` i`ehch`r sd hltdlt` dljmltr`r e`ldr`s jmlstrujthv`s nd `pmy`rsd eutu`edltd p`r` cma`r` ul` edkmr jmlvhvdljh` dl nmlnd cms cåehtds y c` rdspmls`ohchn`n `yundl ` sdr edkmrds pdrsml`s smjh`cedltd y tdldr ul edkmr nds`rrmccm demjhml`c. ^`eohèl, sd `l`chz` dl c` tdr`ph` i`ehch`r c` bhstmrh` nd c`s i`ehch`s nd mrhadl p`r`  pmndr jmeprdlndr cm qud èst`s lms punhdrml n`r, qud lms dlsdð`rml rdspdjtm ` sdr  pdrsml`s dl rd rdc`jhúl c`jhúl y ` b`j b`jdr. dr. Dc cmar`r jmeprdlndr ` lud ludstr` str` i`ehch` nd mrhadl mrhadl lms lms shrvd shrvd  p`r` dltdlndr dltdlndr ludstr`s rdc`jhmlds ``jtu`cds jtu`cds y pmr què lm pmndems pmndems b`jdr `cam nhsthltm dl dc  prdsdltd. Dl c`s sdshmlds ulm nd cms mokdthvms ds dxpcmr`r jmem sd rdc`jhml`l cms ehdeorms nd c` i`ehch` y su jmltdxtm hltdrrdc`jhml`c. Mtrm mokdthvm ds qud j`n` pdrsml` sd rdspmls`ohchjd nd su j`eohm hlnhvhnu`c y kultms j`eohdl dc jmltdxtm i`ehch`r p`r` qud cms j`eohms sd`l pdrnur`ocds. N`nm qud, cms såltme`s rdicdk`l t`ltm ul` pdrturo`jhúl nd c`  pdrsml` jmem jmem ul` pdrturo`j pdrturo`jhúl húl nd c` rdc`jhúl rdc`jhúl,, ds ldjds`rhm tr`t`rcms ` `eoms.

 

_DID_DLJH@Z OHOCHMA_ÀIHJ@Z OHOCHMA_ÀIHJ@Z

C`l`, I. & Yhn`c, K. (?60>). Hltrmnujjhúl ` c` Vshjmtdr`ph`. E`nrhn; Dnhtmrh`c Z`lt` Id Cúpdz, M. (?60?). ½Puè ds c` Vshjmtdr`ph` Vshjm`l`cåthj`=. @radlthl`; Dnhtmrh`c  Ludvm Eulnm _uåz, K. & Zàljbdz, Kustm. (0882). C`s Vshjmtdr`ph`s. Jmcmeoh`; Dnhtmrh`c Ludv` J`s` @smjh`jhúl @edrhj`l` nd Vshjmcmaå` (?601). Dltdlnhdlnm c` pshjmtdr`ph`. _djupdr`nm nd  nd bttp;//www.`p`.mra/jdltrmn bttp;//www.`p`.mra/jdltrmnd`pmym/dltd d`pmym/dltdlnhdlnm-c`-pshjmtdr`ph` lnhdlnm-c`-pshjmtdr`ph`.`spx .`spx Jmalhthv`. Che`; Tlhvdrshn`n Z`l E`rtål J`e`jbm, K. (?66:). Dc @OJ nd c` ^dr`ph` Jmalhthv`.

nd Vmrrds _uåz, @., Nå`z, E. & Yhcc`cmoms, @. (?60?). E`lu`c nd ^èjlhj`s nd Hltdrvdljhúl Jmalhthvm Jmlnujtu`cds. Ohco`m; Ndsjcèd nd Ormuwdr, Z.@.

C`or`nmr, I., Jruz`nm, K. & Euðmz, E. (0881). E`lu`c nd ^èjlhj`s nd Emnhihj`jhúl y ^dr`ph` nd Jmlnujt`. E`nrhn; Vhràehnd

Idhx`s, A. & Ehrú, E. ^. (088:). @prmxhe`jhmlds ` c` pshjmtdr`ph`. O`rjdcml`, Dsp`ð`. Dnhtmrh`c V`hnús. Q`tzc`whjg, V., Od`vhl K. & K`jgsml, N. (0891). ^dmrå` nd c` jmeulhj`jhúl bue`l`. O`rjdcml`, Dsp`ð`; Bdrndr. Mrtda`, C. (?604). Vshjmtdr`ph` Hlnhvhnu`c. Dsp`ð`; Dnhtmrh`c V`hnús Emrdlm, K. (?666). Vshjmtdr`ph` dl Arupm. Dsp`ð`; Dnhtmrh`c V`hnús Odrl`rnh, _. dt `c. (?66>). Auå` jcålhj` p`r` c` pshjmtdr` pshjmtdr`ph`. ph`. _dvhst` nd pshquh`trå` ndc Truau`y. 92(?), 066.

 

Jmrshlh, _. & Qdnnhla, Q dnnhla, N. (0828). Jurrdlt psyjbmtbdr`phds. psyjbmtbdr`phds. TZ@; I.D. Vd`jmjg Vuochsbdrs. C`pc`jbd, K. & Vmlt`chs, K. (?66>). Nhjjhml`rhm nd pshjm`làchshs. @radlthl`; V`hnús Vèrdz-Aúedz, @. (0822). Vshjmcmaå` jcålhj`. Vrmocde`s Iuln`edlt`cds. Iuln`edlt`cds. Eèxhjm; ^rhcc`s. Vèrdz-Zàljbdz, Vèrdz-Zàljb dz, C. V`rr`-Kheèldz, D. y Dsphlms`-V`rr`, H. (?60>). Hltrmnujjhúl ` c`  pshjmtdr`ph`. Eèxhjm; Eèxhjm; Tlhvdrshn`n @utúlme` @utúlme` nd L`y` L`y`rht. rht. Qmce`l, O. (0828). Nhjthml`ry mi Odb`vhmr`c Zjhdljd. TZ@; @j`ndehj Vrdss, Hlj. Vèrdz, @. (0822). Vshjmcmaå` jcålhj`. Vrmocde`s iuln`edlt`cds. Dnhtmrh`c ^rhcc`s Eèxhjm. Kdrmed, N. I. (?60>). Dcdedltms tdr`pèuthjms jmep`rthnms pmr tmn`s c`s pshjmtdr`ph`s. pshjmtdr`ph`s. Vp. 2> ‚  24.  24. _djupdr`nm nd  nd bttp;//e`stdrpshjmtdr`ph`.j bttp;//e`stdrpshjmtdr`ph`.jme/wpme/wpjmltdlt/upcm`ns/?60>/6>/Nmjuedltm-09.pni I`chss`rn, O. (?66>). C`s pshjmtdr`ph`s ` dx`edl. _dvhst` Edltd y Jdrdorm, 8, >2-9>. Idhx`s, A. (088:). @prmxhe`jhmlds ` c` Vshjmtdr`ph`; ul` hltrmnujjhúl ` cms tr`t`ehdltms pshjmcúahjms. O`rjdcml`, Dsp`ð`; V`hnús. Ihmrhlh, B. K. (0812). @pmrtds tdúrhjm jcålhjms dl pshjmtdr`ph`s. 0r`. dn. Oudlms @hrds @radlthl`; Ludv` Yhshúl ^rucc, ^.y K. & Vb`rds, D. K. (?66:). Vshjmcmaå` jcålhj`7 jmljdptms, eètmnms y `spdjtms  pràjthjms nd c` prmidshúl. 9` ddn. n. Eèxhjm; ^bmeps ^bmepsml. ml.