Psicología Laboral 2017 Resumen

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

7

 Nm eubjf jnm Zrghgof? nenrdnbakgs y

 Efjumf K?

 pnrskstnbakgs   Afbanptf jn trghgof y skdbklkagakfbns gatugmns. Afbtrgjkaakfbns nvfmutkvgs

nb nm trghgof? mg jnsfaupgakñb jnsfaupgakñb y mg prnagrkzgakñb afef lnbñ lnbñenbfs enbfs sfakgmns sfakgmns nenrdnbtns y mg pnrskstnbakg jnm nepmnf afef afbjkakñb jn gaansf g mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm.   Dmfhgmkzgakñb nafbñekag y bunvfs pgrgjkdegs prfjuatkvfs. Sgrgjkdegs frdgbkzgakfbgmns y efjnmfs jn dnstkñb jnm nepmnf. Mfs agehkfs nb nm egbgdnenbt y mgs lfregs lfregs jn trghgof gtåpkaf f bf amçskaf nb nm pfslfrjksef.  pfslfrjksef.    Xnafblkdurgakfbns kbstktuakfbgmns? nm Nstgjf, mfs skbjkagtfs y mfs bunvfs snatfrns nafbñekafs nb nm egraf jn mgs trgbslfregakfbns nafbñekaf  ‑  sfakgm.   sfakgm.    Entgefrlfsks jnm trghgof, agehkfs aumturgmns y bunvgs suhontkvkjgjns.   Nm pgpnm jnm trghgof nb mg afbstruaakñb jn mg suhontkvkjgj. Efjnmfs y ghfrjgons pskafmñdkafs y pskafsfakgmns. Jksauskñb npkstnefmñdkag. 

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  EËË J G, JFEK  E JFE K B K W^N ? ¶ Wuë sghnefs sfhrn nm trghgof6

 Bunstrgs sfaknjgjns sfaknjgjns sfb sfa sfaknjgjns knjgjns lubjg lubjgjgs jgs sfhrn nnmm trghgof, afef mf nsarkhåg nsarkhåg @ghnregs. Nm trghgof ns nm lubjgenbtf jnm frjnb sfakgm y jntnrekbg gepmkgenbtn nm mudgr jn mfs kbjkvkjufs nb mg sfaknjgj9 ns nm prkbakpgm enjkf jn suhskstnbakg y faupg ubg pgrtn nsnbakgm jn mg vkjg jn mfs kbjkvkjufs. Zrghgogr ns ubg bfreg, ub ”`na`f sfakgm tftgm―. N m afbanptf jn trghgof jnm qun jkspfbnefs `fy  prnsnbtg ubg jfhmn agrgatnråstkag agrgatnråstkag?? pfr ub mgjf, ns ns ub afbdmfenrg afbdmfenrgjf jf jn ntgpgs jn skdbklkagakñb jklnrnbtns, sn snjkenbtgrfb fmvkjgbjf su agrçatnr `kstñrkaf y, pfr ftrg, sn arnn qun nm trghgof, afef afbanptf jn trghgof tnrekbgjf, nbrkqunakjf pfr bunvgs jkenbskfbns y jftgjf jn tfjgs sus lubakfbns y prnnxkstnbtn g tfjg `kstfrkg. Nb mgs sfaknjgjns jnsgrrfmmgjgs, mg prfjuaakñb sn vfmvkñ nb nm prkbakpgm fhontf9 nm nepmnf sn afbvkrtkñ nb nm prkbakpgm enjkf pgrg gsndurgrsn ub mudgr, ubg utkmkjgj, jnrna`fs y ubg prftnaakñb. @fy, nm aunstkfbgeknbtf aunstkfbgeknbtf ns mg nxkstnbakg jn ub trghgof qun tnbdg snbtkjf y nm jn ub nepmnf skb nm augm nm kbjkvkjuf snråg afbskjnrgjf kbÿtkm pgrg nm eubjf. Nm gjvnbkeknbtf jnm trghgof Mgs sfaknjgjns bf lubjgjgs nb nm trghgof

Zrns tkpfs jn nblfquns jklnrnbtns mg afblfregb?    Mgs sfaknjgjns prn agpktgmkstgs? mgs sfaknjgjns prkektkvgs flrnanb ub prkenr nonepmf jn sfaknjgjns bf nstruaturgjgs pfr nm trghgof. Nstgs sfaknjgjns prnsnbtgb jklnrnbakgs afbskjnrghmns afbskjnrghmns afb bunstrf afbanptf jn trghgof9 pfrqun nm tknepf jnjkagjf g mgs gatkvkjgjns jn rnprfjuaakñb jn mgs afbjkakfbns egtnrkgmns jn vkjg ns rnmgtkvgenbtn pfaf, mgs bnanskjgjns nrgb sgtkslna`gs nb pfaf tknepf y afb eåbkef nslunrzf9 mg gatkvkjgj jn rnprfjuaakñb bf sn nonran jn egbnrg kbjkvkjugm y tgepfaf pfr eftkvf kbjkvkjugm. Mgs gatkvkjgjns bf nstghgb rnmgakfbgjgs afb mg supnrvkvnbakg, skbf afb gatkvkjgjns sfakgmns uhkagjgs nbtrn nm nslunrzf y nm oundf9 sfb prkfrktgrkgenbtn sfakgmns y `ganb kbtnrvnbkr mfs mgzfs jn sgbdrn y  pgrnbtnsaf, såehfmfs, rnmgakfb rnmgakfbns ns afb mg bgtu bgturgmnzg rgmnzg y mg trgjkakñb trgjkakñb..    Mg afbtrkhuakñb jn Drnakg? nb Drnakg, mg onrgrquåg jn mgs gatkvkjgjns sn frknbtghgb sndÿb nm drgjf eçs f enbfs kepfrtgbtn jn jnpnbjnba jnpnbjnbakg kg nb rnmgakñb g ftrfs (`fehrns)9 nb mf eçs hgof jn mg nsagmg, mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs nsamgvfs, mundf mg jn Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8

mfs grtnsgbfs y mg jn mfs enbjkdfs (mfs augmns pnrtnbnanb g mg ekseg agtndfråg, jgjf qun vkvnb sfmgenbtn jnm pnjkjf jn mg rntrkhuakñb rnt rkhuakñb rnakhkjg jn ftrfs). Mgs gatkvkjgjns qun `fy mmgegefs mghfrgmns nrgb jnstkbgjgs g mg snrvkjuehrn y mgs gatkvkjgjns afenrakgmns nrgb kdugmenbtn afbjnbgjgs. afbjnbgjgs. Bf ns nm kbtnragehkf mf qun jg frkdnb gm mgzf sfakgm9 nm mgzf pfmåtkaf ns jn bgturgmnzg rgjkagmenbtn jklnrnbtn jn mg jnm mgzf egtnrkgm qun fhmkdg g mfs `fehrns g usgrsn nbtrn så y g suhskstkr. Bf ns tgepfaf jnm trghgof qun bgan nm mgzf sfakgm.   ¶Jkfs trghgog6? g mf mgrdf jn mg m g jfekbgakñb jnm Kepnrkf Xfegbf y `gstg nm lkb jn mg Njgj Enjkg, mg rnprnsnbtgakñb jn mf qun mmgegrnefs mm gegrnefs eçs tgrjn trghgof bf nbafbtrgrç egyfr agehkf. Mg nxkstnbakg jn mg nsamgvktuj y jn mg amgsn agepnskbg pfbn nb nvkjnbakg qun buenrfsgs pnrsfbgs nstghgb nb mg fhmkdgakñb jn vnbjnr sus snrvkakfs n kbtnragehkgrmfs nb afbtrgpgrtn jn nsagsfs enjkfs jn supnrvkvnbakg. supnrvkvnba kg. Nm trghgof bf jntnrekbg nm frjnb sfakgm, bf nstç nb nm anbtrf jn mgs rnprnsnbtgakfbns rnprnsnbtga kfbns qun mg sfaknjgj `gan jn så ekseg, bf ns afbskjnrgjf tfjgvåg afef ub enjkf pgrg jnrruehgr mgs hgrrnrgs sfakgmns n kbvnrtkr mgs pfskakfbns gjqukrkjgs  pfr bgakeknbtf. Nm trghgof bf ns aarngjfr rngjfr jn bgj bgjg. g. G mf mgrdf jn mg N Njgj jgj enjkg fpnrgrçb mgs trgbslfregakfbns qun mmnvgrçb gm skdmf P\KKK g kbvnbtgr mg agtndfråg trghgof y g rnafbfanr su vgmfr jn utkmkjgj. Dëbnsks jn mgs sfaknjgjns lubjgjgs sfhrn nm trghgof prfjuaakñb? mg kbvnbakñb jnm trghgof vg g trgbsaurrkr jurgbtn    Nm trghgof, lgatfr jn prfjuaakñb? mfs skdmfs P\KKK y PKP, nb trns tknepfs, tk nepfs, trns ëpfags, agjg ubg vg gdrndgr gdrndgr ubg agpg jn skdbklkagakñb supmnenbtgrkg. Nm trghgof sn vunmvn gm eksef ek sef tknepf mg amgvn jn mg mg gutfbfeåg jn mfs kbjkvkjufs. Qfhrn nm trghgof tr ghgof punjn lubjgrsn ub bunvf frjnb sfakgm agsk bgturgm n kbtgbdkhmn, qun jntnrekbg mgs pfskakfbns jnm kbjkvkjuf nb mg sfaknjgj, g pgrtkr jn mg m g afbtrkhuakñb fhontkvg g mg prfjuaakñb, frjnb jklåakm jn aunstkfbgr. Mfs trns pnråfjfs sfb mfs skduknbtns? g)   Qk  Qkdmf dmf P\ P\KK K K ? mg kbvnbakñb jnm afbanptf jn trghgof ns mf qun prfjuan rkqunzg, afef lgatfr jn prfjuaakñb9 sn vunmvn lubjgenbtf jnm frjnb sfakgm,  pnrf bf nrg vgmfrkzgjg, vgmfrkzgjg, dmfrklkagjg dmfrklkagjg.. Nm trghgof nrg skbñbkef jn pnbg , nslunrzf, sgarklkakf.  h)  \ nk btn pr k enr fs g÷fs g÷fs jn jnm skd sk d mf PK PK P , nm trgh tr ghg go f afe afef nnsn snbak bakg g jn jnm `f `fehrn?  nm trghgof nrg ubg mkhnrtgj arngjfrg pfr nm augm nm `fehrn pfjåg trgbslfregr nm eubjf, gafefjgrmf, jfenstkagrmf, vfmvnrmf `ghktghmn, g mg vnz qun mn keprkeåg su egrag. Nm trghgof kbjustrkgm jn trgbslfregakñb jn mg egtnrkg y jn mg bgturgmnzg hgof mg lfreg jn prfjuaakñb. Nm trghgof sn vunmvn skbñbkef jn fhrg, nb nm fhontf qun lghrkaf, pnrf tgehkëb ns ubg fhrg afmnatkvg. Sgrg Egrx, nm trghgof bf ns gÿb mkhnrtgj arngjfrg. Bf `gy eçs jklnrnbakg nbtrn trghgof y fakf. a)  L k bgm j jnnm skd sk d mf P K P , N m trghg trghgo f, sk skstn stne eg jn jk strk strkh huak uakñ ñb jn jn mfs k bd bdrr nsfs, sfs, jn mfs jnr jnr na`fs y jn mgs prftn prftnaak aakfbn fbns? s? nstg tnranrg ntgpg afbskstn nb rnaupnrgr mg `nrnbakg sfakgmkstg, f sng, mg arnnbakg nb nm agrçatnr rngmkzgjfr jnm trghgof y nb nm sndukeknbtf bnansgrkf jn mg ghubjgbakg. Nm Nstgjf nstç nbagrdgjf jn snr dgrgbtn jnm arnakeknbtf y prfefakñb jnm pmnbf nepmnf y jn jgr mg pfskhkmkjgj g tfjfs t fjfs jn tnbnr gaansf g mgs rkqunzgs prfjuakjgs afbtkbugenbtn. Nm trghgof sn vunmvn rngmkzgjfr gbtns jn snr nsnbakgm y anbtrgm, pfr våg jn guenbtf jn mfs sgmgrkfs sgmgrkfs y jnm afbsuef. Nm enagbksef qun pnrektn pgaklkagr nm gbtgdfbksef jn amgsn skdun sknbjf mg bnutrgmkzgakñb jn mg egtnrkg jnm afblmkatf qun afbtkbug tnbknbjf nm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf. Qn Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

1

afbakhn gm trghgof afef mg efjgmkjgj jn rngmkzgakñb `uegbg kbjkvkjugm y afmnatkvg. Nm pnbsgeknbtf sfakgmkstg `ghåg jkstkbdukjf, pfr ub mgjf nm trghgof rngm, gmknbgjf y jnm augm mg mua`g pfmåtkag tknbn qun rnjuakr nm tknepf qun sn mn afbsgdrg y, pfr ftrf, nm trghgof mkhnrgjf, qun mmndgråg g snr ub jåg mg prkenrg bnanskjgj vktgm. ¶Añef sn pnrakhn nm trghgof gatugmenbtn6 

afbtrgjkaakfb afbtrgjkaakfbns ns nbtrnjnnmjkstrkhuakñb trghgof afef jn prfjua prfjuaakñb, afefy jn nsnbakgNxkstnb jnm `fehrn y afef skstneg jn ub mfslgatfr kbdrnsfs, jn mfs akñb, jnrna`fs mgs prftnaakfbns.    Nm

trghgof ¶Arngakñb afbtkbug f pgrtkakpgakñb pgrtkakpgakñb rneubnrgjg pfr mg prfj prfjuaakñb uaakñb jn hknbns y jn snrvkakfs6? nb nm skdmf PKP sn afbstruyñ nm ektf jnm trghgof rngmkzgjfr, ubg vnrjgjnrg kjnfmfdåg jnm trghgof, nb ubg ëpfag jurgbtn mg augm sn jnsgrrfmmghgb afbjkakfbns kb`uegbgs jn trghgof y lmfrnaågb jksaursfs sfhrn

 pgupnrkzgakñb. Nb nm skdmf PKP sn sf÷ghg af  pgupnrkzgakñb. afbb ubg sfaknjgj nb mg augm nm trghgof trghgof sn vfmvnråg fhrg, prkenrg bnanskjgj vktgm y tfjgs mgs nbnrdågs utñpkags jn mg ëpfag nrgb jkrkdkjgs `gakg mg nslnrg jn mg prfjuaakñb. Ns nb nm skdmf PKP augbjf sn tnfrkzgrfb afboubtgenbtn mg kjng jn ubg pftnbakg arngjfrg jnm trghgof y mg jn ubg pfskhmn jnsgmknbgakñb jnsgmknbga kñb jnm trghgof afef fhontkvf jn mua`gs sfa sfakgmns, kgmns, fhontkvf qun punjn rnsuekr nb `ganr tfrbgr nm trghgof afef afef ub mudgr jn lghrkagakñb jnm mgzf sfakgm y  pftnbakg jn prfjuaakñb jn rkqunzg y prfvnn prfvnnjfr jfr jn kbdrnsf kbdrnsfss y jn jnrna`fs. jnrna`fs. Mg jkstkbakñb nbtrn trghgof gmknbgjf y trghgof mkhnrgjf vg g afenbzgr g hfrrgrsn pfaf g  pfaf nb nm nm skdmf PP, afef gs gsåå tgehkëb mgs afbjkakfbns afbjkakfbns nstrkatgs bn bnansgrkgs ansgrkgs pgrg qun sn punjg rngmkzgr rngmkzgr nm pgsf jn ubf g ftrf. Nb nm skdmf PP, nm jn mg afbstktuakñb jnm gsgmgrkgjf, sn nbaunbtrg nbaunbtrg mg luskñb nbtrn trghgof rngm y nm trghgof kjngm. Qn afbskjnrg g  pgrtkr jn g`frg gm trghgof afef ubg gatkvkjgj `uegb `uegbg, g, qun afbskstnb nb pfbnr nb lfreg g ubg agpgakjgj f gmdf jgjf pgrg nm usf jn ftrfs, jn egbnrg gutñbfeg f hgof mg jkrnaakñb jn ftrf g agehkf jn ubg afbtrgpgrtn efbntgrkg. Nm trghgof ns eçs qun ubg lunbtn jn kbdrnsf9 nm trghgof sn vfmvkñ bf sfmgenbtn mg afbjkakñb skbn qun bfb jn gaansf g ub kbdrnsf skbf tgehkëb, jnhkjf g qun faupg mg egyfr pgrtn jnm tknepf, mg lunbtn prkbakpgm jn rnmgakfbns sfakgmns, jn rnmgakfbns  pnrsfbgmns,, jn rnprnsnbtga  pnrsfbgmns rnprnsnbtgakfbns kfbns afeubn afeubns. s. Nm trghgof ns mg bfreg, ns trghgogbjf qun sn gjquknrn mfs enjkfs pgrg vkvkr, ub mudgr prkbakpgm jfbjn sn punjn efstrgr sus agpgakjgjns, jgrmn utkmkjgj, pgrtkakpgr g mg afbstruaakñb jn bunvgs rngmkzgakfbns. Znbnr trghgof afbstktuyn ubg afbjkakñb skbn qug bfb jn ”vkjg bfregm―, nm trghgof afbstktuyn mg prkbakpgm l unbtn unbtn jn kbdrnsfs y jn kbtndrgakñb sfakgm. @fy nb bunstrg sfaknjgj, nm trghgof ns ub hknb prkefrjkgm, ubg jn mgs lfregs jn pgrtkakpgakñb skb mg augm mgs ftrgs vgmnb pfaf. Bf sn punjn glkregr qun tfjf trghgof ns ubg fhrg. [g bf ns sfmgenbtn ub kbdrnsf, ub enjkf jn kbsnrtgr mf qun sn nspnrg jnm trghgof, skbf nlnatkvgenbtn ns ub enjkf pgrg rngmkzgrsn, r ngmkzgrsn, pgrg jnsgrrfmmgr sus agpgakjgjns, skb kepfrtgr qun sus nxpnatgtkvgs sngb rgzfbghmns f bf.  

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? gsanbsf jn jn mgs mgs kban k banrr tktkj jue ueh hr ns. Z r ghgo f, AGQZNN M, XFHNX Z? N m gsanbsf AGQZ

 pr ftnaak fbn  pr bns, s, nst stg gtut utf f jnm k bj bjkk vk juf uf.. A gpå tum umf f ? ¶Wuë ¶ Wuë anbt btrr gmkj mkjg gj jnm trghgof6 Kbtnrrfdgrsn sfhrn mgs lubakfbns kbtndrgjfrgs jnm trghgof ns ub jkgdbñstkaf sfhrn nm jnvnbkr y nm pfrvnbkr jn mg sfaknjgj gsgmgrkgjg. Ns nb nstn tkpf jn lfregakñb sfakgm jfbjn nm trghgof, nb mg lfreg jn nepmnf gsgmgrkgjf, faupñ ubg pfskakñb `ndneñbkag Bf sñmf pfrqun nm nepmnf gsgmgr gsgmgrkgjf kgjf nrg gepmkgenbtn gepmkgenb tn egyfrktgrkf, skbf tgehkëb .pfrqun nrg mg egtrkz jn ubg afbjkakñb sfakgm nstghmn   qun gsfakghg gm trghgof dgrgbtågs y jnrna`fs. Qn pujf `ghmgr jn ubg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm g  pgrtkr jnm efenbtf nb nb qun mgs prnrrfdg prnrrfdgtkvgs tkvgs rnmgakfbgjgs rnmgakfbgjgs nb prkbakpkf afb nm trghgof trghgof gsgmgrkgjf `ghågb mmndgjf g auhrkr afbtrg mfs prkbakpgmns rknsdfs sfakgmns.

Nm jntnrkfrf jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm   Nm jkgdbñstkaf qun sn pfjåg jgr sfhrn nm nstgjf jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm nrg nm jn su jntnrkfrf, ns jnakr, mg nstruaturg jn nstn tkpf jn sfaknjgj sn egbtknbn f egbtnbåg, eknbtrgs qun su skstneg jn rndumgakñb sn lrgdkmkzg. Mg jnsfaupgakñb egskvg y mg prnagrkzgakñb jn mgs rnmgakfbns jn trghgof, qun sn gdrgvgb nb nm trgbsaursf jnm jnanbkf skduknbtn, sfb mgs jfs drgbjns egbklnstgakfbns jn ubg jnsnstghkmkzgakñb prflubjg jn mgs rndumgakfbns r ndumgakfbns jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm. ¶Xngatugmkzgr nm jkgdbñstkaf6 ^bg `kpñtnsks pnskekstg prfpfbn ubg sgmkjg jnlkbktkvg jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm9 mg `ndnefbåg arnaknbtn jnm agpktgm lkbgbaknrf kbtnrbgakfbgm gtgag g mfs rndåenbns jn prftnaakñb jnm trghgof afbstrukjfs nb nm egraf jn mfs Nstgjfs  Bgakñb9 gm nxkdkr jn jn mgs neprnsgs tgsgs jn rnbtghkmkjgj eçxkeg, mfs kbvnrsf kbvnrsfrns rns kbtnrbgakfbgmns kepfbnb tgehkëb ekbkekzgr nm afstf jnm trghgof y egxkekzgr su nlkagakg  prfjuatkvg , jn jfbjn surdnb mgs jkekbuakfbns jn nlnatkvfs y mg ”kbbfvgakñb― jn ubg agbtkjgj arnaknbtn jn tgrngs nb afbjkakfbns agjg vnz eçs prnagrkgs y enbfs prftndkjgs. Nstn enagbksef qun afbvknrtn gm trghgof nb mg prkbakpgm vgrkghmn jn goustn g tnbnr nb aunbtg pgrg bf qunjgr kbvgmkjgjf nb mg afepntnbakg kbtnrbgakfbgm, pgrg eua`fs  pgrnan kbnmujkhmn. kbnmujkhmn. Mgs trgbslfregakfbns tnabfmñdkags pgrnanb tnbnr nlnatfs agjg vnz eçs

jnvgstgjfrnsmgs sfhrn mg afbjkakñb sgmgrkgm9 gm pmnfs rnnepmgzgr gm `fehrn pfrjkstgb eçqukbgs  prfjuatkvgs, suprnskfbns eg egskvgs skvgs jn ne nepmnfs qun nmmgs gagrrngb jn jn snreçs afepnbsgjgs afepnbsgj gs pfr mfs nepmnfs qun arngb9 pnrf tgehkëb mgs bunvgs `nrrgeknbtgs afef nm frjnbgjfr, mmndgb g suhvnrtkr mg bgturgmnzg ekseg jn mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm9 nm trghgof g jkstgbakg, pfskhkmktgjf pfr mgs rnjns kblfreçtkags pnrektn jnstnrrktfrkgmkzgr mg nonauakñb jn mgs tgrngs lunrg jn mg m g neprnsg y `ganrmgs nonautgr pfr trghgogjfrns ”kbjnpnbjknbtns― qun punjgb rnspfbjnr g enjkjg qun gpgrnan mg jnegbjg y dgrgbtkzgr ubg lmnxkhkmkjgj eçxkeg. Mg lkdurg jnm prnstgjfr jn snrvkakfs qun bndfakg ëm eksef g su aunbtg y rknsdf sus afbjkakfbns jn nepmnf rnnepmgzg g mg jnm trghgogjfr gsgmgrkgjf kbsarkptf nb skstneg jn rndumgakfbns afmnatkvgs9 tgehkëb mg afbanpakñb jn mg neprnsg afef afmnatkvf jn trghgof sn jkluekbg pgrg afbvnrtkrsn nb ub nspgakf vkrtugm jfbjn sn kbtnragehkgb snrvkakfs nbtrn prnstgjfrns kbjnpnbjknbtns. Mmnvgbjf gm nxtrnef nstg mñdkag, sn punjn nepnzgr g sf÷gr afb ubg neprnsg skb trghgogjfrns. Qn afeprunhg ubg jnsafbnxkñb arnaknbtn rnspnatf gm skstneg jn

dgrgbtågs eåbkegs rnmgakfbgjgs afb nm trghgof nb mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm9 Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

>

nstgs afenbzghgb afenbzghgb afb ub sgmgrkf Eåbkef Kbtnrprflnskfbgm jn Arnakeknbtf (QEKA) qun gsfakghg ub sgmgrkf eåbkef y mg pgrtkakpgakñb nb mfs jnrna`fs afmnatkvfs jnm trghgof. Nm QEKA ns nm pgsgpfrtn g mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm, yg qun rnprnsnbtg mg prkenrg ntgpg jn ub afbtkbuf jklnrnbakgjf jn pfskakfbns ubkjgs pfr nm rëdkenb afeÿb jnm jnrna`f jnm trghgof y jn prftnaakñb prftnaakñb sfakgm. Nstfs gsgmgr gsgmgrkgjfs kgjfs suhpgdfs  y suhprftndkjfs (mg egyfråg sfb euonrns y oñvnbns jn enbfs jn 8> g÷fs) sfb gqunmmfs qun gmtnrbgb afb eçs lrnaunbakg nepmnfs prnagrkfs y pnråfjfs jn jnsfaupgakñb9 sn jnsgrrfmmg gså ub enragjf snaubjgrkf jn trghgof qun yg bf nstç afeprnbjkjf nb nm skstneg jn mgs rndumgakfbns jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm. Mfs jksaursfs gpfagmåptkafs  Mg sgmkjg jnlkbktkvg jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm y jnm lkb jnm trghgof gmkenbtgb ubg ghubjgbtn mktnrgturg sfakfmñdkag f pgrgsfakfmñdkag. Nm jkgdbñstkaf jnm jntnrkfrf jn mg sfaknjgj sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm pgrnan snr sustktukjf pfr nm jn su jnrruehn9 nm trghgof afbanhkjf sfhrn sfhrn nm efjnmf jnm nepmnf gsgmgrkgj gsgmgrkgjff yg bf punjn snr pnbsgjf afef nm vnatfr prkbakpgm jn mg kbtndrgakñb9 `ghråg qun jnsvkgrsn jn nstg rnlnrnbakg pfrtgjfrg jn bfstgmdkgs gpndgjgs gm pgsgjf pgrg nepnzgr g afbstktukr ftrfs sfpfrtns jn rnafbfakeknbtf y jn af`nskñb sfakgm . Eua`gs jn nstgs rnlmnxkfbns afbstruynb rnprnsnbtgakfbns gpfagmåptkags jn mg sktugakñb gatugm qun jnsnehfagb nb ubg vkskñb jnm pfrvnbkr jnm trghgof qun tknbn eçs qun vnr afb ubg lgbtgsåg qun afb ubg gprnakgakñb fhontkvg jn mg gepmktuj jn mgs efjklkagakfbns nb aursf y nstf faurrn gm jfhmn jksaursf? nm `frrfr nafbñekaf y nm lkb jnm trghgof. G`frg ns tknepf jn prfamgegr nm ”nxkmkf ”nxkm kf lunrg jnm trghgof― y jn trgtgr j jnn

frdgbkzgr mg vkjg sfakgm gmrnjnjfr jn augmquknr sktugakñb.  Bf sñmf mg sfaknjgj kbjustrkgm `g eunrtf, jkbgektgjg pfr nm jnsgrrfmmf vnrtkdkbfsf jn mfs snrvkakfs, skbf qun kbamusf mg sfakn sfaknjgj jgj sgmgrkgm dgrgbtkzghg  prftnaakfbns sfakgmns lunrtns sf sfhrn hrn mg hgsn jn nepmnfs nstgh nstghmns9 mns9 sn pmgbtng mg aunstkñb jn mg nxamuskñb jn mg afhnrturg jn mgs pfhmgakfbns qun sn jnsafbnatgb jn mfs akrauktfs prfjuatkvfs f bf mfdrgb vfmvnr g kbamukrsn, nbafbtrçbjfsn nb ubg sktugakñb jn kbutkmkjgj sfakgm. Mg aunstkñb sfakgm sn lfreumg nb nm vgaåf jnogjf pfr nm rntkrf jnm trghgof9 mg bunvg aunstkñb sfakgm afbskstkråg nb husagr, lunrg jnm nepmnf amçskaf, prçatkags gmtnrbgtkvgs, bunvfs tkpfs jn gatkvkjgjns agpgans jn lubjgr ubg akujgjgbåg sfakgm qun gbtg÷f jnsagbsghg nb mg utkmkjgj prfjuatkvg jn mfs kbjkvkjufs k bjkvkjufs nb mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof. Lkb jnm trghgof? afbluskfbns y enbtkrgs   Mfs pgrtkjgrkfs jn nstgs pfskakfbns pgsgb pfr gmtf jfs snrkns jn glkregakfbns? 7.  Mg oustg afeprfhgakñb jn qun mgs rnmgakfbns jn trghgof y mgs rnmgakfbns afb nm trghgof sfb agjg vnz eçs prfhmneçtkags. 8.  Mg nxtrgpfmgakñb jn qun mg kepfrtgbakg jnm trghgof tr ghgof jnsgpgrnan kbnmujkhmnenb kbnmujkhmnenbtn. tn. Nm trghgof y nm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf skdun faupgbjf nm mudgr anbtrgm nb mg nstruaturg sfakgm. Nm tknepf mghfrgm y mg kbvnrskñb nb nm trghgof jksekbuynrfb sustgbakgmenbtn sustgbakgmenbtn99 mfs nepmnfs bunvfs afrrnspfbjnb g faupgakfbns lrçdkmns, g tknepf pgrakgm, eknbtrgs qun eua`fs nepmnfs jn tknepf afepmntf nstçb jnstrukjfs9 mgs sktugakfbns jn sfhrnnepmnf pgrnanb eumtkpmkagrsn. Mgs bunvgs lfregs jn nepmnf nxkdnb ubg efvkmkzgakñb egyfr jn trghgogjfrns qun mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm amçskag. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

<

Nm jksaursf neprnsgrkgm efjnrbf nxkdn ubg jkspfbkhkmkjgj afbstgbtn y ubg afbvnrskñb tftgm g mfs vgmfrns jn mg neprnsg9 nm eknjf gm jnspkjf ganbtÿg tfjgvåg eçs nsg sfhrnjntnrekbgakñb sfhrnjntnrekbgakñb jn mg rnmgakñb afb nm trghg trghgof of qun oundg jurgbtn nnmm trghgof y g mg vnz lunrg jn ëm. Mg kepmkagakñb nxanskvg y nm sulrkeknbtf nb nm trghgof sfb mfs jfs afepfbnbtns gatugmns gatugmns kepfrtgbtns jn mg rnmgakñb afb nm trghgof. Nm gsgmgrkgjf efjnrbf ns agjg vnz eçs sfmkaktgjf dmfhgmenbtn pfr su trghgof pgrg rnakamgrsn, gjgptgrsn g mgs trgbslfregakfbns tnabfmñdkags, sndukr sknbjf afepntktkvf, gbtkakpgr gbtkakpgr mfs agehkfs nb mg pfmåtkag jn mg nep neprnsg, rnsg, nta. Nm tnefr g mg jnsfaupgakñb ganbtÿg agjg vnz eçs nstgs prnskfbns, yg qun nm eknjf g pnrjnr nm trghgof jklubjnb tgehkëb mgs prnfaupgakfbns afb rnspnatf gm trghgof nb nm tknepf mmgegjf mkhrn, qun g enbujfs sn vunmvn agjg vnz enbfs mkhrn. Mg gusnbakg jn trghgof qun sn nxpnrkenbtg hgof mg lfreg jn mg jnsfaupgakñb jnsfaupga kñb ns pgrgjñokagenbtn mf afbtrgrkf jn ub jkstgbakgeknbtf jnm trghgof. @ghmgr jn jnsgpgrkakñb f gbkqukmgakñb jnm sgmgrkgjf rnprnsnbtg ub nrrfr jnsjn j nsjn ub  pubtf jn vkstg augbtktgtkvf9 augbtktgtkvf9 `gy aagjg gjg vnz eçs trghgogjfrns trghgogjfrns qun bf sghnb sk sk sndukrçb skëbjfmf y sk pfjrçb afbstrukr g pgrtkr jn nsg pfskakñb ub prfvnbkr nstghkmkzgjf. Mgs kbstktuakfbns jnm agpktgmksef lkbgbaknrf kbtnrbgakfbgm, afef nm LEK y HE, gjfptgb agjg vnz eçs nm mudgr jn mgs kbstktuakfbns ouråjkaf ‑  pfmåtkags  pfmåtkags jn mfs Nstgjfs bgakñb. Nm enragjf gutfrrndumgjf bf sñmf jnstruyn nepmnfs, skbf tgehkëb mgs  pfmåtkags sfakgmns y nm tkpf jn mgzfs ssfakgmns fakgmns qun nmmgs egbtknbnb. Nm enragjf bf aarng rng mgzf sfakgm, skbf qun lubakfbg nb mg rkvgmkjgj y mg afepntnbakg, jkvkjn nm eubjf sfakgm nb dgbgjfrns y pnrjnjfrns, kbtndrgjfs y jnsglkmkgjfs. Xnfrdgbkzgr mg jupmg trghgof ‑ prftnaakfbns Qn prndubtg sk ns pfskhmn rnfrdgbkzgr mg jupmg trghgof ‑  prftnaakfbns  prftnaakfbns afbstrukjg  pfr mg sfaknjgj sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm (ub sgmgrkf jnanbtn, mgs dgrgbtågs dgrgbtågs jnm jn jnrna`f rna`f gm trghgof y jn mg  prftnaakñb sfakgm) sfakgm) tnbknbjf nb aaunbtg unbtg mgs nxkdnbakgs nxkdnbakgs jn afepn afepntktkvkjgj, tktkvkjgj, gjgptghkmkjgj y efvkmkjgj sfb mfs skdbfs jn ubg trgbslfregakñb t rgbslfregakñb prflubjg jn mg efjnrbkjgj. Mg grtkaumgakñb trghgof prftnaakfbns punjn afbanhkrsn hgof ftrgs efjgmkjgjns jn mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm, f g trgvës jn mgs lfregs jn trghgof ”kbjnpnbjknbtn―. Mg `ndnefbåg jnm enragjf mmnvg su genbgzg sfhrn nm mgzf m gzf sfakgm nb dnbnrgm, jnstruyn mgs rnmgakfbns afmnatkvgs jn sfmkjgrkjgj qun sfpfrtgb g mg sfaknjgj. Mgs rndumgakfbns jnm trghgof rnprnsnbtgb tfjgvåg nm prkbakpgm dgrgbtn jn mg

af`nskñb sfakgm sfakgm y nm prkbakpgm prkbakpgm jnsglåf sfb mgs jnsrndumgakfbn jnsrndumgakfbns. s. Sfsjgtg Mg tnbjnbakg tnbjnbakg jfekbgbtn nrg rnmgtkvkzg rnmgtkvkzgrr mg kepfrtgbakg jn jnmm trghgof `gstg afbvnrtkrmf nb ub vgmfr nb vågs jn jnsgpgrkakñb n kepudbgr nm pgpnm anbtrgm jn ”drgb kbtndrgjfr― qun faupg nb mg sfaknjgj efjnrbg. Mgs aråtkags gm trghgof qun ekbkekzgb su

lubakñb kbtndrgjfrg sfb nrrñb nrrñbngs. ngs. Qn gskstn g ubg nxtrgfrjkbgrkg sfhrnvgmfrgakñb jnm trghgof t rghgof sustnbtgjg pfr ubg kjnfmfdåg mkhnrgm. Mg prunhg jn mg nsagsnz jn nepmnfs ns mg pnrskstnbakg jn ubg jnsfaupgakñb egskvg y jn mg eumtkpmkagakñb jn sktugakfbns jn trghgof pfr jnhgof jnm nepmnf, gatkvkjgjns jn tknepf pgrakgm, prnagrkgs, jn jurgakñb mkektgjg, egm auhknrtgs pfr nm jnrna`f jnm trghgof y mg prftnaakñb sfakgm. , ubg nsagsnz jn mudgrns jkspfbkhmns nb nm @gy bf nepmnf y suhnepmnf enragjf jn trghgof susanptkhmn jn sgtkslganr ubg jnegbjg afepmntg jn pmnbf nepmnf9 Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

4

`gy ubg sfhrnvgmfrgakñb jnm trghgof qun mf afbvknrtn nb ub kepnrgtkvf agtndñrkaf, mg nxkdnbakg ghsfmutg jn trghgogr pgrg snr sfakgmenbtn rnspntghmn9 `gy ubg nstkdegtkzgakñb jnm bf trghgof gskekmgjf gm fakf aumpghmn, g mg lkdurg trgjkakfbgm jnm ”egm pfhrn― qun vkvn g afstg jn mg dn btn jn hknb (mfs qun trghgogb, qun nstçb hknb y

qun tknbnb hknbns).

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

0

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? gakg g ub afbanp afbanptf tf ge gepmk pmkgj gjf f jn tr trgh ghgo gof f  JN MG DGX_G ZFMN ZFMN JF, JF, N BXK W^N? @ gak Ns bnansgrkf ub afbanptf gepmkgjf jn trghgof, qun afbskjnrn mgs jkenbskfbns fhontkvgs y suhontkvg9 nm trghgof ns ubg lfreg jn kbtnrgaakñb nbtrn `fehrns y nbtrn nstfs afb fhontfs egtnrkgmns y skehñmkafs, qun tfjf trghgof kepmkag afbstruaakñb n kbtnragehkf jn skdbklkagjfs. sk dbklkagjfs. Qn sudknrn nm afbanptf jn rndumgakñb jnm trghgof gepmkgjf, bf rnjuakjf g mgs afjklkagakfbns amçskags jn mf fhrnrf pgtrfbgm, qun punjgb kbvfmuargr g eçs jn jfs gdnbtns y qun punjgb tfegr mg lfreg afjklkagjg f bf. Qn jksautn mg pnrtkbnbakg jn ub afbanptf gepmkgjf jn afbstruaakñb sfakgm jn mg faupgakñb, eçs ghgragjfr qun mg jn enragjf jn trghgof, punstf qun  punjn kepmkagr gm gm bf gsgmgrkgjf y g eçs jn jfs nb nm nbaun nbaunbtrf btrf nbtrn flnrtg y jnegbjg, jnegbjg,  hgof ubg ñptkag jn gatfrns, ns jnakr, mg faupg faupgakñb akñb ns rnsumtgj rnsumtgjff jn nstruaturgs, prfansfs prfansfs jn jgr snbtkjf n kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn vgrkfs gdnbtns, sngb nstfs gsgmgrkgjfs f bf. Gbtnanjnbtns Mfs afbanptfs gatugmns jn sfaknjgj jn rknsdf, jn afrrfskñb jn agrçatnr f jn bunvf nspårktu jnm agpktgmksef gpubtgb g qun `g tnrekbgjf mg sndurkjgj nb y jn mfs nepmnfs qun `ghågb agrgatnrkzgjf gm Lfrjksef nb mg ntgpg jnm Nstgjf Hnbnlgatfr gm mkektgrsn nm pmnbf nepmnf, lrgdenbtgrsn mgs hkfdrglågs y agrrnrgs  prflnskfbgmns y prnjfekbgr nm trghgof lrçdkm, lmnxkhmn, kbsndurf, afb jnhkmktgeknbtf jn mg nstruaturg jn mg kjnbtkjgj afmnatkvg n kbjkvkjugm, afb mf augm sn jg kbkakf g ubg bunvg aunstkñb sfakgm, mg jn mg jnsnstruaturgakñb mghfrgm, lgekmkgr, sfakgm y jn agrçatnr qun oudgråg nb afbtrg jn mg kjnbtkjgj kbjkvkjugm y sfakgm. Nm trghgof sn tfrbgråg nb ub afmmgdn jn lrgdenbtfs jn nxpnrknbakg, qun kepnjkråg nm grrgkdf g ub drupf sfakgm nb pgrtkaumgr, prfvfagråg mg lrgdenbtgakñb jnm afbfakeknbtf gaueumgjf, mg supnrlkakgmkjgj jn mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns, nm jnsprnakf pfr mg gbtkdýnjgj mghfrgm9 nm eksef nspgakf y tknepf sfakgmns sn jnsnstruaturgb. Snrf nm agpktgmksef bnansktg mndktkegr mg bunvg sktugakñb sfakgm, sn gprfpkg jn mgs aråtkags jn mg vkjg mghfrgm rutkbgrkg jnm Lfrjksef y mgs gskekmgråg afef bnanskjgj jn gutfafbtrfm jnm trghgogjfr y mg nxgmtgakñb jnm rntf jnm rknsdf  pnregbnbtn. Gm eksef tknepf, mgs frdgbkzgakfbns trgjkakfbgmns jn mfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs jnagynrfb nb agsk tfjf nm eubjf, bunvfs efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns gpgrnaknrfb g pgrtkr jn mg jëagjg jn mfs 03 (bunvf kbjkdnbksef, aganrfmnrfs, mfs skb tknrrg, nta.). Nxkstn mg bnanskjgj jn nxpmkagr mgs lunbtns jn mg kjnbtkjgj y mg gaakñb afmnatkvg nbtrn trghgogjfrns sktugjfs nb rnmgakfbns pfaf amgrgs am grgs jn gsgmgrkgeknbtf f hknb afb mg kehrkagakñb afb amknbtns, usugrkfs y jn rnagpktumgr

ganrag jn ub afbanptf gepmkgjf jn trghgof qun bf sn rnstrkbog gm trghgof tr ghgof gsgmgrkgjf. Ns bnansgrkf pnbsgr nb mg pftnbakgmkjgj jn afbstktuakñb jn kjnbtkjgjns afmnatkvgs nb mfs bunvfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs. Nxkstnb jfs afbanpakfbns tnñrkags rnmgakfbgjgs afb nm gvgban jnm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf nb mgs sfaknjgjns efjnrbgs, qun mmnvgrfb g ubg vkskñb rnstrkbdkjg jn nstn afbanptf?    Bnfamçskag? sfmf afbskjnrg gm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf, nm qun sn afeprg y sn vnbjn pfr sgmgrkf. 

   Egrxkstg amçskag? nm afbanptf jn trghgof bf qunjghg rnstrkbdkjf gm gsgmgrkgjf y sn



 pnbsñ qun mg amgsn fhrnrg nnstghg stghg mmgegjg g auepmkr ubg tgrng `kstñrkag. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;

Jnsjn `gan vgrkfs jnanbkfs, nm nepmnf nb mg kbjustrkg nb nm eubjf `g jksekbukjf nb lgvfr jn mfs snrvkakfs9 mfs trghgofs prnagrkfs sn `gb kbarnenbtgjf, oubtf afb mg gpgrkakñb jn bunvgs agmklkagakfbns. Mg kepfrtgbakg jn mfs trghgofs bf amçskafs f gtåpkafs sn `g kbarnenbtgjf. Nb Geërkag mgtkbg lunrfb mfs afbanptfs jn egrdkbgmkjgj y jn kblfregmkjgj mfs qun prntnbjknrfb jgr aunbtg jn gbf gbfegmågs, egmågs, afb afnxkstnbakg jn snatfrns trgjkakfbgmns y efjnrbfs skb amgrg sustktuakñb jn mfs ubfs pfr mfs ftrfs. Nb mfs pgåsns jnsgrrfmmgjfs sn `g jgjf kepfrtgbakg g mfs trghgofs gtåpkafs n kbtnrnsgrfb mgs bunvgs lfregs jn  prnagrknjgj, jn nxamuskñb, jn kbsndurkjgj nnbb nm trghgof f jn lmnxkhkmkjg lmnxkhkmkjgj. j. Mfs trghgofs gtåpkafs lunrfb afbskjnrgjfs afef mg måbng prkbakpgm jn nvfmuakñb jnm trghgof (kbjustrkgm, lfrjkstg, nstghmn, rndumgjf). @gakg ub afbanptf gepmkgjf jn trghgof Nm afbanptf jn trghgof `g agehkgjf `kstñrkagenbtn 9 nstg gatkvkjgj bf ns gksmgjg skbf qun kepmkag ke pmkag aknrtg kbtnrgaakñb afb ftrfs `fehrns y afef rnsumtgjf jn nmmg, nm `fehrn dnbnrg prfjuatfs y ëm eksef sn trgbslfreg. Nm trghgof kepmkag aknrtf bkvnm jn afbaknbakg jn entgs y mg m g egbnrg jn mfdrgrmgs. Mg gatkvkjgj jn trghgogr kepmkag nm jnsdgstn jn nbnrdåg jn trghgof9 bf `gy trghgof låskaf qun punjg rngmkzgrsn skb mg kbtnrvnbakñb jn mf kbtnmnatugm. Mg prfjuaakñb jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof ns tgehkëb rnprfjuaakñb sfakgm. Mgs kbtnrlgans nbtrn trghgof y bf trghgof y mg bunvg kepfrtgbakg jn mfs trghgofs bf kbjustrkgmns mmnvgb gm afbanptf gepmkgjf9 kepmkagb ub fhontf jn trghgof, qun punjn snr egtnrkgm f kbegtnrkgm9 supfbn mg agrg fhontkvg y suhontkvg jn jka`g gatkvkjgj, supfbn qun nm prfjuatf nxkstn jfs vnans? vnans? ubg nb mg suhontkvkjg suhontkvkjgjj y ftrg fhontkvgjg, gu gubqun bqun mgs fhontkvgakfbns punjn snrmf jn mfs skdbklkagjfs. Nb mg afbstktuakñb jn kjnbtkjgjns y efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns bf sfmf kblmuyn nb nm eubjf jnm trghgof skbf nb ftrfs eubjfs jn vkjg. Zrghgof bf amçskaf y afbanptfs frjnbgjfrns Nm trghgof amçskaf sn rnlnråg gm kbjustrkgm, nstghmn, suhfrjkbgjf g ub sfmf  pgtrñb y neprnsg, neprnsg, afb rnmgakfbn rnmgakfbnss amgrgs jn qquknb uknb ns trghgogjfr suhfrjkbgjf y ggbtn btn qukëb ns nm pgtrñb (rnmgakñb mghfrgm hkmgtnrgm), jn tknepf afepmntf y afbtrgtf pfr tknepf kbjntnrekbgjf, afb sndurkjgj sfakgm. Nm trghgof gtåpkaf f bf amçskafs snråg bf suhfrjkbgjf g ub sfmf pgtrñb f

kbtndrgjf g ubg sfmg neprnsg, skb afbtrgtf pfr tknepf kbjntnrekbgjf, skb tknepf afepmntf, jnsprftndkjf, rknsdfsf pnrf bf bnansgrkgenbtn prnagrkf9 tgehkëb gqunmmfs nb mfs qun nm amknbtn nstç kepmkagjf jkrnatgenbtn nb mg prfjuaakñb9 nonepmfs jn nmmfs snrågb? mfs jn tknepf pgrakgm, pfr mmgegjg, pfr fhrg, nstgakfbgm, afb gdnbakgs jn afbtrgtgakñb, g jfekakmkf, nm tnmntrghgof, nm jn gprnbjkzgon f prunhg, nm jfekakmkgrkf, pnrf tgehkëb mfs trgjkakfbgmns jn sgmuj, trgbspfrtn, mg vnbtg agmmnonrg, mgs gatkvkjgjns jnmkatkvgs. Nb eua`fs trghgofs bf amçskafs, mg tåpkag t åpkag rnmgakñb mghfrgm hkmgtnrgm nbtrn gsgmgrkgjfss y neprnsgrk gsgmgrkgjf neprnsgrkff sn afbvknrtn nb ubg rnmgakñb trkçjkag nbtrn trghgogjfr, tr ghgogjfr, amknbtn y neprnsgrkf f hknb nb nm jn trghgogjfr tr ghgogjfr gutfnepmngjf y amknbtn. Mgs nefakfbns kbtnrvknbnb nb mg afbstktuakñb jn mgs rnmgakfbns r nmgakfbns mghfrgmns, pnrf tgehkëb sn afbvknrtnb nb fhontf jn enragjf. Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jnm prfansf  prfjuatkvf, jka`gs jka`gs nefakfbns lfregb pgrtn jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nnbtrn btrn suontfs  prfjuatkvfs, jkstrkhutkvfs jkstrkhutkvfs f jn afb afbsuef suef y afb ggqunmmfs qunmmfs qun sn pfjrågb mmgegr suontfs jn jn trgsmgpn nbtrn eubjf jn vkjg y jn trghgof. Mfs trghgofs bf amçskafs punjnb snr euy `ntnrfdëbnfs. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

73

@ntnrfdnbnkjgj, jnsnstruaturgakñb y përjkjg jn kjnbtkjgj Mg tnsks jnm lkb jnm trghgof (Xklikb), nb su vnrtknbtn pfsefjnrbg,  prfamgegb nm lkb jn drgbjns suon suontfs, tfs, jn drgbjn drgbjnss prfynatfs, jjnn drgbjns frdgbkzgakfbns, frdgbkzgakfbns, nb nspnakgm jn mg anbtrgmkjgj jnm eubjf jnm trghgof nb mg nstruaturgakñb jn mfs ftrfs eubjfs jn vkjg. Nstg tnsks sn prnsnbtg afb jfs efjgmkjgjns, hgof nm supunstf jn mg lmnxkhkmkjgj, dmfhgmkzgakñb y fhsfmnsanbakg jn skbjkagtfs y gbtkdugs mnyns mghfrgmns? 7)- Srkenrg efjgmkjgj? prfvknbn jn Flln y sn÷gmg qun mg jnsnstruaturga jnsnstruaturgakñb kñb sn jnhnråg g përjkjg jn anbtrgmkjgj eubjf jnm gm trghgof mg nm kegdkbgrkf trghgogjfrns, nm trghgof qunjgrågjnm egrdkbgjf lrnbtn fakf, gm nb afbsuef . jn mfs 8) - Qndubjg efjgmkjgj ? eçs gatugm, jg aunbtg jn mg lmnxkhkmkjgj nb nm trghgof, nbtnbjkjg kbtnrbgenbtn nb mg neprnsg afef efvkmkjgj kbtnrbg y pfmkvgmnbakg, afef  përjkjg jn kepfrtgbakg kepfrtgbakg jnm sgmgrkf lkof lrnbtn lrnbtn g hfbfs y nståeumfs y g mg ppërjkjg ërjkjg jn sndurkjgj nb nm punstf jn trghgof. Qn rnlknrn g mg nxtnbskñb nxt nbskñb jn mg suhafbtrgtgakñb y jn gatkvkjgjns afef prnstgjfrgs jn snrvkakfs, nm trghgof g tknepf t knepf pgrakgm, pfr `frgs, fagskfbgm, jn ekdrgbtns, nm qun sn rngmkzg nb agsg, nm jnm gutfnepmngjf. Zgehkëb pfjrågb afblfregrsn trgynatfrkgs faupgakfbgmns `ntnrfdëbngs pnrf tkpklkaghmns qun nstuvknrgb gsfakgjgs g ubg kjnbtkjgj jn trgynatfrkg, punjn snr ëstn nm agsf jn mfs kbjådnbgs ekdrgbtns. Mg kjnbtkjgj sn afblfreg nb mg trgynatfrkg. Mf qun bf ns pfskhmn sfstnbnr ns qun nm nspgakf jnm trghgof, afbtkbuf f jksafbtkbuf, tnrrktfrkgmkzgjf f bf, tnbdg qun snr skneprn mg amgvn jn mg lfregakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj afmnatkvg9 oundg afb ftrfs nspgakfs, afb rnmgakfbns afepmnogs nbtrn nstruaturgs ‑  prfansfs  prfansfs jn jgr snbtkjf y gaakfbns sfakgmns.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

77

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? tnskskss sfhr sfhr n nm nm trgh tr ghg go f jn jnm prn pr nsn snbtn btn ( y nm nm lutur uturf f  G  GB B Z^BN Z^B N Q, XK AG X J F? J k nz tn

jnm trghgof)

7)   Nm skdmf PP y mg nrg jn mg jndrgjgakñb jndrgjgakñb jnm trghgof nb mg sfaknjgj jnm gutfeñvkm? nm skdmf PP punjn snr sn÷gmgjf afef nm skdmf jnm gutfeñvkm9 sn trgtghg jn ubg prfjuaakñb arfbfentrgjg, afb rktef afbtrfmgjf, prfjuaakñb `fefdëbng, mg måbng jn efbtgon afbanhkjg nb rktef snrkgjf, rådkjf y

 pgranmgjf dnbnrñ ubg dnbnrñ prfju prfjuaakñb aakñb nb eg egsg, sg,auyfs qun fhontkvgh fhontkvghg g mg gepmkgakñb afbsuef tgehkëb nb egsg, pfr fpnrgrkfs sgmgrkfs tgehkëb lunrfb jnm kbarnenbtgjfs. kbarnenbtgjf s. Gubqun nm trghgof nrg rndmgen rndmgenbtgjf btgjf y afbtrfmgjf, su jnd jndrgjgakñb rgjgakñb nb mg sfaknjgj tgymfrkzgjg y lfrjkzgjg nstghg nstgepgjg nb mg enagbkzgakñb,  prnagrkzgakñb,, egbugmkzgakñb  prnagrkzgakñb egbugmkzgakñb,, jnsgbtrfpfefrlkzg jnsgbtrfpfefrlkzgakñb akñb y gmknbga gmknbgakñb. kñb. Nstn lun nm augjrf jfekbgbtn `gstg kbkakf jn mfs g÷fs 43, augbjf faurrkñ mg arksks nstruaturgm jnm skstneg prfjuatkvf. Nstg trgbslfregakñb nstruaturgm, qun dnstñ mg neprnsg lmnxkhmn f mkflkmkzgjg , tuvf lunrtn kepumsf k epumsf jnspuës jn mgs vkatfrkgs jnm bnfmkhnrgmksef, augbjf ub bunvf rnantgrkf, ub bunvf jksn÷f kjnfpfmåtkaf sn  prnsnbtñ afef afef gmtnrbgtkvg jn jf jfekbgakñb. ekbgakñb. prfjuaakñb? mg neprnsg  8)   Mg kbdnbknråg jn mg mkflkmkzgakñb nb nm ekarfafsefs jn mg prfjuaakñb? qun afbstrk÷n, mkektg gm trghgof vkvf, gepmkgbjf mg egqukbgrkg tnabfaknbtålkag qun Egrx jnbfekbgrg trghgof eunrtf9 sn rnjuan mg lunrzgs jn trghgof vkvg9 y jnstnrrktfrkgmkzgbjf nm eubjf prfjuatkvf. rnsumtgjf snrçrntnrrktfrkgmkzgbjf nm jnsnepmnf nxpmfskvf, prnagrkzga prnagrkzgakñb kñb nstruaturgm jnm trghgof, Nm rnhgogs sgmgrkgmns, përjkjgs jn jnrna`fs. Mg mkflkmkzgakñb frdgbkzgakfbgm (Ougb Agstkmmf mg hgutkzñ afb nsn bfehrn) ns ub prfansf nb mg augm mg sustgbakgs vkvgs sfb nmkekbgjgs, punstf qun nm trghgof vkvf ns arnaknbtnenbtn sustktukjf pfr nm trghgof eunrtf. Nb nstg bunvg neprnsg mkflkmkzgjg, ns bnansgrkf ub bunvf tkpf jn trghgof, gbtns nrgb trghgogjfrns, g`frg sfb afmghfrgjfrns. Nm bunvf tkpf jn trghgof ns  pfmkvgmnbtn eumtklubakfbgm, eumtklubakfbgm, afb kbtnbsklkagakñb kbtnbsklkagakñb jn rktefs y tkne tknepfs. pfs. Qn gepmåg nm trghgof kbegtnrkgm rngmkzgjf nb mgs nslnrgs jn mg m g afeubkagakñb, mg puhmkakjgj y nm egrintkbd. Qn gepmågb mgs tnranrkzgakfbns, mgs bfakfbns jn nspgakf y tknepf lunrfb entgefrlfsngjgs. entgefrlfsng jgs. Nm trghgof nstghmn sn tfrbg vkrtugm9 sn nstç vkvknbjf mg nrfskñb jnm trghgof afbtrgtgjf y rndmgenbtgjf qun ns sustktukjf pfr mgs tnranrkzgakfbns, pfr mgs lfregs jn trghgof pgrt tken, tk en, pfr mgs jkvnrsgs lfregs jn neprnbjnjfrksef, affpnrgtkvksef,, trghgof vfmubtg affpnrgtkvksef vfmubtgrkf, rkf, tnranr sn snatfr. atfr. Mgs affpnrgtkvgs pgtrfbgmns  tknbnb ub snbtkjf fpunstf gm prfynatf frkdkbgm jn mgs affpnrgtkvgs jn trghgogjfrns, yg qun husagb jnstrukr mfs jnrna`fs y guenbtgr mgs afbjkakfbns jn prnagrkzgakñb. Nb nstn egraf jn prnagrkzgakñb ns nstruaturgm truaturgm jnm trghgof ns qun mfs agpktgmns dmfhgmns  nstçb nxkdknbjf g mfs dfhknrbfs bgakfbgmns nm jnsefbtn jn mg mndksmgakñb sfakgm prftnatfrg jnm trghgof.  1)   Mg nrg jn mg kblfregtkzgakñb y mg ëpfag ëpfag jn mg kblfregmkzgakñb jnm trghgof? nb mg aÿspkjn tnbnefs trghgofs umtrgagmklkagjfs umtrgagmklkagjfs qun gatÿgb nb nm çehktf kblfregakfbgm y nb mg hgsn gvgbzgb mg prnagrkzgakñb y nm jnsnepmnf, gehfs nstruaturgmns. Nb nm enjkf, mg `khrkjnz, nm umtrgagmklkagjf umtr gagmklkagjf `fy punjn nstgr jnsnepmngjf f prnagrkzgjf eg÷gbg. Gehfs nstçb nb nxpgbskñb nb nm eubjf jnm agpktgm dmfhgm. Nb pmnbg nrg jn mg kblfregtkzgakñb jnm trghgof, jnm eubjf egqukbgm y jkdktgm, nstgefs afbfaknbjf mg ëpfag jn mg kblfregmkzgakñb jnm trghgof, jn mfs m fs tnranrkzgjfs, prnagrkzgjfs, suhafbtrgtgjfs, suhafbtrgtgj fs, lmnxkhkmkzgjfs trghgogjfrns jn tknepf pgrakgm, jnm suhprfmntgrkgjf. supnrlmukjgj jnm trghgof? ftrf efvkeknbtf :)   Nm skdmf PPK? nbtrn mg pnrnbbkjgj y mg supnrlmukjgj  pnbjumgr gmagbzg gmagbzg g mg amgsn trghgogjfrg? pfr uubb mgjf, agjg vnz enbfs `fehrns `fehrns y Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

78

euonrns trghgogb eua`f y nb nm ftrf pëbjumf, agjg vnz eçs `fehrns y euonrns nbaunbtrgb enbfs trghgof y sn jnspgrrgegb nb nm eubjf nb husag jn augmquknr mghfr. Qn rnjuan nm trghgof tgymfrkstg lfrjkstg jn mg nrg jnm gutfeñvkm, pnrfs n gepmåg nm ubkvnrsf jn mg amgsn qun vkvn jnm trghgof.

 >)   Mg gepmkgakñb jnm trghgof kbtnmnatugm ghstrgatf y mgs bunvgs lfregs jn vgmfr (mgs

kbtnrafbnxkfbns nbtrn trghgof egtnrkgm y trghgof kbegtnrkgm)?  afb mg afbvnrskñb jnm

trghgof vkvf y nm trghgof eunrtf g pgrtkr jnm efenbtf nb qun, pfr nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mfs sfltwgrn, mg eçqukbg jnsnepn÷gr mg kbtnmkdnbakg `uegbg9 kblfregakfbgm sn trgbslknrn nmpgsg sghnrg kbtnmnatugm y gatkvkjgjns afdbktkvf jnprfpkgs mg amgsnjnfhrnrg `gakg mg egqukbgrkg kblfregtkzgjg, afb mf augm sn ganbtÿg mg trgbslfregakñb jnm trghgof vkvf nb trghgof eunrtf . Qn prflubjkzg prflubjkzg mg arnaknbtn arnaknbtn kehrkagakñb kehrkagakñb nbtrn trghgof egtnrkgm n kbegtnrkgm, ubg skdbklkagtkvg nxpgbskñb jnm trghgof jftgjf jn jkenbskñb kbtnmnatugm. kbtnmnatugm. Nm trghgof egbugm egbugm nstç sknbjf sustktukjf sustktukjf pfr nm trghgof kbtnmnatugm.

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

71

nb mgs egsgs jn jnsnepmngjfs qun sn nxpgbjnb pfr tfjf nm eubjf. Nb mg Grdnbtkbg, sn nvkjnbakgb bunvgs lfregs jn afblrfbtgakñb sfakgm, afef mg nxpmfskñb jnm efvkeknbtf jn trghgogjfrns jnsfaupgjfs9 jnsfaupgjfs9 mfs pkquntnrfs qun afrtgb mgs rutgs pgrg lrnbgr mg akraumgakñb jn enragjnråg9 mg nxpgbskñb jn mg mua`g jn trghgogjfrns nb tfrbf g neprnsgs rnaupnrgjgs (8337). Nstg bunvg efrlfmfdåg jnm trghgof glnatg g mfs frdgbksefs jn rnprnsnbtgakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns, afb mgs arksks jn mfs pgrtkjfs y skbjkagtfs9 mg bunvg efrlfmfdåg jnm trghgof skdbklkag ub bunvf jksn÷f jn lfregs jn rnprnsnbtgakñb jn mgs lunrzgs sfakgmns y pfmåtkags pfmåtk ags jnm trghgof. Qn jnhn rnafbfanr mg jnsonrgrqukzgakñb jn mfs frdgbksefs jn amgsns. Nm efvkeknbtf sfakgm, skbjkagm f pgrtkjgrkf, qun gprn`nbjn mgs rgåans jn bunstrfs nbdrgbgons sfakgmns sfakgmns y pnrakhn mmgs gs aunstkfbns vktgmns y pgrg nmmf ns bnansgrkf afbfanr mg bunvg efrlfmfdåg jnm trghgof. 73))  ^b bunvf skstneg jn entghfmksef sfakgm gutfjntnrekbgakñb y tknepf jkspfbkhmn?   73 nxkstn ub bunvf efjf jn prfjuaakñb y jn vkjg lubjgjf nb mg gatkvkjgj gutfjntnrekbgjg, gutfjntnrekbgj g, hgsgjg nb nm ttknepf knepf jkspfbkhmn, nb mg rngmkzgakñb jnm trghgof sfakgmenbtn bnansgrkf y afbtrg mg prfjuaakñb `ntnrfjntnrekbgjg (hgsgjg nb nm tknepf nxanjnbtn pgrg mg prfjuaakñb nxamuskvg jn vgmfrns j agehkf pgrg nm enragjf y pgrg mg rnprfjuaakñb jnm agpktgm. Jfs prkbakpkfs vktgmns sn kepfbnb? 7) Nm snbtkjf sfakntgm jfekbgbtn jkrkdkjf g mg gtnbakñb nlnatkvg jn bnanskjgjns `uegbgs y sfakgmns vktgmns (egtnrkgmns f kbegtnrkgmns) y 8) nm nonrakakf jnm trghgof, jnsprfvkstf jn sus jkstkbtgs lfregs jn nxtrg÷geknbtf y gmknbgakñb, dnbnrgjgs pfr nm agpktgm, snrç skbñbkef jn gutfgatkvkjgj, gatkvkjgj mkhrn hgsgjg nb nm tknepf jkspfbkhmn.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

7:

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? stgj jf y gm gm enr enr ag agj jf? bn bnf fmkmkhn hnrr gmkmkse sef fy HXNQQNX  ‑   SNXN SNXN K XG? N m gsgmtf gm N stg

tnfr tn fråå g nafbñ nafbñe ek ag ag..

Nm Nstgjf y nm enragjf sfb kbstktuakfbns afepmnenbtgrkgs9 nm Nstgjf ns nm  prkbakpgm kbstruenbtf g trgvës jnm augm augm mgs sfaknjgjn sfaknjgjnss jnefarçtkags efmjngb nm agpktgmksef pgrg pfjnr gmagbzgr sus fhontkvfs pfmåtkafs9 nm enragjf ns ubg kbstktuakñb  hgsgjg nb nb mg afepntnbakg qun, hgof mg rndumgakñb jnm nstg nstgjf, jf, afbtrkhuyn g mg affrjkbgakñb jn mgarksks nafbfeåg. Mg gatugm nafbñekag afblkreg mg bnanskjgj jn rnafbstrukr nm Nstgjf y  husagr ubg bunvg afepmnenb afepmnenbtgrknjgj tgrknjgj afb nnmm enragjf. Mg fpfskakñb Nstgjf y Enragjf sn trgbslfreñ nb ub prfhmneg jnsjn mfs 03 y ;3, augbjf nm bnfmkhnrgmksef gjqukrkñ `ndnefbåg qun nstn pmgbtnf afenbzñ g pgrnanr bgturgm y mndåtkef. Mgs sfaknjgjns efjnrbgs sfb sfaknjgjns agpktgmkstgs frdgbkzgjgs tnrrktfrkgmenbtn nb pgåsns f Nstgjfs bgakñb sfhnrgbgs. Bnfmkhnrgmksef  Bf ns pfskhmn prntnbjnr prntnbjnr guenbtg guenbtgrr nm pfjnr jnm enragjf enragjf g nxpnbsgs nxpnbsgs jnm jnhkmktgeknbtf jnm Nstgjf, afef prntnbjkñ krrgakfbgmenbtn nm bnfmkhnrgmksef9 nstg kjnfmfdåg sn kbkakñ ub vnrjgjnrf vnrjgjnrf gsgmtg gm Nstgjf jnefarçtkaf y sfakgm qun `ghåg afenbzgjf g nstghmnanrsn jnsjn jnsjn nm Bnw Jngm nb Nstgjfs ^bkjfs. Sgrg nm Bnfmkhnrgmksef, nm Nstgjf jnhåg snr eåbkef, mf qun skdbklkag qun   Jnogrç jn nbagrdgrsn jn mg prfjuaakñb jn jntnrekbgjfs hknbns hçskafs rnmgakfbgjfs afb mg kblrgnstruaturg nafbñekag.   Jnsefbtgrç nm Nstgjf sfakgm, ns jnakr, nm skstneg jn prftnaakñb g trgvës jnm augm mgs sfaknjgjns efjnrbgs husagb afrrndkr mg andunrg jnm enragjf nb rnmgakñb afb mg  oustkakg sfakgm.   Jnogrç jn kbjuakr mg kbvnrskñb k bvnrskñb prfjuatkvg y nm jnsgrrfmmf tnabfmñdkaf y aknbtålkaf (jnogrç jn mkjnrgr ubg nstrgtndkg bgakfbgm jn jnsgrrfmmf).   Jnogrç jn rndumgr mfs enragjfs enragjfs y, sfhrn tfjf, mfs enragjfs enragjfs lkbgbaknrfs, pgrg qun sn gutfrrndumgrgb. Mg prfpunstg eçs rnpntkjg lun mg jnsrndumgakñb jn mfs enragjfs. Nm bnfmkhnrgmksef lun mg kjnfmfdåg k jnfmfdåg `ndneñbkag jnsjn afeknb afeknbzfs zfs jn mg jëagjg jn mfs 03 `gstg nm kbkakf jnm 83339 lun mg kjnfmfdåg gjfptgjg y prfefvkjg pfr mfs dfhknrbfs

nstgjfubkjnb nstgjfubkjnbsns sns g pgrtkr jn Xfbgmj Xngdgb. Nm bnfmkhnrgmksef ns `fy ubg kjnfmfdåg eunrtg. Nm bnfmkhnrgmksef sunmn jnlkbkrsn afef ub mkhnrgmksef nafbñekaf rgjkagm, afef mg kjnfmfdåg jnm Nstgjf eåbkef y jn mfs enragjfs gutfrrndumgjfs. Nm bnfmkhnrgmksef ns mg kjnfmfdåg qun mfs m fs snatfrns eçs rkafs jn mg sfaknjgj utkmkzgrfb g lkbns jnm skdmf PP afbtrg mfs pfhrns y mfs trghgogjfrns y afbtrg nm Nstgjf Jnefarçtkaf sfakgm9 ns, pfr mf tgbtf, ubg kjnfmfdåg nekbnbtnenbtn rngaakfbgrkg. Nstgjf Nm Nstgjf ns mg drgb afbstruaakñb kbstktuakfbgm jn mgs sfaknjgjns. Nm Nstgjf afef frjnb ouråjkaf ns mg rngmkzgakñb afbarntg jn mg mkhnrtgj y mg rgzñb `uegbgs9 ns bunstrf kbstruenbtf jn gaakñb afmnatkvg pfr nxanmnbakg.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

7>

Enragjf Nb aknrtfs efenbtfs, nm enragjf sn vunmvn kbarnåhmnenbtn kbnlkaknbtn, nstf ns gså nb tknepfs jn arksks9 nm enragjf jnog jn affrjkbgr pgrg jnsaffrjkbgr, pgrg nstghmnanr nm jnsfrjnb. Nm gsgmtf tnñrkaf Nb mfs ÿmtkefs 13 g÷fs, ubg afgmkakñb nbtrn rkafs kbvnrsfrns y ubg amgsn enjkg jn

 hrkmmgbtns prflnskfbg mns lkbgbaknrfs uutkmkzñ tkmkzñ nm bnfmkhnrgmksef af afef ef ub kbstruenbtf kjnfmñdkafprflnskfbgmns pgrg su nbrkqunakeknbtf. Mfs nafbfekstgs bubag afbskduknrfb snpgrgr afb amgrkjgj aknbakg jn mg kjnfmfdåg, bf rnsumtg sfrprnbjnbtn qun mfs nafbfekstgs g`frg jnbfekbgjfs bnfamçskafs jnakjkrçb agehkgr nm bfehrn jn mg aknbakg nafbñekag, jn nafbfeåg pfmåtkag g nafbfeåg. Nb mg jëagjg jn 7;43, mg përjkjg jnm jkbgeksef jn mgs nafbfeågs jnsgrrfmmgjgs, mg agåjg jn mgs tgsgs jn dgbgbakg y mg nstgblmgakñb lunrfb mg fpfrtubkjgj pnrlnatg pgrg qun nm bnfmkhnrgmksef efbtgrg su gtgqun gm Nstgjf sfakgm9 mg tnfråg nafbñekag bnfamçskag mfdrñ, trgs g÷fs jn inybnskgbksef, rnaupnrgr su pgpnm jfekbgbtn. Lun nm gsgmtf gm Nstgjf rngmkzgjf pfr nm bunvf kbstktuakfbgmksef jn Xfbgmj Afgsn9 nb vnz jn kdbfrgr gm Nstgjf, nstg afrrknbtn jnakjkñ rnaupnrgr mgs kbstktuakfbns9 nm kbstktuakfbgmksef sfstknbn? nb nm afeknbzf nrg enragjf, ns jnakr, mf prkenrf nrgb kbjkvkjufs prfjuaknbjf y `gaknbjf kbtnragehkfs affrjkbgjfs pfr nm enragjf. Nm gsgmtf eçs rgjkagm gm Nstgjf lun prfefvkjf pfr mg tnfråg jn mg nmnaakñb pÿhmkag, rna`gzg mg kjng jn ubg ëtkag pÿhmkag, sus prkbakpgmns rnprnsnbtgbtns? Hua`gbgb y Zummfai, afbakhnb gm Nstgjf jn egbnrg rnjuaakfbkstg, afef ubg skepmn frdgbkzga frdgbkzgakñb. kñb. Mg ÿmtkeg afrrknbtn qun lfreg pgrtn jn nstn gsgmtf gm Nstgjf ns mg nmnaakñb rgakfbgm, sn trgtg jn ubg afrrknbtn gepmkg y afbtrgjkatfrkg, su pfstumgjf eçs dnbnrgm kbjkag qun mg gaakñb afmnatkvg jn mfs drgbjns drupfs ns kbnlkaknbtn9 afef bf nxkstn ubg gaakñb afmnatkvg eçs gepmkg y eçs dnbnrgm nb ubg sfaknjgj qun su Nstgjf, nstn sn vunmvn bnansgrkgenbtn mkektgjf, kbnlkaknbtn n kbnlkagz. kbnl kagz. Nm pfstumgjf jnm @fef Nafbfekaus, utkmkzgjf pfr mfs nafbfekstgs, bf ns ghsurjf augbjf sn gmujn g mg gaakñb jn mfs gdnbtns nafbñekafs qun husagb egxkekzgr sus dgbgbakgs nb sfaknjgjns agpktgmkstgs. ^tkmkzgr nm afbanptf jn `fef nafbfekaus pgrg gbgmkzgr mg pfmåtkag ns afbtrgjkatfrkf afb mg prfpkg bgturgmnzg jn mg pfmåtkag y mg nslnrg  pÿhmkag, eknbtrgs mg mñdkag jnm enrag enragjf jf ns mg dgbgb dgbgbakg, akg, mg jn mg ppfmåtkag fmåtkag ns nm kbtnrës  pÿhmkaf f nm hknb afeÿb. Sgmghrgs lkbgmns Eknbtrgs qun nm mkhnrgmksef ns ubg kjnfmfdåg rnvfmuakfbgrkg jn mg amgsn enjkg  hurdunsg qun qun mua`ghg afbtrg ubg fmkdgrquåg y ub Nstgjf gutfa gutfarçtkaf9 rçtkaf9 nm bnfmkhnrgmksef lun ubg kjnfmfdåg rngaakfbgrkg jn mfs rkafs afbtrg mfs pfhrns y afbtrg nm Nstgjf jnefarçtkaf sfakgm. Jnsjn afeknbzfs jn mfs 03, nm bnfmkhnrgmksef sn vfmvkñ jfekbgbtn9 nm Nstgjf afenbzñ g snr vkstf afef ub fhstçaumf. Mg tnfråg nafbñekag bnfamçskag, afb nm efjnmf jnm nqukmkhrkf dnbnrgm, mg egarfnafbfeåg jn mgs nxpnatgtkvgs rgakfbgmns y mfs efjnmfs jn arnakeknbtf, sn trgbslfreñ nb ubg entgkjnfmfdåg y mg m g oustklkagakñb anbtrgm jn mg tnsks lubjgenbtgm jnm bnfmkhnrgmksef? mfs enragjfs gutfrrndumgjfs gutfrrndumgjfs. G trgvës jnm Nstgjf, mgs sfaknjgjns vknbnb husag husagbjf bjf rndumgr y efjnmgr nm

agpktgmksef nb lubakñb jn sus vgmfrns y sus fhontkvfs pfmåtkafs9 nstn prfansf jn afbstruaakñb pfmåtkag lun kbtnrruepkjf y rnvnrtkjf pfr nm bnfmkhnrgmksef. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

7<

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?   skss y N enr d nbak bakg gs jn B un unvf vfss Ef E fjnmfs pr pr fjuatkvfs BNL LG O^MKF O^MKF?? A r k sk Mg utkmkjgj jn mg bfakñb jn pgrgjkdeg f efjnmf prfjuatkvf Nm afbanptf jn Sgrgjkdeg Zëabkaf-nafbñekaf ns ubg afehkbgakñb eçs nlkaknbtn jn prfjuatfs y prfansfs, kbtnrrnmgakfbgjfs afb kbbfvgakfbns kbbfvgakfbns tëabkags, frdgbkzgakfbgmns frdgbkzgakfbg mns y jn dnstkñb neprnsgrkgm9 qun prfeunvnb ub arnakeknbtf jn mg  prfjuatkvkjgj jn tfjg, f ubg pg pgrtn, rtn, jn mg nafb nafbfeåg, feåg, rnjuanb jrçstkagenbtn mfs afstfs afstfs jn

buenrfsfs prfjuatfs y snrvkakfs, agehkgb mg nstruaturg jn afstfs rnmgtkvfs y ghrnb jn egbnrg kbëjktg ubg gepmkg dgeg jn fpfrtubkjgjns pgrg mgs kbvnrskfbns rnbtghmns. Afboubtf jn bunvfs prkbakpkfs jn dnstkñb qun tnrekbgb pfr afbvnrtkrsn nb nm snbtkjf afeÿb jn mfs jkrkdnbtns jn neprnsgs, jn mfs kbdnbknrfs, y jn mfs fpnrgrkfs nb nm aursf jn agjg lgsn kepfrtgbtn jn nvfmuakñb. Nm vknof pgrgjkdeg sfakf-prfjuatkvf y su arksks  Nm pgrgjkdeg prfjuatkvf sn agrgatnrkzg pfr mg m g jfekbgakñb jn mgs drgbjns neprnsgs frdgbkzgjgs onrçrqukagenbtn onrçrqukagenbtn y mg prfjuaakñb egskvg jn prfjuatfs `fefdëbnfs,, utkmkzgbjf eçqukbgs `nrrgeknbtgs. Mfs prfansfs jn trghgof ttgymfrkstg `fefdëbnfs gymfrkstg y lfrjkstg afblkdurgb nm pgrgjkdeg sfakf ‑  prfjuatkvf  prfjuatkvf qun jnsjn enjkgjf jn mg m g jëagjg jnm 43 afenbzñ g trgbsktgr pfr ubg ntgpg jn gdftgeknbtf. Nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm agpktgmksef prfefvkñ ub gvgban kbansgbtn jn mgs tëabkags

 prfjuatkvgs y jn jn mg aknbakg gp gpmkagjg mkagjg jnsgrrf jnsgrrfmmf mmfmmnvñ kbjustrkgm. Nm jnsnf jn gprfvna`g gprfvna`gr eçxkef nm pftnbakgm prfjuatkvf jn mggmkbjustrkg gm kkbdnbknrf bdnbknrf bfrtngenrkagbf bfrtngenrkagb f r gm Lrnjnrkai T. Zgymfr g rngmkzgr ub nstujkf ekbuakfsf jn mgs tgrngs lghrkmns. Qu fhontkvf nrg nmkekbgr mfs efvkeknbtfs kbÿtkmns y nstghmnanr pfr enjkf jn arfbñentrfs nm tknepf bnansgrkf pgrg rngmkzgr agjg tgrng nspnaålkag. G nstn eëtfjf sn mf mmgeñ frdgbkzgakñb aknbtålkaf jnm trghgof f tgymfrksef. Nm pgrgjkdeg tgymfrkstg sn agrgatnrkzg pfr? f   ^bg rgakfbgmkzgakñb y frdgbkzgakñb aknbtålkag jnm trghgof (FAZ). f   Qurdkñ nb ub afbtnxtf `kstñrkaf agrgatnrkzgjf pfr nm lunrtn arnakeknbtf nafbñekaf y mg nxpgbskñb jn mg jnegbjg. f   Nstujkf skstneçtkaf jn tknepf y efvkeknbtfs. Qn hgsñ nb ubg nafbfeåg jn efvkeknbtfs y tknepfs jn trghgof, rnjuakr mfs afstfs ubktgrkfs jn prfjuaakñb, skepmklkagr nm trghgof n kbtnbsklkagrmf, pgrg kbafrpfrgr egbf jn fhrg pfaf agmklkagjg. f   Nstgbjgrkzg mgs tgrngs y mfs fhontfs jn trghgof. f   Srfpfbn ubg jkvkskñb jkvkskñb sfakgm y tëabkag jnm trghgof, snpgrgbj snpgrgbjff mgs tgrngs jn afbanpakñb jn mgs jn nonauakñb. f   Qnmnaakñb aknbtålkag jn mfs trghgogjfrns g rnamutgr, prfaurgbjf su gjgptgakñb gm pnrlkm jnm punstf jn trghgof. f   Mg gskdbgakñb pfr gbtkakpgjf jn ub bÿenrf mkektgjf jn tgrngs nspnaålkags g agrdf jn ub trghgogjfr kbjkvkjugm, fpfbkëbjfmf gm trghgof drupgm. f   Lfregakñb prflnskfbgm nspnakgmkzgj nspnakgmkzgjg. g. f   Srfpfbn ub skstneg jn afbtrfm y supnrvkskñb. f   Enjkakñb fhontkvg y aftkjkgbg jn mfs rnsumtgjfs augbtktgtkvfs jn mg tgrng rngmkzgjg  pfr agjg trghgogjfr. trghgogjfr. f   ^b skstneg jn rneubnrgakñb jn gaunrjf gm rnbjkeknbtf, pgrg eftkvgr nm kbarnenbtf jn mg prfjuaakñb kbjkvkjugm. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

74

Nm prfansf jn trghgof lfrjkstg sn agrgatnrkzg pfr? f   Hÿsqunjg jn kbarnenbtf jn mg prfjuatkvkjgj g trgvës jnm rnbjkeknbtf arnaknbtns jn nsagmg pgrg prfjuakr, nb snrkns mgrdgs, prfjuatfs `fefdëbnfs, jnstkbgjfs g ub enragjf sfmvnbtn y nb nxpgbskñb. f   Xnmgakñb sgmgrkgm frknbtgjg g lkogr mg m g egbf jn fhrg nb mg neprnsg, afbskstnbtn nb afbtrgtf jn trghgof nstghmn, pfr tknepf kbjntnrekbgjf y g pmnbf tknepf. f   Nblgtkzñ nm trghgof jkvkjkjf y mgs m gs agjnbakgs kepunstgs pfr mg vnmfakjgj jn mg hgbjg f trgbspfrtgjfrg. f   Mg kbtndrgakñb vnrtkagm jn mg prfjuaakñb jnbtrf jn ubg ekseg neprnsg. f   Nmnvgjf vfmuenb jn prfjuaakñb prfdrgegjf. f   Afbstktuakñb jn drgbjns stfais jn egtnrkgs prkegs. f   Mg hÿsqunjg jn mg nlkaknbakg neprnsgrkgm kbjnpnbjknbtnenbtn pfr pgrtn jn agjg çrng lubakfbgm. f   Dnstñ y afbsfmkjñ, jnspuës jn mg arksks jnm 13, ubg bunvg efjgmkjgj jn Nstgjf, afef lfreg kbstktuakfbgm rndumgjfrg, qun gsueåg jn egbnrg gatkvg vgrkgs lubakfbns?  prfjuatfr jn hknbns, hknbns, prnstgjfr jjnn snrvkakf pÿhmkaf, afbstruatfr jn mg kblrgnstruaturg nafbñekag y sfakgm qun bnansktghgb mgs neprnsgs, prfeftfr jn mg jnegbjg pgrg gsndurgr mg vnbtg jn mg prfjuaakñb egskvg. Arksks jnm vknof pgrgjkdeg Mgs agusgs jn mg prflubjg arksks jnm pgrgjkdeg sfakf ‑  prfjuatkvf  prfjuatkvf lun prfvfagjg  pfr mg agåjg nb mgs tgsgs jn arnakeknbtf jn mg prfjuaakñb, prfjuaakñb, jnhkjf jnhkjf g jfs lgatfrns lgatfrns nafbñekafs y sfakgmns? 7)   Mg eubjkgmkzgakñb ( bkvn bk vnmm eg egar arf f )? qun sn agrgatnrkzñ pfr mg afbanbtrgakñb jnm agpktgm nb mfs pgåsns afb nafbfeågs agpktgmkstgs jfekbgbtns, mg kbtnbsklkagakñb jnm afenrakf kbtrg-lkreg dnbnrgjf pfr mgs Neprnsgs trgbsbgakfbgmns y mg suhafbtrgtgakñb trgbslrfbtnrkzg, mgs afepntnbakgs nbtrn lkregs jnbtrf y lunrg jn mfs pgåsns, mg jkvkskñb jn drupfs jn pgåsns dgbgjfrns y pnrjnjfrns jnhkjf g mgs vnbtgogs afepntktkvgs afbstrukjgs  pfr mgs pfmåtkags kbjustrkgmns, kbjustrkgmns, nm rnjuakjf rnjuakjf mudgr y mg sktugakñb sktugakñb jnpnbjknbtn nb qun qun qunjgrfb mfs pgåsns nx sfakgmkstgs, mfs lgatfrns pfmåtkafs y nm rfm jn mfs Nstgjfs pgrg afbstktukr mfs hmfquns rndkfbgmns, nm afenrakf kbtnrbgakfbgm, mfs kbtnragehkfs

kbtnrbgakfbgmns jn snrvkakf, mgs kbvnrskfbns nxtrgbonrgs.  8)  Arksks jnm prfansf jn trghgof ( jkenbsk jkenbskfbn fbnss ekar ekarfn fnafbñ afbñeka ekags gs )?  )? mfs eçs kepfrtgbtns jn nsfs fhstçaumfs sfb jn bgturgmnzg nafbñekag, sfakgm, tnabfmñdkag, frdgbkzgakfbgmm y jn su afbanpakñb jnm trghgof `uegbf. frdgbkzgakfbg g)  M fs må m å ek tn tnss nafbñe nafbñekk afs afs? Jurgbtn mfs prkenrfs g÷fs jn mg jëagjg jn mfs º43 sn afbstgtñ nb mgs prkbakpgmns nafbfeågs kbjustrkgmkzgjgs jnm eubjf faakjnbtgm ubg jksekbuakñb snbskhmn jn mg tgsg prnanjnbtn jn arnakeknbtf nafbñekaf, y hgogrfb eçs gÿb mgs tgsgs jn arnakeknbtf jn mg prfjuatkvkjgj, jnlkbkjg afef ubg rnmgakñb nbtrn mg prfjuaakñb y mfs lgatfrns

qun mg dnbnrgb. h) 

Mfs måektns sfakgmns. jnsjn enjkgjfs jn mfs g÷fs º43, mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm y nm afeprfeksf mghfrgm lfrjkstg nbtrgb nb arksks y afeknbzg g jnsafepfbnrsn pfr su rkdkjnz, mfs ”afstfs faumtfs― qun dnbnrghg pgrg mgs neprnsgs y mfs afstfs sfakgmns qun kepmkaghg pgrg mfs gsgmgrkgjfs. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO a) 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

70

Mfs måektns tëabkafs? mg rkdkjnz jnm prfansf prfjuatkvf y mg jëhkm prfpnbskñb neprnsgrkgm g mg kbbfvgakñb nb augbtf g mfs prfjuatfs9 nm afstf nmnvgjf y nm mgrdf tknepf rnqunrkjfs pgrg jksn÷gr bunvfs efjnmfs f prfjuatfs, `ganr mgs egtrkans y prftftkpfs, prfjuakr y afmfagr mfs prfjuatfs nb nm enragjf, jnhkjf g qun sn trghgog jn egbnrg snaunbakgm9 y lkbgmenbtn pfrqun mg rådkjg afblkdurgakñb jn mgs agjnbgs jn efbtgon prfvfaghg kbakjnbtns y jklkaumtghg su grtkaumgakñb y affrjkbgakñb.. Nsfs llgatfrns affrjkbgakñb gatfrns nxpmkagb nm pfrquë mg hÿsqunjg jn nafbfeågs

arnaknbtns jn prfvfag nsagmg, gpfygjgs nb jka`fs enjkfs trghgof, bf tknbn egyfr ëxktf, nrrfrns, afbjuan g mg nsagsgjnjkvnrsklkagakñb jn gatugmenbtn mg  prfjuaakñb, y arng jklkaumtgjns ppgrg grg gjgptgrsn rçpkjgenbtn g mfs agehkfs augbtktgtkvfs y augmktgtkvfs jn mg jnegbjg j)  Mfs måektns frdgbkzgakfbgmns? Mg lfreg trgjkakfbgm jn frdgbkzgr jnbtrf jn mg neprnsg mg snaunbakg prfjuatkvg nrg mg skduknbtn? prkenrf mgs tgrngs jn afbanpakñb,, mundf mgs jn frdgbkzgr y rngmkzgr mg prfjuaakñb y lkbgmenbtn mg vnbtg afbanpakñb jnm prfjuatf jnsafbtgbjf mg nxkstnbakg jn ubg amknbtnmg sfmvnbtn, agutkvg, jkspfbkhmn, nstghmn, pgskvg y pfaf nxkdnbtn nb egtnrkg jn agmkjgj y jn auepmkeknbtf jn mfs pmgzfs jn nbtrndg. Nstn efjnmf frdgbkzgtkvf nbafbtrñ  prfdrnskvgenbtn  prfdrnskvgenb tn sus måektns jnhkjf g mgs rçpkjgs n keprnvkskhmns vgrkga vgrkgakfbns kfbns augbtktgtkvgs y augmktgtkvgs jn mg jnegbjg, gm kepgatf jn mfs s`fais pntrfmnrfs sfhrn nm prnakf jn mgs egtnrkgs prkegs y g mg kbnstghkmkjgj jnm skstneg lkbgbaknrf kbtnrbgakfbgm. n)  M fs måektns må ektns jn jnrr k vgjf vgjfss jn ubg ubg nnstr strnna`g afbanpakñb afbanpakñb jnm jnm tr trgh ghgof gof `ueg `uegbf bf? mfs nstujkfs jn tknepfs y efvkeknbtfs g pgrtkr jn mfs augmns mg FAZ prnsarkhåg nm trghgof pgrg agjg fpnrgrkf, `ghågb nstghmnakjf prfenjkfs jn rnsumtgjfs  prfjuatkvfs pgrg pgrg agjg trghgogj trghgogjfr fr qun nstghg nstghgbb euy pfr nbakeg jn mgs agpga agpgakjgjns kjgjns bfregmns jn trghgof jnm afboubtf, suhvgmugbjf mg lgtkdg y nm tknepf bnansgrkf  pgrg su rnaupnrgakñb. rnaupnrgakñb. Jgjg mg afbanpakñ afbanpakñbb prnjfekbgbtn gganrag anrag jnm trghgogjf trghgogjfrr afbskjnrgjf afef ”eftfr `uegbf―, sñmf mg lgtkdg låskag nrg tnbkjg nb aunbtg, jnsna`gbjf jnsna`g bjf mg agrdg psåqukag y enbtgm. Afb mg kbstgurgakñb lfrjkgbg jn mg akbtg trgbspfrtgjfrg y jn efbtgon, mg rutkbg y mg vnmfakjgj jnm fpnrgrkf vg g nstgr jntnrekbgjg pfr mg agjnbakg qun mfs rnspfbsghmns jn mg prfjuaakñb gtrkhuågb g mg agjnbg y qun, pfr kbtnrenjkf jn ëstg, sn kepfbåg g mfs ttrghgogjfrns rghgogjfrns afef sk lunrg ubg bfreg fhontkvg n kepnrsfbgm. 1)   Mgs prkenrgs afbsnaunbakgs jn mg arksks? Mg arksks jn mfs pgrgjkdegs f efjnmfs prfjuatkvfs prfvfagjg pfr mfs lgatfrns l gatfrns egarf y ek ekarfnafbñekafs arfnafbñekafs gbtns jnsarkptfs, tuvknrfb afef afbsnaunbakg ub lunrtn prfansf jn nstgbageknbtf nafbñekaf y gm eksef tknepf tk nepf jn kblmgakñb, mg jksekbuakñb jn mg kepfrtgbakg rnmgtkvg jn mg kbjustrkg jnbtrf jnm skstneg prfjuatkvf bgakfbgm, ub prfansf jn tnranrkzgakñb jn mg prfjuaakñb y jnm nepmnf, y prflubjfs agehkfs nb mg mfagmkzgakñb rndkfbgm jn mgs neprnsgs. Mg agåjg jn mg pgrtn jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs nb mg jkstrkhuakñb jnm kbdrnsf, ubkjf g mg ”efjnrgakñb sgmgrkgm― prfvfagrfb mg   jksekbuakñb jn mg jnegbjg sfmvnbtn. Mg agåjg jn mg jnegbjg sfmvnbtn y nm  prfansf kbbfvgtkvf kbbfvgtkvf prfvfagb ub rçpkjf kbarnenbtf kbarnenbtf jnm jnsnepmnf, jnsnepmnf, jnm suhnepmnf y jnm trghgof pfr aunbtg prfpkg f bf gsgmgrkgjf. Sgrg jksekbukr mfs afstfs, agehkgb mgs lfregs jn mg afepntnbakg nb nm enragjf. Mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mg prfjuaakñb neprnsgrkg sn hgsg g`frg nb nstghmnakeknbtfs pnqun÷fs y enjkgbfs, jnsanbtrgmkzgjfs, jnsafban jnsafbanbtrgjfs, nstghmnanb suhafbtrgtga suhafbtrgtgakñb kñb afb ftrgs neprnsgs jnbtrgjfs, egyfr fqun kdugm tgeg÷f.rnmgakfbns Mg dnstkñbjnjn mg Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

7;

lunrzg jn trghgof pgrtn jn mg prneksg qun ns agjg vnz eçs jklåakm gsndurgr g mfs bunvfs trghgogjfrns ub nepmnf nstghmn, g tknepf afepmntf y afb afbtrgtfs jn jurgakñb kbjntnrekbgjg. Nm efvkeknbtf skbjkagm pknrjn lunrzg, rnprnsnbtgtkvkjgj y prnstkdkf, gm jksekbukr nm bÿenrf jn sus glkmkgjfs afef afbsnaunbakg afbsnaun bakg jn mg jnsfaupgakñb, jn mfs afstfs sfakgmns qun kepmkag mg glkmkgakñb, y jnm agehkf jn mfs vgmfrns aumturgmns prnanjnbtns. Mfs bunvfs pgrgjkdegs y efjnmfs prfjuatkvfs

7)   Nm nsanbgrkf bnf-mkhnrgm jn sgmkjg jn mg arksks? våg mg gustnrkjgj sgmgrkgm, mg

 lmnxkhkmkjgj mghfrgm y nm mkhrn lubakfbgeknbtf jn mfs enragjfs? enragjfs? Mgs nstrgtndkgs

bnf-mkhnrgmns afeprnbjnb ub afboubtf jn enjkjgs qun sn gjfptgb jn egbnrg afboubtg f skduknbjf ubg aknrtg snaunbakg, y qun ghgragb nbtrn ftrgs pfmåtkags?  prkvgtkzgakfbns, snvnrfs goustn goustnss lksagmns, jrçs jrçstkag tkag rnjuaakñb jjnn mgs tgsgs jn kblmgakñb våg afbtrgaakñb jn mg jnegbjg y nstgbageknbtf sgmgrkgm, jnsrndumgakñb jn mfs enragjfs pgrg jnogr qun mg afepntnbakg gatÿn skb egyfrns trghgs, gtrgaakñb jn mgs kbvnrskfbns nxtrgbonrgs ftfrdçbjfmns jnrna`fs kdugmns f supnrkfrns qun gm agpktgm bgakfbgm, gpnrturg jnm enragjf g mfs m fs kbtnragehkfs kbtnrbgakfbgmnss jn prfjuatfs, snrvkakfs, agpktgmns, y nb enbfr kbtnrbgakfbgmn e nbfr enjkjg jn egbf jn fhrg. Nm rnsumtgjf jn mg m g gpmkagakñb skstneçtkag jn nstgs nstrgtndkgs sn rnlmnogråg nb mg afbtrgaakñb f mg jnsgpgrkakñb jn mgs neprnsgs enbfs afepntktkvgs, qun tnbdgb jklkaumtgjns pgrg gjnaugrsn g jka`gs enjkjgs, bnf-mkhnrgmns afb su snaunmgkepmkagb nb tërekbfs jn nepmnf y jkstrkhuakñb jnm kbdrnsf. Mgs nstrgtndkgs jnogr  oudgr afb pmnbg pmnbg mkhnrtgj mg rgakfbgmkjg rgakfbgmkjgjj jn mgs nstrgtndkgs nstrgtndkgs kbjkvkjugmns qqun un nb nsn nsquneg snrågb mgs ÿbkags qun pfjrågb pnrektkr mmndgr g afbstrukr ub frjnb nafbñekaf vkghmn. Snrf mg nxpnrknbakg `kstñrkag jnefstrñ `gstg nm prnsnbtn qun nstf bf dgrgbtkzg vfmvnr g arnanr nafbñekage nafbñekagenbtn nbtn jn egbnrg nqukmkhrgjg, bk rntfegr gm pmnbf nepmnf.  prfansfs? nstn nblfqun ftfrdg  8)   Nm nqukmkhrkf nbtrn kbbfvgakfbns jn prfjuatfs y jn prfansfs ubg drgb kepfrtgbakg g mgs kbbfvgakfbn k bbfvgakfbnss tnabfmñdkags y g mfs agehkfs nstruaturgmns nb mg dnbnrgakñb jnm jkbgeksef nafbñekaf, pnrf pfstumg, jn egbnrg gm enbfs kepmåaktg, ub aknrtf jntnrekbksef tnabfmñdkaf? mgs kbbfvgakfbns nb augbtf g mfs prfansfs dnbnrgb kbarnenbtfs jn prfjuatkvkjgj, mgs kbbfvgakfbns nb augbtf g mfs prfjuatfs nstkeumgb mg jnegbjg y nm nepmnf, mfs  pfranbtgons nb nb qun sn `g `gan an mg jkstrkhuakñb jn mfs kbarnenbtfs jn prfjuatkvkjgj nxpmkagb mg egyfr f enbfr kbtnbskjgj y nstghkmkjgj jnm arnakeknbtf nafbñekaf.   1)   Enofrgr mg prfjuatkvkjgj drgakgs g mg jnefargakg jnefargakg kbjustrkgm? Mgs bunvgs lfregs jn frdgbkzgakñb jn mg prfjuaakñb y jnm prfansf jn trghgof nstgrågb nb nm frkdnb jn mg lunrtn eftkvgakñb n kbvfmuargeknbtf jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs, nb su gutfbfeåg rnspfbsghmn,, rnjuaknbjf nm gusnbtksef y mg rftgakñb, enofrgbjf mgs rnmgakfbns jn rnspfbsghmn trghgof, mg prfjuatkvkjgj y mg agmkjgj jn mg prfjuaakñb. Mg jnefargakg kbjustrkgm  punjn gså gså jnefstrgr su supnrkfrkj supnrkfrkjgj gj rnspnatf jn mgs lfregs tgymfrkgbgs tgymfrkgbgs jn frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof pgrg mfdrgr mg gj`nskñb jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs rnspnatf jn mgs lkbgmkjgjns neprnsgrkgs y efvkmkzgr su ”sgvfkr lgkrn― y sus agpgakjgjns pgrg gprnbjnr y jklubjkr mgs kbbfvgakfbns tnabfmñdkags y frdgbkzgakfbgmns. 

:)   Mg nspnakgmkzgakñb lmnxkhmn? nstn bunvf efjnmf nstgråg pfskhkmktgjf pfr mg rçpkjg

rnjuaakñb jnm afstf jn mfs afepfbnbtns nmnatrñbkafs qun afbstktuynb nm bÿamnf jn mfs bunvfs hknbns jn prfjuaakñb prfjuaakñb y pfr mg jkluskñb jn mg m g rfhñtkag y mg hurñtkag, nb vkrtuj jn mf augm mg prfjuaakñb nb pnqun÷gs snrkns jn prfjuatfs `ntnrfdëbnfs snråg eçs rnbtghmn qun mg prfjuaakñb nstgbjgrkzgjg jn prfjuatfs `fefdëbnfs, Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

83

lghrkagjfs nb drgbjns f enjkgbgs snrkns. Qn g`frrgråg eua`f tknepf nb mg mg  prnpgrgakñb y egbtnbkeknbtf jn mg mgss eçqukbgs, pnrf pnrf sfhrn tfjf nb nm pgsf jn mg  prfjuaakñb jn jn ub prfjuatf g fftrf. trf. Mg nspnakgmkzgakñb lmnxkhmn pnrektkråg mg kbstgurgakñb jn ub bunvf skstneg prfjuatkvf, g pgrtkr jn mgs neprnsgs qun kbbfvgrågb nb augbtf g sus hknbns jn prfjuaakñb y nqukpfs gutfegtkzgjfs, pgrg lghrkagr jn egbnrg lmnxkhmn y afb ubg prfjuatkvkjgj nmnvgjg y arnaknbtn, hknbns jklnrnbakgjfs jnstkbgjfs g sgtkslganr bunvgs bfregs jn afbsuef nenrdnbtns nb jklnrnbtns sndenbtfs jnm enragjf. 

 >)   Nm efjnmf prfjuatkvf nenrdnbtn lfreumgjf g pgrtkr jn mg nxktfsg nxpnrknbakg

 ogpfbnsg? mg ”Mngb Srfjuatkfb― Srfjuatkfb― (f prfjuaakñb egdrg, SE)? SE)? Mg lfreumgakñb jn

nstn efjnmf ns nm rnsumtgjf jn mfs agjg vnz eçs lrnaunbtns nstujkfs afepgrgtkvfs sfhrn mg afepntktkvkjgj neprnsgrkgm nbtrn ubkjgjns prfjuatkvgs  ogpfbnsgs y jnm rnstf jnm eubjf. M Mgg prfjuaakñb egdrg. Mg prfjuaakñb prfjuaakñb egdrg bgan hçskagenbtn afef gmtnrbgtkvg jn mgs neprnsgs måjnrns nb nm prfansf jn kbjustrkgmkzgakñb gbtnrkfr, ns jnakr, neprnsgs drgbjns y afbsfmkjgjgs kbtnrbgakfbgmenbtn. kbtnrbgakfbgmenb tn. Jklåakmenbtn nstn efjnmf punjn snr nxtrgpfmgjf jn ubg egbnrg purg `gakg ftrfs afbtnxtfs, sfhrn tfjf, pfr mgs jklnrnbakgs aumturgmns, kbstktuakfbgmns y egarfnafbñekags egarfnafbñekags jn mfs pgåsns. Mg gmtg tnabfmfdåg, nm gprnbjkzgon y mg lfregakñb jnm pnrsfbgm, mg agpgakjgj jn rnspfbjnr "oustf g tknepf" g mg jnegbjg, y jn grtkaumgrsn kbtnrbgenbtn jn mg ekseg egbnrg, y sfhrn tfjf, nm egbtnbkeknbtf jn ubg pmgbkmmg lkog afb mfs hnbnlkakfs sgmgrkgmns flrnakjfs pfr nstgs neprnsgs, sfb afbjkakfbns qun bf punjnb snr auhknrtgs pfr ubg neprnsg pnqun÷g f kbamusf, k bamusf, enjkgbg.  Nbtrn mgs agrgatnråstkags jnm efjnmf prfjuatkvf sfb mgs skduknbtns? Srfjuaakñb lmnxkhmn, nb augbtf g agbtkjgj y vgrknjgj jn efjnmfs. Frdgbkzgakñb kbtnrbg kbtnrbg jn mg prfjuaakñb y jnm trghgof jn tkpf afrpfrgtkvg y jnsanbtrgmkzgjg,, rnjuaknbjf gm eåbkef mg hurfargakg y nm trghgof kbjkrnatf. jnsanbtrgmkzgjg Nm prfansf jn prfjuaakñb nstç agrgatnrkzgjf pfr mg kbtrfjuaakñb jn pnqun÷gs kbbfvgakfbns. Lunrtn jksekbuakñb jnm trghgof kbjkrnatf jnbtrf jn mfs m fs tgmmnrns y mgs flkakbgs y su trgbslnrnbakg `gakg `gakg mg måbng jn prfjuaakñb, pgrg dnbnrgr dnbnrgr egyfr vgmfr gdrndgjf. gdrndgjf. Nm trghgof jn nbsgehmn jn mg prfjuaakñb sn mmnvg g aghf nb nqukpfs afepunstfs pfr trghgogjfrns pfmkvgmnbtns qun tknbjnb g kbtndrgr afb mg prfjuaakñb mg agmkjgj. Mg prfjuaakñb jnbtrf jn mg neprnsg y jn mgs snaakfbns sn frdgbkzg sk ëm eksef nstç vnbjkjf. Qn nstghmnanb rnmgakfbns nstrna`gs nbtrn mgs drgbjns neprnsgs afb mgs lkregs suhafbtrgtkstgs. Nstghmnan ubg kbdnbknråg skeumtçbng, ns jnakr, ub prfansf jn trghgof affpnrgtkvf afbtkbuf n kbtndrgjf, jn vgrkfs jnpgrtgenbtfs jn mg neprnsg, jnsjn mg afbanpakñb y jksn÷f jnm prfjuatf `gstg mg prfjuaakñb y afenrakgmkzgakñb jnm eksef. Zfjfs mfs trghgogjfrns jnhnb prnstgr gtnbakñb y `ganr ub sndukeknbtf afbstgbtn jnm amknbtn kbtnrbf y jnm amknbtn nxtnrbf, prfaurgbjf mg lkjnmkjgj g mg egrag jn mg lçhrkag. Mgs neprnsgs jnhnb jnjkagr tknepf y rnaursfs pgrg ubg snvnrg snmnaakñb jnm  pnrsfbgm gbtns gbtns jnm rnamutgeknbtf y mundf enofrgr mg kblfreg kblfregakñb akñb y agmklkagakñb  prflnskfbgm jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Gm kbtnrkfr jn mgs m gs neprnsgs mgs nsagmgs onrçrqukags nbtrn mgs dnrnbakgs y mfs  prfjuatfrns jkrnatfs jkrnatfs sn afeprkenb afeprkenb.. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

87

Nm trghgof `uegbf ns eçs afblkghmn, pnrf eçs kbtnbsf y prfmfbdgjf.  Bf jnog jn tnbnr prfhmnegs qun qun punjnb gd gdrgvgrsn rgvgrsn nb ag agsf sf jn arksks. Afbamuskfbns Mgs enjkjgs jn pfmåtkags bnfmkhnrgmns qun pusknrfb nm ganbtf nb mg lmnxkhkmkjgj mghfrgm jnlnbskvg (jnsrndumgakñb sfakgm, nståeumf jn mg afepntnbakg nb nm enragjf jn trghgof), y nb mg rnjuaakñb jn mfs afstfs sgmgrkgmns jkrnatfs n kbjkrnatfs, bf `gb jgjf  hunbfs rnsumtgjfs rnsumtgjfs egarfnaf egarfnafbñekafs. bñekafs. Mg hÿsqunjg jn lmnxkhkmkjgj prfjuatkvg utkmkzgbjf nm prfdrnsf nb augbtf g mg kblfreçtkag y mg tnmnafeubkagakñb pfr pgrtn jn mgs pnqun÷gs y enjkgbgs neprnsgs, nstç afbjkakfbgjf gm ftfrdgeknbtf jn egyfrns rnaursfs y mg rngmkzgakñb jn drgbjns nslunrzfs nb mg kbvnstkdgakñb y jnsgrrfmmf y gm gaansf nb su prfxkekjgj g gjnaugjgs kblrgnstruaturgs nb egtnrkg jn trgbspfrtns, våg jn afeubkagakñb afeubkagakñb,, lunbtns jn nbnrdåg, snrvkakfs sfakgmns. Nbtrn mgs prkbakpgmns afbjkakfbns qun jnhnb jgrsn pgrg tnbnr ëxktf mfs efjnmfs  prfjuatkvfs gmtnrbgtkvfs gmtnrbgtkvfs gm bnfmkhnrgm, snråg? f   Nm nslunrzf pÿhmkaf y prkvgjf nb egtnrkg jn njuagakñb, jn kbvnstkdgakñb y jnsgrrfmmf y jn efjnrbkzgakñb jn mgs kblrgnstruaturgs nafbñekags y sfakgmns, pgrg gsndurgr mg nxpgbskñb jnm enragjf. f   Mg affrjkbgakñb y afepmnenbtf nbtrn nm snatfr pÿhmkaf, mgs kbstgbakgs rndkfbgmns, mfagmns y neprnsgrkgs pgrg mg njuagakñb y lfregakñb jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs. f   Nm pgsf jn mg prfjuaakñb egskvg g mg prfjuaakñb jklnrnbakgjg jn snrkns afrtgs jn  prfjuatfs `ntnrfdëbnfs. `ntnrfdëbnfs. f   Mg prfefakñb jn ub trghgof afboubtf y affpnrgtkvf nbtrn mfs jnpgrtgenbtfs jn mg neprnsg kbstgurgbjf mg kbdnbknråg skeumtçbng. f   Nm nstghmnakeknbtf jn rnmgakfbns mngmns jn mgs drgbjns neprnsgs afb mfs prfvnnjfrns y suhafbtrgtkstgs. f   Srfefakñb jn mg pfmkvgmnbakg nb egtnrkg jn agmklkagakfbns, jn mg lmnxkhkmkjgj augmktgtkvg y mg efvkmkjgj jnm pnrsfbgm. f   Nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm trghgof nb nqukpf. f   Mg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb jnm pfjnr. f   Mg rnjuaakñb jnm bÿenrf jn egbjfs enjkfs. f   Mg gpmkagakñb jn mgs tëabkags jn prfjuaakñb oustf g tknepf, nb lubakñb jn mg jnegbjg. f   Sgrtkakpgakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb nm lkb jn `ganr nlkagz nm prfansf prfjuatkvf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

88

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? unvg vgss Xn X ndmgs jn jn o un unddf nb mg Gr G r d nbtk btkbg, bg, afe afepn pntktktktkvk vkj jgj BF\K BF \K AI EGXZG? B un

 y gatfr ns skbj skbjkk agmn mnss

Kbtrfjuaakñb Gbgmkzgr mg rnafepfskakñb jn mgs nstrgtndkgs skbjkagmns nb ub pnråfjf jn trgbskakñb bf rnsumtg lçakm pfrqun `gy afepfrtgeknbtfs y sktugakfbns qun egbtknbnb ubg ―, kbsarkptfs nb mgs trgjkakfbns jnm skbjkagmksef mñdkag jn agrçatnr ”trgjkakfbgm ”trgjkakfbgm―,

grdnbtkbf9 gm eksef tknepf qun sn nstç nb prnsnbakg jn bunvgs kbstktuakfbgmkjgjns, bunvfs tnegs y bunvfs gatfrns. Mg mñdkag jn gaakñb sn lun afbstruynbj afbstruynbjff sfhrn gehkvgmnbakgs y nstrgtndkgs jkstkbtgs, bf skneprn af`nrnbtns nbtrn så. Nm ggbçmksks jn mgs nstrgtndkgs skbjkagmns nb mg m g Grdnbtkbg nb nm pnråfjf 7;;38333? sn hgsg nb mg pnrspnatkvg jn mfs nstujkfs ”afbtnxtugmkzgjfs ”afbtnxtugmkzgjfs―― ubg nstrgtndkg afepmnenbtgrkg g mfs nstujkfs kbstktuakfbgmns trgjkakfbgmns jnm skbjkagmksef gm afbskjnrgr afef non anbtrgm jn su gbçmksks g mg kjnbtkjgj y nm pnsf pfmåtkaf jnm skbjkagmksef nb agjg ubf jn mfs nsanbgrkfs bgakfbgmns. Sgrtn jn mg prneksg qun mgs eksegs sktugakfbns qun nblrnbtgb mgs frdgbkzgakfbns skbjkagmns nb nm eubjf, tgmns afef nm guenbtf jn mg afepntktkvkjgj nb nafbfeågs ghknrtgs, mg kbtrfjuaakñb jn bunvgs tnabfmfdågs, mg rnfrdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof f mg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb jn mfs gaunrjfs afmnatkvfs, bf skdbklkagb mf eksef pgrg agjg ubg. Mg `kstfrkg prnvkg, mg nvfmuakñb, nm tkpf jn grrndmf kbstktuakfbgm jfekbgbtn, tn, nb nxpmkagb mgs jkstkbtgs rng rngaakfbns aakfbns y nstrgtndkgs pgrtkaumgrns nb mg enjkjg qun mgsjfekbgb sk dbklkag skdbklkag agjg agsf jn ftrg egbnrg. Nb nm agsf grdnbtkbf, agehkgrfb agsk tfjgs mgs jkenbskfbns qun afblfreghgb nm skstneg bgakfbgm jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns. Mfs ghfrjgons tnñrkafs? jn agrçatnr egarfsfakgm (qun prkfrkzgb tneçtkags vkbaumgjgs afb mg mndksmgakñb, mndksmgakñb, egrafs jn rnprnsnbtgakñb rnprnsnbtgakñb y rndmgenbtg rndmgenbtgakfbns), akfbns), gså afef mfs jn agrçatnr ekarfsfakgm (qun nblgtkzgb mfs nstujkfs sfhrn mgs pfmåtkags jn dnstkñb jn pnrsfbgm, tgmns afef kbdrnsfs, efjgmkjgjns jn afbtrgtgakñb, skstneg jn rneubnrgakfbns, rneubnrgakfbn s, nbtrn ftrgs), sfb kbsulkaknbtns jn egbnrg gksmgjg pgrg nxpmkagr mfs agehkfs `ghkjfs nb mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns nb nm pgås. Mgs trgbslfregakfbns sn vnrklkagrfb? -  nb nm agehkf jn mfs kbstktutfs mndgmns, -  nb mfs efjnmfs jn jkstrkhuakñb nafbñekag, frdgbkzgakfbgmns,, -  nb trgbslfregakfbns tnabfmñdkags y frdgbkzgakfbgmns -  nb mgs efjgmkjgjns jn afbtrgtfs jn nepmnf, nta. Srnsnbtñ ub agehkf jn nsanbgrkf pgrg mfs gatfrns jnm eubjf prfjuatkvf? nm efjnmf jn arnakeknbtf jn mg nafbfeåg hgsgjf nb nm jkbgeksef jn ub snatfr kbjustrkgm prftndkjf y frknbtgjf gm enragjf kbtnrbf nstghg qunhrgjf.  Mg kbtnrbgakfbgmkzgakñb jn mfs enragjfs  y jn mgs nafbfeågs nstghmnan bunvfs pg pgrçentrfs rçentrfs pgrg mg afepntktkvkjgj jn mgs neprnsgs. Qn kbafrpf kbafrpfrgb rgb bunvfs eëtfjfs jn prfjuaakñb y bunvgs efjgmkjgjns jn vkbaumgakñb nbtrn lkregs.   Agehkg nm enragjf jn trghgof, qun rndkstrg ub guenbtf afbskjnrghmn jn mg jnsfaupgakñb, jnsfaupga kñb, gså afef jn jkstkbtgs lfregs jn suhfaupgakñb y jn trghgof prnagrkf. Nm agehkf nb mgs afbjkakfbns jn mg afepntnbakg dnbnrg bunvgs prnskfbns sfhrn mgs lfregs jn afb afbtrgtgakñb trgtgakñb y usf jn mg lunrzg jn trghg trghgof. of. Qn trgbslfregb mgs Nb mg jëagjg jnm ‛;3?

fpfrtubkjgjns nepmnf, mgs mgs agmklkagakfbns y nm bkvnm y mgjnefjgmkjgj jnafbjkakfbns mfs skstnegsjnjnafbtrgtgakñb, rneubnrgakfbns. Lkbgmenbtn,rnqunrkjgs mg egyfr Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

81

 prnsnbakg kbvnrskñb kbvnrskñb nxtrgbonrg jkrnatg y mg prkv prkvgtkzgakñb gtkzgakñb jn neprns neprnsgs gs pÿhmkags bga bgakfbgmns kfbgmns y prfvkbakgmns sn gdrndgb gm nsanbgrkf y mf trgbslfregb, skeumtçbngenbtn sn jg ubg kepfrtgbtn efrtgbjgj jn pnqun÷gs y enjkgbgs neprnsgs jn agpktgm bgakfbgm.   Nm skstneg jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns grdnbtkbf y mg kjnbtkjgj skbjkagm Nm efjnmf grdnbtkbf jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, afbstrukjf y mndktkegjf nbtrn 7;>3 y 7;;3 (ëpfag jn jkatgjurgs ekmktgrns), sn hgsñ nb ubg lunrtn bfregtkvg sfakgm -

afbvnbakfbgm kepumsgjg pfr qun nm nstgjf, g mg neprnsg y pfafg rnprnsnbtgtkvg fjn ouråjkagsktugakfbns pgrtkaumgrns tnbjåg gnxtnrbg arngr afbjkakfbns lgvfrghmns ubg bndfakgakñb jn agrçatnr anbtrgmkzgjf. Nm Nstgjf sn rnsnrvghg ub rfm pfmåtkaf jn anbsfr f jn lgakmktgjfr. Nsn efjnmf lgvfrnaåg prçatkags aupumgrns jn bndfakgakñb nbtrn trghgogjfrns y neprnsgrkfs. Qn gafrjghg, nb jnlkbktkvg, sfhrn mgs pfmåtkags qun frknbtghgb egarfnafbñekagg y sfakgmenbtn gm skstneg. egarfnafbñeka Nm skbjkagmksef ”trgjkakfbgm―, ”trgjkakfbgm―, pgrgjkdeg jnm efjnmf jn skbjkagmksef ”afrpfrgtkvf― bgakjf gm  agmfr jnm nstgjf jn hknbnstgr, afef gatfr ÿbkaf jn mg bndfakgakñb lrnbtn gm snatfr neprnsgrkf y gm nstgjf, tnbåg ub pgpnm kepfrtgbtn nb egtnrkg jn lkogakñb jn rneubnrgakfbns g trgvës jn mgs amçusumgs qun gsfakghgb mfs arktnrkfs jn guenbtfs sgmgrkgmns sgmgrkgmns afb mgs tgsgs jn kblmgakñb y nm nm afstf jn vkjg. Nstn efjnmf  prfjuatkvf prfefvåg? nm egbtnbkeknbtf jnm nepmnf, nrg jn gmtg tgsg jn glkmkgakñb y dnbnrghg egyfrns gpfrtns gm skbjkagtf9 jn nstn efjf, afmghfrghg nb afbstktukr gm skbjkagmksef afef ubg ubg lunrzg kepfrtgb kepfrtgbtn tn y afb pfjnr9 g bkvn bkvnmm jn neprnsg nrg ub gatfr agsk gusnbtn nb egtnrkg jn frdgbkzgakñb y nb nm prfansf jn trghgof, su gaakñb prkbakpgm? frdgbksef lksagmkzgjfr jnm afbvnbkf jn gatkvkjgj g mgs agrgatnråstkags pnaumkgrns jn mg lkreg jfbjn sn jnsgrrfmmghgb. Nb mg Jëagjg jnm ‛43 Lun nsanbgrkf jn kepfrtgbtns afblmkatfs agpktgm-trghgof, sfhrn tfjf nb mgs zfbgs eçs kbjustrkgmns jnm pgås (Añrjfhg, Xfsgrkf, nta). Nm skbjkagmksef afbtrkhuyñ g mg afbstruaakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj, jn mg sfmkjgrkjgj y jn mg kbtndrgakñb sfakgm jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs kbjustrkgmns nb mg sfaknjgj grdnbtkbg9 Qu gaakfbgr, nb nm egraf jnm efjnmf sustktutkvf jn kepfrtgakfbns, gatughg jn egbnrg gsfakgjg gm agpktgm pgrg prnskfbgr sfhrn nm nstgjf  fhtnbknbjf hnbnlkakfs pgrg gehfs, sfhrn mfs augmns sn nstghmnaåg aknrtg puog jkstrkhutkvg9 Qn jnsgrrfmmñ y nstruaturñ lunrtnenbtn g jfs bkvnmns bf skneprn afbnatgjfs? 7)  g bkvnm jn hgsn, nb mfs nstghmnakeknbtfs kbjustrkgmns, g pgrtkr jn mgs afekskfbns kbtnrbgs jn jnmndgjfs, 8)  y g bkvnm jn aÿpumg, jnsgrrfmmgbjf ubg jkrkdnbakg qun gatughg anbtrgmkzgbjf mgs bndfakgakfbns bndfakgakfbns afmnatkvgs nb egtnrkg jn sgmgrkf y afbjkakfbns jn trghgof. Nstfs jfs bkvnmns egbtnbjrçb ub prftgdfbksef jklnrnbakgjf sndÿb mfs efenbtfs pfmåtkafs. Nb nstn snbtkjf, mgs jkrkdnbakgs skbjkagmns nb nm ”Gaunrjf Lfrjkstg  pgrgjkdeçtkaf― qun sn nstghmnakñ nb nm pgås sn kbtndrgrfb k btndrgrfb lu bakfbgm, skstëekagenbtn, nb

nm efjnmf jn rndumgakñb nafbñekag, f nrgb suspnbjkjgs nb su gatugakñb afef gatfr sfakgm g trgvës jn ubg ”kbtnrvnbakñb― pfmåtkag jn mfs drnekfs, jn mgs anbtrgmns skbjkagmns

y jn mfs frdgbksefs g su agrdf jn mg sndurkjgj sfakgm. G pnsgr jn mg kepfrtgbtn rnprnskñb sulrkjg pfr mgs jkrkdnbakgs skbjkagmns jurgbtn nm dfhknrbf jnm prfansf ekmktgr, nb pnråfjfs jn kbtnrrupakñb jn mg vkdnbakg jnm nstgjf jn jnrna`f, mgs afekskfbns kbtnrbgs afbtkbugrfb lubakfbgbjf afb aknrtf drgjf jn gutfbfeåg `gstg nlkagakg nb mg jnlnbsg jn mfs mny nsarktg fynb mfs jn ”usfs y afstuehrns― tåpkafs jnm kbstktutfs efjnmf. mghfrgmns afbsgdrgjfs nb mg Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8:

Mfs rgsdfs anbtrgmns jn mg kjnbtkjgj jn nstn efjnmf jn frdgbkzgakñb skbjkagm punjn agrgatnrkzgrsn afef? g)  N s ub Gatf G atfrr af afmnat mnatkk vf - L k durg ur g an anbtr btrg gm jn mg j jkk strk str k huak uakñb ñb jn jnm efj efjnmf j jnn hknbnstgr - Gdnbakg sfakgm prnstgjfrg jn snrvkakfs sfakgmns g sus rnprnsnbtgjfs . Mg prnstgakñb jn sgmuj, g trgvës jn fhrgs sfakgmns afbtrfmgjgs pfr mfs skbjkagtfs, gatkvkjgjns afef turksef, ÿtkmns nsafmgrns, nta., sn afblfreghg nb mfs våbaumfs anbtrgmns afb sus glkmkgjfs. Qn trgtghg jn rnmgakfbns jn agrçatnr jklnrnbtn g gqunmmgs hgsgjgs nb mg nb euy mg arngakñb ubg sfmkjgrkjgj ”amgskstg―. Mgrnprnsnbtgakñb sfmkjgrkjgj qunjn sn kbtnrnsns afb struyn fnstç vkbaumgjgjng nstg lkdurg prnstgjfrg jn snrvkakfs. Mfs skbjka skbjkagtfs gtfs sn afbstktuynrfb afbstktuynrfb nbtfbans, nbtfbans, eçs qun nb rnprnsnbtgakfbns afmnatkvgs jn mfs kbtnrnsns jn mfs trghgogjfrns, nb vnrjgjnrgs ”gdnbakgs prnstgjfrgs jn snrvkakfs y gsnsfrgeknbtfs― sfhr n jnrna`fs y jnhnrns mghfrgmns. Nrgb, anbtrgmenbtn, ”gdnbakgs jn snrvkakfs jn prnstgakfbns sfakgmns― qun lgakmktghgb g mfs trghgogjfrns nm gaansf gm afbsuef

jn snrvkakfs hçskafs jn sgmuj, njuagakñb, nspgrakeknbtf, nta.  h)  N m afbvn afbvnbk bkf f afmna afmnatktkvf vf anbtr anbtrg gmkzg mk zgj jf Nm afbvnbkf jn gatkvkjgj afb ub skbjkagtf bgakfbgm ÿbkaf pfr gatkvkjgj nrg nm enagbksef rndumgjfr anbtrgm jn nstg nstrgtndkg jn gaakñb a)  N m efjn efjnmf mf nnafbñ afbñekaf ekaf sustktutk sustk tutkvf vf jn k epfrtgak epfrtgakfbn fbns, s, mg m g frd frdgbk gbkzg zgak akñb ñb jn jnm trgh tr ghgof gof   vkdnbtn y ub ”prftftgymfrksef―, agrgatnrkzgjf gså pfr nstgr eçs anbtrgjf nb nm ?

jksakpmkbgeknbtf qun nb mgrndumgjfrns prfjuatkvkjgj nb mg enjkjg mg rnbtghkmkjgjy  prfvnbåg jn enagbksefs nstgtgmns, lgvfrnaågnbnmqun egbtnbkeknbtf arnakeknbtf jnm nepmnf. Nm skbjkagmksef bf kbtnrvnbåg kbtnrvnbåg sfhrn nm prfansf jn trghgof bk nrg ëstn tneg jn bndfakgakñb bndfakgakñb99 Sfjåg jnhg jnhgtkr tkr ganrag jn mfs efbtfs sgmgrkgmns g ftfrdgr pfr guenbtf jn mfs rktefs jn prfjuaakñb, pnrf bk mg frdgbkzgakñb bk nm prfansf jn trghgof nrgb mfs nons jn su nstrgtndkg. Sfaf sn tnegtkzghg mg prflnskfbgmkjgj, mg lfreg jn frdgbkzgr nm trghgof, mgs bunvgs lunbtns jn prfjuatkvkjgj y jn afbtrfm sfakgm y prfjuatkvf j)  Mg nstruaturg frdgbkzgtkvg pfr bkvnmns, mg lkdurg jnm skbjkagtf ÿbkaf pfr rgeg

jn gatkvkjgj y jn mg afblnjnrgakñb (anbtrgm jn tnranr drgjf) afb gatugakñb  sfh  sf hr n mf mfs nsa nsannbgrk bgrk fs p pf fmåtkaf måtkafss y e eg garfn arfnafbñ afbñe ekafs kafs, afbstktuågb nm augrtf pkmgr qun dgrgbtkzghg nm skstneg jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns n, kbamusf, nm pfjnr aupumgr jnm skbjkagmksef.

Nstg bunvg ntgpg tknbn sus kbkakfs g ektgjns jn mfs ‛43 y afeknbzg   g afbsfmkjgrsn g prkbakpkfs jn mfs ‐;3   -pfr enjkf jn mg rnnstruaturgakñb  prfjuatkvg, mg kbbfvgakñb tnabfmñdkag y mg dmfhgmkzgakñb-y nm nstgjf sn rntkrg jnm anbtrf jn mg nsanbg? jnsgrtkaumg mfs kbstktutfs mghfrgmns tåpkafs jn mg rndumgakñb gbtnrkfr, lgvfrnan lfregs jn lmnxkhkmkzgakñb jn mg afbtrgtgakñb y jn jksakpmkbgeknbtf mghfrgm. mg bndfakgakñb anbtrgmkzgjg pknrjn vgmkjnz gbtn mg `ntnrfdnbnkjgj jn mgs sktugakfbns mghfrgmns qun nm prfansf jn rnafbvnrskñb prfjuatkvg y/f prkvgtkzgakñb dnbnrg nb mgs neprnsgs, y qunjg qunjg mkektgjg su skdbklkagakñb g bkv bkvnm nm bgakfbgm. Mfs drnekfs måjnrns jn mg ëpfag gbtnrkfr yg bf sfb rnlnrnbakg bgakfbgm nb egtnrkg jn bkvnmns sgmgrkgmns f jn afbjkakfbns jn trg trghgof. hgof. Mgs rnmgakfbns skbjkagtf-neprnsg sulrnb ubg sunrtn sunrtn jn ”prkvgtkzgakñb―? nm dfhknrbf rnbubakg g su lubakñb nqukmkhrgjfrg nbtrn gatfrns sfakgmns gskeëtrkafs. Jnsjn nm gbçmksks ”afbtnxtugmkzgjf― sn pfjråg pmgbtngr qun nm bunvf efjnmf

-gafepg÷gjf jn ubg snrkn jn enjkjgs jnsrndumgjfrgs `gakg nm enragjf jn trghgof, mg gaakñb skbjkagm,skbjkagm, mg bndfakgakñb y mg sndurkjgj sfakgm- tknbjn g jnhkmktgr mfs nons jn mg kjnbtkjgj eçs gmmçafmnatkvg jn mgs enjkjgs nafbñekags. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8>

Nm afbtnxtf sfakgm Mg gpnrturg jn mg nafbfeåg, mg rnlfreg jnm nstgjf, mg prkvgtkzgakñb jn neprnsgs  pÿhmkags y nm arnakeknbtf nafbñekaf jn mfs prkenrfs g÷fs jn mg jëagjg f nm nstgbageknbtf nb mfs ÿmtkefs g÷fs, trgbslfregrfb nm nsanbgrkf sfakgm y nafbñekaf? @uhf ub guenbtf jn mg pfhrnzg y jn mg jnskdugmjgj, pfr kbarnenbtf jnm jnsnepmnf y jnm trghgof prnagrkf n kblfregm9 Hunbg pgrtn jnm pfranbtgon jn jnsfaupgjfs sfb ”jnsfaupgjfs pfr nxamuskñb―? ub afboubtf jn trghgogjfrn  safb hgogs pfskhkmkjgjns

jn kbdrnsf nb nmjnm enragjf trghgof yfafb gmtfs9 guenbtf trghgof jn ”kblfregm― ”nbtknepfs bndrf―. jn jnsfaupgakñb afbskjnrghmnenbtn Mgs jkvnrsgs lfregs jn nrfskñb jnm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf jnsarkptgs fpnrgb jnbtrf jn mfs måektns jn sus ”lrfbtnrgs kbtnrbgs―. Qn trgtg jn lfregs afbtrgatugmns qun gausgb ubg ”përjkjg― jn dgrgbtågs, kbstktutfs jn prftnaakñb y snrvkakfs grtkaumgjfs   gbtnrkfrenbtn

afb nm efjnmf bfregtkvf jn trghgof gsgmgrkgjf sgbakfbgjf pfr mg Mny jn Afbtrgtfs jn Zrghgof. Nstg ”përjkjg― ns afblfregjg mndgmenbtn, yg qun lun gafepg÷gjg pfr mg nenrdnbakg skeumtçbng jn mf qun sn jnbfekbg ub jnrna`f mghfrgm jn ”sndubjf tkpf―

 pgrg gmujkr g mg jnvgmugakñb jnm jnrna`f jnm trghgof trgjkakfbgm trgjkakfbgm qun supfbnb nsgs bunvgs bunvgs lfregs afbtrgatugmns. Sgrnan eçs f enbfs fhvkf qun mg sktugakñb jn jnsnepmnf, nxtnbjkjg g vgstgs agpgs jn mg pfhmgakñb, kbjuan g ganptgr nstgs lfregs jn kbsnrakñb gsgmgrkgjg jnvgmugjgs rnspnatf jnm jnrna`f jnm trghgof tr ghgof trgjkakfbgm. Nm skbjkagmksef grdnbtkbf, bgakjf y jnsgrrfmmgjf gm agmfr jnm arnakeknbtf, jnm  pmnbf nepmnf, jn mg kbjustrkg egbulgaturnrg afef arngjfrg jn rkqunzg y nepmnf, ns dfmpngjf pfr nstg rngmkjgj nafbñekag y sfakgm qun mf glnatg jnsjn jfs vnrtknbtns? 7)  Jnsjn nm agehkf jn mg m g kbsnrakñb jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs, qun jnogb jn snr trghgogjfrns  pmnbfs pgrg pgsgr g snr prnagrkfs, afbtrgtgjfs, afb sgmgrkfs kblnrkfrns y bf skneprn trkhutgrkfs jn mg sndurkjgj sfakgm. 8)  Sfrqun sn nbaunbtrgb nb ub nsanbgrkf afb bunvfs gatfrns? mfs jnsnepmngjfs y mfs nxamukjfs. Lrnbtn g nmmfs, bf tknbn ubg nxpnrknbakg gaueumgjg qun mn pnrektg kbtnrgatugr, jkgmfdgr, bf `gy punbtns bk agbgmns jn afeubkagakñb, mf qun vg afbstruynbjff bunvgs sndenbtgakfbns. afbstruynbj Nm jnhkmktgeknbtf jn mg kjnbtkjgj Nm gbçmksks jn nstn prfhmneg jnhn snr vkstf jnsjn jfs jkenbskfbns jklnrnbtns.

7)   Jnsjn mgs trgbslfregakfbns nafbñekags eubjkgmns, y nb egtnrkg tnabfmñdkag y frdgbkzgakfbgm . Qfb mfs agehkfs qun glnatgrfb gm skbjkagmksef g bkvnm kbtnrbgakfbgm, afb jksekbuakñb nb mgs tgsgs jn glkmkgakñb, përjkjg jn pfjnr y jn kblmunbakg nb mg vkjg sfakgm. 8)  ^b afboubtf jn enjkjgs jnsrndumgtfrkgs rngmkzgjgs jnsjn nm Nstgjf , eua`gs jn mgs augmns gtnbtgb jkrnatgenbtn afbtrg mfs bÿamnfs anbtrgmns jnm efvkeknbtf fhrnrf grdnbtkbf y qun vgb g glnatgr mgs jkenbskfbns agrgatnrkzgjgs afef jgjfrgs jn kjnbtkjgj skbjkagm pfr mg agjg vnz egyfr lunrzg jn mg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg y, pfr mfs kbtnbtfs nxpmåaktfs f kepmåaktfs jn agehkgr nm efjnmf jn nstruaturg skbjkagm qun, skeumtçbngenbtn, nbtrñ nb arksks gbtn mg nenrdnbakg jn bunvfs gatfrns, pfr mg jkstgbakg qun afenbzñ g gepmkgrsn nbtrn mgs aÿpumgs y sus hgsns, pfr mfs agehkfs tnabfmñdkafs y frdgbkzgtkvfs qun sn kbtrfjuanb nb ub egraf jn lunrtn `ntnrfdnbnkjgj nbtrn mgs neprnsgs y mfs trghgogjfrns, pfr mg gpgrkakñb jn bunvfs tnegs y çrngs jn bndfakgakñb. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8<

Mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg Mg kepfrtgbakg jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg tnbåg nb nm ”efjnmf― grdnbtkbf jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, g pnsgr jn mg gusnbakg jnm snatfr nstgtgm y jn ftrfs drupfs (trghgogjfrns rurgmns, rurgmns, eubkakpgmns, nnta.). ta.). Nm afbvnbkf aafmnatkvf fmnatkvf nrg nm prkbakpgm prkbakpgm çehktf vkbaumgbtn nbtrn nm skbjkagtf y mg neprnsg y nm pubtf jn nbaunbtrf jn mfs jkrkdnbtns afb sus rnprnsnbtgjfs. Ghrkm/7;;7? sn sgbakfbg mg jnbfekbgjg Mny jn Afbvnrtkhkmkjgj qun jnlkbn

ubg bunvg ntgpg mg vkjg nafbñekag grdnbtkbg, kepfbknbjf mg pgrkjgj agehkgrkg (7 jñmgr57 pnsf) y mgnbprf`khkakñb jn kbjnxgr. Oubkf/7;;7 jkatgjf jnm Jnarntf 711:/;7 qun nstghmnan nm prfanjkeknbtf g sndukr pgrg fhtnbnr mg `fefmfdgakñb jn gaunrjfs jn guenbtfs sgmgrkgmns hgsgjfs nb mg  prfjuatkvkjgj. Nm guenbtf sgmgrkgm lubjgenbtgjf nb ubg egyfr prfjuatkvkjgj kkepmkag epmkag qun mfs neprnsgrkfs bf punjnb grduenbtgr egyfrns afstfs, y nvktg qun nm guenbtf sng trgsmgjgjf g mfs prnakfs. ^bg bunvg rndumgakñb jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg efjklkagtfrkg jn mg gbtnrkfr gutfrkzg g grtkaumgr mg bndfakgakñb. bndfakgakñb. Nstgs bfregs, oubtf afb mfs jkstkbtfs prfynatfs jn Xnlfreg Mghfrgm prnsnbtgjfs mndksmgtkvgenbtn (gprfhgjfs f bf), qun afblfregb ub kepumsf kepfrtgbtn jgjf `gakg mg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb jn mgs kbstgbakgs jn afbstktuakñb jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, afbstktuynb ub nmnenbtf amgvn pgrg nm gbçmksks jn mg afbstruaakñb sfakgm jnm bunvf efjnmf jn gaueumgakñb y mg përjkjg jn ubf jn mfs pkmgrns jn mg kjnbtkjgj skbjkagm.

Jn nstf sn jnsprnbjn? 7) ^bg jn mgs jkbçekags eçs amgrgs jnm pnråfjf (7;;7-7;;;)? mg tnbjnbakg g rngmkzgr bndfakgakfbns nb nm çehktf jn mg neprnsg , mf qun kepmkag ubg bunvg lubakñb jn mfs rnprnsnbtgbtns skbjkagmns nb mg neprnsg - gubqun nm lkregbtn ”mndgm― afbtkbÿn sknbjf mg nbtkjgj afb pnrsfbnråg drnekgm- y dnbnrg `ntnrfdnbnkjgjns lunrtns pfrqun mg nstrgtndkg kbjkvkjugm jn mgs lkregs gjquknrn ub pnsf eua`f egyfr g augbjf mg bndfakgakñb nrg pfr rgeg f gatkvkjgj. 8)  Mg jkbçekag bndfakgm bf ns `fefdëbng pgrg tfjfs mfs snatfrns jn gatkvkjgj ? yg bf jnpnbjn jn ”rfbjgs― jn bndfakgakñb jfbjn tfjfs mfs gatfrns bndfakghgb jn

egbnrg skeumtçbng. Lubjgenbtgmenbtn, Lubjgenbtgmenbtn, sn trgtg jn neprnsgs afb ubg lunrtn glmunbakg jn kbvnrskñb nxtrgbonrg jkrnatg y jn neprnsgs prkvgtkzgjgs qun, pfr ftrf mgjf, sn eumtkpmkagb  pfr mg lfreg qun gjqukrkñ gjqukrkñ mg prkvgtkzgakñb prkvgtkzgakñb.. 1) Agehkf nb mfs afbtnbkjfs y tnegs jn mg bndfakgakñb ? ns nstn qukzçs nm åtne jfbjn sn kbtrfjuonrfb eçs agehkfs. Nm prkbakpgm tneg bndfakgjf lun nm jn mg lmnxkhkmkjgj, nb mg qun sn kbamuynb efjgmkjgjns jn afbtrgtgakñb (lmnxkhkmkjgj nxtnrbg), amçusumgs qun pfskhkmktgb mg utkmkzgakñb jn efjgmkjgjns pfr tknepf jntnrekbgjf u ftrg lfreg bf tåpkag tå pkag jn afbtrgtgakñb9 agehkfs nb mg gskdbgakñb jnm tknepf jn trghgof, lmnxkhkmkjgj nb mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof (efvkmkjgj lubakfbgm y / f pfmkvgmnbakg), lmnxkhkmkjgj nb mgs rneubnrgakfbns. Nm snatfr neprnsgrkf hrndg pfr ubg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb tftgm jn mg bndfakgakñb y mg  pfskhkmkjgj jn bndfakgr g bkvnm jn neprnsg nb lfreg jkrnatg afb mfs trghgogjfrns y mfs skbjkagtfs egbtknbnb nb nm jksaursf ubg jnlnbsg jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg anbtrgmkzgjg, f augbtf eua`f, grtkaumgjg, y nb mg prçatkag ganptgb bunvgs afbjkakfbns y bndfakgb jn efjfs euy jklnrnbtns jn mfs tåpkafs t åpkafs jnm efjnmf gbtnrkfr. Mgs fhrgs sfakgmns y su jnsrndumgakñb skbjkagm nb mgs fhrgs sfakgmns arnñ bnxfs kepfrtgbtns nbtrn Mg pgrtkakpgakñb nm trghgogjfr y nm skbjkagtf rnspnatkvf. Lun ubg `nrrgeknbtg qun lgakmktghg mg Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

84

kbafrpfrgakñb jnm trghgogjfr gm skbjkagtf, y lgvfrnaåg nm jnsgrrfmmf jn ubg sfmkjgrkjgj. Sgrg gmdubfs, ns ubg `nrrgeknbtg qun lfrtgmnan mg jnbskjgj skbjkagm (nbtnbjkjg afef mg rnmgakñb nxkstnbtn nbtrn trghgogjfrns gatkvfs, rndkstrgjfs, y mg agbtkjgj jn trghgogjfrns glkmkgjfs). Nm skstneg jn sgmuj jn mg Grdnbtkbg sn hgsñ jurgbtn ub mgrdf pnråfjf nb ubg kepfrtgbtn rnj jn `fspktgmns pÿhmkafs (bgakfbgmns, prfvkbakgmns y eubkakpgmns) y nb mgs fhrgs sfakgmns afef prfdrgegs jn sndurkjgj sfakgm hgsgjfs nb frdgbkzgakfbns afef mfs skbjkagtfs. Mg sktugakñb jnm enragjf jn trghgof y jn mgs jkvnrsgs pfmåtkags jn goustn lksagm rnskbtkñ lunrtnenbtn mfs snrvkakfs sfakgmns y mg rnjkstrkhuakñb sfakgm nonrakjg pfr nm nstgjf, lkbgbakgjf nb su egyfr pgrtn pfr gpfrtns pgtrfbgmns y pfr mgs afbtrkhuakfbns jn mg egsg sgmgrkgm. Mfs skstnegs jn snd sndurkjgj urkjgj sfakgm -sgmuj y ouhkmgakfbns- lunrfb lunrfb glnatgjfs nb su agpgakjgj fpnrgtkvg pfr mgs lunrtns nvgskfbns jn mfs neprnsgrkfs sfhrn mgs afbtrkhuakfbns jn sgmgrkf, pfr mg jksekbuakñb nb nm bÿenrf jn gpfrtgbtns y pfr mg agåjg jn mfs kbdrnsfs nb nm trghgof. Sgrg mgs fhrgs sfakgmns skbjkagmns nstg sktugakñb sn vkf gdrgvgjg pfr nm guenbtf jn mfs afstfs nb sgmuj. G pnsgr jn ub jnarntf prnskjnbakgm (;/;1) rnakëb sn pfbnb nb prçatkag mfs  prkenrfs enagbksefs nlnatkvfs jn jnsrndumgakñb nb mg egtnrkg nb 7;;4, augbjf sn rndmgenbtg mg pfskhkmkjgj jn mg nmnaakñb jn mg fhrg sfakgm pfr pgrtn jnm glkmkgjf. Nmmf pfbn nb afepntnbakg g mgs fhrgs sfakgmns nbtrn så , arngbjf ubg sktugakñb pgrgjñokag? nm skstneg sfmkjgrkf jn sgmuj ns gtrgvnsgjf pfr mg afepntnbakg y mg puog pfr mg gj`nskñb jn mfs glkmkgjfs. Mg sndubjg ntgpg jn nstg jnsrndumgakñb sn  pfbn nb egra`g pfr nm dfhknrbf nb nm g÷f 8333, kepmkag mg jnsrndumgakñb tftgm jn mgs fhrgs sfakgmns y mg afepntnbakg afb mgs neprnsgs jn enjkakbg prnpgdg. pr npgdg. Nstg sktugakñb pfbn nb aunstkñb -eçs gmmç jnm pfjnr nafbñekaf- ubg kepfrtgbtn lunbtn jn kjnbtkjgj skbjkagm. Nm jnhkmktgeknbtf jn mgs fhrgs sfakgmns , nm ga`kageknbtf jn gmdubgs, gmdubgs, nm aknrrn jn mfs nstghmnakeknbtfs prfpkfs, vg afrrfynbjf nm tkpf jn kjnbtkjgj afbstrukjg, nb eua`fs agsfs, sfhrn mg hgsn jn gdnbakgs jn snrvkakfs. Nstgs sktugakfbns jn jnhkmkjgj nb mg prnstgakñb jn nsfs snrvkakfs afeknbzgb g rnsqunhrgogr mgs eksegs lunbtns jn kjnbtkjgj qun `ghågb mfdrgjf afbstrukr. Mgs nstrgtndkgs skbjkagmns   Mg nstruaturg skbjkagm lrgdenbtgjg Nb nm pmgbf kbstktuakfbgm, mg gpgrkakñb jn ub skbjkagmksef afb arktnrkfs jklnrnbtns g mfs `kstñrkafs, y mg afnxkstnbakg jn anbtrgmns skbjkagmns jklnrnbakgjgs nb nm egraf jn dfhknrbfs afbstktuakfbgmns, sn afbstktuynb nb ub `na`f skbdumgr nb mg `kstfrkg jnm efvkeknbtf fhrnrf grdnbtkbf jn mgs ÿmtkegs akbaf jëagjgs, y qun `fy tknbjn g kbstktuakfbgmkzgrsn. Jnsjn mg jëagjg jnm ‐:3, nm vgmfr jn mg ubkjgj `kzf afnxkstkr afrrknbtns jklnrnbtns n kbamusf fpunstgs nb mfs skbjkagtfs y nb mgs anbtrgmns. @fy, nb agehkf, sn fhsnrvg mg jkvkskñb nb anbtrgmns qun bf sñmf eunstrgb afbanpakfbns pfmåtkags jklnrnbakgjgs skbf qun nb su gmkbngeknbtf punjnb mnnrsn rgsdfs nstruaturgmns qun rnlunrzgb nstg jklnrnbakgakñb. Sfr nonepmf, punjn fhsnrvgrsn nb mg AZG(Anbtrgm jn Zrghgogjfrns Grdnbtkbfs) mg  prnsnbakg jn rnprnsnbtgakfbns rnprnsnbtgakfbns jn mfs snatfrns eçs vumbnrgjfs pfr nm goustn jnm nstgjf (Gsfakgakñb jn Zrghgogjfrns jnm Nstgjf -neprnsgs pÿhmkags prkvgtkzgjgs, `fspktgmns jnsanbtrgmkzgjfs, lubakfbgrkfs pÿhmkafs afb sgmgrkfs jnvgmugjfs y rnjuakjfs  pfr mny, rnprnsnbtgakfbns jn mg gjekbkstrgakñb pÿhmkag jnm kbtnrkfr jnm pgås), pfr AZNXG (Afblnjnrgakñb jn Zrghgogjfrns jn mg Njuagakñb jn mg Xnpÿhmkag Grdnbtkbg) f  pfr rndkfbns y snatfrns glnatgjfs prflubjgenbtn pfr prfansfs jn rnafbvnrskñb 

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

80

prfjuatkvg, afef ns nm agsf jn gmdubgs snaakfbgmns jn mg ^bkñb Fhrnrg Entgmÿrdkag

sktugjgs nb rndkfbns jfbjn mg rnnstruaturgakñb jn mg kbjustrkg skjnrÿrdkag tuvf ub gdujf kepgatf. Sfr nm afbtrgrkf, nb mg ADZ -nb ub prkenr efenbtf- `ghågb pnregbnakjf mfs rnprnsnbtgbtns jn snatfrns jn trghgogjfrns lgvfrnakjfs, gmdubfs pfr mg jkbçekag nafbñekag (gutfeftrkz, pntrñmnf, nta.) jn mg prkenrg pgrtn jn mfs ‒;3, f

rnprnsnbtgakfbns jn gqunmmfs qun, gÿb afb afbtrgjkaakfbns, `ghågb afbsndukjf pnrlkmgr nstrgtndkgs supnrvkvnbakg  f jn afbtrgaakñb snatfrkgm (sndurfs, hgbagrkfs, afenrakf, nbtrnjn ftrfs).

^b snatfr jkskjnbtn gubqun kbtndrgjf gm prkbakpkf nb mg Anbtrgm trgjkakfbgm, nm EZG(Efvkeknbtf jn Zrghgogjfrns Grdnbtkbfs), qun bgan jnsjn mg ^DZZ (^bkñb Dnbnrgm jn Zrghgogjfrns jn Zrgbspfrtn), sn afbstktuyn jnsjn prkbakpkfs jn 8333  nb ubg ADZ pgrgmnmg. Nmmf kepmkag qun nb nstn efenbtf afnxkstgb trns anbtrgmns skbjkagmns. Afblnjnrgakñb D Dnbnrgm nbnrgm jnm Zrghgof ADZ)   Mg Afblnjnrgakñb



Mg ADZ ns mg anbtrgm `kstñrkag y trgjkakfbgm jnm efvkeknbtf fhrnrf grdnbtkbf.  Buamng g kepfrtgbtns skbjkagtfs jn rgeg jnm pgås, mfs snarntgrkfs dnbnrgmns jn mfs drnekfs trgjkakfbgmns (Gsfakgakñb Hgbagrkg, Qkbjkagtf ßbkaf jn Sntrfmnrfs  ‑   gbtns Sntrfmnrfs jnm Nstgjf-, afen afenrakf, rakf, sgbkjgj sgbkjgj,, gmkenbtgakñb, tnxtkmns, nta.). Nstg anbtrgm anbtrgm gafepg÷ñ mg pfmåtkag jnm dfhknrbf enbnekstg gm eksef tknepf quntrgjkakfbgmns sn prfpusf afef su kbtnrmfautfrg, kbtnbtgbjf gså egbtnbnr gmdubgs kbstktuakfbns jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns nb mg Grdnbtkbg, afef? mg rnprnsnbtgakñb ÿbkag pfr rgeg y mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg anbtrgmkzgjg pfr gatkvkjgj, ganptgbjf nb gmdubfs agsfs lfregs jn jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb rndumgjgs y afbtrfmgjgs jnsjn mgs afekskfbns jkrnatkvgs jn agjg snaakfbgm f drnekf. Mfs rnprnsnbtgbtns skbjkagmns jn nstg anbtrgm `gb rngaakfbgjf nb lfreg afrpfrgtkvg  kbtnbtgbjf rngsuekr lfregs jn bndfakgakñb anbtrgmkzgjg  -f gm enbfs grtkaumgjg- nb egtnrkg jn gatugmkzgakñb jn mfs sgmgrkfs hçskafs jn afbvnbkf y jn afblrfbtgakñb g bkvnm egarf afb mgs pfmåtkags jn goustn y jn lmnxkhkmkzgakñb mghfrgm   prfpunstgs. Afbstktuyn nm drupf qun kbtnbtg sndukr egbtnbknbjf nm pfjnr y mg kjnbtkjgj g trgvës jn mfs vknofs enagbksefs. Qkdun sknbjf nm snatfr afb eçs jkçmfdf afb nm dfhknrbf y `g skjf nm eçs eçs bndfakgjf bndfakgjfrr gm efenbtf jn mg rnlfreg mghfrgm. Nb mg jëagjg jnm ‖;3? lunrfb mfs skdbgtgrkfs jnm Gaunrjf Egraf pgrg nm nepmnf, mg prfjuatkvkjgj y mg nqukjgj sfakgm lkregjf afb nm nstgjf y frdgbkzgakfbns neprnsgrkgmns pgrg gafrjgr mg nmghfrgakñb afboubtg jn ub ”pgquntn jn mnyns― qun   tknbjgb g jksekbukr nm ”afstf grdnbtkbf― y g lmnxkhkmkzgr mg bfregtkvg mghfrgm mghfrgm nxkstnbtn. Lunrfb mfs qun aafbtrkhuynrfb fbtrkhuynrfb g af afbstrukr bstrukr ubg ”lmnxkhkmkjgj bndfakgjg― nb mg enjkjg nb qun lunrfb ganptgbjf, tgbtf g bkvnm

mndksmgtkvf afef nb mfs gaunrjfs y afbvnbkfs afmnatkvfs, kepfrtgbtns enjkjgs jn lmnxkhkmkjgj. Zgehkëb trgtgb jn prnsnrvgr mgs fhrgs sfakgmns, afb enbfrns gpfrtns, afb enbfr agbtkjgj jn lfbjfs rnjkstrkhutkvfs y afb enbfr bÿenrf jn glkmkgjfs. Snrtnbnanb g nstg anbtrgm mfs skbjkagtfs qun fptgrfb pfr sgmkjgs eçs ”agpktgmkstgs―  nb nm kbtnbtf jn rnlfrzgr mg måbng jn hrkbjgr ”snrvkakfs―. 

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;

Anbtrgm jn mfs Zrghgo Zrghgogjfrns gjfrns Grdnbt Grdnbtkbfs kbfs AZG)   Mg Anbtrgm



@gakg lkbns jn 7;;8 sn afbstktuyñ nm Afbdrnsf jn mfs Zrghgogjfrns Grdnbtkbfs (AZG), qun buamnghg g ub drupf jn jkrkdnbtns skbjkagmns jkskjnbtns jn mg Afblnjnrgakñb Dnbnrgm jnm Zrghgof (ADZ). Lubjgjg lfregmenbtn nb 7;;4  afef Anbtrgm Anbtrgm jn Zrghgogjfrns gmtnrbgtkvg g mg ADZ, Qn pmgbtngb pmgbtngb jnsgrrfmmgr jnsgrrfmmgr mg bunvg anbtrgm nb tërekbfs jn ub skbjkagmksef ”gutñbfef, kbjnpnbjknbtn jnm nstgjf, jn mfs pgrtkjfs pfmåtkafs y jn mgs neprnsgs― y sn pmgbtnñ tgehkëb ftrfs tnegs nb nb mg hÿsqun hÿsqunjg jg jn su kjnbtkjgj? nm agrçatnr pfmåtkaf f skbjkagm jn mg frdgbkzgakñb9 nm drgjf jn gutfbfeåg y nm tkpf jn glkmkgakñb. Gjneçs mg AZG kbafrpfrñ frdgbkzgakfbns sfakgmns bf skbjkagmns, jnsjn gdrupgeknbtfs jn ouhkmgjfs y jn jnsfaupgjfs `gstg rnprnsnbtgbtns jn frdgbkzgakfbns jnm mmgegjf ”tnranr snatfr― u FBDs y jn frdgbksefs jn jnrna`fs

`uegbfs, qun tknbnb rnprnsnbtgakñb nb su ensg jkrnatkvg. Nb rnmgakñb afb mg gutfbfeåg skbjkagm, mg prfpunstg lun mg jn gutfbfekzgr gm efvkeknbtf jn augmquknr nstruaturg pgrtkjgrkg nvktgbjf tfjf tkpf jn suhfrjkbgakñb g nstrgtndkgs suprgsnatfrkgmns. Mg prfpunstg jn gutfbfeåg rnprnsnbtg ubg rupturg skdbklkagtkvg afb trgjkakfbns `ndneñbkags jnbtrf jnm skbjkagmksef grdnbtkbf, sndÿb mgs augmns mfs skbjkagtfs nstuvknrfb lunrtnenbtn vkbaumgjfs g mg nstrgtndkg pfmåtkag jnm efvkeknbtf pnrfbkstg. Afef efjnmf jn glkmkgakñb? ns nm pubtf jn jklnrnbakga jklnrnbakgakñb kñb eçs amgrf lun nm buamngeknbtf nstgr kbtndrgjf pfr? Mg nbtkjgjns jn sndubjf drgjf y punjn gj`nrnbtns kbjkvkjugmns. gj`nskñbjnsnprkenr jnlkbn jnlkbndrgjf,nbtkjgjns afef afef ubg ubg fpakñb fpakñb

 pfmåtkag kjnfmñdkag eçs qun afef ub kbstruenbtf jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg. Nm efjnmf prfpunstf pfr mg AZG bf rfepn mg egtrkz ouråjkag jn mfs skbjkagtfs nb Grdnbtkbg, nb nm snbtkjf jn sndukr sfstnbknbjf mg pnrsfbnråg drnekgm ftfrdgjg pfr nm nstgjf y nm efbfpfmkf jn mg m g rnprnsnbtgakñb pfr gatkvkjgj. Ftrg bfvnjgj nstrgtëdkag gpfrtgjg pfr mg AZG ns qun vgrkfs jn mfs skbjkagtfs gj`nrkjfs, y mg prfpkg anbtrgm, kbafrpfrgrfb kbtnmnatugmns, kbvnstkdgjfrns sfakgmns y prflnskfbgmns, buamnçbjfmfs nb anbtrfs jn kbvnstkdgakñb, aunrpfs jfanbtns  pgrg mg lfregakñb prflnskfbgm y pgrg mg lfregakñb skbjkagm, drupfs jn gbçmksks sfhrn mg rngmkjgj grdnbtkbg afbtnepfrçbng afbtnepfrçbng,, nta. Gskeksef, ssnn nstgh nstghmnaknrfb mnaknrfb punbtns, våg gaunrjfs y afbvnbkfs gj-`fa, afb ubkvnrskjgjns n kbstktuakfbns jnm eubjf gagjëekaf, jnstkbgjfs g nstghmnanr agbgmns jn kblfregakñb y jn agpgaktgakñb ÿtkmns pgrg nm eubjf skbjkagm. Mg AZG jnsgrrfmmg ubg kepfrtgbtn gatkvkjgj nb tërekbfs t ërekbfs jn prfefvnr enjkjgs nafbñekags jnstkbgjgs g prftndnr g mfs jnsnepmngjfs, y jnspmkndg gatkvkjgjns afb lunrtn afbtnbkjf tnrrktfrkgm. Nb nsn snbtkjf, ns mg anbtrgm skbjkagm qun eçs sn kjnbtklkag afb mg lkdurg jnm trghgogjfr afef ”akujgjgbf―, kbjnpnbjknbtnenbtn kbjnpnbjknbtnenbtn jn su aafbjkakñb fbjkakñb mghfrgm. Nb nstg tnbjnbakg, mg AZG kbtnbtg ghgragr nb snbtkjf gepmkf gm eubjf jnm trghgof jnsjn nm tnrrktfrkf, nm hgrrkf, y afbskjnrgr pfr kdugm k dugm g trghgogjfrns jnsnepmngjfs f nepmngjfs, suhfaupgjfs suhfaupgj fs f prnagrkfs. Mg ”Agrpg Hmgbag―, kbstgmgjg lrnbtn gm Afbdrnsf jn mg Bgakñb pfr AZNXG

(Afblnjnrgakñb jn Zrghgogjfrns jn mg Njuagakñb jn mg Xnpÿhmkag Grdnbtkbg), afb drupfs jn egnstrfs gyubgbjf jurgbtn agsk jfs g÷fs, ns ub nonepmf jn bunvgs lfregs jn efvkmkzgakñb y rnmgakñb afb mfs ftrfs drupfs jn mg sfaknjgj akvkm.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

13

Efvkeknbtf jn Zrghgog Zrghgogjfrns jfrns Grdnbtkbfs EZG), gatugm ADZ jkskjnbtn   Nm Efvkeknbtf Nstn Qnatfr afblfregjf nb 7;;: afef ubg afrrknbtn frdçbkag kbtndrgjg pfr eçs jn qukban frdgbkzgakfbns bgakfbgmns afb gpfyf jn mg AEZ  (Afblnjnrgakñb



Eubjkgm jnm Zrghgof) y afepunstf frkdkbgmenbtn pfr ub afboubtf jn drnekfs jnm trgbspfrtn (agekfbnrfs, afmnatkvnrfs, gnrfbgvndgbtns), anrvnanrfs, nta., sn gepmkñ nb nm egraf jnm nblrnbtgeknbtf sfhrn mg ÿmtkeg rnlfreg mghfrgm, auyf fhontkvf nrg kepfbnr egyfr jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb nb mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg , prkegaåg jnm afbvnbkf jnm çehktf enbfr y aunstkfbgr mg lkdurg jnm skbjkagtf ÿbkaf afef lkregbtn jn mg bndfakgakñb, nxtnbjnr nm pnråfjf jn prunhg, nta., n kbafrpfrñ gmdubfs jn mfs drnekfs trgjkakfbgmns, afef mfs jn entgmÿrdkafs, entgmenaçbkafs y nm jn mg afbstruaakñb. Srfhmnegs kbtnrbfs jn rnbfvgakñb jn gutfrkjgjns jn mg anbtrgm fhrnrg mmnvgb g nstn drupf g snpgrgrsn, mf qun bf nrg su fhontkvf nb su afrtg `kstfrkg, n kbtnbtgr afbstktukr ubg bunvg anbtrgm skbjkagm. Mg vkskñb jnm EZG pnregbnan gbamgjg nb mgs trgjkakfbns frknbtgjgs `gakg nm nstgjf, tåpkags jnm skbjkagmksef pnrfbkstg, pnrf g jklnrnbakg jn ëstn bf suhfrjkbg su gaakñb g mg jnm Sgrtkjf Oustkakgmkstg bk g bkbdÿb ftrf, yg qun nb su snbf nxkstnb jkrkdnbtns qun gj`knrnb g jklnrnbtns pgrtkjfs, y pfr ftrf mgjf nmghfrgb pfskakfbns prñxkegs g mgs jn ub skbjkagmksef gutñbfef jn mfs pgrtkjfs . Mg afbskdbg y mg afbvfagtfrkg jn mua`g sn rngmkzgb nb afbtrg jnm efjnmf nafbñekaf jnm ybunvf dfhknrbf jn mg Gmkgbzg afef bÿenrf afbtkbugjfr jn mgs pfmåtkagsy ”bnfmkhnrgmns―, afeknbzgb g rngmkzgr ub kepfrtgbtn jn efvkmkzgakfbns afbanbtrgakfbns, afbtrg nm LEK, afbtrg mg jnujg nxtnrbg, nta. Nb tërekbfs jn afblmkatf, `g skjf nm eftfr eçs jkbçekaf jn mgs efvkmkzgakfbns fpfsktfrgs egskvgs. Qk hknb nm fhontkvf pgrnaknrg snr rnafepfbnr mg agpgakjgj jn efvkmkzgakñb skbjkagm y mfdrgr nm gpfyf jn mg sfaknjgj akvkm, nb mf nstrkatgenbtn drnekgm bf pgrnanb jklnrnbakgrsn jnegskgjf jn mg måbng jn mg ADZ flkakgm nb egtnrkg jn kjnbtkjgj y anbtrgmkjgj skbjkagm, gubqun afb ub jksaursf eçs aråtkaf. Afbamuskfbns Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jnm skstneg jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, ub  prkenr jgtf rnmnvgbtn ns qun gbtn mgs trgbslfregakfbns prfjuatkvgs n kbstktuakfbgmns sn `g kbvnrtkjf mgs rnmgakñb nxkstn nbtrn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns y bfregs9 hgof nm efjnmf

 prfjuatkvf gbtnrkfr, mg jkbçekag kbstktukjf nb pnråfjfs jnefarçtkafs nrg mmnvgjg pfr nm efjnmf jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, mgs bfregs lubakfbghgb afb agrçatnr kbstktukjf. Hgof nm efjnmf prfjuatkvf gatugm, mfs bunvfs afbvnbkfs y mgs bfregs `gb gjqukrkjf ubg lunrzg afef kbstktuynbtn jn bunvgs prçatkags y bunvfs jksaursfs. Mfs bunvfs afbvnbkfs, kepunstf agsk anbtrgmenbtn pfr nm snatfr neprnsgrkf, nb nm egraf jn mgs rnmgakfbns gskeëtrkags gatugmns, kbtnbtgb gprfpkgrsn jn nsgs agrgatnråstkags arngbjf bfregs qun gpubtnb g mg lmnxkhkmkzgr nm usf jn rnaursfs nb nm skstneg prfjuatkvf. Mfs skbjkagtfs mnnb nb nsn agrçatnr kbstktuynbtn jn mgs bunvgs bfregs ubg jnrrftg g mgs afbqukstgs gjqukrkjgs y g su pfjnr jn rnkvkbjkagtfrkg, pnrf gmdubfs tgehkëb mf vksugmkzgb afef ub ÿbkaf efjf jn afbtkbugr tnbknbjf prnsnbakg nb ub afmnatkvf fhrnrf jklnrnbtn, sndenbtgjf. Nm efjnmf jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns   qun sn prfpfbn, jnsjn mfs snatfrns jn pubtg, nm snatfr efjnrbf y mg kbtnrbgakfbgmkzgakñb jn mg nafbfeåg, rnquknrn ub bunvf jn ubg afbtrgpgrtn y jksakpmkbgjg y jnsjn gmmå sn guspkakg afbtrgtf  jfbjn snskbjkagm pmgsenprnvkskhmn bunvgs prçatkags nb egtnrkg jn frdgbkzgakñb y afbtnbkjf jnm Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

17

trghgof, efjfs jn frdgbkzgakñb jn mg neprnsg afef ubkjgj jn bndfakf y bunvgs lfregs jn afepntktkvkjgj. Mg sktugakñb skbjkagm gatugm  afehkbg ub efjnmf jn hgsn jn ubkakjgj skbjkagm hgsgjf nb nm prkbakpkf jn kjnbtkjgj eçs rnprnsnbtgtkvg afb anbtrgmns pfmåtkafkjnfmñdkags qun afepktnb nbtrn så pfr mg gj`nskñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns y nstg sktugakñb kepmkag ubg kbtrfjuaakñb jnm pmurgmksef pfmåtkaf nb mfs skbjkagtfs, skb qun ëstfs pknrjgb mg kjnbtkjgj tåpkag. mfs akujgjgbfs, skbjkagtfs, pfr mg rnmgakñb prkvkmndkgjg qunrnprnsnbtgakñb punjnb egbtnbnr afb mfsSftnbakgmenbtn, trghgogjfrns y mfs pfjrågb nxprnsgr lfregs jn jn kbtnrnsns afmnatkvfs nb mg afbstruaakñb jn efjnmfs kbtnrprntgtkvfs jnm eubjf, nb mg rnkbtnrprntgakñb jn sktugakfbns afepmnogs y afbtrgjkatfrkgs nb mg rnafbstruaakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj sfakgm y prflnskfbgm jn ub drupf ‑ nm nm jn mfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs- y nb mg rnafbstruaakñb jn mg sfmkjgrkjgj sfakgm gm kbtnrkfr jn ub efjnmf jn jnsgrrfmmf qun tknbjn g nxamukr drgbjns snatfrns jn mg pfhmgakñb. Snsn g su jnhkmkjgj gatugm, rnlmnogjg nb mg përjkjg jn glkmkgjfs  y rnaursfs nafbñekafs, mfs skbjkagtfs skdunb afbstktuynbjf ub pgrgjkdeg pgrg mgs frdgbkzgakfbns sfakgmns jnm pgås. Mgs nstrgtndkgs jnm skbjkagmksef grdnbtkbf sn prnsnbtg kbaknrtg, afb jklkaumtgjns pgrg egbtnbnr tgbtf su agpgakjgj jn gj`nskñb afef g mgs vknogs kbstktuakfbns jgjfrgs jn kjnbtkjgj9 su jëhkm agpgakjgj kbstktuakfbgm bf ns gonbg g mg arksks jn kbstktuakfbgmkjgj jn mg sfaknjgj afef ub tfjf. Agjg ubg jn mgs kbstktuakfbns jn bunstrg sfaknjgj nstç nb arksks, afb prfhmnegs jn rnprnsnbtgtkvkjgj, rnprnsnbtgtkvkjgj, jn vgmkjnz sfakgm.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

18

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? Wuëë `gy jn jn bunv bunvf f nb nb nm skbjk sk bjkag agmkmkse sef f gr gr dnbtk btkbf bf66 J N ML K BK  ‑  \NBZXK  \NBZXK AK? ¶ Wu

X nmga mgakk fbn bnss mgh mghfr gmn mnss y r naf afbl blkk d ur urg gak akñ ñb skbjkagm sk bjkagm nb nb nm nm ik ik r a`bn a`bnrr k se sef f 

Xnsuenb Nm prfansf jn dfhknrbf jn mg ÿmtkeg jëagjg tuvf afef nmnenbtf anbtrgm mg supnrgakñb jn mg arksks eçs kepfrtgbtn k epfrtgbtn qun gtrgvnsñ Grdnbtkbg jfbjn mg jkbçekag nafbñekag pfskhkmktñ mg arngakñb jn nepmnf y mg supnrgakñb jn mfs gmtfs bkvnmns jn jnsnepmnf, qun gafepg÷grfb nm jnsgrrfmmf grdnbtkbf jnsjn enjkgjfs jn mg jëagjg jnm ;3. Mg rnaupnrgakñb jn mfs bkvnmns jn nepmnf, mg vktgmkjgj jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg y nm kbarnenbtf jn mg afblmkatkvkjgj mghfrgm vfmvknrfb g afmfagr gm gatfr skbjkagm nb nm anbtrf jn mg nsanbg pfmåtkag. Kbtrfjuaakñb Nm prfansf jn dfhknrbf kbkakgjf nb 8331 y aumekbgjf nb 8378 tuvf afef nmnenbtf anbtrgm mg supnrgakñb jn mg arksks eçs kepfrtgbtn qun gtrgvnsñ Grdnbtkbg jfbjn mg jkbçekag nafbñekag pfskhkmktñ mg arngakñb jn nepmnf y mg supnrgakñb jn mfs gmtfs bkvnmns jn jnsnepmnf, qun gafepg÷grfb nm jnsgrrfmmf grdnbtkbf jnsjn enjkgjfs jn mg jëagjg jnm ;3. Mg rnaupnrgakñb jn mfs bkvnmns jn nepmnf, mg vktgmkjgj jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg y nm kbarnenbtf jn mg afblmkatkvkjgj mghfrgm mmnvgrfb g qun sn

afenbzgrg g `ghmgr jn ub arnaknbtn prfansf jn rnvktgmkzgakñb skbjkagm, afbanptf lunrtnenbtn gbamgjf nb mgs trgjkakfbns gagjëekags gbdmfsgofbgs gbdmfsgofbgs nb nm egraf jn mg arksks jn mg rnprnsnbtgakñb skbjkagm jn mfs g÷fs 03 y qun nb eua`fs agsfs rnektn g mgs nxpnrknbakgs y nstrgtndkgs bfvnjfsgs nb pfs jn kbarnenbtgr mfs bkvnmns jn rnprnsnbtgakñb. Xnaupnrgakñb, gudn y nstgbageknbtf. Nafbfeåg y enragjf jn trghgof nb mg pfst afbvnrtkhkmkjgj. Nb nm egraf jn ubg arksks pfmåtkag, nafbñekag y sfakgm, mg jnvgmugakñb jn 8338  pusf lkb g eçs jn 73 g÷fs jjnn afbvnrtkhkmkjgj y g mgs mñdkags bbnfmkhnrgmns nfmkhnrgmns qun jfekbgrfb jfekbgrfb nm nsanbgrkf jn mg nafbfeåg pfmåtkag Grdnbtkbg jnsjn 7;0;. Jurgbtn mg m g jëagjg mgrdg jnm ;3, nb Grdnbtkbg sn lunrfb l unrfb prflubjkzgbjf mgs trgbslfregakfbns qun sn `ghågb kbkakgjf afb mg ÿmtkeg jkatgjurg ekmktgr. Hgof nm prnjfekbkf bnfmkhnrgm sn mmnvgrfb gjnmgbtn ub afboubtf jn pfmåtkags (qun punjnb nbdmfhgrsn hgof nm bfehrn jn Smgb jn Afbvnrtkhkmkjgj7 ) qun tuvknrfb afef fhontkvf nxpmåaktf mg afbtnbakñb kblmgakfbgrkg y qun supusknrfb mg jnsrndumgakñb jn mg nafbfeåg, mgs prkvgtkzgakfbns  jn neprnsgs pÿhmkags y mg gpnrturg nafbñekag, mf qun afbjuof g ub prfansf jn arnaknbtn jnstruaakñb jnm nbtrgegjf prfjuatkvf, nb nm prnjfekbkf jn mfs gdnbtns nafbñekafs vkbaumgjfs g mgs prkvgtkzgakfbns y g mfs snatfrns jn snrvkakfs y lkbgbzgs, gjneçs jn snatfrns hnbnlkakgjfs pfr nm egraf rndumgtfrkf, afef nm gutfeftrkz. Nm sustnbtf jn nstg  pfmåtkag lun nm kbdrnsf kbdrnsf jn agpktgmns nspnaumgtkvfs nspnaumgtkvfs y nm aarnaknbtn rnaknbtn nbjnu nbjnujgeknbtf jgeknbtf nxtnrbf,  pfskhkmktgbjf nm sfstnbkeknbtf sfstnbkeknbtf jnm tkpf jn agehkf lkof. Nm arnakeknbtf nafbñekaf jnsgrrfmmgjf jnsjn 8331 g 8377 nstuvf afegbjgjf pfr mg kbjustrkg egbulgaturnrg y mg afbstruaakñb, g÷f g pgrtkr jnm augm jnsganmnrgb su arnakeknbtf, efstrgbjf ub nstgbageknbtf nm snatfr jn mg afbstruaakñb y ubg hgog prfenjkf gbugm jn 7% pgrg mg kbjustrkg `gstg 837:.

Srnaksgenbtn, afepgrgefs mfs jfs ydrgbjns akamfs nafbñekafs, quë nb kbkakgjf g pgrtkrskjn 8331, mg kbjustrkg mg afbstruaakñb sfb mfs qunvnefs eftfrkzgb nm nm arnakeknbtf g jklnrnbakg jnm pnrkfjf bnfmkhnrgm, jfbjn mgs gatkvkjgjns nxtrgatkvgs y nm Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

11

snatfr jn suekbkstrf jn nmnatrkakjgj, dgs y gdug, lunrfb mgs qun jkbgekzgrfb nm guenbtf jnm SHK. Aghn enbakfbgr qun jnsjn 8330, mfs snatfrns qun jkbgekzgrfb mg dnbnrgakñb jn nepmnf `gstg nbtfbans (Kbjustrkg y afbstruaakñb) afeknbzgb g efstrgr skdbfs jn amgrf jnhkmktgeknbtf, qun gafepg÷gb gm lrnbf qun sn fhsnrvg nb nm arnakeknbtf jurgbtn nstn  pnrkfjf, jgbjf jgbjf afef rnsumtgjf ub ubgg agåjg nb mfs bkvnmns jn nnepmnf epmnf jn nstfs jfs jfs snatfrns, snatfrns, mfs augmns sfb afepnbsgjfs nb pgrtn pfr nm kbarnenbtf k barnenbtf jnm nepmnf pÿhmkaf y nb nm snatfr snrvkakfs. Augbjf gbgmkzgefs mgs tgsgs hçskags jnm enragjf mghfrgm ns pfskhmn afbstgtgr ubg rupturg nb mfs g÷fs 8338-8331 8 338-8331 jn mgs tnbjnbakgs bnfmkhnrgmns jn mfs ;3. @uhf ubg rnaupnrgakñb jnm sgmgrkf rngm g pgrtkr jn 8331 mmndgbjf g gmagbzgr mfs bkvnmns jn mg jëagjg jn 7;;3, gubqun nstg rnaupnrgakñb nstuvf hçskagenbtn gbamgjg nb nm nepmnf prkvgjf rndkstrgjf, nb tgbtf qun mfs trghgogjfrns bf rndkstrgjfs y jnm snatfr  pÿhmkaf nxpnrkenbtgrfb nxpnrkenbtgrfb ubg agåjg nb sus kbdrns kbdrnsfs fs rngmns nb rn rnmgakñb mgakñb g mg jëagjg jëagjg bnfmkhnrgm. Sunjn fhsnrvgrsn mg nxkstnbakg jn ub prfansf sndenbtgjf pfr jkstkbtgs ntgpgs. ^bg prkenrg ntgpg (8331-8330), vkbaumgjg g mg rnaupnrgakñb nafbñekag qun vg dnbnrgbjf mgs afbjkakfbns jn pfskhkmkjgj pgrg nm kbarnenbtf jn mfs bkvnmns jn gatkvkjgj, nepmnf, agåjg nb mg jnsfaupgakñb y nb nm trghgof bf rndkstrgjf. G pgrtkr jn 8330, nstgs tgsgs afeknbzgb g jgr skdbfs jn nstgbageknbtf y sk hknb gmdubgs jn nstfs kbjkagjfrns enofrgb, bf mf `ganb jn egbnrg skdbklkagtkvg. Sfr su pgrtn, mfs bkvnmns sgmgrkgmns eunstrgb ubg amgrg rnaupnrgakñb jnsjn nm g÷f 8331, pnrf rnakëb nb 8378 gmagbzg nm bkvnm jn 8337, gubqun `gakg 8371 afeknbzg g egbklnstgrsn ubg tnbjnbakg `gakg mg hgog jnm pfjnr jn afeprg jnm sgmgrkf, prfansf qun sn prflubjkzg afb mg bunvg jnvgmugakñb jn prkbakpkfs jn 837: y su afbsnaunbtn prfansf kblmgakfbgrkf. Xnmgakfbns mghfrgmns, skbjkagtfs y bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg nb Grdnbtkbg Xnmgakfbns mghfrgmns  Nm efjnmf jn rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns grdnbtkbf, ns ub efjnmf qun sn afbstktuyn kbstktuakfbgmenbtn nb mg jëagjg jnm :3 afb nm gjvnbkeknbtf jnm pnrfbksef mf qun pnrektkrç nstghmnanr sus prkbakpgmns agrgatnråstkags, gm enbfs nb tërekbfs lfregmns, jçbjfmn ubg keprfbtg lubjgakfbgm qun, g pnsgr jn mfs m fs agehkfs dnbnrgmns pfr mfs augmns `g gtrgvnsgjf, afbtkbÿg kbakjknbjf nb mg aumturg mghfrgm grdnbtkbg (. Nstn efjnmf sn agrgatnrkzg pfr? 7) ubg lunrtn kbtnrvnbakñb nstgtgm,  prftnatfrkg, g trgvës trgvës jn su rfm pfmåtkaf jn `fefmfdgjfr jn mfs gaunrjfs y AAZ y jn su gatkvg pgrtkakpgakñb nb mg afblfregakñb jn mfs gatfrns jnm efvkeknbtf skbjkagm y su  pnrlkm (ftfrdgbjf f bf pnrsfbnråg drnekgm)9 drnekgm)9 8) g pgrtkr jn nstf, y ddrghgjf rghgjf g lund lundff nb mg Mny jn Gsfakgakfbns Qkbjkagmns, nm lfrtgmnakeknbtf jnm pfjnr kbstktuakfbgm vnrtkagmkzgjf jnm skbjkagtf y jnm efjnmf jn skbjkagtf ÿbkaf auyg hgsn nstruaturgm sn gsknbtg nb mgs afekskfbns kbtnrbgs y nm aunrpf jn jnmndgjfs9 1) mg nxtnbskñb jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg anbtrgmkzgjg pfr rgeg jn gatkvkjgj oubtf afb mg nvfmuakñb jn mgs rneubnrgakfbns nb hgsn g mg kbjnxgakñb y enjkgbtn mg bndfakgakñb  pgrktgrkg, afepmnenbtgjf afepmnenbtgjf pfr ub gepmkf gepmkf skstneg jn prn prnvkskñb vkskñb y sndurkjgj sndurkjgj sfakgm (dgrgbtkzgjf tgbtf pfr nm Nstgjf afef pfr nm skbjkagtf g trgvës jn sus rnjns jn fhrgs sfakgmns y eutugmns). Nstg nstruaturg jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns sn efbtñ pgrgmnmgenbtn gm guenbtf dnbnrgmkzgjf jnm sgmgrkf y g ub efjnmf jn arnakeknbtf enragjfkbtnrbkstg  hgsgjf nb nm arnakeknbtf pfr su sustktuakñb stktuakñb jn kepfrtgakfbns. kepfrtgakfbns.

Jurgbtn mg jëagjg jnm ;3 sn gskstn nb Grdnbtkbg g ub prfansf jn  prflubjkzgakñb jn jn mgs jnegbjgs jnegbjgs neprnsgrkgs neprnsgrkgs,, husagbjf jnsrndumgr y lmnxkhkmkzgr  Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

1:

mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof. Qn kbtnbtghg, pfr ub mgjf, nmkekbgr mfs fhstçaumfs qun ”jkstfrskfbghgb― nm enragjf jn trghgof (nspnakgmenbtn pfr mgs jklkaumtgjns pgrg jnspnjkr y nm bnansgrkf pgdf jn kbjnebkzgakñb) y pfr ftrf, mg rndumgakñb eçs ”mkhrn― jn mfs

afbtrgtfs y jnm usf jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof. G nmmf sn sueg nm jnspmgzgeknbtf jnspmgzgeknbtf jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg afmnatkvg g bkvnm jn mg neprnsg y nm lrnbf l rnbf g pgrktgrkgs mkhrns. Mfs agehkfs jnsgrrfmmgjfs g pgrtkr jn 8331 nb nm pmgbf nafbñekaf y su afrrnmgakñb nb nm pmgbf mghfrgm `gb g ubg efjklkagakñb nb mgs tnbjnbakgs qun sn vnbågb egbklnstgbjf jëagjg bnfmkhnrgm. Gså, jnsjn gmdubgs pnrspnatkvgs sn sfstknbn  pnrkfjf ghknrtfnbnbmg8331 gvgbzg nb mg afbarna afbarnakñb kñb jn ub bunvf ”rëdkenb jn qun nm nepmnf― nb nm augm gpgrnanb afef pkmgrns anbtrgmns mg rnvktgmkzgakñb jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg y mg afblmkatkvkjgj mghfrgm. Nb nstn snbtkjf, sn gpubtg

qun sn kbarnenbtg mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg pfr rgeg f gatkvkjgj nb jntrkenbtf jn mg bndfakgakñb jnsgrrfmmgjg jnsgrrfmmgjg pfr neprnsg. Nb tfrbf t frbf g mg afblmkatkvkjgj mghfrgm sn sfstknbn qun ëstg ns ub kbjkagjfr anbtrgm pgrg fhsnrvgr mg rnvktgmkzgakñb jnm gatfr skbjkagm, sk bjkagm, qun vunmvn g nbaghnzgr nm nsanbgrkf jnm afblmkatf, jnm qun `ghåg skjf jnspmgzgjf pfr mfs efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns nb nm akamf jn mua`g jn mfs ;3. Mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg nb mfs g÷fs 8333 ^bf jn mfs pubtfs qun sfstuvf nm prfansf jn mg jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb nb mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns jurgbtn mg jëagjg jnm ;3 lun nm arnakeknbtf jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg g bkvnm jn neprnsg, afef nmnenbtf qun pnrektåg g mgs lkregs kepfbnr aknrtgs afbjkakfbns nb ubg afrrnmgakñb jn lunrzgs lgvfrghmn gm agpktgm. Mg bndfakgakñb jnsanbtrgmkzgjg auepmåg auepmåg mg lubakñb jn gtfekzgr g mfs trghgogjfrns y lgakmktgr mg kepfskakñb nb mfs AAZ jn afbjkakfbns lmnxkhmns jn trghgof. Nb nm pnrkfjf 8338-8371 sn fhsnrvgb aknrtfs rgsdfs jn afbtkbukjgj jnm  prnjfekbkf jn ubg ubg bndfakgakñb jnsanbtrgmkzgjg pfr neprnsg. Nb mf qun rnspnatg g mfs afbtnbkjfs jn mfs AAZ, qun `ghågb skjf fhontf jn trgbslfregakfbns kepfbkëbjfsn kepfbkëbjfsn mñdkags jn lmnxkhkmkjgj mghfrgm jurgbtn nm vnbjgvgm bnfmkhnrgm (sfhrn tfjf gqunmmfs lkregjfs nb nm bkvnm jn mg neprnsg), sn vnrklkag ubg afbtkbukjgj jn jka`gs mñdkags, nxprnsgjgs lubjgenbtgmenbtn nb mgs amçusumgs rnlnrkjgs g mgs lfregs jn frdgbkzgakñb jnm prfansf jn trghgof. tr ghgof. Nb såbtnsks, nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg jn mfs ÿmtkefs g÷fs egbtuvf mg mñdkag jfekbgbtn jurgbtn mfs g÷fs ;3, y prflubjkzñ mg gatugakñb jn mfs skbjkagtfs jn gatkvkjgj. Nm guenbtf sustgbtkvf jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg, afmnatkvg, nstuvf gtgjf gm prfansf kblmgakfbgrkf qun sn jnsgtñ afb lunrzg

jnsjn 8330,y mg y qun gm kbarnenbtf nb mg lkreg jn gaunrjfs sgmgrkgmns nbtrn mfs skbjkagtfs pgrtnmmnvñ neprnsgrkg. Xnpfskakfbgeknbtf jnm gatfr skbjkagm? lfrtgmnakeknbtf, lrgdenbtgakñb y afblmkatfs Nb mg ÿmtkeg jëagjg nb Grdnbtkbg, nb nm egraf jn mgs trgbslfregakfbns gbtns gbgmkzgjgs, nm skbjkagmksef nxpnrkenbtñ ub prfansf skbdumgr y, nb aknrtg lfreg,  pgrgjñokaf? ub kbjujghmn kbjujghmn lfrtgmnakeknbtf lfrtgmnakeknbtf jn su pfskakñb jjnn lunrzg oubtf aafb fb ubg bftghmn lrgdenbtgakñb g bkvnm kbstktuakfbgm. Mfs agehkfs egarfnafbñekafs qun pnrektknrfb mg rnafbstruaakñb jnm enragjf jn trghgof y nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm enragjf kbtnrbf mn jnvfmvknrfb ubg agpgakjgj jn bndfakgakñb pnrjkjg y nm gsanbsf jn mg afblmkatkvkjgj skbjkagm mf rnpfskakfbñ afef ub kbtnrmfautfr jn pnsf nb nm nsanbgrkf pfmåtkaf. Nb nstn egraf, bfs kbtnrnsg kbjgdgr sfhrn mgs lfreumgakfbns, qun sn prfansgb nb jfs bkvnmns,

 prkenrf nb ub bkvnm bkvnm rnlnrkjf g mgs an anbtrgmns, btrgmns, su grtkaumgakñb afb mfs skbjkagtfs jn Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

1>

gatkvkjgj y mundf vkbaumgjf g nmmf, mgs m gs trgbslfregakfbns f afbtkbukjgjns fhsnrvgjgs fhsnrvgjgs nb nm bkvnm jn mfs nspgakfs jn trghgof. Jnsjn 8331, afb mg mmndgjg jn Bëstfr Ikra`bnr g mg prnskjnbakg, mg ADZ afenbzñ, nb pgrgmnmf g su ganrageknbtf gm dfhknrbf, ub prfansf jn rnubklkagakñb qun tuvf su prkenrg arkstgmkzgakñb kbstktuakfbgm nb nm g÷f 833:, afb mg lfregakñb jn ub Qnarntgrkgjf Dnbnrgm Zrkpgrtktf kbtndrgjf pfr rnprnsnbtgbtns jn mfs snatfrns eçs trgjkakfbgmns (mfs ”dfrjfs―) y jnm snatfr jkskjnbtn ‑ 

 prfvnbknbtn jnm EZG-jnnbaghnzg jnm nbaghnzgjf jf mf pfrmmnvñ @udf Efy Efygbf. gbf. Sfaf tknep tknepffDnbnrgm jnspuësjn(833>) (83 gsanbjnbtn mkjnrgzdf Efygbf g snr nmndkjf Qnarntgrkf mg3>) nm Anbtrgm y g afbvnrtkrsn nb ub kbtnrmfautfr prkvkmndkgjf jnm dfhknrbf bgakfbgm. Jurgbtn nsfs prkenrfs g÷fs, skdbgjfs pfr ubg arnaknbtn afblmkatkvkjgj mghfrgm (nspnakgmenbtn 833>, 833< y 8334), nm ikra`bnrksef mmnvñ gjnmgbtn ubg pfmåtkag prf-skbjkagm, prfefvknbjf mg uhkagakñb jnm skbjkagmksef afef gatfr prkvkmndkgjf prkvkm ndkgjf  pgrg mg afbjuaakñb afbjuaakñb jn gepmkgs lrg lrgbogs bogs jn mgs amg amgsns sns suhgmtnrbg suhgmtnrbgs, s, nb mg enjkjg nb qun, nb tgbtf afblmkatf kbstktuakfbgmkzgjf, sn prnsnbtghg eçs afepgtkhmn afb mg dfhnrbghkmkjgj qun ftrgs nxprnskfbns enbfs grtkaumgjgs jn mg prftnstg sfakgm. Nstg tnbjnbakg sn egbklnstñ nb nm pfskakfbgeknbtf jnm Ekbkstnrkf jn Zrghgof nb mfs afblmkatfs , nm kepumsf g mgs bndfakgakfbns afmna afmnatkvgs, tkvgs, mg rnstktuakñb jnm prkbakpkf jn umtrggatkvkjgj y mg jnrfdgakñb jn mg ”Mny Hgbnmaf―, Hgbnmaf ―, nehmneçtkag jnm pgrgjkdeg jn mg lmnxkhkmkzgakñb mghfrgm. Mg gmkgbzg nbtrn dfhknrbf y ADZ tnrekbñ jn pmgsegrsn afb mg jnakskñb jn bf ftfrdgr g mg AZG mg pnrsfbnråg drnekgm, sfstnbknbjf gså, nm efbfpfmkf jn mg rnprnsnbtgakñb rnprnsnbtgakñb,, rnkvkbjkagakñb prkfrktgrkg jnm skbjkagmksef pnrfbkstg. Nb 8330, g pgrtkr jnm lunrtn afblmkatf nbtrn nm dfhknrbf y gepmkfs snatfrns jn  pgtrfbns y prfjuatfrns prfjuatfrns gdrgrkfs afbtrg nm skstneg jn rntnbakfbns eñ eñvkmns, vkmns, sn prfjuan prfjuan mg prkenrg rupturg jn mg ADZ  nb nm pnråfjf. ^b drupf jn jkrkdnbtns (jn mfs mmgegjfs ” dfrjfs―), nbaghnzgjfs pfr nm dgstrfbñekaf Muks Hgrrkfbunvf rfepnb afb Efygbf y arngb mg ADZ ”Gzum y Hmgbag―, fpfsktfrg g mg flkakgm . Nb nm egraf jn mg afbvumskñb pfmåtkag afbtrg nm dfhknrbf jnm ”afblmkatf jnm agepf―, mg ADZ jn Efygbf nstrna`ñ sus våbaumfs afb nm ikra`bnrksef, pfskakfbçbjfsn afef ub gmkgjf lubjgenbtgm nb nsg

afyubturg. Nsg gmkgbzg sn prflubjkzñ, lfrtgmnaknbjf nm mkjnrgzdf jnm jkrkdnbtn agekfbnrf qun nb 8373 gsuekñ mg prnskjnbakg jnm SO hfbgnrnbsn, hfbgnrnbsn, qun jnsjn `gaåg eçs jn 13 g÷fs bf nrg faupgjg pfr ub måjnr skbjkagm. Sgrgmnmgenbtn, nb mg AZG, mgs jklnrnbtns mnaturgs y pfskakfbgeknbtfs pfskakfbgeknbtfs lrnbtn gm afblmkatf pfr mg rnsfmuakñb 78> tgehkëb prfvfagrfb ubg rupturg kbtnrbg, afblfreçbjfsn ub snatfr eçs anragbf gm ikra`bnrksef, mkjnrgjf pfr @udf [gsiy, jn AZNXG y ftrf, fpfsktfr, nbaghnzgjf pfr Sghmf Eka`nmmk, jn GZN. Nstg jkvkskñb sn lfregmkzñ nb mgs nmnaakfbns jn 8373, g pgrtkr p grtkr jn mgs augmns qunjgrfb afblfregjg afblfregjgss jfs Anbtrgmns afb sus rnspnatkvfs jkrkdnbtns. Lun nb nm egraf jn mg nmnaakñb jkrnatg,  prgatkagjg pfr pfr nstg anbtrgm, jfbjn gehgs måbng måbngss sn gjoujkagrfb nm trkublf, qun mg AZG sn sn jkvkjkñ. Nb 8377 mg rnmgakñb nbtrn ADZ y dfhknrbf trgbsaurrkñ afef ubg jksputg eçs  hknb sfmgpgjg qun sn nxprns nxprnsññ agjg vnz eçs ghknrtgenbtn aafb fb mg jnlkbkakñb jn mgs mkstgs jnm Lrnbtn pgrg mg \katfrkg pgrg mgs nmnaakfbns prnskjnbakgmns, nm gvgban jn ”Mg Açepfrg― y nm jnspmgzgeknbtf jn jkrkdnbtns skbjkagmns, nxprnsgjg nx prnsgjg nb mg afblfregakñb

jn mgs mkstgs pgrmgenbtgrkgs. G nmmf sn gdrndg mg bndgtkvg jn mg Srnskjnbtg Arkstkbg Lnrbçbjnz jn qun sn trgtn nb nm afbdrnsf ubg mny sfhrn jkstrkhuakñb jn mgs dgbgbakgs neprnsgrkgs, kepumsgjg pfr nm efygbksef. Mg tnbskñb sn garnanbtñ afb nm nstgjf pÿhmkaf ynmnaakfbns nm gvgbanprnskjnbakgmns jn agusgskgmns oujkakgmns afby jkrkdnbtns jkrk dnbtns skbjkagmns keputgjfs. jn mgs prnskjnba jn 8377, nb nm egraf jn mgs nmnaakfbns jn Gså, oumkfmundf jn 8378 nb mg ADZ, nm jkrkdnbtn agekfbnrf y ftrfrg måjnr jn mg ADZ gmkgjg gm Dfhknrbf, rfepn nsg Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

1<

gmkgbzg g pgrtkr jn mg jkvkskñb qun pmgbtng nb mg ADZ y rnsurdn mg ADZ Gzfpgrjf, fpfsktfrg. Gbtfbkf Agmñ, snarntgrkf dnbnrgm jn mg ^bkñb Fhrnrg Entgmÿrdkag (^FE) qunjg gm afegbjf jn mg ADZ, flkakgmkstg, f Hgmagran (agmmn jñbjn sn nbaunbtrg mg Agsg jn Dfhknrbf), afef sn mg jnskdbñ pfstnrkfrenbtn pfr nm sfstnbkeknbtf jn mg gmkgbzg afb nm dfhknrbf. Nstg rupturg prfjuakrç ubg snrkn jn rngmkbngeknbtfs jn mfs jklnrnbtns skbjkagtfs jn gatkvkjgj qun kbtndrgb mg ADZ y g su vnz ubg rngrtkaumgakñb jn mgs gmkgbzgs jnm efvkeknbtf fhrnrf nb su afboubtf. G pgrtkr jnm g÷f 8331jnm mfssgmgrkf afblmkatfs dnbnrgmns g mg rnaupnrgakñb rngm. mghfrgmns nstuvknrfb frknbtgjfs, nb tërekbfs Jurgbtn 8377 sn lunrfb lfrtgmnaknbjf mfs rnpnrtfrkfs jn gaakñb mkdgjfs g mg mñdkag afrpfrgtkvkstg, efstrgbjf su agpgakjgj y lfrtgmnzg nb mg nslnrg mghfrgm, eçs gmmç jn mfs måektns qun supfbn mg lrgdenbtgakñb jnm efvkeknbtf fhrnrf frdgbkzgjf, pnrf g su vnz nsg pfskakñb jn lunrzg, bf trgsanbjkñ `gakg jnbtrf jnm pgrtkjf jn dfhknrbf, jnogbjf  pfafs nspgakfs nspgakfs pgrg mg jkrkdn jkrkdnbakg bakg skbjkagm. Nb nnstn stn egraf, nm jnsgrrfmmf jnsgrrfmmf jnm afblmkatf nstuvf gtgjf nb prkenrg kbstgbakg gm jnsgrrfmmf jn mgs pgrktgrkgs y gm snatfr jn gatkvkjgj, skb mg pgrtkakpgakñb jn mgs afblnjnrgakfbns. afblnjnrgakfbns. Sfstnrkfrenbtn sn jnsgrrfmmñ ubg afblmkatkvkjgj jn hgsn gmmå jfbjn mfs skbjkagtfs jn gatkvkjgj tuvknrfb qun `ganr ub nqukmkhrkf nbtrn mg gj`nskñb gm dfhknrbf y nm rnamgef nb mfs çehktfs mghfrgmns. Mundf jn mg rupturg y mg lrgdenbtgakñb jn mgs anbtrgmns skbjkagmns, sn krç gvgbzgbjf gvgbzgbjf `gakg  pfskakfbns eçs afblrfbtgtkvgs tgb tgbtf tf pfr pgrtn jn mgs anbtrgmns fpf fpfsktfrgs sktfrgs gm dfhknrbf afef pfr pgrtn jn mfs skbjkagtfs qun gj`knrnb g nmmgs. Nstfs gvgbans y rntrfansfs egragb g su vnz ubg rnaurrnbakg g rnpnrtfrkfs jn gaakñb trgjkakfbgmns pfr pgrtn jn mgs anbtrgmns, gubqun kbafrpfrgb prçatkags afef nm pkquntn y nm afrtn jn rutg pgrg gsndurgr mg egskvkjgj jn mg `unmdg. Jn mgs aÿpumgs skbjkagmns g mg frdgbkzgakñb nb nm mudgr jn trghgof   Nb nm nsanbgrkf jn rnafbvnrskñb y rngatkvgakñb jnm egpg pfmåtkaf-skbjkagm pfmåtkaf -skbjkagm jn mg ÿmtkeg jëagjg, ns pfskhmn sn÷gmgr mg afblkdurgakñb jn ub prfansf kbakpknbtn jn nenrdnbakg jn aknrtfs bkvnmns jn frdgbkzgakñb y afblmkatkvkjgj nb mgs kbstgbakgs jn enbfr nsagmg, ns jnakr, nb mfs prfpkfs mudgrns jn trghgof. Zgbtf pfr mg m g afblfregakñb jn bunvgs frdgbkzgakfbns nb snatfrns jfbjn bf

`ghåg rnprnsnbtgakñb, afef pfr mg rngatkvgakñb jn ftrgs yg nxkstnbtns pnrf qun sn nbafbtrghgb nb ub nstgjf jn pgskvkjgj, nstgs kbstgbakgs sn afbvkrtknrfb nb nm lgatfr jkbçekaf pgrg mg efvkmkzgakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs. gsgmgrkgjfs. Nb tërekbfs pfmåtkafs, nstg rngatkvgakñb jn mfs afblmkatfs  y mg ekmktgbakg nb mfs nspgakfs jn trghgof lun ub nmnenbtf qun pusf lunrtnenbtn jn egbklknstf afbtrgjkaakfbns y tnbskfbns jn mgrdg jgtg nb mfs skbjkagtfs. Mg lgmtg jn rnbfvgakñb y jn gjnaugakñb jn mgs nstruaturgs g mgs prfhmneçtkags jn mg ëpfag y nspnakgmenbtn nm jëlkakt nb mg jnefargtkzgakñb kbtnrbg gpgrnaknrfb afef mfs rgsdfs eçs jksautkjfs. pfjnefs rnlnrkrbfs g ub nspnatrf nb nm qun gpgrnan snrkn jn agsfs afb ub jndrgjë jn bkvnmns jn kbstktuakfbgmkzgakñb? jnsjn nm gatkvksef jkspnrsf, mg afblfregakñb jn afekskfbns kbtnrbgs fpfsktfrgs, snaakfbgmns `gstg nm agsf jn eçxkeg, mg arngakñb y lfregmkzgakñb jn ub skbjkagtf pgrgmnmf, jnm qun snråg ub nonepmf nm agsf nehmneçtkaf jn mfs trghgogjfrns t rghgogjfrns jnm suhtn< . ^b nlnatf kbstktuakfbgm jn nstg rngatkvgakñb, qun g mg vnz, fpnrñ gmnbtçbjfmg, `g skjf nm gvgban ourksprujnbakgm nb egtnrkg jn prftnaakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj skbjkagm sk bjkagm nb dnbnrgm y jn mg mkhnrtgj skbjkagm nb nm nspgakf jn trghgof nb pgrtkaumgr, qun afbtrkhuyñ g rnglkregr mg agpgakjgj jn gaakñb jn mfs bkvnmns jn hgsn, rngvkvgbjf nm jnhgtn sfhrn nm efjnmf skbjkagm. Nb jkaknehrn jn 833;, mg Afrtn Quprneg, g trgvës jnm lgmmf Xfssk, nxtnbjkñ mg prftnaakñb mghfrgm g tfjfs mfs jnmndgjfs, yg sngb jn skbjkagtfs Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

14

afb pnrsfbnråg mndgm f skepmnenbtn kbsarkptfs. Afb nstg rnsfmuakñb, nm trkhubgm jnamgrñ mg kbafbstktuakfbgmkjgj jnm grtåaumf >8 jn mg Mny jn Gsfakgakfbns Qkbjkagmns, pfr afbskjnrgr qun ”rnsumtg afbtrgrkf gm prkbakpkf jn mkhnrtgj skbjkagm sfstnbnr qun mfs drnekfs qun bf tknbnb pnrsfbnråg drnekgm bf punjnb gatugr nb nm çehktf jn mg pnrsfbnråg drnekgm jn ftrfs skbjkagtf, pfrqun sk nstf lunrg gså, bf tnbjråg snbtkjf gmdubf mg nxkstnbakg jn drnekfs afb a fb skepmn kbsarkpakñb― y qun ”mg

mkhnrtgj skbjkagm jnhn nstgr rfjngjg (...) jn ub pgrtkaumgr egraf jn prftnaakñb jn mfs rnprnsnbtgbtns drnekgmns qunskbjkagm (...) dfzgrçb jn mgs dgrgbtågs pgrgjn nm su nepmnf―. su dnstkñb y mgs rnmgakfbgjgs afbbnansgrkgs mg nstghkmkjgj auepmkeknbtf jn Qn nstghmnan, jn nstn efjf, mg gepmkgakñb g tfjfs mfs jnmndgjfs jn mg tutnmg skbjkagm qun mfs rnsdugrjg afbtrg prçatkags gbtkskbjkagmns pfr pgrtn jnm nepmngjfr, qun nstç kepnjkjf jn suspnbjnr, jnspnjkr f efjklkagr mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof jnm rnprnsnbtgbtn drnekgm skb gutfrkzgakñb oujkakgm. Nb oubkf jn 8371, mg m g Afrtn prflubjkzñ nm aunstkfbgeknbtf g mg MGQ, jnamgrgbjf mg kbafbstktuakfbgmkjgj jnm grtåaumf 17 qun nstghmnan qun ”sfb jnrna`fs nxamuskvfs jn mg gsfakgakñb skbjkagm afb pnrsfbnråg drnekgm? g) Jnlnbjnr y rnprnsnbtgr gbtn nm Nstgjf y mfs nepmngjfrns mfs kbtnrnsns kbjkvkjugmns y afmnatkvfs jn mfs trghgogjfrns―, pfr

nbtnbjnr qun ns afbtrgrkf gm grt. 7: hks jn mg Afbstktuakñb Bgakfbgm y gm Afbvnbkf 04 jn mg FKZ (Afbskjnrgbjf >¿). Nstfs gvgbans ourksprujnbakgmns, ourksprujnbakgmns, qun jn `na`f lksurgrfb mg nstruaturg mndgm jnm efjnmf, punjnb snr gbgmkzgjfs afef ub kbjkagjfr jn ub nstgjf jn sktugakñb, nxprnskñb jn mgs tnbskfbns pfmåtkags gm kbtnrkfr k btnrkfr jn vgrkgs frdgbkzgakfbns y jn mg kbstgmgakñb jn mg  prfhmneçtkag nb mg gdnbjg pÿ pÿhmkag. hmkag. Nstg arkstgmkzga arkstgmkzgakñb kñb kbstktuakfbgm rnkepums rnkepumsññ lunrtnenbtn mg jksauskñb, mndktkeñ mgs pfsturgs afbtrgrkgs gm efjnmf vkdnbtn y ghrkñ mgs  punrtgs gm jnhgtn jnhgtn tgehkëb nb nm ppmgbf mgbf mndksmgtkvf, afb nm surdkeknbtf jn jkvnrsgs  prfpunstgs pgrg pgrg trgbslfregr nm skstneg skbjkagm, eua`gs jn mgs augmn augmnss sn prnsnbtgrfb prnsnbtgrfb afef prfynatfs jn mny. G pgrtkr jn 8331, sn prfjuof ub rnouvnbnakeknbtf euy afbskjnrghmn jn mgs hgsns skbjkagmns, kbtråbsnagenbtn rnmgakfbgjf afb nm afepfrtgeknbtf jnm enragjf jn trghgof jnsjn mfs bfvnbtg g nstg pgrtn. Nm prfansf jn rnaupnrgakñb jnm enragjf mghfrgm ‑ afb afb mg arngakñb jn agsk > ekmmfbns jn punstfs jn trghgofkepmkañ nb eua`fs snatfrns, afef mg kbjustrkg egbulgaturnrg ubg rgjkagm rnbfvgakñb jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof afef nlnatf jn mg nxpumskñb vnrtkdkbfsg jn trghgogjfrns nb nm pnråfjf jn mg afbvnrtkhkmkjgj y mg pfstnrkfr egskvg kbafrpfrgakñb jn trghgogjfrns egyfrenbtn oñvnbnskbtrfjuof, jnsjn 8331. 8331 . Nm agehkf jnefdrçlkaf quntrghgof, kepmkañ mg mmndgjg jn ubg bunvg dnbnrgakñb jnsjn mfs prfpkfs nspgakfs jn tnbskfbns pfmåtkags nb eua`gs frdgbkzgakfbns. frdgbkzgakfbns. Gm kkbtnrkfr btnrkfr jn vgrkfs skbjkagtfs, mfs jkrkdnbtns sn nbafbtrgrfb afb snrkfs prfhmnegs pgrg lkjnmkzgr g sus bunvfs eknehrfs nb mfs nsqunegs trgjkakfbgmns. Qfb trghgogjfrns oñvnbns qun pfr tnbnr efjgmkjgjns  prnagrkgs jn afbtrgtgakñb afbtrgtgakñb bf sf sfbb rnafbfakjf rnafbfakjfss pfr mfs skbjkagtfs flkakgmns pnrf non nonranb ranb ubg rnprnsnbtgakñb drnekgm jn `na`f qun aunstkfbg mg mñdkag skbjkagm trgjkakfbgm. Mg  prnsnbakg lunrtn jnm gatkvksef ofvnb vkbf g rnlutgr jn egbnrg afbtubjnbtn afbtubjnbtn ubg tnsks euy nxtnbjkjg ‑ nb nb mg gagjnekg y nb mgs tnfrågs jnm egbgdnenbt- qun sn÷gmghg qun mg kbnxpnrknbakg, oubtf afb mg rnmgakñb kbstruenbtgm afb nm trghgof y mg kbnxkstnbakg jn rnspfbsghkmkjgjns rnspfbsghkmkjgj ns nafbñekags, afbvnrtågb g mfs oñvnbns nb ubg lrgaakñb jn trghgogjfrns jñakmns, eçs pnrenghmns g mgs nxkdnbakgs neprnsgrkgmns y jkstgbtns jnm eubjf drnekgm. Nstn agehkf dnbnrgakfbgm supusf mg krrupakñb jn ubg bunvg suhontkvkjgj nb nm eubjf drnekgm. Qn trgtg jn oñvnbns sfakgmkzgjfs pfmåtkagenbtn nb nm pfst-bnfmkhnrgmksef y, pfr tgbtf, egragjfs nb gmdubg enjkjg pfr nm amkeg jn ëpfag jnm akamf jn mua`gs qun tuvf su `ktf nb jkaknehrn jn 8337. Nstg kblmunbakg jg mudgr g Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

10

lfregs jn pfmktkzgakñb afb egyfr prnjkspfskakñb g kbafrpfrgr bunvgs rnkvkbjkagakfbns y lfregs jn nxprnskñb y jn gaakñb qun pfjrågb tnbjnr g rnbfvgr nm rndkstrf skbjkagm amçskaf g pgrtkr jn mg kbsnrakñb jn rgsdfs jn ftrgs trgjkakfbns jn mua`g, afef mfs efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns. Xnlmnxkfbns lkbgmns G trgvës jn nstn grtåaumf grt åaumf kbtnbtgefs agrgatnrkzgr mg nspnaklkakjgj jn mg

rngatkvgakñb nxpnrkenbtgrfb Zrghgofgvgbans, y mgs frdgbkzgakfbns nb mg yjëagjg ikra`bnrkstg, qun jgbjf aunbtg jn mfs nm egyfrns mfs rntrfansfsskbjkagmns y mkektgakfbns mgs kbbfvgakfbns qun nenrdknrfb jn mgs nxpnrknbakgs jnm pnråfjf. Nm gbçmksks jn mg jkbçekag jnm prfansf nafbñekaf nb nm pnråfjf y su kepgatf nb tërekbfs jn nepmnf bfs pfskhkmktñ nstghmnanr ubg pnrkfjkzgakñb jnm afbtnxtf egarf, sn÷gmgbjf ubg prkenrg ntgpg (8331-8330), skdbgjg pfr ubg lunrtn rngatkvgakñb nafbñekag, qun rnjubjñ nb ub arnakeknbtf ganmnrgjf jn mfs bkvnmns jn gatkvkjgj y nepmnf, afb mg afbskduknbtn jksekbuakñb jn mfs åbjkans jn jnsnepmnf y trghgof bf rndkstrgjf, qun sn `ghågb jkspgrgjf nb mfs g÷fs prnanjnbtns. Nb ubg sndubjg ntgpg, g  pgrtkr jn 8330, nstgs nstgs tgsgs afeknb afeknbzgb zgb g jgr skdbfs skdbfs jn nstgba nstgbageknbtf, geknbtf, sknbjf mf eçs eçs bftghmn mg pnrskstnbakg jn mg gmtg kbakjnbakg jnm nepmnf bf rndkstrgjf. Sfr su pgrtn, mfs sgmgrkfs eunstrgb ubg amgrg rnaupnrgakñb g mf mgrdf mgr df jn tfjf nm pnråfjf, pnrf rnakëb nb 8378 mfdrgb gmagbzgr nm bkvnm gjquksktkvf prnvkf g mg arksks jn 8337, gubqun mundf sn vnb glnatgjfs pfr ubg tnbjnbakg g mg hgog jnsjn 8371, gdrgvgjg pfr mg jnvgmugakñb jn 837: y mg afrrnspfbjknbtn jkspgrgjg kblmgakfbgrkg. Nb mf qun rnspnatg g mfs prkbakpgmns rgsdfs jn mg bndfakgakñb afmnatkvg afmnatkvg,, sfstnbnefs qun nb tërekbfs dnbnrgmns, egbtuvf mg mñdkag jfekbgbtn jurgbtn mfs g÷fs ;3, y prflubjkzñ mg gatugakñb jn mfs skbjkagtfs jn gatkvkjgj. Qk hknb sn prfjuof ub kbarnenbtf bftghmn nb mg gatkvkjgj jn mg bndfakgakñb tnbjknrfb g sfstnbnrsn mgs vknogs lfreumgakfbns jn mg nstruaturg bndfakgm y mfs agehkfs nb su afbtnbkjf sn vkbaumgrfb gm jnsgrrfmmf jn bunvgs rndmgs nb egtnrkg jn mndksmgakñb mghfrgm. mghfrgm. G pgrtkr jn 8330, nm drgb guenbtf nb mg bndfakgakñb sn rnmgakfbñ nb drgb enjkjg afb nm prfansf kblmgakfbgrkf qun supusf nm kbarnenbtf nb mg lkreg lkr eg jn gaunrjfs sgmgrkgmns nbtrn mfs skbjkagtfs y mg pgrtn neprnsgrkg. Mfs pfskakfbgeknbtfs y mgs nstrgtndkgs pfmåtkags jn mgs anbtrgmns skbjkagmns sn lunrfb rnafblkdurgbjf nb lubakñb jn mfs vgkvnbns nb su rnmgakñb afb mfs suanskvfs dfhknrbfs ikra`bnrkstgs. Gm kbkakf jnm pnråfjf, mg ADZ gtrgvknsg ub prfansf jn rnubklkagakñb y mundf vunmvn g lrgdenbtgrsn jnsjn 8330 nb gjnmgbtn. Nb nsn prkenr trgef, nm ikra`bnrksef gjnmgbtn ubg pfmåtkag prf-skbjkagm,nmuhkagbjf skbjkagmksef afef gatfr prkvkmndkgjf9mmnvñ nb tgbtf afblmkatf k bstktuakfbgmkzgjf, kbstktuakfbgmkzgjf, afblmkatfgmmghfrgm enjkgjf pfr mfs skbjkagtfs sn prnsnbtghg eçs afepgtkhmn afb mg dfhnrbghkmkjgj qun ftrgs nxprnskfbns enbfs grtkaumgjgs jn mg m g prftnstg sfakgm, lubjgenbtgmen l ubjgenbtgmenbtn btn vkbaumgjgs g mfs efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns, jn drgb kbonrnbakg nb mg arksks jn lkb jn skdmf. Nstn ganrageknbtf sn prflubjkzg nb 8330, afb nm gafepg÷geknbtf jn mg ADZ nb nm afblmkatf afb mgs pgtrfbgmns gdrfpnaugrkgs pfr mg efjklkagakñb jnm rëdkenb jn rntnbakfbns, augbjf mg Anbtrgm rnspgmjg lunrtnenbtn gm dfhknrbf (afb mg nxanpakñb jn mg pnqun÷g lrgaakñb jn mg ”Gzum y hmgbag―, afegbjgjg pfr nm dgstrfbñekaf Hgrrkfbunvf). Qkb nehgrdf, nsg   grtkaumgakñb afeknbzg g jnsgregrsn g pgrtkr jn 8377, augbjf mg ADZ vn lrnbgjf su gsanbsf nb nm pmgbf pfmåtkaf jnbtrf jnm pgrtkjf jn dfhknrbf. G pgrtkr jn nbtfbans sn  prflubjkzgrç mg hgmagbkzgakñb hgmagbkzgakñb gm kbtnrkfr jn mg anbtrgm egyfrktgrkg egyfrktgrkg y mfs snatfrns fpfsktfrns jnspmndgrçb ubg nstrgtndkg arnaknbtnenbtn flnbskvg afbtrg nm dfhknrbf jn Arkstkbg Lnrbçbjnz, qun supusf mg rngmkzgakñb jn akbaf `unmdgs dnbnrgmns nbtrn 8377 y 837>. Sfr su pgrtn, mg AZG, nbtrgrç tgehkëb nb ub prfansf jn jksdrndgakñb, jkspgrgjf Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

1;

 pfr nm afblmkatf jn mg 78> nb 8330, qun mmnvgrç g mg prkenrg rupturg jn su `kstfrkg, lfregmkzgjg nb mgs nmnaakfbns jn 8373. sn nvkjnbakg ub prfansf jn lfrtgmnakeknbtf qun, pgrgjñokagenbtn, jnagbtg nb ubg drgb lrgdenbtgakñb jn mgs jkrkdnbakgs anbtrgmns. Nm skbjkagmksef sn rfhustnan nb tgbtf gatfr afrpfrgtkvf pnrf skb pnrspnatkvgs jn prfynaakñb pfmåtkag, bk nb nm pmgbf kbstktuakfbgm (pfr mg jnskbjkagmkzgakñb jnm SO) bk pfr ubg rnbfvgakñb jn su afbanpakñb  pfmåtkag qun mf pfskakfbn pfskakfbn afef ggrtkaumgjfr rtkaumgjfr jn ubg aamgsn mgsn trghgogjfrg jkv jkvnrsg, nrsg, lrgdenbtgjg, jkstkbtg prfmntgrkgjf amçskaf jn mg sfaknjgj sgmgrkgm. sn÷gmgefs ubggmafrrnmgakñb nbtrn mg rnaupnrgakñb jn mg pfskakñb jn lunrzg jnm skbjkagmksef y mg nenrdnbakg jn aknrtfs bkvnmns jn frdgbkzgakñb y afblmkatkvkjgj nb mgs kbstgbakgs jn enbfr nsagmg, ns jnakr, nb mfs prfpkfs mudgrns jn trghgof. [g sng pfr mg arngakñb jn bunvgs frdgbkzgakfbns nb snatfrns jfbjn bf `ghåg rnprnsnbtgakñb f pfr mg rngatkvgakñb jn ftrgs yg nxkstnbtns pnrf pgskvgs, nstgs frdgbkzgakfbns sn afbvkrtknrfb nb nm lgatfr jkbçekaf pgrg mg efvkmkzgakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs. Nstn  prftgdfbksef nb nb nm afblmkatf, uhkag g nstn prfansf prfansf nb ubg tnbj tnbjnbakg nbakg yg prnsnbtn prnsnbtn jnsjn jëagjgs gtrçs pnrf prflubjkzgjg nb nm ÿmtkef tknepf, qun vgrkfs gutfrns `gb jnlkbkjf afef jn jnsanbtrgmkzgakñb jn mg afblmkatkvkjgj fhrnrg. Jn nstg rnafepfskakñb pfmåtkag jn mg prçatkag drnekgm jn hgsn, sn÷gmgefs afef ub rgsdf r gsdf skbdumgr y sfhrnsgmknbtn mg  prnsnbakg jn mf qun jnbfekbgef jnbfekbgefss nm lgatfr dnbn dnbnrgakfbgm. rgakfbgm. Nstf `ga `gann gmuskñb gm arnakeknbtf jn mg pgrtkakpgakñb jn oñvnbns nb mg gatkvkjgj skbjkagm, egyfrenbtn nb mgs frdgbkzgakfbnss jn hgsn, nb ub afbtnxtf jn kbarnenbtf jn mg ekmktgbakg ouvnbkm nb frdgbkzgakfbn jkvnrsfs çehktfs jn mg vkjg sfakgm y pfmåtkag, qun sfstnbnefs `g afmghfrgjf g keprkekr gmdubfs bunvfs snbtkjfs y prçatkags nb mgs mua`gs nb tfrbf gm trghgof. G mg vnz, y tgehkëb nb rnmgakñb g nstn lgatfr, nstg rngatkvgakñb jn mfs afblmkatfs y mg ekmktgbakg nb mfs nspgakfs jn trghgof afbtrkhuyñ bftghmnenbtn g `ganr egbklknstgs tnbskfbns pfmåtkags jn mgrdg jgtg nb mfs skbjkagtfs. Mfs aunstkfbgeknbtfs sn anbtrgrfb nspnakgmenbtn nspnakgmenbtn nb mg lgmtg jn rnbfvgakñb y jn gjnaugakñb jn mgs nstruaturgs g mgs prfhmneçtkags jn mg ëpfag y sfhrn tfjf nm jëlkakt nb mg jnefargtkzgakñb kbtnrbg. Nstgs afbtrgjkaakfbns sn trgjuonrfb nb nm surdkeknbtf jn ubg snrkn jn agsfs jn frdgbkzgakfbns jn enbfr nsagmg qun nblrnbtgrfb tnbskfbns afb mgs afbjuaakfbns, gmagbzgbjf nstn nblrnbtgeknbtf jkstkbtfs bkvnmns jn kbstktuakfbgmkzgakñb, jnsjn nm gatkvksef jkspnrsf, mg afblfregakñb jn afekskfbns kbtnrbgs fpfsktfrgs, snaakfbgmns, snaakfbgmns, `gstg nm agsf jn eçxkeg, mg arngakñb y lfregmkzgakñb jn ub skbjkagtf pgrgmnmf, jnm qun snråg ub nonepmf nm agsf nehmneçtkaf jn mfs trghgogjfrns jnm suhtn jn Hunbfs Gkrns. Nstn lnbñenbf tgehkëb prfjuof nlnatfourksprujnbakgm, kbstktuakfbgm bftghmn -qun su vnz fpnrñ rntrfgmkenbtçbjfmgqun `g skjf nmub gvgban lubjgjf nbgmfs suanskvfs lgmmfs jn mg Afrtn Quprneg jn Oustkakg, nb egtnrkg jn prftnaakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj skbjkagm nb dnbnrgm y jn mg mkhnrtgj skbjkagm nb nm nspgakf jn trghgof nb  pgrtkaumgr, qun afbtrkhuyñ afbtrkhuyñ g rnglkregr mg agpgakjgj agpgakjgj jn ggaakñb aakñb jn mfs bkvnmns bkvnmns jn hgsn, hgsn, rngvkvgbjf lunrtnenbtn nm jnhgtn sfhrn nm efjnmf skbjkagm hgsgjf nb nm efbfpfmkf jn mg rnprnsnbtgakñb,, mndgmenbtn lksurgjf. rnprnsnbtgakñb

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:3

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? trg ghg hgoo f y mgs kj k jnbtk btkj jgjn jnss prfln pr flnskskf fbgmn bgmnss y pnr pnr sfbg sfbgmn mnss J^HGX, AMG^JN? N m tr

Nm tërekbf kjnbtkjgj sn utkmkzgrç nb jfs snbtkjfs?  Jnlkbkakñb jn så, jn mf qun sfefs sfefs f qunrne qunrnefs fs snr, sn trgtg jn mg kjnbtkjgj   kbjkvkjugm. mf qun tnbnefs jn eçs åbtkef y pnrsfbgm y su nstujkf sn afbskjnrg prfpkg jn mg pskafmfdåg (amåbkag, sfakgm, pskafgbgmåtkag).  Jnlkbkakñb jn bfsftrfs `na`g pfr mfs ftrfs, nb lubakñb jn mg pnrtnbnbakg g ubg  

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

agtndfrågjnprkbakpgm9 Mg kjnbtkjgj jn mgs sfakgmns mg lfregkjnbtkjgj jn sktugr gafmnatkvg. mfs kbjkvkjufs (y g mgsprfvknbn gatkvkjgjns) nbamgsklkagakfbns agtndfrågs y amgsns auyf gbçmksks ns prfpkf jn mgs aknbakgs sfakgmns (sfakfmfdåg, ntbfmfdåg, mkbdýåstkag) Nm trghgof qun rngmkzgefs, jn su mudgr nb mg sfaknjgj y jnm snbtkjf qun sn mn gtrkhuyn, afbstktuynb ubg jkenbskñb anbtrgm jn mgs kjnbtkjgjns kbjkvkjugmns y afmnatkvgs. Afenbzgrnefs afb mgs jnlkbkakfbns eçs fhontkvgs y jnjuatkvgs jn mgs ”lkdurgs jn kjnbtkjgj―, pgrg prfpfbnr mundf ubg tnfrkzgakñb suhontkvg n kbjuatkvg jn mgs ”lfregs jn kjnbtkjgj― rnafbstrukjgs g pgrtkr jn jgtfs hkfdrçlkafs qun nxanjnb mg nslnrg jnm

trghgof prflnskfbgm, afb nm fhontkvf jn pfbnr nb nm anbtrf jn mg m g afbstruaakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj nm ”trghgof sfhrn så― y mgs ”rnmgakfbns afb nm ftrf―.  Lkdurgs jn kjnbtkjgj y tkpfs jn jkvkskñb jnm trghgof Mg kjnbtkjgj jn flkakf afbstktuyn ubg jn mgs lfregs `kstñrkags eçs jurgjnrgs jn kjnbtkjgj afmnatkvg hgsgjg nb nm trghgof y pfjnefs jnbfekbgrmg ” lkdurg jn agtndfråg― g nstn tkpf jn kjnbtklkagakñb afb ub drupf, jnlkbkjf pfr nm mudgr qun

sn faupg nb ub aunrpf pkrgekjgm y tftgmkzgbtn. Nstg frdgbkzgakñb afrpfrgtkvg sn trgbslfreñ jnhkjf g mg gpgrkakñb y nm arnakeknbtf jn mg nafbfeåg enragbtkm y agpktgmkstg, qun kbstgurg ubg bunvg jkvkskñb jnm trghgof hgsgjf nb nm gsgmgrkgjf y nb su suhfrjkbgakñb gm agpktgm9 mg jkvkskñb agpktgmkstg jnm trghgof tknbjn g jnstrukr mfs gbtkdufs flkakfs y nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm nepmnf gsgmgrkgjf prfvfag qun tfjf trghgof qunjn rnjuakjf g mf ghstrgatf, ub skepmn kbtnragehkf jnm usf jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof pfr sgmgrkf. G pgrtkr jnm skdmf PKP, mfs agepnskbfs y grtnsgbfs jnspfsnåjfs, jnspfsnåjfs, mgs euonrns y mfs bk÷fs, ns jnakr, tfjfs gqunmmfs qun bf aunbtgb eçs qun afb mg lunrzg j trghgof, afbstktuynb mg ”bunvg egbf jn fhrg― jn mgs egbulgaturgs y mgs lçhrkags surdkjgs

nb mg Xnvfmuakñb kbjustrkgm y su kjnbtkjgj sn afbvknrtn nb ub pftnbakgm afbaknbakg jn amgsn9 egbf fhrg pnregbnan kbstruenbtgmkzgjg pfr m agpktgmjka`g y jn gmmå nm surdkeknbtf sjn urdkeknbtf jn ubg pgranmgjg, ”lkdurg gmknbgjg, ― jn mg kjnbtkjgj. kbstruenbtgm Sgrg nblrnbtgr mgs arksks pnrkñjkags qun mf m f gqunogb, afbqukstgr bunvfs enragjfs, kbtrfjuakr nm prfdrnsf tëabkaf y afbtrghgmgbangr mfs efvkeknbtfs sfakgmns qun mf genbgzgb, nm agpktgmksef, gm prkbakpkf mkhnrgm y afepntktkvf, tknbjn g trgbslfregrsn nb efbfpfmkf y hurfarçtkaf. Afb nm tgymfrksef, ubg bunvg lfreg jn kjnbtkjgj y  pfjrågefs mmgegrmg ”kjnbtkjgj jn neprnsg f jn frdgbkzgakñb― qun

 prfjuan bunvgs bunvgs agtndfrågs jjnn gsgmgrkgjfs (tëabkafs, gjekbkstrgj gjekbkstrgjfrns, frns, kbdnbknrfs y ftrfs nxpnrtfs) qun kepmkag ubg lunrtn efvkmkzgakñb suhontkvg, nspnrgbzg nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn agrrnrg jnbtrf jn mg lkreg lk reg y ubg lunrtn jnpnbjnba jnpnbjnbakg kg rnspnatf g mfs efjfs jn dnstkñb jn mg frdgbkzgakñb. Nstg Nstg kjnbtklkagakñb afb mg frdgbkzgakñb pfjrågefs mmgegrmg ”lkdurg jnm nstgtus―, pfrqun supfbn ubg lunrtn jnpnbjnbakg afb nm stgtus qun sn mns ftfrdg. Mgs augtrf lkdurg jn mg kjnbtkjgj (aumturgm, jn agtndfråg (jn flkakf), kjngmns kbstruenbtgm (jn amgsn) y jn nstgtus (frdgbkzgakñb) kzgakñb) sfb  y sfbjnjnjuakjgs  jn mfs efjfs jn (frdgb lubakfbgeknbtf jnm trghgof, g pgrtkr mg `kpñtnsks rgakfbgmenbtn Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:7

jn qun mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof jntnrekbgb mg lfreg jn kjnbtklkagakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Kjnbtkjgjns nb nm trghgof, rnmgakfbns jn pfjnr y rnmgakfbns nb nm trghgof Mg bfakñb jn sktugakñb jn trghgof kbamuyn vgrkgs jkenbskfbns qun bf bnansgrkgenbtn bnansgrkgenb tn nstçb rnmg rnmgakfbgjgs akfbgjgs y qun punjnb kbjuakr gatktujns jklnrnbtns. Mgs kjnbtkjgjns nb nm trghgof bf jnrkvgb enaçbkagenbtn jn mgs ”sktugakfbns―,

jnlkbkjgs nm nxtnrkfr g pgrtkr jn arktnrkfs fhontkvfs9 afef sfb egbnrgs jn afbskjnrgrjnsjn nm prfpkf trghgof y afbskjnrgrsn afef gatfr, nstgs kjnbtkjgjns jnpnbjnb jnpnbjnb jn mgs rnmgakfbns qun sn egbtknbnb afb mfs ftrfs gatfrns (onlns, afmndgs, amknbtns) jn nstn trghgof vkvnbakgjf, jn ubg sktugakñb afbstrukjg y jnlkbkjg suhontkvgenbtn suhontkvgenbtn. Mg sktugakñb afbskjnrgjg ”fhontkvg― bf ns sulkaknb tn pgrg afeprnbjnr mgs kjnbtkjgjns nb nm trghgof9 trghgof9 ns bnansgrkf gprn`n gprn`nbjnr bjnr mgs jnlkbkakfbns jn sktugakñb, sktugakñb, mg rnmgakñb suhontkvg afb nm trghgof y afb tfjfs mfs pgrtkakpgbtns nb mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof. Nstgs kjnbtkjgjns nb nm trghgof punjnb snr rnafbstrukjgs jn efjf kbjuatkvf, enjkgbtn mg fhsnrvgakñb y mg nsaua`g gtnbtg jn mfs trghgogjfrns, bf jnjuakëbjfmgs jn mg  pnrtnbnbakg g akraubstgbakgs ”fhontkvgs―.   Mgs kjnbtkjgjns luskfbgmns (mg jn mfs fhrnrfs skb amgsklkagakñb, kjnbtkjgjns afmnatkvgenbtn afb su jkrkdnbtn skbjkagm), mgs bndfakgtfrkgs (mfs tëabkafs, onlns qunnbflrnanb pgrtkakpgakñb agehkf jnrnjns vnbtgogs), mg jn glkbkjgj    (mg jn mfs mfs gsgmgrkgjfs agrrnrgsugsanbjnbtn qungaffrjkbgb y agpgaktgakñb afbtkbug) f jn rntkrf (jn mfs nepmngjfs jn flkakbg qun sn jnlkbnb pfr sus rfmns jfeëstkafs)9 tfjfs nmmfs afbstktuynb efjnmfs aumturgmns jn frdgbkzgakñb. Kjnbtkjgjns prflnskfbgmns n kjnbtkjgjns sfakgmns Qndÿb Qgkbsgumknu, mgs gbtkdugs kjnbtkjgjns prflnskfbgmns nstgmmgb gm nblrnbtgrsn afb mgs bunvgs rngmkjgjns skstëekags, surdkjgs jn mg arksks9 nm guenbtf jn mg jnsfaupgakñb, jnsfaupga kñb, mgs jnsnstruaturgakf jnsnstruaturgakfbns bns kbjustrkgmns, mmgg efjnrbkzgakñb tnabfmñdkag, mgs jklkaumtgjns jn kbsnrakñb nb mfs oñvnbns, mg arnaknbtn prnagrkzgakñb jnm nepmnf y mgs bunvgs lfregs jn dnstkñb dnstkñb jn neprnsgs, sn eumtkpmkagb mgs hrna`gs, mgs jns jnskmuskfbns kmuskfbns y mgs jnanpakfbns pfr mg jkstgbakg nbtrn neprnsg y rngmkjgj jn mgs kbstktuakfbns. [g bf sn vgmfrg mg nstghkmkjgj jnm nepmnf f mg agrrnrg kbtnrbg, skbf mg lmnxkhkmkjgj

yeumtkpmkaçbjfsn mgs rnafbvnrskfbns nxtnrbgs qun gafepg÷gb g mfs pmgbns sfakgmns nb mg kbjustrkg9 mfs prfanjkeknbtfs jn kbjkvkjugmkzgakñb. Lfregs kjnbtktgrkgs y sfakgmkzgakñb prflnskfbgm y pnrsfbgm Zfjfs mfs trghgogjfrns qun afepgrtnb nb ub efenbtf jgjf mg ekseg sktugakñb jn trghgof y tknbnb mg ekseg agtndfråg flkakgm, sn afbstgtg ubg lunrtn `ntnrfdnbnkjgj `ntnrfdnbnkjg j jn jksaursfs sfhrn nm trghgof (nm prfpkf y nm jn mfs ftrfs), mgs gatktujns afb rnspnatf g ëm, gså afef mgs lfregs jn afbtgr su pgsgjf  prflnskfbgm y gbtkakpgr gbtkakpgr su luturf. Mgs kjnbtkjgjns rnafbstrukjgs kbjuatkvgenbtn pfr sfakñmfdfs, afbstktuynb bf sñmf egbnrgs jn vkvkr nm trghgof y jgrmn snbtkjf, `kstñrkagenbtn jntnrekbgjf pfr mgs lfregs jn frdgbkzgakñb, skbf tgehkëb lfregs jn afbtgr y gbtkakpgr nm akamf jn vkjg mghfrgm y su trgynatfrkg trg ynatfrkg pnrsfbgm, pfr aknrtf afbjkakfbgjg sfakgmenbtn pfr su frkdnb sfakgm, su lfregakñb jn hgsn hgsn y tfjg mg trgynatfrkg jn su mkbgon, pnrf tge tgehkëb hkëb  pnrsfbgmenbtn afbstrukjg afbstrukjg nb y pfr mg nxpnrknba nxpnrknbakg kg bf sñmf jn trgh trghgof gof skbf gjneçs jn su vkjg prkvgjg, glnatkvg, jn sus arnnbakgs y prçatkags skehñmkags. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:8

G efjf jn afbamuskñb? trghgof sfhrn så y rnmgakñb afb nm ftrf  Nm trghgof skdun sknbjf nm prfansf anbtrgm pfr nm qun sn afbstruynb (g pgrtkr jn `nrnbakgs jn tfjf tkpf jn afbanpakfb afbanpakfbns, ns, jnlkbkakfbns) lfregs jn rnafbfakeknbtf jn så qun sn vgb afbvkrtknbjf nb jnsglåfs jn mg sfaknjgj jn mfs kbjkvkjufs qun nenrdnb jn mg jnstruaakñb jn mgs lfregs afeubktgrkgs y jn mfs efjfs jn kjnbtklkagakñb qun mf agrgatnrkzgb. Mgs nxkdnbakgs jn mg ”bunvg― efjnrbkjgj sfb kbsnpgrghmns jn mg m g eubjkgmkzgakñb

nafbñekag y jnm arnakeknbtf mg efvkmkjgj jn tfjf tkpf, qun trgbslfregb  prfdrnskvgenbtn mgs gbtkdugs jn lfregs jn frdgbkzgakñb nb ”sfaknjgj nb rnj―. 

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:1

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  QN B BN ZZ, ZZ , X .? Mg aumturg jnm bunvf agpktgmksef. Srnlgakf n kbtrfjuaakñb Nb mfs g÷fs 8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:>

HKHMKFDXGLKG? JN OF^ OF^XQ A@K XQZF XQZFS@N? Srkenrg pgrtn? gbçmksks aråtkaf jn mfs

 pr nsu  pr sup pun unst stf fs jn mg k bv bvnnst stkk dg dgakñ akñbb sf sfh hr n nm lg lgaatfr `ue `uegbf bf?? pr pr fhmn mne egs tnñ tn ñr k af afs. s.7. 7. N m afban afbanpt ptf f jn Z nabfmf abfmfddå g Afbanpakñb afeÿb jn mg tëabkag y bfakñb jn lgmmg `uegbg   Nm `fehrn qunjg rnjuakjf g ub fpnrgjfr, jfbjn sn jnog jn mgjf mf vkvkjf y sn gåsmg nm afepfrtgeknbtf9 sn suhfrjkbg nm afepfrtgeknbtf g mgs mnyns jn mg bgturgmnzg, mnyns lkskfmñdkags y mnyns pskafmñdkags auyfs lubjgenbtfs `gb skjf nstghmnakjfs pfr nm eëtfjf nxpnrkenbtgm9 mf qun bf nstç sfentkjf g mg rgakfbgmkjgj kbstruenbtgm, jnhn gpgrtgrsn rnsunmtgenbtn rnsunmtgenbtn jn mg bfakñb jn lgatfr `uegbf `uegbf,, tfjf mf qun nb mgs afbjuatg afbjuatgss `uegbgs sn gpgrtg jn mg rgakfbgmkjgj kbstruenbtgm sfb afbjuatgs krrgakfbgmns. Nb ëstg afbanpakñb sn afbskjnrg g mg tëabkag afef vkbaumgjg pfr jnrna`f prfpkf gm çehktf jn mgs aknbakgs jn mg bgturgmnzg. Afbanpakfbns pskafsfakfmñdkags y bfakñb jn rnaursf `uegbf  Ëstn nblfqun sn gmkenbtg jn mg pskafsfakfmfdåg, mg pskafmfdåg amåbkag y drgb pgrtn jn mg sfakfmfdåg, nm skstneg sfhrn nm qun sn lubjg nm gbçmksks nstç afbstktukjfs pfr mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn nm `fehrn y ftrfs `fehrns, nbtrn suontfs y mfs ftrfs9 mg rndumgakñb jn mg afbjuatg sn nbtknbjn afef rnsumtgjf jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn nm suontf y nm enjkf gehknbtn `uegbf, afbakhn g tfjgs mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nb nm kbtnrkfr jnm eubjf `uegbf. nm eubjf jnm trghgof sn rnjuan gm eubjf kbtnrsuhontkvf y sfakgm. Nm lgatfr `uegbf sn jntnrekbg nb ub oundf jn kbtnrgaakfbns kbkakgjgs g pgrtkr jn ub eubjf nxtnrkfr gm eksef trghgof. Nstn prnsupunstf suhontkvkstg kepmkag mg kbtnragehkghkmkjgj jn mfs afbtnxtfs y mg gjgptghkmkjgj `uegbg g tfjfs mfs gehknbtns. Mg gbtrfpfmfdåg jn mgs tëabkags y mg aråtkag jn mfs prnsupunstfs jn snbtkjf afeÿb Mg tëabkag ns ub gatf trgjkakfbgm t rgjkakfbgm nlkagz, nm gatf egtnrkgmkzg mg rnmgakñb nbtrn ndf y mf rngm, pfr mf trgjkakfbgm tr gjkakfbgm sn nbtknbjn g qun ub gatf bf punjn `fefmfdgrsn afef tëabkag eçs qun sk nstç sktugjf sk tugjf afb rnspnatf g mg tr trgjkakñb, gjkakñb, yg sng nb afbtkbukjgj f rupturg, g mg lgmtg jn nstn mgzf afb mg trgjkakñb, nm gatf bf ns kbtnmkdkhmn pgrg mfs ftrfs, bk  pgrg nm suontf gatugbtn. gatugbtn. Mg tëa tëabkag bkag ns nlkagz ppgrg grg trgbslfregr nm eubjf rngm. Mg tëabkag bf ns sñmf afrpfrgm y aumturgm, skbf tgehkëb rgakfbgm9 mg tëabkag ns g mg vnz gatf jn trgbslfregakñb jnm eubjf y gatf jn trgbslfregakñb jnm suontf, ns nvfmutkvg pfrqun tknbn qun vnr afb nm frjnb `uegbf qun ns nm ÿbkaf jftgjf jn afbaknbakg `kstfrkzgbtn. Mg tëabkag ns uhkaug y nstç nstç prnsnbtn hgof ubg lfreg u ftrg jn gatkvkjgj `uegbg9 mg tëab tëabkag kag  prfjuan mg aumturg, aumturg, sknbjf gm eksef tkne tknepf pf ub gatf aumturgm aumturgm sfentkjf g mgs rnstrkaakfbns rnstrkaakfbns jn mg `kstfrkg y jn mg sfaknjgj.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:<

HKHMKFDXGLKG? JN OF^ OF^XQ A@ K XQZ XQZF FS@N?  Srkenrg pgrtn? gbçmksks aråtkaf jn mfs

 pr nsu  pr sup pun unst stf fs jn mg k bv bvnnst stkk dg dgakñ akñbb sf sfh hr n nm lg lgaatfr `ue `uegbf bf?? pr pr fhmn mne egs tnñ tn ñr k af afs. s.8. 8. J n mg Znabfmfdå Znabfmfdåg g gm Af A fban banp ptf jn Zr gh ghg go f Mg tgrng ns gqunmmf qun sn jnsng fhtnbnr f mf qun sn jnhnråg `ganr9 mg gatkvkjgj ns, lrnbtn g mg tgrng, gqunmmf qun nm fpnrgjfr `gan rngmenbtn pgrg trgtgr jn gmagbzgr mfs fhontkvfs lkogjfs lkogjfs pfr mg tgrng. Xnspnatf jn mg tëabkag, nm trghgof sn agrgatnrkzg pfr nm egraf sfakgm jn fhmkdgakfbns y rnstrkaakfbns qun mf prnanjn. Mg nlkagakg ns ubg jkenbskñb anbtrgm afeÿb g mg tëabkag y gm trghgof, pnrf nm trghgof skneprn nstç sktugjf nb ub afbtnxtf nafbñekaf.  Mf rngm afef afbanptf (Gpfrtn jn mg nrdfbfeåg) Mf rngm ns mf qun nb nm eubjf sn `gan afbfanr pfr su rnskstnbakg gm jfekbkf tëabkaf y gm afbfakeknbtf aknbtålkaf, ns gqunmmf jfbjn lrgagsg mg tëabkag jnspuës jn qun tfjfs sus rnaursfs `gb skjf utkmkzgjfs afrrnatgenbtn y ns ubg kbvnstkdgakñb g prfsndukr nm trghgof jn kbvnstkdgakñb y jn jnsauhrkeknbtf, j nsauhrkeknbtf, sn afbvknrtn nb ub nbkdeg g jnsaklrgr. Mf rngm jnhn jkstkbdukrsn jn mg rngmkjgj y ëstn ÿmtkef ns nm agrçatnr jn mf qun bf afbstktuyn ÿbkagenbtn ub afbanptf, skbf ub nstgjf jn afsgs9 pnrf mf rngm r ngm bf tknbn rngmkjgj. Nm gpfrtn jnakskvf jn mg nrdfbfeåg g mg tnfråg jnm trghgof ns `ghnr `na`f gpgrnanr nm agrçatnr kbnvktghmn, kbnxfrghmn, kbgdftghmn jn mf rngm nb nm trghgof. Mf rngm nb nm trghgof ns ubg jkenbskñb nsnbakgm jn mg m g kbtnmkdkhkmkjgj jn mfs afepfrtgeknbtfs y jn mgs afbjuatgs `uegbgs nb sktugakñb afbarntg, mg lgmmg `uegbg lrnbtn g mg tgrng ns kbnvktghmn, yg qun mf rngm bubag sn jnog gprn`nbjnr eçs qun hgof mg lfreg lfre g jnm lrgagsf. Mf rngm jnm trghgof tr ghgof sfb mfs måektns jnm sghnr, jn mfs afbfakeknbtfs y jn mg afbanpakñb, afbanpakñb, afb mfs qun a`fagb gatfs tëabkafs y mgs gatkvkjgjns jn trghgof. @gakg ftrg jnlkbkakñb jnm trghgof Nm trghgof ns ubg gatkvkjgj affrjkbgjg jnspmndgjg pfr mfs `fehrns y mgs euonrns pgrg nblrnbtgr mf qun, nb ubg tgrng utkmktgrkg, bf punjn fhtnbnrsn enjkgbtn ubg nstrkatg nonauakñb jn mg frdgbkzgakñb prnsarkptg. Mg bfakñb jn ”gatkvkjgj suhontkvgbtn― (gpfrtn jn mg ntbfdrglåg

kbjustrkgm) Nm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj suhontkvgbtn afbstktuyn mg enjkgakñb afbanptugm qun lgmtgråg nb mfs prnsupunstfs lkskagmkstgs sfhrn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn nm `fehrn y nm  punstf jn trghgof9 trghgof9 ëstg enjkgakñ enjkgakñbb pnrektn kbtnragmgr, nbtrn mg fhontkvkjgj prfpkg jnm jnm eubjf jnm enjkf gehknbtn f jnm punstf jn jnmm trghgof y mg fhontkvkjgj jn mg nxprnskñb egtnrkgm jnm afepfrtgeknbtf, ub tknepf jn suhontkvgakñb - - mg gatkvkjgj suhontkvgbtnnb mg qun mg rnstrkaakñb fhontkvg y prfansf suhontkvf sn sfstknbnb eutugenbtn `gstg nb nm jntgmmn jn su jkbçekag kbtnrbg, pnrf skb tnrekbgr afb mg `ntnrfbfeåg `ntnrfbfeåg jn mgs jfs jkenbskfbns jnm afepfrtgeknbtf y jn su kbtnbakñb. Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg tnñrkaf, t nñrkaf, gsuekr mgs afbsnaunbakgs jnm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj nb mgs kbvnstkdgakfbns sfhrn nm lgatfr `uegbf, ns `ganrmn mudgr, jnbtrf jn mg tnfråg jnm trghgof, g mfs afbanptfs jn rnskstnbakg jn mf rngm y lrgagsf (fhontkvf) y mg afepnbsgakñb afepnbsga kñb pgrakgm jnm lrgagsf enjkgbtn prfansfs qun kepmkagb suhontkvkjgj.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:4

Mf rngm jnm trghgof y mg kbtnmkdnbakg gstutg (Gpfrtn jn mg pskafmfdåg `kstñrkag) Jnsjn mg gbtrfpfmfdåg gbtrfpfmfdåg y mg pskafmfdåg `kstñrkag tnfrkzgb sfhrn mg kbtnmkdnba kbtnmkdnbakg kg jn mg prçatkag9 sn trgtg jn ubg kbtnmkdnbakg kbvfmuargjg nb mgs gatkvkjgjns tëabkags, nspnakgmenbtn nb gatkvkjgjns jn lghrkagakñb. Nstg gatkvkjgj sn agrgatnrkzg pfr ubg snrkn jn rgsdfs?   Qn efvkmkzg lrnbtn g sktugakfbns kbëjktgs, mf keprnvkstf, lrnbtn g sktugakfbns agehkgbtns.   Qu eftfr ns mg gstuakg.   Qn eunstrg pgrtkaumgrenbtn nb mg gatkvkjgj jnm agzgjfr, nb nm grtn jnm bgvndgbtn f jnm eëjkaf.   Ns kbvnbtkvg y arngjfrg   Nstç grrgkdgjg nb nm afeprfeksf jnm aunrpf qun lubakfbg drgakgs g ubg sunrtn jn ekentksef afb mgs rnstrkaakfbns jn mg tgrng. t grng.   Zrgtg jn g`frrgr nslunrzf y prkvkmndkg mg `ghkmkjgj nb jntrkenbtf jnm jnspmkndun jn mg lunrzg. 











HKHMKFDXGLKG? JN OF^ OF^XQ A@ K XQZ XQZF FS@N?  Srkenrg pgrtn? gbçmksks aråtkaf jn mfs

 pr nsu  pr sup pun unst stf fs jn mg k bv bvnnst stkk dg dgakñ akñbb sf sfh hr n nm lg lgaatfr `ue `uegbf bf?? pr pr fhmn mne egs tnñrkafs.1. M g A fban banp pak akñ ñb jnm jnm `feh `fehr n ¶ E fjnmkmkzg zgak akñb ñb kbjk kbjkvk vkj jugm f efjnmkzgakñb afmnatkvg6 . G pfrtns jn jn mg Qfa fakk fmfdå mfdåg g jn jn mg Ë tktkag ag y jn jn mg Sskafjkbçekag jnm Zrghgof.

Mgs pgrgjfogs jn mg kbtnmkdnbakg prçatkag  Mg kbtnmkdnbakg jn mg prçatkag kepmkag mg kjng jn gstuakg y ëstg kbamuyn jfs gspnatfs? mg gstuakg rnspnatf jn mf rngm qun kbtrfjuan mg kbbfvgakñb y arngakñb y mg mg jksarnakñb f nm nspgakf prkvgtkvf f snarntf. Mg vkskhkmkjgj y nm prfhmneg jn mg afblkgbzg Mg vkskhkmkjgj ns mg afbjkakñb pgrg nm pgsf jnm nstgtus suhontkvf jn kbdnbkf g mg fhontkvgakñb jn sus `gmmgzdfs9 mg vkskhkmkjgj ns nm nsmghñb tnñrkaf kbnvktghmn jn tfjg afbanpakñb aknbtålkag jnm lgatfr `uegbf. Mg vkskhkmkjgj kbamuyn jfs bkvnmns? mg vkskhkmkjgj rnspnatf jn mfs ftrfs nb ubg rnmgakñb jn pgrkjgj pgrkjgj y vkskhkmkjgj rnspnatf jn mg  onrgrquåg. Mgs lfregs jn oukakf sfhrn nm trghgof   Gatugmenbtn, mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof jkstkbdun jfs tkpfs jn oukakf sfhrn nm trghgof?  Nm oukakf jn utkmkjgj ? jn utkmkjgj tëabkag, t ëabkag, sfakgm f nafbñekag jn mg gatkvkjgj skbdumgr jnm ndf. Qkb nvgmugakñb utkmktgrkstg, nm gatf tëabkaf bf punjn tnbnr qun vnr tgbtf afb nm tknepf mkhrn afef afb nm trghgof.  Nm oukakf jn mg hnmmnzg? nm prkenr gspnatf jn ëstn sn rnlknrn g mg afblfrekjgj jnm trghgof, jn mg prfjuaakñb, jn mg lghrkagakñb f jnm snrvkakf, afb mgs rndmgs jnm grtn9 mn afblknrn gm ndf mg pnrtnbnbakg gm afmnatkvf f g mg afeubkjgj jn pnrtnbnbakg. Nm sndubjf gspnatf ns afbtkbdnbtn y afbstktuyn ub oukakf gdrndgjf y afbskstn nb gprnakgr mg

jkstkbakñb, mg frkdkbgmkjgj y nm nstkmf jnm trghgof. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:0

Nm rnafbfakeknbtf Nstfs oukakfs sn rnlknrnb gm trghgof, g mg gatkvkjgj, gm `ganr y bf gm ndf. Nstgs afbskjnrgakfbns afbskjnrgakfb ns pnrektnb afeprnbjnr añef nm oukakf sfhrn nm trghgof punjn lubakfbgr, nb nm rndkstrf jn mg suhontkvkjgj afef rnafbfakeknbtf jn mfs ftrfs. Xnafbfakeknbtf jn mg agmkjgj jnm prfpkf trghgof, y jn mg afbtrkhuakñb g mg dnstkñb y nvfmuakñb jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof. Nm rnafbfakeknbtf rnafbfakeknbtf ns mg lfreg eçs nspnaålkag jn rntrkhuakñb efrgm ‑  skehñmkag  skehñmkag ftfrdgjg g ndf nb afbtrgpgrtkjg pfr su afbtrkhuakñb g mg

nlkagakg jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof. Grhktrgon y affpnrgakñb Augbjf mgs afbjkakfbns ëtkags n kbtnrsuhontkvgs jn mg vkskhkmkjgj nstçb rnubkjgs, nbtfbans ns pfskhmn ghfrjgr ubg ntgpg jnakskvg pgrg tfjg frdgbkzgakñb jn trghgof, mg qun  pnrektn rndumgr mg tnbskñb tnbskñb nbtrn kbjkvkjugmksef y affpnrgakñb. affpnrgakñb. Qn trgtg jn mmndg g grhktrgons auyf jnsglåf ns mg affrjkbgakñb jn mgs gatkvkjgjns n kbtnmkdnbakgs skbdumgrns nb mg affpnrgakñb jnm afmnatkvf jn trghgof9 mg sueg jn nstfs grhktrgons aumekbg nb ubg nvfmuakñb jn mgs rndmgs jn trghgof qun nstçb nb rnmgakñb jkgmëatkag afb mg frdgbkzgakñb fr dgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof prnsarkptf, g mg qun suhvknrtnb pgrg enofrgrmg. Nstg lubjgenbtgm jn mfs grhktrgons ns ubg gatkvkjgj bfregtkvg, enjkgbtn mg augm sn prfjuanb bfregs jn trghgof skb mgs qun mg affpnrgakñb bf ns pf pfskhmn skhmn y bkbdÿb afmnatkvf pu punjn njn nxkstkr. Lgatfr `uegbf y nspgakf jn jksauskñb Zrghgogr bf ns sñmf rngmkzgr gatfs tëabkafs, skbf tgehkëb `ganr lubakfbgr nm tnokjf sfakgm y mgs jkbçekags kbtnrsuhontkvgs kbjkspnbsghmns pgrg mg pskafjkbçekag jnm rnafbfakeknbtf auyf auyf agrçatnr bnansgrkf bnansgrkf pgrg mg efvkmkzgakñb suhontkvg jn mg  pnrsfbgmkjgj y mg kbtnmkdnbakg. Jnhnb tfegrsn nb afbskjnrgakñb trns jkenbskfbns? mg kbtnmkdkhkmkjgj, nm sulrkeknbtf y mg gutnbtkakjgj. Zrghgof y gaakñb Nm trghgof bf punjn agptgrsn ÿbkagenbtn afb mgs agtndfrågs amçskags jn mg mg  prfjuaakñb (pñknsks)9 (pñknsks)9 kepmkag pfr ubg pgrtn tgehkëb mgs agtndfrågs agtndfrågs tnñrkags jn mg gaakñb (prgxks), auyfs nsmghfbns kbtnrenjkfs (vkskhkmkjgj, afblkgbzg, oukakf, rnafbfakeknbtf, grhktrgon, jksauskñb, rgakfbgmkjgj afeubkagakfbgm) sfb mgs agrgatnråstkags fhsnrvgjgs nb mg ”tnfråg jn mg gaakñb―. 

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

:;

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? AMFZ ‑  DFMMGA?  DFMMGA? D fhnr bg bgrr g trtr gvë vëss jn mg Ssk Ssk af afmf mfddå g  Egmnstgr sfakgm, egmnstgr prkvgjf  Nm JQE ns ub egbugm qun gepmåg rndumgrenbtn mfs arktnrkfs jn mfs trgstfrbfs nb aunstkñb, pnrektknbjf mg nxtnbskñb pnregbnbtn jn mfs jkgdbñstkafs,  pmgbtngbjf kbjkagjfrns kbjkagjfrns qun nnxpgbjnb xpgbjnb mg jn jnlkbkakñb lkbkakñb jnm trgstfrbf ppskafmñdkaf, skafmñdkaf, ubg sktugakñb jn egmnstgr (tnbnr efenbtfs jfbjn bgjg bfs pmgan) sn trgbslfreg nb ub  prfhmneg jn sgmuj sgmuj enbtgm. Mgs vn vnbtgogs btgogs jn trgtgr afef ub trgstfrbf jnprnskvf g ubg trkstnzg bfregm qun rnspfbjn g ubg prunhg frjkbgrkg jn mg vkjg sn jnhn g mgs kbjustrkgs lgregaëutkags, g mgs qun trgbslfregb g nsg trkstnzg nb ub trgstfrbf jnprnskvf. Zfjf nmmf mmnvg g pnroujkagr mg nxpnrknbakg bgturgm jn mg trkstnzg nb mfs kbjkvkjufs bfregmns y nvktgr rndkstrgr tfjfs mfs nlnatfs afbstruatkvfs qun punjn tnbnr mg trkstnzg bfregm.

Enofrgr bunstrg gatktuj pgrg jkslrutgr mg vkjg punjn vfmvnrsn ubg aunstkñb jn sgmuj pÿhmkag y mg agmkjgj jn vkjg nb nm trghgof jnhnråg snr nm rnsumtgjf jn nsn prfdrgeg jn ”hknb ‑  nstgr― dnbnrgmkzgjf g afbjkakñb jn qun mg afepntnbakg pskafsfakgm nb aunstkñb sng gjqukrkjg pfr mfs trghgogjfrns. Mg gptktuj pgrg nm afblmkatf kb`nrnbtn g mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm bf lfreg pgrtn jn j n mg afepntnbakg. Mg neprnsg nbtrñ nb mg nsaua`g Mg prkenrg jn nstg lfreg l freg mg afbvknrtn nb ubg vnrjgjnrg kbkakgtkvg jn nsaua`g jnm sulrkeknbtf `uegbf nb nm trghgof mkdgjg mk dgjg g ub trgtgeknbtf afepgskvf jn mg aunstkñb sfakgm9 sn `ghmñ jn ubg pfmåtkag jn mg pknjgj fpunstg g mg pfmåtkag jn oustkakg. oustkakg . Mgs neprnsgs y mgs gjekbkstrgakfbns bf `gb jujgjf nb sfmkaktgr nm snrvkakf jn mfs nspnakgmkstg jn nsaua`g qun nm enragjf jn mfs rknsdfs pskafsfakgmns `g punstf g jkspfskakñb9 nstg ”nxtnrbgmkzgakñb― ”nxtnrbgmkzgakñb― jn mg nsaua`g sn afbstktuyñ nb ub vnrjgjnrf gbjgekgon jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, ub pfaf afef ub snrvkakf g mg pnrsfbg qun nstç gm snrvkakf jn mg neprnsg. Mg nxpnrknbakg jn Nmtfb Egyf, nbtrn 7;8: y 7;84, lun mg prkenrg nxpnrknbakg skdbklkagtkvg. Nm enragjf jn mfs ”rknsdfs pskafsfakgmns― `g nxpmftgjf hgof  nm kepgatf jn sukakjkfs mkdgjfs gm trghgof qun sn `gb jgjf nb drgbjns neprnsgs afef Xnbgumt y Zëmnafe, jnm jnhgtn pÿhmkaf skdukñ g nstfs `na`fs nb mfs enjkfs jn afeubkagakñb y jn

mgs kbkakgtkvgs pfmåtkags pgrgjn lfregr g mg neprnsg g prnvnbkr nstfs rknsdfs. Qfhrn nstn enragjf mg dnstkñb jn rknsdfs qun gdmfenrg nm nstrës, nm sulrkeknbtf nb nm trghgof, nm gsnjkf efrgm f mg vkfmnbakg nb nm trghgof, t rghgof, mgs tnrgpëutkags jnm rnafbfakeknbtf pskafmñdkaf pskafmñdkaf jn mgs våatkegs jnm trghgof `gb jfekbgjf jurgbtn mgrdf tknepf y afbtkbÿgb tnbknbjf nm vkstf hunbf jn mfs nepmngjfrns. Nm skbjkagmksef sn nblrnbtñ g mg nxpmfskñb jn jnegbjgs qun gpgrnaågb hgof mg lfreg jn qunogs kbjkvkjugmns,  husagbjf rnagmklkagrmg rnagmklkagrmg afef aun aunstkfbns stkfbns jn frd frdgbkzgakñb gbkzgakñb jnm trghg trghgof, of, pnrf afb lrnaunbakg lrnaunbakg skb pfjnr nvktgr gskekmgr gaakñb afmnatkvg y gaakñb jn oustkakg9 skb pfjnr nvktgr tgepfaf neprnbjnr nm agekbf jnm sfstëb pskafmñdkaf afbskjnrgjf ”rnpgrgjfr―. Nb nstn egraf

afbtrfvnrtkjf, mg nsaua`g pskafmñdkag afrrn nm rknsdf jn vfmvnrsn afbtrg mg pskafmfdåg. ¶Wuë aknbakg jn mg lnmkakjgj6 Mg prnfaupgakñb pfr mg gutfjnlnbsg jn mf åbtkef afbtrg mgs rnstrkaakfbns jn mg frdgbkzgakñb sfakgm punjn jnsnehfagr, jnsnehfagr, gbtn mg kbskstnbakg jn mmff rngm y hgof nm nlnatf jn ub rntfrbf sfspna`fsf, nb su afbtrgrkf, bf sñmf jntnbnr mgs jnlkaknbakgs skbf prfdrgegr su nlkagakg9 nm afbanptf jn vumbnrghkmkjgj kbaktg g ekrgr nm vgsf enjkf vgaåf y mg Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>3

rnskmknbakg kbvktg g ekrgr mg ektgj mmnbg. Zfjg mg pskafmfdåg pfsktkvg jnm hknb ‑  

nstgr nb nm trghgof tr ghgof nbaunbtrg gquå sus rgåans y pfbn nb nvkjnbakg ubg prfdrgegakñb jn lfrtgmnakeknbtf nefakfbgm. nefakfbgm. Ns ub afbtrgefvkeknbtf euy gatkvf nb rngaakñb g mg  pskafpgtfmfdkzgakñb  pskafpgtfmfdkzg akñb jn mg vkjg ppsåqukag såqukag qun `g egragjf mg kblmunbakg jnm pskafgbçmksks9 pskafgbçmksks9 nstg afbtrgrrnlfreg pfsktkvg nstç nb mgs prnafbkzgakfbns jn mg FEQ. Mg dnstkñb jn mg afepgskñb g trgvës jn mg nsaua`g, afb nm rntfrbf jn ubg frtfpnjkg afepfrtgenbtgm qun rnaunrjg gm hn`gvkfrksef. Mgnb pskafmfdåg  hknbnstgr nm trghgof.pfsktkvg kbkakgjg pfr Qnmkdegb husag nxkstkr afef pskafmfdåg jnm nm Mg kbtnmkdnbakg y mg afepntnbakg nefakfbgmns nefakfbgmns sfb prfamkvns g nstruaturgr ub agepf sfakgm qun gepmåg nm jfekbkf jn mf pgtfmñdkaf, enragbtkmkzg mg sgmuj nefakfbgm,  pnrf tgehkëb nshfzg nshfzg ubg vn vnbtgog btgog sfakgm pf pftnbakgm tnbakgm pgrg gqunmmfs qun sn jftg jftgbb jn nmmg. Mg nxprnskñb sulrkeknbtf y su gafdkjg pfr ubg pgrtn y mg dnstkñb jn nstn sulrkeknbtf våg rnlfrzgeknbtf nefakfbgm pfr mg ftrg, ftr g, gehgs afbaknrbnb g mgs agpgs sfakgmns enbfs sfentkjgs jnm gsgmgrkgjf. Nm egm ‑  nstgr  nstgr nxprnsgjf jn mfs nepmngjfs jnm snatfr jn snrvkakfs f jn mgs m gs agpgs enjkgs suhfrjkbgjgs, pfbnb nb nlnatf nbegsagrgr ftrfs rknsdfs jn trghgof jn mgs agpgs eçs pfpumgrns. Qn husag `ganr vkskhmn gm sukakjkf, guenbtgr su aukjgjf, mg jntnaakñb jn  pfskhmns agsfs agsfs y prnvnbkr mgs rn rnagåjgs agåjgs afb nnmm lkb jn agehkgr nm trgh trghgof. gof. Nstg prftnaakñb prftnaakñb jn mfs eçs lrçdkmns bf rnafbjuan g mgs lrgdkmkjgjns jnm trghgof eksef, ”trghgof qun nepnfrg―. 

Mfs sukakjkfs nb nm trghgof bf sñmf sfb ub `na`f sfakgm, skbf prnaksgenbtn ub skdbf jn ubg aunstkñb sfakgm y pfmåtkag nb suspnbsf. Nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof sn nbaunbtrg jkrnatgenbtn nb nm afrgzñb jn mg rnspunstg g ub prfhmneg nb nm qun nm sukakjkf bf ns eçs qun ub såbtfeg. ¶^b prfhmneg jn afbaknbakg6 Nm afbanptf aftkjkgbf jn afbaknbakg prflnskfbgm pnrektn g eua`fs trghgogjfrns nvkjnbakgr su kepmkagbakg nb nm trghgof. Mg afbaknbakg prflnskfbgm ns ubg egbnrg jn `ghmgr g mg vnz jn mf qun `gy jn eçs suhontkvf, jn eçs åbtkef nb nm trghgof y jn ubg `kstfrkg sfakgm. Nm mnbdugon frjkbgrkf frjkbgrkf y mf qun jkan jn mg nxpnrkn nxpnrknbakg bakg afbarntg bfs uhkag uhkagbb nb aunstkfbns jklåakmns jn mg  pskafmfdåg? ”Mf kbjkvkjugm nb nm `fehrn bf bf ns mf afbtrgrkf jn mf sfakgm skbf su lfreg eçs nmnvgjg―.   Mg afbaknbakg bf punjn snr kbtnrprntgjg afef ubg sunrtn jn ”sñmf jn eå eksef―.  

Nm pubtf jn vkstg sfakfmñdkaf Nm kbtnrës jn mfs sfakñmfdfs ns pfr mgs entgefrlfsks gatugmns jnm trghgof9 nm ubkvnrsf jnm trghgof rnprnsnbtg rnprnsnbtg `fy ub jfekbkf nstrgtëdkaf nb nm qun sn gbujgb, jn egbnrg afbtrgjkatfrkg, tfjf ub afboubtf jn rnmgakfbns nbtrn nm kbjkvkjuf y mg sfaknjgj, nb mg qun nm kbjkvkjuf oundg ub pgpnm kepfrtgbtn. Jnhgtns nb mg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm trghgof Mg jkenbskñb psåqukag jn mg afbaknbakg prflnskfbgm lun nxpmfrgjf  pfr Jnofurs9 nm sukakjkf sn prfjuan pfr ubg jnsagmklkagakñb y ubg jnsdrgakg kbnspnrgjg qun vknbn g jnstrukr mgs kmuskfbns jn ub afeprfeksf jn aunrpf y gmeg, rnsumtg jn ubg nxpnrknbakg gtrfz jnm skmnbakf jn mfs ftrfs, jnm ghgbjfbf jn mfs ftrfs, jnm rna`gzf g tnstkefbkgr jn mfs ftrfs, jn mg afhgrjåg jn mfs ftrfs.  Bf `gy sukakjkf nb nm trghgof skb ”lgmmg― pnrsfbgm y nstg vumbnrghkmkjgj pnrsfbgm

nxpmkag tgehkëb mg lunrzg jn mg kepmkagakñb `uegbg nb nm trghgof. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>7

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?   L GM_ÑB, GM_ÑB, S.? S.? E  Eg gbug bugmm jn N rd rdf fbf bfe eå g. Ag Agp på tumf 7? Bgt Bgturg urgmn mnzzg, fhon onttk vfs y afbfakeknbtfs jn nrdfbfeåg. N mne mnennbtf btfss jn ub gbç gbçmkmksk skss afdbktk afdbk tkvf vf jn mg pr pr çatk atkag ag Jnlkbkakfbns jn Nrdfbfeåg  Mg nrdfbfeåg ns ubg prçatkag jn trgbslfregakñb (gjgptgakñb, jksn÷f) jn sktugakfbns y jkspfsktkvfs9 mg nrdfbfeåg tknbn ubg lkbgmkjgj prçatkag. Mg nrdfbfeåg ns ubg jksakpmkbg aknbtålkag qun sn faupg jn mg afeprnbskñb lubjgenbtgm jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn mfs snrns `uegbfs y nm rnstf jn mfs afepfbnbtns jnm skstneg9 ns mg prflnskñb qun gpmkag prkbakpkfs tnñrkafs, jgtfs y eëtfjfs pgrg fptkekzgr nm hknbnstgr jn mgs pnrsfbgs y nm rnbjkeknbtf dmfhgm jnm skstneg. Mfs nrdñbfefs afbtrkhuynb g mg pmgbklkagakñb, afbanpakñb y nvgmugakñb jn mgs tgrngs, trghgofs, prfjuatfs, frdgbkzgakfbns, nbtfrbfs y skstnegs, pgrg `ganrmfs afepgtkhmns afb mgs bnanskjgjns, agpgakjgjns y mkektgakfbns jn mgs pnrsfbgs. Çehktf jn nspnakgmkzgakñb     Mg nrdfbfeåg låskag? sn faupg jn mgs agrgatnråstkags gbgtñekags, gbtrfpfeëtrkags, lkskfmñdkags y hkfenaçbkags jnm snr `uegbf nb su rnmgakñb afb mg gatkvkjgj låskag nb tnegs afef mgs pfsturgs nb nm trghgof, mg egbkpumgakñb jn fhontfs, mfs efvkeknbtfs rnpntktkvfs, mfs trgstfrbfs eÿsaumfs nsqunmëtkafs, mgs jkspfskakfbns jn mfs  punstfs jn trghgof, trghgof, mg sgmuj y mg sndurkjgj.  Mg nrdfbfeåg afdbktkvg? gtknbjn g mfs prfansfs enbtgmns afef mg pnranpakñb,   mfs rgzfbgeknbtfs y mgs rnspunstgs eftrkans, nb mf qun glnatg g mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn mgs  pnrsfbgs y nm rnstf jn afepfbn afepfbnbtns btns jn ub skstneg skstneg nb gspn gspnatfs atfs afef mg agrdg agrdg enbtgm, mg tfeg jn jnakskfbns, nm afepfrtgeknbtf nxpnrtf, mg kbtnrgaakñb `fehrn eçqukbg, mg lkghkmkjgj `uegbg, nm nstrës prflnskfbgm y mg lfregakñb rnmgtkvg g mg afbanpakñb pnrsfbg  ‑  skstneg.  skstneg.    Mg nrdfbfeåg frdgbkzgtkvg? sn jnjkag g mg fptkekzgakñb jn mfs skstnegs sfakftëabkafs,, mf qun kbamuyn nstruaturgs frdgbkzgtkvgs, rndmgs y prfansfs nb aunstkñb sfakftëabkafs afef mg afeubkagakñb, mg dnstkñb jn mfs rnaursfs afmnatkvfs, mg afbanpakñb jn trghgof, nm jksn÷f jn mfs `frgrkfs jn trghgof, mg nrdfbfeåg afeubktgrkg, nm trghgof affpnrgtkvf, mgs bunvgs lfregs jn trghgof, mg aumturg jn mg frdgbkzgakñb, mgs frdgbkzgakfbns vkrtugmns, nm tnmntrghgof y mg dnstkñb pgrg mg m g agmkjgj. Mfs afbfakeknbtfs nb nrdfbfeåg  

 Mfs afbfakeknbtfs sfhrn nm snr `uegbf, afbfakeknbtf afbfakeknbtf sfhrn mg gaakñb?  pgrg mg

augm, mg nrdfbfeåg tknbn trns gprfxkegakfbns? gprfxkegakfbns? 7) Nstujkfs nxpnrkenbtgmns, 8) Gbçmksks jnm trghgof afef gatkvkjgj y 1) Gutfgbçmksks rnlmnxkvf.  Mfs tkpfs jn afbfakeknbtfs nb nrdfbfeåg? nrdfbfeåg? 7) Afbfakeknbtfs dnbnrgmns sfhrn nm   snr `uegbf nb gaakñb (lkskfmfdåg, pskafmfdåg y mg sfakfmfdåg), 8) Afbfakeknbtfs entfjfmñdkafs (eëtfjfs dnbnrgmns jn kbtnrvnbakñb, gbçmksks, dnstkñb jn prfynatfs, tëabkags jn nbtrnvkstg y jn fhsnrvgakñb), 1) Afbfakeknbtfs nspnaålkafs, rnmgtkvfs g mg sktugakñb nstujkgjg y :) Mfs afbfakeknbtfs agusgmns, fhtnbkjfs g pgrtkr jn mg m g nxpnrknbakg jn sktugakfbns vkvkjgs. vkvkjgs. Mg afbtrkhuakñb jnm nrdñbfef nrdñbfef gpubtg nb mg jkrnaakñb jn jnmm  prfansf jn afbanpakñb, afbanpakñb, qun `gakg mg ggatkvkjgj atkvkjgj luturg9 y ppunjn unjn tfegr jfs ppfskakfbns fskakfbns  pfskhmns? sn kepmkag afef nspnakgmkstg nb ubg kbtnrvnbakñb f ub prfynatf jn afbanpakñb, dnbnrg rnafenbjgakfbns rnafenbjgakfbns rnmgtkvgs g mgs sktugakfbns jn tr trghgof ghgof f jkspfsktkvfs tëabkafs y frdgbkzgtkvfs y mg sndubjg fpakñb supfbn kbvfmuargrsn nb mg dnstkñb jn  prfynatfs, utkmkzgbjf utkmkzgbjf afbfakeknbtfs rnmgtkvfs g mgs gatkvkjgjns jn jksn÷f. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>8

Mfs fhontkvfs jn mg nrdfbfeåg Mg nspnaklkakjgj jn mg nrdfbfeåg sn nbaunbtrg nb mg tnbskñb nbtrn jfs fhontkvfs? ubf anbtrgjf nb mgs frdgbkzgakfbns y su lubakfbgeknbtf (prfjuatkvkjgj, nlkagakg, lkghkmkjgj, agmkjgj) y nm ftrf anbtrgjf nb mgs pnrsfbgs (sndurkjgj, sgmuj, afblfrt, sgtkslgaakñb, kbtnrës jnm trghgof. Nstfs fhontkvfs bf afbvkvnb nb pnrlnatg grefbåg skneprn. Zgrng y gatkvkjgj   Mg tgrng? afrrnspfbjn g mf prnsarkptf pfr mg frdgbkzgakñb fr dgbkzgakñb,, ns mg gatkvkjgj qun sn `gan, mf qun nm suontf pfbn nb gaakñb pgrg nlnatugr mg tgrng. Mg tgrng kbamuyn mfs fhontkvfs y mfs prfanjkeknbtfs.    Mg gatkvkjgj?  ns mf qun sn `gan, ns mf qun nm suontf pfbn nb oundf pgrg nlnatugr mg tgrng. Mg gatkvkjgj bf sn rnjuan g mfs afepfrtgeknbtfs, g mf vkskhmn, tgehkëb kbamuyn mf bf fhsnrvghmn afef mf ns mg gatkvkjgj kbtnmnatugm f enbtgm.    Mg tgrng, jkstkbakfbns afepmnenbtgrkgs?  nbtrn mg tgrng nsarktg (flkakgmenbtn prnsarkptg) y mg tgrng nspnrgjg (qun sn jnjuan jn mg fhsnrvgakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj f jnamgrgakfbns jn mfs fpnrgjfrns). Mg jkstkbakñb nbtrn tgrng nlnatkvg pgrg nm nrdñbfef (jnjuakhmn jnm gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj), jn mg tgrng nlnatkvg pgrg nm fpnrgjfr (qun punjn jnsarkhkrsn g trgvës jn jklnrnbtns eëtfjfs). Mg tgrng afeprnbjkjg (sn rnlknrn g mf qun nm fpnrgjfr pknbsg qun sn sfmkaktñ pgrg rngmkzgrmg) y mg tgrng gjgptgjg (ns mg tgrng jnlkbkjg pfr nm fpnrgjfr g pgrtkr jn mg tgrng afeprnbjkjg).    Mg rndumgakñb?  ns ub enagbksef jn afbtrfm qun afepgrg mg sgmkjg jn ub prfansf lrnbtn g ub rnsumtgjf jnsngjf y rndumg nm prfansf nb lubakñb jn mg m g afbstgtgakñb jn mgs jklnrnbakgs. Zfjg tgrng jn rndumgakñb supfbn mg nxkstnbakg jn ub skstneg jkbçekaf afepunstf pfr trns ntgpgs? mg kjnbtklkagakñb jn ubg jklnrnbakg nbtrn nm nstgjf jgjf g ub nstgjf jnsngjf, ub jkgdbñstkaf y ubg gaakñb. Mg rndumgakñb punjn snr jn jfs tkpfs? nb huamn afrtf? nb nstg rndumgakñb gpgrnanb skdbfs prnafsns qun pnrektnb prnjnakr mg nvfmuakñb jnm skstneg y nm huamn mgrdf sn jg nb nm agsf nb qun mgs kblfregakfbns sngb tfegjgs nb mg sgmkjg jn mfs prfansfs y sn rnlknrn g gaakfbns jn afrrnaakñb afb ub nlnatf jnspuës jn ub pmgzf. Qn punjn rndumgr nm skstneg tëabkaf f sn punjn rndumgr mg gatkvkjgj `uegbg. Mgs lubakfbns jn mg rnd rndumgakñb umgakñb vg gatugr sfhrn mg ga gatkvkjgj tkvkjgj y mg gaakñb nrdfbñekag nstç frknbtgjg g nmkekbgr f jksekbukr mfs nlnatfs bf jnsngjfs. Mg bgturgmnzg jn mg gatkvkjgj jnm nrdñbfef Mg gatkvkjgj jnm nrdñbfef sn punjn afbanhkr afef?   Gatkvkjgj jn jkgdbñstkaf n kbtnrvnbakñb9 sn nepmng nm efjnmf jn mgs gatkvkjgjns jn kbjuaakñb jn nstruaturg y jn trgbslfregakñb t rgbslfregakñb jn nstgjfs.    Srfansf jn rnsfmuakñb jn prfhmnegs egm jnlkbkjfs, nm efjnmf jn rnlnrnbakg g sndukr ns nm jn mgs m gs gatkvkjgjns jn afbanpakñb.    ^bg gatkvkjgj jn rnsfmuakñb afmghfrgtkvg jn prfhmnegs, nm efjnmf jn rnlnrnbakg rnl nrnbakg ns nm jn mgs gatkvkjgjns jn snrvkakf. 

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>1

HKHMKFDXGLKG? HN D^KB, SGQAGM? SGQAGM? G  Grr qun unf fmf mfdå dåg g jnm afbf bfake akekk nbt btf f. G  Gan anrag rag jn mg nvfmua muakñb kñb jnm afbanptf afbanp tf jn gatk gatkvk vkjg jgj j Nm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj nstç nenrdknbjf afb lunrzg nb mg nsanbg kbtnrbgakfbgm y nb buenrfsgs afeubkjgjns afeubkjgjns.. Nm trghgof `uegbf  Nm tërekbf nrdfbfeåg, jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg ntkefmñdkaf, skdbklkag mnyns jnm trghgof. Nm trghgof ns ubg gatkvkjgj bf bnutrg, afeprfentn y trgbslfreg g quknb mg auepmn9 augbjf sn `ghmg jn gatkvkjgj sn pfbn nm ganbtf nb mg pnrsfbg, nb su agmkjgj jn gatfr `uegbf9 mg gatkvkjgj ns skneprn skbdumgr y tknbn ubg lkbgmkjgj9 ns kepfrtgbtn nm ghfrjgon kbtråbsnaf, mg afeprnbskñb jn mg nstruaturg kbtnrbg mf qun pnrektn afeprnbjnr mg bgturgmnzg jn mfs prfhmnegs. Nb su gatkvkjgj, mfs trghgogjfrns jnhnb nlnatugr afeprfeksfs afb mg sgmuj y sus afepntnbakgs. Zrghgogr ns prfjuakr ubg rnspunstg frkdkbgm. Mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof  Nb mg nrdfbfeåg jn mnbdug lrgbansg, lrgbansg, jnskdbg gm trghgof afef ubg ggatkvkjgj atkvkjgj jn trghgof. Enynrsfb kbskstn nb su agrçatnr skstneçtkaf jn mg afbjuatg `uegbg9 mfs gatfs jn mfs `fehrns sn frdgbkzgb nb lubakñb jn ub fhontkvf, jn mgs bfregs sfakgmns. Nstf kehrkag g mgs afbjuatgs `uegbgs nb skstnegs skehñmkafs aumturgmns (mnbdugon, rnmkdkñb,  onrgrquågs sfakgmns). sfakgmns). Mgs afbjua afbjuatgs tgs `uegbgs nnstçb stçb frknbtgjgs ppfr fr nm trghgof, qun ns ns  prfjuatfr jn fhontfs, fhontfs, nm `fehrn nnss lghrkagbtn y arng arngjfr jfr y nstç kbenrsf kbenrsf nb sus fhrg, mnbdugs, rnmkdkfbns. Nm `fehrn nstç frknbtgjf `gakg nm luturf. l uturf. Hrubnr, nm pgjrn jn mg rnvfmuakñb afdbktkvg, sfstknbn qun mg nrdfbfeåg jn mg gatkvkjgj afbstktuyn bunstrf luturf, eçs qun bunstrf pgsgjf9 nm trghgof g rngmkzgr nstç  pfr jnmgbtn jn bfsftrfs y bf pf pfrr jntrçs.

¶@g jka`f ustnj ”afbanptf―6 

Nm tërekbf gatkvkjgj ns ubg bfakñb hgstgbtn gepmkg n keprnaksg, sulkaknbtnenbtn vgdg. Drgb pgrtn jn mfs nrdñbfefs n rdñbfefs lrgbansns ganrag jn mg gatkvkjgj mg gsfakgb afb ubg gaakñb sktugjg. Mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof kepmkag nstujkgr gm trghgogjfr y mg tgrng. Afbamuskñb Nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj sn rnafbfanb trns tnbjnbakgs `kstñrkags, auyfs frådnbns sfb `ntnrfdëbnfs `ntnrfdëbnfs?? 7)  Mg prkenrg tnbjnbakg, sktugjg g bkvnm kbtnrbgakfbgm y qun sn `g nblfagjf g trgvës jn Hrfbaigrt y Hrubnr, rnskjn nb ub jnsvgbnakeknbtf jnsvgbnakeknbtf jn mfs nblfquns pfsktkvkstgs.  8)  Gatugmenbtn sn jnskdbg nb mg nsanbg kbtnrbgakfbgm hgof nm tåtumf t åtumf jn tnfrågs jn mg gatkvkjgj, ns ub agepf kbaknrtf y jn drgb jkvnrskjgj, jfbjn sn pmgbtng mg gatkvkjgj afef lubakñb.  1)  Mfs nrdñbfefs jn mg mnbdug lrgbansg, jfbjn sn pgsg jn gbgmkstg jnm trghgof g jksn÷gjfrns. jksn÷gjfrn s. Mg nrdfbfeåg jnhn nbafbtrgr `fy rnspunstgs g mgs prndubtgs qun `gstg gynr sn pmgbtnghgb mfs kbdnbknrfs. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>:

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? HND^KB  ‑  AMFZ?  AMFZ? Mg gaakñb sktugjg nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg gatkvkjgj ¶Jñbjn sktugr mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mg gaakñb6 Nm fhontkvf jn mgs afrrknbtns jn mg afdbkakñb y jn mg gaakñb sktugjg afbskstn nb  prfvnnr ubg tnfråg tnfråg jn mg frdgbkzga frdgbkzgakñb kñb jn mg gaakñb gaakñb y bf jn ag agrgatnrkzgr rgatnrkzgr ub tkpf pgrtkaumgr pgrtkaumgr jn gaakñb. Afbnkb y Ogafpkb grduenbtgb qun nb mgs afrrknbtns jn mg gaakñb sktugjg, mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mg gaakñb ns nbtnbjkjg afef ub skstneg nenrdnbtn kb sktu jn mg jkbçekag jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns. Afb rnspnatf g mf nenrdnbtn, sn punjnb jkstkbdukr trns afrrknbtns?   Gprf  Gprfxk xke egakñb akñb K bt btnnr gaa aakfb kfbkstg kstg??  prfvknbn jn mg sfakfmfdåg. Jnm pmgb g mg rngmkzgakñb jn mg gaakñb? nm pmgb ns ub rnaursf (augbjf ns prfjuakjf gbtns jn mg gaakñb) y oundg ub rfm nb mg frknbtgakñb jn mg gaakñb9 nb bkbdubf jn mfs agsfs, jg aunbtg jn mg gaakñb nlnatkvg, yg qun nstg nenrdn jn mgs akraubstgbakgs. Jn mg nlnatugakñb jn mg gaakñb g mg afbstruaakñb nb sktugakñb? sk bf sn punjn jgr aunbtg jn mg nlnatugakñb jn mg gaakñb g  pgrtkr jn sghnrns sghnrns prnnxkstnbtns (pmg (pmgbns bns jn mg pskaf pskafmfdåg mfdåg afdbktkvg af afeputgakfbgm eputgakfbgm f mgs bfregs sfakfmñdkags lubakfbgmkstgs)9 jfs jkenbskfbns jgrågb aunbtg jn mg Afbtnxtugmkzgakñb jn mg gaakñb pfr nm mnbdugon? mg kbjnxkaghkmkjgj (mg skdbklkagakñb jn ubg nxprnskñb gjquknrn snbtkjf nb mgs akraubstgbakgs, nm mnbdugon prnsnbtg ubg lunrtn jnpnbjnbakg jnpnbjnba kg afbtnxtugm qun mfs suontfs gprfvna`gb) y mg rnlmnxkvkjgj ( skdbklkag qun mn mnbdugon jnlkbn nm egraf jn gaakñb, nm mnbdugon bf nstç sfmgenbtn kbsarkptf nb mgs sktugakfbns, pnrf nb drgb pgrtn mf jntnrekbg, nm mnbdugon arng y gafepg÷g ubg afeprnbskñb afepgrtkjg jn mgs sktugakfbns skbdumgrns).   Gprf  Gprfxk xke egakñb akñb nafmñ afmñdk dkag ag??  nm pnbsgeknbtf prçatkaf. Nstç eçs jkrnatgenbtn jkr natgenbtn gbamgjg g mg pskafmfdåg. Drgb pgrtn jn mgs tgrngs nstçb rnmgakfbgjgs afb nm nbtfrbf9 sktugjg skdbklkag qun ubg ubg pgrtn jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mg ggaakñb aakñb ns gsuekjg pfr nm nbtfrbf. Nm gbamgon jn mg gaakñb? mgs rnprnsnbtgakfbns sn nbaunbtrgb jkspfbkhmns nb nm eubjf låsk f, nstg afrrknbtn sn gpfyg nb mg pskafmfdåg nafmñdkag jn Dkhsfb. Mg kjng anbtrgm ns qun pnrakhkefs nm vgmfr lubakfbgm jn mfs fhontfs, su skdbklkagakñb prçatkag prçatkag?? gqunmmf qun afbvknbn `ganr, mfs rknsdfs u fhstçaumfs y ns mg bfakñb jn ” gllfrjgban― mg

qun jg aunbtg jn mg pnranpakñb p nranpakñb y pfstumg enagbksefs nafbñekafs jn trgtgeknbtf jn mg kblfregakñb. Mg afbstruaakñb jn mg sktugakñb? jfekbgr nm nbtfrbf ns ubg egbnrg jn  prnpgrgrmf y jn nstruaturgrmf, nstruaturgrmf, augbtf augbtf eçs prnpgrgjf nstç nstç nm nbtfrbf, eçs lçakm snrç nm auepmkeknbtf jn mg tgrng.  

 Gprfxk  Gprf xke egakñb akñb aumt aumturg urgm?m?  qun rnlknrn g mg gbtrfpfmfdåg afdbktkvg. Grtnlgatfs y

aumturg? nb mg

gprfxkegakñb afdbktkvg ns gprn`nbjkjf afef ub skstneg lubakfbgm, afepunstf jn `fehrns y grtnlgatfs y sus rnmgakfbns9 mfs afepfbnbtn afepfbnbtnss jn ub skstneg jn nstgs agrgatnråstkags sn jnlkbnb pfr su agpgakjgj jn vn`kaumkzgr nstgjfs jn rnprnsnbtgakfbns9 nxkstnb agrgatnråstkags fhontkvgs jn mg sktugakñb qun bf nstçb aumturgm n `kstñrkagenbtn sktugjg (nonepmf? mg bgvndgakñ bgvndgakñbb nb nm egr)9 pnrf mg sktugakñb nstç jfhmnenbtn sktugjg? nb nm pmgbf jn mg nonauakñb jn mg gaakñb , jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jn mg jkstrkhuakñb g trgvës jn enjkfs kblfregakfbgmns y nb nm pmgbf jnm afbtrfm jn mg gaakñb, nb nm snbtkjf qun mfs lkbns kbjkvkjugmns jnpnbjnb jn mg grquktnaturg jnm drupf. Mf jgjf y mf arngjf? afbstktuynb ubg gmtnrbgtkvg g mg m g pskafmfdåg afdbktkvg afeputgakfbgm? afeputgakfbgm? kbskstnbakg nb nm gbçmksks nb sktugakfbns rngmns, mkektgakñb jnm rfm lubakfbgm jn mfs pmgbns9 sn tknbjn g rnnepmgzgr ubg pskafmfdåg jnm suontf pfr ubg

y jnsgrrfmmf? nm enjkf tknbn ub kepgatf  pskafmfdåg snaubjgrkfjn nbmgnmsktugakñb. jnsgrrfmmf Lubakfbgeknbtf jnm suontf npkstëekaf gmnogjf jn mfs m fs afbtnbkjfs nspnaålkafs jn mg gaakñb y sn jnsgrrfmmgrç sñmf. Quontf y sktugakñb, ub tneg jn `kstfrkg ? pgrg Tgmmfb, Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>>

 pskafmfdåg jnm jnm kbjkvkjuf y pskafmfd pskafmfdåg åg jn mg sktugakñb qunjgb qunjgb gtrgpg gtrgpgjgs jgs nb nm agrg g agrg jn mgs agtndfrågs suontf ‑  fhontf,  fhontf, ns sfmgenbtn mg gatkvkjgj mf qun gsnenog u fpfbn nstfs tërekbfs y ns sñmf gmmå qun sn rngmkzg nm våbaumf nbtrn mf jgjf y mf arngjf, lubakfbgeknbtf y jnsgrrfmmf. Nm jnsgrrfmmf, rnpntkakñb skb rnpntkakñb? mg rnpntkakñb ns tfegjg afef rutkbg y mg arngakñb ns ekrgjg afef ubg rupturg, qun tfeg mgs lfregs jkvnrsgs jn ”arngakfbksef―. Gatkvkjgj ”arngakfbksef―. Gatkvkjgj n kbtnrgatkvkjgj ? sk bf `gy gatkvkjgj skb prn  ‑  frdgbkzgakñb, tgepfaf `gy kbtnragehkfs skb skdbklkagakfbns afepgrtkjgs jn gbtnegbf9 mg gaakñb supfbnskbf afbaknbakg bf sfmgenbtn ubgmfs afeubkjgj jn ubf kbvkstn skdbklkagakfbns tgehkëbafepgrtkjg, jn mg jklnrnbakg jn snbtkjfsjnafb augmns agjg nsgs skdbklkagakfbns9 mg afbaknbakg jn nstg jklnrnbakg tgehkëb ns rnqunrkjg pgrg mg afeubkagakñb,, ëstg ns kkbamusf afeubkagakñb bamusf eftrkz.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

><

HKHMKFDXGLKG? L GM_ÑB, GM_ÑB, S.? S.? E  Eg gbug bugmm jn N rd rdf fbf bfe eå g  snbtk btkjf jf jn tr trg ghgo f  AMFZ,, [\NQ? A gpå tumf 70? Z r ghgo f y sn AMFZ Sskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof Sgrg Jnofurs, nm fhontf jn mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof bf ns nm trghgof, skbf mgs jkbçekags kbtrgsuhontkvgs n kbtnrsuhontkvgs9 yg qun mg suhontkvkjgj sn afbstruyn g prnakf jn ubg gatkvkjgj sfhrn mg ekseg, sfhrn mg nxpnrknbakg vkvkjg y sfhrn mgs jntnrekbgakfbns prfpkgs kbafbsaknbtns9 nxkstn ubg pskafmfdåg jnm trghgof afbvnbakfbgm afbvnbakfb gm nb nm qun nm trghgof gpgrnan afef gatkvkjgj fhontf, pnrf pgrg mg  pskafjkbçekag jnm jnm trghgof bf ns ubg pskafmfdåg jnm trghgof, skbf jn suontf. Gatugmenbtn, nm fhontf jn mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof nstç afbstktukjf pfr nsg nxpnrknbakg suhontkvg jn ganptgakñb y gmknbgakñb? nm sulrkeknbtf rnafbfakjf fpnrgbjf sfhrn ubg nvnbtugm nmghfrgakñb pskafmñdkag. ^bg pskafmfdåg sfakgm jnm trghgof   ^bg sndubjg aråtkag g mg rnjuaakñb jnm suontf g ub fpnrgjfr / fpnrgrkf ns mg qun gpgrnan nb nm nblfqun nb tërekbfs jn skstneg jn gatkvkjgjns. Nm snbtkjf jn trghgof bf nstç nb nm trghgof eksef, yg qun nm afepfrtgeknbtf ns ub gspnatf jn mg vkjg, nstç rndumgjf pfr mg skdbklkagakñb qun nm suontf mn ftfrdg nb ftrfs gspnatfs jn mg vkjg, yg qun nm trghgof rngm ns mmnvgjf mm nvgjf g aghf pfr gatfrns afeprfentkjfs nb jkvnrsfs eubjfs y nb jkvnrsfs tknepfs vkvkjfs skeumtçbngenbtn. Mg tgrng nlnatkvg ogeçs ns kjëbtkag g mg m g prnsarkptg y mfs nslunrzfs jn pnrsfbgmkzgakñb sfb ubg gbtkakpgakñb jn mgs trgbslfregakfbns sfakgmns pfskhmns. Mf qun trgbslfreg gm fpnrgjfr nb suontf nb nm trghgof, ns mg lgmtg jn afkbakjnbakg nbtrn tfjgs mgs gatkvkjgjns qun mn prn ‑  faupgb,  faupgb, mg augm sn kbtnrpfbn nbtrn nm suontf y su tgrng y mn ftfrdg ftfr dg pmgstkakjgj. Mg pskafmfdåg sfakgm y mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof afepgrtnb ubg ekrgjg pnrpmnog `gakg mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof t rghgof prfpkgenbtn jka`g y rna`gzgb mg rnjuaakñb jnm suontf pskafmñdkaf g enrf fpnrgjfr jn prfjuaakñb. Nrdfbfeåg y gatkvkjgj. Nm nblfqun nrdfbñekaf sktÿg mg gatkvkjgj nb rnmgakñb g mg tgrng jnm fpnrgjfr. Mg pskafmfdåg nrdfbñekag sf skneprn lun snbskhmn g mgs jkenbskfbns suhontkvgs. Mg gatkvkjgj sn mg jnlkbn g trgvës jn mgs fpnrgakfbns egbugmns n kbtnmnatugmns qun nm fpnrgjfr pfbn nb oundf rngmenbtn nb agjg efenbtf pgrg gmagbzgr sus fhontkvfs, bf sfmgenbtn mf prnsarkptf, afbtnepmgbjf mg nxkdnbakg jnm afbtnxtf, mg tgrng nlnatkvg g mg qun sn ganrag mg gatkvkjgj9 sn jnlkbn g trgvës jn mg kbtnbakñb gatugm jnm fpnrgjfr prftndkjg afbtrg ftrgs kbtnbakfbns kbt nbakfbns afepntktkvgs afepntktkvgs.. ^bg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj   Mg gatkvkjgj sn prnsnbtg afef ubg mua`g nbtrn vgrkgs gaakfbns pfskhmns, gubqun rkvgmns, afef ub afblmkatf rngm qun mg gatkvkjgj rngmkzgjg bubag rnsunmvn pfr afepmntf. Nm snbtkjf sndÿb \ydftsik y Mnfbtknv   \ydftsik ghfrjñ mg aunstkñb jnm snbtkjf jn mg gatkvkjgj nb ub snbtkjf amçskaf, afef zfbg jn jnsgrrfmmf prñxkef. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>4

Sgrg Mnfbtknv, mg jksarnpgbakg nbtrn gatkvkjgj y gaakñb lubakfbg afef ub rnsfrtn kbtnrbf jn mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof. Jn mgs faupgakfbns g mgs prn faupgakfbns  Nxkstn ubg rnmgakñb rnaåprfag nbtrn gatkvkjgj y tgrng Jn mgs prn ‑faupgakfbns g mgs faupgakfbns? ubg `kstfrkg   Mg gatkvkjgj kepmkag mg afbstruaakñb jn snbtkjfs9 augbjf nm trghgof pknrjn snbtkjf, sn trgbslfreg nb sulrkeknbtf. Qnbtkjf jnm trghgof? dëbnrf prflnskfbgm y gatkvkjgj jkrkdkjg Nm sulrkeknbtf sn mf jnlkbn pfr mg jksekbuakñb f jnstruaakñb jn mg agpgakjgj jn gatugr, jn pfjnr `ganr, mf augm ns pnrakhkjf afef ub gtgqun g mg prfpkg kbtndrkjgj. Nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm ns ubg jkspfbkhkmkjgj pskafmñdkag afmnatkvg, ns nm trghgof nb afboubtf jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, eknbtrgs qun nm nstkmf sn rnlknrn g mfs rntfquns y mgs nstkmkzgakfbns jnm dëbnrf, g qun agjg pnrsfbg jnhn rnaurrkr pgrg gatugr g su egbnrg afb rnspnatf g mfs jneçs, augbjf nblrnbtg mf kbnspnrgjf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>0

HKHMKFDXGLKG? M@^MMK NX , JF JFEK EK BK W^N? K btr btrf fjuaak uaakñb ñb g mg pskskaf afsfak sfakf fmfd mfdåå g jnm trg trghg hgoo f  Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof bf punjn snr ubg pskafsfakfmfdåg gpmkagjg gm çehktf jnm trghgof t rghgof nbtnbjkjf afef ub sndenbtf jn mg vkjg sfakgm9 kepmkag ubg rnnvgmugakñb jnm egraf tnñrkaf y entfjfmñdkaf jn mg pskafsfakfmfdåg, pskafsfakfmfdåg, hgof mg ñptkag jn mfs afbanptfs gatkvkjgj, gaakñb y prgxks. Kbtrfjuaakñb Mg afbstruaakñb jn mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof pgrtnb jn mfs jnhgtns nb tfrbf gm jn lkb jnm trghgof, arksks jnm trghgof y mg anbtrgmkjgj jnm trghgof. Qn nbtknbjn g trghgof afef ubg gaakñb jnm `fehrn sfhrn su gehknbtn, gaakfbns qun pfbnb pfbnb nb oundf sus rgzfb rgzfbns ns y `gstg sus pfskhkmkjgjns pfskhkmkjgjns jn nxkstkr. Nm trghgof bf punjn snr snpgrgjf jn mgs jneçs gatkvkjgjns `uegbgs, kbjkvkjugmns, afmnatkvgs f aåvkags. Mf qun jnsgrtkaumg gm trghgof jn nsgs gatkvkjgjns afbtrkhuyn g su jns`uegbkzgakñb.  Bgakjg nb mg jëagjg jn 7;13, mg pskafsfakfmfdåg flrnan ub afboubtf jn rnaursfs nsnbakgmns nbtrn nm agepf sfakgm, mgs afbjuatgs `uegbgs y mg vkjg psåqukag9 sus fhontfs prkvkmndkgjfs sfb mfs skstnegs enjkgjfrns nbtrn nm kbjkvkjuf y mg sfaknjgj? nm drupf, mg frdgbkzgakñb y mg kbstktuakñb. Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg bf bnansgrkgenbtn gtrkhuyn ub mudgr anbtrgm gm trghgof, g mgs

gatkvkjgjns jnm suontf sfhrn y nb nm eubjf. Xnaursfs pgrg mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof Nm ghfrjgon jn mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof sn hgsg nb rnaursfs tnñrkafs y entfjfmñdkafs afbstktukjfs pfr mg pskafsfakfmfdåg sfakgm amåbkag y pfr mgs aknbakgs jnm trghgof, nspnakgmenbtn, mg pskafmfdåg, mg pskafpgtfmfdåg, mg sfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof y mg nrdfbfeåg jn mg gatkvkjgj. Mg pskafmfdåg sfakgm amåbkag nstujkg gm kbjkvkjuf nb sktugakfbns sfakgmns rngmns sktugjgs lunrg jn ëm f qun mf kblmunbakgb, pnrf qun nm kbjkvkjuf ns agpgz jn afeprnbjnr n kblmunbakgr. Mg pskafmfdåg amåbkag nstç anbtrgjg nb nm gbçmksks jn mgs rnmgakfbns kbjkvkjuf / sfaknjgj, nb sktugakfbns nb mgs qun mgs jkenbskfbns psåqukags y sfakgmns nstçb kbtrkbagjgs, mn jg kepfrtgbakg g mg skbdumgrkjgj jn agjg suontf nb mgs rnmgakfbns r nmgakfbns afb nm

ftrf. Nbtrn mfs gutfrns nsnbakgmns pgrg nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg pskafsfakfmfdåg sn aktgb?   Egrx y su gbçmksks jnm trghgof `uegbf, jn mg prgxks afef trghgof vkvf. vgmfr mfr jnm trghgof nb mg nnafbfeåg afbfeåg jn mg mkhkjf.   Lrnuj afbskjnrg nm vg Mg gbtrfpfmfdåg y mfs gpfrtns jn Eguss, g pgrtkr jnm akamf jn jfb y afbtrgjfb9 nm   trghgof ns jgr y rnakhkr, afbanpakñb jkstkbtg jn mg rnmgakñb enragbtkm febkprnsnbtn nb nm trghgof.   Mg Nsaunmg jn A`kagdf, mfs trghgofs jn @ud`ns, Hnainr y Dfllegb9 jnm kbtnrgaakfbksef skehñmkaf sn tfeg g mg kbtnrgaakñb afef jnsgrrfmmf jn mg m g gaakñb afmnatkvg, afef mg egbnrg pfr mg qun mgs pnrsfbgs gatÿgb oubtgs afb nm kbtnbtf jn arngr ubg gatkvkjgj nb mg qun agjg ubf afbtrkhuyg.   Lrknjegbb, afef ubf jn mfs lubjgjfrns jn mg sfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof, pmgbtnñ mg 









nxkdnbakg mg pmurkjksakpmkbgrknjgj, afbstruyñy sfakfmñdkags9 ub nsquneg jnnxpmfrgbjf gbçmksks jnmmfstrghgof nb tfrbf g jn jkenbskfbns tëabkags, pskafmñdkags jg÷fs Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

>;

qun mg nspnakgmkzgakñb y sndenbtgakñb jn mgs tgrngs kepfbnb gm `fehrn, afbvkrtkëbjfmf nb nxtrg÷f g su trghgof y g så eksef.   Nb nm agepf jn mg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm trghgof, sn tfeg mfs gpfrtns jn Qkvgjfb Sgum qun trghgog afb ubg amåbkag jn trgstfrbfs tr gstfrbfs kbjkvkjugmns jnm suontf, afbskjnrgbjf g mg tgrng y sus agrgatnråstkags kbjkvkjugmns afef agpgakjgjns jn gjgptgakñb y mg  prfpunstg pfr pfr Muks Mn Dukmmgbt qun prkvkmndkg prkvkmndkg nm pnsf jn mgs afbjkakfbns afbarntgs jn nxkstnbakg y mgs kbakjnbakgs pskafpgtfmñdkags jn mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof.



^bg afbanpakñb jnm trghgof afef lubjgenbtf jn mg afbstruaakñb jnm suontf y jn mgs ubkjgjns sfakgmns Mgs gatkvkjgjns `uegbgs sfb gm eksef tknepf prfjuaakñb jn så y jnm eubjf, sfb gaakñb, ns jnakr, prçatkags sfakgmns jn afbstruaakñb y trgbslfregakñb jn ub eubjf nb afeÿb. Nm suontf bf nstç sfmgenbtn afeprfentkjf nb mg kbtnrsuhontkvkjgj, mkdgjfs g ftrfs pfr nm kegdkbgrkf y mf skehñmkaf9 tgehkëb t gehkëb sn mkdg g mfs ftrfs pfr enjkf jn mgs rnmgakfbns jn trgbslfregakñb jn mg rngmkjgj, ubg våg nsnbakgm jn afblrfbtgakñb afb mf rngm. Nm trghgof skneprn nstç frknbtgjf pfr mg afbjuatg jnm suontf y sus prfpkfs eftkvfs, pfr nm sndenbtf jn rngmkjgj g snr trgbslfregjg y pfr mgs gatkvkjgjns y nxpnatgtkvgs jn mfs ftrfs, sngb mfs prnsarkptfrns, afgutfrns f usugrkfs amknbtns jnm trghgof rngmkzgjf. Nm afbanptf jn trghgof `uegbf bf punjn snr jnsgrtkaumgjf jnm afbanptf jn ubkjgjns sfakgmns (mgs nxkdnbakgs jn mg gaakñb) y jn gqunmmf qun lubjg mg suhontkvgakñb. Nb mg rnmgakñb nbtrn trghgof tr ghgof y suhontkvkjgj, nm pskafgbçmksks tknbn ub mudgr kepfrtgbtn, lubjgenbtgmenbtn nb mf qun sn rnlknrn g mfs trns pubtfs jn vkstg entgpskafmñdkaf jn Lrnuj? tñpkaf, jkbçekaf y nafbñekaf. Mgs aunstkfbns nb oundf nb nm trghgof  

trghgogr supfbn nblrnbtgr prnskfbns y måektns kepunstfs pfr mfs fhstçaumfs jn mf rngm y pfr mgs nxkdnbakgs jn vkvkr y `ganr oubtfs. Zrghgogr ns gm eksef tknepf ub trghgof jn akvkmkzgakñb jn mf rngm pfr enjkf jnm jnsgrrfmmf jn mfs rnaursfs skehñmkafs y jn ub trghgof jn `uegbkzgakñb qun bfs snpgrg jn mfs gbkegmns, rnbubakgbjf g mg sgtkslgaakñb kbenjkgtg jn mgs pumskfbns g agehkf jn gmdf gm df jn sndurkjgj. Mg skehfmkzgakñb y mg arngtkvkjgj bfs kbtrfjuanb nb mg nxpnrknbakg aumturgm.    Nm trghgof afef kbstktuakñb? nm trghgof bf ns sñmf ubg gatkvkjgj, ns tgehkëb ubg kbstktuakñb9 ubg kbstktuakñb afb jfhmn lubakfbgmkjgj sfakgm y psåqukag. Mg kbstktuakñb kbstkt uakñb jnm trghgof ns ubg lfregakñb jn sfaknjgj y jn aumturg y ubg lfregakñb psåqukag, efvkmkzg kbvnstkjurgs, rnprnsnbtgakfbns rnprnsnbtgakfbns y vgmfrns qun dgrgbtkzgb mgs hgsns jn mg kjnbtklkagakñb jnm suontf suontf afb lkbgmkjgjns jnlkbkjgs pfr nmmgs nmmgs.. Mg kbstktuakñb ns mg rnmgakñb jkgmëatkag nbtrn mgs rndmgs kbstktukjgs n kbstktuynbtns. k bstktuynbtns.    @uegbkzgakñb

y suhontkvgakñb pfr mg nxpnrknbakg jn mfs måektns?

Nm snbtkjf jnm trghgof y nm trghgof jn aumturg Nm snbtkjf jnm trghgof bf sn prnsarkhn, bf sn jnarntg, bf sn jkatg. Ns skneprn af ‑  afbstrukjf  afbstrukjf nb ub jfhmn efvkeknbtf jn kbvnstkjurg jn mfs jnsnfs kbafbsaknbtns y mgs vgmkjgakfbns sfakgmns. Mg hÿsqunjg jn snbtkjf rnektn g mg aunstkñb jnm mudgr qun sn rnsnrvg r nsnrvg gm jnsnf, nb sus grtkaumgakfbns afb mg nbnrdåg pumskfbgm y afb mg suhmkegakñb afef nxprnskñb sfakgmkzgjg jn mg pumskñb. Nb mgs rndmgs r ndmgs jnm flkakf punjn Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

3, mfs lubjgjfrns jn mg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm trghgof sn nslfrzgrfb pfr afbstktukr ubg amåbkag jn mgs ”nblnrenjgjns enbtgmns jnm trghgof― y mfdrgrfb kjnbtklkagr afb ëxktf mgs ”kbakjnbakgs pskafpgtfmñdkags jn mg afbjkakñb jn nepmngjg jfeëstkag―. 

Zrghgogr skdbklkag nblrnbtgrsn aftkjkgbgenbtn g pnmkdrfs tgmns afef nm eknjf, nm ghurrkeknbtf, mg `uekmmgakñb, mg vnrdýnbzg, nm snbtkeknbtf jn kboustkakg, jn trgkakfbgr mgs  prfpkgs afbvkaakfbns, afbvkaakfbns, nta.9 pnrf `gy qun gj gjektkr ektkr qun mg egyfråg jn mfs trghgogjfrns bf sn vunmvnb mfafs. Qn nbtknbjn pfr  pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof gm gbçmksks jkbçekaf jn mfs  prfansfs psåqukafs psåqukafs efvkmkzgjfs pfr mg afblrfbtga afblrfbtgakñb kñb jnm suontf afb mg rngmkjgj jnm jnm trghgof, nm efjnmf jn `fehrn ns nm jn mg tnfråg pskafgbgmåtkag? nm suontf jnm qun sn trgtg ns nm jn ubg `kstfrkg skbdumgr, pfrtgjfr jn nspnrgbzgs y jnsnfs9 nm sulrkeknbtf prnnxkstn g su nbaunbtrf afb mg sktugakñb jn trghgof y vnatfrkzg jn gmdubg lfreg gm suontf `gakg nm eubjf, afb mg nspnrgbzg jn nbafbtrgr gmdÿb gmkvkf. Nm trghgof bf ns nm nepmnf, tgepfaf punjn rnjuakrsn gm trghgof tnñrkaf ‑ mf mf qun sn jnhn `ganr-, `ganr-, nm trghgof ns mg gatkvkjgj - mf qun sn `ga `gan-. n-. Mg kjnbtkjgj? ubg afbqukstg ogeçs gmagbzgjg  Mg kjnbtkjgj ns mg pgrtn jnm suontf qun bubag sn nstghkmkzg jnlkbktkvgenbtn y bnansktg jn ubg afblkregakñb rnktnrgjg agjg jåg y sk bf sn jg sn prfjuan ubg arksks jn kjnbtkjgj jurgbtn mg qun nm suontf yg bf mfdrg rnafbfanrsn r nafbfanrsn g så eksef. Mg kjnbtkjgj ns ubg afbqukstg qun sn agpktgmkzg nb nm frjnb jn mf skbdumgr, pnrf sn fpnrg nb ub frjnb jn mg kbtnrsuhontkvkjgj y trghgogr ns hnbnlkakgrsn h nbnlkakgrsn afb ub mudgr pgrg `ganr y `ganrsn afb mfs ftrfs, pnrf nm trghgof punjn fhstgaumkzgr mg afbstruaakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj y snr lunbtn jn sulrkeknbtf. Zrgepgs bnansgrkgs Mg afblkgbzg ns ub nmnenbtf kbjkspnbsghmn pgrg mg affpnrgakñb y bf sn  prnsarkhn, sn trgtg trgtg jn ubg aun aunstkñb stkñb jn afbqu afbqukstg9 kstg9 mgs rndmgs jn flkakf frdgbkzgb tfj tfjgs gs mgs rnmgakfbns jn mfs trghgogjfrns jn ub afmnatkvf, pnrf tgehkëb sus rnmgakfbns afb mfs suhfrjkbgjfs, mg dnrnbakg, mfs ftrfs afmnatkvfs jnm trghgof, nta. y nstgs rndmgs nstçb  hgsgjgs nb nb mg jnmkhnrgakñb aafmnatkvg, fmnatkvg, bf sn jnarntgb, sn jks jksautnb. autnb. ^bg bfregmkjgj sulrknbtn  Mgs nstrgtndkgs afmnatkvgs jn jnlnbsgs gpubtgb g bndgr mfs pnmkdrfs, ftrgs lunbtns jn sulrkeknbtf. Nm sulrkeknbtf bf ns ub fhontf afef ftrfs  Mg bfregmkjgj bf nstç nxnbtg jn sulrkeknbtf. Mg vkvnbakg jnm trghgof pfrqun afbtknbn sulrkeknbtf bf punjn snr ub fhontf jn kbvnstkdgakñb afef augmquknr ftrf9 sn afeprfentn nb ub trghgof jn nmuakjgakñb jn sulrkeknbtf, nm snbtkjf jn mf qun vkvkefs bf bfs ns jgjf, skbf qun sn afbstruyn `ghmgbjf. @ghmgr, nsaua`gr, afbmmnvg ub rknsdf psåqukaf. Afeprnbjnr ns trgbslfregr. Mg kbvnstkdgakñb pskafjkbçekag jn mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof rnquknrn jn ubg entfjfmfdåg9 sn `ghmg jn kbvnstkdgakñb y bf kbtnrvnbakñb. Qn `ghmg jn kbvnstkdgakñb  Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

3 ‑  7;8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

43

HKHMKFDXGLKG? X k nsd sdf fs Ssk S skaf afsfa sfakk gmn mnss nb nb nm nm trg tr ghgo f, BNL L G, O^MKF ANQGX? M fs Xk Q ndubj ubjg g Sgr Sgr tn tn?? ¶ Wuë sf sfbb mfs Xk X k nsdfs afbtr af btrkk huak uakñb ñb g su nstuj nstujkk f. Qn

 pskafsf  pskaf sfaak gmn mnss nb nm tr ghgof (X SQ SQZ) Z),, añef gbg bgmkz mkzg gr mf mfss y auç uçmn mnss sf sfbb mg mgss  pg  p gtfmf mfdå dåg gs qun pr fvfagb6. K K K . M fs lg lgaatfr ns jn X k nsdf sdfss Ssk Sskaafsf sfaak gmn mnss nb nm trghgof y sus pgtfmfdågs Kbtrfjuaakñb  Mfs afbanptfs afb mfs augmns sn lun gbgmkzgbjf mf qun gatugmenbtn sn jnbfekbg ”Xknsdfs Sskafsfakgmns nb nm trghgof ― (XSQZ) lunrfb nvfmuakfbgbjf jnsjn mg arksks jn mfs g÷fs 7;43. Nb 7;;3 lunrfb vnrklkagjfs y vgmkjgjfs nepårkagenbtn bunvfs efjnmfs? nm nblfqun jn Jnofurs jn mg pskafpgtfmfdåg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm tr trghgof ghgof prkenrf y pfstnrkfrenbtn jn mg  pskafjkbçekag jnm jnm trghgof, qun ppfbn fbn nm ganb ganbtf tf nb mgs nstrgtnd nstrgtndkgs kgs jnlnbskvgs, nnmm sulrkeknbtf y nm pmganr nb nm trghgof. Mfs rknsdfs pskafsfakgmns nb nm trghgof   Nm tërekbf pskafsfakgm sn nepmng `fy pgrg rnlnrkrsn g mg kbtnrgaakñb nbtrn vgrkfs lgatfrns qun prfvfagb pnrturhgakfbns nb mfs enagbksefs psåqukafs y enbtgmns9 mfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf pskafsfakgmns nb rnmgakñb afb mg m g afbjkakñb jn nepmnf, mg

frdgbkzgakñbjn jntrghgof, mg neprnsg y su nbtfrbf sfakgm, m gs rnmgakfbns mgs mghfrgmns afb afepg÷nrfs mgs suhfrjkbgjfs y mg onrgrquåg, afb mg sfakgmns neprnsg,yafb mfs amknbtns y afb pnrsfbgs gonbgs g mg neprnsg. Mfs pskqukgtrgs jnlkbnb mfs XSQZ g pgrtkr jn mg mkstg jn såbjrfens  pskqukçtrkafs nstghmnakjfs nstghmnakjfs nb mg aamgsklkagakñb mgsklkagakñb Kbtnrbgakf Kbtnrbgakfbgm bgm jn Nblnrenjg Nblnrenjgjns jns (AKE vnrskñb 73). Nb nm agsf jn mfs nrdñbfefs husagb afbfanr nm trghgof `uegbf pgrg trgbslfregr mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof afb nm fhontkvf jn gjgptgrmf gm snr `uegbf, rnjuakr mfs rknsdfs y guenbtgr mg sndurkjgj, prnsnrvgr mg sgmuj jn mfs trghgogjfrns t rghgogjfrns y enofrgr mg nlkagakg prfjuatkvg jn mgs neprnsgs. Jnsjn mg nrdfbfeåg jn mg gatkvkjgj sn  pfbn nb rnmknvn rnmknvn qun mg sgmuj y nm hunb lubakf lubakfbgeknbtf bgeknbtf jn mgs nep neprnsgs rnsgs sfb nm rnsumtgjf rnsumtgjf jn kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn mgs agrgatnråstkags jnm trghgof y su enjkf gehknbtn, pfr ub mgjf, y,  pfr ftrf, jn mgs pnrsfbgs pnrsfbgs qun mg trghgogb. Mg pskafmfdåg afdbktkvg y afepfrtgenbtgm nstujkg mgs afbsnaunbakgs qun tknbnb mfs XSQZ sfhrn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs y mgs neprnsgs y prfpfrakfbg rnafenbjgakfbns rnafenbjga kfbns pgrg qun mfs ttrghgogjfrns rghgogjfrns gprnbjgb g dnstkfbgr su nstrës, g sfpfrtgrmf y qun mgs neprnsgs `gdgb prnvnbakñb y trgtnb jn frdgbkzgr nm trghgof jn egbnrg qun jksekbuygb mgs tnbskfbns. Mg pskafjkbçekag jn trghgof pfbn nm ganbtf nb mg bnanskjgj jn qun mg agmkjgj jnm trghgof sng rnafbfakjg pfr mfs pgrns y mg onrgrquåg, qun mns prfpfrakfbnb gpfyf sfakgm y tëabkaf y qun gm afblrfbtgr nm trghgof prnsarkptf afb mg gatkvkjgj jnsauhrgb mgs nstrgtndkgs jnlnbskvgs jnm flkakf. Mfs nafbfekstgs husagb mgs agusgs jn mfs XSQZ nb mfs prfansfs jn trghgof, ns jnakr, nm jntnrekbgbtn jnm afbtnbkjf y mg m g frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof kb`nrnbtns g mg rgakfbgmkjgj nafbñekag vkdnbtn nb mgs neprnsgs y frdgbkzgakfbns. Mfs ourkstgs y nspnakgmkstgs nb jnrna`f jnm trghgof pfbnb nm ganbtf nb nm rnafbfakeknbtf jn jnrna`fs y mg sgbakñb jn bfregs jn prnvnbakñb y `gb afbtrkhukjf g jksn÷gr mg kbstktuakñb jn mfs AEQQyAZ sn÷gmg sn÷gmgbjf bjf qun afrrnspfbj afrrnspfbjnn gm nepmngjfr  prnsnrvgr mg vkjg y mg sgmuj jnm trghgogj trghgogjfr. fr. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

47

Jnsjn mfs gmhfrns jnm skdmf PP sn vg afbstruynbjf ubg vkskñb eçs afepmntg y  prflubjg jn mgs AyEGZ, kbtndrgj kbtndrgjgg afb nm gpfrtn jn pskañmfdfs, sfakñmfdfs, eëjkafs eëjkafs jn trghgof, gjekbkstrgjfrns, nafbfekstgs nafbfekstgs y nrdñbfefs9 nbtrn mfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf nb nm trghgof sn aktg mg vkfmnbakg nb nm trghgof y nm gafsf efrgm. ^bg jnlkbkakñb jn mfs rknsdfs pskafsfakgmns jnm trghgof sn rnlknrn g mfs rknsdfs sfhrn mg sgmuj enbtgm, låskag y sfakgm dnbnrgjfs pfr mgs afbjkakfbns jn nepmnf y mfs lgatfrns frdgbkzgakfbgmns y rnmgakfbgmns susanptkhmns jn kbtnrgatugr afb nm lubakfbgeknbtf psåqukaf y enbtgm, afb kepgatf sfhrn mg frdgbkzgakñb f neprnsg jfbjn nstfs sn jnsnepn÷gb. Mfs jntnrekbgbtns  nstruaturgmns? oudgrågb nm pgpnm pgpnm jn vgrkghmns kbjnpnbjknbtns, kbjnpnbjknbtns, snrågb? snrågb? mgs afbjkakfbns jn nepmnf, mg frdgbkzgakñb y nm afbtnbkjf jnm prfansf jn trghgof y mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns nb nm trghgof qun sfb susanptkhmns jn

   Jntnrekbgbtns

kbtnrgatugr sfhrn nm lubakfbgeknbtf psåqukaf y enbtgm jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb kepgatfs sfhrn mg sgmuj, psåqukag, enbtgm, sfakgm n kbamusf låskag jn mfs trghgogjfrns.    Jntnrekbgbtns kbjkvkjugmns? nm trghgogjfr sulrn augbjf lgmtg nm rnafbfakeknbtf f sk  pnrakhn ub jnsnqukmkhrkf nbtrn mg egdbktuj n kbtnbskjg kbtnbskjgjj jn mgs jnegbjgs jnegbjgs jnm punstf punstf jn trghgof y su drgjf jn gutfbfeåg f mgtktuj jnakskfbgm. agsf jn mg tfjgvåg bf sn `g pnrakhkjf mg utkmkjgjmgsfakgm qun tnbjråg Nb pgrgnmmfs lkbns jnGrdnbtkbg, mg prnvnbakñb ubg nbaunstg bgakfbgm (efjnrgr kepubtugmkjgj, nm gusnbtksef y mgs mkanbakgs prfmfbdgjgs gså afef mg m g rnjuaakñb jn mfs afstfs arnaknbtns sfhrn mfs skstnegs jn sgmuj y j sndurkjgj sfakgm f jn dnstkfbgr afblmkatfs. Afbanptfs y bfakfbns jn Xknsdfs Sskafsfakgmns nb nm trghgof Mfs kbvnstkdgjfrns jnm Kbstktutf Qkbjkagm jn Zrghgof, Gehknbtn y sgmuj s gmuj jn Nspg÷g (KQZGQ) jnbfekbgb lgatfrns pskafsfakgmns g gqunmmfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf  pgrg mg sgmuj qun qun sn frkdkbgb nnbb mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof y qqun un dnbnrgb rnspunstgs rnspunstgs jn tkpf lkskfmñdkags (rngaakfbns ( rngaakfbns bnurfnbjñarkbg bnurfnbjñarkbgs), s), nefakfbgm (snbtkeknbtfs jn gbsknjgj, jnprnskñb, gpgtåg, gmknbgakñb)9 afdbktkvf (rnstrkaakñb jn mg pnranpakñb, jn mg `ghkmkjgj  pgrg mg afbanbtrgakñb, afbanbtrgakñb, mg arng arngtkvkjgj tkvkjgj f mg tfeg jn jnakskfbns, jnakskfbns, nta nta.) .) y afbjuatugm (ghusf (ghusf jn gmaf`fm, tghgaf, jrfdgs, vkfmnbakg, tfeg jn rknsdf kbbnansgrkfs, nta.) qun sfb

afbfakjgs pfpumgrenbtn afef nstrëslrnaunbakg y qun punjnb snr prnaursfrns jn nblnrenjgj nb aknrtgs akraubstgbakgs jn kbtnbskjgj, y jurgakñb. Qus enagbksefs jn gaakñb tknbnb qun vnr afb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg gutfnstkeg y mg gutfnlkagakg, yg qun, sndÿb sng su frdgbkzgakñb, mg gatkvkjgj mghfrgm prfeunvn f jklkaumtg qun mgs pnrsfbgs nonrzgb sus `ghkmkjgjns, nxpnrkenbtnb su agpgakjgj agpgakjgj jn afbtrfm n kbtnrgaakfbnb afb mfs jneçs pgrg rngmkzgr hknb sus tgrngs, lgakmktgbjf f jklkaumtgbjf mg sgtkslgaakñb jn sus bnanskjgjns jn  hknbnstgr. Sgrg FKZ ‑  FEQ,  FEQ, mfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf pskafsfakgm nb nm trghgof ghgragb tfjgs mgs kbtnrgaakfbns nbtrn nm enjkf gehknbtn mghfrgm, mgs m gs agrgatnråstkags jn mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof, mgs rnmgakfbns nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns y mg frdgbkzgakñb, mgs agrgatnråstkags jnm trghgogjfr, su aumturg, sus bnanskjgjns y su sktugakñb pnrsfbgm lunrg jnm trghgof. Nm agrçatnr suhontkvf jn mfs XSQZ bf kepkjn qun sn mfs ekjg y sn mfs nvgmÿn pgrg gbgmkzgr su nvfmuakñb nb nm tknepf. Afb Jnofurs surdn mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof qun sn jnlkbn afef nm gbçmksks pskafjkbçekaf jn mfs prfansfs kbtnrsuhontkvfs efvkmkzgjfs pfr mgs skt sktugakfbns ugakfbns jn trghgof9 nstn nblfqun sudknrn qun mgs kbvnstkdgakfbns k bvnstkdgakfbns jnhnb jnhnb tfegr afef anbtrf jn drgvnjgj mfs afblmkatfs qun surdnb augbjf nm suontf, qun tknbn ubg `kstfrkg skbdumgr Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

48

 prnnxkstnbtn, nstç nstç afblrfbtgjf g uubg bg sktugakñb jn jn trghgof auygs agrgatnråstkags sfb lkogjgs kbjnpnbjknbtnenbtn kbjnpnbjknbtn enbtn jn su vfmubtgj. Nm sulrkeknbtf ns ub afbanptf amgvn jn mg  pskafjkbçekag jnm jnm trghgof, pnrf bbff sn mf gskekmg gm ns nstrës. trës. Mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof husag afeprnbjnr qun ns mf qun vkvn nm suontf nb rnmgakñb afb su trghgof y nm ganbtf nstç punstf sfhrn mg agpgakjgj jn jgr ub snbtkjf g mg sktugakñb, g jnlnbjnrsn jnm sulrkeknbtf y g nblrnbtgr mfs rknsdfs jn nblnrenjgj, efvkmkzgbjf sus rnaursfs kbjkvkjugmns, agpgakjgjns afdbktkvgs, glnatkvgs y rnmgakfbgmns,  pnrf tgehkëb afbtgbjf nb afbtgbjf afbnmmgnblfqun aaffpnrgakñb ffpnrgakñb y nnmm gpfyf tëabka tëabkaff y sfakgm afmnatkvf. Nm trghgof jn Jnofurs ns afeprnbjkjf afefqun ubggpfrtg gaakñbnm afmnatkvg nb auyf nbtrgegjf gpgrnan nm sulrkeknbtf y qun gm nxpnrkenbtgr gbsknjgj, mfs trghgogjfrns rnspfbjnb jnspmndgbjf enagbksefs jnlnbskvfs. Sgrg Jnofurs, nm sulrkeknbtf skdbklkag ubg jkenbskñb kbtråbsnagenbtn suhontkvg jn mg vkvnbakg psåqukag. Mgs rnmgakfbns nbtrn sulrkeknbtf y trghgof bubag sfb enaçbkags bk skdunb ubg snaunbakg mkbngm jn agusg nlnatf9 sn afbskjnrg qun nm sulrkeknbtf ns ub nenrdnbtn pnbfsf jn mg kbvnrskñb f kbvfmuargeknbtf nb nm trghgof y tknbn rnmgakñb afb mg `kstfrkg pnrsfbgm jn agjg suontf. Augbjf nm trghgof t rghgof prfjuan sulrkeknbtf, sn prfjuan nb nm aruan nbtrn akraubstgbakgs gatugmns y mg trgynatfrkg tr gynatfrkg vktgm jnm suontf. Mg afbskjnrgakñb jn mfs sulrkeknbtfs kbjkvkjugmns jn mfs trghgogjfrns t rghgogjfrns bf punjn jnogr jn mgjf mg nxkstnbakg jn sktugakfbns afmnatkvgs nb kdugm sktugakñb, afb mf augm mgs gaakfbns jn prnvnbakñb anbtrgjgs sfhrn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs kbjkvkjugmns sfb kbsulkaknbtns. @gy qun tfegr nb afbskjnrgakñb nm afmnatkvf jn trghgof qun sn `g kbstgurgjf k bstgurgjf nb mg frdgbkzgakñb f neprnsg jfbjn nmmfs sn jnsnepn÷gb. Nm trghgof ns ubg lunbtn pnregbnbtn jn tnbskfbns. Nbtrn nm afblmkatf nbtrn nm kbjkvkjuf y mg frdgbkzgakñb, tknbn ub tnranr gatfr qun ns nm drupf sfakgm y afmnatkvf nb nm qun sn kbsnrtg nm trghgogjfr, t rghgogjfr, qun bf ns `fefdëbnf `fefdëbnf y gjektn nm gbçmksks pfr agtndfrågs sfakfprflnskfbgmns f suhaumturgmns. Mg bndfakgakñb ns ubg `nrrgeknbtg pfskhmn y nlnatkvg pnrf `g nbafbtrgjf su pgrgjfog nb mfs sulrkeknbtfs rnafbfakjfs `fy afef vkfmnbakg mghfrgm, gafsf snxugm y `fstkdgeknbtf nb nm trghgof qun bf surdnb jn mg rgakfbgmkjgj nafbñekag bk jn mg mñdkag jnm pfjnr jnbtrf jn mgs frdgbkzgakfbns. Mg prnvnbakñb prkegrkg afbskstn nb afbtrfmgr f trgtgr jn rnjuakr pfr gbtkakpgjf mfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf, prfpfrakfbgbjf lfregakñb n kblfregakñb g mfs trghgogjfrns9 sk jka`fs jkspfsktkvfs bf sn kbstktuynrfb kbstktu ynrfb f lrgagsgrfb, kbtnrvknbn mg prnvnbakñb snaubjgrkg pgrg efjnrgr nm kepgatf jn jka`fs lgatfrns jn rknsdf y nbsn÷gr g mfs trghgogjfrns afef `ganr pgrg kjnbtklkagr y dnstkfbgr nm nstrës, f hknb kbstgurgr prfanjkeknbtfs pgrg trgtgr mg vkfmnbakg, nm gafsf, mg jksarkekbgakñb y gskstkr jn egbnrg afblkjnbakgm g mfs gsgmgrkgjfs våatkeg jn mfs eksefs. ^bg vnz afbstgtgjfs mfs jg÷fs oundgb jn bunvf ub pgpnm jntnrekbgbtn mgs gaakfbns jn lfregakñb n kblfregakñb jn mfs egbgdnrs y jn mfs m fs gsgmgrkgjfs ganrag jn mfs XSQZ y jn mgs lubakfbns jn mfs afektës ekxtfs y sfhrn tfjf gm rnpgrgr mfs jg÷fs yg faurrkjfs9 nb nstf ÿmtkef afbskstn mg prnvnbakñb tnrakgrkg. Gjneçs jn mg nvgmugakñb jn mfs lgatfrns qun prftndnb gm trghgogjfr, ns bnansgrkf tnbnr nb aunbtg mg jkenbskñb mfbdktujkbgm, ns jnakr, mg trgynatfrkg mghfrgm y nm tkpf jn npksfjkfs prnvkfs y gatugmns qun `gb kepgatgjf jn jkstkbtg egbnrg, sndÿb nm akamf vktgm nb nm qun nm trghgogjfr sn nbaunbtrg. Afef nonepmf jn agusgs jn sulrkeknbtf y sus kepgatfs sfhrn mg sgmuj jnm trghgogjfr y qun sn rnmgakfbgb afb mg frdgbkzgakñb y nm afbtnbkjf jnm trghgof y afb mg efjgmkjgj qun gjfptg mg rnmgakñb sgmgrkgm, sn aktgb? 

  jnm Mg kbtnbsklkagakñb jn mg agrdg låskag, psåqukag enbtgm jnm trghgof afefqun rnsumtgjf usf jn bunvgs tnabfmfdågs y bunvgs lfregsy jn frdgbkzgr nm trghgof mf `gan

eçs kbtnbsf y nxkdnbtn. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

41

   Bunvgs

lfregss jn dnstkñb jn mg lunrzg jn trghg lfreg trghgof, of, jfbjn sn hhusag usag `ganr nafbfeåg nafbfeåg jn tknepfs, kbtnbsklkagr nm trghgof y nstghmnanr mg afepntnbakg nbtrn trghgogjfrns.   Mfs `frgrkfs prfmfbdgjfs y mg kbstgurgakñb jn ofrbgjgs gtåpkags, g- sfakgmns (pfrqun  pnrturhgb nm rktef lgekmkgr) lgekmkgr) f keprnvkskhmns pfrqun pfrqun jnegbjgb mg ganptgakñb jn mg jkspfbkhkmkjgj jnm trghgogjfr.   Mgs genbgzgs jnm jnsnepmnf, nm tnefr g mfs jnspkjfs, g mg prnagrkzgakñb jnm nepmnf gså afef mg suhafbtrgtgakñb, mg tnranrkzgakñb y ftrgs lfregs jn nxtnrkfrkzgakñb jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof. Mgs pnrsfbgs jnsnepmngjgs sfb eçs vumbnrghmns, tknbnb egyfrns tgsgs jn efrtgmkjgj y lrnaunbakg jn kbdrnsfs g mfs snrvkakfs `fspktgmgrkfs, `kpnrtnbskñb, gjkaakfbns (gmaf`fmksef, tghgquksef, gutfenjkagakñb jn lçregafs), jnprnskñb, gbsknjgj n kbtnbtfs jn sukakjkf. Zrghgogr nb afbjkakfbns jn prnagrknjgj supfbn egyfr rknsdf pgrg mg sgmuj qun `ganrmf nb afbjkakfbns jn sndurkjgj y nstghkmkjgj nb nm nepmnf. Zfjf nstf rnlmnog nm nlnatf bndgtkvf jn mg kbsndurkjgj nb nm nepmnf sfhrn mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof y nb mfs XSQZ. Mfs prkbakpgmns lgatfrns jn rknsdf pskafsfakgmns nb nm trghgof 7)   Mg kbtnbskjgj jnm trghgof y nm tknepf jn trghgof 

Mgs prkbakpgmns vgrkghmns sfb? (nm punstf, nm drgjf jn gutfbfeåg, mgs rnmgakfbns   Nm afbtnbkjf jnm trghgof jn afeubkagakñb y affpnrgakñb afb mfs afepg÷nrfs jn trghgof, mg  pfskhkmkjgj jn gpmkagr gpmkagr mfs afbfa afbfakeknbtfs keknbtfs y lfregakñb pprflnskfbgm rflnskfbgm gjqukrkjgs, nm drgjf jn pgrtkakpgakñb nb mg dnstkñb jn mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb y mgs kbstgbakgs nxtnrkfrns gm suontf ‑ mg mg onrgrquåg, mfs afmndgs, mfs amknbtns, mf usugrkfs, hnbnlkakgrkfs-)9   Mg agbtkjgj f vfmuenb jn trghgof9   Mg kbtnbskjgj jnm trghgof rngmkzgjf pfr nm trghgogjfr9   Mg agrdg jn trghgof rnsumtgbtn9 m   Mg jurgakñb y afblkdurgakñb jnm tknepf jn trghgof9   Mg pfskhkmkjgj jn afbakmkgr mg vkjg mghfrgm afb mg vkjg lgekmkgr.  8)   Nm nstrës mghfrgm? nm nstrës kbvfmuarg afepfbnbtns nefakfbgmns, rnmgakfbgmns, 







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

afdbktkvfs afepfrtgenbtgmns9 mg afbskjnrgakñb mfs rknsdfs tgbtf låskafsy afef pskafsfakgmns9`gan ns ub`kbagpkë prfansfnb jkbçekaf y vgråg nbjnlubakñb jn mgs agpgakjgjns agpgakjgj ns jn rnskstnbakg y gjgptgakñb jnm trghgogjfr g mfs rknsdfs. Jnofurs jklnrnbakg nstrës (afbstrukjf nb nm agepf jn mg pskqukgtråg, nb mg qun sn prfpfbnb tëabkags jn dnstkñb kbjkvkjugm) jnm sulrkeknbtf (qun supfbn ub ghfrjgon afmnatkvf,  pfbknbjf nm nm ganbtf nb agehkg agehkgrr nm afbtnbkjf y ffrdgbkzgakñb rdgbkzgakñb jnm pprfansf rfansf jn trghgof trghgof y  husagbjf rnjuakr mg hrna`g nbtrn trghgof prnsa prnsarkptf rkptf y mg gatkvkjgj. Nm nstrës mghfrgm mghfrgm  punjn snr snr arñbkaf f gdujf. Sunjnb aktgrsn vgrkgs agtndfrågs jjnn nstrnsfrns?   Qktugakfbns qun lunrzgb g prfansgr kblfregakñb rçpkjgenbtn   Nståeumfs gehknbtgmns jg÷kbfs.   Snranpakfbns jn genbgzgs   Gksmgeknbtf y afblkbgeknbtf   Lrustrgakñb    Bf afbsndukr afbsndukr mfs fhontkvfs pmgb pmgbngjfs ngjfs   Xnmgakfbns sfakgmns afepmkagjgs   Srnskñb drupgm. 



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









Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

4:

Nm nstrës mghfrgm nstç afbjkakfbgjf pfr nm mfaus jn afbtrfm jnm trghgogjfr, afb mg agpgakjgj qun tknbn pgrg afbtrfmgr nm enjkf qun mf rfjng. Mg rnskmknbakg f lfrtgmnzg ns mg agpgakjgj jn mfs snrns `uegbfs pgrg `ganr lrnbtn g mgs gjvnrskjgjns, supnrgrmgs y sfhrnpfbnrsn,, dnbnrgbjf prfynatfs jn rrnaupnrgakñb sfhrnpfbnrsn naupnrgakñb pgrg efjklkagr mg skt sktugakñb. ugakñb. Nbtrn mgs prkbakpgmns agusgs jnm nstrës sn aktgb?   Lgmtg jn prnvnbakñb   ^b trghgof kbjkvkjugmkzgjf nxpunstf g lrnaunbtns kbtnrrupakfbns, afb arfbfdrgegs jklåakmns jn auepmkr jnhkjf gm afbtnbkjf jn trghgof.   Lunrtn nxkdnbakgs augbtktgtkvgs   Jklkaumtgjns kb`nrnbtns g mg tgrng Nm nstrës tknbn afbsnaunbakgs sfhrn mg sgmuj psåqukag y enbtgm jn mfs trghgogjfrns (låskafs? jfmfrns jn aghnzg, pnrturhgakfbn pnrturhgakfbnss nb nm sun÷f y gpntktf9 nefakfbgmns? gbdustkg, gbsknjgj, trkstnzg9 kbtnmnatugmns y afdbktkvfs? fmvkjfs, jklkaumtgj  pgrg afbanbtrgrsn9 afbanbtrgrsn9 afepfrtgenbtg afepfrtgenbtgmns? mns? afbsuef jn tghgaf, ag aglë, lë, gmaf`fm, gbskfmåtkafs) y afbsnaunbakg pgrg mgs neprnsgs y frdgbkzgakfbns (jksekbuakñb jn mg  prfjuaakñb, afblmkatfs afblmkatfs kbtnrpnrsfbg kbtnrpnrsfbgmns, mns, lgmtg jn affpn affpnrgakñb, rgakñb, guenbtf guenbtf jn pntkakfbns jn jn agehkf jn punstf nb nm trghgof, t rghgof, bnanskjgj jn egyfr supnrvkskñb jnm pnrsfbgm, guenbtf jn qunogs jn mfs amknbtns, guenbtf jnm gusnbtksef). Mgs gmtnrbgtkvgs pgrg mg prnvnbakñb sn kbamuynb nonrakakfs rnspkrgtfrkfs, jkntg sgmujghmn, `ganr dkebgskg, nvktgr mg kbdnstg jn nxaktgbtns afef nm tghgaf, nm aglë f nm gmaf`fm, nvktgr nm nstkmf gdrnskvf f pgskvf, 

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pskafjkbçekag jnm jnsgrrfmmgr mg tfmnrgbakg y rnspntf mfs nmjneçs. trghgof , mgs kbtnrvnbakfbns pgrg `gakg prnvnbkr nstrësJnsjn jnhnb mgjkrkdkrsn afb prkfrkjgj g

enofrgr mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mgs neprnsgs, jn mg prfjuaakñb jnm trghgof, gså afef mgs afbjkakfbns y nm enjkf gehknbtn jn trghgof, `gaknbjf enbfs gutfrktgrkf, pgtnrbgmkstg y jnspñtkaf nm skstneg jn gutfrkjgj y jn afeubkagakfbns afeubkagakfbns,, guenbtgbjf mg pgrtkakpgakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns nb mg gjfpakñb jn jnakskfbns rnspnatf jn su trghgof t rghgof pgrg mf augm `gy qun jnsgrrfmmgr mg lfregakñb n kblfregakñb kblfregakñb jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Ns bnansgrkf kepmnenbtgr bunvg lfregs jn frdgbkzgr nm trghgof, rnnepmgzgbjf mg nxtrneg jkvkskñb sfakgm y tëabkag jnm trghgof pfr mg rftgakñb jn punstfs, mg gepmkgakñb jn tgrngs, nm nbrkqunakeknbtf jn su afbtnbkjf y prfefvnr nm trghgof nb drupfs pgrg nstkeumgr mg affpnrgakñb eutug y mg trgbsekskñb jn afbfakeknbtfs y nxpnrknbakgs, hrkbjgbjf gpfyf tëabkaf y sfakgm jn quknbns mf bnansktgb.  1)   Nm afbtrfm jn mgs nefakfbns?  Augbjf mg nefakñb, mg gbsknjgj y nm eknjf gatÿgb sfhrn nm nstgjf nbnrdëtkaf jn mfs kbjkvkjufs sn fhsnrvg ubg jksekbuakñb jn mg pnrlfregban pfrqun mgs nefakfbns afbsuenb nbnrdåg9 mgs nefakfbns efjklkagb mg rnprnsnbtgakñb nspgakf tnepfrgm jn mfs fpnrgjfrns nb su trghgof, rnstrkbdnb su agepf pnranptkvf y nxganrhgb mfs afblmkatfs rnmgakfbgmns. Mg nefakñb jnhn jkstkbdukrsn jnm nstrës puns mg nefakñb afrrnspfbjn g ubg rnspunstg kbenjkgtg, kbenjkgtg, eknbtrgs qun nm nstrës ns ub prfansf prfansf jklnrkjf. Nm afbtrfm jn mgs nefakfbns ns ub nmnenbtf nsnbakgm nb mg afbstruaakñb jn mgs kjnfmfdågs jnlnbskvgs jnm flkakf. Nm trghgof nefakfbgm ns ubg nxkdnbakg psåqukag, qun afbskstn nb afbtrfmgr y ”efmjngr― mgs nefakfbns yg sng pgrg pgrg pfjnr rngmkzgr mg prfpkg gatkvkjgj f jn mgs

 pnrsfbgs afb afb mgs augmns sn gatÿgb9 nm trghgof nefakfbgm nefakfbgm tknbn trns agrgatnråstkags? agrgatnråstkags? g) Jnegbjg afbtgatf agrg g agrg, h) mgs nxprnskfbns jnm trghgogjfr prfjuanb ub nstgjf nefakfbgm nb nm ftrf y a) mg jkenbskñb nefakfbgm lfreg pgrtn kb`nrnbtn jn mg tgrng y mfs nepmngjfrns punjnb punjnb kbtnbtgr nstkeumgrmgs f efjklkagrmg, g trgvës jn mg agpgaktgakñb. Mfs agehkfs nb mg frdgbkzgakñb jn mgs neprnsgs, jn mg prfjuaakñb y jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm  prfansf jnjn trghgof prfvfa prfvfagb sulrkeknbtf yjnsngarnnjfrns, sfegtkzgb prfansfs pfstnrkfrenbtn pfstnrkfren rnsumtgjfs arksks,qun quknhrgs fgbafbvfagtfrkgs jn btn sfb jnsmfagmkzgakñb, jnsmfagmkzgakñ b, luskfbns f rnnstruaturgakfbn rnnstruaturgakfbnss neprnsgrkgmns, prflubjfs agehkfs nb mfs Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

4>

 pmgbns jn nstujkf nstujkf nb nm enjkf gagjëekaf qu qunn dnbnrgb kba kbanrtkjuehrn nrtkjuehrn nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns sfhrn nm luturf, tnbskfbns, gbdustkg y gbsknjgj. Nb mgs neprnsgs y frdgbkzgakfbnss nenrdnb afepfrtgeknbtfs jn vkfmnbakg vnrhgm f kbamusf låskag y jn frdgbkzgakfbn `fstkdgeknbtf efrgm f snxugm, afb ub sulrkeknbtf qun mundf punjn sfegtkzgrsn y prfvfagr nblnrenjgjns. Mgs afbjkakfbns jn nepmnf y jn trghgof punjnb dnbnrgr sulrkeknbtf augbjf sn trgtg jn ub trghgof prnagrkf f bf rndkstrgjf, egm pgdf y skb dgrgbtågs jn nstghkmkjgj f augbjf sn `gb kbtrfjuakjf agehkfs nb mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof qun mf `gb prkvgjf jn snbtkjf, dnbnrgbjf suhagrdg psåqukag y enbtgm jnm trghgof. Jnbtrf jn mfs afmnatkvfs jn trghgof punjnb prfjuakrsn jksarkekbgakfbns f nxamuskñb, pfr rgzfbns jn dëbnrf, jn rgzg f bgakfbgmkjgj. Sgrg bf sulrkr y mfdrgr sgtkslgaakfbns, mfs trghgogjfrns bnansktgb ub rnafbfakeknbtf rnafbfakeknbtf nb su mudgr jn trghgof9 mg lgmtg jn rnafbfakeknbtf sn punjn egbklnstgr pfr mg kboustkakg nb mfs prfanjkeknbtfs y snr våatkegs jn gmdubg lfreg jn jksarkekbgakñb, pfr lgmtg jn nstkeg jn mg onrgrquåg f pfrqun mg agrdg jn trghgof kepunstg nstç nstç pfr nbakeg jn sus lunrzgs lunrzgs.. Mfs nlnatfs afeprf afeprfhgjfs hgjfs sfhrn mg sgmuj pfr nsafbjnr mgs nefakfbns y nm eknjf, jurgbtn nm ttknepf knepf jn trghgof, sfb nm hurbfut f gdftgeknbtf nefakfbgm, gjfptgr ub afepfrtgeknbtf lgmsf f kbgutëbtkaf, tnbskfbns prfvfagjgs prfvfagjgs pfr nm afbtgatf jkrnatf afb nm amknbtn y usugrkfs afblmkatkvfs f vkfmnbtfs. Nm eknjf jn qun gmdf drgvn punjg glnatgrmfs ns ubg snbsgakñb lrnaunbtn jnbtrf jn aknrtgs prflnskfbns f tgrngs (mfs gdnbtns jn sndurkjgj, mfs trgbspfrtgjfrns jn agujgmns, agujgmns, mfs trghgogjfrns trghgogjfrns prnagrkfs, nm pnrsfbg pnrsfbgmm pnbktnbakgrkf). Nm eknjf, mg gbdustkg y mg gbsknjgj punjnb snr prfvfagjfs trghgogr usknbjf afbsaknbtns jn mg prnsnbakg jn rknsdfs jnm enjkf gehknbtn jnbtrf jn pfr mg neprnsg frdgbkzgakñb. Nm hunb `uefr y mfs a`kstns punjnb afbtrkhukr gm hunb lubakfbgeknbtf jn mgs frdgbkzgakfbnss y g rndumgr mgs rnmgakfbns jn trghgof9 nm `uefr pnrektn sn÷gmgr mgs frdgbkzgakfbn afbtrgjkaakfbns nbtrn nm trghgof prnsarkptf y mg gatkvkjgj y punjn snrvkr pgrg arktkagr g ubg gutfrkjgj onrçrqukag g mg qun sn nvgmÿg afef kbafepntnbtn. egrdnb jn egbkfhrg (mfaus jn afbtrfm)?  :)   Mg gutfbfeåg y nm egrdnb

Mg gutfbfeåg y mg agpgakjgj jn afbtrfm sfhrn nm nonrakakf jn su prfpkf trghgof (tgrngs, frjnb jn mgs fpnrgakfbns, `nrrgeknbtgs y eëtfjfs, rutkbg jn trghgof tr ghgof g jnspmndgr) sfb jkenbskfbns anbtrgmns jn mfs Xknsdfs Sskafsfakgmns jnm Zrghgof. Mg gutfbfeåg nb nm trghgof tr ghgof jnpnbjn jnm efjf fpnrgtfrkf nstghmnakjf y ns nvgmugjg nb lubakñb lubakñb jnm drgjf jn mkhnrtgj jn qun jksp jkspfbn fbn nm trghgogjfr pgrg pgrtkakpgr nb augbtf g mg afbanpakñb, efjgmkjgjn efjgmkjgjnss jn nonauakñb y mg nvgmugakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj, mg  prnvkskhkmkjgj jnm trghgof, trghgof, mgs pfskhkmkjgjns jn afbfan afbfanrmf rmf pfr gbtkakpgjf. Nonranr ub afbtrfm sfhrn mfs tknepfs jn trghgof y jn jnsagbsf jnsagbsf pnrektn enofrgr enofrgr mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof y arng mg fagskñb pgrg afbakmkgr mg vkjg prflnskfbgm y

lgekmkgr. Mg gutfbfeåg pgrg trghgogr sndÿb sus prfpkfs afbfakeknbtfs bf skneprn nstç  pnrektkjg puns g enbujf nm trghgof trghgof nstç frdgbkzgjf pfr mg jkrnaakñb sndÿb sndÿb mgs rndmgs jn mg Frdgbkzgakñb Aknbtålkag jnm Zrghgof y agjg tgrng rnsumtgbtn jn ubg jkvkskñb sfakgm y tëabkag nxtrneg jnm trghgof jnhn nonautgrsn sndÿb nstç afjklkagjf. Mfs agehkfs nb nm bunvf efjf jn dnstkñb kbjkvkjugmkzgjg jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof `gb afbjuakjf g gksmgr mfs trghgogjfrns tr ghgogjfrns nb nm efenbtf jn tfegr jnakskfbns y g nstkeumgr su sfhrnkbvnrskñb nb nm trghgof. Mg lgmtg jn prnvkskhkmkjgj, f sng, jn jkspfbnr jn kblfregakñb gjnaugjg pgrg rngmkzgr hknb nm trghgof, sn `g rnmgakfbgjf afb mfs pnfrns kbjkagjfrns jn sgmuj enbtgm y jn Mfs trghgogjfrn trghgogjfrns s bnansktgb afbfanr anrqun afbjnhn mg egyfr amgrkjgjrngmkzgr9 auçm ns nnmnb m rfm qun mns vktgmkjgj. gskdbg mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb, f rdgbkzgakñb, mgs afbf tgrngs bfregmenbtn agsf afbtrgrkf, su gehkdýnjgj mns prfvfag sulrkeknbtf y nstrës. Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

4<

Ns kepfrtgbtn qun nm trghgogjfr tr ghgogjfr jkspfbdg jn ub egrdnb jn gutfbfeåg f jn afbtrfm sfhrn su gatkvkjgj pgrg trghgogr sndÿb su rktef u rnspntgbjf su nstkmf. Mfs trghgogjfrns sulrnb y qunjgb kbsgtkslna`fs kbsgtkslna`fs augbjf bf jks jkspfbnb pfbnb jn mfs enjkfs jn trghgof, jn mfs kbsuefs f jn mgs egtnrkgs prkegs qun sfb bnansgrkgs pgrg `ganr hknb nm trghgof. Nb vgrkgs rgegs jn gatkvkjgj ns jklåakm trghgogr afb ub egrdnb jn gutfbfeåg9 pfr nonepmf, nb ubg agjnbg jn efbtgon trgjkakfbgm jfbjn `gy bfregs nxtrnegs jn  prfjuatkvkjgj. Mg gutfbfeåg tknbn ubg jkenbskñb afmnatkvg y pfsktkvg, augbjf nm skstneg jn rnmgakfbns jn trghgof `g kbstgurgjf ub jkspfsktkvf pgrtkakpgtkvf y mfs trghgogjfrns f  pfr enjkf jn sus sus rnprnsnbtgbtns punjnb pgrtkakp pgrtkakpgr gr jn egbnrg jjkrnatg krnatg f kbjkrnatg nb mg gjfpakñb jn jnakskfbns, tnbknbjf gaansf gaansf g mg kblfregakñb sfhrn mg egra`g jn mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb, nlnatugbjf f nvgaugbjf afbsumtgs, `gaknbjf prfpunstgs f kbtnrvkbknbjf nb mg jnakskñb. Mg gutfbfeåg nstç afbjkakfbgjg pfr mg lfreg qun gjfptg mg frdgbkzgakñb y mg jkvkskñb sfakgm y tëabkag jnm trghgof, t rghgof, kbspkrgjgs nb mfs eëtfjfs tgymfrkstg. Mg gutfbfeåg y nm jnsgrrfmmf jn `ghkmkjgjns sn gsfakgrfb lunrtnenbtn afb nm nstgtus sfakfnafbñekaf sfakfnafbñekaf jnm trghgogjfr y mgs afbjkakfbns y enjkf gehknbtn jn trghgof. Zrghgogr afb gutfbfeåg ns ubg lunbtn jn pmganr9 nm pmganr y mg sgtkslgaakñb jn `ganr ub trghgof afb gutfbfeåg nstçb afbjkakfbgjfs pfr nm eksef trghgogjfr y rnafbfakjf pfr mfs afmndgs afef gmdf sfakgmenbtn ÿtkm pgrg mfs jneçs y mg sfaknjgj.

 >)   Mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns nb nm trghgof? 

Nstgs rnmgakfbns punjnb arngr mgs afbjkakfbns pgrg qun mfs trghgogjfrns sn kbtndrnb nb ub afmnatkvf, sngb trgtgjfs jn egbnrg oustg, nxkstg ub rnafbfzagg ub egrdnb jjnn gutfbfeåg nb lubakñb rnafbfakeknbtf  pfr su tgrng y sn mns rnafbfza jn sus agmklkagakfbns y afepntnbakgs. Nm gehknbtn pskafsfakgm jn mg neprnsg y frdgbkzgakfbns bf ns `fefdëbnf, punjn nstgr afbstktukjf pfr sktugakfbns gjvnrsgs, rnstrkaakfbns y måektns qun nblrnbtgb mfs tr:ghgogjfrns pgrg mg gatkvkjgj, qun punjn prfvfagrmns afblmkatfs kbtnrpnrsfbgmns y afb mg onrgrquåg, mf augm punjn jgr mudgr g sulrkeknbtfs, përjkjg jn gutfnstkeg y prfhmnegs jn sgmuj. ^b afbtnxtf lgvfrghmn flrnan pfskhkmkjgjns jn trghgogr rnspntgbjf su prfpkf nstkmf y afb ub aknrtf egrdn egrdnbb jn gutfbfeåg y jn afbtrfm sfhrn su su prfansf jn trghgof,  prnstgr snrvkakfs qun tnbdgb ub ubgg utkmkjgj sfakgm. Jnsjn `gan vgrkgs jëagjgs nm trghgof rnquknrn ubg rnmgakñb eçs lrnaunbtn l rnaunbtn y nstrna`g nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns y sus amknbtns y usugrkfs, afb mfs augmns sn nstghmnan ubg rnmgakñb skeëtrkag, qun g enbujg ns afblmkatkvg, pfrqun nm trghgogjfr tknbn qun jgr mg agrg pfr mg neprnsg y, afb lrnaunbakg, nstg rnmgakñb jg mudgr g rnprkenbjgs, genbgzgs, kbsumtfs, vkfmnbakg vnrhgm f låskag. Mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns nb nm trghgof punjnb prnsnbtgr fhstçaumfs pgrg mg  prnvnbakñb jn rknsdfs pskafsf pskafsfakgmns akgmns nb nm trgh trghgof gof pfrqun mgs bbunvgs unvgs pfmåtkags jn jn dnstkñb jn mg lunrzg jn trghgof `gb kbtnbsklkagjf mfs prfansfs jn kbjkvkjugmkzgakñb jn mgs agrrnrgs y rneubnrgakfbns, jnhkmktgbjf mg sfmkjgrkjgj, mg gyujg g yujg eutug y mg affpnrgakñb nb nm trghgof pgrg trgbsektkr afbfakeknbtfs y nxpnrknbakgs. Nxkstnb pfafs afbtgatfs lrnaunbtns jn mfs trghgogjfrns jn nonauakñb afb mfs rnspfbsghmns onrçrqukafs y nsagsgs pfskhkmkjgjns jn afbsumtgrmfs nbtrghgof agsf jnrngmkzgjf. jklkaumtgj f afbtgr afb su gsnsfrgeknbtf, gpfyf tëabkaf y nvgmugakñb jnm Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

44

^b prfhmneg anbtrgm ns nm jn mg kbtndrgakñb jnm trghgogjfr nb mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb9 nm afeprfeksf f kbvfmuargeknbtf kb vfmuargeknbtf jn mfs trghgogjfrns pgrg afb mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb jfbjn sn jnsnepn÷gb, ns ub nstgjf psåqukaf y enbtgm  pfsktkvf rnmgakfbgjf rnmgakfbgjf afb nm trghg trghgof of y bf tknbn fhon fhontkvf tkvf nspnaålkaf9 sn aagrgatnrkzg grgatnrkzg pfr mg vfmubtgj jn kbvnrtkr nslunrzfs jn egbnrg afbtkbug y afb lunrtn jnjkagakñb gm punstf jn trghgof pgrg auepmkr afb mg gatkvkjgj nbafenbjg nbafenbjgjg, jg, ns fpunstf gm hurbfut. Nxkstnb vgrkgs efjgmkjgjns jn afeprfeksf? Kepmkagakñb glnatkvg (ub gpndf nefakfbgm afb mfs afmndgs, neprnsgs u frdgbkzgakñb), mg bfregtkvg (mg pnrsfbg sn sknbtn fhmkdgjg  pfr mg bfreg g egbtnbnrsn nb nnsg sg rnmgakñb mghf mghfrgm) rgm) y mg rgakfbgmenbtn agmaumgjg  (nstkegakñb jn mfs afstfs y hnbnlkakfs qun gagrrng pgrg nm trghgogjfr sndukr  pnregbnaknbjf).  pnregbnaknbj f). Nm gpfyf sfakgm pnrektn afepnbsgr gm enbfs pgrakgmenbtn mg lgmtg jn afbfakeknbtfs, jn nxpnrknbakg y jn gutfbfeåg, nm eknjf y mg tkekjnz. Nstn gpfyf punjn snr jnegbjgjf u flrnakjf nspfbtçbn nspfbtçbngenbtn. genbtn. Mgs rnmgakfbns afb mfs afepg÷nrfs jn trghgof punjnb snr jn agrçatnr afblmkatkvf f afepntktkvf, f pfr nm afbtrgrkf afbarntgrsn afb nm gpfyf tëabkaf pgrg qun nmmfs punjgb auepmkr afb sus tgrngs jn egbnrg nlkagz, f nb ub gpfyf sfakgm pfr pgrtn jn mg onrgrquåg  pgrg sfstnbnrmfs sfstnbnrmfs nb efenbtfs jjnn lrgagsf, `f `fstkdgeknbtf stkdgeknbtf f lgtkdg. Mg afeubkagakñb y mg affpnrgakñb nb nm trghgof g vnans sn jnhkmktgb pgrg guenbtgr nm afbtrfm. Mg affpnrgakñb nbtrn trghgogjfrns y nm gpfyf eutuf afbtrkhuyn g sfhrnmmnvgrNby afbtrfmgr mg gdrnskvkjgj y mg sn vkfmnbakg prfvfagjg pfrr tgrngs mfs amknbtns y usugrkfs. gmdubfs agsfs agsfs, , nm trghgogjfr vn fhmkdgjf g rngmkzgr rngmkzg jn egbnrg gksmgjg, skb pfjnr afeubkagrsn bk affpnrgr afb ftrfs g pnsgr jn qun mf bnansktn? nstf ns tgehkëb lunbtn jn sulrkeknbtf. Nm oukakf qun mfs afmndgs `ganb jnm trghgof jnm ftrf tknbn ub drgb vgmfr pfrqun  pgrtn jn gmduknb qun nstç g su eksef bkvnm y ns ub ”oukakf jn hnmmnzg―. Mg lgmtg f mg kbsulkaknbakg jn gpfyf tëabkaf f jn gpfyf sfakgm prfvfagb nstrës, jnskbanbtkvg gm trghgogjfr, bf nstkeumg su kbvfmuargeknbtf.

Jnbtrf jn nstn lgatfr jn rknsdf y nb jkvnrsfs bkvnmns sn punjnb jkstkbdukr vgrkfs tkpfs jn rnmgakfbns nspnaålkags? g)  Xnmgakfbns afb mfs afmndgs y afepg÷nrfs a fepg÷nrfs jn trghgof? nm gpfyf sfakgm hrkbjgjf  pfr mfs afmndgs afmndgs ns kepfrtgbtn pg pgrg rg trgbsektkr afbfakeknbtfs afbfakeknbtfs,, nxpnrknbakgs y gyujgr g supnrgr efenbtfs jklåakmns prfvfagjfs pfr mgs nxkdnbakgs. Mgs rnmgakfbns nbtrn afmndgs punjn vnrsn jklkaumtgjgs pfr mg lgmtg jn fpfrtubkjgjns jn afeubkagakñb, sk mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof nstç kbjkvkjugmkzgjg y bf prfeunvn nm trghgof trghgof nb nqukpf f gatkvkjgjns aafmnatkvgs fmnatkvgs y mgs rnmgakfbns sfb tnbsgs y afblmkatkvgs jnhkjf g qun sn prfeunvn mg afepntnbakg afepntnba kg kbtnrbg pgrg sndenbtgr mg lunrzg jn trghgof y nstkeumgr mg  prfjuatkvkjgj. Mg frdgbkzg frdgbkzgakñb akñb jnhn prf prfpkakgr pkakgr tgbtf mg afeub afeubkagakñb kagakñb lfregm afef kblfregm kblfregm nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrn trghgogjfrnss nb mg ggatkvkjgj atkvkjgj mghfrgm. mghfrgm. Nm drupf auepmn lubakfbns nb mg prfjuatkvkjgj y sn `g jkstkbdukjf jfs tkpfs jn nbnrdåg? mg frknbtgjg g mfs rnsumtgjfs y mg frknbtgjg gm egbtnbkeknbtf jn mg af`nskñb jnm drupf. Sgrg Jnofurs, gpfrtg jnsjn mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof, vg g sn÷gmgr nm pgpnm jn mgs rnmgakfbns tñxkags nb mfs nbtfrbfs jn trghgof y pmgbtng mg afbstruaakñb jn mgs nstrgtndkgs jnlnbskvgs y jn rnskstnbakg9 mfs trghgogjfrns bf skneprn pnregbnanb pgskvfs lrnbtn g mfs rknsdfs qun sn dnbnrgb pgrg su sgmuj jnhkjf g ubg sfhrnagrdg jn trghgof, su kbtnbskjgj jn afeubkagakñb y / jnm f affpnrgakñb jgb mudgr gfmgjnlkaknbakgs9 afbstruaakñbmgsjnrnmgakfbns ubg kjnfmfdåg jnlnbskvg flkakf,  pgrg suhnstkegr, suhnstkegr, bndgr u fmvkjg fmvkjgrr mg nxkstnbakg jn mfs rknsdfs y su nonauakñb Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

40

tfeg mg lfreg jn rndmgs rndmgs jn trghgof f jnm flkakf afbstrukjgs ppfr fr mfs eknehrfs jn ub afmnatkvf pgrg dnbnrgr mg kjnbtkjgj, k jnbtkjgj, trgbsektkr ubg trgjkakñb f ub sghnr `ganr y snrvkrsn jn nmmgs pgrg afepnbsgr mgs lgmmgs y gusnbakgs nb mg frdgbkzgakñb prnsarkptg jnm trghgof. Mgs rndmgs jn flkakf pgrg snr nlkagans jnhnb snr kbtnmkdkhmns pgrg mg ekseg prflnskñb y rnafbfakjgs pfr mfs afmndgs. Mg nlkagakg jn mgs nstrgtndkgs jnlnbskvgs jnpnbjn jn su jkenbskñb skehñmkag, qun gpubtg g faumtgr f kbefvkmkzgr mg pnranpakñb jnm sulrkeknbtf prnsnbtn nb mg rngmkjgj jnm trghgof9 jgjg mg jkvkskñb snxugm jnm trghgof, mg nxprnskñb jnm sulrkeknbtf ns jklnrnbtn sndÿb nm dëbnrf, gså afef mg lfreg jn prftndnrsn jnm rknsdf enjkgbtn nstrgtndkgs afmnatkvgs jn jnlnbsg, ubg nstrgtndkg jnlnbskvg nb nstn agsf snråg mg vkrkmkjgj sfakgm qun pgrg afbjuakr g qun nm afmnatkvf rna`gan f nxamuyg g mfs jnsvkgjfs, ns jnakr g mfs qun egbklknstgb nm tnefr g snr våatkegs jn rknsdfs9 mgs nstrgtndkgs egsaumkbgs jn jnlnbsg nstçb prnsnbtns nb tfjgs mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof jfbjn `gy eua`fs rknsdfs9 mg vkrkmkjgj sfakgm afef jnlnbsg sn mg jnlkbn afef nm afboubtf jn gtrkhutfs sfakgmns gsfakgjfs g mfs vgrfbns afef nmnvgr nm rnbjkeknbtf y supnrgr rnafrjs jn prfjuaakñb, egbklnstgr mg lunrzg, nm pfjnr y nm afbtrfm qun sn gsfakgb g mg jfekbgakñb sfhrn mfs ftrfs9 nstf dnbnrg ub sulrkeknbtf psåqukaf y / f enbtgm qun punjn sfegtkzgrsn y jgr mudgr g nblnrenjgjns. Mg afbstruaakñb jn rndmgs ns ubg gatkvkjgj jnñbtkag, ns ub gaunrjf bfregtkvf, qun mfs trghgogjfrns kbtnrbgmkzgb y tfegb nb aunbtg skb jgrmns egyfr gtnbakñb, pnrf qun sn `ganb eçs vkskhmns augbjf sn trgbsdrnjnb. @gy jklnrnbtns tkpfs jn rndmgs? tëabkags, sfakgmns  (rnmgakfbns nbtrn trghgogjfrns y afb mg onrgrquåg y

mfs suhfrjkbgjfs qun egbklknstgb kbtnrnsns nb afeÿb, prfeunvnb mg affpnrgakñb), jn mnbdugon (ub vfaghumgrkf vfaghumgrkf qun lgakmktg afef afeubkagakñb afeubkagakñb nbtrn trghgogjfrns jnm eksef flkakf) y rndmgs ëtkags sfhrn mf qun sn afbskjnrg oustf f kboustf nb ubg sktugakñb skt ugakñb nspnaålkag pfr pgrtn jn mfs eknehrfs jn mg prflnskñb. Sgrg Jnofu Jnofurs, rs, mg affpnrgakñb affpnrgakñb rnpfsg sfhrn rndmgs y punjn snr vnrtkagm (gsanbjnbtn f jnsanbjnbtn), `frkzfbtgm y trgbsvnrsgm afb amknbtns y usugrkfs. Sgrg Amft, g pgrtkr jn mg pskafmfdåg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj, jnsgrrfmmñ mg kjng jn qun mg afbtrkhuakñb pfsktkvg jnm trghgof g mg sgmuj enbtgm ns eçxkeg augbjf nm trghgogjfr nstç kbsnrtf nb ub afmnatkvf jn trghgof y punjn gmmå jnsgrrfmmgr su nstkmf jn trghgof pnrsfbgm. Zrghgogr jn lfreg gksmgjg, skb pfskhkmkjgjns jn afbtgatf y rnmgakñb `uegbg afb mfs afepg÷nrfs jn trghgof, rnprnsnbtg ub afbskjnrghmn guenbtf jnm rknsdf, eknbtrgs qun nm trghgof nb nqukpf pnrektn efjnrgr mgs nxkdnbakgs nb nm trghgof.  h)  Xnmgakfbns afb mg onrgrquåg? nstgs rnmgakfbns nstçb afblkdurgjgs sndÿb mfs nstkmfs jn mg jkrnaakñb y mfs efjnmfs jn dnstkñb9 mfs trghgogjfrns sn  hnbnlkakgb afb afb nm gpfyf tëa tëabkaf bkaf qun mfs ssupnrkfrns upnrkfrns mns prfpf prfpfrakfbgb rakfbgb y mg vgmfrgakñb qun nmmfs `ganb jn su trghgof pnrsfbgm, kbstgurgbjf gjnaugjfs skstnegs jn kblfregakñb, afeubkagakñb y afbtrfm n kblmuynb sfhrn sus gatktujns y afepfrtgeknbtfs nb agsf jn afblmkatfs. Nm nstkmf jn jkrnaakñb kblmuyn nb nm gehknbtn jn trghgof f amkeg mghfrgm y nb mgs rnmgakfbns nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns y nbtrn ëstfs y mfs onlns. Mgs rnmgakfbns jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb mg onrgrquåg jn mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb nstçb afbjkakfbgjgs pfr nm nstkmf jn mkjnrgzdf. ^b gspnatf kepfrtgbtn pgrg mfs afbjkakfbgjgs trghgogjfrns ns nm drgjf jn rnafbfakeknbtf qun mg onrgrquåg jn mg neprnsg ftfrdg g mfs trghgogjfrns pfr nm hunb jnsnepn÷f, yg sng egtnrkgm  Znm? :77>8;813;

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

4;

 pfr enjkf jn mg rneubnrgakñb y jn mg prfefakñb nb mg agrrnrg, efrgm  enjkgbtn nmfdkfs y lnmkaktgakfbns f skehñmkaf, rnafbfaknbjf nm prnstkdkf jn mg  prflnskñb. Afb lrnaunbakg lrnaunbakg prnj prnjfekbgb fekbgb nstkmfs jn jkrnaakñb y dn dnstkñb stkñb qun bf rnafbfanb f gskdbgb gjnaugjgs rnafepnbsgs gafrjns afb nm trghgof rngmkzgjf y lgmtg jn rnlnrnbakg y fhontkvfs amgrfs jn mg onrgrquåg nb augbtf gm rfm gskdbgjf gm trghgogjfr.  a)  Xnmgakfbns jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb mg neprnsg u frdgbkzgakñb pgrg mg augm trghgogb? nm enjkf gehknbtn jn trghgof punjn dnbnrgr tnbskfbns, jnhkjf g mfs rknsdfs låskafs, quåekafs f hkfmñdkafs prnsnbtns nb nm mudgr jn trghgof. Mg vfmubtgj jn mg neprnsg jn gjfptgr bfregs y prfanjkeknbtfs nrdfbñekafs pgrg gjnaugr mg tgrng g mg pnrsfbg jn mfs trghgogjfrns qun mg vgb nonautgr ns ubg afbjkakñb pgrg qun nm rnsumtgjf sng pfsktkvf nb tërekbfs jn prfjuatkvkjgj y agmkjgj y qun bf sn jntnrkfrn mg sgmuj jnm trghgogjfr  pujknbjf mmndgr mmndgr g snr lunbtn jn sgtkslgaakñb. Nb su lu luturf turf åbtkef, mfs trghgogjfrns nspnrgb qun mgs neprnsgs mfs rnafepnbsn afb ubg rneubnrgakñb  oustg, ub rnafbfakeknbtf rnafbfakeknbtf efrgm y sskehñmkaf, kehñmkaf, qun nm trghg trghgof of nbafenbjgjf nbafenbjgjf sng gjnaugjf g sus afepntnbakgs, qun punjgb `ganr agrrnrg jnbtrf jn mg neprnsg nb lubakñb jn sus jnsnepn÷fs, snr trgtgjfs jn egbnrg oustg. Mg nstkeg ns ftrf jn mfs afepfbnbtns jn mg jkenbskñb jn rnafepnbsg gm trghgof y sn vkbaumg afb mg oustkakg frdgbkzgakfbgm. ^bg jkenbskñb kepfrtgbtn ns mg

gutfbfeåg afmnatkvg, jnakr, pfjnr pgrtkakpgr jkrnatgenbtn pfr enjkf jn sus rnprnsnbtgbtns nb ns mg dnstkñb neprnsgrkgm pgrg afbtrfmgr y fprnvnbkr mfs jn rknsdfs pskafsfakgmns jnm trghgof. Mgs neprnsgs jnhnb lfagmkzgr mg gtnbakñb  pgrg prnvnbkr prnvnbkr mg vkfmnbakg kbtnrbg y gjfptgr mfs jkspfsktkvfs jkspfsktkvfs pgrg qun bf sn arnnb afbjkakfbns qun lgvfrnzagb mgs jkvnrsgs efjgmkjgjns jn jksarkekbgakñb, gafsf u `fstkdgeknbtf, vkfmnbakg kbtnrbg y nxtnrbg y gafsf snxugm.  j)  Xnmgakfbns afb pnrsfbgs u frdgbkzgakfbns nxtnrbgs? mgs rnmgakfbns jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb pnrsfbgs nxtnrbgs g mg neprnsg, amknbtns, usugrkfs, suhafbtrgtkstgs y prfvnnjfrns, punjnb dnbnrgr sgtkslgaakñb pfr mg nxprnskñb jn su nstkeg y rnafbfakeknbtf `gakg mfs trghgogjfrns y mg neprnsg, gså afef mg  vgmfrgakñb sfakgm pfsktkvg f bndgtkvg bndgtkvg qun mg sfaknjgj `gan j jnm nm flkakf f jn mg prflnskñb (nm prnstkdkf sfakgm qun sn mns rnafbfan) pnrf mfs trghgogjfrns tgehkëb sfb susanptkhmns jn qunjgr nxpunstgs g afblmkatfs y lrnaunbtns gdrnskfbns vnrhgmns f låskags

8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

03

nvnbtugmns, pgsgbtns f afbtrgtgjfs) nxpnrkenbtgb ubg lgmtg jn rnafbfakeknbtf, sn afbskjnrgb ”jnsagrtghmns― y jnhnb ganptgr kbvfmubtgrkgenbtn mg

kbsndurkjgj y mg lgmtg jn nstghkmkjgj nb nm nepmnf, sulrknbjf pnrturhgakfbns nb nm sun÷f, jnprnskfbns,, agehkfs nb nm `uefr, qun jgb mudgr gm afbsuef jn enjkagenbtfs jnprnskfbns  pskaftrñpkafs skb rnantg rnantg eëjkag.  Bf skneprn mfs nepmnfs nepmnfs sn afb afbskjnrgb skjnrgb sustnbtgh sustnbtghmns mns f jurghmns g mf mgrdf jn mg agrrnrg prflnskfbgm9 mfs prfansfs jn rnnstruaturgakñb nafbñekag, aknrrns y ga`kageknbtf jn neprnsgs jnogb pnrsfbgm jnsfaupgjf9 mgs afeprgs jn neprnsgs prfvfagb jnspkjfs, rntkrfs vfmubtgrkfs f ouhkmgakfbns gbtkakpgjgs. Mg kbsndurkjgj nb nm trghgof y mg kbnstghkmkjgj nb nm nepmnf tknbnb ub kepgatf bndgtkvf sfhrn mg sgmuj , gså afef augbjf faurrnb agehkfs mghfrgmns keprnvkstfs. Mg kbsndurkjgj mghfrgm sn nxpnrkenbtg augbjf nm nepmnf ns kbnstghmn f prnagrkf, f bf rndkstrgjf gbtn nm Ekbkstnrkf jn Zrghgof y mfs Frdgbksefs Fr dgbksefs jn Qndurkjgj Qndurkjgj Qfakgm, jnoçbjfmf jnsprftndkjf augbjf `gy genbgzgs jn jnsnepmnf, afb jnakskfbns jksarkekbgtfrkgs. Nb nm jnsnepmnf jn mgrdg jurgakñb gpgrnanb afb lrnaunbakg såbtfegs jnprnskvfs, trgstfrbfs jn `uefr y jnm afepfrtgeknbtf qun kbakjnb sfhrn mg vkjg lgekmkgr, përjkjg jn gutfnstkeg, snbtkeknbtf jn aumpghkmkjgj, jujgs sfhrn sus  prfpkgs agmklkagakfbns y afepntnbakgs, tfjf nstf mf jnog ”egragjf― y augbjf gaanjn g ub bunvf nepmnf punjn gjfptgr ub afepfrtgeknbtf sueksf qun mf mmnvg g ganptgr trghgofsNmjnlkaknbtns. jnsnepmnf gjneçs jn prfjuakr ubg jksekbuakñb jn mfs kbdrnsfs, prfvfag sulrkeknbtf y pnrturhgakfbns psåqukags y enbtgmns, quktg gm trghgogjfr sus rnlnrnbakgs  pgrg sktugrsn nb nb nm tknepf y nb nnmm nspgakf, mf `g `gan an snbtkr kepftnbtn ppgrg grg prfdrgegr su luturf, mn agehkg nm nstgtus sfakgm y jksunmvn mfs våbaumfs jn rnmgakfbns afb mfs qun nrgb afepg÷nrfs jn trghgof (mf ”jnsglkmkg―).

Ns kepfrtgbtn rnafrjgr qun tfjfs nstfs lgatfrns jn rknsdf bf sfb nxamuskvfs jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs, kepgatgb g mg dnrnbakg, mfs egbjfs enjkfs, trghgogjfrns bf gsgmgrkgjfs y prnagrkfs qun sn jnsnepn÷gb nb neprnsgs u frdgbkzgakfbnss f nb trghgofs kblfregmns pfr su prfpkg aunbtg, gubqun gsuegb lfregs frdgbkzgakfbn jklnrnbtns.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

07

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  Gbçmk bçmkskskss pskaf psk afmñdk mñdkaf af jn jnmm trg tr ghg hgoo f? jn mfs afban afbanp ptf tfss g mfs  QGB  QG B ZFQ, EGX EG X ZG? ZG ?  G

eëtfjfs

Mg gatkvkjgj y mg suhontkvkjgj Sgrg sktugr nm ghfrjgon sfhrn mg gatkvkjgj jn trghgof prnafbkzgjg pfr Amft, ns kepfrtgbtn afbskjnrgr mg glkmkgakñb g mg nsaunmg rusg lubjgjg pfr \ydftsik9 nstg

glkmkgakñb `kstñrkaf  pskafmñdkag. Mgprnsupfbn prfpunstg gsuekr jn nstn ubg gutfrpfsturg vg nb nm snbtkjf ‑  jn ubg gpnrturg, jn ub jnsjfhmgeknbtf jn ub pgr afbanptugm afbanptugm jn mf rngm y jn mg gatkvkjgj, pfr ub mgjf y jn mf  prnsarkptf y jn mg tgrng, pfr ftrf mgjf. Mg gatkvkjgj pgrg mfs ftrfs  Nstn jnsjfhmgeknbtf rnsumtg jnm pnbsgr mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof t rghgof afef ubg gatkvkjgj pgrg mfs ftrfs, mg gatkvkjgj nstç trkpmnenbtn jkrkdkjg? nb mg sktugakñb nvkjnbakgjg, bf nstç sfmgenbtn jkrkdkjg pfr mg afbjuatg jnm suontf f jkrkdkjg g trgvës tr gvës jnm fhontf jn mg tgrng, skbf tgehkëb nstç jkrkdkjg `gakg mfs ftrfs.  Bf sn punjn trgtgr mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghg trghgof of skb afbskjnrgr nm nm mudgr qun mfs ftrfs ftrfs faupgb nb mg gatkvkjgj prflnskfbgm. Zfjg gatkvkjgj prflnskfbgm ns afbskjnrgjg af ‑  gatkvkjgj  gatkvkjgj, ubg afbtrg ‑   ftrf s9 mg gatkvkjgj nb nm snbtkjf nb qun skneprn ns ubg rnspunstg g mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs ftrfs9 gatkvkjgj prflnskfbgm sn afbstruyn nb nm ubkvnrsf jn mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs ftrfs. Sgrg nxpmkagr nstn egraf afbanptugm sn rnafrrn ub nstujkf afbjuakjf pfr Amft, nb nm snatfr jn mg afbjuaakñb jn trnbns nb mfs suhurhkfs pgrkskbfs. Nb Lrgbakg, mg snskñb jn trnbns nb mfs suhurhkfs pgrkskbfs ns rngmkzgjg pfr ub afbjuatfr, `ghkëbjfsn suprkekjf `gan 8>  ‑  13  13 g÷fs gtrçs, ub sndubjf `fehrn qun nrg nm gskstnbtn jnm egqukbkstg y, eçs rnaknbtnenbtn, ub tnranrf qun nstghg nb nm trnb y qun gbubakghg mgs nstgakfbns y nstghg gtnbtf g mg nbtrgjg y sgmkjg jn mfs pgsgonrfs. Nstfs skdbklkag qun mfs egqukbkstgs gaueumgb gm trghgof, nstgefs lrnbtn ubg gatkvkjgj qun sn nonran nb sfmnjgj, nb jfbjn bf nxkstn trghgof afmnatkvf. Nb mgs `frgs amgvn, mg akraumgakñb jn trnbns nb mfs gmrnjnjfrns jn Sgrks ns nxtrnegjgenbtn lunrtn, mg våg rgrg vnz nstç mkhrn y su sn÷gmkzgakñb nstç, bfregmenbtn, nb gegrkmmf (prnpgrgakñb jn mg pgrgjg). Mfs egqukbkstgs sn nbaunbtrgb nb ubg sktugakñb qun mfs mmnvg g ub afblmkatf jn arktnrkf? pfr ub mgjf, jnhnb prfaurgr nvktgr f gm enbfs rnjuakr mfs ”ntnrbfs― ”n tnrbfs―

gtrgsfs jn mfs trnbns y, pfr frf mgjf, bf jnhnb afbjuakr ubfs kbenjkgtgenbtn gtrçs jn mfs ftrfs pfrqun afrrnb rknsdfs jn gaakjnbtns. Sgrg `ganr akraumgr mg rnj jn trnbns nb `frgs pkaf y mkektgr nm rknsdf jn gaakjnbtn, nm trghgof jnm rndumgjfr ns rngmkzgjf nb nstn punstf anbtrgm y tknbn mg jklåakm tgrng jn rnsfmvnr f dnstkfbgr nsn afblmkatf jn arktnrkfs (vnmfakjgj y sndurkjgj), (g trgvës jn mg sn÷gmkzgakñb jn mg våg)9 våg)9 mg gatkvkjgj jnm rndumgjfr tnrekbg sknbjf afbstktutkvg afbstktutkvg (y bf afbtnxtugm) jn mg gatkvkjgj jnm egqukbkstg. Srñxkef gm rndumgjfr, tknbn su pfskakñb nm dugrjgduogs, qun nb mgs `frgs pkaf tknbn afblmkatf jn arktnrkf pgrg gatugr gatugr y su afblmkatf sn sktÿg nb mg prkfrkjgj qun jnhn afbanjnrmn g mgs lfregakfbns rndkfbgmns pfr sfhrn mgs lfregakfbns jn mfs suhurhkfs y, nb lubakñb jn mg rnj y tnbknbjf nb aunbtg mg bnanskjgj jn rnspntgr mg aunstkñb jn mg vnmfakjgj y sndurkjgj, gmdubgs vnans nm dugrjgduogs punjn jnogr pgrg mg lfregakñb jn suhurhkfynbtknbn prkenr mudgr9 jkrnatf mg lfregsfhrn nb qun agjg dugrjgduogs rnsunmvn agjg sktugakñb ns skbdumgr ub nlnatf mg gatkvkjgj jnm egqukbkstg.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

08

Nb mg gatkvkjgj jnm afbjuatfr nstçb prnsnbtns mfs pgsgonrfs, nstfs `ghktgb n kbakjnb sfhrn mg gatkvkjgj jnm eksef. Lgmtg rnlnrkrbfs g mfs afbjuatfrns jn ftrgs lfregakfbns , skneprn qun ub egqukbkstg sn gtrgsg f augbjf afbskdun rnaupnrgrsn jn ub gtrgsf, bf nstç sñmf nb mg rngmkzgakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj, ëstg vg kbakjkr nb mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs m fs ftrfs afbjuatfrns. G pnsgr jn qun nm egqukbkstg sn nbaunbtrn gksmgjf, pfjnefs `ghmgr jn ubg nxkstnbakg jn ub afmnatkvf kbvkskhmn auygs gatkvkjgjns kbvgjnb mg aghkbg jn afbjuaakñb99 afbjuakr ubg lfregakñb jn trnbns bf ns nbtrgr nb ub efbñmfdf tëabkaf, ns afbjuaakñb nbtrgr nb jkçmfdf nb nm snbf jn mg gatkvkjgj eÿmtkpmn. Srn ‑ faupgakfbns  Nm skstneg jn afbtrfm jn vnmfakjgj jntknbn mg lfregakñb skneprn qun nm egqukbkstg pgsg ubg sn÷gm rfog f mg vnmfakjgj pnrektkjg9 gbtn ub skstneg jn pgskvkjgj kepunstg, nm afbjuatfr sn nbaunbtrg nb ubg nspnakn jn kbnrakg k bnrakg pgrg fhsnrvgr, pgrg sndukr mg sktugakñb sfhrn mg augm bf tknbn afbtrfm pfrqun bf punjn dnstkfbgr mg vnmfakjgj jn su  prfpkg lfregakñb. Mfs Mfs afbjuatfrns afbjuatfrns rnlknrnb qun nsg rutkbg kepunstg afbjuan g qun su enbtn sn jkstrgkdg, ”vgdghubjnn― y ns pfskhmn jna kr qun g mg faupgakfbns nb mgs augmns agjg ubf jn mfs afbjuatfrns nstç kepmkagjf, sn suegb sus prnfaupgakfbns, prnfaupgakfbns, qun sfb ftrgs gatkvkjgjns jn agrçatnr pnrsfbgm y ns prnaksgenbtn `gakg nsgs  prnfaupgakfbns  prnfaupgakfb ns qun nm afbj afbjuatfr uatfr pgsg g ffaupgrsn. aupgrsn.

Nb gmdubgs lfregakfbns nxkstn ub skstneg jn vnmfakjgj gutfeçtkag f kepunstg (\ ) qun tknbn afef lubakñb bf jnogr qun mg lfregakñb sfhrnpgsn ub vgmfr jn j n vnmfakjgj  prnvkgenbtn lkogjf pfr pfr nm egqukbkstg9 jntnrekbgjfs eg egqukbkstgs qukbkstgs afmfaghgb afmfaghgb mg \K g lubakfbgr, rndkstrghgb ubg vnmfakjgj, pnrf afbtkbughgb afbjuaknbjf jn egbnrg egbugm9 Mg \K gsuen bunvgs lubakfbns, tknbn afef lubakñb egbtnbnr nb mg m g aghkbg jn gtnbakñb jnm egqukbkstg, punstf qun pgrg oudgr nb mg \K `gy qun nstgr skneprn gtnbtf y sn trgbslfreg gså jn ub kbstruenbtf tëabkaf t ëabkaf g ub kbstruenbtf pskafmñdkaf, sndÿb \kdftsik sn tfrbg nb ub kbstruenbtf jn dnstkñb jnm prfpkf suontf jn mg gaakñb y nstfs tërekbfs tnñrkafs sn gafstuehrgb g jnskdbgr afef agtgarnsks9 nstgs agtgarnsks pgsgb g lfregr pgrtn jn mg prflnskñb y afrrnspfbjnb gm afboubtf jn mgs `nrrgeknbtgs  prflnskfbgmns qun qun bf lunrfb prnv prnvkstgs kstgs pfr mg tgrng pnrf pnrf sfb anbtrgmns pgrg mg gatkvkjgj y afrrnspfbjn gm efjf g añef mfs egqukbkstgs sn ” jns`ganb― jn sus ftrgs gatkvkjgjns f

jn mgs gatkvkjgjns jn mfs ftrfs. Mg gatkvkjgj rngmkzgjg y mf rngm jn mg gatkvkjgj Mg gatkvkjgj tgehkëb ns gqunmmf qun bf sn `gan. Mg gatkvkjgj ns jnsjfhmgjg pfr Amft nb gatkvkjgj rngmkzgjg y mf rngm jn mg gatkvkjgj9 mg gatkvkjgj rngmkzgjg bf jntnbtg nm efbfpfmkf jn mg gatkvkjgj, mf rngmkzgjf ns ubg åblkeg pgrtn jn mf qun ns  pfskhmn. Mf qun agbsg ns mg gatkvkjgj kepnjkjg, mg gatkvkjgj qun rntfrbg, mg gatkvkjgj kepfskhmn, mg gatkvkjgj bf rngmkzgjg. ^bg hunbg tgrng ns gqunmmg qun pnrektn nm jnsgrrfmmf nm suontf nb nm efenbtf qun sn rngmkzg. Jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof gm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm Nbtrn mf prnsarkptf y mg gatkvkjgj jn trghgof, nxkstn ub tnranr tërekbf qun sn kblfregm, nstf ns mgs fhmkdgakfbns qun nbaunbtrg pfaf mf prnsarkptf sn gtrkhuynb g ubjnsgrrfmmgjf? afmnatkvf prflnskfbgm y qun ëstn afepgrtn pgrg afbsndukr trghgogr.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

01

Nxkstn pfr ub mgjf mg prnsarkpakñb flkakgm, mg tgrng flkakgm, y pfr ftrf mgjf, ub skstneg jn fhmkdgakfbns afepgrtkjgs pfr ub jntnrekbgjf enjkf prflnskfbgm. Mgs egbnrgs jn rngmkzgr rngmkzgr mg gatkvkjgj nstçb sktugjgs sktugjgs tnepfrgmenbtn nb nm tknepf y gsuenb ub agrçatnr `kstñrkaf y trgbsktfrkf t rgbsktfrkf y nstn bkvnm jn prnsarkpakñb ns jnbfekbgjf  pfr Amft afef dëbnrf prflnskfbgm qun sn rnlknrn g mgs egbnrgs jn `ganr qun nstçb nstghkmkzgjgs nb ub jntnrekbgjf enjkf, nb ub efenbtf jgjf y afrrnspfbjn gm afmnatkvf jn mfs trghgogjfrns, pnrf rnpfrtg skneprn gm pubtf jn vkstg jn mg `kstfrkg jnm enjkf prflnskfbgm, g su trgjkakñb, mg qun afblknrn ub afbtnbkjf skehñmkaf g mg gatkvkjgj. Nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm bf ns sñmf ubg nspnakn jn pnrtnbnbakg sfakgm, skbf tgehkëb ub rnaursf pgrg mg gaakñb. Sgrg Amft, jnlkbn gm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm afef nm trghgof jn mg frdgbkzgakñb, jfbjn mf prnsarkptf pgsg g jkvkjkrsn nb frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof (afrrnspfbjn g mg tgrng) y nm trghgof jn mg frdgbkzgakñb f dëbnrf prflnskfbgm (qun afrrnspfbjn g mgs fhmkdgakfbns afepgrtkjgs pfr ub afmnatkvf nb ub enjkf prflnskfbgm). Nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm gsuen ubg lubakñb pskafmñdkag kepfrtgbtn? pfr ub mgjf, mfs trghgogjfrns jnhnb rnspntgr nstn trghgof jn mg frdgbkzgakñb, frdgbkzgakñb, pfr ftrf mgjf ëstn sn afbstktuyn kdugmenbtn nb ub rnaursf jn mg prfpkg gaakñb. Nb mgs frdgbkzgakfbns nb mgs qun nm afmnatkvf jn trghgof bf afbskdukñ afbstrukr ub dëbnrf prflnskfbgm, sn gskstn g ubg nspnakn jn nepfhrnakeknbtf jnm trghgof. Jnm dëbnrf gm nstkmf prflnskfbgm Mgs kbvnbakfbns kbjkvkjugmns jn mfs trghgogjfrns, afef lfreg jn sfmuakñb g ubg sktugakñb keprfvkstg, afrrnspfbjn gm nstkmf prflnskfbgm y nmmgs sfb pfskhmns pfrqun nxkstnb ub pgtrkefbkf, ns jnakr, mg sfmuakñb ns kbvnbtgjg g pgrtkr jnm enjkf, ns ub trghgof qun sn `gan, pgrtknbjf jnm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm jn nsn enjkf. Lghrkagr nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm? ub prfansf jn af ‑ gbçmksks jnm trghgof  Sgrg egbtnbnr vkvf ub dëbnrf prflnskfbgm ns prnaksf pfjnr jksautkr, nb ubg  prflnskñb `gy jnhgtns jn pn pnrspnatkvgs9 rspnatkvgs9 jn jnhnb hnb nbafbtrgrsn sktug sktugakfbns akfbns qun uhkqunb uhkqunb g mfs trghgogjfrns nb ubg pfskakñb jn `ghmgr jn su trghgof. ^bg jn mgs lfregs prfpunstgs pgrg afbsndukr rngmkzgr mg jksauskñb nb nm afmnatkvf jn trghgof ns g trgvës jnm eëtfjf jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb aruzgjg qun sn utkmkzg

afef pgrg nm nm gbçmksks trghgof y tknbn afef fhontkvf tfegr gm trghgof afef fhontfhgsn jn pnbsgeknbtf9 sn yjnm trgtg jn ubg gatkvkjgj jn rnlmnxkñb sfhrn mg gatkvkjgj `ghktugm jn trghgof. Qfhrn ubg ekseg gatkvkjgj, agjg trghgogjfr afenbtg mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs ftrfs9 `ghmgefs jn ub af ‑  gbçmksks  gbçmksks jnm trghgof? nm pskañmfdf jnm trghgof f nm pgr nb mgs snskfbns jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb aruzgjg bf tknbnb mgs eksegs jujgs. Nstg entfjfmfdåg jn gbçmksks jnm trghgof sn mg punjn jnspmndgr nb trns efenbtfs? 7.  ^b prkenr efenbtf afrrnspfbjn g mg afbstktuakñb jnm drupf jn gbçmksks , qun sn kbkakg afb ubg lgsn jn fhsnrvgakñb nb tnrrnbf afbjuakjg pfr mfs kbvnstkdgjfrnss pgrg pnrektkr ubg rnprnsnbtgakñb afepgrtkjg afb mfs trghgogjfrns kbvnstkdgjfrn sfhrn su sktugakñb jn trghgof. 8.  ^b sndubjf efenbtf sn kbkakg afb mg afbstruaakñb jn mfs jfauenbtfs jn vkjnf qun skrvnb jn hgsn pgrg mgs m gs gutfafblrfbtgakfbns skepmns (suontf ‑   kbvnstkdgjfr ‑  y aruzgjgs suontfs ‑   mgs  ‑  keçdnbns  keçdnbns rnafdkjgs pgrg nsn nstfssuontf) suontfs). Jnspuës jn(jfs snmnaakfbgjgs

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

0:

keçdnbns sn pgsg g mgs sktugakfbns jn afblrfbtgakñb skepmn y aruzgjg prfpkgenbtn jka`g. 1.  Nm tnranr efenbtf nstç afbstktukjf pfr mg jnvfmuakñb jnm gbçmksks nlnatugjf gm afmnatkvf prflnskfbgm (sn prnsupfbn qun sn `gan nxtnbskvf nstg jnvfmuakñb g tfjfs mfs prflnskfbgmns qun lfregb pgrtn jn nstn afmnatkvf nb aunstkñb pgrg rnvktgmkzgr mg jksauskñb sfhrn nm dëbnrf. Ns ubg jn mgs entfjfmfdågs pfskhmns pgrg rnmgbzgr mg jksauskñb sfhrn nm dëbnrf  prflnskfbgm nb nm nm snbf jn ub afmnatkvf afmnatkvf jn trghgof. Jf Jfss kjngs sfhrn sfhrnsgmnb sgmnb jn mg gpmkagakñb gpmkagakñb jn nstn eëtfjf?   Mg prkenrg sn rnlknrn g mg afbstgtgakñb jn ub pfjnrfsf nlnatf qun nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof tknbn afef pftnbakgjfr jn mg gatkvkjgj.   Mg sndubjg ns qun nstfs eëtfjfs s sfb fb nm rnsumtgjf jn aknrtg afban afbanpakñb pakñb jn mg rnmgakñb nbtrn nm fpnrgjfr y nm nxpnrtf9 nm pgpnm jnm nxpnrtf ns mg jn prfpfrakfbgr ub egraf pgrg qun mfs trghgogjfrns punjgb prfjuakr ubg kbtnrprntgakñb jn mg sktugakñb nb mg qun sn nbaunbtrgb. Amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj Ns kepfrtgbtn gafrjgr ub pgpnm kepfrtgbtn gm nxpnrtf, gsueknbjf mg rnmgakñb qun sn nstghmnan afb nm fhontf jn nstujkf y g sus nlnatfs, pfr mfs qun Amft sn rnlknrn g mg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj , pfr mg afbskjnrgakñb jn mg prfxkekjgj qun nm rnaursf jnm gbçmksks jnm trghgof tknbn afb nm eëtfjf amåbkaf9 nstg pnrspnatkvg bf punjn jnogr jn afbskjnrgr mgs gtrkhuakfbns jn mg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm trghgof, lun g trgvës jnm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj kepnjkjg qun Amft kbtndrñ mg kjng jn afblmkatf y pfskhkmktñ

kbafrpfrgr mf pfskhmn u mf kepfskhmn nb mg gatkvkjgj, prnsnrvgbjf mgs hgsns pgrg afeprnbjnr nm jnsgrrfmmf y nm sulrkeknbtf. Ns pfskhmn jnakr qun sn `ghmg jn mg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj y bf jn gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj pfrqun mg gatkvkjgj rngmkzgjg bf ns tfjg mg gatkvkjgj. Nm ghfrjgon jn mg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj prfaurg afeprnbjnr mg jkb jkbçekag çekag jn gaakñb jn mfs suontfs, gatkvkjgj jkrkdkjg gm fhontf jn trghgof y `gakg mfs ftrfs. Mg nstruaturg jn mg gatkvkjgj Mg gatkvkjgj jnm trghgof ns? 

 Snrsfbgm?

 sn rnlknrn afboubtf jkrkdkjgs jn bunstrgs gatkvkjgjns     Kbtnrpnrsfbgm?  ns ubggmgatkvkjgj pgrg mfs ftrfs.  

Zrgbspnrsfbgm? nstç gtrgvnsgjg pfr mg `kstfrkg afmnatkvg jnm trghgof9 ns nm

kbvfmuargeknbtf nb mg rnafbstruaakñb jn ub dëbnrf prflnskfbgm.    Kepnrsfbgm? jnvknbn jn mg prnsarkpakñb pfr mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof trghgof,, jn mg tgrng qun ns gtrkhukjg gm trghgogjfr. Kbtnrvnbkr, tnbknbjf pfr hgsn ubg amåbkag jn mg m g gatkvkjgj, skdbklkag afbskjnrgr tfjgs nstgs jkenbskfbns.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

0>

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  ¶NN m Zr Zrg ghgof skb sn snrr ns `u `ue egbf bfs6 s6 Sskafmfdåg jn mfs nbtfrbfs jn AMFZ,, [\NQ? ¶ AMFZ  Qndubjg g Sg Sgrtn rtn?? N bt btf fr bf bfss y su suon onttfs jnm Zr Zrg ghgof of.. 8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

0<

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  ¶NN m Zr Zrg ghgof skb sn snrr ns `u `ue egbf bfs6 s6 Sskafmfdåg jn mfs nbtfrbfs jn AMFZ,, [\NQ? ¶ AMFZ  Qndubjg g Sg Sgrtn rtn?? N bt btf fr bf bfss y su suon onttfs jnm Zr Zrg ghgof of.. 4. M g trgh tr ghgof gof y jn vkjg. Qndubj

nlk ag agak akg g nbtr btrnn nm snbtk snbtk jf y mg nlk ak aknnbak bakg g

Gm snrvkakf jn mg gaakñb  Fhsnrvgbjf mfs nbtfrbfs jn trghgof, jnsjn nm çbdumf jn mg rndumgakñb enjkgbtn mg

nlkaknbakg, jnsauhrkefs, drgakgs ggjneçs mg trgepkmmg ghknrtg nstfs jkspfsktkvfs gbñbkefs, aknrtfs rnsfrtns jn su pmgstkakjgj, jn ubf jn mfspfr prkbakpkfs jn su `kstfrkg. Qn  punjn sndukr sndukr mg gaakñb g mf mgrd mgrdff jnm tknepf9 sn husa husagg afeprnbjn afeprnbjnrr nm oundf qun nxkstn nxkstn nbtrn mg dëbnsks jn mg gaakñb y mg jn sus kbstruenbtfs. Mg nlkaknbakg ns ubg rndumgakñb jn mg gaakñb y bf ubg prfpknjgj jnm kkbstruenbtf9 bstruenbtf9 g mf mgrdf jn mg gatkvkjgj, bf jnogefs jn gprnakgr eÿmtkpmns rnarngakfbns jn enefrkg qun prfvfagb mg dëbnsks jn bunvgs gaakfbns. ^bg gaakñb ns nb tgb eçs nlkaknbtn nb augbtf pnrektn gmagbzgr g ub enbfr afstn nm eksef bkvnm jn nlkagakg, ns jnakr, mfs fhontkvfs husagjfs nafbfekzgbjf mfs nslunrzfs afbsnbtkjfs pgrg mfdrgrmfs9 mg gaakñb nlkaknbtn bf ns gonbg g mf kbnspnrgjf y nstg sng qukzç mg egyfr nbsn÷gbzg. Nm snbtkjf afef rnarngakñb jn mfs fhontkvfs Nm snbtkjf jn mg gaakñb ns mg rnmgakñb jn vgmfr qun nm suontf kbstgurg nbtrn jka`g

gaakñb y sus ftrgs ftr gs gatkvkjgjns pfskhmns. Mfs gra`kvfs jnm snbtkjf? entçlfrgs y arngakfbns vnrhgmns Nstfs jnspmgzgeknbtfs, enjkgbtn mfs augmns tfjf suontf vkvn skneprn vgrkgs vkjgs skeumtçbngenbtn y nvgmÿg ubg g trgvës jnm skdbklkagjf qun mn ftfrdg jnbtrf jn mg ftrg, sn egbtknbnb drgakgs g nsagpgjgs skehñmkags jnpfsktgjgs nb nm mnbdugon. Mg nlkaknbakg ns ubg rndumgakñb qun jnog `unmmgs nb nm grtnlgatf, gr tnlgatf, nm snbtkjf ns ubg rndumgakñb qun tgehkëb tknbn qun jnogr `unmmgs. Agtgarnsks pfr agtgarnsks, Gquå mg nmghfrgakñb jn kbstruenbtfs afhrg mg lfreg jn ubg arngakñb vnrhgm. Nm gaansf g mg nlkaknbakg ns lgakmktgjf pfr nm nstujkf jn grtnlgatfs gbñbkefs y tëabkags drksns9 nm snbtkjf rnsumtg eçs lçakm drgakgs g mg gpnrturg jn nsgs vnbtgbgs qun sfb mgs entçlfrgs jnm trghgof, vnrjgjnrfs grtnlgatfs mkbdýåstkafs. Znstkdfs tgbdkhmns f skehñmkafs jn mg gatkvkjgj `uegbg, nstfs prftfafmfs mkbdýåstkafs snjkenbtgb mfs agehkfs jn rëdkenb jn mg gatkvkjgj, sfb su nbvfmtfrkf. Nm snbtkjf bf sn jksunmvn nb nm mnbdugon, sn rngmkzg nb ëm, gbtkakpçbjfsn g ëm, mf rnlunrzg. @gy ub prfvnbkr keprnjnakhmn jnm snbtkjf nb mfs m fs skdbklkagjfs mkbdýåstkafs jkspfbkhmns. Ns mg `kstfrkg jnm suontf mg qun mn ghrn mg pfskhkmkjgj jn egbtnbnrsn g jkstgbakg jn ubg gatkvkjgj qun bf mn afbtknbn nb su tftgmkjgj y g mg qun punjn jgr ub snbtkjf  pnrsfbgm. Zëabkags jn mg pgmghrg y jnm pnbsgeknbtf Qn trgtg jn nxpmkagr nsg pskafmfdåg bf nsarktg nb mfs nbtfrbfs jn trghgof, auyg nlkagakg sn ghrn ubg våg skneprn sk neprn skbdumgr nbtrn nlkaknbakg y snbtkjf jn mmgs gs gatkvkjgjns. Srfmfdgbjf mgs arngakfbns kbstruenbtgmns y mgs agtgarnsks tëabkags, mgs arngakfbns vnrhgmns lkogjgs nb rntñrkags bgrrgtkvgs y grduenbtgtkvgs jgb ln jn j n qun nm trghgof ns skneprn ub nspgakf y ub tknepf jn ubg jklkaumtgj. Nm afbtgatf afb mfs prfansf prfansfss rngmns skneprn jnshfrjg mgs gbtkakpgakfbns qun bfs `ganefs jn nmmfs, yg sng nb nm eubjf jn mgs afsgs, yg nb nm eubjf jn mfs `fehrns, pfr ftrg pgrtn kepfskhmn jksfakgr. Nxkstn ub dëbnrf jksaurskvf frgm prfpkf jn tfjf trghgof, nb afblmkatf afb mmgs gs sfrprnsgs jn mf rngm9 ëstn dëbnrf jksaurskvf frjkbgrkf, qun afrrnspfbjn g su vnz gm fhontf

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

04

jn trghgof y gm jksaursf jn mfs ftrfs sfhrn nstn fhontf, pgrnan urjkjf nb ubg efrlfmfdåg rntñrkag qun ghrn ubg vnbtgbg g mf m f kbnspnrgjf n keprnjnakhmn. Nstn dëbnrf jksaurskvf  pfsnn gjneçs gjneçs jn gehkdýn gehkdýnjgj jgj y gehkvg gehkvgmnbakg, mnbakg, ubg ga gatkvkjgj tkvkjgj g enbujf gbñbkeg gbñbkeg nb mg qun nm `fehrn jnhn gprnbjnr g egbnogr9 prfpfrakfbg ub gaansf g mgs `nrrgeknbtgs skehñmkags jn nstn egbnof enjkgbtn nm augm quknbns trghgogb t rghgogb trgtgb jn jgr ub snbtkjf g sus vkjgs.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

00

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  ¶NN m Zr Zrg ghgof skb sn snrr ns `u `ue egbf bfs6 s6 Sskafmfdåg jn mfs nbtfrbfs jn AMFZ,, [\NQ? ¶ AMFZ  Qndubjg g Sg Sgrtn rtn?? N bt btf fr bf bfss y su suon onttfs jnm Zr Zrg ghgof of.. 0. N m trgh tr ghgof gof y jn vkjg. Qndubj

Z r ghg hgoo f nbtr nbtrnn ga gatktkvk vkj jgj y suhon suhontktkvk vkj jgj  

@gstg quë pubtf mg gatkvkjgj mkbdýåstkag jg ln jn mg prfjuaakñb jn snbtkjf bf nmkekbghmn jn mg qun nm trghgof ns nsanbgrkf9 bfs anbtrgefs mg gtnbakñb sfhrn ubg agjnbg entglñrkag trgbsvnrsgm g tfjfs mfs nbtfrbfs jn trghgof, ubg tnfråg suontf jkvumdgjg enjkgbtn nm dëbnrf jksaurskvf prfpkf nxkstn jnm trghgof9 nstg bgturgm jnm afbanptugmkzgakñb afbanptugmkzg akñb tçaktg, gatkvg nb nm mnbdugon frjkbgrkf, trgbspkrg nb mg rnaurrnbakg jn entçlfrgs jn mg bgvndgakñb qun akraumg pfr mfs m fs mudgrns jn trghgof.

Znfråg bgturgm jnm suontf, ektf y aknbakg   Zgbtf nb nm trghgof aknbtålkaf afef nb nm trghgof kbjustrkgm, sn utkmkzg nm eksef tneg entglñrkaf afef efjf jn rnprnsnbtgakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj jnm suontf. Ns nb mg afbtkbdnba afbtkbdnbakg kg jfbjn sn nbaunbtrg mg lunbtn jn tfjg gatkvkjgj suhontkvg9 mg jkenbskñb jn mg nmnaakñb bubag sn nbaunbtrg afepmntgenbtn bnutrgmkzgjg nb mg tnfråg bgturgm jnm suontf nb usf nb mfs mudgrns jn trghgof.  Bf ns nb nm nm fhontf jfbjn rgj rgjkag kag mg jklnrnbakg9 mg jklnrn jklnrnbakg bakg prfanjn eçs hknb jnm  pubtf jn vkstg sfhrn sfhrn nsn fhontf ‑  suontf9  suontf9 mg kbtnmkdnbakg tnñrkag tknbn qun rnsuaktgr enjkgbtn nm trghgof jn mfs afbanptfs mf qun mg pskafmfdåg bf nsarktg afbsnrvg rntknbn bf lfreumgjf nb agjg sktugakñb afbarntg. Mg frdgbkzgakñb enbfs ghknrtg jnog lkmtrgr mg kbjntnrekbgakñb bnansgrkg pgrg mgs kbkakgtkvgs jn mfs suontfs, quknbns, pfr ftrg pgrtn, mn pgdgb afb mg ekseg efbnjg. Nm rnvnrsf jn mg gaakñb   Bndgrsn g gsuekr gsuekr mg rnspfbsgh rnspfbsghkmkjgj kmkjgj jn mgs jkslubakfbns jkslubakfbns jn mg frdg frdgbkzgakñb bkzgakñb ns ub eftkvf qun jg lfreg g mg gaakñb, eknbtrgs qun nm kepumsf jnakskvf jg snbtkjf g mg gatkvkjgj. Nbtrn nm rnvnrsf y nm gbvnrsf jn mg gaakñb sn ooundg undg su snbtkjf pgrg mfs suontfs, su egra`g y su nstkmf. Nm suontf nb mgs tnfrågs jn mg gaakñb  Bubag sn rnafbfanrç rnafbfanrç `gs `gstg tg quë pubtf nm eë eëtfjf tfjf kbtnrgaakfbkstg kbtnrgaakfbkstg,, gm trgtgr mfs `na`fs sfakgmns afef mfdrfs lgatugmns qun mmnvgb nb så eksef nm snbtkjf jn mg sktugakñb fhsnrvgjg, trgtg jn jns`ganrsn jnm ektf jn mg kbtnrkfrkjgj nb nm gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj `uegbg. Mg ntbfentfjfmfdåg, nb Lrgbakg, `g rnvkvkjf vknofs jnefbkfs npkstnefmñdkafs y rnskjn nb jnsuhontkvkzgakñb jn mg kbtnbakfbgmkjgj, jfbjn mg kbtnrkfrkjgj sn lfreg l freg pfr rngprfpkgakñb, kbtnrbgmkzgakñb y lfreumgakñb jn mgs m gs gaakfbns y nxprnskfbns pÿhmkags9 mg suhontkvkjgj bf tknbn eçs afbskstnbakg qun ubg nenrdnbakg nb aursf jn rngmkzgakñb  pÿhmkag jn mg gaakñb. gaakñb. Sgrg nm afbjuatksef sfakgm, afbskjnrgb qun mg suhontkvkjgj ns ubg nenrdnbtn jn mg gaakñb, nm gbçmksks jnsnehfag nb mg kjnbtklkagakñb k jnbtklkagakñb jnm gdnbtn afb ub afrrnmgtf jn mg rngmkzgakñb sfakgm jn sus gatfs. Mg afbtrfvnrskg sfhrn mg kbtnbakñb  Sgrg Wunrë, sk hknb nm snbtkjf jn mg gaakñb bf tknbn su frkdnb nb nm suontf, tgepfaf mf nbaunbtrg nb mg sktugakñb f nb mg `kstfrkg 9 nstç nbsgehmgjf kbtnrsuhontkvgenbtn, sfhrn ubg hgsn purgenbtn prfanjkenbtgm, g pgrtkr jn skdbklkagjfs

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

0;

 pÿhmkafs yg jgjfs pfr mgs lfreg lfregss skehñmkags9 mg su suhontkvkjgj hontkvkjgj ns ubg gprfpkgakñb jn mg mgss bfregs afmnatkvgs qun mfs gdnbtns pfbnb g su eutug jkspfskakñb. Quhontkvkjgj n kbtnbakfbgmkjgj ¶Wuë sfakgm6 Mg gaakñb tknbn ub gbvnrsf y ub rnvnrsf9 su prfjuatf pgrg nm suontf bubag pfjråg afkbakjkr afb nm rnsumtgjf nb su nbtfrbf. Mnofs jn snr nm jnpfsktgrkf jn mg kbtnbakfbgmkjgj, nm suontf bf nxkstn skbf jnsauhrknbjff mfs vgmfrns jn mg lfregs jn vkjg qun mf jkvkjnb, nxpnrkenbtgbjf sus jnsauhrknbj  pfskhkmkjgjns y afbtrgjkaakfbns, gatugbjf pg pgrg rg supnrgr nb uubg bg gatkvkjgj jn suhontkvgakñb suhontkvgakñb jn mg qun mg sfaknjgj ogeçs sgmn kbtgatg. Nm suontf nxkstn sk y sfmf sk, nxkstn nm pfjnr jnm kbjkvkjuf pgrg jnsprnbjnrsn jn mf qun mgs gatkvkjgjns sfakgmns rnprnsnbtgb rnprnsnbtgb pgrg ëm y pgrg mfs jneçs9 mg suhontkvkjgj ns ubg mghfr m ghfr jnm suontf pgrg jkstgbakgrsn jn ubg jn mgs lfregs sfakgmns augbjf nstç sktugjf nb mg ftrg g afstg jn pgdgr sus suanskvgs kjnbtklkagakfbns afb nm sgarklkakf jn ftrgs ftr gs pfskhkmkjgjns. ¶Wuë suontf6 Mg gatkvkjgj jn mfs suontfs sn vunmvn gefrlg sk sn afbskjnrg ÿbkagenbtn ubg enjkgakñb jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns y bf sn jnsustgbakgmkzg gm kbjkvkjuf y g mg sfaknjgj. ^b gbçmksks jnegskgjf gefrlf jn mf sfakgm nxpmkaghg mg bndgakñb jn mf suhontkvf. Sfag suhontkvkjgj bfs gmnog jn mf sfakgm, pnrf eua`g bfs ganrag g ëm y, gm rnvës, pfaf sfakgm, bfs snpgrg jn mf suhontkvf. Sgrg Hgotkb, mg gatkvkjgj jnm suontf sn frknbtg bf sñmf `gakg nm fhontf, skbf skeumtçbngenbtn `gakg mg gatkvkjgj jnm ftrf rnmgtkvg g nsn fhontf9 bubag ns sustgbakgm, skbf nstruaturgmenbtn fpunstg g så ekseg, afef mg gatkvkjgj sfakgm. ^bg sfmg kbtnbakñb nbagrbg eçs jn ubg kbaktgakñb vktgm, eçs jn ubg kjg pfskhmn9 nstg kkbjnxkaghkmkjgj bjnxkaghkmkjgj ns nsnbakgm y ns ub gspnatf afbstktutkvf jn su skdbklkagjf rngm9 mg kbtnbakñb ns pfmklñbkag f  pfmksëekag. Nm suontf? ub snr vkvf sfakgm  Mg gatkvkjgj jnm suontf bf jnog jn jkrkdkrsn g mfs ftrfs y jn afbtgr afb sus `kstfrkgs, pnrf skneprn nb afbtrfvnrskgs afb mfs egbjgtfs sfakgmns qun mg m g afbvfagb. Mg kbtnbakñb bgan jnm jnhgtn nbtrn nsfs vgmfrns afef ubg tnbtgtkvg t nbtgtkvg jn mkhnrgrsn jn sus afbtrgjkaakfbns99 sn lfreg nb nm nslunrzf pfr supnrgr mmfs afbtrgjkaakfbns fs afblmkatfs prfvfagjfs nb mg

gatkvkjgj nm kbtnragehkf sfakgm y mmnvgekseg su `unmmg9 jnqun mf qun nstç su skneprn nbjnm nm suontf suontf,pfr jnhgtn jn mg sfaknjgj afbskdf y nsfsgmn ns mf mn ftfrdg agpgakjgj y su pmgstkakjgj. Mg pfmkvgmnbakg jn mgs kbtnbakfbns punjn gjneçs glmfrgr nb mgs nbubakgakfbns jkvnrdnbtns enjkgbtn mgs qun nm suontf trgtg jn rnbjkr aunbtg g mfs jneçs jn sus rgzfbns  pgrg gatugr. Mg kbtnbakfbgmkjgj bubag ns tgb lrgbag y mfs suontfs bubag sfb skepmn rnsumtgjf jn lunrzgs faumtgs, afef tgepfaf sn punjn jnakr qun nsagpgb g mg nxpnrknbakg jn gatugr sfhrn lunrzgs pfjnrfsgs, rngakgs gm afbtrfm y qun tknbnb tk nbnb qun utkmkzgr g pnsgr jn nmmgs, bf skb rknsdf jn pnrjnr nm snbtkjf jn mg sktugakñb. Nm snbtkjf afeÿb jnhn enjkrsn tgehkëb afb mf bf kbtnbakfbgjf k btnbakfbgjf99 mg lfregakñb jn mgs kbtnbakfbns ns kbsnpgrghmns jnm kbtnragehkf kbtnrpnrsfbgm. Mg fpnrgtkvkjgj, skb mg augm mg kbtnbakfbgmkjgj sn qunjg skb vkskñb enbtgm, fhnjnan g mnyns jn nlkaknbakg, jn gskdbgakñb jn enjkfs, ns jnakr, g mgs nxkdnbakgs sfakgmns rngmns qun prfpfrakfbgb ubg gpgrknbakg bf kbtnbakfbgm g mg gaakñb qun trgtg t rgtg jn gmagbzgr su fhontkvf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;3

Mg nlkagakg nxtnrkfr jn mg gaakñb jnm suontf sn nbaunbtrg nb nm frkdnb jn su `kstfrkg kbgaghghmn. Mg kbtnbakñb jfs vnans sfakgm y jfs vnans v nans nbtrndgjg g mfs rknsdfs jn mg bf kbtnbakñb. Nm gbçmksks jn ubg gaakñb vfmubtgrkg ns kbjksfakghmn k bjksfakghmn jn mg afeprnbskñb jnm efvkeknbtf qun mg gbumg9 gm nxtkbdukrsn sn rngmkzg. Ns nb nvnbtugm hnbnlkakf jnm suontf  punstf qun nm nm suontf jn nstg ``kstfrkg kstfrkg ns su pmusvgmåg pmusvgmåg suhontkvg. Nm efvkeknbtf jn mg gprfpkgakñb jnm gatf ns mg nbnrdåg qun nepuog gm suontf g vnr nm lkb jn sus gatfs g pnsgr jn tfjf, g afbsnrvgr nm pfjnr sfhrn mf qun `gan, nm pfjnr jn gatugr sfhrn sus prfpkfs gatfs pgrg efjklkagr gmdf nb mg rngmkjgj jnm trghgof.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;7

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  ¶NN m Zr Zrg ghgof skb sn snrr ns `u `ue egbf bfs6 s6 Sskafmfdåg jn mfs nbtfrbfs jn AMFZ,, [\NQ? ¶ AMFZ  Qndubjg g Sg Sgrtn rtn?? N bt btf fr bf bfss y su suon onttfs jnm Zr Zrg ghgof of.. ;. trgh tr ghgof gof y jn vkjg. Qndubj

S sk skaf afmf mfdd å g Nsark N sarkttg y psk skaf afmf mfdd å g bf bf Nsa N sarr k tg

Mg pskafmfdåg punjn snr ub tnrrktfrkf jn ub rnjnsauhrkeknbtf jn mgs afbanpakfbns rngmkstgs jnm suontf y jnsaklrgr mgs lunrzgs jn ëstfs afbanptfs nspfbtçbnfs nb quknbns trghgogbMg bfnxpnrknbakg skrvn afefjnm afbanptugmkzgakñb. trghgof, sndÿb Fjjfbn, sn gjquknrn nstghmnaknbjf mg afboubakñb nbtrn frdgbkzgakñb lfregm y frdgbkzgakñb rngm. Sfjnefs prndubtgrbfs sk mg ubkjgj jn mg pskafmfdåg jnm trghgof bf ns eçs qun ubg lkaakñb rndumgjfrg, sk mfs prfdrnsfs tnñrkafs qun punjn nspnrgr bf nstçb kbtråbsnagenbtn mkdgjfs gm rnafbfakeknbtf pfr su pgrtn jn qun nxkstn ub pnbsgeknbtf qun sn gmkenbtg nb ub mudgr jkstkbtf jnm jksaursf y mfs afbanptfs. Mg kbtnmkdnbakg jn mgs sktugakfbns bf sn gjgptg g mg kbtnmkdnbakg afbanptugm.

Afbanptfs aftkjkgbfs y afbanptfs aknbtålkafs  Sgrg \kdftsiy, mfs afbanptfs aknbtålkafs y mfs afbanptfs aftkjkgbfs sfb jfs lunbtns jn kbtnmkdkhkmkjgj qun punjnb utkmkzgrsn pnrf bubag kjnbtklkagrsn9 mfs sndubjfs sndubjfs nstçb sgturgjfs jn afbtnbkjfs nepårkafs, afmegjfs jn snbtkjf jn ubg nxpnrknbakg skbdumgr9 mfs prkenrfs bf tfegb mgs afsgs afef pubtf jn pgrtkjg y mg rnmgakñb afb nm fhontf nstç enjkgtkzgjg pfr nm skstneg sk stneg jn afbanptfs. Nm nstkmf jn pskafmfdåg jnsgrrfmmgjf pfr \kdftsiy, afbskjnrg g mg frdgbkzgakñb jn ubg zfbg jn kbtnrsnaakñb jnakskvg pgrg vkbaumgr y rnmgakfbgr r nmgakfbgr jfs måbngs jn snbtkjf fpunstg nb nm jnsgrrfmmf9 nb nstg zfbg jn jnsgrrfmmf, mfs afbanptfs aknbtålkafs hrftgb `gakg ghgof enjkgbtn enjkgbtn mg kbtnrenjkgakñb jn mfs afbanptfs aftkjkgb aftkjkgbfs fs y nstfs hrftgb `gakg grrkhg enjkgbtn mg kbtnrenjkgakñb jn mfs afbanptfs aknbtålkafs. Nm prkbakpkf nxtñpkaf  Mg pskafmfdåg jnm trghgof ns ubg jksakpmkbg afb su `kstfrkg y sus afbanptfs9 bf sñmf ns ubg gatkvkjgj tnñrkag, skbf qun tgehkëb trgtg jn afbstrukr nbtfrbfs sfakgmns jn gbçmksks y gaakfbns afef kbstruenbtfs jn kbvnstkdgakñb. Nm kbvnstkdgjfr sn nbaunbtrg nb mg nbaruakogjg jn ubg jfhmn nxpnrkenbtgakñb jkgmñdkag, afb mfs prftgdfbkstgs jnm trghgof, pfr ubg pgrtn, afb mg afeubkjgj aknbtålkag, pfr ftrg9 ns nbtfrbf jn kbvnstkdgakñb y gaakñb sn prnsnbtg afef ubg zfbg afeÿb jn jnsgrrfmmf pgrg afepntnbakgs `ntnrfdëbngss qun sn nspnaklkagb eutugenbtn. `ntnrfdëbng Nstg zfbg ns ubg prçatkag qun pfsnn sus rndmgs. @gy amåbkag y amåbkag Mg amåbkag ns nm grtn jn egbnogr mfs pgsfs nbtrn mg rgakfbgmkjgj jn mg gaakñb y mg rgakfbgmkjgj aknbtålkag, nm nonrakakf prçatkaf jnm jnspmgzgeknbtf nbtrn nm snbtkjftn ubg nxpnrknbakg y nm skdbklkagjf jn mfs afbanptfs. ^bg amåbkag jnm trghgof bf tknbn pfr ÿbkaf fhontf mg suhontkvkjgj jn mfs trghgogjfrns, skbf qun sn prnfaupg pfr su gatkvkjgj. Mg pskafmfdåg amåbkag jnlkbn ub aknrtf rëdkenb jn prfjuaakñb jn afbfakeknbtfs9 tfjf mf qun prfanjn jn ubg pskafmfdåg amåbkag jn mfs nbtfrbfs jn trghgof t rghgof nbtrn gatkvkjgj y suhontkvkjgj. Nm eëtfjf jn sfsågs? amåbkag y mnbdugon Nb mfs eëtfjfs jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb, mfs suontfs sn pfbnb nb sktugakñb skt ugakñb jn  prfpfrakfbgr ub afenbtgrkf afenbtgrkf y ub rnmgtf rnmgtkvf g su prfpkf trghgof rndkstrgjf enjkgb enjkgbtn tn

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;8

ubg drghgakñb jn vkjnf9 sn trgtg jn ubg prçatkag jn afgbçmksks jnm ttrghgof rghgof nb nm aursf jn mg augm ubf f vgrkfs suontfs rnjnsauhrn rnjnsauhrnbb su prfpkg nxpnrknbakg aafb fb fagskñb jn ub kbtnragehkf pgutgjf afb ub kbtnrmfautfr nxtnrkfr nrdñbfef f pskañmfdf jnm trghgof. Snrf mg lfregmkzgakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm punjn trgbsktgr tgehkëb agbgmns jkstkbtfs jn mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb nb mg sktugakñb jn trghgof. Mfs jkspfsktkvfs qun sn jkspfbnb sn afbakhnb afef ub tnranr nbtfrbf nbtrn mg afeubkjgj jn trghgof y mg afeubkjgj aknbtålkag y su vfagakñb ns jnlkbkjg afef ub nspgakf jn rnafdkjg jn mg nxpnrknbakg jn trghgof, jfbjn nenrdn ub bunvf nbtfrbf amåbkaf9 nb ëm sn punjn nxpnrkenbtgr mg nmghfrgakñb jn zfbgs jn jnsgrrfmmf pftnbakgm jn mg nxpnrknbakg enjkgbtn mfs afbanptfs y jn mfs afbanptfs jn mg nxpnrknbakg nb ub egraf jkgmñdkaf pgutgjf. Qn nxpfbnb augtrf çehktfs jn nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm pgrg mfs qun sn nxkdnb afbskdbgs prnaksgs?   Nm çehktf jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb mg tgrng prfpkgenbtn jka`g   Nm çehktf jn mgs rnmgakfbns nbtrn kdugmns jnbtrf jn mfs afmnatkvfs   Nm çehktf jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb mg måbng onrçrqukag   Nm çehktf jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb frdgbkzgakfbns lfregmns f kblfregmns jnm eubjf jnm trghgof Mg gatkvkjgj punjn afbskjnrgrsn mg ubkjgj eåbkeg jnm kbtnragehkf k btnragehkf sfakgm, jkrkdkjg g mg vnz `gakg nm fhontf afef gaakñb rngmkzgjfrg y `gakg mg gatkvkjgj jn ftrfs rnmgtkvg g nsn fhontf. Nstg trågjg vkvg jnm gatugr ns nm fhontf jnm afgbçmksks prgatkagjf9 mfs egtnrkgmns rnafdkjfs sfb rntfegjfs pfr nm suontf nb aunstkñb y afenbtgjfs pfr ëm pfr nsarktf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;1

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?    Mg g lfre lfr egak akñb ñb pf pfr nm gbçmk bçmkskskss jnm jnm trg tr ghgo f nb nb pfs pfs jn ubg AMFZ,, [\N Q?  M AMFZ

tnrr an tn anrr g vå våg g

Mg lfregakñb jnm trghgof `gb skjf pfr eua`f tknepf rngmkjgjns nxtrg÷gs nbtrn så. Mg nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm lkdurghg afef ub fhstçaumf pgrg mfs agekbfs jnm afbfakeknbtf y mgs jklkaumtgjns jn mg efjnrbkzgakñb kbjustrkgm gtrkhuågb g nm ”  hgof bkvnm jn agmklkagakñb― pnrsfbgm. Nb mfs g÷fs 7;03  surdnb mfs g  eëtfjfs jn njuaghkmkjgj njuaghkmkjgj afdbktkvg afdbktkvg qun nstghgb anbtrgjfs pfr pfbnr trghgogjfrns nb nstgjf jn ”gprnbjnr g gprnbjnr―, prkvkmndkgrfb nb mg lfregakñb mgs

mfs

tëabkags jn nbtrnbgeknbtf nb nm rgzfbgeknbtf mñdkaf f nb mg enofrg jn mgs rnmgakfbns g lkb jn lgvfrnanr mg efvkmkzgakñb jn mfs suhontkvf. Nstfs eëtfjfs lunrfb fhontfs jn drgbjns aråtkags, mn rnprfa`grfb snr eëtfjfs jn gprnbjkzgon skb afbtnbkjf, qun  prnpgrghgb g afepntnbakgs skb afbtnbkjf. Nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof gpgrnan nb prkenr pmgbf nb mg lfregakñb  prflnskfbgm, mgs egbnrgs jn gp gprnbjnr rnbjnr sn ganragrfb g mgs egbnrgs jn `ga `ganr9 nr9 mg nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm sn trgbslfreñ nb ubg vnbtgog pgrg mg lfregakñb y mg vgmkjgakñb jn mgs gjqukskakfbns prflnskfbgmns sn mndktkeñ. Jn mg kbvnstkdgakñb g mg lfregakñb? mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb aruzgjg   Gmdubfs eëtfjfs jn gbçmksks jnm trghgof pmgbtngb prfhmnegs jn lfregakñb lfr egakñb y ns nm agsf jn mgs nxpnrknbakgs nb tnrrnbf nb gutfafbfakeknbtf aruzgjg. Nm gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj gtrgvknsg trns lgsns? 7.   Nm afbsnbsf jn mgs sktugakfbns g gbgmkzgr? nb nstg lgsn sn nlnatÿgb mgs fhsnrvgakfbnss jn sktugakfbns pfr mfs eksefs kbvnstkdgjfrns afb nm lkb jn gmk fhsnrvgakfbn gmkenbtgr enbtgr ubg afbanpakñb afepgrtkjg. 8.   Srfjuaakñb jn vkjnfs drghgjfs drghgjfs jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb skepmn? sn trgtg jn ubg trågjg suontf / kbvnstkdgjfr/ k bvnstkdgjfr/ keçdnbns y jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb aruzgjg (jfs suontfs / kbvnstkdgjfr / kegdnb). Ns nm afeknbzf afeknbzf jn ub jkçmfdf prflnskfbgm nbtrn jfs nxpn nxpnrtfs rtfs nb ub aknrtf agepf, afblrfbtgjfs g mg ekseg sktugakñb. 1.  \unmtg gm enjkf gsfakgjf? qun sn kbvfmuarg nb nm trghgof jn gbçmksks y jn af gbçmksks g pgrtkr jnm jkçmfdf nbtrn mfs jfs nxpnrtfs9 nb nstg ÿmtkeg lgsn sn prfjuan ubg  pnrafmgakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg pprflnskfbgm rflnskfbgm punstg nb jksauskñb g prfpñsktf jn sktugakfbns sktugakfbns rkdurfsgenbtn jnmkektgjgs.

Qn nstghmnan ub akamf nbtrn mf qun mfs trghgogjfrns `gan, mf qun jkanb qun `ganb y mf qun `ganb afb mf qun jkanb qun `ganb. Nb mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb aruzgjg sn rntfeg nm gbçmksks afeÿb jnm eksef rndkstrf jn vkjnf, afb ftrf nxpnrtf jn nsn tnrrnbf, pfr nonepmf ub afmndg jnm eksef bkvnm jn nxpnrknbakg. Nm agehkf jn jnstkbgtgrkf jnm gbçmksks, efjklkag nm gbçmksks. Mg vnrhgmkzgakñb nb nm gbçmksks jnm jnm trghgof ns ub kbstrue kbstruenbtf nbtf jn gaa gaakñb kñb kbtnrpskafmñdkaf y sfakgm9 sn trgtg pgrg nm suontf jn `ganr pgrtkakpgr bgturgmenbtn gm  pskañmfdf f g ub pgr, jn sus gatfs y pnb pnbsgeknbtfs sgeknbtfs y jn dnbnrgr gaunrjfs, gaunrjfs, jn kbamkbgrmfs `gakg su prfpkg ekrgjg. Sfr nsf sn `ghmg jn af gbçmksks jnm trghgof, jfbjn mg vnbtgog entfjfmñdkag afbskstn nb qun nm suontf trgtg jn vnr añef kblmukr sfhrn nm  pskañmfdf f sfhrn sfhrn nm pgr nxpnrtf. M Mgs gs jklnrnbakgs nbtrn nbtrn mfs jnstkbgtg jnstkbgtgrkfs rkfs sn vunmvn agpktgmns9 punstf qun nm suontf bf rnspfbjn jn egbnrg ÿbkag g mfs jklnrnbtns aunstkfbgeknbtfss y efvkmkzgakfbns qun mn sfb gpfrtgjfs pfr nm pskañmfdf y nm pgr. aunstkfbgeknbtf sñmf rnskjn nb nm mg suontf. rnafbanptugmkzgakñb jnm fhontf, skbf nb nm agehkfMg jn lfregakñb snbtkjf jn bf mg sktugakñb pgrg

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;:

Ghfrjgon afdbktkvf? nm nonepmf jn mg nbtrnvkstg jn nxpmkaktgakñb \nrenrsa` jg aunbtg jnm kepgatf jnm jnstkbgtgrkf jn mg vnrhgmkzgakñb nb mg jnsarkpakñb jn mg gaakñb jgjg pfr nm suontf9 mgs nbtrnvkstgs jn nxpmkaktgakñb qun prgatkag, nm afbfakeknbtf jn mg tgrng pfr nm kbtnrmfautfr jnm suontf punjn snr ubg snrkn jn jnsvnbtgog pgrg mg vnrhgmkzgakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg. Nm suontf sn jkrkdn g gmduknb qun pfsnn mg nxpnrknbakg jn nsg tgrng y mg nxpmkaktgakñb sn vunmvn enbfs ÿtkm pgrg gehfs kbtnrmfautfrns9 nm gaansf g mf rngm jn mg gatkvkjgj sn nbaunbtrg efjklkagjf. Nm jnstkbgtgrkf jn mg vnrhgmkzgakñb ns afbstktutkvf jn sus afbtnbkjfs, nstg nbsn÷gbzg punjn nxtrgnrsn jn mg nxpnrknbakg jn gutfafblrfbtgakñ gutfafblrfbtgakñbb aruzgjg. G pgrtkr jnm eëtfjf  eëtfjf jn afblrfbtgakñb afblrfbtgakñb nb lfregakñb ns enbfs jnbsf qun nm prgatkagjf nb nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof, nb tgbtf qun bf gpnmg g mg vkjnfdrghgakñbb nb nm enjkf bgturgm, ns ub kbstruenbtf jn nmghfrgakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg vkjnfdrghgakñ  prflnskfbgm. Mg nbtrnvkstg nbtrnvkstg jn nxpmkaktgakñb nxpmkaktgakñb gpubtg g mg jnsarkpakñb jn nstg nstg gaakñb, tgm afef lun punstg punstg nb prçatkag nb ubg sktuga sktugakñb kñb rngm. Qn punjn `ghmgr jn af gbçmksks jnm trghgof, mg gaakñb jnm pskañmfdf, jnm ”lfregjfr― f jnm nxpnrtf, nb rnspunstg g mg gaakñb jnm suontf, ns jnakskvg nb mg

 prfjuaakñb jn jn mgs jnsarkpakfbn jnsarkpakfbnss jnm trghgof. @gy qun afbskjnrgr g mg vnrhgmkzgakñb afef ubg gaakñb sfhrn ftrg gaakñb, `gaknbjf naf sfhrn ubf eksef9 `gy qun vnr nm mnbdugon bf sfmf afef enjkf jn nxprnskñb mf vkvkjf nb mf pgsgjf9 pgsgjf9nbmgnm\nrhgmkzgakñb nb mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb gutfafblrfbtgakñb `ganjnqun nm suontf snjnjkrkdn g su kbtnrmfautfr kbtnragehkf qun afbstktuyn nm afenbtgrkf su gatkvkjgj, vunmag sfhrn nm fhontf gbgmkzgjf mfs nlnatfs jn nstn kbtnragehkf. Nm ghfrjgon npkstnefmñdkaf Mgs gatkvkjgjns bf sfb sfmgenbtn nsqunegs fpnrgtfrkfs kbvgrkgbtns, suhyganbtns g mg gaakñb. Mg kbtnrsuhontkvkjgj   jnm kbtnragehkf rndmgjf afb ub kbvnstkdgjfr  jnm nepuog gm suontf g egbklnstgr jkenbskfbns kdbfrgjgs jn så eksef jn su prfpkg nxpnrknbakg. Nb mg pnrspnatkvg ntbfentfjfmñdkag, kbspkrgjgs nb mfs trghgofs jn Engj, mg afepntnbakg ns nm rnsumtgjf jn ubg `ghkmktgakñb kbtnrsuhontkvg y sfakgm, mf qun pnrektn  pgsgr j ubg glkregakñb glkregakñb jn fhontkvkjg fhontkvkjgjj g mg tfeg jn aafbaknbakg fbaknbakg jn mg kepmkagakñb jn mgs mgs

suhontkvkjgjns nb tfjf jn nvgmugakñb. Qn prfpfbn ubggatf våg bunvg, nb fpfskakñb g ub ghfrjgon jn mg gatkvkjgj afef kbvgrkgbtn fpnrgtfrkg, jfbjn sn afbakhn g mg nxpnrknbakg afef `kstfrkg y su gbçmksks sn trgbslfreg nb `kstfrkg, nstg våg kepmkag nb pnbsgr qun nm kbtnragehkf kbtnrsuhontkvf pfbn nb efvkeknbtf mg gatkvkjgj nxkstnbtn9 kbsarkhn mgs `unmmgs jn nstn kbtnragehkf nb ubg `kstfrkg pnrsfbgm qun tknbn su prfpkf aursf, jkstkbtf jn tgm f augm kbtnragehkf, `na`f g mg vnz jn fpnrgakfbgmkjgj y jn pftnbakgmkjgjns, gÿb bf mmnvgjgs g aghf. Lfregakñb y trgbslfregakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg? mg kbstruaakñb gm sfsågs Nb lfregakñb utkmkzgefs eëtfjfs eëtfjfs afef mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb gutfafblrfbtgakñb lfrzgjg, nb sktugakñb jn trghgof9 sn trgtg jn nonrakakfs jn kbstruaakñb g ub sfsågs qun gpubtgb g mg trgbslfregakñb jnm trghgof jnm suontf pfr ub jnspmgzgeknbtf jn sus gatkvkjgjns. Mg kbstruaakñb g sfsågs kepmkag ub trghgof jn drupf nb nm aursf jnm augm ub suontf vfmubtgrkf rnakhn mg afbskdbg ”supñb qun yf sfy tu sfsågs y qun eg÷gbg

en nbafbtrgrë nb sktugakñb jn tnbnr qun rnnepmgzgrtn nb tu trghgof ¶Auçmns sfb mgs kbstruaakfbns qun jnhnrågs jgren pgrg qun bgjkn sn jë aunbtg jn mg sustktuakñb6―, sn

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;>

jnsgrrfmmg ubg snaunbakg jn trghgof jntnrekbgjg pfr mg lfagmkzgakñb jn mg nxpnrkenbtgakñb nb jntgmmn jnm trghgof, kbtnrnsçbjfsn eçs hknb nb mg aunstkñb jnm ”añef― qun nb mg aunstkñb jn m pfr quë. Augtrf pmgbfs jn nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm sfb tfegjfs nb aunbtg, rnspnatf jn mfs augmns nxkdnb afbskdbgs prnaksgs? prnaksgs? nm agepf jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb mg ttgrng grng prfpkgenbtn jka`g, nm agepf jn mgs rnmgakfbns r nmgakfbns afb mfs pgrns nb mfs çehktfs afmnatkvfs, nm jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb mg onrgrquågs y nm jn mgs rnmgakfbns afb mgs frdgbkzgakfbns lfregmns f kblfregmns jnm eubjf jnm trghgof. Mg gutfafblrfbtgakñb sn mmnvg g aghf nb jfs tknepfs? t knepfs? Nb ubg prkenrg lgsn, nm suontf sn afblrfbtg g så eksef, pfr mg enjkgakñb jn mg   gatkvkjgj rndumgjg pfr sfsågs. Nb mg sndubjg lgsn, sn afblrfbtg afb mgs m gs `unmmgs qun qunjgb egtnrkgmkzgjgs jn   nstn kbtnragehkf (jnafjklkagakñb (jnafjklkagakñb jn mfs rndkstrfs) afb mg enjkgakñb jn ubg ggatkvkjgj atkvkjgj jn nsarkturg jkrkdkjg g ftrfs qun bf sfb sfsågs. Nm sfsågs rnnepmgzgbtn sn nsenrg pgrg rnaupnrgr mg nxpnrknbakg kbjkspnbsghmn kbjkspnbsghmn  pgrg pgsgr mg prunhg nb mg au augm gm nstgrç sfmf, hu husag sag nb mg sktugakñb sktugakñb luturg gqunmmf qun mn lgakmktgrç mg tgrng, trgtgbjf jn sgagr nm enofr prfvna`f jn mg sktugakñb prnsnbtgjg pfr nm kbstruatfr. Qn jkrkdn gm suontf pgrg fhtnbnr ubg jfhmn jnsarkpakñb? mg jn mg sktugakñb y mg jn mg lfreg nb qun jnhn snr afbjuakjg nsg sktugakñb. Nm kbstruatfr jnhn gyujgrmf g jnsnepn÷g jnsnepn÷grsn rsn nb ubg sktugakñb qun bf afbfan. Nb 



nstg entfjfmfdåg, mg jnm gaakñb bf afbskstn vkvkjg lfreg pgrtn gjnmgmfgatkvkjgj rngm jn mgjnm gatkvkjgj. Mg gatkvkjgj sfsågs nb rnskstkr kbstruatfr, qun trgtg jn `ganrmf afepgrtkr su vnrskñb jn mf rngm9 rnskstn kbtnrpfbknbjf nbtrn nm kbstruatfr y su fren g mg kjng ”bgturgmkzgjg― qun sn `gan gaakñb ubg kegdnb jn mg sktugakñb pfaf afbl fren jn nmmg nm suontf. Nm sfsågs rnnepmgzgbtn rnnepmgzgbtn nxpnrkenbtg su gaa gaakñb kñb nb sktugakñb y pfbn g prun prunhg hg mgs gatkvkjgjns jn su kbstruatfr, jnhn snr dukgjf pfr mgs m gs afbskdbgs jnm suontf, g quknb sn mn kepfbn mg tgrng jn nvktgr qun su kb kbtnrmfautfr tnrmfautfr sng rnafba rnafbafekf. fekf. Nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof eunstrg snr ub hunb kbstruenbtf jn lfregakñb pgrg nm suontf, g afbjkakñb jn vfmvnrsn ub kbstruenbtf jn trgbslfregakñb jn mg nxpnrknbakg9 mf qun ns lfregjfr pgrg nm suontf, ns jnakr qun gepmåg nm nspnatrf jn gaakñb y su pfjnr jn gatugr, ns mfdrgr agehkgr nm nstgtutf jn mf qun `g vkvkjf? jn fhontf jn gbçmksks, mf vkvkjf jnhn vfmvnrsn ub enjkf pgrg vkvkr ftrgs vkjgs.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;<

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? mfddf 7?  Zrgynatfrkgs y usfs jn så  ENN B AGAA  E AG AAKK  ‑  QA@  QA@ TGXZ_? TGXZ_? J k çmf Nm flkakf jn lkmñsflf  ^bf jn mfs efjfs jn ghfrjgr mg nrdfmfdåg ns `ganr ub ghfrjgon `kstñrkaf,  hgof mg efjgmkjgj jn trgynatfrkg, mf qun pnrektn afeprnbjnr afeprnbjnr añef lun mmnvgjf  prfdrnskvgenbtn  prfdrnskvgenb tn g afbstrukr ub aknr aknrtf tf bÿenrf jn afbanptfs, afbanptfs, g jnsgrrfmmgr jnsgrrfmmgr tneçtkags

rnmgtkvgenbtn bunvgs, g arngr ubg pnrspnatkvg f ub nblfqun. Zrgynatfrkg nb jkrnaakñb g mg nrdfmfdåg  Nm nblfqun nrdfmñdkaf afbskstn nb kbtnrnsgrsn pfr mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof tr ghgof nb nm agepf jn g lkmfsflåg y mgs prkenrgs afbarntkzgakfbns gafbtnaknrfb gm kbkakf jn mfs g÷fs 03. Zrghgof y ”usf jn så― 

Nm jkspfsktkvf pgrg pnbsgr qun sn kepmnenbtñ g pgrtkr jn mfs 03 sn jnhn g mgs eutgakfbns jnm trghgof, jfbjn sn pgsg jn ubg ëpfag jn jfekbgakñb tgymfrkstg f kbjustrkgm (mgs lçhrkags, mgs måbngs jn efbtgon, nm trghgogjfr y nm gehknbtn kbjustrkgm) g ub ubkvnrsf prfjuatkvf qun sn trgbslfreg (nm eubjf jn mfs gutfegtksefs, mgs rnfrdgbkzgakfbns nb nm trghgof, mgs rnnstruaturgakfbns). Zfjf pgrnan trgbslfregrsn, sfaknjgj, sfakfprflnskfbgmn s. Ns nsn efenbtf ns qun sn `ghmñ jnm lkb jnmmgtrghgof, jnmmgs lkbagtndfrågs jn mg m g amgsnsfakfprflnskfbgmns. fhrnrg. Mg jkenbskñb afbanptugm, gbtrfpfmñdkag, lkmfsñlkag, npkstnefmñdkag, jn gqunmmf qun sn vg g afbvnrtkr mg nrdfmfdåg, jnhn snr butrkjg jn ubg rkdurfsg kbvnstkdgakñb nrdfbñekag, pnrf ghrn ftrfs `frkzfbtns kbtnmnatugmns y jnhn afbskjnrgrsn ubg drgb jkvnrskjgj jn lfregs jn kbtnrvnbakñb sfakgm. Mg jrgeçtkag jnm usf jn så sn trgtg jn mg jkstkbakñb nbtrn nm trghgof prnsarkptf y nm trghgof rngm. Nm trghgof bf ns ogeçs purg nonauakñb y nsf ns lubjgenbtgmenbtn lubjgenbtgmenbtn ubkvnrsgm y nm jnsvåf bf ns ogeçs nbtnrgenbtn nbtnrgenbtn gbtkakpghmn. Nstf bfs rnektn g mg skbdumgrkjgj jn mg sktugakñb, jn mg pnrsfbg, afb su `kstfrkg, afb su efrlfmfdåg, sus prfpkfs vgmfrns, mg rnjuaakñb jnm tknepf y jnm nspgakf ogeçs snrç pnrlnatgenbtn jnsarkptkhmn.  \gmfrns skbpfr jkenbskñb Nm rnspntf mg prfjuatkvkjgj punjn snr ubf jn mfs vgmfrns y nvgmugjfs augbtktgtkvgenbtn? sn punjn nvktgr qun lgmmn mg måbng m åbng jn efbtgon, pfrqun nstf punjn trgnr rnpnrauskfbns sfhrn nm sgmgrkf, nb su nepmnf9 pnrf `gy vgmfrns qun bf tknbnb qun vnr afb mg nslnrg jnm enragjf y sn mfs mmgeg vgmfrns skb jkenbskñb  (mg sgmuj, sgmuj, mg oustkakg, nm nm  hknbnstgr, nm hknb hknb vkvkr nb afeÿb, mg arngtkvkjgj, nm trghgof trghgof hknb `na`f) bf sfb enbsurghmns. Mg gstuakg ns ubf jn mfs rnaursfs jnm snr `uegbf y sn usg augbjf `gy kbstruaakfbns qun bf sn punjnb auepmkr, bf `gy rndmgs nb ghsfmutf. Xnbfregmkzgr Xnbfregmkzgr ns arngr bfregs afb gstuakg. Sgrg qun nm trghgof punjg fpnrgr

nb afbjkakfbns nafbñekagenbtn nafbñekagenbtn sgtkslgatfrkgs ns prnaksf qun `gyg ubg prnskñb jn mg  pnrsfbg sfhrn nmmg ekseg, mf qun sn mmgeg ”usf jn så pfr så―, sn jnsgrrfmmg ubg nxpnrknbakg, ubg prnjkspfskakñb g rnspfbjnr.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;4

Mg nrdfmfdåg sn lubjgenbtg nb nm afbanptf jn gatkvkjgj, qun bf punjn  pnrtnbnanr g ubg ubg jksakpmkbg nb ppgrtkaumgr, grtkaumgr, gmmå kbtnrvknbnb nnmm agepf jnm pskafg pskafgbçmksks, bçmksks, jn mg pskafmfdåg, jn mf sfakgm, jn mg ëtkag, jnm afenrakf. Jnhgtns jn bfregs y bfregs gbtnanjnbtns Nm trghgof jn kbtnrprntgakñb afbskstn nb ub rnkbtnrprntgr mgs bfregs y rnbfregmkzgr mgs bfregs krrnbubakghmns. Augmquknrg qun sng mg sktugakñb jn trghgof, t rghgof, bubag sn punjn nsagpgr gm jnstkbf g snr vkvkjf, nstg jrgeçtkag kepmkag jnsjn nm kbkakf qun nstgefs afbstgbtnenbtn kepnmkjfs g vkvkr afsgs qun bf `ghågefs prnvkstf. Nstn jnstkbf g snr vkvkjf kepmkag ubg rnmgakñb afb ub afboubtf jn vgmfrns nmndkjfs f rna`gzgjfs, jn mfs qun bgjkn punjn nvgjkrsn. Mg nstruaturg nsnbakgm jn mg gatkvkjgj ns skneprn jkvnrsfs jnhgtns jn bfregs9 jnhgtns jn mgs bfregs gbtnanjnb gbtnanjnbtns9 tns9 nm ttrghgof rghgof prnsarkptf ogeçs ns sulkaknbtn afef nbaugjrgeknbtf ÿbkaf pgrg gatugr? skneprn `gy rnbfregmkzgakfbns  pnregbnbtnenbtn.  pnregbnbtnenb tn. Bkbdubg gatkvkjgj gatkvkjgj `uegbg ns ns pnbsghmn skb jnhgtns jn bfregs. bfregs. Mgs bfregs gbtnanjnbtns sfb mgs qun prnnxkstnb gbtns jn nbtrgr g ub mudgr jn trghgof9 skneprn `gy ub eubjf eubjf jn bfregs gbtnanjnb gbtnanjnbtns tns qun nbaugjrgb mf qun sn vg vg `ganr y qun jkrkdnb mgs nmnaakfbns. Nbtrn mgs bfregs gbtnanjnbtns `gy bfregs jnm drupf. Nm ^sf jn så pfr så sn rnlknrn g mgs rnbfregmkzgakfbns qun rngmkzg mg pnrsfbg nb skbdumgr, eks prfpkgs rnmgakfbns afb nsn ubkvnrsf jn bfregs gbtnanjnbtns. Nm jnhgtn jn bfregs ns ub grhktrgon y ns pfr nm kbtnrenjkf k btnrenjkf jnm usf jn så qun sn mmndg g mgs rnbfregmkzgakfbns rnbfregmkzgakfbns.. Mgs bfregs gbtnanjnbtns sn jkstkbdunb jnm trghgof prnsarkptf  jnhkjf g qun nmmg pfbn nb nvkjnbakg qun mf qun sn nbaugjrg bf sn rnjuan g bfregs nsarktgs, skbf qun kbamuyn bfregs jnm drupf skbdumgr y nsg vgrknjgj jn bfregs kbamukjgs nb nm afbtnxtf bf sfb afbanhkjg afbanhkjgss nb ubg suanskñb mkbngm kkbnrtn, bnrtn, skbf qun sfb sfentkjgs g jnhgtn. Bfregs, vgmfrns y nvgmugakñb Qkneprn sn nstç sustktuynbjf nm jnhgtn jn bfregs pfr nm jnhgtn jn vgmfrns. Qn ouzdg afb ub ubkvnrsf jn vgmfrns qun `gan qun sngefs afbjuakjfs g tgm bfreg eçs qun ftrg. Mg pnrsfbg qun nstç nstç nbvunmtg nb ub flkakf jnhn nmghfrg nmghfrgrr gm eçxkef mg bfreg jn

afepfrtgeknbtf. ^b eubjf jn vgmfrns pfr jntrçs jn mgs bfregs nb jnhgtn Mfs vgmfrns nstçb prnsnbtns gm eksef tknepf y prnskjnb mg nmnaakñb jn mgs bfregs jn gatugr9 nstgs bfregs sfb ubg trgjuaakñb tr gjuaakñb fpnrgakfbg fpnrgakfbgmm y fhsnrvghmn jn mf qun nstç nb oundf nb nm ubkvnrsf jn mfs vgmfrns. Mgs rnbfregmkzgakfbns, afef rnsumtgjf jnm jnhgtn jn bfregs, egbklknstgb ubg trgjuaakñb prnaksg y fhsnrvghmn9 `ganr nsf y bf gqunmmf, pfr nsf ns prnaksf jkstkbdukr bfreg y vgmfr. Jntrçs jn nsn nspgakf jgjf g mg snbskhkmkjgj, `gy bfregs jn gatugr jklnrnbtns nb agjg agsf. Nm eubjf jn mfs vgmfrns ns kbfhsnrvghmn, ns jnlkbkhmn pnrf hgof rnsnrvg9 nm tërekbf nvgmugakñb sn rnlknrn jn efjf prnaksf pr naksf g qun agjg sktugakñb jn gatkvkjgj sn

rnjnlkbnb mfs onrgrqukzg. o nrgrqukzg.  Bfvgmfrns `gy ubyubkvnrsf ubsnkvnrsf nstghmn jn vgmfrns.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

;0

Nm nblfqun nrdfmñdkaf tknbn mg gehkakñb jn snr ubg afbtrkhuakñb pgrg mg trgbslfregakñb sfakgm9 kbtnbtg trghgogr nb rnmgakñb g mg pnrspnatkvg jn Drupfs jn nbaunbtrf jn Zrghgof, qun g trgvës jnm rnsumtgjf jn mfs jnhgtns jn bfregs y mgs rnbfregmkzgakfbns9 rnbfregmkzgakfbn s9 sn punjn trghgogr nb afboubtf nb ub eubjf afeÿb. Gprnbjkzgon n Keprnbtkssgdn Lfregr supfbn afmfagr mg jkspfskakñb y nb akraumgakñb jn sghnrns jn jklnrnbtns tkpfs (afjklkagjfs) y mfs sghnrns gjqukrkjfs nb rnmgakñb g sktugakfbns afbarntgs jn trghgof y vkjg. vkjg. Mg jkspfbkhkmkjgj pgrg nnmm kbtnragehkf jn sghnrns, pgrg ssuu kbtnrlnaubjgakñb, kbtnrlnaubjgakñ b, ns bnansgrkg ubg snbskhkmkjgj pgrg nsn ubkvnrsf jn vgmfrns qun jntnrekbg sfhrn mgs rnbfregmkzgakfbns jn mfs fpnrgjfrns. Nsg snbskhkmkjgj bf sn nbsn÷g, nsf sn pfbn g prunhg nb ubg rnmgakñb jn jurgakñb prfmfbdgjg afb mgs pnrsfbgs qun sn afeprfentnb nb ub prfansf jn lfregakñb9 nsf bf sn gprnbjn, sn keprndbg. Bf pgsg pfr kblfregakfbns. Mg rnskstnbakg ns nm nstghmnakeknbtf jn rnmgakfbns jn pfjnr nbtrn bfsftrfs9 sn rna`gzg kbafrpfrgr nb prflubjkjgj nsg ekrgjg sfhrn nm ftrf. Qk nm ftrf nstç gtrgvnsgjf  pfr jrgeçtkags jnm jnm usf jn så eksef qun qun sn frknbtgb pfr vgmfrns, sskk nstç kepmkagjf nb nb vgmfrns, mg bndgtkvg jnm Keprnbtkssgdn `gan afbskjnrgr qun nsfs vgmfrns bf sfb tnbkjfs nb aunbtg, qun sfb kblnrkfrns g mfs bunstrfs.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

 

 Eñjumf KKK?  Çehktfs Çehktfs

Egt. 84 .- 

;;

jnm nm y prçatkags j

 pskañmfdf. Nstujkfs y agsfs. agsfs.   Gprnbjkzgon y lfregakñb prflnskfbgm? nm jnsgrrfmmf jnm flkakf, mfs sghnrns y mgs

jksauskfbns sfhrn nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm   Nvgmugakñb jn trgynatfrkgs y jnsgrrfmmf nb nm trghgof? rnmgakfbns afb mg frknbtgakñb prflnskfbgm, mg kbsnrakñb / rnkbsnrakñb, nm prfynatf prflnskfbgm f jn agrrnrg y mg efvkmkjgj faupgakfbgm.   Qgmuj y trghgof? jn mfs rknsdfs gm trghgof jn sgmuj. Gmtnrbgtkvgs y çehktfs jnm qun`ganr prflnskfbgm jnm pskañmfdf.   Nm trghgof jn frdgbkzgakñb? kbtnrvnbakfbns nb afbtnxtfs afmnatkvfs y prfansfs jn afbsumtfråg nb prfhmnegs jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof.

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? M@^KMK NX , J JF FEK BKW^N? BKW^N? M g k btn btnrr vn vnbak bakñ ñb nb nb Ssk S skaf afsfa sfakk fmf mfdd å g jnm Zr Z r ghgo f  Mg amåbkag jnm trghgof sn kbsarkhn y sn jnsgrrfmmg nb gpfyf jn mg kbvnstkdgakñb gaakñb.  Bf `gy gaakñb gaakñb skb efvkmkzgakñb jn afbanptfs, skb skb afbstruaakñb jn jkspfsktkvfs, qun nstëb mkdgjfs g egrafs tnñrkafs. Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof pgrtn jn ubg afbanpakñb suontf y trghgof, nb nm snbf jn mg amåbkag jnm trghgof. Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof pnrtnbnan gm agepf jn mg amåbkag jnm trghgof Mg pskafpgtfmfdåg jnm trghgof ghrkñ mg våg jn rnafbfakeknbtf sfhrn mg suhontkvkjgj kepmkagjg nb nm trghgof `uegbf y sus prfjuaakfbns nb tfrbf g mg aunstkñb jn sgmuj psåqukag nb nm trghgof t rghgof sfb agjg vnz jn egyfr gatugmkjgj. Mg amåbkag jnm trghgof rnafbfan ub jnsgrrfmmf qun gafepg÷g mg snbskhkmkjgj arnaknbtn nb mg prfhmneçtkag jn mg sgmuj y jnm trghgof9 prfhmneçtkag qun punjn jnamkbgr nb jfs nons? trghgof pgtñdnbf y nm trghgof tnrgpëutkaf. Sskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof Mg afbanpakñb jnm suontf sn rnlknrn g ub suontf sfakgm qun sn afbstruyn g mg vnz nb rnmgakñb afb mfs ftrfs y nb rnmgakñb afb mf rngm. Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof sn kbtnrnsg pfr mg aunstkñb jnm mgzf sfakgm y sus jklnrnbtns jkl nrnbtns jnamkbgakfb jnamkbgakfbns ns (drupf, frdgbkzgakñb, sfaknjgj), sfaknjgj), hgof mg lfreg jn afblmkatf, jn jfekbgakñb, jn nxamuskñb, jn rnmgakfbns jn pfjnr, pnrf tgehkëb jn mg sfmkjgrkjgj, mg affpnrgakñb, mg gmkgbzg, mgs rnmgakfbns jn kbtnragehkf. Nm trghgof ns skneprn ubg prunhg9 trghgogr supfbn glrfbtgr afbstrkaakfbns,, mfs måek afbstrkaakfbns måektns tns kepunstfs y mfs kepnjkenbtfs jn mf rngm (nxpnrknbakgs jn kepftnbakg, jn jklkaumtgj) y pfr mgs nxkdnbakgs jn vkvkr y `ganr afb ftrfs. Mg frknbtgakñb jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb pskafsfakfmñdkag ns mg nxtnbskñb jn mg agpgakjgj jn ub suontf jn gatugr sfhrn su enjkf y sfhrn så eksef9 sn trgtg jn dgbgr eçrdnbns jn mkhnrtgj jn gaakñb. gaakñb. Nm `frkzfbtn jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb nstç jnm mgjf jn jnmm jnsgrrfmmf jn mf pfskhmn, jn mg m g arngtkvkjgj. Nm jnsglåf jnm trghgof bf punjn snr rnjuakjf g mg aunstkñb jn mg nlkagakg, jnm  pfjnr jnm gatf sfhrn mg trgbslfreg trgbslfregakñb akñb jn mg rngmkjgj9 ns ns tgehkëb nm jn mg rnskstnbakg g mg

jnspfsnskñb jn su gatf f jnm rnmådgeknbtf nbtrn nm trghgof y nm suontf. Sfjnefs `ghmgr gquå jnm pfjnr jnm suontf sfhrn su gatf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

733

Nm trghgof ns gatkvkjgj, pnrf tgehkëb t gehkëb ns kbstktuakñb. Mg aunstkñb jnm trghgof afef kbstktuakñb pfbn nb nm afrgzñb jn sus jnsglåfs mgs lkbgmkjgjns qun sn pnrskdunb9 trghgogr bf sñmf ns prndubtgrsn, kbjkvkjugm f afmnatkvgenbtn, añef `ganr9 ns tgehkëb y lubjgenbtgmenbtn lubjgenbtgmenb tn nm pfr quë `ganr y ekrgr mg prfpkg gatkvkjgj g trgvës jn mf qun sn  husag `ganr. `ganr. Nb Sskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof, `ganr y gatugr, prfynsks y prgxks bf sfb amgsns jkstkbtgs jn gatkvkjgj `uegbg skbf jkenbskfbns qun gtrgvknsgb g agjg ubg jn mgs gatkvkjgjns. Mg aunstkñb jn mfs lkbns, jnm snbtkjf jnm trghgof, aunbtg tgbtf afef mg m g jn mg nlkagakg, jn mg pnrlfregban. Nm afbanptf jn trghgof bf sn rnjuan g trghgof gsgmgrkgjf9 nb nm snbtkjf jn gatkvkjgj prfjuatkvg rneubnrgjg, bf ns mg tftgmkjgj t ftgmkjgj jn mg gatkvkjgj `uegbg. Nstgefs kepmkagjfs nb buenrfsgs gatkvkjgjns. Mgs rndmgs jnm flkakf sfb kbjkspnbsghmns, kbjkspnbsghmns, pnrf sfb prfjuaakfbns sfakgmns suhfrjkbgjgs g mg jkvkskñb tëabkag tëabkag y sfakgm jnm trghg trghgof. of. Mgs prçatkags pskafmñdkags nb nm agepf jnm trghgof? mgs jnegbjgs sfakgmns Mgs prçatkags sn afbstruynb nbtrn mfs rnlnrnbakgmns tnñrkafs efvkmkzgjfs y mgs jnegbjgs sfakgmns qun nbafbtrgefs nbafbtrgefs nb nm agepf jn mg sgmuj enbtgm y nm trghgof. Nb mmff rnlnrkjf g mgs jnegbjgs sfakgmns afbtnepfrçbngs, mgs eksegs tknbjnb g lfagmkzgrsn sfhrn nm trgtgeknbtf jn pnrsfbgs afbskjnrgjg afbskjnrgjgss ”\umbnrghmns―? nm pskañmfdf ns afbvfagjf  pgrg `ganrsn agrdf y gafep gafepg÷gr g÷gr g mgs pn pnrsfbgs rsfbgs qun sn afbskjnrgb qqun un tknbnb jklkaumtgjns nb su trghgof pfrqun sfb lrçdkmns, vumbnrghmns. Nb nm eubjf jnm trghgof, mg vumbnrghkmkjgj ns afbskjnrgjg `fy ub arktnrkf jkstkbtkvf y ub prkbakpkf nxpmkagtkvf. Gatugmenbtn tfjg jklkaumtgj nb nm trghgof afbjuan gm supunstf f jkgdbñstkaf jn vumbnrghkmkjgj9 sn fhsnrvg añef sn eumtkpmkag mfs skdbfs jn ubg usurg pskafmñdkag y låskag nb nm trghgof. Mg vumbnrghkmkjgj bf ns ub gtrkhutf gskdbgjf g aknrtgs pnrsfbgs f g  pfhmgakfbns kjnbtklkagjgs kjnbtklkagjgs pfr rgsd rgsdfs fs afeubns qun hfrrgb mgs skbd skbdumgrkjgjns, umgrkjgjns, mfs jksagpgaktgjfs, jksagpgaktgj fs, mfs nblnrefs arñbkafs, mfs kbnptfs, skbf qun ns fbtfmñdkaf. Jnsjn nm kbkakf jn bunstrg nxkstnbakg sfefs vumbnrghmns9 mg vumbnrghkmkjgj ns ubg afbjkakñb bndgtkvg jn mg vkjg. Srkbakpkfs entfjfmñdkafs y ëtkafs jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb pskafsfakfmñdkag Mg kbtnrvnbakñb pskafsfakfmñdkag jnhn gpfygrsn nb ub aknrtf bÿenrf jn  prkbakpkfs entfjfmñdkafs entfjfmñdkafs y ëtkafs, ëtkafs, qun sn rnvksg hhrnvnenbtn? rnvnenbtn? jnegbjg? nm nbagrdf nvfag ub rnqunrkeknbtf, ubg    Mg jkstkbakñb nbtrn nbagrdf y jnegbjg? rnmgakñb jn gutfrkjgj y negbg jn mgs nslnrgs jn jnakskñb (rnqunrkeknbtf jn mg jkrnaakñb jn mg neprnsg, jn mg jkrnaakñb jn ub snrvkakf)9 supfbn nm pfjnr jn `ganr kbtnrvnbkr g mfs nxpnrtfs. Nb augbtf g mg jnegbjg, sn trgtg jn ubg nxprnskñb nb bfehrn prfpkf jkrkdkjf g ftrf nb nspnrg jn gyujg y affpnrgakñb9 jnegbjgs jn snbtkjf f jnegbjgs qun afbaknrbn g mg gaakñb, qun sfb lfreumgjgs nb tërekbfs jn kepftnbakg. Mg jkstkbakñb nbtrn nbag nbagrdf rdf y jnegbjg ns ub kbstruen kbstruenbtf btf jn trghgof.    Mg pfsturg jnm amåbkaf? agjg kbtnrvnbakñb sn afbstruyn nb nm aruan jn trns drgbjns jkenbskfbns? mg entfjfmfdåg jn quknb kbtnrvknbn, mg pfskakñb jnm prflnskfbgm kbtnrvkbknbtn y su kepmkagakñb pnrsfbgm y prflnskfbgm. Mg kepmkagakñb jnm prflnskfbgm 



ns ubf jn mfs fhontfs nsnbakgmns jnm gbçmksks, gmmå sn pfbn nb oundf mg prfpkg suhontkvkjgj.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

737

  Afbstrukr nm nbaugjrn y nm jkspfsktkvf?  nm nbaugjrn  afbaknrbn g mgs afbstgbtns qun vgb g pnrektkr qun sn jnspmkndunb mfs prfansfs y nm jkspfsktkvf ns nm qun vg g



jntnrekbgr mf qun pfjrç y snrç punstf g trghgogr. ^bg kbtnrvnbakñb nb sktugakñb jn arksks Nstg kbtnrvnbakñb sn jnsgrrfmmñ nb ubg gsfakgakñb. Mg jkrnaakñb jn mg kbstktuakñb

rnakhkñ jn ub jnqun gsgmgrkgjfs nxpmkaghgb qun su sktugakñb jn trghgof t rghgof sn `ghågubg jndagrtg jndrgjgjf rgjgjf jn nqukpf tgm efjf yygg bf nrgqun pfskhmn trghgogr. Nstg gsfakgakñb lun arngjg jn mfs g÷fs :3, sn nspnakgmkzg nb mg gyujg y mg jnlnbsg jn mfs jnrna`fs y mg jkdbkjgj jn mgs pnrsfbgs. Nb su frkdnb, mua`ñ afbtrg mg jnpfrtgakñb y mg nxtnrekbgakñb jn mfs oujåfs jurgbtn mg ÿmtkeg dunrrg. Gatugmenbtn, kbtnrvknbn nb mg sktugakñb jn nxtrgbonrfs, jn mfs m fs kbekdrgbtns ”skb pgpnmns―, gsndurg nm pnreksf jn gafdkjg, ubg gatkvkjgj jn kblfregakñb, jn gsnsfrgeknbtf, gsnsfrgeknbtf, jn frknbtgakñb gm snrvkakf jn mg jnlnbsg jnlnbsg jn mfs jnrna`fs jn mf mfss nxtrgbonrfs. Mg kbstktuakñb uhkag g sus nepmngjfs nb mgs zfbgs jn nspnrg jn mfs gnrfpunrtfs, nb mgs prkskfbns, prksk fbns, nb mfs anbtrfs jn gafdkjg pgrg quknbns jnegbjgb gskmf y nb mfs anbtrfs jn rntnbakñb. Mfs nepmngjfs jn mg gsfakgakñb trghgogb lunrg jn mg m g snjn jn mg kbstktuakñb, nb ”tknrrg nxtrgbonrg―. Jnsjn 8331, nstg gsfakgakñb fhsnrvg mf qun sn jnbfekbg kbjustrkgmkzgakñb jnm jkspfsktkvf jn gmnogeknbtf  jn mfs ”skb pgpnmns―, mf qun skdbklkag ub guenbtf jn mgs rnafbjuaa r nafbjuaakfbns kfbns `gakg mg lrfbtnrg, jn mfs grrnstfs y jn mgs  punstgs hgof austfjkg, guenb guenbtf tf jn bÿenrf jn pnrsfbgs uhkagjgs uhkagjgs nb anbtrfs anbtrfs jn rntnbakñb y mundf nxpumsgjgs. Mg gsfakgakñb, mundf jn mg agrtg jn mfs gsgmgrkgjfs, afbvfag g mfs prflnskfbgmns kbtnrvkbknbtns, pskañmfdfs, pskañmfdfs, pgrg pf pfbnr bnr nb egra`g ub snrvkakf pskafmñdkaf, mf qun kepmåaktgenbtn prnvgmnan mg kjng jn qun nstn trghgof t rghgof jnhn gafepg÷grsn jn ubg flnrtg jn sfstëb pskafmñdkaf pgrg mfs gsgmgrkgjfs eçs glnatgjfs. Qn kbtnrrfdg sfhrn mg kepmkagakñb jn mg jkrnaakñb y mfs onlns nb mg afbstruaakñb y mg rnsfmuakñb jn mgs jklkaumtgjns nxkstnbtns nb mg rngmkzgakñb jn tgrngs afblkgjgs g mfs gsgmgrkgjfs. Qn aunstkfbg nm nbagrdf y sn trgbslfreg nb jnegbjg, jfbjn sn sn÷gmg qun mfs rnaursfs afmnatkvfs sfb nsnbakgmns pgrg glrfbtgr mgs nxkdnbakgs jnm trghgof9 sn prfpfbn afef gmtnrbgtkvg? rnubkfbns jnm nqukpf nb arksks  pgrg pfbnr nb jksauskñb mgs jklkaumtgjns. Nb nm snbf jnm nqukpf, mgs rnmgakfbns nstçb euy jndrgjgjgs, afb rntkanbakg g `ghmgr. jn nstn trghgof sn kbsarkhn mg nxpnrknbakg trgueçtkag? Nb nm afrgzñb  pgrg eua`fs jn mfs kbekdrgbtns rn rntnbkjfs, tnbkjfs, mg hrutgmkjgj jnm gafbtnakeknbtf gafbtnakeknbtf qun afbstktuyn nm grrnstf, mundf nstgr hgof austfjkg, y jnspuës mg trgbslnrnbakg gm anbtrf jn rntnbakñb, afbeunvn nm aursf jn sus vkjgs. Mgs nbtrnvkstgs kbjkvkjugmns  rngmkzgjgs, g pnjkjf jn mfs nepmngjfs eksefs, pnrektknrfb mg nxprnskñb jn mfs glnatfs nbqukstgjfs y mg nmghfrgakñb jn mf qun `gy jn nmmfs nb mg gatkvkjgj, pnrf tgehkëb nb mg rnmgakñb jn trghgof nb mf qun afbaknrbn g quë pgrtn jn så sn kepmkag nb nm trghgof. Nstfs trghgogjfrns gsgmgrkgjfs suhrgyghgb su nxtrneg sfmnjgj? bf punjnb `ghmgr jn su trghgof nb bkbdÿb mgjf. Mg bndgakñb jn mgs nxpnrknbakgs trguegtñdn trguegtñdnbgs bgs gsfakgjgs gm trghgof ns nm lrnbf eçs pfjnrfsf pgrg mg afbstruaakñb afmnatkvg jn rnaursfs. Qn afenbzñ nm trghgof jn kbtnrvnbakñb afb nbtrnvkstgs kbjkvkjugmns qun lunrfb afbskjnrgjgs afef nspgakfs trgbskakfbgmns, qun fpnrgb afef rfjnf gm nqukpf, pgrg mmndgr g mg afbstruaakñb afmnatkvg jn mfs rnaursfs bnansgrkgs pgrg trghgogr.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

738

Nb ub afbtnxtf agrgatnrkzgjf pfr mg jnsvkbaumga jnsvkbaumgakñb, kñb, mg jnsfrknbtgakñb y mg gbsknjgj9 mg kbtnrvnbakñb pnrskdukñ ub fhontkvf prkfrktgrkf? mg rnafbstruaakñb jn nbaugjrns jn trghgof nb trns bkvnmns? afmnatkvf jn trghgof, jn mg agmkjgj jnm lubakfbgeknbtf jn ub    Nm jnm nqukpf afef afmnatkvf afmnatkvf jn trghgof y jn ubg rngm affpnrgakñb punjn jnpnbjnr supnrgr mgs jklkaumtgjns kbjkvkjugmns.    Nm jnm flkakf, gm snrvkakf jn mg afbstruaakñb jn ubg kjnbtkjgj y jn ubg pfsturg  prflnskfbgm qun qun pnrektg jnspmgzg jnspmgzgrsn rsn jn mg rnmgakñb kbtnrpnrsfbgm kbtnrpnrsfbgm agrg g agrg afb mfs rntnbkjfs, `gakg mgs rnmgakfbns afb mfs ftrfs gatfrns jn mg rntnbakñb (pfmkaågs, dnbjgrens,, aukjgjfrns). dnbjgrens    Nm jn mg frdgbkzgakñb, su nstruaturgakñb y sus efjfs jn lubakfbgeknbtf, bf sñmf g mg frdgbkzgakñb prnsarkptg jnm trghgof, skbf tgehkëb g mgs efjgmkjgjns jn nbaugjrgeknbtf nbaugjrgekn btf , jn dnstkñb jn mfs rnaursfs `uegbfs, jnm mudgr gafrjgjf gm trghgof rngm nb mg jnlkbkakñb jn mgs frknbtgakfbns, jn mfs rnaursfs flrnakjfs g mfs gsgmgrkgjfs y mfs kbanbtkvfs pgrg rngmkzgrmf. 





Afbamuskñb Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg jnm trghgof sn hnbnlkakg jn mgs afbtrkhuakfbns y trghgofs gbtnrkfrns y gatugmns prfpkfs jn mg pskafsfakfmfd pskafsfakfmfdåg, åg, rngmkzgjfs tgbtf pfr kbvnstkdgjfrns afef pfr prflnskfbgmns, buenrfsfs nb nstn jfekbkf. Mg pskafsfakfmfdåg trghgofs sfhrn mg tnfråg jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb. Nb nm jkçmfdf afb ftrgs pnrspnatkvgs tnñrkags y entfjfmñdkags nb amåbkag jnm trghgof jfbjn sn prnaksgb y sn jnsgrrfmmgb mgs vågs jn trgbslfregakñb jn mfs gehknbtns jn trghgof y jn suhontkvgakñb.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

731

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? gatktkvk vkjg jgj j y suho suho ntktkvk vkjg jgj j. J nhgtn tnss ghk ghk nr tf tfs. s. S^OFM  ‑  JGMM‛   JGMM‛ GQZG? Z r ghgo f, ga

J n enefr k g y sgh sghnr ns afep afepgr tktkj jfs. G bçmk bçmkskskss amåbk amå bkaf af jn jnm trg tr ghgof nb nb mg mg  lfre  lf reg gak ñb k bt btnnr dn dnbn bnrr gak fbg bgmm jn fpnr gjfr ns k bj bjus usttr k gmn mnss Kbtrfjuaakñb

Nm prfpñsktf jn nstg afeubkagakñb afbskstn nb afepgrtkr ubg kbtnrvnbakñb rngmkzgjg pfr nm Srfdrgeg jn Agmkjgj jn Nepmnf8 (SAN) nb mg Jkrnaakñb Dnbnrgm jn Lghrkagakfbns Ekmktgrns, ubg neprnsg nstgtgm arngjg jurgbtn mg jëagjg jnm º:3, qun nb mg gatugmkjgj sn nbaunbtrg nb ub prfansf jn rnaupnrgakñb y rngatkvgakñb. Jurgbtn mfs g÷fs º;3 mg neprnsg lun fhontf jn jnsegbtnmgeknbtf y prkvgtkzgakñb, afb ub prfansf jn jnsvkbaumgakñb egskvg jn trghgogjfrns. Srfjuatf jn jka`g pfmåtkag, mgs jkstkbtgs jnpnbjnbakgs jn mg lkreg prnsnbtgb nb mg gatugmkjgj ubg kepfrtgbtn hrna`g dnbnrgakfbgm,m, afb trghgogjfrns jn gbtkdýnjgj qun trghgogb oubtf g oñvnbns qun dnbnrgakfbg kbdrnsgrfb nb mfs ÿmtkefs akbaf g÷fs. Zgm sktugakñb skt ugakñb jklkaumtñ mg bgturgm trgsekskñb jn sghnrns nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns y pfbn nb rknsdf rk nsdf mg frdgbkzgakñb, pfr mg pfskhmn përjkjg jn afbfakeknbtfs amgvn gbtn mg jnsvkbaumga jnsvkbaumgakñb kñb jn trghgogjfrns nxpnrtfs prñxkefs g  ouhkmgrsn. Qn nxprnsg nbtfbans pfr pgrtn jn mg jkrnaakñb jn mg neprnsg ubg jnegbjg jn agpgaktgakñb `gakg nm nqukpf jnm SAN, jnegbjg qun lun sfentkjg g jksauskñb y rnjnlkbkjg nb tërekbfs amåbkafs dnbnrçbjfsn gså nm prfynatf jnbfekbgjf ”Zrgbslnrnbakg Kbtnrdnbnrgakfbgmm jn Afbfakeknbtfs― (ZKA), frknbtgjf g sgtkslganr jfs fhontkvfs Kbtnrdnbnrgakfbg anbtrgmns? prfefvnr nm kbtnragehkf y mg af-afbstruaakñb jn sghnrns nbtrn gehgs dnbnrgakfbns, dnbnrgakfbn s, agjg ubg jnsjn su prfpkg vkskñb jnm qun`ganr y afbtrkhuynbjf afb sus  prfpkfs sghnrns, sghnrns, y rnaupnrgr y afjklkagr mfs sghnrn sghnrnss pgrg kbafrpfrg kbafrpfrgrmfs rmfs gm ganrvf jn afbfakeknbtf jn mg frdgbkzgakñb. Mg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj punjn fhrgr nb nstg afeubkagakñb afef amgvn jn mnaturg jnm agsf y afbstktuyñ mg egtnrkg prkeg f egtrkz jn mg nstrgtndkg jn kbtnrvnbakñb kepmnenbtgjg. Mg nxpnrknbakg vkvkjg pfr mfs prflnskfbgmns y mfs trghgogjfrns afbstktuyn ub rnaursf pgrg jgr aunbtg gquå jn mfs gvgtgrns jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb nb çehktfs pÿhmkafs, jn añef mg `kstfrkg jn mgs kbstktuakfbns gtrgvknsg flkakfs y jn mg kepmkagbakg jnm `ghmgr jnm prfpkf qun`ganr nb mfs prfansfs jn suhontkvgakñb. Mg bnanskjgj jn rnaupnrgr mf pnrjkjf Mg Jkrnaakñb Dnbnrgm jn Lghrkagakfbns Ekmktgrns (JDLE) ns ub frdgbksef tëabkaf kbjustrkgm nstgtgm auyf jnsgrrfmmf `g nstgjf euy mkdgjf mk dgjf g mfs gvgtgrns sfakf`kstñrkafs jnm pgås. Qn arnñ nb mg jëagjg jn 7;:3 afb nm fhontkvf jn lgvfrnanr mg  prfvkskñb bgakfbgm bgakfbgm jn hknbns ppgrg grg mg jnlnbsg, pnrf tgehkëb pgrg lkbn lkbnss akvkmns, nb nm egraf jn mg sustktuakñb jn kepfrtgakfbns g mg qun gpubtghg nm dfhknrbf jn Ougb Jfekbdf Snrñb. Nb mg jëagjg jnm º;3 nm pgås gtrgvnsñ ub prfansf jn jnskbjustrkgmkzgakñb afef afbsnaunbakg afbsnaun bakg jn mg kepmnenbtgakñb jn pfmåtkags jn frknbtgakñb bnfmkhnrgm, qun mmnvgrfb g mg gpnrturg prfdrnskvg jn mgs nafbfeågs, mg enbfr kbtnrvnbakñb jnm Nstgjf nb nm enragjf, y mg trgbslnrnbakg jn eua`gs jn sus lubakfbns gm snatfr prkvgjf. Nm Nstgjf, vksugmkzgjf afef sfhrnjkenbskfbgjf y fhsfmntf, lun l un jnsegbtnmgjf skstneçtkagenbtn,  prkvgtkzçbjfsn mg egyfråg jn mgs neprnsgs neprnsgs pÿhmkag pÿhmkags, s, kbamusf gqun gqunmmgs mmgs vkbaumgjgs vkbaumgjgs g

gatkvkjgjns nstrgtëdkags. G pgrtkr jnm g÷f 8331 afenbzñ ub prfansf jn rnaupnrgakñb y rnafbstruaakñb jnm Nstgjf. Mg kepmnenbtgakñb grtkaumgjg jn pfmåtkags nafbñekags y sfakgmns, gafepg÷gjg

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

73:

jnm lfrtgmnakeknbtf jn mgs kbstktuakfbns jnm enragjf jn trghgof, pnrektkñ rnjuakr mfs gmtfs bkvnmns jn jnsfaupgakñb y prnagrkzgakñb gmagbzgjfs nb mg jëagjg gbtnrkfr. Nstgs  pfmåtkags rnkvkbjkagb mg arngakñb jn ”trghgof jnanbtn―, nb ub nbaugjrn qun gpubtg g mg

kbtndrgakñb nafbñekag afb prfdrnsf sfakgm g trgvës jn mg rnaupnrga r naupnrgakñb kñb jnm enragjf kbtnrbf afef jkbgekzgjfr jn mg nafbfeåg. ^b gafbtnakeknbtf egrag mg `kstfrkg jn JDLE? mg nxpmfskñb jn mg lçhrkag jn Xåf Znranrf, nb 7;;>, nb nm afbtnxtf jn mgs sfspna`gs jn trçlkaf jn gregs pfr pgrtn jnm dfhknrbf jn Agrmfs Enbne. Afef afbsnaunbakg jn nstn `na`f, sn rnefvkñ mg aÿpumg ekmktgr qun dfhnrbghg mg kbstktuakñb `gstg nbtfbans y sn jnskdbñ ub kbtnrvnbtfr akvkm, qun rnspfbjåg gm Ekbkstnrkf jn Smgbklkagakñb Dnbnrgm, Kbvnrskñb Sÿhmkag y Qnrvkakfs jn mg  Bgakñb. G lkbns jn 8373 gsuekñ ubg bunvg kbtnrvnbakñb qun nstç mmnvgbjf gjnmgbtn ub  pmgb nstrgtëdkaf afb afb nm fhontkvf jn rngatkvgr nm prfy prfynatf natf kbstktuakfbgm jnm frd frdgbksef. gbksef. Nb nstn afbtnxtf sn prfjuan mg jnegbjg jn kbtnrvnbakñb gm nqukpf jnm SAN pgrg lgakmktgr mg kepmnenbtgakñb jn mgs bunvgs pfmåtkags jn jnsgrrfmmf jn rnaursfs `uegbfs. Nb nstn egraf, sn lkreñ ub afbvnbkf nbtrn mg ^bkvnrskjgj Bgakfbgm jn Añrjfhg y JDLE y sn kbkakgrfb mgs gatkvkjgjns jn affpnrgakñb. Qn rngmkzñ ub jkgdbñstkaf  pgrtkakpgtkvf afb nm nm lkb jn rnafbstrukr mg ssktugakñb ktugakñb jn mg sn snjn jn anbtrgm y jn mgs lçhrkags lçhrkags qun sn nbaunbtrgb nb jkstkbtfs pubtfs jnm pgås, mf qun kepmkañ rnmnvgr kblfregakñb jn tfjfs mfs bkvnmns y gbgmkzgr mgs agrgatnråstkags jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, jn mgs afbjkakfbns jn ftrfs sgmujgspnatfs. y enjkf gehknbtn jnsntrghgof ysknrfb jn mg gaakfbns lfregakñb jnsgrrfmmf jnmmns  pnrsfbgm, nbtrn Gskeksef, prfpu prfpusknrfb gaakfbn s nbyjkstkbtfs bkvnmns bkvn jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnstkbgjgs g kblfregr sfhrn nm prfansf jn trgbslfregakñb qun gtrgvknsg mg kbstktuakñb, mgs afbjkakfbns nb qun sn jnsgrrfmmgb j nsgrrfmmgb y mfs jnsglåfs qun supfbnb  pgrg mfs jkstkbtfs gatfrns, gatfrns, g mg vn vnzz qun sn rna rnafdknrfb fdknrfb mgs afbskjn afbskjnrgakfbns rgakfbns y pub pubtfs tfs jn vkstg jn mfs jklnrnbtns drupfs sfhrn nstn prfansf, mf qun pfskhkmktñ kbkakgr k bkakgr jkçmfdfs n kbtnragehkfs skdbklkagtkvfs sfhrn nm pgsgjf, prnsnbtn y luturf jn mg neprnsg. Nb mgs gaakfbns jkgdbñstkags rngmkzgjgs afb mfs jkstkbtfs bkvnmns jn mg neprnsg  pujf kjnbtklkagrsn ‑ nbtrn nbtrn ftrgs- mg prfhmneçtkag jn mg nxkstnbakg jn ubg hrna`g dnbnrgakfbgmm skdbklkagtkvg nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns fpnrgtkvfs, qun kbakjåg nb nm lmuof jn dnbnrgakfbg lfregakñb jn mfs gprnbjkans nb mfs punstfs jn trghgof, qun sfb fpnrgrkfs rnaknbtnenbtn kbafrpfrgjfs. Nstf lubjgenbtñ nm pnjkjf jn gaakfbns jn agpgaktgakñb pfr pgrtn jn mg neprnsg, y mg pfskhkmkjgj jn rnjnlkbkr afboubtgenbtn nsgs jnegbjgs jnegbjgs nb tërekbfs tër ekbfs jn ubg kbtnrvnbakñb jn afrtn amåbkaf. Mg lfregakñb g pgrtkr jnm gbçmksks jnm trghgof Jklnrnbtns nblfquns pfbjnrgb nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof afef ubg `nrrgeknbtg vçmkjg gm efenbtf jn kepumsgr nb nm snbf jn ub afmnatkvf jn trghgof, gaakfbns tnbjknbtns g nbrkqunanr sus prçatkags. Nb mg måbng jnm gbçmksks jnm trghgof afhrgb rnmnvgbakg afbtrkhuakfbns jn jklnrnbtns afrrknbtns anbtrgjgs nb nm nstujkf jn mg gatkvkjgj, afef mg amåbkag jn mg gatkvkjgj, auyf  prkbakpgm nxpfbnbtn nxpfbnbtn ns nm pskañmfd pskañmfdff lrgbaës [vns Amft y mfs nstujkfs nv nvfmutkvfs fmutkvfs jnm trghgof rngmkzgjfs prkbakpgmenbtn pfr nm lkbmgbjës [roü Nbdnstrüe. Mfs gutfrns sn÷gmgjfs rnsgmtgb mg kepfrtgbakg qun gjquknrn mg nxpnrknbakg prflnskfbgm nb mfs  prfansfs jn gprnbjkzgon qun mfs trghgogjfrns vkvnbakgb nb mgs frdgbkzgakfbns. G afbtrgegbf jn aknrtg trgjkakñb, qun rnstrkbdåg mg lfregakñb prflnskfbgm g prçatkags jn nbtrnbgeknbtf f jn trgbslnrnbakg ubkjkrnaakfbgm jnm sghnr, nm gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj

 prfpfrakfbg g mfs mfs su trghgogjfrns kepfrtgbtn rtgbtn nb mgs gaa gaakfbns kfbns lfregtkvgs, mf qun garnaknbtg nlkagakg. uubb prftgdfbksef kepf

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

73>

Nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm ns ub rnaursf pgrg mg gaakñb y su gjfpakñb pfr pgrtn jnm suontf ns afbskjnrgjg ub nmnenbtf bnansgrkf pgrg pnrtnbnanr gm afmnatkvf jn trghgof, gm drupf prflnskfbgm. Mnofs jn snr nstçtkaf, nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm nvfmuakfbg afbstgbtnenbtn afbstgbtnenb tn g pgrtkr jn mg kbtnrpnmgakñb jn mf nstghmnakjf pfr pgrtn jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Nm afbanptf jn nstkmf prflnskfbgm sn vkbaumg g mg pfskhkmkjgj jn mfs suontfs jn snr arngtkvfs nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn su gatkvkjgj y jn mkhnrgrsn jn mf nstghmnakjf pfr nm afmnatkvf gmkenbtg gså nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm qun rkdn nb nm drupf jn pgrns. Mg entfjfmfdåg jn gbçmksks jnm trghgof husag dnbnrgr jnhgtns, rnlmnxkfbns y afbtrfvnrskgs nbtrn mfs kbtndrgbtns jnm drupf. Sgrg dnbnrgr tgmns t gmns kbtnragehkfs sn rnaurrn g rndkstrfs jn kegdnb jn prçatkags prflnskfbgmns nmghfrgjfs nmghfrgjfs pfr ub kkbvnstkdgjfr bvnstkdgjfr nxtnrbf. Nm pfstnrkfr gbçmksks jn mfs rndkstrfs pfr pgrtn jn mfs trghgogjfrns hgof mg affrjkbgakñb jnm nqukpf jn prflnskfbgmns kbtnrvkbknbtns, pnrektn nbrkqunanr nm dëbnrf prflnskfbgm, gepmkgbjf su pfjnr jn gaakñb sfhrn mgs afsgs y nm eubjf . [vns Amft prfpfbn nm eëtfjf jn gutfafblrfbtgakñb afef `nrrgeknbtg pgrg mg kbtnrvnbakñb. Nm fhontkvf jn mg entfjfmfdåg ns ”gyujgr gm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg nxpnrknbakg  prflnskfbgm jnm afmnatkvf jn trghgogjfrns vfmubtgrkfs―. Qn afepfbn jn trns lgsns

suanskvgs auyg jurgakñb gprfxkegjg ns jn snks ensns pgrg agjg ubg jn nmmgs. Mg prkenrg lgsn, rnlnrkjg g mg afbstktuakñb jnm drupf jn gbçmksks, kbamuyn mg afbstruaakñb jn ub afmnatkvf jn trghgogjfrns qun sn flrnanb g pgrtkakpgr jn mg nxpnrknbakg. G afbtkbugakñb, sn rngmkzg ubg fhsnrvgakñb skstneçtkag jn mgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof qun fpnrgakfbns aråtkags f ”jklåakmnsqun jn sn `ganr―. ÿmtkef sn rngmkzg mg snmnaakñb jnprnsnbtgb ubg snaunbakg afepgrtkjg jn gatkvkjgj, drghgSfr nb våjnf.

Mg sndubjg lgsn tknbn afef fhontkvf mg afblrfbtgakñb pfr pgrtn jn mfs trghgogjfrns y afbstg jn trns pgsfs. Nm prkenrf ns drghgr våjnfs jn gmdubfs ekbutfs jn ubg snaunbakg jn gatkvkjgjns. Nstfs vkjnfs snrçb nm fhontf jn gbçmksks g pfstnrkfrk. Mundf sn kbvktg gm trghgogjfr g mf qun nm gutfr mmgeg ”nbtrnvkstg jn gutf-afblrfbtgakñb jkrnatg―, nb mg qun sn mn sfmkaktgb afenbtgrkfs sfhrn mf rndkstrgjf, skb mg prnsnbakg jn afepg÷nrfs. Gm rnspnatf Amft sn÷gmg qun gmdubfs gspnatfs jn mg nbtrnvkstg jn afblrfbtgakñb jkrnatg lgakmktgb mg kbtnrvnbakñb. Sfr ÿmtkef, jurgbtn mg lgsn lkbgm jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb, sn prnsnbtg gm drupf kbkakgm ub efbtgon jn mgs snaunbakgs eçs skdbklkagtkvgs jn mgs jkstkbtgs afbtrfvnrskgs qun sn rndkstrgrfb. Nm fhontkvf g`frg ns qun nm drupf punjg gprfpkgrsn jn mfs jnhgtns rngmkzgjfs9 sn husag nbrkqunanr nm flkakf, gepmkgr nm pfjnr jn gaakñb jnm afmnatkvf sfhrn mgs afsgs, enofrgr nm trghgof y lfrtgmnanr mgs prçatkags qun gsndurnb nm hknbnstgr hk nbnstgr jnm afboubtf. Sfr mf tgbtf, pgrg mfs rnlnrnbtns jn mg amåbkag jnm trghgof, nm trghgof ns afbanhkjf afef ubg gatkvkjgj kbvnbtkvg qun nxanjn mg enrg nonauakñb jn mgs tgrngs. Nm suontf sn gprfpkg jn mg gatkvkjgj y mg rn-arng, pfbknbjf nb ooundf undf su agpgakjgj arngtkvg g lkb jn pfjnr rngmkzgrmg. Nstn prfansf jn gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj ns ub prfansf jn lfregakñb, yg qun mg jksauskñb afmnatkvg pnrektn ubg rnbfvgakñb f gepmkgakñb jn mfs rnaursfs jn mfs trghgogjfrns pgrg jnsgrrfmmgr sus gatkvkjgjns aftkjkgbgs. Nb nstn snbtkjf, mg entfjfmfdåg kepmkag tgehkëb ub pfskakfbgeknbtf ëtkaf, pfr jfs eftkvfs? nb prkenr mudgr, pfrqun  husag prfefvnr prfefvnr mg gepmkgakñb jjnm nm pfjnr jn gaakñb gaakñb jn mfs suontfs nb su trghgof9 y nb sndubjf mudgr, pfrqun mfs trghgogjfrns pgrtkakpgb nb tgbtf prftgdfbkstgs, sfb af-gutfrns jn mfs rnsumtgjfs jnm prfansf, sknbjf nm pskañmfdf sñmf ub lgakmktgjfr qun gafepg÷g nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg lfregakñb. Nm rnmgtf jn mg nxpnrknbakg y sus `unmmgs Mg kbtnrvnbakñb sn jnsgrrfmmñ nb mgs lçhrkags qun gatugmenbtn sn nbaunbtrgb nb lubakfbgeknbtf, g mf mgrdf jn ub g÷f jn trghgof. Nb prkbakpkf sn rngmkzgrfb nb agjg ubg

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

73<

jn mgs nmmgs rnubkfbns afb gatfrns amgvns (jkrnatfr y suh-jkrnatfr jn mg lçhrkag, gsnsfrns jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb, rnlnrnbtns tëabkafs) pgrg prnsnbtgr mg prfpunstg jn trghgof y snmnaakfbgr jn egbnrg afboubtg mfs prfansfs prfjuatkvfs qun sn afbskjnrghgb aråtkafs y qun nrg bnansgrkf ghfrjgr. Jurgbtn nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mgs jklnrnbtns gatkvkjgjns frknbtgjgs gm gbçmksks jnm trghgof pujkefs gprnakgr, afef nb ftrgs fpfrtubkjgjns, mg kepfrtgbakg qun nm trghgof skdun tnbknbjf nb mg vkjg jn mgs pnrsfbgs y nm kbtnrës jn eua`fs jn mfs trghgogjfrns, sfhrn tfjf gqunmmfs afb nxpnrknbakg, pfr trgsektkr mf qun sghnb, truafs jn flkakf,  pnqun÷fs jnsauhrkeknbtfs jnsauhrkeknbtfs f kb kbvnbakfbns, vnbakfbns, ssfmuakfbns fmuakfbns nlkaga nlkagans. ns. Mgs gatkvkjgjns neprnbjkjgs pnrektknrfb agpturgr bf sfmf sghnrns, jnstrnzgs y `ghkmkjgjns qun mfs jklnrnbtns eknehrfs jnspmkndgb gm rngmkzgr sus tgrngs. Zgehkëb snbtkeknbtfs, glnatfs y rnaunrjfs jn vkjg qun tknbnb qun vnr afb nm `ganr, afb nm  prfjuakr afb ftrfs ftrfs eua`f eçs qu qunn prfjuatfs y snrvkakfs. G pgrtkr jn jnmm gbçmksks jn mg  hrna`g nbtrn mg tgrng prnsarkptg y mg rngm, nenrdnb nnbb nm jksaursf mgs mgs pnrkpnakgs qun mfs trghgogjfrns rngmkzgb pgrg sgmvgr mgs agrnbakgs y mfdrgr jgr rnspunstg g mfs nbagrdfs, mfs gtgofs, lrgagsfs y ëxktfs mfdrgjfs. Nb nm rnmgtf jn mfs trghgogjfrns sn kjnbtklkagrfb gjneçs kbkakgtkvgs jnspmndgjgs nb tknepfs gbtnrkfrns, nb mfs efenbtfs jn lunrtns arksks, qun mns pnrektknrfb gsndurgr su supnrvkvnbakg, supnrvkvnba kg, nm jnspmkndun jn nstrgtndkgs pgrg sfstnbnr su gatkvkjgj, su mudgr jn trghgof, su punstf y su kjnbtkjgj. Zgehkëb sn rnaunrjgb `na`fs jfmfrfsfs y nb nstgs lçhrkags bf sfb nsagsfs, yg qun lghrkagr nxpmfskvfs bf ns tgrng añefjg. G pgrtkr jn mgs jklnrnbtns kbstgbakgs rngmkzgjgs afb mfs ttrghgogjfrns rghgogjfrns jn mfs snatfrns ghfrjgjfs, ghfrjgjfs, sn prfjuof mg jfauenbtgakñb bnansgrkg bnansgrkg.. Nb prkenr mudgr afbstrukefs oubtf g mfs pgrtkakpgbtns ub egpg lubakfbgm jn agjg faupgakñb, ns jnakr, ub nsquneg jnm afbtnbkjf jnm punstf jn trghgof? nm prfpñsktf amgvn jn mg gatkvkjgj, mgs m gs lubakfbns qun jnsgrrfmmg nb jka`f punstf nm trghgogjfr, mgs rutkbgs f tgrngs afbarntgs. Nstn egpg skrvkñ nb prkenr tërekbf pgrg jfauenbtgr tfjfs mfs gaunrjfs gmagbzgjfs pfr nm drupf nb rnmgakñb gm gmagban jn agjg punstf, pnrf gjneçs lun ub kbsuef k bsuef amgvn pgrg mg rngmkzgakñb jn ub jksn÷f aurrkaumgr jnstkbgjf g mg lfregakñb prflnskfbgm jn quknbns nvnbtugmenbtn faupnb faupnb nsn punstf jn trghgof. Nm jksn÷f aurrkaumgr prnvë eñjumfs jn lfregakñb pfr afepntnbakgs y skrvn pgrg frdgbkzgr ub prfansf skstneçtkaf jn gprnbjkzgons pgrg nm jnsnepn÷f nb nm çrng jn kbauehnbakg afrrnspfbjknbtn. Gjneçs, afbskjnrg mfs nmnenbtfs qun jnhnb snr tnbkjfs nb aunbtg pgrg luturfs prfansfs pr fansfs jn agpgaktgakñb nb nm punstf jn trghgof? nm afbtnxtf y mgs afbjkakfbns jn lfregakñb, nm  pnrlkm jn mfs jnstkbgtgrkfs jnstkbgtgrkfs jn mg lfregakñ lfregakñb, b, mgs nstrgtndkgs y gatkvkjgjns jn lfregakñb y nm efjf jn nvgmugrmgs, nbtrn ftrfs rnaursfs. Sfr ÿmtkef, gvgbzgefs sfhrn mg prkenrg vnrskñb jn ub egbugm jn lfregakñb pgrg nm gprnbjkz, qun afehkbg bf sñmf afbtnbkjfs nsarktfs, nonrakakfs prçatkafs, skbf tgehkëb nm usf jn mfs rndkstrfs gujkfvksugmns. Zfjfs nstfs jfauenbtfs lunrfb vgmkjgjfs afb nm drupf jn trghgogjfrns y rnprnsnbtgbtns jn mg frdgbkzgakñb. Xnpnbsgr mg lfregakñb G oukakf jn nstg nxpnrknbakg, nm gbçmksks jnm trghgof afbstktuyn ubg `nrrgeknbtg entfjfmñdkag rnmnvgbtn gm efenbtf jn kbkakgr gaakfbns jn jnsgrrfmmf prflnskfbgm. Qkb nehgrdf, mfs nbaunbtrfs rngmkzgjfs nb mg lçhrkag jneunstrgb qun su kepmnenbtgakñb bf nstç nxnbtg jn afepmkagakfbns.

Qn mns sfmkaktghg g mfs trghgogjfrns pfbnr g jkspfskakñb jnm afmnatkvf sus sghnrns, mf qun eua`fs skbtknrfb afef ubg genbgzg eçs. Nstf sn kbsarkhn nb ubg `kstfrkg, sfhrn

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

734

tfjf jurgbtn mfs g÷fs bfvnbtg, jn jnspkjfs, goustns y afrrupakñb, afb eua`f sulrkeknbtf pfr pgrtn jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Nm prfansf jn kbtnrvnbakñb nb dnbnrgm y nm prfynatf jn trgbslnrnbakg kbtnrdnbnrgakfbgm kbtnrdnbnrgakfb gm jnm afbfakeknbtf nb pgrtkaumgr, bf `ganb eçs qun kbtnrpnmgr ub skstneg jn gatkvkjgj qun, pfr mfs gvgtgrns jn su `kstfrkg, afblkdurñ ubg trgeg jn gaunrjfs y prçatkags jn supnrvkvnbakg qun afgrtg nb mg gatugmkjgj nm mfdrf jn fhontkvfs frdgbkzgakfbgmns. Mg jklkaumtgj jn mfs rnspfbsghmns jn mg lçhrkag y jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb pgrg jnlkbkr mfs rfmns sn rnmgakfbg afb nstg ntgpg jn rnafbstruaakñb, qun ekrg afb bfstgmdkg nm pgsgjf y afb kbanrtkjuehrn nm luturf. Mgs jklkaumtgjns y rntrgsfs g mg `frg jn jnlkbkr mfs rfmns bfs `gaåg pnbsgr qun snråg euy afepmkagjf sfstnbnr nm prfynatf. Qkb nehgrdf y pgrg bunstrg sfrprnsg, mfs trghgogjfrns afb egyfr gbtkdýnjgj agptgrfb rçpkjgenbtn mg kbtnbakñb jnm prfynatf y bfs pmgbtngrfb qun mns pgrnaåg suegenbtn bnansgrkf. Xnlmnxkfbns lkbgmns Mg jnegbjg kbkakgm jn mg frdgbkzgakñb afbskståg nb ubg trgbslnrnbakg jn afbfakeknbtfs jn mfs trghgogjfrns afb egyfr gbtkdýnjgj g mfs eçs oñvnbns. Qkb nehgrdf, bfsftrfs pnbsgefs qun eçs qun ubg trgbslnrnbakg jn sghnrns sn trgtg jn ubg arngakñb afboubtg jn afbfakeknbtfs bnansgrkfs pgrg nm nlnatkvf jnsnepn÷f. Mfs

trghgogjfrns jn gehgs dnbnrgakfbns, dnbnrgakfbns, g pgrtkr jn mgs afbskdbgs jnm prfynatf, bf nlnatugrfb ub pgsgon gutfeçtkaf y enaçbkaf jn vknogs rnantgs jn gaakñb, skbf qun rngmkzgrfb ubg rnlmnxkñb afboubtg jn sus nxpnrknbakgs, suegbjf bunvgs fhmkdgakfbns y  prçatkags g su rnpnrtfrkf prflnskfbg prflnskfbgmm nb lubakñb jn mgs pfskhkmkjgjns y fpfrtubkjgjns qun qun mns pnrektn nm nsanbgrkf gatugm. Mg kbtnrvnbakñb lfreñ pgrtn jn ub prfynatf jn rnaupnrgakñb jnm Nstgjf qun skneprn fpnrñ afef egraf, afef kjng lunrzg, sknbjf mg entfjfmfdåg jn gbçmksks jn mg gatkvkjgj ub pgsf bnansgrkf pgrg nm prfansf jn rnafbstruaakñb.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

730

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  Mg g Afbstruaak Afbstr uaakñb ñb jn jn sgh sghnnr ns nb nm nm S^OFM  ‑  JGMM‛   JGMM‛ GQZG ‑  HGXBNQ?  HGXBNQ?  M

J nsgr sgrrr fmmf fa faupg upgak akf fbgm nb nb trg tr ghgogj gogjf fr ns tnx tnxtktkmns mns Kbtrfjuaakñb 

Qn trgtg jn grtnsgbfs tnxtkmns pnrtnbnaknbtns g mg ”Agjnbg jn \gmfr Znxtkm Grtnsgbgm nb nm afrrnjfr Subkmmg, Zrgsmgsknrrg―, ubg nxpnrknbakg jn nxtnbskñb jnm KBZK

auyf fhontkvf afbskstn nb trgbslfregr ubg agjnbg jn ubkjgjns prfjuatkvgs lgekmkgrns nb suhskstnbakg, afb gbtnanjnbtns jn jëhkm grtkaumgakñb `frkzfbtgm ‑   vnrtkagm, nb ubg agjnbg jn vgmfr pgrg mg prfjuaakñb jn tnxtkmns grtnsgbgmns, grtnsgbgmns, neumgbjf mg lkdurg jn ”lçhrkag jn aknmf ghknrtf―.  Nm prfynatf jn KBZK pgrtn jn mg bnanskjgj jn ggmdubgs mdubgs grtnsgbgs tnxtkmns qun sfmkaktgrfb gskstnbakg tëabkag pgrg enofrgr mg agmkjgj jn sus tnokjfs, aunstkñb qun lun rnsunmtg g trgvës jn mg snmnaakñb jn mg egtnrkg prkeg, mg rnvkskñb jn mfs prfansfs jn `kmgjf grtnsgbgm y nm rnjksn÷f jn mfs hknbns jn usf (jn gaunrjf g ub jkgdbñstkaf tëabkaf kbkakgm). Nb nm g÷f 833>, nm nqukpf jn kbvnstkdgakñb jn mg Açtnjrg jn Sskafmfdåg Mghfrgm kbdrnsg g affpnrgr afb KBZK g trgvës jn gatkvkjgjns jn nxtnbskñb n kbvnstkdgakñb9 mg kbtnrvnbakñb pnrektkñ afbfanr y afeprnbjnr mgs jkstkbtgs ntgpgs qun gtrgvknsgb mfs trghgogjfrns tnxtkmns nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn su flkakf. Nb gbçmksks jnm prfansf jn jnsgrrfmmf faupgakfbgm nxkdn jn mg grtkaumgakñb jn ub afboubtf jn gpfrtns qun supnrgb mgs rnstrkaakfbns jnm pgrgjkdeg amçskaf jn ”lgmmg `uegbg―. 

Mg gaakñb tknbn snbtkjf, ub snbtkjf bubag anrrgjf bk jnlkbktkvgenbtn lkof, afbstrukjf pfr nm suontf, nb nm efenbtf f jnspuës, pfr sus pgrns nb nm snbf jn mgs kbtnrgaakfbns, pfr ub supnrkfr nb mgs rnmgakfbns r nmgakfbns onrçrqukags onrçrqukags,, pfr ub afmnatkvf nb mgs rnubkfbns. Nm snbtkjf jn mg gaakñb sn nmghfrg g trgvës jn gqunmmf qun mfs gatfrns jkanb y sn jkanb. Mg tnfråg jn mg gaakñb sktugjg nblgtkzg mg bnanskjgj jn rngmkzgr ub gbçmksks jnm trghgof eksef nb tgbtf frdgbkzgakñb, mfagmenbtn f kbtnrgatkvgenbtn prfjuakjf, afef snaunbakg jn gatkvkjgjns frjnbgjgs. frjnbgjgs. Nb nstn nblfqun, nm auepmkeknbtf jn ub trghgof  pgsg pfr mg frdgbkzgakñb frdgbkzgakñb afba afbarntg rntg jn aursfs jjnn gaakñb sktugjg sktugjg,, ns jnakr, pfr mg  prfjuaakñb mfagm mfagm jn ub frjnb ffhsnrvghmn hsnrvghmn pfr nnmm frjnbgeknbtf jn ubg snaun snaunbakg bakg jn gatkvkjgj, qun `gdg `fbfr g mgs nxkdnbakgs jn snbtkjf, jn af`nrnbakg, af`nrnbakg, jn pnrtnbnbakg. Mgs afbjkakfbns jn mgjnegbjgb frdgbkzgakñb y affrjkbgakñb jnm trghgof nstçb jntnrekbgjgs jn gbtnegbf, jnegbjg b skneprn snr nspnaålkags, kb sktu bf y mfagmenbtn, pfr mgs fpnrgakfbns jn mfs gdnbtns afeprfentkjfs afeprfentkjfs nb nm auepmkeknbtf jn mg gatkvkjgj. Nstg frdgbkzgakñb y affrjkbgakñb tfeg gpfyf sfhrn ubg vkskhkmkjgj eutug jn mgs sktugakfbns, jn mfs dnstfs y jn mgs fpnrgakfbns nb nm nspgakf jn trghgof. Mgs afsgs y pnrsfbgs, mfs nvnbtfs y mgs sktugakfbns, gjquknrnb sus jntnrekbgakfbnss skbdumgrns mfagmenbtn y g mfs lkbns prçatkafs, nb ub prfansf afbtkbuf jn jntnrekbgakfbn frknbtgakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj, jn frdgbkzgakñb jn mgs pnrspnatkvg pnrspnatkvgs, s, jn nstruaturgakñb jnm nbtfrbf. Eëtfjf Jnsjn oñvnbns sn vknrfb nb mg bnanskjgj jn tnonr pgrg sgtkslganr bnanskjgjns  hçskags jn nspfsfs nspfsfs n ``kofs9 kofs9 nm afeknbzf jn mgs prçatkags jn jn tnokjf n `kmgjf nb nstgs

grtnsgbgs nstuvknrfb g mg vkjg G pgrtkr jn mg mkdgjgs nxpnrknbakg jn mgjfeëstkag. agjnbg, mgs grtnsgbgs afeprnbjknrfb mg afbvkvnbakg jn `kmgr su prfpkg mgbg, nstg gatkvkjgj ns gprnbjkjg nb prkenrg kbstgbakg nb

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

73;

mfs drupfs, fhsnrvgbjf g sus afepg÷nrgs, y nb sndubjg kbstgbakg g pgrtkr jn aursfs y a`grmgs jn mfs tëabkafs jn mg agjnbg.

Mfs sghnrns kepgrtkjfs pfr mfs tëabkafs jnm KBZK punjnb snr afbskjnrgjfs afbfakeknbtfs afjklkagjfs afjklkagjfs qun akraumgb nb mg agjnbg y sfb kbafrpfrgjfs gm flkakf nb mg enjkg nb qun sfb nvgmugjfs jn egbnrg pfsktkvg. Mfs kbtnrmfautfrns skdbklkagtkvfs jn nstg agjnbg sfb mfs tëabkafs jnm KBZK y mfs pgrns lubakfbgbjf nb tgmmnrns9 nstfs våbaumfs rnlunrzgb mg prflnskfbgmkjgj jn mgs grtnsgbgs nb mg enjkjg nb qun pnrektnb frdgbkzgr y skstnegtkzgr mfs gprnbjkzgons kbjkvkjugmns y afmnatkvfs jnm flkakf. Gjfptgr ubg afbanpakñb jn gprnbjkzgon afef gatkvkjgj `uegbg sktugjg nb afbtnxtf y sfakgmenbtn bndfakgjg rnsumtg nsnbakgm? ubg prçatkag jfeëstkag, gjqukrkjg g trgvës jn mg trgbsekskñb kbtnrdnbnrgakfbgm nbtrn euonrns, mundf jnspmndgjg g pgrtkr jn mgs bnanskjgjnss jn suhskstnbakg afef faupgakñb y mundf afef prflnskñb (bf nb tfjfs mfs bnanskjgjn agsfs). Mg afbstktuakñb prfdrnskvg jnm nspgakf afmnatkvf y mgs pfskhkmkjgjns qun ëstn ghrn  pgrg nm kbtnragehkf kbtnragehkf afbstktuyn nm ftrf aafepfbnbtn fepfbnbtn anb anbtrgm trgm jnm jnsgrrfmmf jn mgs mgs grtnsgbågs. Xnsumtgjfs Mg jkenbskñb tnabfmñdkag oundg ub rfm anbtrgm nb nm jnsgrrfmmf faupgakfbgm9 mg nenrdnbakg jn ub bunvf afbtnxtf qun pfskhkmktg mg rngatugmkzgakñb jn sghnrns, kbamuyn mg jkspfbkhkmkjgj jn bunvgs tnabfmfdågs y su kbafrpfrgakñb g mg jkenbskñb tëabkag jnm qun`ganr. G trgvës jnm afbtgatf afb mfs pgrns y mfs ttëabkafs ëabkafs jnm KBZK punjnb gaanjnr g kbbfvgakfbns nb rnmgakñb g mgs tëabkags jn `kmgjf pujknbjf fhtnbnr gså, jklnrnbtns jkl nrnbtns kbsuefs qun jklnrnbakgb sus prfjuatfs nb nm enragjf. Zgmns gprnbjkzgons, nb jfbjn akraumgb afbfakeknbtfs tçaktfs sfhrn nm flkakf, sn nlnatkvkzgb drgakgs g mg frdgbkzgakñb drupgm jn prfjuaakñb (tgmmnrns), g mgs afbjuatgs snegbgmns snegbgmns afb mfs tëabkafs y g mfs jklnrnbtns nspgakfs drupgmns qun sn jnsgrrfmmgb jurgbtn nm g÷f. Gbtns jn mg mmndgjg jnm KBZK, mgs `kmgjfrgs `kmghgb mgbg rÿstkag jn agepf, pfr mf qun mg agmkjgj jn mgs prnbjgs bf nrgb mgs enofrns jnm enragjf9 drgakgs g mg prfvkskñb jn mgbg, mfs grtnsgbfs mfdrgrfb jklnrnbakgrsn pfr su agmkjgj y frkdkbgmkjgj. Zrghgogr afb nstn bunvf tkpf jn mgbg, jnegbjñ mg kbafrpfrgakñb jn ub bunvf kbstruenbtf jn `kmgjf y jnm

gprnbjkzgon y nbtrnbgeknbtf pgrg sumfsutkmkzgakñb. ^b lgatfr qun `g lgakmktgjf kbtnragehkfs jnbtrf jn mg agjnbg ns mg afbstruaakñb jn ub mnbdugon afeÿb nb tfrbf gm flkakf, mgs tëabkags, t ëabkags, mfs prfjuatfs prfjuatfs.. Nb mgs kbtnrgaakfbns jnbtrf jn mfs tgmmnrns jn mg agjnbg, sn pfbnb nb afeÿb mfs gaknrtfs y nrrfrns, sn nxpnrkenbtg9 ub nonepmf jn mg gjqukskakñb jn gprnbjkzgons y afbfakeknbtfs afmnatkvfs enjkgbtn nm afbstgbtn nbsgyf, ns nm tn÷kjf. Nm kbarnenbtf nb nm jfekbkf jn mgs tëabkags `g pfskhkmktgjf mg afbstruaakñb jn jnlnbsgs afbtrg mg prnsarkpakñb y mg prfjuaakñb jn quknhrns nb mgs rutkbgs qun prfpkakgb mg kbbfvgakñb y nstf afbtrkhuyn g ubg egyfr gutfvgmfrgakñb jn mfs prfpkfs sghnrns lrnbtn g mgs prnsarkpakfbns jn tëabkags y rnqunrkeknbtfs jn agmkjgj qun kbdrnsgb g mg agjnbg jn egbf jn mfs nxtnbskfbkstgs y jksn÷gjfrns nxtnrbfs. Qn jnhn jnstgagr mg kepfrtgbakg jnm mnbdugon, nstghmnaknbjf enjkgakfbns nbtrn mf qun mgs `nrrgeknbtgs punjnb flrnanr, mf qun ubf eksef sghn, mf qun mfs ftrfs en gpfrtgb y gqunmmf qun afb mfs ftrfs afbstruyf. Mfs trghgogjfrns jnsgrrfmmgb su sghnr ‑  `ganr fpnrgbjf bunvgs `nrrgeknbtgs y jnspmndgbjf bunvgs tëabkags, pnrf tgehkëb ”`ghmgbjf― jn nmmf, prfjuaknbjf mnbdugon nb tfrbf g su `ganr, agtndfrkzgbjf su prfpkg prçatkag.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

773

Nxkstn jkstkbtfs lgatfrns qun enjkgb nb jklnrnbtns prçatkags jn trghgof qun vgb lfregbjf afblkdurgakfbns jn gprnbjkzgon nb jkstkbtfs pmgbfs jn mg agjnbg? nm nspgakf jfeëstkaf, nm nspgakf jnm drupf tgmmnr jn pgrns y mgs rnubkfbns eçs gepmkgs (kbtnrdrupgmns) qun kbvfmuargb g tfjfs mfs eknehrfs /grtnsgbgs, / grtnsgbgs, tëabkafs, tëabkafs, nxtnbskfbkstgs). Mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof afbstktuyn nm nmnenbtf jntnrekbgbtn jn nstgs jklnrnbtns afblkdurgakfbns. ^b prkenr pmgbf ekarfsfakgm? nm nspgakf jfeëstkaf, jfbjn mgs grtnsgbgs gprnbjnb nb ub nbtfrbf qun kbvfmuarg jn egbnrg jkrnatg g mgs `nrrgeknbtgs jn trghgof y tgehkëb g mfs ”ftrfs― nb nsn nspgakf (nspfsf n `k ofs) nb mg frdgbkzgakñb frdgbkzgakñb jn mg ofrbgjg ofrbgjg mghfrgm. Nb nm nspgakf jfeëstkaf jfeëstkaf gpgrnan ubg frknb frknbtgakñb tgakñb g gutfdnstkfbgr mg faupgakñb faupgakñb y afbjuakr mg prfpkg ofrbgjg mghfrgm9 tgmmnr kbjkvkjugm jnbtrf jnm `fdgr nstç gtrgvnsgbjf gtrgvnsgbjf  pfr bfregtkvgs jnm jnm nspgakf dmfhg dmfhgmm jn mg agjnbg qun jnegbjg nnmm jnsgrrfmmf jn agpgakjgjnss pnrsfbgmns frdgbkzgtkvgs. agpgakjgjn Nb nm pmgbf jnm tgmmnr drupgm, mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof prkfrkzg mg gskdbgakñb jn agpgakjgjnss nxtrg tëabkags, afef mgs jn gjekbkstrgakñb (jn kbsuefs y gmdubfs rnaursfs), agpgakjgjn afenrakgmns y jn rnmgakfbgeknbtf kbstktuakfbgm nb jntnrekbgjfs eknehrfs (mfs mmgegjfs rnlnrnbtns). Mg egyfråg jn mgs efjgmkjgjns frdgbkzgtkvgs kbtnrbgs jn mfs tgmmnrns `gb ` gb surdkjf jn egbnrg nspfbtçbng nspfbtçbng nb ubf jn mfs ddrupfs rupfs y `gb skjf `fefmfdgjfs nb nm rnstf jn mfs tgmmnrns, mf qun `gb pnrektkjf pnrektk jf mg kbstktuakfbgmkzgakñb jn rfmns y bfregs. Mg agjnbg su aunbtg tftgmkjgj, `gbjnafbsfmkjgjf enagbksefs jkspfsktkvfs kbstktuakfbgmns qunnbjgb jnm sn ëxktf mg nxpnrknbakg bf sñmf nby tërekbfs nafbñekafs y prfjuatkvfs (afef mfs prëstgefs jn egtnrkg prkeg n kbsuefs, enagbksefs jn lkogakñb jn prnakfs), skbf tgehkëb nb tërekbfs t ërekbfs sfakgmns y aumturgmns. Ns pfskhmn tkpklkagr ubg snaunbakg nb nm jnsgrrfmmf faupgakfbg faupgakfbgmm gatugm jn mgs grtnsgbgs tnxtkmns? tnonr ‑  `kmgr  `kmgr ‑  tn÷kr  tn÷kr ‑  vnbjnr  vnbjnr ‑  jksn÷gr  jksn÷gr ‑  affrjkbgr.9  affrjkbgr.9 ëstg ÿmtkeg gatkvkjgj jn mg snaunbakg jn jnhnråg hnråg rnmgakfbgrsn afb mg jkrnaakñb jkrnaakñb f dfhknrbf jn mg agjnb agjnbg. g. Nm jnspmkndun jn mgs agpgakjgjns jn jkrnaakñb y jn dfhknrbf pgrg nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mg sustnbtghkmkjgj jn mg agjnbg afbstktuynb nm mfdrf jn ub eçxkef bkvnm jn  prflnskfbgmkjgj nb nm qun`ganr, qun`ganr, nb mg enjkjg nnbb qun nxkdnb nm mfdrf jn ub gmtf gmtf bkvnm jn gutfbfeåg. Nm jnsgrrfmmf faupgakfbgm jn mgs grtnsgbgs sn `gb prflnskfbgmkzgjf augbtf gm sghnr `ganr rnmgtkvf g mfs prfansfs jn `kmgjf, tnokjf, tkbturg n kbamusf sghnrns rnmgakfbgjfs g mf afenrakgm, mg gjekbkstrgakñb jn kbsuefs k bsuefs hçskafs y mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof nb nm nspgakf jfeëstkaf y jn tgmmnr drupgm. Jksauskñb y Afbamuskfbns  Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jnm jnsgrrfmmf faupgakfbgm, nm afmnatkvf jnm trghgof jn mg agjnbg `g gjqukrkjf ub nbtrgegjf jn tëabkags f ubg enefrkg trgbsdnbnrgakfbgm qun jg afbskstnbakg g mgs gatkvkjgjns nb tërekbfs jn egbnrg jn snr y jn afepfrtgrsn jn egbnrg kepmåaktg frdgbkzgb mgs gatkvkjgjns jnbtrf jn mg agjnbg,  pnrf sñmf g bkvnm bkvnm kbtnrbf nb mfs jkstkbtfs tgmmnrns. Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jn gjqukskakñb jn afepntnbakgs, mg snaunbakg rnektn g sghnr `ganr, sghnr- frdgbkzgr y sghnr ‑  dnstkfbgr  dnstkfbgr9 afef mgs trns çrngs jn afepntnbakgs nxkdkjgs pfr nm flkakf qun sn jnspmkndg prfdrnskvgenbtn prkenrf g bkvnm jn gatkvkjgj y mundf, g mf mgrdf jn mg trgynatfrkg tr gynatfrkg jn jnsgrrfmmf jn mg faupgakñb. Xnsumtg kepfrtgbtn rnsgmtgr qun mg nxpnrknbakg jn mg m g agjnbg jn vgmfr tknbn ub frkdnb nekbnbtnenbtn tnabfmñdkaf y afeubktgrkf y qun nstfs nmnenbtfs afbstktuynb su  prkbakpgm pftnbakg pftnbakg nb mf rnmgtkvf gm gprnbjkzgon gprnbjkzgon y gm jnsgrrfmmf. jnsgrrfmmf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

777

HKHMKFDXGLÅG?  Oñ ñvnbn bns, s, pr nag agrr k njgjns y sn snbt btkk jfs  O  OGA GAKK BZF BZ F ‑  TFML  TFML  ‑  HN  HN QQNDG QQNDG  ‑  MFBDF?  MFBDF? O

jn tr trgh ghgo gof f

Mg kbsnrakñb jn mfs oñvnbns nb nm enragjf jn trghgof `gan yg eçs jn 83 g÷fs qun skdbklkag ub ”prfhmneg―. ”prfhmneg―.  Mfs jgtfs nstgjåstkafs pnrektnb vkbaumgr mg prnagrknjgj afb trgefs ntgrkfs, afb bkvnmns njuagtkvfs y sfakf-nafbñekafs. Mfs buenrfsfs nstujkfs sfhrn nm tneg afkbakjnb nb qun nm jntnrkfrf jn mg kbsnrakñb mghfrgm ouvnbkm ns eçs nm rnsumtgjf jnm

nepnfrgeknbtf dnbnrgm dnbnrgm jn mfs m fs enragjfs jn trghgof qun jn ubg aunstkñb nspnaålkagenbtn  ouvnbkm. Mfs oñvnbns nstçb sfhrn-rnprnsnbtgjfs tgbtf rnspnatf g mg jnsfaupgakñb y suhfaupgakñb, suhfaupga kñb, afef rnspnatf g mgs jntnrkfrgjgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof, mfs hgofs kbdrnsfs y skb gaansf g hnbnlkakfs sfakgmns. Qkb nehgrdf, mfs nstujkfs hgsgjfs nb jgtfs augbtktgtkvfs tgehkëb eunstrgb eua`gs `ntnrfdnbnkjgjns nb mg agmkjgj jn mg kbsnrakñb? egyfrns bkvnmns njuagtkvfs, pnrtnbnbakg f bf g `fdgrns pfhrns, nm snxf y nm suh-trgef ntgrkf (gjfmnsanbtns, oñvnbns pmnbfs y oñvnbns o ñvnbns gjumtfs) nvkjnbakgb jklnrnbakgs jn fpfrtubkjgjns jn kbsnrakñb g nepmnfs jn agmkjgj. Mfs afbjkakfbgbtns nstruaturgmns jn nstg sktugakñb nb nm egraf jn mgs trgbslfregakfbns y mg arksks grdnbtkbg nb mgs ÿmtkegs jëagjgs `gb skjf prflusgenbtn trgtgjfs. Mfs oñvnbns sfb amgrgenbtn nm drupf qun pgjnan egyfrns jëlkakts jn ”trghgof jnanbtn―. Nxkstnb amgrgs nvkjnbakgs, prfjuatf jn mgs trgbslfregakfbns y arksks jn mfs enragjfs jn trghgof jnsjn prkbakpkfs jn mfs bfvnbtg. 7.  Zrgbskakfbns y jkvnrsklkagakñb jn trgynatfrkgs Augbjf nxkstågb hgofs bkvnmns jn jnsnepmnf, nm pgsgon jn mg njuagakñb gm trghgof bf nrg eçs qun nsf? ub pgsf rnmgtkvgenbtn skepmn y afrtf. Gatugmenbtn, y bf sñmf nb nm afbtnxtf grdnbtkbf, agjg vnz rnsumtg eçs nvkjnbtn qun sn trgtg jn ub prfansf pfr mf augm mg kbsnrakñb faupgakfbgm sn `g nepnzgjf g afbskjnrgr ubg trgbskakñb mgrdg y afepmnog. Mfs nstujkfs jkspfbkhmns sfhrn mgs agrgatnråstkags jn mg trgbskakñb eunstrgb qun ëstg jnpnbjn tgbtf jnm enragjf jn trghgof, afef jn mgs augmkjgjns kbjkvkjugmns jn mfs agbjkjgtfs gm nepmnf. Mg vgmfrgakñb qun nm ofvnb tnbdg jn su prfpkf trghgof jnpnbjnrç jn eÿmtkpmns lgatfrns. Sfr ub mgjf, bf ns kbjnpnbjknbtn jn mg agmkjgj y nm afbtnbkjf jnm eksef. Sfr ftrf, jnpnbjn jn mfs ”eçrdnbns jn mkhnrtgj― afb qun  aunbtg sndÿb mgs afbjkakfbns lgekmkgrns y sfakfnafbñekag nb mgs qun vkvn, y jn sus nxpnatgtkvgs kbkakgmns. Mgs trgynatfrkgs eunstrgb ubg kepfrtgbtn kbjkvkjugmkzgakñb, jntnatçbjfsn vgrkgjgs vgrkgjgs lfregs jn grtkaumgakñb nbtrn jkstkbtfs tkpfs y drgjfs jn njuagakñb, agpgaktgakñb y nepmnf. Mg jkvnrsklkagakñb jn mgs trgynatfrkgs sn nvkjnbakg pgrtkaumgrenbtn nb nm snbtkjf qun tfegb aknrtfs ”efenbtfs f nstgjfs― nb mg trgynatfrkg jn mfs kbjkvkjufs,

tgbtf jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg fhontkvf (rfm jnm pgsgon jn ub nstgjf gm ftrf nb mg trgynatfrkg jnm kbjkvkjuf, pfr nonepmf, jnogr jn trghgogr pgrg vfmvnr gm nstujkf) afef jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg suhontkvf (nb rnmgakñb afb sus gspkrgakfbns, prfynatfs, nxpnatgtkvgs). Nm nspgakf jn trgbskakñb sn agrgatnrkzg pfr mg jkvnrskjgj, mg kbnstghkmkjgj y mmgg  prnagrknjgj jnenragjf mgs nxpnrknbakg nxpnrknbakgs s mghfrgmns y nnstç stç kblmukjf bf sñmf pfr mg kbnstghkmkjgj nstruaturgm jnm jn nepmnf skbf tgehkëb pfr mg bgturgmnzg nxpmfrgtfrkg jn mgs lfregs jn ”snr ofvnb―.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

778

8.  Mgs prnagrknjgjns nb mg kbsnrakñb mghfrgm jn mfs oñvnbns Mfs nstujkfs hgsgjfs nb jgtfs nstgjåstkafs rnlmnogb afef agrgatnråstkags anbtrgmns jn mg rnmgakñb jn mfs m fs oñvnbns afb nm nepmnf? gmtfs bkvnmns jn jnsnepmnf9 mg jnvgmugakñb jn arnjnbakgmns y nlnatf ”lkmg―9 mg sndenbtgakñb jnm enragjf jn trghgof  jn mfs oñvnbns y  pfr supunstf, y gmtfs bkvnmns jjnn prnagrknjgj mghfrgm. Mfs oñvnbns nb su afboubtf prnsnbtgb gmtfs bkvnmns jn trghgof tr ghgof prnagrkf.

trgefs nepmnfMgs ubgjklnrnbakgs vnz pgsgjgnbtrn mg ntgpg eçs ntgrkfs aråt kag.supfbnb ubg aknrtg nstghkmkzgakñb nb nm aråtkag. Qk mg prnagrknjgj jksekbuyn y tfjfs mfs kbjkagjfrns mghfrgmns sn vgb ganragbjf g mfs jn mfs gjumtfs, nstf kepmkagråg mg afblkdurgakñb jn ubg ”zfbg jn nepmnfs ouvnbkmns―

qun jnvknbnb jn mgs agrgatnråstkags jntnrkfrgjgs jnm enragjf jn trghgof. 1.  Jn mfs afbjkakfbgbtns nstruaturgmns g mfs snbtkjfs jnm trghgof @g `ghkjf nb bunstrf pgås, drgb afbanbtrgakñb jn mfs nstujkfs tgbtf augbtktgtkvfs afef augmktgtkvfs anbtrgjfs sfhrn mfs oñvnbns pfhrns. Nstujkfs augmktgtkvfs `gb pnrektkjf jntnatgr ftrfs gspnatfs qun sn suegb g mg sndenbtgakñb faupgakfbgm faupgakfbgm y g mg nsagsnz jn arnjnbakgmns y afepntnbakgs, pgrg jklkaumtgr nm kbdrnsf y pnregbnbakg jn mfs oñvnbns o ñvnbns pfhrns nb nm enragjf jn trghgof. Nbtrn nmmfs enrnan rnsgmtgrsn? nafmñdkag, yg qun nstfs oñvnbns sunmnb `ghktgr nb zfbgs g)  Mg egrdkbgakñb gmnogjgs , jn jklåakm gaansf, afb hgog kblrgnstruaturg jn snrvkakfs, y egm afeubkagjgs g

trgvës jn enjkfs jn trgbspfrtn qun gjneçs rnsumtgb agrfs. Nb nm agsf jn mgs euonrns, nstf sn vn gdujkzgjf pfr mg rnstrkaakñb jfekakmkgrkg y `frgrkg qun sn gutfkepfbnb jnhkjf g mg bnanskjgj jn afepgtkhkmkzgr nm rfm prfjuatkvf y rnprfjuatkvf.  h)  Mg agrnbakg jn ub agpktgm aumturgm  (egbnof  (egbnof jn jntnrekbgjfs añjkdfs mkbdýåstkafs, n kbtnrgatkvfs, pfr nonepmf) y jn ub agpktgm sfakgm (rnjns sfakgmns jn mgs qun punjn  prfvnbkr ub nepmnf nepmnf f ubg amknbtnmg) amknbtnmg) qun punjg lgv lgvfrnanr frnanr nm kbdrnsf kbdrnsf g ftrfs sndenbtfs sndenbtfs jnm enragjf mghfrgm. 1.7.  ^b hunb trghgof jnsjn mg pnrspnatkvg jn mfs oñvnbns Mg jnlkbkakñb jn mfs oñvnbns ganrag jn ub hunb trghgof, sn `g afbstrukjf tgbtf g  pgrtkr jnm rnaunrjf jn jn mfs trghgofs qun eçs mns dustgrfb, afef jn mgs keçdnbns jn su

trghgof kjngm, gså^bg afef jn mg bfakñb eçs ghstrgatg jn mfsjngtrkhutfs qun pnrektn jnhn rnubkr ub "hunb trghgof". skstnegtkzgakñb jn mfs tnstkefbkfs m fs oñvnbns mfs nbtfbans nbuenrgr mfs gspnatfs eçs vgmfrgjfs. g) Zkpf jn afbtrgtgakñb? trghgof nb hmgbaf  Nm nepmnf nb hmgbaf ns ub nmnenbtf qun vgmfrgb pfsktkvgenbtn mfs oñvnbns pfrqun rnafbfanb mfs hnbnlkakfs mkdgjfs g nstn tkpf jn afbtrgtgakñb, gsfakçbjfmfs g ub nstgjf jn trgbqukmkjgj y prftnaakñb sfakgm yg sng pfrqun mg m g gatkvkjgj mghfrgm rnprnsnbtg gmdÿb tkpf jn rknsdf, f skepmnenbtn  pfr mg bnanskjgj bnanskjgj jn nstgr kbamukjf jnbtrf jn ub sskstneg, kstneg, pnsn g qun nstn "hnbnlkakf" "hnbnlkakf" kepmkqun pgrg nmmfs enbfrns kbdrnsfs.  h) Nm afbtnbkjf? nm gprnbjkzgon afef lunbtn jn drgtklkagakñb? Eua`fs oñvnbns afbskjnrgb qun mg nxpnrknbakg gaueumgjg nb ub tkpf jn trghgof, t rghgof, nm afbfakeknbtf y nm jfekbkf jn mg tgrng qun rngmkzgb, mg pfskhkmkjgj jn trgbslnrkr nstg nxpnrknbakg, sfb lgatfrns qun afbstktuynb ub agpktgm pnrsfbgm vgmkfsf qun mns pfskhkmktg nbaguzgr mg trgynatfrkg nb ub jntnrekbgjf snbtkjf. fhtnbnr egyfrns kbdrnsfs Nm kbdrnsf a)  Nm sgmgrkf y mg pfskhkmkjgj jn fhtnbnr k bdrnsf afbstktuyn ubf jn mfs nmnenbtfs qun mg egyfråg jn mfs oñvnbns pnrakhnb afef nsnbakgm augbjf vgmfrgb ub trghgof. Nb gmdubfs agsfs rnsumtg ub lgatfr jnakskvf pgrg ub efenbtf

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

771

 pgrtkaumgr jn mg trgynatfrkg trgynatfrkg nb nm qun sn pfbjnrg nnmm sgmgrkf afef rnaurs rnaursff qun mns pnrektn gjqukrkr f mfdrgr aknrtfs fhontkvfs kbenjkgtfs. j) Mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns? nspgakf jn kbtnragehkf y rnafbfakeknbtf. Eua`fs oñvnbns vgmfrgb nm amkeg jn trghgof, nm trgtf pnrsfbgm, mgs rrnmgakfbns nmgakfbns afb mfs jneçs nepmngjfs afef nmnenbtfs qun jnlkbnb ub hunb trghgof. Mg kjnbtklkagakñb afb su drupf jn pgrns g pgrtkr jn nxpnatgtkvgs, añjkdfs y vgmfrns afeubns, mns pnrektnb  prfynatgrsn nb nb ubg jkrnaakñb. Nm trgh trghgof gof y sus rnmgakfbns rnmgakfbns rnprnsn rnprnsnbtgb btgb ub nspgakf nspgakf eçs jn rnafbfakeknbtf y vkbaumgakñb afb mfs jneçs. n) Frdgbkzgakñb jnm tknepf? afepgtkhkmkzgakñb afb ftrgs gatkvkjgjns.  Ftrf gspnatf qun gpgrnan afef rnmnvgbtn ns mg pfskhkmkjgj jn afepgtkhkmkzgr mfs `frgrkfs jn trghgof afb mfs jn ftrgs gatkvkjgjns bf mghfrgmns. l) Nm trghgof kbjnpnbjknbtn afef vgmfr prkbakpgm  prkbakpgm ? ns kbtnrnsgbtn egragr qun mg gspkrgakñb jn eua`fs jn mfs oñvnbns qun trghgogb nb rnmgakñb jn jnpnbjnbakg, gÿb nb afbjkakfbns prftndkjgs, ns mmndgr g tnbnr ub trghgof pfr aunbtg prfpkg f ub  pnqun÷f neprnbjkeknbtf, neprnbjkeknbtf, gatkvkjg gatkvkjgjj pgrg mg qun rna rnafbfanb fbfanb `g `ghnr hnr gprnbjkjf g trgvës jn suanskvfs nepmnfs. Nb nstfs agsfs, sn trgsmuan qun mf qun sn vgmfrg jnm trghgof ns mg gutfbfeåg. 1.8.  Zrgynatfrkgs mghfrgmns  Mg snaunbakg jn sktugakfbns y skdbklkagjfs jnm trghgof nb mgs trgynatfrkgs? afbjkakfbgbtns y nstrgtndkgs 

^b prkenr gspnatf qun sfhrnsgmn nb nm gbçmksks jn mgs trgynatfrkgs trg ynatfrkgs jn nstfs  oñvnbns ns qun, qun, g pnsgr jn pnrtnbnanr g `fdgrns jn kbdrnsfs rnstrkbdkjfs y sn÷gmgr dnbnrgmenbtn qun bnansktgrfb trghgogr, tfjfs `gb pgsgjf pfr pnråfjfs jn jnsfaupgakñb jnsfaupga kñb f kbgatkvkjgj pfr vfmubtgj prfpkg. Ns jnakr, gbtn jntnrekbgbtns nxtnrbfs jn tfjf tkpf (lgekmkgrns, ( lgekmkgrns, afbjkakfbns jn trghgof, nta.) tfegrfb jnakskfbns jn pgsgon jn ubg sktugakñb g ftrg afb gmdubfs drgjfs jn mkhnrtgj (ns jnakr, pfjrågb `ghnr ttfegjf fegjf mg jnakskñb jn pnregbnanr nb nm trghgof qun tnbågb pnrf bf mf `kaknrfb). ^b sndubjf gspnatf g jnstgagr ns qun mgs trgynatfrkgs trg ynatfrkgs gpgrnanb kbjkvkjugmkzgjgs, afboudgbjf jn ub efjf ÿbkaf mgs sktugakfbns lgekmkgr, njuagtkvg, mghfrgm y nm afbtnxtf sfakgm. Nstgs sktugakfbns kbakjnb nb mg pfbjnrgakñb jn mfs arktnrkfs jn vgmfrgakñb jnm trghgof, efjklkaçbjfmg g mf mgrdf jnm tknepf. Gbtn sktugakfbns afbtnxtugmns afnraktkvgs jfs pnrsfbgs punjnb tfegr jnakskfbns (jnbtrf jn aknrtfs eçrdnbns jn mkhnrtgj) qun jnlkbnb nb ubg u ftrg jkrnaakñb su trg trgynatfrkg. ynatfrkg. \fmubtgj y jntnrekbgakñb sn afboudgb jkbçekagenbtn y jkvnrsklkagb mfs rnafrrkjfs mghfrgmns. Mfs lgatfrns afbtnxtugmns afef mg nsagsnz jn fpfrtubkjgjns (gbgmkzgjg gm afeknbzf jn nstg pfbnbakg) f mg sktugakñb lgekmkgr nbegragb mgs trgynatfrkgs. Agehkfs jn mgs sktugakfbns lgekmkgrns afef tnbnr ub `kof, krsn g vkvkr afb su pgrnog, mg eunrtn jn gmdÿb eknehrf jnm bÿamnf lgekmkgr, mg m g jnsfaupgakñb jnm prkbakpgm sfstëb, prfjuanb ub agehkf jn rfmns nb mg vkjg jn nstfs oñvnbns qun mfs fhmkdg g gsuekr mg rn rnspfbsghkmkjgj spfbsghkmkjgj jn egbutnbakñb jnm `fdgr. Eua`gs vnans nstf rnpnrautn nb mg hÿsqunjg gatkvg jn trghgof, y afb nmmf nb ub agehkf jn mg gatktuj pfsktkvf `gakg mg gatkvkjgj. Mgs trgynatfrkgs tgehkëb sn afbstruynb g pgrtkr jn jnakskfbns y nstrgtndkgs pnrsfbgmns n kbjkvkjugmns, qun nstçb nstçb eçs gmmç jnm afbtnxtf. Mgs trgynatfrkgs rnvnmgb rnvnmgb nb gmdubfs agsf agsfss ub rnafrrkjf gaueumgtkvf qun oundg afef ubg sunrtn jn sfakgmkzgakñb mghfrgm, kbjnpnbjknbtnenbtn kbjnpnbjknbtn enbtn jn auçmns sngb mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof y eçs hknb mkdgjg gm afbtnbkjf eksef jnm trghgof y g mg vgmfrgakñb suhontkvg jnm eksef.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

77:

Zkpfs jn trgynatfrkgs? nbtrn nm snbtkjf y mg jnsgrtkaumgakñb  

Mgs trgynatfrkgs mghfrgmns jn mfs oñvnbns nxprnsgb nb tfjfs mfs mf s agsfs ub efsgkaf jn sktugakfbns jn trghgof. Qn÷gmgefs gquå trns nons pfskhmns pgrg nm gbçmksks jnm snbtkjf jn mgs trgynatfrkgs? g) Nm snbtkjf sn afbstruyn mundf jn jkvnrsgs nxpnrknbakgs jn trghgof . G jklnrnbakg jn ftrfs pnrlkmns jn oñvnbns? sn punjn glkregr qun pgrg mfs agsfs gbgmkzgjfs, sñmf g pgrtkr jn gtrgvnsgr jkvnrsgs sktugakfbns jn trghgof ns pfskhmn mg afbstruaakñb jnm ”snbtkjf― jn ubg trgynatfrkg. Mgs jkvnrsgs nxpnrknbakgs mns pnrektnb g mfs oñvnbns

supnrgr nm afrtf pmgzf, mfs gyujgb g vkbaumgr sus kbtnrnsns g ub trghgof f tgrng, y afb nmmf rnmgtkvkzgr nm skdbklkagjf kbstruenbtgm jnm trghgof. tr ghgof.   h) Nm snbtkjf jn mgs trgynatfrkgs kepmkag ub oundf jn gsfakgakñb-jksfakgakñb. Mg gsfakgakñb f jksfakgakñb nbtrn nxpnrknbakg mghfrgm, trghgof gatugm y gspkrgakfbns luturgs, afbtrkhuynb g mg afbstruaakñb f bf jn ub snbtkjf y g mg m g gaueumgakñb jn nxpnrknbakg nb mgs trgynatfrkgs. trg ynatfrkgs. a) ^bg trgynatfrkg nrrçtkag tgehkëb punjn prfpkakgr snbtkjf. Bf sfmgenbtn mg nxpnrknbakg jn trghgof afb afbtkbukjgj f auyf afbtnbkjf afbtrkhuynb g mg gaueumgakñb jn nxpnrknbakg qun vg jnmkbngbjf ub pnrlkm faupgakfbgm jgb mudgr g mg afbstruaakñb jnm snbtkjf jn ubg trgynatfrkg. Nxpnrknbakgs nrrçtkags jn trghgof tgehkëb  punjnb jgr jgr mudgr g sktugakfbns jjklnrnbtns. klnrnbtns. Sfr ub mgjf, eÿmtkpmns trghgofs, nb afbjkakfbns nxpmftgakñb y gatkvkjgjns mghfrgmns bf drgtklkagbtns oubtf g gmdubg gatkvkjgj drgtklkagbtn, mmnvgqun g gmdubfs g qun su nxpnatgtkvg mghfrgm sn mkektn g mg hÿsqunjg jn ubg gatkvkjgj rnektn goñvnbns nsg nxpnrknbakg jn trghgof qun rnsumtñ pmganbtnrg. Nm afbtnbkjf jn mg tgrng g rngmkzgr ns prnpfbjnrgbtn rnspnatf g ftrfs arktnrkfs y bf pnrektn mg gpnrturg g rnafbfanr ftrgs fpfrtubkjgjns. Nstf aknrrg `frkzfbtns nb pfs jn afbstruaakñb jn nsn snbtkjf. Sfr nm ftrf, sk nstgs sktugakfbns nrrçtkags nb agehkf sfb gafepg÷gjgss pfr ubg gatktuj prfpnbsg g pnregbnanr gatkvf f g lfregrsn, mfs rnafrrkjfs gafepg÷gjg sn ghrnb g pfskhkmkjgjns bf afbtnepmgjgs. Afbamuskfbns Nbtrn mgs drgbjns vkrtujns jn mfs enragjfs jn trghgof nstghmns jn gbtg÷f, sn aunbtgb tgbtf mg prnsnbakg jn enagbksefs jn sfakgmkzgakñb mghfrgm afef qun gyujgrfb g nmghfrgr mg snbsgakñb jn afbtkbukjgj qun rnsumtghg nb hgsns sñmkjgs pgrg mg afbstruaakñb jn ”agrrnrgs prflnskfbgmns― y eçs gÿb jn mgs kjnbtkjgjns.

AmgujngJuhgr qunjksaursf mgs sfaknjgjns gatugmns kepumsgb g mfs oñvnbnsy(gsutfjfs nb rngmkjgj...) jftgrsnjkråg jn ub sfhrn nmmfs eksefs, sus afepntnbakgs  prfynatf, sfhrn sfhrn su nxpnrknba nxpnrknbakg kg pgsgjg y pnrspnatkvgs luturg luturgs, s, y g nxprns nxprnsgr gr enjkgbtn nm jksaursf mg grtkaumgakñb jn tfjfs nstfs nmnenbtfs. Nstg punstg nb nsanbg jn så, qun  prntnbjn snr af`nrnbtn, af`nrnbtn, mndåtkeg y sgtkslgatfrkg... ns jnakskvg jnakskvg pgrg nm nm gaansf gm rnafbfakeknbtf sfakgm, kepmkagbjf mg nstkeg jn så, mg affpnrgakñb afb mfs ftrfs, y mg kbsarkpakñb nb mg vkjg sfakgm (nepmnf ( nepmnf y akujgjgbåg nspnakgmenbtn).

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

77>

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? afbstr bstruaak uaakñ ñb jn mg kj k jng jn jn tr trg ghgo f jk jk dbf nb nb mfs akr ak r uo uog gs SNXN MEGB, E.? E.? M g af

jn mg akujg akujgj j jn jn H unbf unbfss Gk G k r ns

Xnsuenb Nm fhontkvf jn nstn trghgof ns gbgmkzgr añef gmdubgs pnrsfbgs qun afenbzgrfb g akruongr g enjkgjfs jn mg jëagjg jn 7;;3 nb mg akujgj jn Hunbfs Gkrns afbstruynrfb nsg

gatkvkjgj afef ubg lfreg dgbgrsn vkjg. Nm lfafafef nstç suontfs punstf nb afeprnbjnr mg lfreg nb qunmndåtkeg gm dubfsjnakruogs gmdubfs sn mg afbstruynrfb qun rngmkzgb ubg gatkvkjgj jkdbg, nb mfs snbtkjfs qun nmmg lun gjqukrknbjf y nb mgs prçatkags y jksaursfs qun pfskhkmktgrfb qun nmmf faurrknrg. Nm grtåaumf sn anbtrg nb mg afbstruaakñb jn efjfs mndåtkefs y rgzfbghmns jn `ganrmf g pgrtkr jn jfs bkvnmns jklnrnbtns rnmgakfbgjfs, qun tgehkëb sn tknbnb nb aunbtg. Sfr ub mgjf, nm jn mg afbstruaakñb jn mfs kjngmns (`ndneñbkafs) jn snr trghgogjfr. Sfr ftrf mgjf, nb mgs egbnrgs nb qun mfs suontfs rn-afbstruynb sus nxpnrknbakgs, arngb rnmgakfbns, dnbnrgb kegdkbgrkfs, nxpmkagakfbns, oustklkagakfbns sfhrn mg gatkvkjgj qun rngmkzgb y mgs egbnrgs nb qun nstfs vgb agehkgbjf. Kbtrfjuaakñb Nm < jn bfvknehrn jn 8338, nb ub afbtnxtf jn lunrtn arnakeknbtf y vkskhkmkzgakñb

jnm akruonf (rnafmnaakñb kblfregm r nskjufs), nb mg akujgj jn Gkrns ubg gujknbakg pÿhmkag nb mgjn qunrnskjufs), sn jnhgtågsnsujnsgrrfmmñ (jns)pnbgmkzgakñb . Hunbfs Bf pfjåg snr afbskjnrgjg trghgof y qun, pfr mf tgbtf, bf nstghg nb oundf nm jnrna`f gm trghgof 89

mgjf, grduenbtghg qun nxkstnb lfregs jn trghgof nspfbtçbngs y bgturgmns, y qun nm akruonf bf nrg ubg jn nmmgs. Eua`fs jn nmmfs afbstruågb nstg gatkvkjgj afef ubg lfreg jkdbg jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg.  Bf nxkståg ubg sfmg sfmg bfakñb jn mf qun skdbklkaghg snr akruog f nm `na`f jn nstgr rngmkzgbjf mg gatkvkjgj. Gm kbjgdgr nb mgs skdbklkagakfbns qun gjqukråg ëstg pgrg quknbns mg rngmkzghgb, nbafbtrghg qun eua`fs rnlnrågb gm frdummf jn snr akruogs, eknbtrgs ftrfs sn÷gmghgb qun mf `gaågb pfrqun ”bf mns qunjghg ftrg―.   Gbgmkzgr mgs jklnrnbtns trgynatfrkgs afbtnxtugmkzgjgs jn mgs  pnrsfbgs, sus sus rnmgakfbns af aftkjkgbgs, tkjkgbgs, en pn pnrektkñ rektkñ kjnbtklkagr ftrgs lfregs (bfreg (bfregmkzgjgs mkzgjgs jnbtrf jn ubg afblkdurgakñb sfakgm y nb afbafrjgbakg afb sus trgynatfrkgs mghfrgmns, sfakgmns y lgekmkgrns) nb qun mfs kbjkvkjufs jn agrbn y `unsf sn vkbaumgb nb sus rnmgakfbns afb mfs ftrfs. Nm efenbtf jn mg rngmkzgakñb jn mg tgrng jghgb aunbtg jn mgs egbnrgs jklnrnbakgmns jn nxpnrkenbtgr nm `na`f jn snr akruog y jn mfs efjfs nb qun eua`fs rnskdbklkagrfb mg gatkvkjgj jnsjn ubg vnrdýnbzg kbkakgm, jn vnrsn `gaknbjf ”gmdf bf jnsnghmn―, kmndgm y rnmgakfbgjf afb mg jnmkbaunbakg, g afbanptugmkzg afbanptugmkzgrmg rmg afef ubg gatkvkjgj jkdbg.  Bf tfjfs mfs akruogs akruogs pfsnnb mg kjn kjngg jn jkdbklkagakñb ggsfakgjg sfakgjg g mg bfakñb jn akruonf afef trghgof. Qfb jfs mfs bkvnmns jklnrnbtns n kbtnrrnmgakfbgjfs mfs qun jnhnb ghfrjgrsn. Sfr ub mgjf, nm jn mg afbstruaakñb jn mfs kjngmns  (`ndneñbkaf (`ndneñbkafs) s) jn snr trghgogjfr. Sfr ftrf mgjf, y nb rnmgakñb afb nstfs, nb nm jn mfs jksaursfs y prçatkags qun afbstruynb gm akruonf y mgs egbnrgs nb qun mfs suontfs pfr ftrf

(rn)afbstruynb sus nxpnrknbakgs, rnmgakfbns,  oustklkagakfbns sfhrn sfhrn mg gatkvkjgjarngb qun rngmkzgb y mgsdnbnrgb egb egbnrgs nrgskegdkbgrkfs, nb qun nstfsnxpmkagakfbns, vgb agehkgbjf. Nm grtåaumf sn anbtrg nb nstn sndubjf bkvnm.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

77<

Subtf jn pgrtkjg. Arnakeknbtf jnm akruonf Ns pfskhmn jnakr qun nm jnm trghgof sn `g afbstktukjf nb ubf jn mfs jksaursfs jksakpmkbgjfrns eçs pfjnrfsfs jn mg efjnrbkjgj y qun, nb mg Grdnbtkbg, lun ubg jn mgs  prkbakpgmns lfregs jn kbtndrgakñb sfakgm qun tgehkëb ggmagbzñ magbzñ g mfs qu qunn nstuvknrfb pfr pfr lunrg jnm enragjf jn trghgof lfregm. Mg kjng jn snr trghgogjfr, nb ubg Grdnbtkbg qun jurgbtn jëagjgs lun afbskjnrgjg

afef jn agsk pmnbf mkdgjgjnm g mfs prfansfs jn afbstruaakñb jntfrbf mg rnmgakñb akujgjgbåg-nep akujgjgbåg-nepmnf mnf ynepmnf, g mgs jnmnstuvf jnsgrrfmmf kjngm jn lgekmkg frdgbkzgjg nb gm trghgof jn ub onln vgrñb prfvnnjfr jn mfs kbdrnsfs lgekmkgrns. Nb nspnakgm `gakg lkbns jn mg jëagjg jn 7;;3 y jurgbtn mfs prkenrfs g÷fs jn mg skduknbtn, ubg arnaknbtn agbtkjgj jn pnrsfbgs qun tnbågb ubg trgynatfrkg tr gynatfrkg nb nm enragjf jn trghgof rnaurrknrfb gm akruonf afef lfreg jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg. Nm arnakeknbtf jnm jnsnepmnf bf nxpmkag pfr så eksef mg gpgrkakñb egskvg jn pnrsfbgs jnjkagjgs gm akruonf. Ftrfs lgatfrns, afef mgs pfmåtkags rnlnrnbtns g mg rnafmnaakñb y nm rnakamgjf, tgehkëb `kaknrfb jn ëstg ubg fpakñb. @gakg ub ghfrjgon pgrg nm gbçmksks jnm akruonf afef efjf mndåtkef jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg Mgs jklnrnbtns nxprnskfbns nb tfrbf gm akruonf `ghkmktgb g pnbsgr qun nm gbçmksks

jn mgs lfregs jnaugmns vkvnbakgr, jnontfs pnbsgrsn, punjnb nbtnbjnrsn nm egraf jn mfs m fs  prfansfs jn mfs mfs su suontfs lfregbbfpgrtn pgrtn, , jn mgs rnmgakfbns rnmgakfbnskbf s jnnb pfjnr, jnskdugmjgj jnskdugmjgj y jfekbgakñb. Ns pfskhmn pnbsgr qun sk hknb nm jnsnepmnf y suhnepmnf, nm jntnrkfrf jn mgs afbjkakfbns egtnrkgmns jn vkjg y nm kbarnenbtf jn mg pfhrnzg n kbjkdnbakg, nm ”`gehrn―, sfb afbjkakfbns, bf nxpmkagb så eksegs nm kbarnenbtf k barnenbtf jn mg agbtkjgj jn pnrsfbgs qun vkvnb jnm akruonf9 jka`f jn ftrg lfreg, bf `ghkmktgb jkrnatgenbtn nm pgsf gm akruonf. Ns bnansgrkf, pfr mf tgbtf, jgr aunbtg jn ftrfs nmnenbtfs qun, suegjfs g mgs jkenbskfbns yg jnsarkptgs, tnrekbgrågb jn nxpmkagr mg mmndgjg gm akruonf y su afbanptugmkzgakñb afbanptugmkzg akñb nb tgbtf efjf mndåtkef jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg. Sgrg nm agsf jnm akruonf, ubf jn mfs afepfbnbtns anbtrgmns qun afbstktuynb mg bfakñb mndktkegbtn ns mg rnmgakñb akruonf-trghgof y jkdbkjgj pnrektn ghfrjgr mgs jfs jkenbskfbns prfpunstgs (mfs jksaursfs `ndneñbkafs y mgs trgynatfrkgs kbjkvkjugmns) jn egbnrg afboubtg. Mg jkdbkjgj nb tgbtf agtndfråg mndktkegbtn pnrektn kbamukr g mfs agrtfbnrfs nb nm agepf jn mg kdugmjgj afb ubg snrkn jn ftrgs pnrsfbgs. Sgrg nm gbçmksks jn mfs m fs agrtfbnrfs rnektn, nbtfbans, g mg bnanskjgj jn pnbsgr mg bfakñb jn jkdbkjgj nb rnmgakñb afb nm rnafbfakeknbtf r nafbfakeknbtf y, nb nspnakgm, vkbaumgjg g mg agtndfråg jn trghgof, afb su rnmgakñb nxkstnbtn nbtrn mgs grduenbtgakfbns mndktkegbtns (mg efrgm, mg ëtkag, nm jfb y mfs snbtkeknbtfs). G su vnz, ghfrjgr mfs prfansfs jn mndktkegakñb nb nm egraf jn ubg mua`g pfr nm rnafbfakeknbtf pnrektn grtkaumgr mgs jfs jkenbskfbns gbtns enbakfbgjgs? enbakfbgjgs? nm trghgof nb tgbtf agtndfråg ghstrgatg gså afef agtndfråg nepårkag sfakgm y pnrsfbgmenbtn skdbklkagjg. Mfs akruogs lfregb pgrtn jn mg sfaknjgj nb su afboubtf y tknbnb qun afbvkvkr afblmkatkvgenbtn nb jklnrnbtns sktugakfbns aftkjkgbgs afb (ftrfs) jksaursfs efrgmns. Mfs akruogs bf sñmf afbstruynb mg jkdbkjgj jk dbkjgj nb rnmgakñb afb nm trghgof skbf tgehkëb, afef jkon, g pgrtkr jn mf qun sn nspnrg jnsjn ftrfs çehktfs. kjnbtklkagr jfs drupfs. Sgrg mfs akruogs qun ns pfskhmn aunbtgbGbgmåtkagenbtn afb ubg prfmfbdgjg trgynatfrkg nb nstg gatkvkjgj , su rngmkzgakñb

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

774

nstç bgturgmkzgjg. Qkb nehgrdf, g mg `frg jn afbanptugmkzgrmg afef jkdbg, nmmf bf gmagbzg, yg qun sghnb qun nstç lunrtnenbtn nstkdegtkzgjg. Sgrg quknbns afenbzgrfb rnaknbtnenbtn, mg kbsnrakñb, nb agehkf, ns eçs prfhmneçtkag, yg qun jnhnb rngjnaugr sus nxpnrknbakgs, y nstf kepmkag ubg rupturg jn aknrtgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns y jn mgs lfregs jn pnrakhkrsn nb tgbtf suontfs. Nstgs jklnrnbtns afbanptugmkzgakfbns, afbanptugmkzgakfbns, rnmgakfbgjgs afb mgs trgynatfrkgs y mfs prfynatfs sfakgmns y pnrsfbgmns, `ganb qun mfs vgmfrns qun sn mn ftfrdgb g mg gatkvkjgj sunmgb snr jklnrnbtns. Nstgr eçs anrag f mnofs m nofs jn mg hgsurg bf ns sñmf ubg aunstkñb jn jkstgbakg dnfdrçlkag skbf jn ”jkstgbakg nstruaturgm―, qun `g dnbnrgjf rnmgakfbns nbtrn  pnrsfbgs y drupfs drupfs sfakgmns y `g prfjuakjf lfregs jn pnbsgrsn. pnbsgrsn. Mg lrgsn ”sn ns akruog augbjf bf sn punjn snr ftrg afsg― g pgrtkr jn mfs `frkzfbtns efrgmns nb mfs qun nstgs

 prçatkags gjquknrnb gjquknrnb snbtkjf. Nm akruonf afef trghgof jkdbf Mgs pnrsfbgs qun afenbzgrfb g akruongr g enjkgjfs jn mfs bfvnbtg bf tknbnb ub  pgsgjf nb nstg gatkvkjgj g ppgrtkr grtkr jnm augm punjg punjgbb afbstrukr ub frd frdummf ummf afef nm qun tknb tknbnb nb mfs akruogs nstruaturgmns. Nb nmmfs, mgs rnprnsnbtgakfbn rnprnsnbtgakfbnss nb tfrbf g mg gatkvkjgj gpgrnanb jn egbnrg afblmkatkvg vkbaumgjgs afb nm pgsf pfr ftrgs f trgs gatkvkjgjns, eua`gs vnans mnogbgs g mg rnafmnaakñb kblfregm.   Nm akruonf ns ub trghgof nb fpfskakñb g ftrgs gatkvkjgjns pnrf, nb tfjf agsf, ”bf tgb trghgof― afef nm qun rngmkzghg rngmkz ghg nb ub rnstgur gbt. Nxkstnb jklnrnbtns lfregs jn kbafrpfrgr mgs gatkvkjgjns rneubnrgtkvgs jnbtrf jnm ubkvnrsf skehñmkaf jn mf mndåtkef f jn mf prf`khkjf. Qndÿb Jfudmgs, nm tghÿ prftndn nm afbsnbsf mfagm sfhrn añef sn frdgbkzg nm eubjf. Mgs mua`gs pfr kepfbnr gatkvkjgjns nb nm çehktf jnm rnafbfakeknbtf f jnm rna`gzf bf sn nbtknbjnb eçs qun g pgrtkr jn mgs mua`gs skehñmkags jnbtrf jn  pgrçentrfs `ndneñbkafs `ndneñbkafs y g pgrtkr jn mgs nxpnrknba nxpnrknbakgs kgs vkvkjgs. Nstf ns pgrtkaumgrenbtn bftfrkf augbjf sn gbgmkzg mg lfreg nb qun mfs bunvfs akruogs kbtnbtgb kbafrpfrgr mg bfakñb jn snrmf g mg agtndfråg trghgof9 Mg kbamuskñb jn nstg tgrng jnbtrf jn mfs kegdkbgrkfs jnm trghgof, y g pgrtkr jn gquå, ftfrdçbjfmns jkdbkjgj g sus vkjgs, sn `gan jn egbnrg afblmkatkvg y jg aunbtg jn nstg mua`g skehñmkag nb tfrbf g mgs efrgmkjgjns y g mfs jksaursfs sfakgmns nb tfrbf gm trghgof. Sgrg vgrkfs jn mfs nbtrnvkstgjfs, snr akruog ns ubg gatkvkjgj qun sn kbtndrg gm skstneg jn afbanpakñb jn lfregs jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg afef efjf mndåtkef y hgof nm `gmf

jn mg bfakñbmghfrgmns. jn trghgof,Ftrg pnrfaunstkñb afb ubgqun vgmfrgakñb mg qun sn rngmkzg ftrgs nb gatkvkjgjns surdn jnjklnrnbtn nstfs y jnjnftrfs rnmgtfs ns mg jn egbnrg qun sn afbstruyn mg rnmgakñb akruonf-jkdbkjgj. Qk, afef jnefstrë nb nm agsf jn mfs akruogs nstruaturgmns, sn `gaåg g pgrtkr jnm afrgon, nb nm agsf jn mfs bunvfs akruogs sn afbstruyn g pgrtkr jn ubg vgmfrgakñb jn ftrgs aunstkfbns. ^bg jn nmmgs ns qun ns ub trghgof. Xnsumtg kbtnrnsgbtn egragr aknrtg pnranpakñb jn mg kjng jn j n trghgof qun gmdubgs vnans gpgrnan afef lntka`kzgjg, afef sk tuvknsn ub egbg qun mn afblknrn jkdbkjgj g mf qun sn nstç rngmkzgbjf. Mg kjng jn trghgof sunmn nstgr gafepg÷gjg jn ftrg? qun ns ub trghgof jkdbf. Gså, egragb bf sñmf qun ”ns ub trghgof afef augmquknr ftrf― skbf qun mf afbtrgpfbnb afb gatkvkjgjns qun pgrnanb snr ”kbjkdbgs―, afef nm rfhf.  

 Bf nstç prnsnbtn prnsnbtn gquå mg kjng jjnn trghgof dnbukbf, dnbukbf, skepmnenbtn pfrqu pfrqunn nm akruonf bf gpgrnan afef ub trghgof. Mg jkdbkjgj sn afepfbn nbtfbans jn ftrgs agrgatnråstkags. Nm frdummf jn arngr tr ghgof ghgof jfbjn bf mf `gy, y nm nslunrzf, egragjf pfr mg kjng jn ”sgmkr tfjfs mfs jågs―, yg sng nstgbjf nblnrefs, jfmfrkjfs, skb kepfrtgr mgs m gs afbjkakfbns

amkeçtkags, afb lråf f eua`f agmfr, afb mmuvkg f afb nxanskvf sfm9 tgehkëb nm nslunrzf kepmkag rfepnr hgrrnrgs sfakgmns y efrgmns nb tfrbf g mg gatkvkjgj.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

770

Sgrg mfs akruogs, afblkdurgrsn g så eksefs afef pnrsfbgs qun nstçb `gaknbjf gmdf jkdbf ‑  pnbsçbjfsn jn egbnrg rn rnmgakfbgm, mgakfbgm, yg qun mg bfakñb jn trghg trghgof of y jn jkdbkjgj jkdbkjgj sn afbstruyn jnsjn mgs pnranpakfbns jn mfs agrtfbnrfs y jn mfs bf agrtfbnrfs mns pnrektn aunstkfbgr mfs kegdkbgrkfs `ndneñbkafs nb tfrbf g snr trghgogjfr gm tknepf qun gpnmgb gm trghgof. Nxkstn ub prfansf jn rngafefjgeknbtf nb tfrbf g vgmfrns efrgmns, nb nm augm surdnb ubg snrkn jn snbtkeknbtfs qun, g prkfrk, punjnb snr vkstfs afef afbtrgjkatfrkfs, afef sfb mg jkdbkjgj y mg m g vnrdýnbzg. Nm `na`f jn afbstktukrsn afef suontfs jkdbfs qun sn dgbgb mg vkjg mndåtkegenbtn surdn jn mg m g bfakñb jn snr trghgogjfr. Gså nstg pgrnan tnbnr ub egbg qun `gan qun mg jkdbkjgj sng jkrnatgenbtn afblnrkjg pfr nm `na`f jn snr trghgogjfr. Nstn ”pfjnr eçdkaf― pfbn gm akruog nb n b nm çehktf jn mf ”sgdrgjf―, jfbjn

 pnregbnan prftndkjf prftndkjf jn mfs tghÿn tghÿnss nb tgbtf nstfs nstfs lubakfbgb aafef fef enagbksefs  prftnatfrns jn mgs mgs agtndfrågs jkstkbtkvgs jnm ubkvnrsf. Afbamuskfbns Nb nstn grtåaumf en anbtrë nb mg egbnrg nb qun mfs bunvfs akruogs, pnrsfbgs pgrg quknbns rngmkzgr mg tgrng skdbklkañ ubg rupturg nb sus trgynatfrkgs mghfrgmns y sfakgmns y qun afbstruynb mg gatkvkjgj afef ubg lfreg mndåtkeg jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg. @kan `kbagpkë nb jfs bkvnmns jklnrnbtns pnrf rnmgakfbgjfs. Sfr ub mgjf, nb nm jn mg afbstruaakñb jn mfs kjngmns (`ndneñbkafs) jn snr trghgogjfr. Sfr ftrf, y nb rnmgakñb afb nstfs, nb nm jn mfs jksaursfs y prçatkags qun afbstruynb gm akruonf y mgs m gs egbnrgs nb qun mfs suontfs (rn)afbstruynb sus nxpnrknbakgs, arngb rnmgakfbns, dnbnrgb kegdkbgrkfs, nxpmkagakfbns,  oustklkagakfbns sfhrn sfhrn mg gatkvkjgj qun rngmkzgb y mgs egb egbnrgs nrgs nb qun nstfs vgb agehkgbjf. En anbtrë nb mgs bfakfbns mndktkegbtns qun `ghkmktgb `ghkmk tgb nm akruonf y mgs (jkvnrsgs) lfregs nb qun ëstn sn afbakhn. Nstf en pnrektkñ jgr aunbtg jn qun mgs trgbslfregakfbns faurrkjgs nb nm eubjf jnm trghgof, afef nm arnakeknbtf jnm jnsnepmnf y suhnepmnf, nm jntnrkfrf jn mgs afbjkakfbns egtnrkgmns jn vkjg y nm guenbtf jn mg pfhrnzg n kbjkdnbakg, nm ”`gehrn―, sk hknb sfb afbjkakfbns (qun punjnb surdkr

afef mndktkegbtns), bf nxpmkagb pfr så eksegs nm kbarnenbtf jn mg agbtkjgj jn pnrsfbgs vkvknbjf jnm akruonf. Nm kbdrnsf gm akruonf sn nbegrag jnbtrf jn pgrçentrfs efrgmns rnmgakfbgjfs afb mg jkdbkjgj jn mg gatkvkjgj qun mfs suontfs mns ftfrdgb y qun mundf snrvkrç jn hgsn pgrg mndktkegr egbnrg jn gaanjnr g mfs enjkfs jn suhskstnbakg. Nmmgafbjkakfbgeknbtf mndktkegbtn sn rnlknrn g jfs jkenbskfbns. jk enbskfbns. ^bg ns mg  pnrsfbgm, mg augm augm rnektn g mgs trgyn trgynatfrkgs atfrkgs pnrsfbgmns y lgekmkgrns. Nstf nnss  pgrtkaumgrenbtn amgrf amgrf nb mgs lfregs nb qun sn kbdrnsg g mg gatkvkjgj. F Ftrg trg rnektn g mfs jksaursfs sfakgmns mndktkegbtns eçs gepmkfs. Gquå, ubf jn mfs vnatfrns anbtrgmns ns mg kjng jn trghgof nb tërekbfs ghstrgatfs, qun ghrn ub nspgakf jn jksputg nb tfrbf g mfs snbtkjfs jn mgs gatkvkjgjns nxpnrknbakgmenbtn vkvkjgs (qun sn nbegragråg nb mg jkenbskñb pnrsfbgm). Nm kbdrnsf g mg gatkvkjgj ns pfskhmn nb lubakñb jn gmdf qun, pfr mf enbfs, bf ns efrgmenbtn rnprfa`ghmn. Nb mfs bunvfs akruogs, mg afbstruaakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj afef ubg lfreg mndåtk mndåtkeg, eg, jkdbg jn dgbgrsn mg vkjg, kepmkag ubg rnafbstruaakñb jn mfs snbtkjfs sfakgmns y mfs  oukakfs pnrsfbgmns pnrsfbgmns qun `gb tnbkjf afb rnspnatf rnspnatf g mg gatkvkjgj. Sg Sgrg rg mfs qun lunrfb trghgogjfrns lfregmns f tknbnb ub mgrdf jnrrftnrf nb gatkvkjgjns qun pnbjumgb nbtrn mf lfregm y mf kblfregm, nm `na`f jn bf tnbnr trghgof t rghgof nb mg gatugmkjgj y, eçs gÿb, nm jn snr akruogs, gpgrnan afef ub nstkdeg vnrdfbzgbtn.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

77;

Nm pfskakfbgeknbtf jnm akruonf nb tgbtf trghgof mns pnrektn afbtrgpfbnr nstg gatkvkjgj g ftrgs sfakgmenbtn rnmgakfbgjgs g nmmg. Snrf sfhrn tfjf, mfs pfbn hgof ub `gmf jn sgargmkjgj afblnrkjg pfr mg bfakñb jnm trghgof. G su vnz, mg bfakñb jn trghgof jkdbf sn nbtrnmgzg afb mg jn afrgon, qun, g jklnrnbakg jn mg egbnrg nb qun ns nbtnbjkjf pfr mfs akruogs nstruaturgmns, nstç jgjf pfr mg agpgakjgj qun `gb tnbkjf pgrg sfhrnmmnvgr gqunmmg rupturg (y mgs kepmkagbakgs sfakgmns y nefakfbgmns), gså afef nb mg kjng jn qun ns bnansgrkf ”sgmkr―, eçs gmmç jn mgs afbjkakfbns pnrsfbgmns (nblnrenjgjns) f amkeçtkags.   Qk nb ftrfs agsfs, afef nm jn mfs fpnrgrkfs jn lçhrkags rnaupnrgjgs, mg bfakñb jn trghgof bf sn punjn jnsmkdgr jn mg jn trghgof jkdbf y dnbukbf, nb nm agsf jn mfs bunvfs akruogs, mg bfakñb jn jkdbkjgj pgrnan negbgr jn mg m g kjng jn snr trghgogjfr. Mf qun sn pfbn nb oundf gquå ns mg agpgakjgj jn arngr trghgof. Bf ns trghgof dnbukbf. Qk mg afbanptugmkzgakñb qun nxkstn nb tfrbf g mg kjng jnm akruonf nb tgbtf trghgof nstç nb nm fof jn mgs jksauskfbns, mfs akruogs sn afblfregb nb tgbtf trghgogjfrns, kbtnbtgbjf kbdrnsgr gm çehktf jn mg m g bfregmkjgj (y jnm rnafbfakeknbtf) r nafbfakeknbtf) pgrg, jn nstg lfreg, afbvnrtkrsn nb suontfs jkdbfs. Mg afbtrgjkaakñb qun gpgrnan nbtrn jfs snbtkeknbtfs? jkdbkjgj y vnrdýnbzg, y en rnlnrå gm afbanptf jn egbg, gsfakgjf gm `na`f jn snr trghgogjfrns, g mg jkdbkjgj qun nstf afblknrn, y gm pfjnr eçdkaf jn mfs tghÿns, t ghÿns, qun mfs ”afhkogb― nb tgbtf enagbksefs

 prftnatfrns jn mgs mgs agtndfrågs jkstkbtkvgs jnm ubkvnrsf.  Bf tfjfs mfs akruogs `gb pnrjkjf ub nepmnf, y pfr nnmmf, mmf, nm gbçmksks jn nstg nstg tgrng  pnrektn gbgmkzgr g quknbns, nb afbtnxtfs jn ”pmnbf nepmnf― rnaurrågb g gatkvkjgjns qun,

trgjkakfbgmenbtn, sfb afeprnbjkjgs afef tgrngs qun pnregbnanb lunrg jnm enragjf jn trghgof.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

783

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? S^OFM,- JGM MºGQZG? Z r ghg hgoo f, gatk atkvk vkjg jgj j y suhon suhontktkvk vkjg jgj. j. Jn J nhgtn tnss ghk ghk nr tf tfs. s.  stf fr k g vktg vktgmm jn jnm tr tr ghgo f ( @ \ Z) Z).. J k spf  Q^G[[ G , J ^M  Q^G ^MAN AN ? @ k st spfsk sktktkvf vf psk skaf afsfakgm sfakgm jn jn kbtnrvnbakñb nb mg amåbkag jn mg sgmuj enbtgm Mgs `kstfrkgs bgrrgjgs pfr mfs usugrkfs jn mfs @fspktgmns jn Qgmuj Enbtgm en pfskhkmktgrfb rnafbfanr gspnatfs skmnbakgjfs jn mg vkjg aftkjkgbg jn mfs rnskjnbtns nb nstgs Kbstktuakfbns, trgbseutgr nm añjkdf y mg gprfpkgakñb jn mf bgrrgjf. Afbtnxtf `kstñrkaf Zrgbsaurrågb mfs g÷fs bfvnbtg y bfs nbafbtrçhgefs nb mg prçatkag `fspktgmgrkg afb ubg jkstgbakg nbtrn mg jnegbjg jn gtnbakñb qun mg m g pfhmgakñb lfreumghg y bunstrgs `nrrgeknbtgs amåbkags qun bf gmagbzghgb g rnspfbjnr  ‑ g rnjuakr nm sulrkeknbtf  psåqukaf jn quknbns quknbns gaujågb nnbb hÿsqunjg jn gskstnbakg. Mg jnstruaakñb jn punstfs jn trghgof y mgs gmtgs tgsgs jn jnsfaupgakñb afbmmnvgrfb ub kbarnenbtf jn mg nxpmftgakñb? rnjuaakñb jn sgmgrkfs, guenbtf jn mg  ofrbgjg mghfrgm, `uekmmgakñb, `uekmmgakñb, gsnjkf gsnjkf.. Nsanbgrkfs tfren tfrenbtfsfs btfsfs pgrg mf mfss trghgogjfrns. Mg lgmtg jn trghgof glnatghg mg vkjg psåqukag `gstg afeprfentnr mg vkjg ekseg nb nm gatf sukakjg. Zrns nons, qun afbanptugmenbtn `gb afblkdurgjf nm nsqunmntf hçskaf sfhrn nm

qun sn gpfyg nm njklkakf jnm @\Z? Enefrkg, @kstfrkg, Zrghgof. Enefrkg Gsuekefs afef afbanptf qun mg enefrkg bf ns ub nstgenbtf nstghmn f kbefjklkaghmn, bk tgepfaf mg afbsnrvgakñb jn gmdÿb efjf jn snr gbtnrkfr9 skbf qun mg enefrkg sn prfjuan nb gatf, ns pftnbakg, ns pfskhkmkjgj jn gmdubg rngmkzgakñb. Enefrkg n `kstfrkg sn afboudgb pgrg nmuakjgr mg kjng jn pgsgjf pnrsfbgm afef rnmgtf lkaakfbgm qun prfjuan ub snbtkjf. Enefrkg nb @\Z Nm prkbakpkf jkrnatrkz jn mg punstg nb prçatkag jnm jkspfsktkvf @\Z afbskstn nb prfpfbnr gm suontf qun rnmgtn su trgynatfrkg mghfrgm, nbtnbjknbjf qun jka`f rnmgtf pfbn nb oundf ubg pgrtkaumgr gatkvkjgj jn mg enefrkg. @kstfrkg nb @\Z Nm jkspfsktkvf @\Z, gm afbvfagr gm suontf g bgrrgr mg trgynatfrkg mghfrgm, gpunstg g qun nb nm jnsmkz jnm jnakr sn prfjuzag nm nbaunbtrf afb ub pgsgjf  prnsnbtklkagjf. Mg tnrgpëutkag jnm jksp jkspfsktkvf fsktkvf jnsauhrn nb mgs pgmghrgs pgmghrgs jnm suontf gafbtnakeknbtfs qun nmmgs eksegs nstçb faumtgbjf y qun sn afbvknrtn ‑  g  g mg vnz gusnbtn y prnsnbtn- nb ub pgsgjf. Mg `kstfrkg pgrtn kbdnbugenbtn jn mf aftkjkgbf, y gmagbzg g jnjuakr ”mgs afbamuskfbns eçs nxtrg÷gs―. Mg `kstfrkg ns ubg lfreg jn nstg ”nxtrg÷nzg―,  puns bf ns bk ub jgtf kbenjkg kbenjkgtf, tf, bk ub g prkfrk, ns ub prfjuatf nb gatf. Nb mg gpmkagakñb jnm jkspfsktkvf sn afbskjnrg qun nm suontf qun rnmgtg afbstruyn jn ub efjf skbdumgr su `kstfrkg. Ftrf jn mfs nons qun lubjgenbtgb bunstrf egraf tnñrkaf ns nm jnm trghgof. Nb mg arngakñb jnm jkspfsktkvf @\Z nstç kepmåaktg mg afbanpakñb jn Lrnuj rnspnatf jn qun mg rnmgakñb jnmubg suontf trghgof ns n s ubg mkhkjkbgm, jn sknbjf nm fhontfjnm ”trghgof― afbstktuyn pgrtngmlubjgenbtgm nbrnmgakñb mg nstruaturgakñb mg kjnbtkjgj suontf. nm qun

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

787

Nm suontf ns gm eksef tknepf prfjuatf y prfjuatkvf, afbstktukjf y afbstktutkvf jn vgstgs rnjns jnm trghgof sfakgm. Nm trghgof ns tgbtf suonakñb afef suhontkvgakñb, rgzñb pfr mg augm `gb jn jnsna`grsn tfjgs mgs bfakfbns jn vfmubtgj mkhrn f jn jntnrekbksef jnm suontf. Mg suhontkvkjgj sn jnlkbn skeumtçbngenbtn pfr su  prfjuatkvkjgj y su prfjuakhkmkjgj, pf pfrr sus agpga agpgakjgjns kjgjns jn pprfjuakr rfjuakr y jn snr prfjuakjg. prfjuakjg. Zgm afef gpfrtg Bnllg, nm trghgof ns ubg gatkvkjgj nspnaålkagenbtn `uegbg, qun tknbn ub pgpnm kepfrtgbtn nb mg afbstruaakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj jn mfs suontfs, jgjf qun ns anbtrgm nb nm kbjkvkjuf, nb nm afmnatkvf y nb tfjg mg sfaknjgj. Zrghgof nb @\Z Nm suontf jnsfaupgjf f nm suontf kbtnrbgjf nb ub `fspktgm pgrtkakpgb jnm nbdrgbgon sfakgm y sulrnb sus nlnatfs, tgm afef nm trghgogjfr gatkvf. Nm jkspfsktkvf @\Z sn pmgbtng rnaupnrgr mg nxpnrknbakg afef ubg kbstgbakg vgmfrgjg y vgmkfsg pgrg nm suontf y su afeubkjgj, jfbjn mg pgmghrg y nm rnmgtf rnstktuynb nsg gutfrkjgj qun pnrektn mg trgbsekskñb jn dnbnrgakñb nb dnbnrgakñb, f sng mg afbstruaakñb jn snbtkjf `kstñrkaf, qun `gan mgzf sfakgm. Jn gmmå qun tfenefs mg agtndfråg trghgof afef tnranr non jn bunstrf gbçmksks. Bunstrf jkspfsktkvf gpfrtg g mg rnlmnxkñb sfhrn mg rnmgakñb trghgof y sgmuj enbtgm, nm afbanptf jn Zrghgof \gmfr afef prfjuatfr jn suhontkvkjgj. Gm qunjgrsn skb trghgof -bf skb nepmnf-, nm suontf pknrjn mg kbsarkpakñb jn  pnrtnbnbakg g ub afmnatkvf nb nnmm qun sn rna rnafbfan fbfan afef snr ssfakgm. fakgm. Nb nstn snbtkjf, nm trghgof afef afbstktutkvf jn mg suhontkvkjgj `uegbg bf ns, tgm afef prntnbjkñ rnjuakrmf mg sfaknjgj agpktgmkstg, bk nm nepmnf, bk mg faupgakñb, bk mg mghfr. Sfr nm afbtrgrkf, `gan mgzf sfakgm, ns arngakñb, ns nmghfrgakñb arngtkvg. @gmmgzdfs jn mg gpmkagakñb jnm @\Z Nm Jkspfsktkvf @kstfrkg \ktgm jnm Zrghgof (@\Z) prfjuan nm suontf trghgogjfr gm gatkvgr mg `unmmg qun mf egrag afef jftgjf jn pftnbakg arngjfrg. Ns g trgvës jn mg pgmghrg qun nm rnaunrjf sn prnsnbtklkag, bfehrg gm suontf trghgogjfr nb nm eksef gatf qun mf afbstktuyn, bfekbgakñb qun mf kbsarkhn nb nm frjnb skehñmkaf nb ub jksaursf qun `gan mgzf. Afbanhkjf afef ub kbstruenbtf jn prfefakñb nb nm agepf jn mg Qgmuj Enbtgm, nm prfpñsktf jn arngakñb y gpmkagakñb jnm Jkspfsktkvf @\Z lun y ns afbtrkhukr gm prfansf jn rnskdbklkagakñb jnm suontf  nb rnmgakñb g mg tgrng qun rngmkzg,

gekbfrgr su pgjnakeknbtf, jnspmgzgrmf jnm mudgr jn våatkeg skb vkatkekzgrmf, rfepnr afb mgs rnspfbsghkmkjgjns qun sn mn gtrkhuynb, jnvfmvkëbjfmn ub mudgr prftgdñbkaf. Mg gpmkagakñb jnm @\Z prfjuan ubg suhontkvkjgj nb mg qun nm suontf sn rrnafbfan nafbfan nb pfskakñb jn suontf trghgogjfr-arngjfr. @kstfrkg jn mg afbstruaakñb jnm @\Z Mg afbstruaakñb jnm @\Z sn dnstg nb nm @fspktgm O.Z. Hfrjg. Nm prkenr pgsf lun afblnaakfbgr ubg nbaunstg sfhrn mg trgynatfrkg mghfrgm jn mfs kbtnrbfs jn ub snrvkakf, qun sn gafepg÷ñ afb nbtrnvkstgs nb prflubjkjgj. Afb mgs rnspunstgs fhtnbkjgs `nefs nmghfrgjf jfs agtndfrågs gbgmåtkags rnmgtkvgs gm agehkf jn nepmnf? agehkfs kbeftkvgjfs y pnregbnbakg afbdnmgjg. Nb gehfs agsfs sn nbafbtrñ ubg afbstgbtn? nm bf kbvfmuargeknbtf jnm suontf nb bkbdubg jn mgs jfs efjgmkjgjns.

Jn mgs nbtrnvkstgs nb prflubjkjgj nbafbtrgefs qun mfs kbtnrbfs jn mgrdg jgtg nb afbjkakfbns jn gmtg, prnsnbtghgb jklkaumtgj pgrg ghgbjfbgr mg kbstktuakñb. Qn afblkreg mg mg bfakñb jn arfbklkagakñb n kgtrfdnbkg qun nm tknepf jn kbtnrbgakñb prfjuan.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

788

Lun pfskhmn pnbsgr qun mgs m gs lrnaunbtns rnkbtnrbgakfbns ‑  mg  mg punrtg dkrgtfrkg- nrg ubg jn mgs afbsnaunbakgs jnm gmtg qun afbtnepmghg mg aurg, pnrf auyf ndrnsf bf nrg jnsngjf pfr nm suontf. Qn bfs `kzf bnansgrkf kbamukr nm prftgdfbksef jnm usugrkf nb mg jnakskñb jn ndrnsf y pfr nmmf arngefs mf qun jnbfekbgefs Amåbkag jn mg Nxtnrbgakñb, jklnrnbtn jnm Gmtg y Ndrnsf, qun lun uhkagjg nb nm tknepf y nspgakf jn Srn-gmtg. Gm jkspfsktkvf @\Z sn gdrndgb, nbtfban nbtfbans, s, gmdubgs jn jka`gs nstrgtndkgs qun  pfskhkmktgb gm jnegbjgbtn jnegbjgbtn afbstrukr nnmm pnrlkm jn kbtnrës y nm prfynatf jn vkjg. Nstruaturg y entfjfmfdåg Jkenbskfbns Quhontkvgs Nm vgmfr jn nstg prfpunstg gsuen vgrkgs jkenbskfbns suhontkvgs. Jnstgagefs jfs nons anbtrgmns jn bunstrf afbstruatf? 7. Jkenbskñb tnepfrgm ? mg pfskakñb jnm [f nb mg nsanbg rnmgtgjg? tknepf jn rnmgtf ([f qun `ghmg / [f `ghmgjf). 8. Jkenbskñb tfpfmñdkag? mg pfskakñb jn mg nsanbg rnmgtgjg nb nm nspgakf jn enefrkg (rnaunrjf, rnekbksanbakg, rnenefrgakñb). Nm rnmgtf jn mg m g @\Z rneunvn nm nspgakf jn enefrkg prfjuaknbjf rnaunrjf. Mg rnekbksanbakg ftfrdg ub agrkz bfstçmdkaf g mg nsanbg nvfagjg y mg rnenefrgakñb gatugmkzg nsn pgsgjf prnsnbtklkaçbjfmf. Jkbçekag jn mg gpmkagakñb @\Z Mg jkbçekag jnm prfansf jn gpmkagakñb jnm jkspfsktkvf @\Z afbstg jn fa`f nbaunbtrfs, afb ubg lrnaunbakg jn ubg vnz pfr snegbg y ubg jurgakñb jn ubg `frg y enjkg. Mg efjgmkjgj jn kepmnenbtgakñb ns, dnbnrgmenbtn, drupgm. Agjg drupf nstç kbtndrgjf pfr 0 g 73 pnrsfbgs, jfs affrjkbgjfrns y gmdubfs fhsnrvgjfrns. fhsnrvgjfrns. Nm affrjkbgjfr lfreumg nm ”afbsnbtkeknbtf kblfregjf― y nxpmkaktg mg prfpunstg y sus

fhontkvfs, nbubakgbjf mg afbskdbg jkspgrgjfrg? jkspgrgjfrg? qun agjg ubf rnmgtn mg `kstfrkg jn su vkjg mghfrgm.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

781

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? TMFQIF MFQIF,, EKX K GE? M gs afsgs afsgs jnm jnm aukj auk jgr ? X nmgak mgakf fbn bnss jn dëbn bnrr f, trg trghg hgoo f y

nblnrenråg

Nb nstn grtåaumf sn kbtnbtg ubg gprfxkegakñb gm agepf ghknrtf pfr nm jnhgtn nbtrn mg sfakfmfdåg jn mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jnm snxf y mg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof9 sn anbtrgb nb nm gbçmksks nb mg pfhmgakñb mghfrgm nblnrenrg.

Qn trgtgvkbaumgjgs `ganr oudgr gmdubfs g lkb jn gbgmkzgr nb quë mgs jn  prfhmneçtkags vjn kbaumgjgs g mg jkbç jkbçekag ekagafbanptfs jnm rnafbfakeknbtf rnafbfakeknbtf nb nm trgh trghgof, gof, enjkjg mg vkvnbakg jn lgmtg jn vgmfrgakñb jn mg prflnskñb, mgs jklkaumtgjns pgrg afbstrukr afmnatkvfs jn trghgof y mgs efjgmkjgjns nspnaålkags qun gjquknrn mg afblmkatkvkjgj nb nstn drupf mghfrgm punjnb snr kbtnrprntgjgs g pgrtkr jn agtnd agtndfrågs frågs gbgmåtkags snxug snxugjgs. jgs. Sgrg afeprnbjnr afeprnbjnr mgs vkaksktujns mghfrgmns jn mgs nblnren nblnrenrgs rgs ns prnaksf bf sfmf  pfr mg afepfskakñb afepfskakñb prnjfekbgbtnenbtn prnjfekbgbtnenbtn lnenbkbg jn mg lunrzg mghfrgm, skbf pfrqun mg nblnrenråg afbstktuyn ub pgrgjkdeg jn trghgof jn agrn (aukjgjf), ( aukjgjf), sktugakñb qun `g lgakmktgjf y lgakmktg nm jnsmkzgeknbtf jn mfs sghnrns nspnaålkafs jn mg prflnskñb g mg nslnrg jn mf bgturgm snxugjf nb lubakñb l ubakñb jn mfs nstnrnftkpfs jn dëbnrf. Mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn dëbnrf Mg bfakñb jn rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn dëbnrf surdn nb Lrgbakg, g enjkgjfs jn mfs g÷fs 039 mfs drupfs snxugjfs, mnofs jn snr prfjuatf jn jnstkbfs hkfmñdkafs, sfb afbstruaakfbnss sfakgmns y sn afbstruynb pfr tnbskñb, fpfskakñb y gbtgdfbksef nb tfrbf afbstruaakfbn gm rntf jnm trghgof. Mg bfakñb jn rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn snxf gmujn g rnmgakfbns trgbsvnrsgmns trgbsvnrsgmns,, gm afboubtf jnm skstneg sfakgm9 rnmgakfbns `kstñrkags qun sn rnprfjuanb9 rnmgakfbns jn pfjnr y jfekbgakñb y rnmgakfbns kbsnpgrghmns jn mgs rnmgakfbns jn amgsn? nbtrn rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn snxf y rnmgakfbns jn amgsn `gy af  ‑  nxtnbskvkjgj.  nxtnbskvkjgj. Qn sn÷gmg nm pgpnm anbtrgm jnm trghgof nb mg prfjuaakñb y rnprfjuaakñb jnm dëbnrf9 nm dëbnrf ns ub fpnrgjfr jn pfjnr prnsnbtn nb mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn jfekbgakñb. Efjgmkjgjns jnlnbskvgs snxugjgs  Jnsjn ubg ekrgjg pskafjkbçekag jnm trghgof, mfs tr trghgogjfrns ghgogjfrns nblrnbtgb rknsdfs rnmgtkvfs g su kbtndrkjgj låskag, gbtn mfs qun sknbtnb eknjf y, pgrg sndukr trghgogbjf nb nm egraf jn mgs afbjkakfbns jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof nxkstnbtn (jntnrekbgjfs rktefs, afbjkakfbns entnfrfmñdkags, entnfrfmñdkags, prnsnbakg f gusnbakg jn jkspfsktkvfs jn sndurkjgj, efjgmkjgjns jn egbjf, nta.) mua`gb afbtrg nm eknjf, enjkgbtn ubg nstrgtndkg jnlnbskvg qun afbskstn nb gatugr sfhrn mg pnranpakñb qun tknbnb jnm rknsdf. Fpfbnb gm rknsdf ubg bndgakñb jn mg pnranpakñb y nmghfrgb ubg nstrgtndkg enjkgbtn mg augm trgbslfregb nm rknsdf nb hurmg, frdgbkzgb afmnatkvgenbtn nsanbklkaga nsanbklkagakfbns kfbns jn rknsdfs f prunhgs jn afrgon y jnsglåf gm pnmkdrf. Jnofurs agrgatnrkzñ g mg vkrkmkjgj vkrkmk jgj afef ubg afbstruaakñb jnlnbskvg snxugjg qun sn nstruaturg bf sfmf gbtn sktugakfbns jn trghgof pnmkdrfsgs pgrg mg kbtndrkjgj låskag, l åskag, skbf tgehkëb gbtn mgs qun supfbnb rknsdfs pgrg mg kbtndrkjgj psåqukag, nb pgrtkaumgr, augbjf sn jnhn gsuekr mg rnspfbsghkmkjgj qun afeprfentnb mg vkjg jn ftrf, f qun pfbnb nb afblmkatf nm snbtkjf efrgm prfpkf. Mfs tërekbfs vkrkmkjgj / euonrkjgj bf sn rnlknrnb g mg ”bgturgmnzg― jn mgs

euonrns y jn mfs `fehrns, skbf g mf grhktrgrkf jn mg jkvkskñb snxugm y sfakgm jnm trghgof.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

78:

Zrghgof jn agrn y nblnrenråg  Mg bfakñb jn trghgof jn agrn gmujn g ub afboubtf jn gatkvkjgjns qun rnspfbjnb g mgs nxkdnbakgs qun agrgatnrkzgb g mgs rnmgakfbns jn aukjgjf jnm ftrf9 nm agrn jnbftg mg jkenbskñb prfpkgenbtn glnatkvg efvkmkzgjg pfr ub tkpf jn gatkvkjgjns qun bnansktgb snr rngmkzgjgs afb tnrburgs, glnatf f skepgtåg9 nm afbanptf gtrgvknsg tfjf nm agepf sfakgm, gpmkaçbjfsn tgbtf gm trghgof jn arkgbzg y gm trghgof jfeëstkaf, afef gm jn

aukjgjfs jn nblnrefs, bk÷fs,sfb dnrnbtns, nta. afbanhkjfs afef nm Nmnspnakgmkzgjfs fhontf jn mg m g prflnskñb nblnrenrg mfs aukjgjfs ghfrjgon kbtndrgm jn mg pnrsfbg9 mgs agrgatnråstkags suhontkvgs prnsarkptgs nb mg nbsn÷gbzg  prflnskfbgm jnm trghgof trghgof jn aukjgjf nblnrenrf sfb? nep nepgtåg, gtåg, nsaua`g nsaua`g,, jkçmfdf, rnspntf, rnspntf, gpfyf, gefr, tnrburg, afepgskñb. Mg nblnrenråg sn anbtrg nb mg tgrng jnm aukjgr `uegbkzgjf. @kstñrkagenbtn, mg nblnrenråg lun afbanhkjg y prgatkagjg afef ub flkakf nxamuskvgenbtn lnenbkbf9 gubqun gatugmenbtn, mg prflnskñb gjektn `fehrns, nm trghgof jn agrn pgrnanråg sndukr jnsmkzçbjfsn `gakg mg lnekbkjgj (sng mg euonr ”jftgjg ‑   pgrg-mfrnmgakfbgm―) f mf lnenbkbf jnm `fehrn.   Mfs aukjgjfs nblnrenrfs bf sñmf supfbnb sghnrns tëabkafs, skbf qun kepmkagb g su vnz pfjnr afblrfbtgrsn gm sulrkeknbtf jnm ftrf. Sgrg mmnvgr g aghf nm trghgof, ns  prnaksf pfjnr pfjnr mkjkgr mg vumbnrghkmkjgj jn mfs ftrfs y afb mg pprfpkg. rfpkg. Efmkbnr y Jnofurs glkregb qun nb nm flkakf jn nblnrenråg lubakfbgb nstrgtndkgs jn jnlnbsgs qun tknbnb ubg nstruaturg rgjkagmenbtn jklnrnbtns g mgs nstrgtndkgs vkrkmns9 nm trghgof jn mg nblnrenråg supfbn jnsgrrfmmgr ubg jkspfskakñb nspnaålkag? mg ”kjnbtklkagakñb afepgskvg―9 mg gbdustkg nbdnbjrgjg pfr nm sulrkeknbtf jnm ftrf jnsnbagjnbg ub prfansf psåqukaf jn kjnbtklkagakñb afepgskvg qun sn pfbn nb egra`g g lkb jn pfjnr trghgogr. Mg kjnbtklkagakñb afepgskvg sn gsfakg g ubg snrkn jn `ghkmkjgjns trgjkakfbgmenbtn gtrkhukjgs g euonrns? nepgtåg, afeprnbskñb, nsaua`g, nsaua`g, aukjgjf9 sn trgtg jn `ghkmkjgjns gjqukrkjgs nb nm çehktf afbarntf jn trghgof y qun sn nmghfrgb nb ub egraf afmnatkvf jn mg prflnskñb. Mg kjnbtklkagakñb afepgskvg pnrektn mg afblrfbtgakñb afb nm sulrkeknbtf y jg snbtkjf g mg tgrng. Qk mg jkspfskakñb afepgskvg bf punjn jnspmndgrsn, nm trghgof bf sñmf ns ouzdgjf afef ”egm `na`f― pfr nm pnrsfbgm jn nblnrenråg, skbf s kbf qun gjneçs dnbnrg ub

sulrkeknbtf nspnaålkaf? nm sulrkeknbtf ëtkaf. ^bg jn mgs jnlnbsgs nspnaålkags `g skjf jnsarkptg pfr Efmkbnr? nm igpfrgmksef  f kjnfmfdåg jnlnbskvg jnm ”frjnb jnm eërktf―9 afbskstn nb rngmkzgr ubg amgsklkagakñb jn mfs  pgaknbtns nbtrn nbtrn mfs qun nstçb, pfr ubg pgrtn, gqunmmfs qun ggenrktgb enrktgb afepgskñb y sfb trgtgjfs afef pnrsfbgs (mfs qun affpnrgb y egbklknstgb drgtktuj), y pfr ftrg, mfs qun sfb trgtgjfs afef pgaknbtns jn sndubjg n kbamusf afef afsgs, pfrqun nbjnbtnanb y jklkaumtgb nm trghgof skb egbklnstgr mg drgtktuj (jnenbtns snbkmns, mfs tfxkañegbfs, gmaf`ñmkafs, nta.). Nm igpfrgmksef bf rntfeg afef vgmfr qun sn agpktgmkzg nb nm rndkstrf kjnbtktgrkf9 mgs nblnrenrgs qun sn jnlknbjnb enjkgbtn nstn tkpf jn nstrgtndkgs sfb jfhmnenbtn nstkdegtkzgjgs? sfb ouzdgjgs afef egmgs prflnskfbgmns y, g mg vnz, afef euonrns egmvgjgs (mg kbjklnrnbakg rnspnatf jnm ftrf y mg vkfmnbakg sfb gbtkbñekags rnspnatf g mg jnlkbkakñb jn mg ”lnekbkjgj rnmgakfbgm―. Augbjf mg mghfr jn mg nblnrenråg ns rnjuakjg g

mg kbstruenbtgmkzgakñb jn mfs aunrpfs, sn jnsgtg ub prfansf jn jnsuhontkvgakñb / fhontugmzkgakñb qun afmfag g mgs nblnrenrgs nb sktugakfbns kbsfpfrtghmns? mgs jn snr g mg vnz våatkegs jnm skstneg jn faumtgakñb faumtgakñb vkrkm jn mf rngm y mgs gdnbtns jjnn kboustkakgs jnm eksef skstneg, lrnbtn g mfs snrns `uegbfs g mfs qun su trghgof sn frknbtg.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

78>

”G tfegr egtn―. Nspgakfs kblfregmns y nmghfrgakñb jnm sulrkeknbtf

Nbtrn mgs nblnrenrgs pgrnan pfbnrsn nb oundf ftrf tkpf jn nstrgtndkgs afmnatkvgs jn jnlnbsg qun pnrektnb sndukr trghgogbjf skb nbmfqunanr. Sgrg Efmkbnr, mgs afbvnrsgakfbns afbvnrsgakfb ns qun egbtknbnb mgs nblnrenrgs nb nspgakfs kblfregmns, pnrektnb jnspmndgr bgrrgakfbns auyf auyf tfbf gutfkrñbkaf jg mg pfskhkmkjgj jn pfbnr nb oundf o undf nm eknjf, nm sulrkeknbtf y mg m g vumbnrghkmkjgj9 pfskhkmktgb ubg aknrtg tfeg jn jkstgbakg qun tfrbg lfreumghmns mgs nxpnrknbakgs nbynmnmghfrgr snbf jnmsus afmnatkvf pgrns. Ns jnakr,  pnrektnb akraubsarkhkr akraubsarkhkr mg krrupakñb vkvkjgs jn mf rngm nln nlnatfs atfs jn sfhrn nm nm pskquksef. Ns prnaksf qun nm aukjgjf `uegbkzgjf bf rnpfsn sñmf sfhrn mg jnjkagakñb, mg  hubg vfmubtgj f mgs agmkjgjns jn mgs pnrsfb pnrsfbgs, gs, skbf qun aaunbtn unbtn afb afbjkakfbns afbjkakfbns frdgbkzgakfbgmns frdgbkzgakfbg mns afbarntgs? mg nxkstnbakg jn nspgakfs jn jnmkhnrgakñb nbtrn kdugmns pgrg rnspkrgr y nmghfrgr nm sulrkeknbtf dnbnrgjf pfr nm trghgof. Drupfs jn euonrns. Mg (ke) pfskhmn afbstruaakñb jn afmnatkvfs jn trghgof Nm skmfdksef (Zfjgs mgs euonrns sfb nbvkjkfsgs) nbvkjkfsgs) kmustrg nm rna`gzf g kjnbtklkagrsn afb ub afmnatkvf jn euonrns, pfbknbjf gm jnsauhknrtf qun mgs hgsns pgrg mg arngakñb jn ub afmnatkvf lnenbkbf nstçb nrfskfbgjgs. Lgmtg jn rnafbfakeknbtf n kbvkskhkmkjgj jnm trghgof jn aukjgjf  

Mg lgmtg rtrgtg ns ub qun tñpkaf jksaursf jn mgs m gs nblnrenrgs / fs9jn snrnafbfakeknbtf trnafbfakeknbtf gtg jn ubg vkvnbakg nstçrnaurrnbtn nb mg hgsnnbjnnmmgs efjgmkjgjns nspnaålkags jn trgektgakñb jn mg kjnbtkjgj prflnskfbgm. Mg jkbçekag jnm rnafbfakeknbtf ns ub nmnenbtf anbtrgm pgrg afbsnrvgr nm nqukmkhrkf psåqukaf jn mfs qun tr trghgogb9 ghgogb9 augbjf bf nxkstn rnafbfakeknbtf jnm trghgof rngmkzgjf, sn ekbg nm snbtkjf suhontkvf jnm nslunrzf, sktugakñb qun gjneçs lrgdkmkzg mg kjnbtkjgj, susaktg lrustrgakñb y jujgs rnspnatf r nspnatf jn mgs  prfpkgs gptktujns prflnskfbgmns y pnrsfbgmns. Mg frdgbkzgakñb jn trghgof `fspktgmgrkg tknbn ub rfm anbtrgm nb nstg lgmtg jn rnafbfakeknbtf, tgbtf nb mf qun rnspnatg g sgmgrkfs afef nm rnafbfakeknbtf prflnskfbgm jn mg mghfr jn nblnrenråg. Ns prnaksf prndubtgrsn nb quë enjkjg mfs pfskakfbgeknbtf pfskakfbgeknbtfss suhontkvfs  prnsarkptfs y gsuekjfs gsuekjfs pfr drgb ppgrtn grtn jnm pnrsfbgm pnrsfbgm jn nblnrenråg pgrg mmn mmnvgr vgr g aghf mfs aukjgjfs bf kepmkagb vgmfrns y efjgmkjgjns jnlnbskvgs fpunstgs g mgs qun mn efjnmf aurgtkvf y prfjuatkvkstg ‑”vkrkm―- jn mg dnstkñb eëjkaf `fspktgmgrkg. Xntfegbjf mgs rnmgakfbns sfakgmns jn snxf   Sgrnaknrg snr qun mg jkvkskñb snxugm jnm trghgof bf sñmf sn nstghmnan nbtrn  prflnskñb eëjkag (prnjfekbgbtnenbtn (prnjfekbgbtnenbtn egsaumkbg) , y prflnskfbns mkdgjg mkdgjgss g mfs aukjgjfs aukjgjfs (prnjfekbgbtnenbtn (prnjfekbgbtnen btn lnenbkbg), skbf jnbtrf jn nblnrenråg, nb mg qun mfs `fehrn sknbjf ekbfråg g bkvnm jn mg prçatkag jn mfs aukjgjfs, nstçb sfhrnprnsn sfhrnprnsnbtgjfs btgjfs nb tfjfs mfs bkvnmns jn dnstkñb y supnrvkskñb.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

78<

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? S^OFM,S^OF M,- JGMM ºGQZGºGQZG- D^ZK N XX N _? G aaf fbt btrr gegbf bf.. Af Afblmkat blmkatkk vk jgj y agehk f

nb mg dnstkñb jn rnaursf `uegbfs nb ubg neprnsg nstgtgm jn trgbspfrtn  pÿh  p ÿhmkaf mkaf

Srnsnbtgakñb Mgs nxpnrknbakgs qun prnsnbtgefs nb nstg afmnaakñb lunrfb prftgdfbkzgjgs pfr ub nqukpf jn jfanbtns kbvnstkdgjfrns nb nm egraf jnm Srfdrgeg jn Gskstnbakg Zëabkag y Zrgbslnrnbakg nb Agmkjgj jn Nepmnf y Jnsgrrfmmf Faupgakfbgm (SAN), jn mg m g Lgaumtgj jn Sskafmfdåg jn mg ^BA, ub nspgakf qun pnrektn nbrkqunanr mfs egrafs afbanptugmns qun duågb mg gaakñb nxtnbskfbkstg y pfbnr g prunhgs mgs nstrgtndkgs jn kbtnrvnbakñb, entfjfmfdågs y tëabkags, nb sktugakñb jn affpnrgakñb afb ftrgs kbstktuakfbns. Nbtnbjnefs qun nm afbfakeknbtf sn agrgatnrkzg pfr dnbnrgrsn nb afbtnxtfs nb mfs qun gjquknrn vgmfr sfakgm9 sfb mfs prfhmnegs y bnanskjgjns sfakgmns mfs qun ”trgaakfbgb― mg prfjuaakñb jn sghnrns sghnrns y nm jjnsgrrfmmf nsgrrfmmf jn tnabfmf tnabfmfdågs. dågs. Nm sghnr sn prfjuan nb af ‑  fpnrgakñb  fpnrgakñb y nm prfdrgeg lfrtgmnan mgs prçatkags jn kbvnstkdgakñb gm tknepf qun sn vgmn jn nmmgs. Agjg nbaunbtrf afb mg afeubkjgj afbstktuyn ubg nxpnrknbakg ÿbkag egragjg pfr mg jkvnrskjgj y `ntnrfdnbnkjgj jn afbfakeknbtf qun sn dnbnrg. Mgs kbtnrvnbakfbns jnegbjgb mg afblfregakñb jn nqukpfs tnepfrgrkfs f

rnjnsrnsunmtf, qun jnsgpgrnanb jnsgaugbjf pgrnanbsnf`g snrnjnlkbkjf rnafblkdurgb gm aghf jn ub tknepf aaugbjf ugbjf prfhmneg skjf y nenrdnb bunvgs bnanskjgjns, bnanskjgj ns, fnmhknb augbjf`gmfs afbtrgtfs afeubkagtkvfs f mg afblkgbzg qun nxkdn mg affpnrgakñb sn `gb lrgdkmkzgjf. Mgs nxpnrknbakgs punjnb snr afbanhkjgs afef nm rnsumtgjf jn ubg gatkvkjgj egtnrkgm f skehñmkag y `gan rnlnrnbakg gm afboubtf jn afbfakeknbtfs y `ghkmkjgjns gjqukrkjgs g trgvës jn nsg nsg våg nb ub nspgakf y tknepf jntnrekbgjf. jntnrekbgjf. Mg nxpnrknbakg nxpnrknbakg jnagbtg jn ub prfansf rnlmnxkvf tgekzgjf pfr nm tknepf. Qn prnsnbtgb rnmgtfs jn prçatkags, vnrskfbns jn `na`fs vkvkjfs tgekzgjgs  pfr mg enefrkg y rnlmnxkñb rnlmnxkñb drupgm9 nmmfs skbtn skbtntkzgb tkzgb nb tnrrktfrkfs frkdkbgmns, frkdkbgmns, skbdumgrns, lunbtn jn eÿmtkpmns gprnbjkzgons9 sn afepgrtn nm oundf ou ndf jn mnaturgs n kbtnrprntgakfbns nbtrn jfanbtns, nxtnbskfbkstgs, nxtnbskfbkstgs, kbvnstkdgjfrns, gmuebfs y drgjugjfs prnfaupg prnfaupgjfs jfs pfr mg gaakñb ubkvnrsktgrkg nb mg afeubkjgj. Mg vnrskñb pfr nm rnmgtf sn vkbaumg nb agjg nxpnrknbakg jnm nqukpf mf m f afbanptugm sn grtkaumg aafb fb mf pfmåtkaf. Zrghgof, gprnbjkzgon y jnsgrrfmmf sfb mgs agtndfrågs qun sustnbtgb mfs mgzfs jn affpnrgakñb qun nstghmnanefs afb mg afeubkjgj. G Afbtrgegbf. Afblmkatkvkjgj y agehkf nb mg dnstkñb jn mfs Xnaursfs @uegbfs jn ubg neprnsg nstgtgm jn trgbspfrtn pÿhmkaf   Kjngs y vunmtgs nb nm prfansf jn efjnrbkzgakñb Nm afbtnxtf nb nm qun sn nbegrag mg prfhmneçtkag g trgtgr sn agrgatnrkzg pfr ubg afbtkbug jnskbtndrgakñb f rnafblkdurgakñb, rnafblkdurgakñb, pfr mmgg gusnbakg jn rndmgs jn oundf qun rnafepnbsgs mgs gatkvkjgjns affpnrgtkvgs, afbstruatkvgs y rnbfvgjfrgs. Qn trgtg jn ubg nxpnrknbakg jn kbtnrvnbakñb rngmkzgjg nb nm g÷f 8330 y 833; y tuvf afef bfrtn afbtrkhukr g mg efjnrbkzgakñb jn mg dnstkñb jn rnaursfs `uegbfs jn mg neprnsg jn trgbspfrtn ZGEQN, jn mg augm surdn ub afbvnbkf nbtrn jka`g neprnsg y nm Srfdrgeg jn Gskstnbakg Zëabkag y Zrgbslnrnbakg 

nb Agmkjgj jn Nepmnf y Jnsgrrfmmf Faupgakfbgm (SAN) jn mg lgaumtgj jn

Sskafmfdåg jn mg ^bkvnrskjgj bgakfbgm jn Añrjfhg.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

784

Qn trgtñ jn ub `frkzfbtn `ukjkzf, qun pusf nb nvkjnbakg mg kbnvktghmn afepmnokjgj jn tfjf kbtnbtf jn efjnrbkzgakñb nb nstn tkpf jn frdgbkzgakfbns y mfs jnsglåfs qun nblrnbtg mg ^bkvnrskjgj gbtn prfansfs nb mfs augmns sn pfbnb g prunhg sus agpgakjgjnss jn vkbaumgakñb afb mg afeubkjgj y mg ttrgbslnrnbakg agpgakjgjn rgbslnrnbakg jn afbfakeknbtfs. Qn prfpfbn afepgrtkr mfs bujfs jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb prflnskfbgm nb ZGEQN. 

  frdgbkzgakñb Gmdubfs jgtfs `kstfrkg? Mg nb ymgpfaf qun snjn mmnvñ g aghfmg mg ZGEQN kbtnrvnbakñb ns ubg neprnsg jnm Nstgjf arngjg nb nm g÷f 83389 nb nsn efenbtf ubg arksks lkbgbaknrg glnatñ g mgs afbanskfbgrkgss jn afrrnjfrns anbtrgmns jnm trgbspfrtn pÿhmkaf jn mg Akujgj jn Añrjfhg afbanskfbgrkg `gaknbjf pnmkdrgr nm egbtnbkeknbtf jnm snrvkakf y mgs m gs lunbtns jn trghgof. Mg Eubkakpgmkjgj sgmkñ gm aruan jn mg sktugakñb afb enjkjgs gujgans? jnakjkñ mg agjuakjgj jn mgs afbanskfbns, afblfreñ ubg neprnsg lkbgbakgjg lk bgbakgjg pfr agpktgm eubkakpgm  hgof mg lkdurg jn sfaknjgj jnm N Nstgjf stgjf y gsuekñ mg prnstgakñb jnm jnm snrvkakf. Nb nm g÷f 833> ghsfrhkñ tgehkëb nm snrvkakf jn trfmnhusns y sus trns måbngs. ZGEQN bf bgakñ jn anrf skbf qun sn afbstktuyñ nb ubg neprnsg jnm Nstgjf sfhrn mg hgsn jn ftrgs neprnsgs pÿhmkags frdgbkzgj frdgbkzgjgs gs nb dnstkfbns eubkakpgmns prnvkgs y ftrgs neprnsgs prkvgjgs qun `ghågb qunhrgjf, mf qun nxpmkag mg prnsnbakg jn ub afmnatkvf jn trghgof `ntnrfdëbnf nb su afepfskakñb jnefdrçlkag, afb trgynatfrkgs jn flkakf jkvnrsgs y hgof bkvnm jn af`nskñb nbtrn mfs jkstkbtfs snatfrns. ZGEQN ns gjekbkstrgjg pfr ub Jkrnatfrkf lfregjf pfr ub prnskjnbtn y trns jkrnatfrns9 nm prnskjnbtn y jfs jkrnatfrns sfb nmndkjfs pfr nm Nonautkvf Eubkakpgm nb tgbtf nm tnranrf ns nmndkjf nm ndkjf pfr mfs trghgogjfrns. Nm Afbsnof Jnmkhnrgbtn nstghmnan nm nstgtutf y ns nm ÿbkaf nbtn afb pftnstgj pgrg efjklkagrmg. Gjneçs jn mg agbtkjgj jn pnrsfbgm faupgjf9 mg neprnsg sn agrgatnrkzg pfr ftrfs rgsdfs? 7.  Qu agrçatnr pÿhmkaf, jnpnbjknbtn jnm Nstgjf, mf qun jntnrekbg ubg frdgbkzgakñb hurfarçtkag, afb nstgenbtfs onrgrqukzgjfs, frknbtgjfs pfr nm afbtrfm y mg vnrklkagakñb jn mgs gatkvkjgjns jn mg neprnsg y jn mfs rnaursfs qun sn gpmkagb enjkgbtn ubg rndumgakñb ouråjkag gjekbkstrgtkvg qun rnjuan mg lmnxkhkmkjgj jnm gaakfbgr.  8.  Qn trgtg jn ub afboubtf jn trghgogjfrns afb nstghkmkjgj , nb afbtrgpfskakñb g 1. 

mg vgrkghkmkjgj qun jkstkbdun g mg afbjuaakñb jn mg neprnsg.  Mg egyfråg jn ymfsrftgakñb nepmngjfs nstçb skbjkagmkzgjfs y pnrtnbnanb g ^ZG  (^bkñb Zrgbvkgrkfs Gutfeftfr), drnekf euy buenrfsf y afb mgrdg mgr dg `kstfrkg jn mua`g.

  Efvnr lrfbtnrgs? jn mg nxpnatgtkvg kbkakgm g mg prfpunstg gepmkgjg



Nb nm 8330, mfs sgmgrkfs ghfbgjfs ghsfrhågb nm 03% jnm prnsupunstf y nstn afstf bf gmagbzghg g gsndurgr pfr så eksef ub gjnaugjf lubakfbgeknbtf dnbnrgm jn mg neprnsg9 nm jkrnatfrkf nstghg jnakjkjf g fptkekzgr nm usf jn mfs lfbjfs pgrg nbsgygr bunvfs efjfs jn dnstkñb jnm pnrsfbgm g lkbns jn glrfbtgr ubg ntgpg jn trgbslfregakfbns, afb mg kepmnenbtgakñb jn afmnatkvfs jklnrnbakgmns. Nm jkrnatfrkf afbskjnrñ fpfrtubf fpfrtubf qun, pfr prkenrg vvnz nz nb mg `kstfrkg, nm kbdrnsf jn bunvf pnrsfbgm g trgvës jn ub prfansf lfregmkzgjf jn rnamutgeknbtf y snmnaakñb afbjnnmrnaursfs lkb jn nvktgr arktnrkfs pfmåtkafspgrg pfmåtkafs jn tkpf amknbtnmgr. Mg jn neprnsg agrnaåg agrnaåg mg nstruaturg `uegbfs bnansgrkfs ghfrjgr ubg tgrng snmnaakñb jn jn  pnrsfbgm jn tgm tgm egdbktuj y pfbn pfbnrr nb prçatkag ub aafboubtf fboubtf jn kbkakgtkvgs jn lfregakñb

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

780

 prflnskfbgm y sgmuj sgmuj mghfrgm auyg bnanskjgj sn `ghåg rnmnvgjf y nstf eftkvñ ubg nspnakgmkzgjfss nb mg afbvfagtfrkg g mg ^bkvnrskjgj nb mg hÿsqunjg jn sghnrns nspnakgmkzgjf tneçtkag. Mg nxpnatgtkvg jn mg neprnsg gpubtghg g mg snmnaakñb jn bunvfs a`flnrns y nm nqukpf jn kbtnrvnbakñb jn mg ^bkvnrskjgj prfpusf trns nons? 7)  Qnmnaakñb y prfefakñb? g trgvës jn enagbksefs, prfanjkeknbtfs n kbstruenbtfs pgrg prflnskfbgmkzgr nm kbdrnsf jn pnrsfbgm g mg m g neprnsg, lkogr mfs rnqunrkeknbtfs jn agmklkagakñb eåbkefs nxkdkjfs pgrg mfs punstfs jn trghgof y nstgbjgrkzgr mgs afepntnbakgs tëabkags y sfakgmns bnansgrkgs pgrg nm jnsnepn÷f.   8)  Agpgaktgakñb y jnsgrrfmmf jnm pnrsfbgm?  sn frknbtñ g mg jntnrekbgakñb jn  prkfrkjgjns nb tfrbf g mg agmklkagakñb y agpgaktgakñb, pgrg pgrg jksn÷gr y nvgmugr nvgmugr mgs gatkvkjgjns sfhrn mg hgsn. Qn nstkeñ nm agpktgm `uegbf jn mg frdgbkzgakñb, afb nm lkb jn afbfanr mgs prkbakpgmns agrgatnråstkags sfakf prflnskfbgmns. 1)   Enofrgeknbtf jn AyEGZ? sn jntnatg rknsdfs mghfrgmns, sn agrgatnrkzg mfs tkpfs jn rknsdfs y prfhmneçtkags rnaurrnbtns y sn kepmnenbtg tghmnrfs jn egbjf pgrg mg dnstkñb jn AyEGZ A yEGZ (Afbjkakfbns y enjkf gehknbtn jn trghgof).. Mg punstg nb egra`g jn nstn pmgb jn trghgof lun gafepg÷gjg pfr ubg rutkbg jn rnubkfbns jn affrjkbgakñb afb eknehrfs jnm Jkrnatfrkf afb ubg lrnaunbakg qukbanbgm.   Qnmnaakñb jn a`flnrns? arktnrkfs nbafbtrgjfs



Nm prfansf pmgbtngjf pfr mg ubkjgj jn snmnaakñb y prfefakñb kepmkaghg mg lfregmkzgakñb jn mfs kbdrnsfs g mg neprnsg y afbstktuåg ubg bfvnjgj lrnbtn g mmgs gs  prçatkags trgjkakfbgmns, trgjkakfbgmns, auyfs kbdrnsfs kbdrnsfs nrgb kblfregmn kblfregmns. s. Nb nm agsf jn ZGEQN sn husaghg afef prfpñsktf jn rnvgmfrkzgr mg kbstgbakg pÿhmkag jn gaansf gm nepmnf y nstf jnsgtñ afblmkatfs jn gmtf kepgatf pfmåtkaf `gakg gjnbtrf y `gakg glunrg jn mg kbstktuakñb. Lunrfb jklkaumtfsfs mfs arktnrkfs y nstrgtndkgs pgrg nm frjnbgeknbtf jn mfs gbtnanjnbtns y mg rngmkzgakñb jn mgs nbtrnvkstgs9 mg neprnsg nxprnsghg su kbtnrës pfr supnrgr mfs kbdrnsfs jn tkpf amknbtnmkstg, pnrf nm skbjkagtf afenbzñ g egbklnstgr ub jnsgaunrjf rnspnatf gm rnquksktf jn garnjktgakñb jn nstujkfs snaubjgrkfs afepmntfs kepunstfs g mfs pfstumgbtns, pfrqun kepnjåg nm kbdrnsf jn mfs `kofs jn eua`fs mgzf lkmkgm jfekbghg nb nm gbtnrkfr egraf rndumgtfrkf jnrkvgjf jnm trghgogjfrns, nstgtutf jn mg nm neprnsg. Nm nqukpf  prkfrkzghg nm tërekbf jn afbjkakfbns nqukvgmnbtns, pfrqun afbskjnrghg qun sk ub pfstumgbtn, mundf jnm rnafrrkjf jn snmnaakñb, qunjghg qunjghg nb pfskakñb enbfs lgvfrnakjg qun ftrfs, nb augbtf g rnquksktfs r nquksktfs jn nxpnrknbakg prnvkg, bf nrg ub  pfstumgbtn sudnrkjf sudnrkjf pgrg faupg faupgrr nm punstf gubqun gubqun lunrg nm `kof jn ub trghgogjfr jn mg neprnsg. Nm skbjkagtf, jnhkjf g qun afb afbskjnrghgb skjnrghgb qun nxkståg ubg hgrrnrg jn gaansf g gmmndgs y lgekmkgrns, rnskbtknrfb mg egra`g dmfhgm jnm prfynatf, eknbtrgs qun pgrg nm Jkrnatfrkf, mg snmnaakñb pgrg mg neprnsg prntnbjn snr ub prfansf  oustf y trgbspgrnbtn. trgbspgrnbtn. Nm Jkrnatfrkf, nm Qkbjkagtf, mfs afbsumtfrns, mfs pfstumgbtns… tfjfs g afbtrgegbf.

Euonrns gm trfmnhusns, Nb augbtf g mfs tvfmgbtn rfmnhusns, tknbnb pubtgs jn måbngs prfpkgs, tgmmnrns prfpkfs,  pnrsfbgm prfpkf, prfpkf, mf qun jntnrekbg qqun un sn afbstktuyn ub sndenbtf gpgrtn jn mg neprnsg. neprnsg.  



Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

78;

Gubqun mfs trfmnhusns prnstgb snrvkakf nb mg akujgj jn Añrjfhg jnsjn 7;0; y, pgsgrfb g nstgr g agrdf jn ZGEQN nb nm g÷f 833>. Nm nqukpf amgsklkañ mfs aurråaumfs y snmnaakfbñ g mg pfhmgakñb gptg pgrg kb kbdrnsgr drnsgr g ubg agpgaktgakñb jnstkbgjg g nbsn÷grmns afef afbjuakr ubkjgjns jn trfmnhusns, qun nstgråg g agrdf jn fpnrgjfrgs afb nxpnrknbakg9 nstg agpgaktgakñb nb ub afa`n nsaunmg afbstktuyñ mg sndubjg kbstgbakg jnm prfansf jn snmnaakñb y, nm tnranr y ÿmtkef efenbtf, sn rngmkzghg ubg  g pfstnrkfrk. nbtrnvkstg kbjkvkjugm Zgbtf mfs pfstumgbtns g afbjuatfr jn ñebkhus afef mgs m gs euonrns nbtrnvkstgjgs afblfregrfb ubg pfhmgakñb jnm eksef rgbdf jn njgj y afb kdugm bkvnm njuagtkvf. Qn bftñ ubg jklnrnbakg nb nm afepfrtgeknbtf jn mgs euonrns, quknbns jurgbtn mg nbtrnvkstg tuvknrfb ub jnspmkndun gsnrtkvf, sndurf y eçs añefjf qun mfs vgrfbns.   Enofrgr mgs AyEGZ? ¶Qfb bndfakghmns mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof6



Eknbtrgs sn jnsgrrfmmghg nm prfansf jn snmnaakñb, sn kbkakñ ubg tgrng jn enofrgeknbtf jn AyEGZ. Nm afbanptf jn afbjkakfbns y enjkf gehknbtn jn trghgof sn rnmgakfbg afb mgs afbjkakfbns låskags y lgatfrns pskafsfakgmns (mg lfreg frdgbkzgtkvg jn mfs prfansfs jn trghgof, mfs efjfs jn nvgmugakñb y afbtrfm, mg dnstkñb jnm pnrsfbgm)9 nm afboubtf jn nstfs lgatfrns kepgatg sfhrn mg sgmuj jn mfs m fs trghgogjfrns,  pnrf g mg vnz nstghmnan nstghmnan nm çeh çehktf ktf nb nm qun sn punjn nonran nonranrr gaakfbns sgmujghmns. sgmujghmns. Nm trghgof bf bnansgrkgenbtn nblnreg, pnrf så punjnb `ganrmf mgs afbjkakfbns nb qun nstn sn jnsgrrfmmn9 mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns rnsumtgb efjklkaghmns g trgvës tr gvës jn gaunrjfs. Qn jksn÷ñ ub anbsf jn tfjf nm pnrsfbgm afb nm fhontkvf jn rnmnvgr ub pnrlkm sfakf jnefdrçlkaf jn mfs trghgogjfrns qun afbtghg mg neprnsg y jn mgs afbjkakfbns mghfrgmns nb qun sn jnsnepn÷ghgb9 nstg kblfregakñb skrvn jn hgsn pgrg ub gaakfbgr eçs goustgjf nb augbtf g mg lfregakñb y sgmuj mghfrgm. Mgs jklnrnbakgs nbtrn nm drnekf y nm Jkrnatfrkf bf pnrektknrfb nm rnmnvgeknbtf jn nstg ÿmtkeg ntgpg.   Egmnstgr nb nm afbtnxtf ¶Wuë nsafbjn nm nbfof6



Afrråg nm ens jn snptknehrn jn 833; y prfenjkghg nm prkenr g÷f jn mg nxpnrknbakg. Nm Çrng jn Xnaursfs `uegbfs afbvfañ g ubg rnubkñb afb mfs jnmndgjfs  pgrg qun nm nqukpf nqukpf jknrg aunb aunbtg tg jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb kbtnrvnbakñb rngmkzgjg jnsjn jnsjn mg ^BA9 mg kbkakgtkvg sn afbskjnrñ ganrtgjg pgrg afbstrukr nstrgtndkgs pgrg kbtnrgatugr afb nm skbjkagtf, pnrf nm afeknbzf jn mg rnubå sn rnspkrghg rnspkrghg ubg gteñslnrg jn tnbskñb. tnbskñb. Mgs tnbskfbns nbtrn nbtrn nm drnekf y nm Jkrnatfrkf nstghgb g afbtrgegbf jn mg `kstfrkg. Nm jnhgtn jn añef efjnrbkzgr ubg neprnsg pÿhmkag g pgrtkr jn mg afbskjnrgakñb jn nstrgtndkgs prfpkgs jnm çehktf jn mgs pfmåtkags y mg gjekbkstrgakñb pÿhmkags, kbamuyn nm gbçmksks jnm rfm jn mfs trghgogjfrns nb jka`fs prfansfs y su rnprnsnbtgakñb skbjkagm.   ”Wun mg neprnsg gbjn― f afef agpgaktgr pgrg mg dnstkñb



afepgrtkjg Jn mgs tgrngs pmgbklkagjgs nb nm prfansf jn kbtnrvnbakñb tgm vnz mg rngmkzgakñb jn ubg agpgaktgakñb agpgaktgakñb frknbtgjg g dnrnbtns y egb egbjfs jfs enjkfs, sng mg qun enofr jnsarkhn gmdubgs jn mgs jklkaumtgjns qun nblrnbtg mg neprnsg nb su lubakfbgeknbtf aftkjkgbf. Qn  prfpusknrfb gatkvkjgjns gatkvkjgjns lfregtkvgs ffrknbtgjgs rknbtgjgs gm jnsg jnsgrrfmmf rrfmmf jn `ghkmkjgjns jn jn dnstkñb. Mg jkenbskñb nspgakgm oundg ub rfm anbtrgm nb nm prfansf9 nm gsnbtgeknbtf låskaf jn mg neprnsg sn rnpgrtn nb vgrkfs mfagmns y njklkakfs nb jkvnrsfs sktkfs jn mg akujgj,

 pnrf mg agpgaktgakñb agpgaktgakñb sn jnsg jnsgrrfmmghg rrfmmghg nb ub ssfmf fmf mudgr, mg pubtg jjnn måbng jn mfs afa`ns afa`ns Znm? :77>8;813;

 

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

EO

Egt. 84 .- 

713

jklnrnbakgmns, mf qun fhmkdñ g mfs nepmngjfs g jnspmgzgrsn jnsjn mgs çrngs `ghktugmns jn trghgof `gakg nstg zfbg amgvn9 mg agpgaktgakñb sn afbvkrtkñ pgrg gmdubfs nepmngjfs nb mg  prkenrg fagskñb jn afbfanr g mg snjn y g af afepg÷nrfs. epg÷nrfs. Nb nm efenbtf jn mg prnsnbtgakñb, agjg ubf jn mfs pgrtkakpgbtns nxpfbågb sus gatkvkjgjns afef sk lunrgb mgs anbtrgmns (nm çrng afbtghmn skb jkbnrf mg neprnsg sn pgrgmkzgråg,, nm çrng jn trçlkaf jnaåg qun skb afa`n nb akraumgakñb bf `ghåg neprnsg, nm çrng jn rnaursfs `uegbfs nblgtkzghg qun skb pnrsfbgs faupgjgs bgjg egra`gråg). Nm nspgakf jn agpgaktgakñb, frdgbkzgjf nb mg efjgmkjgj jn tgmmnr, prfefvkñ ubg lunrtn kepmkagakñb jn mfs pgrtkakpgbtns y rnvnmñ r nvnmñ mfs jkstkbtfs efjfs jn pnbsgr, jnpnbjknbjf jnm afbtnxtf jn gatkvkjgj nb nm qun nm kbjkvkjuf sn jnsgrrfmmg.   Gskstnbakg tëabkag skb trgbslnrnbak trgbslnrnbakg? g? augbjf nm gprnbjkzgon ”sn



hmfqung―  

Augbjf mg gskstnbakg tëabkag bf jnsnehfag nb prfansfs jn trgbslnrnbakg jn sghnrns g mg afbtrgpgrtn, sn nxpnrkenbtg mg afbvkaakñb jn ub prfansf kbgaghgjf y jn  hgof kepgatf. Nb mg mñdkag kbstktuakfbgm, mg kepfskhkmkjgj jn afbarntgr ub prfansf jn jkluskñb jn afbfakeknbtfs nb mg neprnsg sn jnhn gm afblmkatf drnekgm. Nm rnspfbsghmn mg neprnsg `ghåg kbdrnsgjf rnaknbtnenbtn nb nm egrafjn jnrnaursfs mg jnakskñb`uegbfs pfmåtkag jn jnmm jn Jkrnatfrkf y skb afbtgr afb nxpnrknbakg jn trghgof nb nm çehktf pÿhmkaf, mf qun mf sktughg nb ubg pfskakñb jn jfhmn lrgdkmkjgj? pfmåtkag (nb tgbtf lubakfbgrkf gonbf gm pmgbtnm jn ”nstghmn―) y tëabkag  (nb tgbtf sus jnakskfbns bf sn goustgb g mg aumturg jn mg neprnsg y bf mfdrgb mndktkekjgj). Nm Jkrnatfrkf bf `ghåg mfdrgjf m fdrgjf mg afbstktuakñb jn ub Çrng jn Xnaursfs @uegbfs f g ubg nstruaturg kbtnrbg qun gsndurgrç mg afbtkbukjgj jn mgs kbstgbakgs jn jnsgrrfmmf `ghkmktgjgs. Nm gprnbjkzgon jn mg nxpnrknbakg jnm nqukpf ns qun bf skneprn bunstrgs gaakfbns  punjnb snr skdbklkagjgs pfr mg kbs kbstktuakñb tktuakñb afb mg qun trghgogefs.   Lkbgm jn rnafrrkjf



Nm `frkzfbtn jn mg kbtnrvnbakñb qun sn mmnvg g aghf nm Srfdrgeg jn Agmkjgj jn Nepmnf (SAN) kepmkaghg nm kbkakf jn ubg bunvg trgjkakñb nb mg neprnsg ZGEQN nb egtnrkg jn dnstkñb jn rnaursfs `uegbfs. Bf sn prfjuonrfb `ktfs skdbklkagtkvfs nb egtnrkg jn gprnbjkzgon frdgbkzgakfbgm. Nb egtnrkg jn snmnaakñb, mg kbtnrvnbakñb pfskhkmktñ mg rnaupnrgakñb jn ubg kbstgbakg pÿhmkag jn gaansf gm nepmnf g  mg vnz sn goustgrfb mfs enagbksefs pgrg nvktgr qun mg kbafrpfrgakñb k bafrpfrgakñb jn pnrsfbgs sn rngmkzgrg jn egbnrg grhktrgrkg, afb lunrtn kbonrnbakg jn mfs jklnrnbtns nstgenbtfs afrpfrgtkvfs? skbjkagtfs, augjrfs tëabkafs nb onlgturgs, pubtnrfs pfmåtkafs y amgbns lgekmkgrns, nbtrn ftrfs. Qn kbstgmgrfb bunvgs egbnrgs jn `ganr nb mg vkjg aftkjkgbg jn mfs trghgogjfrns jn mg neprnsg, nmmfs afmghfrgrfb nb mgs jnlkbkakfbns, nvgmugrfb mfs kepgatfs, aunstkfbgrfb nm trghgof jnm nqukpf.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

717

HKHMKFDXGLÅG? S^OFM, S^ OFM, GB GBJXN JXN G? A fmn fmnatk atkvf vf jn jn trtr ghgo f, ga gatktkvk vkj jgj y suhon suho ntktkvk vkj jgj gj,, ubg

ek r gjg amåbkag amåbk ag..

Kbtrfjuaakñb  Nstn tnxtf prnsnbtg rnsumtgjfs jn ubg kbvnstkdgakñb sfhrn agmkjgj jn nepmnf jnsgrrfmmgjg nb mg ^bkvnrskjgj Bgakfbgm jn Añrjfh Añrjfhg, g, nb mg qun puskefs nb lfa lfaff nb mgs afbjkakfbns flrnakjgs pfr mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof pgrg mg gaakñb afmnatkvg. Mg prnfaupgakñb qun frknbtg nstg kbvnstkdgakñb sn kbsarkhn nb mgs rnlmnxkfbns r nlmnxkfbns n kblnrnbakgs afbstrukjgs nb mfs nstujkfs prnvkfs jn nstn nqukpf sfhrn agmkjgj jnm nepmnf, jnspmndgjfss nb trns snatfrns prfjuatkvfs kbjustrkgmns jn mg akujgj jn Añrjfhg. jnspmndgjf Nb nstn egraf, nm afmnatkvf jn trghgof sn afbstktuyn nb ubg kbstgbakg jn enjkgakñb y sfpfrtn jn mfs prfansfs jn suhontkvgakñb y tgehkëb nb ub mudgr jn grtkaumgakñb jn mg gaakñb. Mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof kbtnrpnmg mfs prfansfs jn suhontkvgakñb y gaakñb afmnatkvg y prfpkakg nb egyfr f enbfr enjkjg mg afblkdurgakñb jn ub trghgof jn agmkjgj, qun sgtkslgdg bnanskjgjns bnanskjgjns y qun pfskhkmktn nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mfs trghgogjfrns. 7)  Nb nm snatfr kblfreçtkaf (ZKA), nb jfbjn nm trghgof sn frdgbkzg pfr prfynatfs afblkdurgjfs nb tfrbf g fhontkvfs jn prfjuaakñb, mgs gatkvkjgjns lgvfrnanb nm gprnbjkzgon pnregbnbtn pnregbnbt n y prfeunvnb nm jnspmkndun jn agpgakjgjns y mg gsubakñb jn

8)

1)

jnsglåfs9 pnrfnbnstf tgehkëb jn tgehkëb kepmkag bkvnmns jn nxkdn nxkdnbakg bakg afdbktkvg euy gmtfs, qun sn agbgmkzgb ofrbgjgs trghgof jnsrndumgjgs , skb måektns `frgrkfs bk jnsagbsfs jnsagbs fs prnlkogjfs, qun nb eua`f eua`fss agsfs sn jnsgrrfmmgb lunrg jnm mudgr jn trghgof trghgof y nb afbjkakfbns nrdfbñekags bf afbtrfmgjgs. Nstg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof  prfeunvn prfansfs jn kbjkvkjugmkzgakñb, n kb`khn mg afblfregakñb jn ub afmnatkvf jn trghgof sfmkjgrkf qun punjg frdgbkzgrsn prfdrnskvgenbtn pgrg mg gaakñb nb jnlnbsg jn sus kbtnrnsns.  Nb nm snatfr gutfeftrkz , mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof sn nbaunbtrg hurfargtkzgjg g agusg jn prnsarkpakfbns euy grrgkdgjgs, mf qun afbstktuyn ub måektn pgrg nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mfs trghgogjfrns. Qk hknb nb nstn snatfr `gy skbjkagtfs, sn fhsnrvg qun bf sfb yg agpgans jn rnprnsnbtgr g mfs trghgogjfrns, quknbns eunstrgb aknrtg kbjklnrnbakg g mg pgrtkakpgakñb9 eknbtrgs ek nbtrgs sn nxprnsg gjneçs ubg kepfrtgbtn sfhrnagrdg psåqukag nb mfs egbjfs enjkfs.  Nb nm snatfr jn gmkenbtfs y hnhkjgs, sn fhsnrvñ qun mfs trghgogjfrns bgturgmkzgb mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof pfr nm eknjf g pnrjnr sus punstfs, nb afbjkakfbns qun rndumgrenbtn glnatgb mg sgmuj y qun gjneçs bf

flrnanb pfskhkmkjgjns skdbklkagtkvgs jn jnsgrrfmmf. Nstgs kblnrnbakgs, nbtrn ftrgs, pnrektnb nblgtkzgr qun nm gbçmksks jn mgs tnbskfbns qun sn prfjuanb nbtrn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, mfs prfansfs jn suhontkvgakñb y mg jkbçekag afmnatkvg, afbstktuynb jkenbskfbns sfhrn mgs qun ns prnaksf prflubjkzgr pgrg afeprnbjnr mgs agrgatnråstkags qun gsuen nm trghgof afbtnepfrçbnf. Mg jkenbskñb afmnatkvg jnm trghgof Mg kepfrtgbakg qun faupg mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof tr ghgof y añef nstg afbtrkhuyn g jgr snbtkjf g mgs gatkvkjgjns afbstktuyn ubg aunstkñb jn kepfrtgbakg nb nm gbçmksks jn mg mg agmkjgj jnm trghgof. ¶Añef nbtnbjnr ”mf afmnatkvf― nb nstn nstujkf6 sn nxprnsg nb gm enbfs trns pmgbfs?

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

718

g) Afef kepmkagakñb nb ub drupf jn trghgof , nb ub drupf jn pgrns afb quknbns sn afepgrtn ub tknepf, ub nspgakf y ubg gatkvkjgj qun nxkdn af-fpnrgr, kbtnrgatugr afb ftrfs g quknbns punjn rnafbfanrsn y bfehrgrsn afef afepg÷nrfs y afb quknbns sn  husag nstghmnanr nstghmnanr gmdÿb drgjf jn afblkgbzg ffrknbtgjg rknbtgjg gm nbtnb nbtnbjkeknbtf jkeknbtf eutuf.  h) Afef kjnbtkjgj prflnskfbgm afepgrtkjg f pnrtnbnbakg g ub drupf prflnskfbgm  prfln skfbgm 9 nb nm snbtkjf jn pgrtkakpgr jn ubg afeubkjgj jn prçatkags, jn afepgrtkr afb ftrfs ub afboubtf jn rndmgs jn flkakf y sghnrns prfpkfs jn ubg gatkvkjgj9 ub ganrvf aumturgm. a) Afef mg gaakñb afmnatkvg kbstktukjg , mg rnprnsnbtgakñb drnekgm gsuekjg g trgvës jn mgs frdgbkzgakfbns frdgbkzgakfbns skbjkagmns:, qun g trgvë trgvëss jn su agpgakjgj jn nxprnskñb nxprnskñb nb nm agepf  pfmåtkaf sn afbstktuyn afbstktuyn nb pfrtgvfz jn mgs tnbskfbn tnbskfbnss y afbtrgjkaakfbns afbtrgjkaakfbns qun gtrgvknsg gtrgvknsg mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof nb nm agepf jn mgs rnmgakfbns mghfrgmns. Mf qun sn nvkjnbakg nb nm aruan jn nstfs pmgbfs ns qun mg gatkvkjgj ns skneprn skbdumgr y tknbn ubg lkbgmkjgj, y su frknbtgakñb `gakg ub lkb ns jnlkbkjg pfr nm trghgogjfr y nm afmnatkvf jn pgrns, g trgvës sus kbtnragehkfs y jn mg affpnrgakñb. Mgs afbjkakfbns jn ubg frdgbkzgakñb y affrjkbgakñb jnm trghgof  bf nstçb ogeçs afepmntgenbtn jntnrekbgjgs jntnrekbgjgs jn gbtnegbf gbtnegbf, y jnegbjgb skneprn snr nspnaklkagjgs, nspnaklkagjgs, kb sktu y mfagmenbtn, pfr mgs fpnrgakfbns fpnrgakfbns jn mfs gdnbtns qun qun nstçb afeprfentkjfs nb nm auepmkeknbtf jn ubg gatkvkjgj. Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, bf ns pfskhmn gprn`nbjnr gm suontf skbf g trgvës jnm våbaumf suhontkvf qun nstghmnan afb mg gatkvkjgj nb mg qun mfs ftrfs oundgb ub pgpnm amgvn. Nm suontf sn skbdumgrkzg nb ubg `kstfrkg sfakgm, nb ubg gatkvkjgj qun nstç frknbtgjg `gakg ub lkb, pnrf qun tgehkëb ns mg gatkvkjgj jn ftrfs afb quknbns afepgrtn prfpñsktfs, egrafs jn rnlnrnbakg, afbfakeknbtfs, efjfs jn `ganr. Jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, nsfs ftrfs sfb quknbns afbtrkhuynb g jgr jkrnaakñb y snbtkjf g mg tgrng. Nm afmnatkvf jn trghgof bf ns gmdf qun vknbn jgjf  skbf gmdf ”g arngrsn y egbtnbnrsn vkvf― y bf rnlknrn g mf prnsarkptf prnsa rkptf pfr mg neprnsg, skbf g mf dnbnrgjf nb nm trghgogr afb ftrfs. Nb nm pmgbf kbstktuakfbgm, ns pfskhmn afbskjnrgr ftrgs pnrspnatkvgs sfhrn mg bfakñb jn afmnatkvf, qun egragb mg prn prnfaupgakñb faupgakñb pfr mfs prfansfs prfansfs jn jns-afmnatkvkzga jns-afmnatkvkzgakñb kñb jnm trghgof gsgmgrkgjf. Mg jnhkmkjgj jn mgs rndumgakfbns afmnatkvgs, jnog afb lrnaunbakg g mfs trghgogjfrns g mns ubgyprnsarkpakñb qun pgrg snr auepmkjg jnhnjnbndgr mgs sktugakfbns `uegbgenbtnlrnbtn snbskh snbskhmns mfs pgrns punjnb uhkagrsn nb pfskakñb afbtrfm. Jn nstn efjf, sn fhsnrvg nb mgs neprnsgs n kbstktuakfbns ub jnsgpubtgmgeknbtf jnm mgzf sfakgm y prflnskfbg m qun dnbnrg ”ub kbjkvkjugmksef

gutkstg f ubg jnsuhontkvgakñb gjgptgtkvg. G pgrtkr jn mfs jnsgrrfmmfs prnanjnbtns, nm nstujkf rngmkzgjf sn frknbtñ pfr mg afbskjnrgakñb jn ub afboubtf jn jkenbskfbns jn gbçmksks, punstgs nb oundf nb mg rngmkzgakñb jn nbtrnvkstgs jn trgynatfrkg, jn tkpf hkfdrçlkaf. hk fdrçlkaf.  @ktfs jn trgynatfrkg jnm trghgogjfr ?  @ktfs Jkenbskñb rntrfspnatkvg y sktugakñb prnsnbtn



  Lgatfrns Lgatfrns gsfakgjfs g mg gatkvkjgj   g)  \åbaumf suhontkvf qun nstghmnan nm trghgogjfr afb mg gatkvkjgj? afb nm



fhontf jn trghgof, afb mfs enjkfs y rnaursfs y afb mfs ftrfs (pgrns, supnrkfrns y egnstrfs)  h)  Xndumgakñb jn mg gaakñb kbjkvkjugm y su kbsarkpakñb k bsarkpakñb nb bfregs afepgrtkjgs y

egraf jn skdbklkagakñb afeÿb Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

711

a)  Srunhgs jnm trghgof qun egbtknbnb vkvf nm afmnatkvf/ Jkspfskakñb f agpgakjgj pgrg gsuekr mfs nvnbtfs f gafbtnakeknbtfs qun krruepnb nb mgs rutkbgs/ Sfjnr jn gatugr? afbjkakfbns pgrg su jnsgrrfmmf j)  Agpgakjgj jn gatugr oubtfs, jklkaumtgjns y hmfqunfs, ëxktfs y lrgagsfs jn mg gaakñb afmnatkvg n)  Mf qun jnhnråg agehkgr pgrg pfjnr trghgogr oubtfs y gatugr afmnatkvgenbtn   Lgatfrns Lgatfrns gsfakgjfs g mg kbstktuakñb  g)  Gpubtgmgeknbtf jnm mgzf sfakgm y prflnskfbgm pfr pgrtn jn



mg kbstktuakñb vs kbjkvkjugmkzgakñb, gutksef, gutksef, jns-afmnatkvkzgakñb jns-afmnatkvkzgakñb Agrgatnråstkags jn mgs afbjkakfbns jn jn trghgof qun kbakjnb nb mfs prfan prfansfs sfs afmnatkvfs (afbtrgtfs y  prnekfs kbjkvkjugmns, kbjkvkjugmns, kbnqukjgjns, kbnqukjgjns, prkvkmndkfs, nta.)  h)  Agrgatnråstkags jnm egbgdnenbt gsfakgjgs g mfs prfansfs jn afmnatkvkzgakñb (kbaumagakñb jnm eknjf, jn mg kbanrtkjuehrn, faumtgeknbtf f egbkpumgakñb jn mg kblfregakñb pgrg kblubjkr tnefr, kbsgtkslgaakñb pnregbn pnregbnbtn btn afb mfs jnsnepn÷fs, jnsnepn÷f s, nta.) a)  Agrgatnråstkags jn mg rnprnsnbtgakñb skbjkagm  Lgatfrns gsfakgjfs g mgs tnepfrgmkjgjns  Lgatfrns tnepfrgmkjgjns sfakgmns  g)  Kjnbtkjgj Kbjkvkjugm n kjnbtkjgj afmnatkvg / mf suanjkjf nb ubf eksef y mg enefrkg `kstñrkag  h)  @ktfs nb rnmgakñb g mg aunstkñb jn mfs afmnatkvfs jn trghgof nb mg neprnsg y jnm rfm jn mgs frdgbkzgakfbns drnekgmns, drnekgmns, qun tfeg afef rnlnrnbakg pgrg nektkr sus fpkbkfbns a)  Xnlnrnbtns qun tfeg afef vçmkjfs pgrg lfregrsn fpkbkñb (sus ( sus pgjrns, sus ghunmfs, mnaturgs `kstñrkags, afenbtgrkfs jn tnranrfs, mfs enjkfs, nta.) j)  Gafbtnakeknbtfs f `na`fs `kstñrkaf-sfakgmns qun afbskjnrg nb sus vgmfrgakfbns n)  Agehkfs pfsktkvfs y bndgtkvfs nb rnmgakñb g mg prfpkg nxpnrknbakg (tnbskñb nbtrn kjnbtkjgj pnrsfbgm y afmnatkvg)



Mf hkfdrçlkaf afef våg jn gaansf Nm nstujkf rnafdkñ mg vfz jn ub afboubtf jn trghgogjfrns fpnrgtkvfs nb amgvn hkfdrçlkag. Mg afbstruaakñb jnm prfhmneg y mg pnrspnatkvg gjfptgjg pgrg

ghfrjgrmf, oustklkañ nm jksn÷f jn ub eunstrnf tnñrkaf qun husag rnsumtgjfs eçs nb tërekbfs jnm pmgbtnf jn bunvgs y enofrns prndubtgs p rndubtgs qun nb tërekbfs `nuråstkafs. Nb nstn snbtkjf, frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof y gaakñb afmnatkvg sfb agtndfrågs qun sn ghfrjgb jnsjn mgs egrags qun jnogb nb mg suhontkvkjgj, pfr mf qun bf ns pfskhmn gaanjnr g mg afeprnbskñb jn sus rnmgakfbns, skbf g trgvës jn gprfxkegakfbns suanskvgs? pfr jkstkbtgs vågs jn gaansf, enjkgbtn nm usf jn jklnrnbtns tëabkags jn rnafmnaakñb y gbçmksks, vgrkgbjf mgs nstrgtndkgs jn gbçmksks y husagbjf skneprn dgbgr nb ubg egyfr y enofr afeprnbskñb. Sgrg nstn nstujkf, sn jnsgrrfmmgrfb nbtrnvkstgs nb tnrrnbf , nb amgvn  hkfdrçlkag, afb nm lkb jn rgstrngr egrags nb mgs trgynatfrkgs faupgakfbgmn faupgakfbgmnss qun pujknrgb pujknrgb afbnatgrsn afb mgs skdbklkagakfbns gtrkhukjgs g mf afmnatkvf nb nm trghgof. Nb nstn egraf, y gtnbjknbjf gm fhontf, sn husañ prnsnrvgr mg afbskstnbakg nb trns gspnatfs amgvn? g) Mg kepfrtgbakg jn mg vfz jnm trghgogjfr , qun prfeunvn mg afbstruaakñb jn mfs jgtfs g  pgrtkr jn kblfregakñb nb tnrrnbf.  h) Mg prfvfagakñb prfvfag akñb jn af-prfjuakjg ub rnmgtf rnlmnxkvf , gm qun sn gaanjn augbjf sn kbtnrpnmg nb tfrbf g mgs rutkbgs y bfvnjgjns qun `kmvgbgb mg gaakñb aftkjkgbg

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

71:

a) Mg kbamuskñb jn ubg ekrgjg nvfmutkvg jnm suontf, qun punjn vnrsn lgakmktgjg pfr mg nvfagakñb rnafbstruatkvg rnafbstruatkvg qun kepmkag mg nbtrnvkstg jn trgynatfrkg Mf afmnatkvf nb mg gatkvkjgj Afbfanr añef mf afmnatkvf sn `gan prnsnbtn nb mg gatkvkjgj jn trghgof jnsjn mg ekrgjg jn agjg trghgogjfr rnsumtñ suegenbtn lërtkm jnsjn nm pubtf jn vkstg jn mg

afeprnbskñb jnm jn lnbñenbf. gmkenbtfs y hnhkjgs sn nbaunbtrg gmtgenbtn gutfegtkzgjf, mf Nm snatfr qun kbakjn jn egbnrg bftghmn nb nm rndkstrf suhontkvf jn mfs trghgogjfrns, tr ghgogjfrns, quknbns rnafbfanb qun mg gatkvkjgj sn nbaunbtrg afblkdurgjg pfr ubg nspgakgmkjgj y ub rktef qun krruepn nb mg agbtkjgj y agmkjgj jn kbtnrgaakfbns afb mfs pgrns y qun kepkjn mg affpnrgakñb rnlmnxkvg. Nb nstgs afbjkakfbns mgs pfskhkmkjgjns jn nbaunbtrf sfb nsagsgs y sn afbarntgb nb jfs kbstgbakgs  pubtugmns? g) nb nb rnubkfbns hrnvn hrnvnss jn kbtnragehkf, kbtnragehkf, qukban ekbutfs ggbtns btns jnm afeknbzf jnm turbf, kbstgbakg nb mg augm nm drupf kbenjkgtf sn ghfag g afenbtgr y gbgmkzgr mgs agrgatnråstkags pubtugmns qun prnsnbtg nm prfansf jn trghgof gbtns jnm afeknbzf jn mg  ofrbgjg y h) mgs rnubkfbns rnubkfbns jn ffptkekzgakñb ptkekzgakñb jn prfa prfansfs nsfs , mgs augmns augmns sfb prfpunstgs prfpunstgs pfr mg neprnsg , pnrf pgrgjfogmenbtn bf rnsagtgb mgs sudnrnbakgs nlnatugjg nlnatugjgss pfr mfs trghgogjfrns, sknbjf utkmkzgjgs nb eua`gs fpfrtubkjgjns afef jkspfsktkvfs jn afbtrfm qun pnrektnb g mfs augjrfs dnrnbakgmns afbfanr quë pknbsg agjg ubf. Nb nm snatfr gutfeftrkz , nb mg måbng jn efbtgon mg affrjkbgakñb jn gaakfbns ns amgvn pgrg mg gatkvkjgj, y jn efjf skekmgr gm snatfr jn gmkenbtfs, nm  pnsf jn mgs affrjkbgakfbns aafmnatkvgs fmnatkvgs sn nbaunbtrg lun lunrtnenbtn rtnenbtn mkdgjf g mfs agehkfs jn turbf, jgjf qun mg agjnbakg agjnbakg y rktef jnm prfansf jnog pfa pfaff nspgakf pgrg afepfrtgeknbtfs qun quknhrnb mgs rutkbgs. Qkb nehgrdf, `gy snatfrns jn mgs neprnsgs qun nstçb frdgbkzgjfs nb tfrbf gm trghgof kbjkvkjugm y nb jfbjn mg gaakñb ns gutñbfeg y agsk nb sktugakñb jn gksmgeknbtf sfakgm. Mgs neprnsgs jnm snatfr ZKA , jkspfbnb jn lfregs lmnxkhmns jn frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof, gutfrrndumgjgs, qun jnegbjgb g mfs trghgogjfrns bunvgs nxkdnbakgs. Nstgs nstrgtndkgs prfjuatkvgs y jn dnstkñb, dnbnrgb nb gmdubgs frdgbkzgakfbns kepfrtgbtns afbtrgjkaakfbns nbtrn mg bndfakgakñb kbjkvkjugm jn mfs afbtrgtfs, mg bnanskjg bnanskjgjj jn ub skstneg jn rneubnrgakfbns nquktgtkvf y mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof pfr nqukpfs jn prfynatf. Mg neprnsg afef nsanbgrkf jn mg ”affpnrgakñb jëhkm― Nb mf rnlnrkjf gm mudgr qun faupgb mgs neprnsgs nb nm jnsgrrfmmf jn mf afmnatkvf, pujf fhsnrvgrsn qun nm mgzf sfakgm ns ub afepfbnbtn nsagsgenbtn prfefvkjf. Nb prkenr mudgr, jnhkjf g mgs pgrtkaumgrkjgjns jn mg bgturgmnzg jn mfs

afbtrgtfs jn trghgof y nb sndubjf mudgr, pfr mgs afbjkakfbns jn jksarnakfbgmkjgj kepunstgs kepmåaktgenbtn pfr mfs egbjfs enjkfs, afef bnansgrkgs pgrg snr afbskjnrgjf ub trghgogjfr g nlnatkvkzgr f g prfefvnr. Mfs nstkmfs jn supnrvkskñb gtnbtgb afb lrnaunbakg afbtrg mg affpnrgakñb? ubf jn mfs trghgogjfrns nbtrnvkstgjfs, pfr nonepmf, nxprnsg qun nb aknrtfs agsfs gmdubfs supnrvksfrns `gb kepumsgjf ruefrns y `ghmgjurågs prfvfagbjf prfvfagbjf nblrnbtgeknbtfs nbtrn mfs kbtndrgbtns jn mfs drupfs jn trghgof, y nb ftrfs agsfs, jntnrekbgjfs nstkmfs jn dnstkfbgr nm pnrsfbgm nxprnsgb arktnrkfs jklnrnbakgmns jn snmnaakñb nbtrn mfs trghgogjfrns, prftndknbjf y lgvfrnaknbjf mghfrgmenbtn g gqunmmfs trghgogjfrns afb mfs qun egbtknbnb rnmgakfbns anragbgs jn gekstgj pnrsfbgm , skb rnspntgr mgs prkfrkjgjns jnm nsagmglñb.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

71>

Mfs trghgogjfrns jn mg gmkenbtgakñb gtrgvknsgb mgs sktugakfbns mghfrgmns eçs  prnagrkgs agrgatnrkzgjgs agrgatnrkzgjgs pfr mg jnskdugmjgj sfakgm y qun rfzgb afb lrnaunbakg mg kmndgmkjgj. ,. Nstf sn nxprnsg jn jklnrnbtns efjfs? g) trghgogjfrns afb ” afbtrgtfs jn trghgof tnepfrgrkfs― 0 ensns afbtkbufs jn trghgof y : ensns suspnbjkjfs9 h) trghgogjfrns afb ”afbtrgtfs jn trghgof tnepfrgrkfs pnregbnbtns―, qun sfb gqunmmfs trghgogjfrns qun trghgogb jurgbtn tfjf nm g÷f y sfb suspnbjkjfs 7> jågs ”pgrg qun jnsagbsnb―, pfrvgagakfbns mf qun bf aunbtgb rntrkhuakñb pfr vgagakfbns punstf qun su jnrna`f g dfzgr jn pgdgs f afb g mkanbakgs frjkbgrkgs sn nbaunbtrg mktnrgmenbtn

kepnjkjf y nb su mudgr gpgrnan nm afbanptf jn ”suspnbskñb―. Nstfs trghgogjfrns, tr ghgogjfrns, gm kdugm qun mfs gbtnrkfrns punjnb pnregbnanr gså jurgbtn g÷fs. g ÷fs. 9 [ a) ”trghgogjfrns nlnatk nlnatkvfs― vfs―

sfb gqunmmfs trghgogjfrns qun (nb eua`fs agsfs mundf jn ubg mgrdg nspnrg jn g÷fs) sfb nlnatkvkzgjfs pfr mg neprnsg hgof ub afbtrgtf jn trghgof pfr tknepf kbjntnrekbgjf y dfzgb nbtfbans jn egyfrns prftnaakfbns mghfrgmns. Mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof nb nm snatfr gutfeftrkz  sfb  sfb jn egyfr agmkjgj, pnrf mfs ftrfs jfs lgatfrns dnbnrgjfrns jn eknjf nstçb prnsnbtns? nstgr gmnrtg g mgs  ‑ gÿb nxpnatgtkvgs jnm supnrvksfr y sgmkr gkrfsf jn mgs nvgmugakfbns ‑  gÿb augbjf bf sn snpg afb quë arktnrkfs ubf `g skjf nvgmugjf bk sn tnbdg rntrfgmkenbtgakñb gm rnspnatf- afbstktuynb mfs pkmgrns jn mg nstghkmkjgj. Nm rnafbfakeknbtf jn mfs sghnrns jn mfs fpnrgjfrns tgepfaf rnsumtg kepfrtgbtn? bf `gy afrrnspfbjnbakg nbtrn mfs sghnrns y mg onrgrquåg, skbf eçs hknb ubg afepntnbakg nbtrn sghnrns prçatkafs y tåtumfs njuagtkvfs. Wuknbns tknbnb agmklkagakñb y onrgrquåg nstçb `ghkmktgjfs pgrg nvgmugr g ftrfs, gubqun bf afbfanb mgs fpnrgakfbns. Mg kbstktuakñb drnekgm pgrnan jnsjkhuogrsn. Nb mfs snatfrns nstujkgjfs, mfs trghgogjfrns rnpfrtgb nsagsf afbfakeknbtf afbfakeknbtf rnspnatf jn mg lk lkdurg durg y lubakñb skbjkagm. Qk hknb aunbtgb afb ubg rnprnsnbtgakñb drnekgm, kjnbtklkagb nm rfm jn mg ekseg nb rnmgakñb g jfs gspnatfs lubjgenbtg lubjgenbtgmns? mns? mg bndfakgakñb sgmgrkgm y mmgg jnlnbsg jnm trghgogjfr gbtn pfskhmns jnspkjfs. Qn fhsnrvg nsagsf afbfakeknbtf f pgrtkakpgakñb rnspnatf jn ftrgs gatkvkjgjns qun pujknrgb nstgr jnsgrrfmmçbjfsn (f rnamgef jn gatkvkjgjns qun jnhknrgb rngmkzgrsn y nstçb vgagbtns) jnsjn mfs rnspnatkvfs drnekfs. Nb nm snatfr jn gmkenbtfs y nb nm gutfeftrkz, mfs trghgogjfrns rgrg vnz sfb afbsumtgjfs pgrg mg tfeg jn pfskakfbns y/f jnakskfbns g bkvnm afmnatkvf? rnafbfanb qun sfb lfregmenbtn rnprnsnbtgjfs y ”jnlnbjkjfs― pfr sus drnekfs, pnrf bf nxkstn pgrtkakpgakñb pgrtkak pgakñb y

jnefargakg skbjkagm dnbukbg. Gjneçs, nb nm snatfr gutfeftrkz nsagsf bkvnm”nstç jn afblmkatkvkjgj nbtrn nm skbjkagtf y mg neprnsg, sn pnrakhn afef nm afbbkvnbakg? tfjf euy gmkbngjf, skbjkagtf, neprnsg y dfhknrbf bgakfbgm y pfr g`å mf qun ubf bnansktg ns qun bf nstë tfjf tgb trgbqukmf, qun `gyg ub pfquktf eçs jn afblmkatf― (trghgogjfr glkmkgjf, ruhrf

gutfeftrkz). Nb såbtnsks, mg rnprnsnbtgakñb skbjkagm sn nbaunbtrg jnsjkhuogjg y afbvkvn afb ub nepuon `gakg nm kbjkvkjugmksef. Gaakñb afmnatkvg y skdbfs jn ëpfag Qn fhsnrvg nb nm afrpus jn jgtfs aknrtf vgakgeknbtf jn rnmgtfs sfhrn mf sfakgm, gusnbakg jn rnlnrnbakgs g mg `kstfrkg afmnatkvg rnaknbtn f pgsgjg, mf qun rnsumtg skdbklkagtkvf y bf punjn nxpmkagrsn lçakmenbtn. Nb rnmgakñb g mf drnekgm nb mg sfaknjgj, mfs trghgogjfrns bf `ganb rnlnrnbakg gm jnvnbkr `kstñrkaf jn mgs mua`gs  y rnkvkbjkagakfbns jnmmgdrnekf qun mfs rnprnsnbtg, bk tgepfaf rnmgtgb gspnatfs jn mg nvfmuakñb f agehkfs nb vkjg jn

mfs skbjkagtfs nb dnbnrgm.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

71<

Nb mf qun rnektn g mg `kstfrkg sfakgm, tgepfaf gpgrnanb gsfakgakfbns skdbklkagtkvgs jn mg nxpnrknbakg vktgm jnm trghgogjfr afb `ktfs jn mg `kstfrkg mfagm? mfs rnmgtfs lfagmkzgb mg nxpnrknbakg prfpkg y mg jn mfs pgrns eçs anragbfs, eknbtrgs qun mfs suanskvfs bkvnmns jn kbamuskñb afmnatkvg ‑ mfs mfs nqukpfs, mfs

trghgogjfrns jn mg neprnsg, mfs trghgogjfrns jn tgm f augm snatfr, mfs trghgogjfrns tr ghgogjfrns nb dnbnrgm- sn jnsjkhuogb.  Bf fhstgbtn, nm bstrukr nm frjnbgeknbtf mg kblfregakñb jn trgbsvnrsgm? trgynatfrkg trgynatfrkg mghfrgm mgvn  hkfdrçlkag, pnrektkñ afbstrukr af gmdubgsjn kblnrn kblnrnbakgs bakgs nb amgvn nb gmdubfs gmdunb bfsaamgvn agsfs, agsfs, mg kbtnrrupakñb jn mgs trgynatfrkgs faupgakfbgmns dugrjg rnmgakñb jkrnatg afb mfs agehkfs qun nm eubjf jnm trghgof vknbn nxpnrkenbtgbjf nb bunstrf pgås y qun kepgatg lunrtnenbtn nb mg afbstruaakñb jn mgs kjnbtkjgjns prflnskfbgmns. G su vnz, nb gmdubfs agsfs, nstf sn `g vkstf jntnrekbgjf pfr afbtrgtgakfbns  prnagrkgs qun nxkdknrfb nxkdknrfb gm trghgog trghgogjfr jfr tnbnr qun jn jnsnepn÷grsn snepn÷grsn pg pgrgmnmgenbtn rgmnmgenbtn nb jfs nepmnfs skeumtçbngenbtn `gstg `gstg fhtnbnr ub afbtrgtf nstghmn nb gmdubf jn nmmfs. Nb mfs trghgogjfrns eçs oñvnbns y nb mfs eçs agmklkagjfs nxkstn ubg enbfr rnsfbgbakg suhontkvg jn mf afmnatkvf  y mg rftgakñb lrnaunbtn f mfs agehkfs jn nepmnf, afbstktuyn ub `ktf jn trgynatfrkg tr gynatfrkg qun punjn vkbaumgrsn afb ubg hgog skdbklkagakñb jn mf afmnatkvf pgrg nm trghgogjfr. t rghgogjfr. Afbamuskfbns Mf afmnatkvf nb mg gatkvkjgj jn trghgof rnlknrn g mg afbqukstg jnm pfjnr jn

gatugr sfhrn mgs sktugakfbns, g mg agpgakjgj jn kbakjkr k bakjkr nb mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof y afb nmmf nb mg agmkjgj jnm eksef. Mf afmnatkvf nb nstn pmgbf, rnlknrn g ubg affpnrgakñb skdbklkagtkvg, frknbtgjg g mg jnmkhnrgakñb y g mg afbstruaakñb jn ub egraf jn rndumgakñb pgrg nm afepfrtgeknbtf. Nb nm agsf qun bfs faupg, nstf bf rnsumtg  pfskhmn pfrqun ub skstneg jn gatkvkjgj gmtgenbtn ggutfegtkzgjf utfegtkzgjf y afjklkagjf jnsjn lunrg, bf hrkbjg nspgakf pgrg mg kepmkagakñb nlnatkvg. Nstf sn nxprnsg nb mgs nbtrnvkstgs jn mfs trghgogjfrns jn mfs snatfrns egbulgaturnrf egbulgaturnrfss (gmkenbtfs y gutfeftrkz) augbjf rnlknrnb gm efjf jn frdgbkzgakñb fr dgbkzgakñb jn mg gatkvkjgj y g mgs kbstgbakgs ‑ nsagsgs, nsagsgs, nspfrçjkags- nb mgs qun ns pfskhmn mg jnmkhnrgakñb. Nb afbtrgpgrtkjg, nb mfs trghgogjfrns jnm snatfr jn sfltwgrn mg lmnxkhkmkjgj jn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof pfskhkmktg mg afbstruaakñb jn arktnrkfs y rnspunstgs afmnatkvgs gbtn buenrfsgs sktugakfbns bf prnvkstgs nb mgs rutkbgs, mf qun ns lunbtn jn pmganr y fpfrtubkjgj jn jnsgrrfmmf pgrg mfs trghgogjfrns. Nb nm bkvnm jn gbçmksks kbstktuakfbgm, tfjfs mfs trghgogjfrns, skb kepfrtgr nm snatfr, afepgrtnb ubg ekseg rngmkjgj? mf afmnatkvf nstruaturg nm jksaursf jn mgs neprnsgs y sn nxprnsg nb mg gpnmgakñb g mfs nqukpfs , g mg affpnrgakñb y gm gprnbjkzgon, pnrf jksaurrn nb afbtrgjkaakñb afb jfs lgatfrns? mg nxkstnbakg jn (k) afbjkakfbns jn trghgof y (kk) ub nstkmf jn dnstkñb, dnbnrgjfrns jn kbnstghkmkjgj, kbanrtkjuehrn y tnefr. Augbjf mg onrgrquåg gvgmg mg jksauskñb y jnhgtn sfhrn mg frdgbkzgakñb jnm trghgof -`ghkmktgbjf mg jksauskñb sfhrn nm trghgof rngm- surdnb nxpnrknbakgs sgtkslgatfrkgs pgrg mfs trghgogjfrns, pnrf hgof afbjkakfbns qun bkndgb mg akvkmkjgj jnm trghgof nstf bf ns pfskhmn. Nb nm trghgof jn egbulgaturg, nstf pgrnan mkdgrsn g lnbñenbfs jn kbtnbsklkagakñb, prnagrknjgj jn afbtrgtfs y nstkmfs pfaf sgmujghmns jn dnstkñb. Nb nm snatfr sfltwgrn, sk hknb mgs afbjkakfbns afbtrgatugmns sfb enofrns, mg kbtnbsklkagakñb vknbn jgjg pfr mg prnskñb qun kepmkag gmagbzgr mfs fhontkvfs jn agjg  prfynatf, pfrqun ubg gofrbgjg ubg jnafbtrgtfs trghgof (jns) f (gutf) rnd rndumgjg umgjg y pfrmgub nstkmf jn y nm egbgdnenbt trgvës jn kjkfskbarçtkafs prfeunvn afepntnbakg nstrës.

Znm? :77>8;813;

 

EO

Mka. Srfl. O^GXN_ A@NEN_ Egranmg 

Egt. 84 .- 

714

Nb af`nrnbakg afb mf pmgbtngjf g bkvnm tnñrkaf, sn punjnb fhsnrvgr gmdubfs mgzfs f mkdgjurgs nbtrn mf vkvkjf nb mg prfpkg trgynatfrkg y mfs gafbtnakeknbtfs afbtnxtugmns, pnrf nstf bf gpgrnan nb mgs nbtrnvkstgs hgof mg lfreg jn rnmgtfs jnbsfs qun grtkaumnb ”mf vkvkjf pfr ubf eksef― afb ”mf vkvkjf afef afeubkjgj―. Nm pnsf jnm

rnmgtf jn mfs trghgogjfrns sn nxprnsg nb mgs rnlnrnbakgs g mgs afbjkakfbns jn trghgof y g mgs agrgatnråstkags jn mgs neprnsgs neprnsgs -y jnm egbgdnenbt-? nm skbjkagtf, afe afeff sndubjf gatfr kbstktuakfbgm pfafafbstktuynb rnlnrnbakgjf y mgs rnlnrnbakgs g mf `kstñrkaf-sfakgm, rnsumtgb enbfs vkskhmns gÿb,nspnrf kbjkakfs qun afbskjnrgefs vgmkfsf gpubtgmgr nb  prñxkefs nstujkfs.