PSAK 16 English

STATEMENT OF

SFAS No.

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD

16 INDONESIAN INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANTS FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS

FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS

SFAS No. 16 

Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No.16, Fixed Assets and Other Assets, was adopted by a meeting of the Indonesian Accounting Principles Committee on August 24, 1994 and was ratified by the Executive Executive Committee of the Association of Indonesian Accountants on September 7, 1994. Compliance with the policies contained in this Statement is not obligatory in the case of immaterial items. Jakarta, September 7, 1994 Executive Committee Association of Indonesian Accountants Indonesian Accounting Principles Committee Hans Kartikahadi Jusuf Halim Hein G. Surjaatmadja Katjep K. Abdoelkadir Wahjudi Prakarsa Jan Hoesada M. Ashadi Mirza Mochtar IPG. Ary Suta Sobo Sitorus Timoty Marnandus Mirawati Soedjono

Chairman Secretary Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS

SFAS No. 16 

CONTENTS

paragraphs INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................01-05 Objective Scope...................................................................................................................01-04 Definitions.................................................................................................................05 EXPLANATION.......................................................................................................06-57 Fixed Asset Recognition......................................................... ..............................06-12 Initial Measurement of Fixed Assets............................................ .........................13-22 Components of Cost............................................................. ...........................14-18 Acquisition of Group Assets.............................................................. ....................19 Exchanges of Assets............................................................ ............................20-21 Donated Assets.....................................................................................................22 Subsequent Expenditure............................................................. ..........................23-27 Subsequent Measurement of Initially Recorded Acquisition Costs....................28-29 Depreciation.........................................................................................................30-43 Review of Useful Life......................................................................................39-41 Review of Depreciation Method.......................................................... ..................42 Impairment of Economic Benefit...................................................... .....................43 Retirements and Disposals.................................................... ................................44-48 Disclosure............................................................................................................49-54 Other Assets.........................................................................................................55-57 STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD N0.16 FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS.................................................................58-78 Fixed Asset Recognition........................................................................... .................59 Initial Recognition of Fixed Assets.............................................. ..........................60-63 Subsequent Expenditure.............................................................................. ..............64 Subsequent Measurement of Initially Recorded Acquisition Costs..............................65 Depreciation.........................................................................................................67-70 Retirements and Disposals.................................................... ................................71-72 Disclosure............................................................................................................73-75 Other Assets.........................................................................................................76-77 Effective Date............................................................................................................78

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INTRODUCTION Objective

The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for fixed assets. The principal issues in accounting for fixed assets are the timing of the recognition of the assets, the determination of carrying amounts and the depreciation charges to be recognized in relation to them, and the determination and accounting treatment of other impairments to the assets’ carrying value. This Statement requires a fixed asset to be recognized as an asset when it satisfies the definition and recognition criteria of an asset as set forth in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. This Statement also addresses the criteria for other assets. Scope

This Statement should be applied in accounting for fixed assets and other assets 01. except when another financial accounting standard requires or permits a different accounting treatment. 02.

This Statement does not apply to:

(a)

forestry and renewable natural resources; and

(b)

mining concessions, the exploration and extraction of minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-renewable resources.

However, this Statement does apply to fixed assets used to develop or maintain the activities or assets covered in a. and b. but separable from those activities or assets. In some circumstances financial accounting standards permit initial recognition of  03. the carrying amount of fixed assets to be determined using an approach different from that prescribed in this Statement. For example, under the permitted alternative treatment for negative goodwill, SFAS No. 22, Business Combinations, fixed assets acquired in a business combination are required to be measured initially at fair value even when fair value exceeds cost. However, in such cases all other aspects of the accounting treatment for these assets, including depreciation, are determined by the requirements of this Statement.

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04. SFAS No.13, Accounting for Investments, permits a company to treat investment properties as property, in accordance with this Statement, or as long-term investments, in accordance with SFAS No.13, Accounting for Investments. Definitions 05.

The terms used in this Statement are defined as follows:

Fixed assets are tangible assets which are acquired in a ready to use form, are constructed for use by the company, are not intended for sale in the company’s normal activities, and have a useful life of more than one year.  Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life.   Depreciable amount is the acquisition cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost in the financial statements, less its residual value. Useful life is either:

(a)

the period over which a depreciable asset is expected to be used by the company; or

(b)

the number of production units or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the company.

  Acquisition cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid, or the fair value of  other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or during the asset’s construction, until the asset is ready for its intended use.   Residual value is net amount which the company expects to obtain for an asset at the end of its useful life after deducting the expected costs of disposal. Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged or for which a liability can be settled between knowledgeable parties who intended to perform an arm’s length transaction. Carrying amount  is the net book value, i.e. the acquisition cost of an asset less the accumulated depreciation.   Recoverable amount is the amount which the company expects to recover from the future use of an asset, including its residual value on disposal.

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EXPLANATION Fixed Asset Recognition 06. A tangible item should be recognized as an asset and classified as a fixed asset when:

(a)

it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the company; and

(b)

the acquisition cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

Fixed assets often represent a major portion of the total assets of a company, and is 07. therefore significant in the presentation of the company’s financial position. Furthermore, the determination of whether an expenditure represents an asset or an expense can have a significant effect on a company’s reported results of operations. 08. In determining whether an item satisfies the first criterion for recognition, a company needs to assess the degree of certainty attached to the flow of future economic benefits on the basis of the available evidence at the time of initial recognition. Existence of sufficient certainty that the future economic benefits will flow to the company require assurance that the company will receive the rewards attached to the asset and will undertake the associated risks. This assurance is usually only available when the risks and rewards have passed to the company. Before this condition occurs, the transaction to acquire the asset can usually be canceled without significant penalty and therefore the asset is not recognized.

The second criterion for recognition is usually readily satisfied because the 09. exchange transaction evidencing the purchase of the asset identifies its cost. In the case of  a self-constructed asset, a reliable measurement of the cost can be made from the transactions between external parties and the company for the acquisition of the materials, labor and other inputs used during the construction process. 10. In identifying what constitutes a separate fixed asset item, judgment is required in applying the criteria to the definition of specific types of companies. It may be appropriate to aggregate individually insignificant items, such as molds, tools and dies, and to apply the criteria to the aggregate value. Most spare parts and servicing equipment are usually carried as inventory and recognized as an expense when consumed. However, major spare parts and stand-by equipment qualify as fixed assets when the company expects to use them during more than one period. Similarly, if the spare parts and servicing equipment can be used only in connection with a fixed asset and their use is expected to be irregular, they are accounted for as fixed assets and are depreciated over a time period not exceeding the useful life of the related asset.

In certain circumstances, it is appropriate to allocate the total expenditure of an 11. asset to its component parts and account for each component separately if the acquisition

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cost of each component can be obtained from its supplier or its producer. This is the case when the component assets have different useful lives or provide benefits to the company in a different pattern, thus necessitating the use of different depreciation rates and methods. For example, an aircraft and its engines need to be treated as separate depreciable assets if  they have different useful lives. 12. Fixed assets may be acquired for safety or environmental reasons. The acquisition of such fixed assets, while not directly increasing the future economic benefits of any particular existing fixed asset, may be necessary in order for the company to obtain the future economic benefits from its other assets. When this is the case, such acquisitions of  fixed assets qualify for recognition as assets, in that they enable future economic benefits from related assets to be derived by the company in excess of what it could derive if they had not been acquired. However, such assets are only recognized to the extent that the resulting carrying amount of such an asset and related assets does not exceed the total recoverable amount of that asset and its related assets. For example, a chemical manufacturer may have to install certain new chemical handling processes in order to comply with environmental requirements for the production and storage of dangerous chemicals; related plant enhancements are recognized as an asset to the extent they are recoverable because, without them, the company is unable to manufacture and sell chemicals. Initial Measurement of Fixed Assets

An item which qualifies for recognition as a fixed asset and which is categorized as 13. fixed assets, should initially be measured at its cost. Components of Cost  14. The cost of a fixed asset comprises its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable (non-creditable) input value added tax, and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to working condition for its intended use; any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Examples of directly attributable costs are:

(a)

the cost of site preparation;

(b)

initial delivery and handling costs;

(c)

installation costs; and

(d)

professional fees such as for architects and engineers.

When payment for a fixed asset is deferred beyond normal credit terms, its cost is 15. the cash price equivalent, the difference between this amount and the total payments is recognized as interest expense over the period of credit unless it is capitalized in

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accordance with the permitted alternative treatment in SFAS No. 26, Accounting for Interest in the Construction Period. 16. Administration and other general overhead costs are not a component of the cost of  fixed assets as long as they can not be directly attributed to the acquisition cost of the asset or bringing the asset to its working condition. Similarly, start-up and similar preproduction costs do not form part of the cost of an asset unless they are necessary to bring the asset to its working condition. Initial operating losses incurred prior to an asset achieving planned performance are recognized as an expense.

The cost of a self-constructed asset is determined using the same principles as for 17. an acquired asset. If a company makes similar assets for sale in the normal course of  business, the cost of the asset is usually the same as the cost of producing the assets for sale (see SFAS No. 14, Inventories). Therefore, any internal profits are eliminated in arriving at such costs. Similarly, the cost of abnormal amounts of wasted material, labor or other resources incurred in the production of a self-constructed asset is not included in the cost of the asset. SFAS No. 26, Accounting for Interest in the Construction Period, establishes criteria which need to be satisfied before interest costs can be recognized as a component of fixed asset cost. 18. The cost of an asset held by a lessee under a finance lease is determined using the principles set out in SFAS No. 30, Accounting for Leases.  Acquisition of a Group of Assets

The cost of each fixed asset acquired as a group is determined by allocating the 19. total price based on the proportion of the fair value of each asset.  Exchanges of Assets 20. A fixed asset may be acquired in exchange or partially in exchange for a dissimilar item of fixed asset or other assets. The cost of such an item is measured at the fair value of  the asset released or received, whichever is more reliable, equivalent to the fair value of  the asset given up adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred.

A fixed asset may be acquired in exchange for a similar asset that has a similar use 21. in the same line of business, and which has a similar fair value. A fixed asset may also be sold in exchange for an equity interest in a similar asset. In both cases, since the earnings process is incomplete, no gain or loss is recognized on the transaction. Instead, the cost of  the new asset is the carrying amount of the asset given up. However, the fair value of the asset received may provide evidence of an impairment in the asset given up. Under these circumstances the asset given up is written down and the written down value is assigned to the new asset. Examples of exchanges of similar assets include the exchange of aircraft, hotels, service stations and other real estate properties. If other assets such as cash are included as part of the exchange transaction this may indicate that the items exchanged do not have a similar value.

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 Donated Assets 22. Fixed assets acquired from donations should be recorded at an estimated price or fair market price by crediting a “Donated Capital” account. Subsequent Expenditure 23. Subsequent expenditure to the initial acquisition of a fixed asset which can extend its useful life or likely provide future economic benefits by increasing its capacity, quality of production, or standard of performance, should be added to the carrying amount of the asset.

Subsequent expenditure on fixed assets is only recognized as an asset when the 24. expenditure improves the condition of the asset beyond its originally assessed standard of  performance. Examples of improvements which result in increased future economic benefits include: (a)

modification of a plant to extend its useful life, including an increase in its capacity;

(b)

upgrading machine parts to achieve a substantial improvement in the quality of  output; and

(c)

adoption of new production processes enabling a substantial reduction in previously assessed operating costs.

25. Expenditures on repairs or maintenance of fixed assets to restore or maintain the future economic benefits that a company can expect, or to maintain the original assessed standard of performance of the assets is usually recognized as an expense when incurred. For example, the cost of servicing or overhauling plant and equipment is usually an expense since it maintains, rather than increases, the originally assessed standard of  performance.

The appropriate accounting treatment for expenditures incurred subsequent to the 26. acquisition of a fixed asset depends on the circumstances which were taken into account on the initial measurement and recognition of the related item of fixed asset and whether the subsequent expenditure is recoverable. For instance, when the carrying amount of a fixed asset already takes into account a loss in economic benefit, the subsequent expenditure to restore the future economic benefits expected from the asset is capitalized provided that the carrying amount does not exceed the recoverable amount of the asset. This is also the case when the purchase price of an asset already reflects the company’s obligation to incur expenditure in the future which is necessary to bring the asset to its working condition. An example of this might be the acquisition of a building requiring renovation. In such circumstances, the subsequent expenditure is added to the carrying amount of the asset to the extent that it can be recovered from the future use of the asset.

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27. Major components of some items of fixed assets may require replacement at regular intervals. For example, a furnace may require relining after a specified number of  hours of usage or aircraft seats and galleys may require replacement several times during the life of the airplane. The components are accounted for as separate assets because they have different useful lives from related fixed assets. Therefore, provided the recognition criteria in paragraph 6 are satisfied, the expenditure incurred in replacing or renovating the component is accounted for as the acquisition of a separate asset and the replaced asset is written off. Subsequent Measurement of Initially Recorded Acquisition Costs 28. Fixed assets are reported at the acquisition cost of the asset less the accumulated depreciation.

Fixed asset revaluation is not permitted because Financial Accounting Standards 29. state that the asset valuation is based on acquisition cost or exchanged cost. A deviation from this Standard is permitted based on government regulations. In this case, financial statements should disclose the departure from the acquisition cost concept in presenting the fixed assets and the effect of the departure to the company’s financial statements. The difference between the revaluation amount and the book value of the fixed asset is recorded in the equity section under the heading “difference from fixed asset revaluation”. Depreciation

The depreciable amount of a fixed asset should be allocated on a systematic basis 30. over its useful life. The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern in which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed by the company. The depreciation charge for each period should be recognized as an expense of the related period unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset. 31. As the economic benefits embodied in an asset are consumed by the company, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to reflect this consumption, normally by charging an expense for depreciation. A depreciation charge is made even if the value of the asset exceeds its carrying amount.

The economic benefits embodied in a fixed asset are consumed by the company 32. through the useful lives of the asset. However, other factors, such as technical obsolescence and wear and tear while an asset remains idle, often result in the diminution of the economic benefits that might have been expected to be available from the asset. Consequently, each of the following factors need to be considered when determining the useful life of an asset: (a)

the expected usage of the asset by the company. Usage is assessed by reference to the asset’s expected capacity or physical output;

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(b)

the expected physical wear and tear, which depends on operational factors such as he number of shifts for which the asset is to be used and the repair and maintenance program of the company, including the care and maintenance of the asset while idle;

(c)

technical obsolescence arising from changes or improvements in production, or from a change in the market demand for the product or service output of the asset; and

(d)

legal or similar limits on the use of the asset, such as the expiry dates of related leases.

33. The useful life of an asset is defined in terms of the asset’s expected utility to the company. The asset management policy of an company may effect the depreciation amount of an asset after a specified time or after consumption of a certain proportion of the economic benefits embodied in the asset. Therefore, the useful life of an asset may be shorter than its economic life. The estimation of the useful life of a fixed asset is a matter of judgment based on the experience of the company with similar assets.

Land and buildings are separable assets and should be treated separately for 34. accounting purposes, even when they are acquired together. Land normally has an unlimited life and, therefore, is not depreciated. Buildings have a limited life and, therefore, are depreciable assets. An increase in the value of the land on which a building stands does not affect the determination of the useful life of the building. 35. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting the residual value of the asset. In practice, the residual value of an asset is often insignificant and therefore is immaterial in the calculation of the depreciable amount. When the benchmark treatment is adopted and the residual value is likely to be significant, the residual value is estimated at the date of acquisition and is not subsequently increased for changes in prices. However, when the allowed alternative treatment is adopted, a new estimate is made at the date of  any subsequent revaluation of the asset. The estimate is based on the residual value prevailing at the date of the estimate for similar assets which have reached the end of their useful lives and which have operated under conditions similar to those in which the asset will be used.

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36. When the purchase of an asset will result in significant dismantling, removal or restoration costs at the end of the asset’s useful life, these costs are recognized as an expense over the life of the asset either:

(a)

by deducting the estimated costs in determining the residual value of the asset and thereby increasing the annual depreciation charge. Any resulting negative carrying amount is recognized as a liability; or

(b)

when the estimated costs are not deducted in determining the residual value, by recognizing the costs as a separate expense over the life of the asset such that the liability for these costs is fully provided for at the end of the asset’s useful life.

A variety of depreciation methods can be used to allocate the depreciable amount 37. of an asset on a systematic basis over its useful life. These methods include depreciation based on timing, utilization and other criteria (see SFAS No. 17, Depreciation Accounting). The method used for an asset is selected based on the expected pattern of  economic benefits and is consistently applied from period to period unless there is a change in the expected pattern of economic benefits from that asset. 38. The depreciation charge of a period is usually recognized as an expense. However, in some circumstances, the economic benefits embodied in an asset are absorbed by the company in producing other assets rather than giving rise to an expense. In this case, the depreciation charge comprises part of the cost of the other asset and is included in its carrying amount. For example, the depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment is included in the costs of conversion of inventories (see SFAS No. 14, Inventories). Similarly, depreciation of fixed assets used for development activities may be included in development costs which are capitalized in accordance with SFAS No. 20, Research and Development Costs.  Review of Useful Life

The useful life of a fixed asset should be reviewed periodically and, if expectations 39. are significantly different from previous estimates, the depreciation charge for the current and future periods should be adjusted. 40. During the life of an asset it may become apparent that the estimate of its useful life is inappropriate. For example, the useful life may be extended by subsequent expenditure on the asset which improves the condition of the asset beyond its originally assessed standard of performance. Alternatively, technological changes or changes in the market for the products may reduce the useful life of the asset. In such cases, the useful life and therefore the depreciation rate is adjusted for the current and future periods.

41. The repair and maintenance policy of the company may also affect the useful life of  an asset. The policy may result in an extension of the useful life of the asset or an increase in its residual value. However, the adoption of such a policy does not negate the need to charge depreciation.

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 Review of Depreciation Method 

The depreciation method applied to fixed assets should be reviewed periodically 42. and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of economic benefits from those assets, the method should be changed to reflect the changed pattern. A change in depreciation method should be accounted for as a change in accounting policy and reported in accordance with SFAS No. 25, Net Profit or Loss for the Current Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies. The depreciation charge for the current and future periods should be adjusted.  Impairment of Economic Benefit 

When the economic benefit of a fixed asset is no longer as large as the amount 43. recorded, the asset should be stated at an amount equivalent with the residual economic benefit. The impairment of the fixed asset’s benefit should be reported as a loss. Retirements and Disposals 44. A fixed asset should be eliminated from the balance sheet on disposal or when the asset is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal.

Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of a fixed asset should be 45. recognized as income or expense in the income statement. 46. When a fixed asset is exchanged for a similar asset, under the circumstances described in paragraph 21, the cost of the acquired asset is equal to the carrying amount of  the asset disposed and no gain or loss is recognized.

Sale and leaseback transactions are accounted for in accordance with SFAS No. 30, 47. Accounting for Leases. 48. Fixed assets which are retired from active use and held for disposal are valued at the lower of its carrying amount and its net realizable value. Disclosure

The financial statements should disclose, in respect to each class of fixed assets, the 49. following: (a)

the measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount. When more than one basis has been used, the gross carrying amount for that basis in each category should be disclosed;

(b)

the depreciation methods used;

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(c)

the useful lives or the depreciation rates used;

(d)

the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation at the beginning and end of the period;

(e)

a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period showing: (i) additions; (ii) disposals; (iii) acquisitions through business combinations; (iv) revaluations based on government regulations; (v) reductions in the carrying amount in accordance with paragraph 43; (vi) the net exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements of a foreign entity; (vii) depreciation; and (viii) reclassifications.

50.

The financial statements should also disclose:

(a)

the existence and restrictions on ownership title, and fixed assets pledged as security for liabilities;

(b)

the accounting policy for renovation costs relating to fixed assets;

(c)

the amount of expenditure for fixed assets under construction; and

(d)

the amount of commitments for the acquisition of fixed assets.

51. The selection of the depreciation method and the estimation of the useful life of  assets are matters of judgment. Therefore, disclosure of the methods adopted and the estimated useful life or the depreciation rates provide the users of financial statements with the information which allows them to review the policies selected by management and compare them with other companies. For similar reasons, it is necessary to disclose the depreciation allocated in a period and the accumulated depreciation at the end of that period.

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52. A company discloses the nature and effect of a change in an accounting estimate that has a material effect in the current period or which is expected to have a material effect in subsequent periods in accordance with SFAS No. 25, Net Profit or Loss for the Current Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies.

Such disclosure may arise from changes in: (a)

residual values;

(b)

dismantling, removal or restoration costs;

(c)

useful lives; and

(d)

depreciation methods.

When a fixed asset is stated at a revalued amount, the following should be 53. disclosed: (a)

the basis used to revalue the assets;

(b)

the effective date of the revaluation;

(c)

name of the independent appraiser, if any;

d)

the nature of any indices used to determine replacement cost;

(e)

the carrying amount of each class of fixed asset; and

(f)

the revaluation surplus of the fixed asset.

54.

Financial statement users also find the following information relevant:

(a)

the carrying amount of a temporarily idle fixed assets;

(b)

the gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated fixed assets which are still in use;

(c)

the carrying amount of a fixed asset retired from active use and held for disposal; and

(d)

when the benchmark treatment is used, the fair value of the fixed asset when this is materially different from the carrying amount. Companies are encouraged to disclose these amounts.

Other Assets

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55. Other assets are items which cannot be classified as fixed assets nor as current assets, investments or intangible assets. For example, idle fixed assets, shareholder receivables, deferred charges, and other assets are reported as other assets.

Charges which were not reported as expenses within the period they occurred 56. because they were assumed as useful in the future are classified as deferred charges. Items included in this classification are: (a)

organization costs a company incurs during its development stage (see SFAS No. 6, Accounting and Reporting by Development Stage Enterprises).

(b)

stock issuance costs, i.e. costs incurred during the offering of stocks to the public including notary and legal expenses, appraisers, printing, registration fees, underwriter fees, etc.

57. The difference between the income tax liability based on taxable income and income tax calculated based on accounting profit which is a non-current item (debit balance), is reported in the other assets group.

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STATEMENT FOR FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD NUMBER 16

FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 16 consists of paragraphs 58-76. This Statement should be read in the context of paragraphs 1-57. 58. This Statement should be applied in accounting for fixed assets and other assets except when another financial accounting standard requires a different accounting treatment. Fixed Asset Recognition

A tangible item should be recognized as an asset and be classified as a fixed asset 59. when: (a)

it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the company; and

(b)

the cost of the asset to the company can be measured reliably.

Initial Measurement of Fixed Assets

A fixed asset which qualifies for recognition as an asset and is categorized as fixed 60. asset should initially be measured at its acquisition cost. 61. The cost of each fixed asset acquired as a group is determined by allocating the total price of the asset group based on the comparison of the fair value of each asset.

A fixed asset may be acquired in exchange or partly exchanged for a dissimilar 62. fixed asset or other assets. The cost of such an item is measured at the fair value of the asset released or received, whichever is more reliable, equivalent to the fair value of the asset given up adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred. 63. Fixed assets acquired from donations should be recorded at their estimated price or fair market price by crediting a “donated capital” account. Subsequent Expenditure 64. Expenditures subsequent to the initial acquisition of a fixed asset which may extend the asset’s useful life or give future economic benefits by increasing its capacity, quality of  production, or standard of performance, should be added to the carrying amount of the asset.

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Subsequent Measurement of Initially Recorded Acquisition Costs 65.

Fixed assets are reported at the cost of the asset less the accumulated depreciation.

66. Fixed asset revaluations are not permitted because Financial Accounting Standards states that asset valuation is based on the acquisition cost or exchanged cost. A departure from this Standard is permitted based on government regulations. In this case, financial statements should disclose the departure from the acquisition cost method and its effect on the company’s financial statements. The difference between the revaluation value and the book value of the fixed asset is recorded in the equity section under the heading “difference from fixed asset revaluation”. Depreciation

The depreciable amount of a fixed asset should be allocated on a systematic basis 67. over its useful life. The depreciation method used should reflect the pattern in which the asset’s economic benefits are consumed by the company. The depreciation charge for each period should be recognized as an expense in the related period unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset. The useful life of a fixed asset should be reviewed periodically and, if expectations 68. are significantly different from previous estimates, the depreciation charge for the current and future periods should be adjusted. 69. The depreciation method applied to fixed assets should be reviewed periodically and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of economic benefits from those assets, the method should be changed to reflect the new pattern. The change in the depreciation method should be accounted for as a change in accounting policy and reported as set forth in SFAS No. 25, Net Profit or Loss for the Current Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies, and the depreciation charge for the current and future periods should be adjusted.

When the economic benefit of a fixed asset has fallen below the amount recorded, 70. then the asset should be stated at an amount equivalent with the residual economic benefit. The impairment of the fixed asset should be reported as a loss. Retirements and Disposals

A fixed asset should be eliminated from the balance sheet on disposal or when the 71. asset is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. 72. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of a fixed asset should be recognized as income or expense in the income statement. Disclosure

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73. Financial statements should disclose, in respect to each class of fixed asset, the following:

(a)

the measurement base used for determining the gross carrying amount. When more than one basis has been used, the gross carrying amount for that base in each category should be disclosed;

(b)

the depreciation methods used;

(c)

the useful lives or the depreciation rates used;

(d)

the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation at the beginning and end of the period;

(e)

a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period which shows: (I) additions;

74.

(ii)

disposals;

(iii)

acquisitions through business combinations;

(iv)

revaluations performed based on government regulations;

(v)

reductions in the carrying amount in accordance with paragraph 66;

(vi)

the net exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of a foreign entity;

(vii)

reclassifications; and

(viii)

depreciation.

Financial statements should also disclose:

(a)

restrictions on ownership title, and fixed assets pledged as security for liabilities;

(b)

the accounting policy for repair costs relating to fixed assets;

(c)

the amount of expenditures for fixed assets under construction account; and

(d)

the amount of commitments for the acquisition of fixed assets.

When a fixed asset is stated at a revalued amount, the following should be 75. disclosed:

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(a)

the basis used to revalue the assets;

(b)

the effective date of the revaluation;

(c)

name of independent appraiser, if any;

(d)

the nature of any indices used to determine replacement cost;

(e)

the carrying amount of each class of fixed asset; and

(f)

the revaluation surplus of the fixed asset.

SFAS No. 16 

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FIXED ASSETS AND OTHER ASSETS

SFAS No. 16 

OTHER ASSETS 76. Other assets are items which cannot be classified as fixed assets, current assets, investments or intangible assets. For example, idle fixed assets, shareholder receivables, deferred charges are reported as other assets.

When the company chooses to calculate income tax in accordance with accounting 77. profit, the difference in the computation of the tax liability (which is calculated in accordance with taxable income) resulting from the timing difference of income and expense recognition for accounting purposes and tax purposes, is recorded in the “deferred income tax” account, classified as part of other assets and allocated to taxable charges in future years. Effective Date

This Statement becomes effective for financial statements covering periods 78. beginning on or after January 1, 1995. Earlier application is encouraged.

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