Pruebas A Transformadores de Potencia

 

 

4

A`mkmd m` _`cdbkòj m` ]rdjsegradbkòj m` ^gt`jbkd, _`skst`jbkd m` Ogokjds, Dkscdak`jtg y Bgrr`bkòj m` cd ]`ap`rdturd m` ?> ¶B d => ¶B `j uj ]rdjsegradbkòj m` 25>IUD   Dsadt Mkdz F`dj Bdrcg  Bdrcg  f`djbdr20;Nhadkc.bga f`djbdr20;Nhadkc.bga   Mkgjkbkg Cgp`z Akhu`c Djh`c  Djh`c  amkgjkbkgcgp`zNhadkc.bga  amkgjkbkgcgp`zNhadkc.bga  ksrdhaNhadkc.bga   Hu`rr`rg Agrd Ksrd`c Vgkcg  Vgkcg ksrdhaNhadkc.bga F`rk ]dkp` Rdldakr Dc`x  Dc`x sdakrdc`x4 ¾ b m` uj trdjsegradmgr m` 25>IUD. D sá aksag edakckdrkzdrjgs bgj cgs kjstrua`jtgs m` pgt`jbkd..

agjgeäskbgs qu` sgj bdpdb`s m` a`mkr pgr eds` cd r`cdbkòj m` vu`ctds, bgrrk`jt` m` `xbktdbkòj, m`svkdbkòj m` eds`, r`skst`jbkd m` cgs `jrgccdak`jtgs "\" & "L" y pgcdrkmdm m` cd bgj`xkòj m` cgs `jrgccdak`jtgs "\" & "L" m` trdjsegradmgr`s m` mkstrkoubkòj y bgrrk`jt`, dsá bgag tdaokëj m` r`hucdmgr`s m` t`jskòj.

KK.  @TPK^GR @ K JR]_PA@J]GR P]KCKVDMGR 

Dskaksag, cgs ]]_ trkeäskbgs dutgaätkbgs `stäj mks`ôdmgs  pdrd a`mkr cd r`cdbkòj `jtr` `c jöa`rg m` `spkrds m`c s`bujmdrkg y m`c prkadrkg `j egrad skauctäj`d `j cds tr`s eds`s m` trdjsegradmgr`s m` pgt`jbkd, kjstrua`jtdbkòj y mkstrkoubkòj `j suo`stdbkgj`s g eäorkbds.

 D.   @qukpg ]]_ (D@AB ]rdjsegra`r _dtkga`t`r) A`mkmgr m`  @rrgr m` _`cdbkgj 4)   Dpckbdbkòj

2)  ^drt`s m` uj ]]_ (D@AB Kjtrua`jts, ]rdjsegra`r  _dtkga`t`r Agm`c >)6

Cd rdzòj `jtr` `c jöa`rg m` vu`ctds m` cds ogokjds m` dctd t`jskòj y cds m` odfd t`jskòj m` uj trdjsegradmgr s` bgjgb` bgag –cd r`cdbkòj m` vu`ctds m` uj trdjsegradmgr‑. Cgs a`mkdmgr`s m` rdzòj m` trdjsegradbkòj, aäs bgjgbkmgs bgag ]]_, jgs mdj cd c`bturd m` cd r`cdbkòj m` vu`ctds y cds bgrrk`jt`s m` `xbktdbkòj m` cgs ogokjdmgs m` uj trdjsegradmgr m` pgt`jbkd, pgt`jbkdc g trdjsegradbkòj m` bgrrk`jt bgrrk`jt`. `.

4. ^djtdccd ?. Kjmkbdmgr m` bdrhd m` odt`rkd 2. Bgrrk`jt` dct`rjd m` `jtrdmd =. Ckj`d m` cd odjm`fd m` euskoc`s

 

 

? 0. Dfust` m` bgjtrdst` b gjtrdst` 5. ]@R] pucsdmgr 8. Kjt`rruptgr m` dcka`jtdbkgj prkjbkpdc  ‒  =>iU,  =>iU, 5>Lz (0iU Mkhktdc Kjsucdtkgj ]`st`r A@HH@_®OA?0) 4)   Dpckbdbkòj

Cd s`rk` OA?0 ld skmg mks`ôdmd pdrd v`rkekbdr `c dkscdak`jtg m` `qukpg `cëbtrkbg m` dctg vgctdf`, dujqu` su dapckd hdad m` t`jskgj`s p`rakt` dpckbdrcg tdaokëj `j `qukpg m` odfg vgctdf`.

?)  Bdrdbt`rástkbds

R` ldj kjbgrpgrdmg dmkbkgjdca`jt` t`jskgj`s `stäjmdr m`  pru`od pr`ekfdmds `j 0>> U, 4.>>> U, ?.0>> U y 0.>>> U bgj ujd t`jskòj m` pru`od vdrkdoc` `j pdsgs m` ?0 U. @stds ujkmdm`s m` cg dctg m` cd hdad p`rakt`j a`mkr r`skst`jbkds m` ldstd 0 ]Ϋ, bgrrk`jt`s m` euhd m` ldstd 4 jD y pu`m`j vksudckzdr bdpdbkmdm`s dc ekjdc m` ujd pru`od m` ldstd 4> aE. Cd ujkmdm OA?0 dapcád cd bdpdbkmdm m` cds pru`ods m` mkdhjòstkbg m` cd hdad r`dckzdjmg pru`ods dutgaätkbds m`c ájmkb` m` pgcdrkzdbkòj, m` sdctgs m` t`jskòj y m` cd m`sbdrhd mk`cëbtrkbd, dsá bgag prgpgrbkgjdjmg uj pu`rtg _R?2? òptkbda`jt` dkscdmg pdrd trdjse`rkr r`suctdmgs murdjt` ujd  pru`od. 2)  Bgjtrgc`s

Cds pru`ods m` dkscdak`jtg pgr "`xpcgrdbkòj", qu` sgj cds aäs utkckzdmds, bgapru`odj `c `stdmg h`j`rdc m`c dkscdak`jtg `cëbtrkbg, bgjt`apcdmg `j cd adygrád m` cgs `stäjmdr`s r`cdtkvgs dc mks`ôg, v`rkekbdbkòj, kjstdcdbkòj y adjt`jkak`jtg m` `qukpgs.

B.  Hdcvdjga`trg (^u`jt` m` Xl`dtstgj`) 

@c dkscdak`jtg suer` uj m`t`rkgrg bgjtkjug hrdmudc, dsá bgag mdôgs orusbgs gbdskgjdc`s9 cgs `e`btgs m` cd subk`mdm, cd hrdsd, cd lua`mdm, vkordbkgj`s y dtdqu`s quáakbgs s` pu`m`j m`t`btdr y s`hukr d trdvës m`c r`hkstrg m` pru`ods m`c ájmkb` m`  pgcdrkzdbkòj, qu` `ckakjdj cd m`p`jm`jbkd m` cds a`mkbkgj`s m` cd r`skst`jbkd m`c dkscdak`jtg bgj r`sp`btg d cd t`ap`rdturd. ^drd `jbgjtrdr prgoc`ads m` dkscdak`jtg aäs cgbdckzdmgs, cd ujkmdm OA?0 kjbcuy` pru`ods tdjtg m` sdctgs m` t`jskòj bgag m` m`sbdrhd mk`cëbtrkbd. Cd pru`od m` cd t`jskòj `j `sbdcòj km`jtkekbd pujtgs mëokc`s cgbdc`s, yd qu` r`spgjm`j m` egrad mke`r`jt` dc dua`jtdr `c `seu`rzg mk`cëbtrkbg, ak`jtrds qu` cd  pru`od m` cd m`sbdrhd mk`cëbtrk mk`cëbtrkbd bd pu`m` m`sbuorkr ujd bdpd m`e`btugsd kjmkvkmudc `j `c dkscdak`jtg auctkbdpd. Cd bcdv` m`c adjt`jkak`jtg pr`mkbtkvg `s cd t`jm`jbkd m` cds pru`ods m` mkdhjòstkbg, cg qu` s` edbkcktd `j cd ujkmdm OA?0 a`mkdjt` cd bdpdbkmdm pdrd utkckzdr uj ^B pdrd dcadb`jdr cgs r`suctdmgs d cg cdrhg m`c tk`apg pdrd `c djäcksks m` t`jm`jbkds.

Cd v`jtdfd prkjbkpdc m` `st` prgb`mkak`jtg `s qu` cd r`cdbkòj `jtr` cds r`skst`jbkds `s sk`apr` cd aksad budjmg jg pdsd bgrrk`jt` pgr `c hdcvdjòa`trg, hdcvdjòa`trg, bgj kjm`p`jm`jbkd kjm`p`jm`jbkd m`c vdcgr m` cd kjt`jskmdm m` bgrrk`jt`9 cg qu` quk`r` quk`r` m`bkr jg sòcg qu` `st` vdcgr pu`m` s`r budcquk`rd, budcquk`rd, skjg qu` pu`m` vdrkdr murdjt` murdjt` cd a`mkbkòj, skj kjecukr pdrd jdmd `j `c r`suctdmg. M` dquá s` m`mub` qu`, bgag eu`jt`s m` dcka`jtdbkòj pu`m`j `apc`drs`  pkcds s`bds budc`squk`rd, m` vdcgr jg j`b`sdrkda`jt` bgjstdjt`. Cd gp`rdbkòj m` a`mkbkòj s` r`mub`, pgr cg tdjtg, d vdrkdr cgs vdcgr`s m` cds r`skst`jbkds r`skst`jbkds bgjgbkmds bgjgbkmds (    ), ldstd got`j`r `c `stdmg m` `qukckorkg m`c pu`jt`. @std r`cdbkòj s` pu`m` r`dckzdr m` mgs egrads.

      

 

 

2

R` r`hucd ujd sgcd r`skst`jbkd _= (ccdadmd r`skst`jbkd m`

cd `vdpgrdbkòj cd `vdpgrdbkòj pgr  pgr bdc`jtdak`jtg m`c t`fkmg y cd cd   dosgrbkòj m`



dhud m` cd lua`mdm daok`jt` pgr `c bcgrurg m` cktkg, qu` `s uj

 bgapdrdbkòj), y s` `ckh` uj r`cdbkòj m` r`skst`jbkds ⁍ ,

bgjstdjt` y m`t`rakjdmd (ekhurd 2). M` `std egrad, s` gotk`j` uj pu`jt` bgj r`skst`jbkd `sbdcgjdmd vdrkdoc`. R` tgad ujd r`skst`jbkd r`skst`jbkds

⁍ .

    bgjstktuy`j



adt`rkdc auy lkhrgsbòpkbg. D pdrtkr m` `stgs mdtgs s` `s `stdoc`b` tdoc`b` bgj pr`bkskòj `c hrdmg m` lua`mdm.

 bgjstdjt` y s` r`hucd cd r`cdbkòj m` @j

r`dckmdm

cd

@DCKVD_   KKK.   ^_P@ODR D _ @DCKVD_ 

r`skst`jbkd

ujd sgcd qu`, er`bu`jt`a`jt`, s` bgjstruy`j `j egrad m` dcdaor` bdckordmg bgj uj bursgr qu`  D.   A`mkbkgj m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg dbtöd bgag jumg aòvkc O (ekhurd =). @st` mkspgsktkvg s` m`jgakjd pu`jt` m` Ikrbllgee.   4)  Gof`tkvg U`rkekbdr qu` cgs dkscdak`jtgs m`c trdjsegradmgr odfg pru`od buapc`j bgj cd r`skst`jbkd aájkad sgpgrtdoc` odfg cd gp`rdbkòj d cd qu` s`räj sga`tkmgs, dsá bgag m` bgaprgodr cd jg kjdm`budmd bgj`xkòj `jtr` sus m`vdjdmgs y tk`rrd pdrd dvdcdr uj ou`j mks`ôg m`c prgmubtg y qu` jg `xkstd m`e`btgs `j `c aksag. Cds pru`ods m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg m`o`räj r`dckzdrs` bgj cgs bkrbuktgs m` khudc vgctdf` bgj`btdmgs `jtr` sá y cgs bkrbuktgs m` mke`r`jt` vgctdf` m`o`räj s`r prgodmgs pgr s`pdrdmg, pgr `f`apcg6

 M.   Lkhròa`trg mkhktdc 4)   Dpckbdbkòj 

Kjstrua`jtg m` a`mkbkòj ` kjmkbdbkòj a`mkdjt` ujd pdjtdccd mkhktdc cd lua`mdm r`cdtkvd m`c `jtgrjg dtagseërkbg u gtrg hds, cds a`mkmds sgj tgadmds pgr uj `c`a`jtg s`jskoc` d cd lua`mdm agjtdjmg `j ujd sgjmd.

Dctd t`jskòj vs. Odfd t`jskòj Dctd t`jskòj vs. ]k`rrd Odfd t`jskòj vs. ]k`rrd ] k`rrd  J`utrg vs. ]k`rrd (Budjmg `c j`utrg jg `stë `stë bgj`btdmg mkr`btda`jt` d tk`rrd) @std pru`od s` r`dckzd bgj cd ekjdckmdm m` kjbr`a`jtdr cd `xdbtktum m`c `stdmg m` pru`od m` cgs dkscdak`jtgs m` uj trdjsegradmgr, y `j `c bdsg m` qu` jg s`d suekbk`jt` bgj cd  pru`od m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg, s` r`bgak`jmd cd ^_P@OD M@ KJMKB@ M@ ^GCD_KVDBKGJ y ^_P@OD M@ KJMKB@ M@ DORG_BKGJ.  O.   A`mkbkgj m` cd r`skst`jbkd m` cgs ogokjdmgs m` dctd y odfd t`jskgj

?)   M`sbrkpbkòj

@c lkhròa`trg

`cëbtrkbg `stä

egradmg

pgr

4)  Gof`tkvg

mgs `c`btrgmgs mgs  `c`btrgmgs drrgccdmgs `j `spkrdc `jtr` cgs budc`s s` ldccd uj t`fkmg kapr`hjdmg m`  m`  bcgrurg m` cktkg dbugsg. Rk s` dpckbd d

@std pru`od tk`j` cd ekjdckmdm m` v`rkekbdr cd _`skst`jbkd

`stgs `c`btrgmgs `stgs  `c`btrgmgs ujd t`jskòj dct`rjd, `c t`fkmg s` bdck`jtd y s`

Glakbd m` cgs M`vdjdmgs. Bgj su dpckbdbkòj s` m`t`btdj cgs edcsgs bgjtdbtgs y `spkrds `j bgrtg bkrbuktg dc bgapdrdrs` bgj cgs mdtgs djt`rkgr`s `j bdsg m` jg t`j`rcgs bgjskm`rdrcgs bgag kjkbkdc`s.

`vdpgrd

ujd

pdrt`

m`c

bgjt`jkmg

m`

dhud.

D

ujd t`ap`rdturd ujd  t`ap`rdturd m`ekjkmd, s` `stdoc`b` uj `qukckorkg `jtr`

 

 

?)   Agtkvgs

Cgs trdjsegradmgr`s `stäj suf`tgs d vkordbkgj`s. ^rgoc`ads ò edccgs gburr`j m`okmg d adc mks`ôg, `jsdaocdf`, trdtdak`jtg, `jtgrjg kjs`hurg, sgor`bdrhd ò adc adjt`jkak`jtg. Cd a`mkbkòj m` cd r`skst`jbkd m` cgs Ogokjdmgs ds`hurd qu` cds bgj`xkgj`s s`dj bgrr`btds y cd a`mkbkòj m` cd r`skst`jbkd kjmkbd qu` jg ldy m`sdfust` hrdv`. Aublgs trdjsegradmgr`s tk`j`j tgad m` r`hucdbkòj kjbgrpgrdmd. @stds tgads edbkcktdj `c kjbr`a`jtg ò cd r`mubbkòj m` cd r`cdbkòj `j erdbbkgj`s m`  pgrb`jtdf`. ]gmgs cgs bdaokgs m` r`cdbkòj supgj`j uj agvkak`jtg a`bäjkbg m` uj bgjtdbtg m` ujd pgskbkòj d gtrd. @stgs bdaokgs m` tgad tdaokëj s` bgaprgodräj murdjt` cds A`mkmds m` _`skst`jbkd m` Ogokjdmg. D p`sdr m` cd bgjekhurdbkòj `j `str`ccd ò trkäjhucg, cds a`mkbkgj`s s` ldb`j eds` d eds` y cds bgapdrdbkgj`s s` ldb`j  pdrd m`t`rakjdr sk cds c`bturds sgj bgapdrdoc`s. ]`jhd `j bu`jtd qu` `c gof`tkvg m` cd pru`od `s m` `vdcudr mke`r`jbkds  orutds `jtr` cgs O Ogokjdmgs gokjdmgs y dp`rturds `j cds bgj`xkgj`s. Cds  pru`ods jg s` ldb`j pdrd mupckbdr cd c`bturd m`c mkspgsktkvg edorkbdmg, `c budc s` bgaprgoò `j cd eäorkbd odfg bgjmkbkgj`s bgjtrgcdmds y pgskoc`a`jt` d gtrds t`ap`rdturds.

= Cd tgc`rdjbkd pdrd cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj, a`mkmd budjmg `c trdjsegradmgr `stä skj bdrhd m`o` s`r m` ´ >.0% `j tgmds sus m`rkvdbkgj`s. 

KU.  ^_GB@MKAK@J]GR  D.  ^rka`rg a`mkags cds r`skst`jbkds r`skst`jbkds m` dkscdak`jtg bgj uj  Mkhktdc Kjsucdtkgj ]`st`r A@HH@_®OA?0

]gadags cgs mgs bdoc`s m` bgcgr j`hrg y rgfg qu` sdc`j m`c kjstrua`jtg, yd qu` `stdags akmk`jmg r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg jg kapgrtd cd pgcdrkmdm m` `stgs. Bgj`btdags cgs `xtr`ags m` cgs bdoc`s d cgs ogrj`s m` sdckmd m`c trdjsegradmgr m` pgt`jbkd y dpckbdags cds t`jskgj`s qu` jgs kjmkbd cd hukd r`hucdjmg cd t`jskgj m` sdckmd pdrd bdmd vdcgr p`mkmg.

B.  ^ru`od m` r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj 4)  Gof`tkvg

U`rkekbdr qu` cds r`cdbkgj`s m` trdjsegradbkòj pdrd cds mke`r`jt`s pgskbkgj`s m`c tdp m` uj trdjsegradmgr `stäj m`jtrg m` cd tgc`rdjbkd m` a`mkbkòj. ?)   Aëtgmg m` pru`od

@xkst`j 2 aëtgmgs m` pru`od pdrd cd m`t`rakjdbkòj m` cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj6 4 @c aëtgmg m`c vgctáa`trg. ? @c aëtgmg m` bgapdrdbkòj. 2 @c aëtgmg m`c pu`jt`. Cd pr`s`jt` `sp`bkekbdbkòj `stä r`e`rkmd dc aëtgmg m`c pu`jt` pdrd bgjgb`r cd r`cdbkòj yd qu` `s `c aëtgmg aäs pr`bksg m` cgs 2 y jg s` r`quk`r` m` uj s`hujmg trdjsegradmgr m` bgjmkbkgj`s kmëjtkbds dc m` pru`od, pgr cg qu` `std pru`od s` dpckbd eäbkca`jt` `j `c bdapg. 2)  ^rgb`mkak`jtg

Cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj `s `c jöa`rg m` vu`ctds qu` cc`vd `c m`vdjdmg m` dctd t`jskòj bgjtrd `c jöa`rg m` vu`ctds m`c m`vdjdmg m` odfd t`jskòj. ^drd cgs trdjsegradmgr`s qu` tk`j`j bdaokdmgr m` m`rkvdbkgj`s (tdp½s) pdrd bdaokdr su r`cdbkòj m` vgctdf` cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj s` odsd `j cd bgapdrdbkòj `jtr` `c vgctdf` jgakjdc m` r`e`r`jbkd m`c m`vdjdmg r`sp`btkvg bgjtrd `c vgctdf` m` gp`rdbkòj g %m` vgctdf` jgakjdc dc budc `stä r`e`rkmg. Cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj m` ëstgs trdjsegradmgr`s s` m`o`rä m`t`rakjdr  pdrd tgmgs cgs tdp½s y pdrd tgmg `c m`vdjdmg.

Cu`hg dpujtdags cds r`skst`jbkds r`skst`jbkds y cds bgrrk`jt`s bgrrk`jt`s m` euhd qu` jgs kjmkbd `c mkspcdy m`c kjstrua`jtg. kjstrua`jtg.

M@JGAKJDBKGJ  

A℥ 

KEPHD (°D) 

IU 

DC]D-ODFD 

=05

44.>

0

DC]D-ADRD 

580

8.=0

0

ODFD-ADRD 

=;?

4>.?

0

 O.  R`hujmg a`mkags cd r`skst`jbkd m` ogokjdmgs bgj Hdcvdjga`trg (^u`jt` m` Xl`dtstgj `)

Bgj dyumd m` uj hdcvdjga`trg qu` kjt`rjda`jt` `std mks`ôdmg bgj uj bkrbuktg m` pu`jt` m` wl`dtstgj`, a`mkags cds r`skst`jbkds m` bdmd m`vdjdmg, `st` bkrbuktg skrv` pdrd qu` cd r`skst`jbkd ldccdmd t`jhd ujd adygr pr`bkskgj y `xdbtktum yd qu` `stdags er`jt` d r`skst`jbkds m ` vdcgr`s a`jgr`s d 4℥ (r`skst`jbkds p`qu`ôds). Cu`hg dfustdags cd adjkfd qu` `std `j `c `xtr`ag kzquk`rmg, drrkod m` cd pdjtdccd m`c hdcvdjga`trg, `st` jgs kjmkbd cd `sbdcd `j cd qu` `stdags trdodfdjmg, trdodfdjmg, `j ju`strg bdsg l`ags `s bgj cd `sbdcd m` >.>>4 dc >.4. [d pgjk`jmg `j uj vdcgr ekfg m` `sbdcd dfustdags cds m`ads adjkfds bgj vdcgr`s ads `xdbtgs, mdjmgjgs bu`jtd qu` cd dhufd gsbkcd m` uj cdmg d gtrg r`hucdags m` tdc adj`rd qu`

 

 

0

`std s` `jbu`jtr` `j ujd pgskbkgj ekfd m` vdcgr b`rg, `stg kjmkbdrd uj vdcgr m` bgrrk`jt` jucd. Budjmg cd dhufd `st` ekfd bgj uj vdcgr jucg, auctkpckbdags r`sp`btkvda`jt` bdmd vdcgr got`jkmg `j bdmd adjkfd pgr su edbtgr qu` s` `jbu`jtrd `j `c cdmg kje`rkgr y s`hukmda`jt` suadags, `stg jgs mdrd uj vdcgr auy dprgxkadmg m` bdmd r`skst`jbkd m` ogokjdmg.

_`skst`jbkd D] 

_`skst`jbkd O] 

PU 1 4.45℥ 

uv 1 >.4>5℥ 

UX 1 4.?℥ 

vw 1 >.420℥ 

XP 1 4.4℥ 

wu 1 >.44;℥ 

B.   A`mkmd m` cd _`cdbkòj m` ]rdjsegradbkòj

@j cd `xp`rk`jbkd qu` r`dckzdags prgodags cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj ldbk`jmg ujd bgj`xkòj [M0. M`sm` `c pujtg m` vkstd m` pru`ods m` cdogrdtgrkg m`ekjkr`ags

qu` sk `xkstk`rd bgrrk`jt`s `j cgs m`vdjdmgs, cds t`jskgj`s qu` a`mkrádags jg s`rádj khudc`s d cds eu`rzds `c`btrgagtrkb`s kjmubkmds, m`okmg d qu` s` prgmubkrádj bdámds m` vgctdf` `j cds r`skst`jbkds y r`dbtdjbkds m` mksp`rskòj. [ sk `c trdjsegradmgr `std `j vdbág, jg ldorä bdámds m` t`jskgj`s `j `c s`bujmdrkg y cds m`c prkadrkg s`räj auy  p`qu`ôds pgrqu` cd bgrrk`jt` m` vdbág `s aublg a`jgr qu` cd jgakjdc.

 1> ↟  1    1    ≦  ↟  1  +  ∘    ≀    ≀     Dmkbkgjdca`jt` qu` cgs `rrgr`s pgr jgr jgrad ad jg m`m`j m` sup`rdr `c >.0% kapckbdjmg uj t`ad m` ekdokckmdm `j cgs trdjsegradmgr`s, supgjhdags `c bdsg m` bgj`btdr mgs trdjsegradmgr`s `j pdrdc`cg pgr br`bkak`jtg m` bdrhd `stgs m`o`j m` t`j`r cd aksad r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj y pgr `jm` `c `rrgr m`o` s`r aájkag `j cds pru`ods m` cdogrdtgrkgs yd qu` skjg prgvgbdrád mdôgs `j cgs aksags.

cd r`cdbkòjj m` trdjsegradbkòj cd m`ekjkr`ags `j eujbkòj m` cds bdrdbt`rástkbds m` bgjstrubbkòj, qu` `s cd rdzòj m`c jua`rg m` vu`ctds m`c m`vdjdmg m` D.]. dc jöa`rg m` vu`ctds m`c m`vdjdmg m` O.].

 O.  ^G_TP@ M@O@ BG__@HK_R@ CD _@RKR]@JBKD M@  DKRCDAK@J]G M@ CD ]@A^@_D]P_D DAOK@J]@ D => gB

d 1 UL / U\ 

4)  Bdcbucg m` Bgrr`bkòj

Bgapdrdjmg m` dbu`rmg d cd jgrad qu` `c `rrgr m`o m`o`` s`r a`jgr qu` `c >.0%

@xkst`j mkstkjtds bgsds qu` de`btdj cd bgrrk`jt`, kjbcukmds cd t`ap`rdturd m`c dkscdak`jtg y cd lua`mdm. Cd r`skst`jbkd m` cgs adt`rkdc`s dkscdjt`s m`br`b` adrbdmda`jt` bgj uj kjbr`a`jtg `j cd t`ap`rdturd, `s m`bkr a`fgrd su bdpdbkmdm m` bgjmubkr `c`btrkbkmdm. @stg skhjkekbd qu` budjmg r`dckb`j  pru`ods m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg, cd t`ap`rdturd d qu` s` `jbu`jtr` cd adqukjd kjecukrd `j `c r`suctdmg got`jkmg cu`hg m` 4 akjutg. Jg `s cg aksag ldb`r pru`od m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg bgj `c a`hdgla`trg budjmg `st` `c dkscdjt` d ujd t`ap`rdturd `c`vdmd, qu` sk `stuvk`rd d ujd t`ap`rdturd daok`jt`.

P U X

Cd jgrad K@@@ =2 r`bgak`jmd bgrr`hkr `c vdcgr got`jkmg d => ¶B, tgadjmg bgag r`e`r`jbkd cd t`ap`rdtur t`ap`rdturdd `j `c aga`jtg m`  pru`od. Cd eòraucd h`j`rdc h`j`rdc `s cd skhuk`jt`6

Rdo`ags6 (Mdtgs m` ^cdbd y ldbk`jmg bgj`xkòj [M0)

?2>>   >. ?2> . >. ¶B _ ]6 _`skst`jbkd m` dkcdak`jtg a`mkmd d cd t`ap`rdturd ] I ]6 Bg`ekbk`jt` m` bgrr`bkòj m` cd t`ap`rdturd ] d => ¶B ^gr `xp`rka`jtgs pdsdmgs y s`höj `c tkpg m` adt`rkdc, dsá s`rä `c bäcbucg m`c edbtgr m` bgrr`bkòj. @stg `s6

 

 

5 UK.  GOR@_UDBKGJ@R

]kpg Adt`rkdc ]`rag  pcästkbg

Bgjmkbkgj`s

Bäcbucg m` I]

Budcquk`r vdcgr ]

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]`rag `stdoc`

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]`rag `stdoc`

4> ¶B 3 ] 3 =>¶B

4  4 )Q   1`xpY4?=0∘ 1`xpY4?=0∘((+?82 242

Dc aga`jtg m` r`dckzdr cds `xp`rk`jbkds `j `c cdogrdtgrkg m` Dctd ]`jskòj l`ags gos`rvdmg, jgtdmg y v`rkekbdmg jgbkgj`s  odskbds m` cgs trdjsegradmgr trdjsegradmgr`s `s y m` cgs `qukpgs qu` skrv`j  pdrd v`r cds dptktum`s m` bgrtgbkrbuktg m`c trdjsegradmgr. ]dc ] dc bgag cds skhuk`jt`s s khuk`jt`s a`jbkgjdmds ^gr jgrad pdrd km`jtkekbdr –P ‒   U U ‒  X‑ `j uj trdjsegradmgr trdjsegradmgr,, mgjm` s` `jbu`jtrd cd pcdbd (pgr `c cdmg m` O.].) y m` m`r`bld d kzquk`rmd km`jtkekbdags cds pgskbkgj`s.

?)  ^ru`ods m` tk`apg

R` mkb` qu` ujd a`mkbkòj pujtudc mkb` pgbg m` cd bgjmkbkòj m`c trdjsegradmgr, bgag sk s` tuvk`rd a`mkbkgj`s `j `c tk`apg,  pdrd `stdoc`b`r cds t`jm`jbkds. @j `s` s`jtkmg, s` ldb` kjmksp`jsdoc` bgrr`hkr cd c`btgrd m` r`skst`jbkd m` dkscdak`jtg sk s` pr`t`jm` cc`vdr t`jm`jbkds. Rk jg s` bgrrkh` `c vdcgr got`jkmg d cd t`ap`rdturd ], y cc`vdmd d => ¶B, jg s` pgmrä ldb`r bgapdrdbkgj`s `j `c tk`apg B.   CD _@RKR]@JBKD M@ CDR OGOKJDR ^P@M@J R@_ M@  MKE@_@J]@R UDCG_@R7 @\^CKTP@.

Cd a`mkbkòj m` cd r`skst`jbkd m` cgs Ogokjdmgs ds`hurd qu` cds bgj`xkgj`s s`dj bgrr`btds y cd a`mkbkòj m` cd r`skst`jbkd kjmkbd qu` jg ldy m`sdfust` hrdv`.

P X

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Cd dhufd m`c Hdcvdjga`trg dc pgj`rcd `j dctg rdjhg s` hgcp`d m` adj`rd orusbd, cg qu` prgvgbdrád uj m`t`rkgrg m` cd dhufd y  pgr `jm` ujds pgskoc`s a`mkbkgj`s a`mkbkgj`s bgj uj a`jgr hrdmg m` b`rt`zd pgr pdrt` m`c `qukpg. Cd dhufd m`o` m` `jbgjtrdrs` `stdoc` `j `c pujtg b`rg skjg `s dsá `std gburrk`jmg edcsg bgjtdbtg y m`o`ags m` v`rkekbdr cds bgj`xkgj`s.

D p`sdr m` cd bgjekhurdbkòj `j `str`ccd ò trkäjhucg, cds a`mkbkgj`s s` ldb`j eds` d eds` y cds bgapdrdbkgj`s s` ldb`j  pdrd m`t`rakjdr sk cds c`bturds sgj bgapdrdoc`s. ]`jhd `j bu`jtd qu` `c gof`tkvg m` cd pru`od `s m` `vdcudr mke`r`jbkds `jtr` cgs Ogokjdmgs y dp`rturds `j cds bgj`xkgj`s. ]`grkbda`jt` cds r`skst`jbkds m` cds ogokjds m`o`j m` t`j`r `c aksag vdcgr pdrd uj gptkag eujbkgjdak`jtg, p`rg l`ags vkstg `xpkra`jtdca`jt`` surh`j mke`r`jbkds `j cd `xpkra`jtdca`jt cdss r`skst`jbkds m` cds  ogokjds (v`ds` tdocd). _`skst`jbkd D] 

_`skst`jbkd O] 

PU 1 4.45℥ 

uv 1 >.4>5℥ 

UX 1 4.?℥ 

vw 1 >.420℥ 

XP 1 4.4℥ 

wu 1 >.44;℥ 

@stds mke`r`jbkds surh`j pgr mke`r`jt`s edbtgr`s `jtr` `ccds  pgm`ags t`j`r6 4)  Edcsg Bgjtdbtg ?)  M`sdfust` m`c ]rdjsegradmgr 2)    @qukpg m` A`mkmd (Hdcvdjga`trg)

@j cd adygrád m` cgs bdsgs `c `rrgr `s m` tkpg luadjg.

^drd a`mkr cd r`cdbkgj m` trdjsegradbkòj t`jhg qu` ekfdra` cd bgj`xkòj m` cd pcdbd pdrd utkckzdr `c a`tgmg tkpg pu`jt` bgj `c ]]_. @j `st` bdsg s` utkckzg [M0.

 

 

8 UKK.   BGJBCPRKGJ@R

@s gockhdtgrkg cd bgrr`bkòj m` cd t`ap`rdturd d => ¶B pgr uj t`ad m` jgrad y prgb`mkak`jtgs qu` m`o` `stdr suf`tg uj trdjsegradmgr pgr cds rdzgj`s `xpu`stds `j `c bu`stkgjdrkg. Cd r`cdbkòj m` trdjsegradbkòj `s t`ad rkhurgsg pu`stg qu` cd jgrad pdrd qu` s`d db`ptdmg `c trdjsegradmgr pgr uj t`ad m` ekdokckmdm jg tk`j` qu` sup`rdr `c >.0%. Rk sgor` pdsd `s`  pgrb`jtdf` `c `qukpg t`jmrád t`jmrád qu` adjmdrs` d adjt`jkak` adjt`jkak`jtg jtg m` cg bgjtrdrkg pgmrád gbdbkgjdr edccds `j `c skst`ad `j mgjm` `st` gp`rdjmg. ^drd `c bdcbucg m` cd r`skst`jbkd m` ogokjdmg cgs `rrgr`s `j cds a`mkbkgj`s sgj er`bu`jbkdca`jt` `rrgr`s luadjgs sk`apr` y budjmg `stgs `rrgr`s s`dj aájkags jöa`rkbda`jt` ldocdjmg `j cd vdrkdbkòj m` cd r`skst`jbkd `j bdmd ogokjd. @s gockhdtgrkg qu` tgmg trdjsegradmgr pds` pgr cds jgrads `stdoc`bkmds, tgmg tk`j` sus agtkvgs y rdzgj`s `j cg prkagrmkdc  pgr uj t`ad m` s`hurkmdm `j `c skst`ad `cëbtrkbg. Jgrads bgag K@B 5>>80  ‒   0 9 K@B 5>>85  ‒   2 9 K@@@ =29 Jgrad ]ëbjkbd ^`rudjd 28>.>>?  ‒   ]rdjsegradmgr`s m` ^gt`jbkd9  Jgrad ]ëbjkbd @spdôgcd PJ@ ‒   ?> ?> ‒  48;W`jsdygsWm`Wtrdjsegr  W`c`btrkbdsW4/dpujt` s/>;W`jsdygsWm`Wtrdjsegradmgr`s.pme  admgr`s.pme   lttp6//www.agtgrtkbg.bga/ok lttp6//www.agtgrtkbg.bga/okockgt`bd/Agtgr]kbg/ ockgt`bd/Agtgr]kbg/?>40%?>E@ ?>40%?>E@ O%?>%?>Bgrr`bbkgj%?>]`ap`rdturd%?>`j%?>^ru`od%?>_`skst `jbkd%?>Dkscdak`jtg.pme   lttp6//www lttp6//www.uv.ax/p`rsgjdc/fmgak .uv.ax/p`rsgjdc/fmgakjhu`z/ekc`s/?>4?/>4/ jhu`z/ekc`s/?>4?/>4/^rdbtkbd ^rdbtkbd s-]rdjsegradmgr`s-?>44.pme   Adjudc m` usudrkg ]]_, Adrbd Okmmc`. Bdt. Jg. 00>>>0 @c DOB m` cds Adqukjds @cëbtrkbds K. ]rdjsegradmgr`s. @jráqu`z Ldrp`r. 4ª @mkbkòj. @mktgrkdc Ckausd. Aäqukjds @cëbtrkbds. Rt`pl`j F. Bldpadj. =ª @mkbkòj. @mktgrkdc Ab Hrdw Lkcc.