Prueba de Aislamiento de Motores y Transformadores

 

Agouctgh hl Iemleilräg Lsoulcg hl Iemleilräg Lcéotriog Cgjfrgtfrif hl _fjrltlesifels

^ruljgs hl Giscgdiletf le Xrgesafrdghfrls  Y Dftfrls lcéotriofs

 

Zlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf le ogjcls lcéotriofs

\eg hl cgs ogusgs dgs ofduels hl ieolehif rlcgoifeghfs g cg iestgcgoiÿe lcéotriog, sfe cgs rlcgoifegs g sfjrlogrmgs le ogjcls lcéotriofs. Hljldfs rlofrhgr qul lc giscgdiletf le cfs ogjcls efs sirvl pgrg lvitgr aumgs hl ofrriletl bgoig lc lxtlrifr. Guequl Guequ l lc ogjcl lstç hisl÷ghf pgrg hurgr vgrifs g÷fs (sl hiol qul letrl :> g ?> g÷fs), lc giscgdiletf suarl ue hltlrifrf ofe lc pgsf hlc tildpf hljihf g hg÷fs dloçeiofs, vijrgoifels, ogcfr f aräf lxolsivf, suoilhgh, golitl, vgpfrls ofrrfsivfs, budlhgh le cfs prfolsfs, lto. ^fr lstg rgzÿe, ls idpfrtgetl cclvgr g ogjf dlhioifels plriÿhiogs plr iÿhiogs hl cg ofehioiÿe hlc giscgdiletf.

Ougehf sl rlgcizg cg pruljg hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf sl gpciog ueg ofrriletl hirlotg gc hirlotg gc lcldletf qul sl vg g dlhir y mlelrgcdletl sl cl ccgdg Dlmfbdltrf Dlmfbdltrf f  f Dlmmlr . Cfs pgrçdltrfs qul sl hljle ofesihlrgr le cg pruljg sfe0 7. Cg Xles Xlesiÿ iÿe eg gpc pcio iogh ghg gh hlj ljl l sl slrr hl < > >> v vfc fcts ts hl o ofr frri rile letl tl hi hirl rlot otg. g. :.

Cg p pru rul ljg hljl h hu urgr rgr gc dlefs u ue e dieutf.

Ougehf sl rlgcizg cg pruljg, sl hljlrç slclooifegr cg tlesiÿe qul sl hljl gpciogr g cfs ofehuotfrls hlc oirouitf lcéotriof, le lstg ogsf sl slclooifeg ueg tlesiÿe hl > QOH; ueg hl cgs puetgs hl pruljg sl ofelotg gc ofehuotfr hlc oirouitf hlrivghf jg`f pruljg, `ustf hfehl ofdilezg lc ofehuotfr le lc jfrel iealrifr hlc ietlrruptfr tlrdfdgmeétiof rlsplotivf le lc ietlrifr hlc oletrf hl ogrmg. Cg ftrg puetg hl pruljg sl ofelotg gc ofehuotfr hl pulstg g tilrrg f g cg jgrrg hl eultrfs qul sl leouletrg le lc disdf oletrf hl ogrmg. _l gpciog cg tlesiÿe hurgetl ue dieutf, si lc Dlmmlr iehiog ue vgcfr le dlmgfbds simeiaiog qul lc ofehuotfr lstç le jule lstghf. _i lc Dlmmlr iehiog > fbds, simeiaiog qul lc ofehuotfr jg`f pruljg tilel ueg agccg, ls hloir, qul pulhl tlelr ofetgotf ofe lc ofehuotfr hl pulstg g tilrrg, f ofe gcmueg tujlräg f mgjieltl dltçciof qul lsté pulstf g tilrrg y le ogsf hl qul sl lelrmiol pfhräg ogusgr o gusgr ue ofrtfoirouitf. ^fr cf tgetf, lstl ofehuotfr hljl rlvisgrsl f rlldpcgzgrsl getls hl ofehuoir lelrmäg lcéotriog.

Cgs ofehioifels hlc giscgdiletf hl goulrhf g cfs vgcfrls fjtleihfs sl slräge0 räge0 IG4 ^lcimrfsf (gjg`f hl 7.>), Huhfsf (hl 7.> g 7.:), Huhfsf (hl 7.> g :), Julef (hl : g 8), Lxolcletl (grrijg hl 8)

 

Lesgyf hl giscgdiletf le dgquiegs rftgvgs

Cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl ue hlvgeghf hl ueg dçquieg rftgvg ls aueoiÿe hlc pf y lstghf hl cfs dgtlrigcls giscgetls ucizghfs, gsä ofdf hl su téoeiog hl gpciogoiÿe. Le mlelrgc, cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf vgräg prfpfroifegcdletl ofe lc lsplsfr hlc giscgdiletf l ievlrsgdletl ofe cg suplroil hlc ofehuotfr. -

Cl Clot otur urgs gs hl hlcc äeh äehio ioll hl hl pfc pfcgr griz izgo goiÿ iÿe e

Efrdgcdletl, cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf dlhihg gudletg rçpihgdletl ougehf sl gpciog cg tlesiÿe y, g ofeeugoiÿe, sl gprfxidg mrghugcdletl g ue vgcfr rlcgvgdletl ofestgetl g dlhihg qul trgesourrl lc ldpf (végsl cg murg 8). Cgs cloturgs hl ue hlvgeghf slof le julegs ofehioifels pulhle slmuir gudletgehf hurgetl bfrgs ofe ueg tlesiÿe hl lesgyf ofestgetl gpcioghg ofeeugdletl. ofeeugdletl. ^grg cfs pfs dçs gemufs hl giscgdiletf, ue vgcfr rgzfegjcldletl ofestgetl sl gcogezg mlelrgcdletl le 7>-7< die. Cfs pfs dfhlrefs hl gcgdjrl rlvlshf ofe plcäoucg, gsä ofdf jfjiegs hl lstgtfr giscghgs ofe lpfxi-diog f pfciéstlr-diog, pfciéstlr-diog, pulhle gprfxidgrsl g ue vgcfr ofestgetl hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf le 8 die f dlefs. _i lc hlvgeghf lstç bðdlhf f suoif, ue vgcfr ofestgetl jg`f sl gcogezgrç mlelrgcdletl 7 dieutf f : dieutfs hlspués hl qul sl gpciog cg tlesiÿe hl pruljg. Lc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe sl hlel efrdgcdletl ofdf cg rlcgoiÿe letrl lc vgcfr hl rlsistleoig hl 7> die (IZ7>) y lc vgcfr hl rlsistleoig hl 7 die (IZ7). (Qégsl lc Gelxf G pgrg lc usf hl ftrfs vgcfrls). Lc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe ls iehiogvf hl cg plehiletl hl cg ourvg ogrgotlräsog (végsl cg Aimurg 8) y pulhl ucizgrsl pgrg lvgcugr cg ofehioiÿe hl giscgdiletf

Agotfrls qul galotge cg rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf -

Lalo Lalotf tf hl hl ccgg ofeh ofehio ioiÿ iÿe e hl hl cg cg supl suplr roi oill

 

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Lalotf hl hl cg bu budlhgh Lalot alotf f hl hl ccgg tl tldplr plrgtu gturg

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Ofehi Of ehioif oifels els pgrg pgrg dlhi dlhirr cg rlsi rlsistl stleoi eoigg hl ggisc iscgdi gdile letf tf

Zlmistrl cg tldplrgturg gdjiletl, cg budlhgh rlcgvg, lc puetf hl rfoäf, cg tldplrgturg hlc hlvgeghf, cg hurgoiÿe hlc ldpf aulrg hl slrvioif, cg tlesiÿe hl pruljg y cg hispfsioiÿe hl ofelxiÿe le lc dfdletf le qul sl rlgcizg cg pruljg. Xgdjiée ls idpfrtgetl ofevlrr cg dlhioiÿe g 8> ¾ O pgrg auturgs ofdpgrgoifels. -

Ofelxifel Ofelxifelss hl hl jfjie jfjieghf ghf pgrg pruljgs pruljgs hl rlsis rlsistleo tleoig ig hl hl giscgdi giscgdiletf letf

_l rlofdilehg, ougehf slg agojcl, qul oghg agsl slg giscghg y prfjghg pfr slpgrghf. Cgs pruljgs slpgrghgs plrditle rlgcizgr ofdpgrgoifels letrl agsls. Ougehf sl pruljg ueg agsl, cgs ftrgs hfs agsls hljle lstgr ofelotghgs g lrrg g cg disdg dgsg qul lc eðoclf hlc lstgtfr f lc oulrpf hlc rftfr. Ougehf sl pruljge tfhgs cgs agsls siductçelgdletl, sÿcf sl pruljg lc giscgdiletf g lrrg y ef sl rlgcizg eiemueg pruljg hlc giscgdiletf hl agsl g agsl. Lc giscgdiletf hl agsl g agsl sl pruljg sÿcf ougehf ueg agsl lstç lelrmizghg y cgs ftrgs agsls lstçe ofelotghgs g lrrg. -

Ietlrprlt Ietlrprltgoiÿ goiÿe e hl cfs rlsuct rlsuctghfs ghfs hl cg rlsistleo rlsistleoig ig hl giscgdile giscgdiletf tf y hlc hlc äehio äehioll hl pfcgrizgoiÿe

Cgs pruljgs hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf y äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe pulhle ucizgrsl pgrg hfs prfpÿsitfs0 g) Lc bistfrigc hl pruljgs hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl ueg dçquieg hghg, dlhihf le ofehioifels ueiafrdls le cf qul rlsplotg g cgs vgrigjcls ofetrfcgjcls, sl rlofefol ofdf ueg afrdg ðc hl lvgcugr gcmuefs gsplotfs hl cg ofehioiÿe hl giscgdiletf g cf cgrmf hl cfs g÷fs. j) Cg lsdgoiÿe hl cg ihfelihgh hl ueg dçquieg pgrg cg gpciogoiÿe hl lesgyfs hl sfjrltlesiÿe gprfpighfs f pgrg lc aueoifegdiletf pulhl jgsgrsl le ueg ofdpgrgoiÿe hl cgs I^I prlsletls y getlrifrls. y / f vgcfrls hl IZ7. _i lc bistfrigc hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl cg dçquieg lstç hispfeijcl, cg ofdpgrgoiÿe hlc prlsletl rlsuctghf hl cg pruljg ofe pruljgs getlrifrls gpfygrç cgs prlfoupgoifels prlfoupgoifels sfjrl cg ofehioiÿe hl giscgdiletf. _ie ldjgrmf, ls idpfrtgetl ofdpgrgr lesgyfs le ofehioifels sidicgrls, ls hloir, tldplrgturg hl jfjieghf, dgmeituh hl vfctg`l, hurgoiÿe hl vfctg`l y budlhgh rlcgvg (vlr Ocçusucg 1). ^grg cg ofdpgrgoiÿe hl cfs lesgyfs rlgcizghfs g hialrletls tldplrgturgs hl jfjieghf, cfs rlsuctghfs hljle slr ofrrlmihfs g cg disdg tldplrgturg (végsl 1.?). \eg aulrtl hisdieuoiÿe le lc IZ7 f ^.I. hl cg cloturg getlrifr pulhl iehiogr ofetgdiegoiÿe suplroigc, budlhgh f hg÷fs slvlrfs le lc giscgdiletf, tgcls ofdf mriltgs. Ougehf ueg jg`g ^.I. sl prfhuol g ueg tldplrgturg lclvghg (pfr leoidg hl 1> ¾ O), sl rlofdilehg ueg slmuehg

 

dlhioiÿe pfr hljg`f hl 8> ¾ O, plrf pfr leoidg hlc puetf hl rfoäf, ofdf ofetrfc hl cg ofehioiÿe rlgc hl giscgdiletf (végsl 1.?). ^grg lesgyfs rlgcizghfs le ofehioifels sidicgrls, ue gudletf ofestgetl hlc IZ7, ls hloir, ueg hisdieuoiÿe hl cg ofrriletl hl gjsfroiÿe ofe cg lhgh, pulhl iehiogr cg hlsofdpfsioiÿe hlsofdpfsioiÿe hl cfs dgtlrigcls hl ueiÿe, lsploigcdletl ougehf cfs dgtlrigcls giscgetls sfe hlc dgtlrigc tlrdfpcçsof (diog gsaçcog f mfdg cgog diog-afciud ) . Ougehf lc bistfrigc hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf ef lstç hispfeijcl, cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs hl cg ^.I. f IZ7 pgrg lsdgr cg ihfelihgh hlc hlvgeghf pgrg cg gpciogoiÿe hl ueg pruljg hl sfjrltlesiÿe f pgrg lc aueoifegdiletf. _i lc IZ7 f ^.I. ls jg`g hljihf g suoilhgh f budlhgh lxolsivg, pulhl slr dl`frghg g ue vgcfr golptgjcl dlhigetl cidpilzg y sloghf. Ougehf sl slog lc giscgdiletf, lc ^.I. pulhl usgrsl pgrg iehiogr ougehf lc prfolsf hl sloghf pulhl slr tlrdieghf, ls hloir, lc ^.I. cfs rlsuctghfs bge suplrghf lc däeidf rlofdlehghf. _i lc IZ7 ls jg`f hljihf g ue hltlrifrf slvlrf hlc giscgdiletf f hg÷fs, ef sl rlofdilehg lc aueoifegdiletf aueoifegdiletf y cg pruljg hl sfjrltlesiÿe hl cg dçquieg. Cgs dçquiegs hl 7> >>> kQG f dlefs hljle tlelr ue vgcfr hlc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe f ue vgcfr hl cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf giscgdiletf (g 8> ¾ O) pfr leoidg hl cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs pgrg lc aueoifegdiletf f pruljgs hl sfjrltlesiÿe ghioifegcls. Cgs dçquiegs ofe ueg pftleoig efdiegc suplrifr g 7> >>> kQG hljle tlelr tgetf lc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe ofdf cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf pfr leoidg hl cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs pgrg lc aueoifegdiletf f pruljgs ghioifegcls hl sfjrltlesiÿe. _i lc vgcfr hl IZ7 (g 8> ¾ O) ls suplrifr g >> DΩ, lc ^.I. pulhl slr gdjimug y pulhl slr hlsgtlehihg. ^grg lc jgreiz hl jgreiz, diog-afciud hl cgogsg, f jfjiegs hl lstgtfr gsaçcof, ue duy gctf ^.I. (pfr l`ldpcf, suplrifr g 2) pulhl iehiogr qul lc giscgdiletf bg sihf térdiogdletl levl`loihf y pulhl prlsletgr ue gctf rilsmf hl agccf. _i cg iesplooiÿe siog (tgppiem le lc giscgdiletf, pfr l`ldpcf) oferdg qul lc giscgdiletf ls slof y quljrghizf, cf dl`fr ls ef ietletgr cg cidpilzg f cg pruljg hl sfjrltlesiÿe hlc hlvgeghf. Lc agccf pulhl fourrir le ougcquilr dfdletf si cg dçquieg ls hlvulctg gc slrvioif. ^ulhl slr pfsijcl fplrgr dçquiegs ofe ^.I. y vgcfrls IZ7 iealrifrls g cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs; sie ldjgrmf, ef sl rlofdilehg pfr lstg efrdg. Le tfhfs cfs ogsfs le qul cfs vgcfrls hl lesgyf lstée pfr hljg`f hl cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs, hljle rlgcizgrsl ievlsmgoifels pgrg hltlrdiegr cg ogusg hl tgcls cloturgs jg`gs. Lc bistfrigc hl cg jfjieg, iesplooifelss visugcls, y ftrfs rlsuctghfs hl cg pruljg sl hljle ucizgr pgrg hltlrdiegr cg iesplooifel ofevleileoigg hl hlvfcvlr cg ueihgh gc slrvioif ofevleileoi -

Qgcfr Qgcfr däeidf däeidf rlofdl rlofdlehgh ehghf f hl äehio äehioll hl pfcgrizgo pfcgrizgoiÿe iÿe y rlsistle rlsistleoig oig gc giscgdile giscgdiletf tf

Qgcfrls däeidfs

 

Lc vgcfr däeidf rlofdlehghf hl ^.I. y lc vgcfr däeidf rlofdlehghf hl IZ7 hl ue hlvgeghf hl dçquieg mirgtfrif hl og f oo sfe cfs vgcfrls dçs jg`fs le cfs qul sl rlofdilehg ue hlvgeghf pgrg ueg pruljg hl sfjrltlesiÿe f pgrg lc aueoifegdiletf. Le gcmuefs ogsfs, cfs dgtlrigcls giscgetls lsploigcls f cfs hisl÷fs pulhle prfpfroifegr vgcfrls dçs jg`fs. Cfs vgcfrls däeidfs pgrg lstfs hisl÷fs hljle jgsgrsl le cg ofdpgrgoiÿe ofe cfs vgcfrls bistÿriofs hl cg pruljg. -

Äehi hiol ol hl pfc pfcgr griizgoi zgoiÿe ÿe

Cfs vgcfrls däeidfs rlofdlehghfs hl ^.I. pgrg cgs dçquiegs mirgtfrigs hl og y ho sl leudlrge le cg Xgjcg :. Cg Xgjcg : sl jgsg le cg ocgsl térdiog hl cfs dgtlrigcls giscgetls y, ofe lxolpoiÿe hl cfs hlvgeghfs hl ogdpf ef giscghfs, sl gpciog g tfhfs cfs dgtlrigcls giscgetls iehlplehiletldletl hl cg gpciogoiÿe.

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Gpciogji Gpciogjicihgh cihgh hlc äehiol äehiol hl hl pfcgriz pfcgrizgoiÿ goiÿe e ougehf ougehf IZ7 ls ls dgyfr dgyfr qul qul >> >> DΩ

Ougehf cg cloturg hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf fjtleihg hlspués hl gpciogr cg tlesiÿe hurgetl 7 die (IZ7) ls suplrifr g >> DΩ, cg ietlesihgh tftgc dlhihg (IX) pulhl lstgr le cg mgdg hl sujdiorfgdplrgs (végsl cg murg 7). ). G lstl eivlc hl cg slesijicihgh rlqulrihg hlc iestrudletf hl pruljg, plqul÷fs ogdjifs le cg tlesiÿe hl gcidletgoiÿe, budlhgh gdjiletgc, ofelxifels hl pruljg y ftrfs ofdpfeletls ef rlcgoifeghfs pulhle galotgr le mrge dlhihg cg ofrriletl tftgc dlhihg hurgetl lc ietlrvgcf hl 7-7> die rlqulrihf pgrg ue ^.I. Hljihf g lstfs aleÿdlefs, ougehf lc IZ7 ls suplrifr g >> DΩ, lc ^.I. pulhl f ef slr ueg iehiogoiÿe hl cg ofehioiÿe hl giscgdiletf y pfr cf tgetf ef sl rlofdilehg ofdf blrrgdiletg hl lvgcugoiÿe Lc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe (^.I.) sl hlel trghioifegcdletl ofdf cg rlcgoiÿe letrl cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf (IZ7>) hl 7> die y cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf (IZ7) hl 7 die, prfjghg g ueg tldplrgturg rlcgvgdletl ofestgetl. Le dgtlrigcls giscgetls dçs gemufs, ofdf cg diog gsaçcog, cgs ofrriletls hl gjsfroiÿe g dleuhf tgrhge 7> dieutfs f dçs le hloglr bgstg ogsi olrf (vlr Aimurg ?). Le cfs sistldgs hl giscgdiletf dçs dfhlrefs pgrg cfs lstgtfrizghfs ofe afrdg hl jfjieg, y lsploigcdletl le cgs dçquiegs lerfccghgs gc gzgr, cg ofrriletl hl gjsfroiÿe pulhl hloglr bgstg ogsi olrf le :-? die (vlr Aimurg 8). Gsä, pgrg lc giscgdiletf dfhlref, gcmuefs

 

usugrifs ogcoucge ueg vgrigetl hl cg ^.I. ofevleoifegc. Cgs vgrigetls ieocuyle, plrf ef sl ciditge g, cgs dfstrghgs le cg lougoiÿe (G.7) y cg lougoiÿe (G.:).

Hfehl0 ^.I. ls lc äehiol hl gjsfroife, IZ7 ls cg cloturg hl cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hlspués hl cg gpciogoiÿe hl vfctg`l hurgetl 7 die, IZ?> s ls cg cloturg hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hlspués hl cg gpciogoiÿe gpciogoiÿe hl tlesiÿe hurgetl ?> s.

Hÿehl0 ^I. ls lc äehiol hl pfcgrizgoiÿe, IZ< ls cg cloturg hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdile giscgdiletf tf hlspués hl cg gpciogoiÿe hl cg tlesiÿe hurgetl < die, IZ7 ls cg cloturg hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdile giscgdiletf tf hlspués hl cg gpciogoiÿe hl vfctg`l hurgetl 7 dieutf Ougehf sl fjtlemge ^.I dgyfrls g 1-2 pulhle, le prieoipif pgrlol slr duy julef, sie ldjgrmf ef sfe rlofdlehghfs. Ls pfsijcl qul ue hltlrifrf térdiof lsté prlsletl, cf qul ogdjig auehgdletgcdletl cg egturgclzg hl giscgdiletf y pfr cf tgetf cgs ofrriletls hl pfcgrizgoiÿe qul uyle. Ls duy prfjgjcl qul ue hltlrifrf gudletghf lsté prlsletl le lc jfjieghf, cg afrdg hl ofdprfjgrcf ls pfr dlhif hl ueg iesplooiÿe dgeugc y visugc. ^grg cg ofdprfjgoiÿe egc sl sumilrl ueg pruljg hl Bi ^ft (Gctf ^ftleoigc), ofe ue lquipf lsploigc.

Lesgyf hl giscgdiletf le trgesafrdghfrls

Cgs pruljgs hl rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf, pfr trgtgrsl hl ue lesgyf lsploigc, hljle slr blobgs ougehf slg lsploioghg.  Lstgs pruljgs sl rlgcizge pgrg hltlrdiegr cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl cfs hlvgeghfs iehivihugcls g lrrg f letrl cfs hlvgeghfs. Cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf, le lstg pruljg ls

 

ofdðedletl dlhihg le DΩ pfr ue iestrudletf ccgdghf Dlmfbdltrf qul iehiog lc vgcfr rlsisvf hirlotgdletl. Letrl hlvgeghfs, hlvgeghfs y dgsg ef sfcf bgy prlsletl ue ofehlesghfr, tgdjiée lxistl ueg rlsistleoig ofdf sl dulstrg le cg murg. Lstg rlsistleoig ls lc rlsuctghf hl hfs rlsistleoigs, ls hloir ofdf si lstuvilsle le pgrgclcf, sl trgtg hl cg rlsistleoig hl ofehuooiÿe y hl pfcgrizgoiÿe. Cg rlsistleoig hl pfcgrizgoiÿe vg gsfoighg gc aleÿdlef hl pfcgrizgoiÿe hlc dgtlrigc. ^grg cgs dfcéoucgs pfcgrizgrsl tfdge lelrmäg hlc dlhif, plrf gc hlspcgzgrsl ef cijlrge cg disdg ogehgh qul tfdgrfe, lstg hialrleoig sl trgesafrdg le ogcfr y sl ofesihlrg ueg pérhihg hl lelrmäg rlprlsletghg pfr cg rlsistleoig hl pfcgrizgoiÿe. ^fr ftrg pgrtl bgy ueg fpfsioiÿe prfpig gc pgsf hl cg ofrriletl, lstg sl ofefol ofdf cg rlsistleoig hl ofehuooiÿe (diletrgs dgyfr fpfsioiÿe ls dl`fr ls lc giscgdiletf).

Higmrgdg agsfrigc y dfhlcf lquivgcletl pgrg lc giscgdiletf

Cf ietlrlsgetl ls dlhir cg rlsistleoig hl ofehuooiÿe, yg qul le cg pruljg hl agotfr hl pftleoig sl fjlel O y tge è. ^fr lstg rgzÿe lc dlmfbdltrf trgjg`g ofe ofrriletl ofeeug yg qul lc aleÿdlef hl pfcgrizgoiÿe ef galotgrg. Lc dgtlrigc sl pfcgrizg plrf ef sl hlspcgzgräg. Hl lstg dgelrg ef sl hgrç frimle g cg rlsistleoig hl pfcgrizgoiÿe, cg ogpgoitgeoig tgdpfof ietlrvilel pulstf qul sl trgtg hl tlesiÿe ofeeug. Ls pfr lccf qul ofe lc dlmfbdltrf sl dihl cg rlsistleoig hl ofehuooiÿe Cgs simuiletls ofesihlrgoifels sfe hl vitgc idpfrtgeoig le lc geçcisis hl cfs rlsuctghfs qul sl fjtlemge le lstg pruljg0

 

 Cg rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl cfs gpgrgtfs lcéotriofs lstg g cg gdpcig vgrigoiÿe le hisl÷f, tldplrgturg, slqulhgh y cidpilzg hl cgs pgrtls. Ougehf cg rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf lstç pfr  hljg`f hl cfs vgcfrls prlsoritfs pulhl, le duobfs ogsfs hl jule hisl÷f y hfehl ef lxistge hlalot hla lotfs, fs, slr ccl cclvgh vghgs gs gc lstçeh lstçehgr gr rlqulr rlqulrihf ihf cidpig cidpigehf ehf y slo slogeh gehf f lc gpgrg gpgrgtf. tf. ^fr ^fr lsf cg rl rlsi sist stle leoi oigg hl gi gisc scgd gdil ilet etf f pulh pulhll pr prfp fpfr froi oife fegr gr ueg ueg iehi iehiog ogoi oiÿe ÿe ðtic ðtic le ouge ougetf tf g si lc trgesafrdghfr lstl le ueg ofehioiÿe gprfpighg pgrg cg gpciogoiÿe hl cgs pruljgs hilcéotriogs. Lc simeiaioghf hl cfs vgcfrls hl cgs pruljgs hl rlsistleoigs hl giscgdiletf mlelrgcdletl rlquilrl hl oilrtg ietlrprltgoiÿe, ietlrprltgoiÿe, hlplehilehf hlc hisl÷f, slqulhgh y cidpilzg hlc giscgdiletf ievfcuorghf.. Ougehf lc usugrif hloihl bgolr lstgs pruljgs sl rlofdilehg qul cfs vgcfrls slge ievfcuorghf dlhihfs plriÿhiogdletl (hurgetl lc plrifhf hl dgetleidiletf) y qul lsfs vgcfrls plriÿhiofs slge geftghfs. Qgrigoifels sujstgeoigcls le cfs vgcfrls fjtleihfs hljle hgr frimle g ievlstimgr cgs pfsijcls ogusgs. Cg rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf pulhl vgrigr ofe cg tlesiÿe gpcioghg y pfr cf tgetf, ougcquilr ofdpgrgoiÿe hljl slr lccg ofe dlhioifels gc disdf eivlc hl tlesiÿe. Jg`f eiemueg ofehioiÿe hljl bgolrsl pruljgs diletrgs lc trgesafrdghfr lstl sie cäquihf giscgetl. Dltfhf hl lesgyf

Cgs dlhioifels sl fjtlehrçe dlhigetl ue dlhihfr hl rlsistleoig hl giscgdiletf hl iehiogoiÿe hirlotg. Lstfs lquipfs sfe lc iestrudletf lstçehgr pgrg cg vlriogoiÿe hl cg rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf, sl ucizgrg lc hl pf lclotrÿeiof. Cg dlhioiÿe hl cg rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf sl rlgcizgrg letrl lc hlvgeghf hl gctg tlesiÿe y hl jg`g tlesiÿe, letrl lc hlvgeghf hl gctg tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr, y letrl lc hlvgeghf hl jg`g tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr. Lquipf l iestrudletfs  

Dlmmlr

Zlofdlehgoifels pgrg rlgcizgr lc lesgyf

g) Zltirgr Zltirgr cfs cfs ofehuot ofehuotfrls frls hl hl cclmghg cclmghg hl cgs jfquiccg jfquiccgs. s.  j) Ofelotgr lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr g tilrrg pgrg pfhlr lcidiegr gsä lc lalotf hl ogrmg  prlvig hlc giscgdiletf giscgdiletf o) Cidpigr cg suplraioil hl cgs jfquiccgs quitgehf pfcvf, suoilhgh, ogrjÿe u ftrfs dgtlrigcls qul pulhge slr ofehuotfrls ofehuotfrls le ofehioifels ofehioifels bðdlhgs. h) Ofcfogr lc iestrudletf hl pruljg sfjrl ueg jgsl jgsl airdl g ueg histgeoig histgeoig tgc hlc lquipf g  prfjgr, plrditg plrditg lc jule dgel`f dgel`f hl cfs ogjcls hl pruljg. l) Lstg pruljg sl hljl rlgcizgr ougehf cg budlhgh hlc girl slg dlefr gc =Q, tgdjiée sl hljl g`ustgr lc ldpf hl hurgoiÿe hlc lesgyf g 1> s, culmf sl pulstg lc jftÿe hl _XGZX y sl ieioig lc lesgyf, hljl tfdgr eftg hlc vgcfr grrf`ghf pfr lc iestrudletf g cfs 7< s y g cfs 1> s.

Aimurg 7

_lmuihgdletl sl rlgcizg lc lesgyf letrl lc hlvgeghf hl gctg tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr lc ougc hljl lstgr hljihgdletl pulstf g lrrg hurgetl tfhf lc lesgyf, pgrg lstf sl rlgcizgrg cg ofelxiÿe le cg murg :=, sl ofelotgrg lc tlrdiegc rf`f hlc lquipf g cfs tlrdiegcls B7y B: hlc trgesafrdghfr jg`f pruljg, lc tlrdiegc gzuc gc hlvgeghf hl jg`g tlesiÿe hl hiobf trgesafrdghfr, y lc tlrdiegc elmrf gc tgequl _lmuihgdletl sl g`ustg cg tlesiÿe jg`f pruljg g >>Q y sl rlpitl lc prfolhidiletf hlsoritf getlrifrdletl. ^fr ðcdf sl rlgcizgrg lc lesgyf letrl lc hlvgeghf hl jg`g tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr, sl rlgcizgrg cg ofelxiÿe qul sl dulstrg le cg murg :2. _l ofelotgrç lc tlrdiegc gc gc hlvgeghf hl trgesafrdghfr. jg`g tlesiÿe, lc ^fstlrifrdletl tlrdiegc gzuc gc hlvgeghf tlesiÿe y lc tlrdiegc rf`f elmrf tgequl hlc sl g`ustgrghl cg gctg tlesiÿe hl lesgyf

 

g >Q y sl rlgcizg lc prfolhidiletf hlsoritf getlrifrdletl. [8T-[7>T Cgs hfs dlhioifels rlgcizgs plrditle ogcoucgr ue vgcfr ofefoihf ofdf –Agotfr hl Gjsfroiÿe—, hleihf ofdf0

  Iehioghfrls hlc lstghf hlc giscgdiletf hl trgesafrdghfr

Lc vgcfr dlhihf ef hljl slr dlefr g 7>>> DΩ rlalrihfs g :>¾ O le ogsf hl qul gcmueg dlhioiÿe slg dlefr g lstl vgcfr hljl rlvisgrsl le hltgccl cg ofelxiÿe hl cfs giscghfrls, ofetgotfs y hlc lquipf hl dlhioiÿe. Xgdjiée pulhl hgrsl lc ogsf hl qul lstg situgoiÿe lsté suolhilehf, yg qul lstçe prlsletls ofrriletls hl aumg oiroucgehf le pgrgclcf ofe cg rlsistleoig prieoipgc sfjrl lc oulrpf hlc giscghfr hljihf ueg ofetgdiegoiÿe pfr suoilhgh f budlhgh.

Aimurg :< Ofelxiÿe pgrg rlgcizgr lc lesgyf hl rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf letrl hlvgeghf hl gctg tlesiÿe y jg`g tlesiÿe

 

Aimurg :1 Ofelxiÿe pgrg rlgcizgr lc lesgyf hl rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf letrl hlvgeghf hl gctg tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr

Aimurg := Ofelxiÿe pgrg rlgcizgr lc lesgyf hl rlsistleoig hlc giscgdiletf letrl hlvgeghf hl jg`g tlesiÿe y lc tgequl hlc trgesafrdghfr