Proyecto Yogurt de Araza (Aralact - Grupo 5)

 

 

WABVG[TBNIN NG MWIRIYWB@ FIDW@^IN NG BAMGABG[ÌI YWÌLBDI DI[[G[I BAMGABG[ÌI YWÌLBDI FH[LW@IDBHA R GVI@WIDBHA NG _[HRGD^HT ^GLI:  ^GLI:  Dhastruddbôa, hpgridbôa y liatgablbgath ng `i glprgsi I[I@ID^

‐

T.I , ngnbdini i `i g`ikhridbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng Rhmurt ng Irizé, ukbdini ga g` diatôa Muiyiqub`, prhvbadbi ng Muiyis   “

NHDGA^G: Bam. @ubs Tiatbimh Lidìis Lganhzi, LTd GT^WNBIA^GT: Kib`ôa Mugviri Juia Iathabh Ng`minh _i`idbhs Liry Gstcgr F`hrgs _érrimi Ianrgbai Lgrdgngs Jhags Dugsti Dhry Abdh`g E`bamgr Vi`gadbi Mgiag``i Lirbkg` 

DW[TH: 2-9

_G[BHNH @GD^BVH: ;?;?-;?;9 DBB

 

 

BA^[HNWDDBÔA  

4

DI_Ì^W@H B: MGAG[I@BNINGT 

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9.9. 

NGFBABDBÔA NG@ _[HK@GLI H AGDGTBNI AGDGTBNIN N 

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9.;. 

HKJG^BVHT 

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9.4. IAÉ@BTBT NG VI[BIK@GT NG@ LBD[H R LID[HGA^H[AH   9.4.9. Lbdrh gathrah 

7 7

9.4.9.9. D`bgatgs 

7

9.4.9.;. _rhvggnhrgs 

7

9.4.9.4. Dhlpgtgadbi 

6

9.4.9.>. @hs Lgnbhs ng Dhluabdidbôa 

6

9.4.9.7. @hs ^rikijinhrgs 

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9.4.;. Lidrh gathrah 

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9.4.;.9 Gdhaôlbdis 

=

9.4.;.; Baf`idbôa 

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9.4.;.4 Diaisti Filb`bir  

2

9.4.;.> _BK 

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9.4.;.7 ^gdah`ômbdis 

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9.4.;.6 _h`ìtbdh @gmi`gs 

99

9.4.;.= Gstikb`bnin ph`ìtbdi 

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9.4.;.3 [bgsmh _iìs 

97

9.>. IAÉ@BTBT NG@ GA^H[AH R NG @I BANWT^[BI (@IT 7 FWG[ZIT NG _H[^G[)  

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9.7. NBIMAÔT^BDH TB^WIDBHAI@ R IAÉ@BTBT FHNI 

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9.7.9. NBIMAÔT^BDH TB^WIDBHAI@ 

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9.6. IAÉ@BTBT NG I@^G[AI^BVIT R _@IA NG IDDBÔA 

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9.=. IAÉ@BTBT NG GTDGAI[BHT R LI^[BZ NG BL_ID^H - BADG[^BNWLK[G  

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KBK@BHM[IFÌI 

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BA^[HNWDDBÔA Gstg prhygdth tbgag dhlh fba `i fidtbkb`bnin ng prhnuddbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng ua yhmurt irtgsiai` i kisg ng irizé ga Gduinhr. Ri qug Gduinhr gs ua piìs nhang `i vbni dhtbnbiai gs luy iprgsurini y fugrtglgatg `bmini dha g` gstrâs y li`i i`blgatidbôa. _hr g``h glprgsis tiath púk`bdis dhlh prbvinis cia rgi`bzinh dilpiùis ng badgatbvidbôa cidbi uai dhrrgdti i`blgatidbôa. Ngkbnh i gstg tbph ng prhk`glis sg ``gvô ``gv ô i dikh uai bngi ahvgnhsi, phdh usini ga g` lgrdinh aidbhai` ga `i dui` dhasbstg ga `i g`ikhridbôa ng ua yhmurt aituri` qug kgagfbdbg `i si`un ng `hs nbikâtbdhs g cbpgrtgashs. G` yhmurt phr sì sh`h gs ua prhnudth qug prhvbgag ng `i fgrlgatidbôa ng `hs `édtghs, g` dui`  pgrlbtg rgstiurir y liatgagr gg`` gqub`bkrbh batgstbai` nngg augstrh dugrph, phr phr g``h sg `g iùinbré ua vi`hr imrgminh dhlh `h gs g` irizé `i dui` tbgag prhpbgnings iatb lutimâabdis y iatb mgahtôxbdis qug fhrti`gdgrìi `i si`un ng` dhasulbnhr. ^ritianh isì ng ``gvir`h i` lgrdinh dha uai prgsgatidbôa ahvgnhsi, liatgabganh `i  pgrdgpdbôa ng ng su irhli y si sikhr khr aituri`. 

DI_Ì^W@H B: MGAG[I@BNINGT 9.9. NGFBABDBÔA NG@ _[HK@GLI H AGDGTBNIN Gduinhr gs ua piìs qug sg rgdhahdg luanbi`lgatg phr `i mria virbgnin ng frutis trhpbdi`gs, gxôtbdis, y ah trinbdbhai`gs, su phsbdbôa mghmréfbdi gs luy fivhrik`g piri `i nbvgrsbnin ga su d`bli y `is zhais ng du`tbvh, `h qug cia pgrlbtbnh rgi`bzir `is gxphrtidbhags ng fruths ng i`ti di`bnin. I pgsir ng gsth g` abvg` ng bavgrsbôa ga gstg dilph gs rg`itbvilgatg kijh. ([úkga ^hrkiy, ;?96) G` prbadbpi` nb`gli gs `i kiji gxphrtidbôa ng prhnudths qug dhatgamia vi`hr imrgminh, nhang iúa gxbstg ludch dilph phr ngsirrh``ir, su mria dipidbnin ng prhnuddbôa y gxphrtidbôa ng frutis trhpbdi`gs ga gstinh aituri`, cidg prgvgr qug gxbstg ua mria phtgadbi` ng ngsirrh``h gdhaôlbdh ga gstg sgdthr. Gstg prhygdth i ngsirrh``ir surmg ng `i agdgsbnin ng gxp`htir frutis gxôtbdis, ah trinbdbhai`gs `is dui`gs sg ngspgrnbdbia i` lgahs ga ua 6?%, g` p`ia gs g`ikhrir ua yhmurt ng Irizé, phrqug

 

 

gs uai fruti phdh dhahdbni ga augstrh piìs, iúa lés i abvg` batgraidbhai`. @i banustrbi i`blgatbdbi ga Gduinhr gs ng ludci blphrtiadbi yi qug sha ng dhasulh lisbvh, `h qug g` d`bgatg kusdi gs virbgnin, di`bnin y kijhs dhsths. ([úkga ^hrkiy, ;?96) _hr ti` lhtbvh, `i gxphrtidbôa ng prhnudths ah trinbdbhai`gs dhlh g` irizé prhdgsinh prhdgsinh dhlh yhmurt, gs uai i`tgraitbvi ng bamrgsh i `hs lgrdinhs aidbhai`gs g batgraidbhai`gs dhlh hpdbôa ng agmhdbh piri uai `ìagi ng prhnudths ah gxp`htinhs, inglés dhatrbkubré i `i drgidbôa ng augvis fugatgs ng trikijh g bamrgsh ng nbvbsi. ([úkga ^hrkiy, ;?96) G` sgdthr qug sg ngsgi ikirdir dha gstg prhygdth gs g` sgduanirbh. Tg kusdi dhlgrdbi`bzir g` yhmurt ng irizé i abvg` aidbhai` i prblgri bastiadbi, tgabganh ga dugati uai futuri gatrini i` lgrdinh batgraidbhai`. I` sgr uai babdbitbvi kisini ga ua prhnudth augvh sg dhasbngri fidtbk`g glpgzir phr dbunings ng i`th phtgadbi` dhlh gs g` dish ng Muiyiqub`, lbsli qug fbmuri dhlh uai ng `is  prbadbpi`gs ga g` Gduinhr, gsth phr su i`th ìanbdg phk`idbhai` y lhvblbgath dhlgrdbi` dha ilp`bhs diai`gs ng nbstrbkudbôa. Ciy qug tgagr ga dugati qug uai ng `is `blbtiatgs qug sg `hmria gvbngadbir gs g` ngsdhahdblbgath rgspgdth i `i fruti irizé y `i dhlpgtgadbi idtui` rgfgrgatg i `i hfgrti ng` yhmurt ga `i dbunin, sba glkirmh, `i lbsli sg ci dgatrinh ga uai `ìagi `blbtini ng sikhrgs, gvbngadbéanhsg uai hphrtuabnin tgabganh ga dugati g` i`th iphrtg autrbdbhai` ng `i fruti y g` cgdch ng qug gs uai fruti gxôtbdi `h qug cirìi lés itridtbvh su dhasulh. (Guabdg, ;?93). 

9.;.HKJG^BVHT Hkjgtbvh mgagri`   

Ngtgrlbair `i fidtbkb`bnin ng `i drgidbôa ng uai glprgsi qug sg ngnbqug ‐Dhastruddbôa, hpgridbôa y liatgablbgath ng `i glprgsi Iri@idt. T.I. ngnbdini i

`i g`ikhridbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng yhmurt i kisg ng irizé“ ngsirrh``ianh ua gstunbh qug pgrlbti bngatbfbdir g` lgrdinh phtgadbi` y gstritgmbis ng dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa piri g` yhmurt i kisg ng irizé.

Hkjgtbvhs Gspgdìfbdhs:  

G`ikhrir ua FHNI qug pgrlbti bngatbfbdir b ngatbfbdir `is ilgaizis y fhrti`gzis ng` prhygdth.

 

Gstik`gdgr `i ngliani piri g` dhasulh ng yhmurt aituri` phr su di`bnin y sikhr s ikhr

 

   

Nbslbaubr `i tisi ng ngsglp`gh ga g` sgdthr imrìdh`i.

 

Blp`glgatir litgrbi prbli aidbhai` ga g` prgsgatg prhygdth

9.4. IAÉ@BTBT NG VI[BIK@GT NG@ LBD[H R LID[HGA^H[AH Ga gsti gtipi ng augstrh prhygdth ng ‐Dhastruddbôa,  hpgridbôa

y liatgablbgath ng `i

glprgsi Iri@idt T.I. ngnbdini i `i g`ikhridbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng yhmurt i kisg ng irizé“ sg iai`bziré `i sbtuidbôa glprgsirbi` ga `i dui` gstiré gxpugsti `i glprgsi. Nhang sg

gxilbairé g` lbdrh y lidrh gathrah ng `i glprgsi cidbi g` lgrdinh.

9.4.9. Lbdrh gathrah 9.4.9.9. D`bgatgs @is tgangadbis luanbi`gs lugstria i ua d`bgatg lés batgrgsinh phr g` dhasulh ng i`blgaths autrbtbvhs y gagrmâtbdhs. @hs d`bgatgs ng i`blgaths y kgkbnis kisia sus dhlpris ga rg`idbôa i virbhs ispgdths blphrtiatgs dhlh g` phngr inqubsbtbvh, lirdi y ga sì, ga g` prhnudth. @hs d`bgatgs sha g` fidthr prbadbpi` phr g` dui` uai glprgsi pugng drgdgr y prhmrgsir, ngkbnh i qug sha qubgags iddgnga i ua prhnudth h sgrvbdbh phr lgnbh ng uai triasiddbôa fbaiadbgri u htrh lgnbh ng pimh.  Augstri glprgsi Iri@idt. Iri@idt. T.I. ^ganré dhlh d`bgatgs phtgad phtgadbi`gs bi`gs thnhs iqug``hs cikbtiatgs ng `i dbunin ng Muiyiqub` qug prgfbgria dhasulbr prhnudths aituri`gs dhlh g` yhmurt. Gafhdéanhsg ga `i hfgrti ng prhnudths aituri`gs y autrbtbvhs qug krbanga dhafbiazi i` lhlgath ng dhasulbr`hs, dha vi`hrgs dhlh rgsphasikb`bnin, di`bnin, gxdg`gadbi ga g` sgrvbdbh, y gfbdbgadbi.

9.4.9.;. _rhvggnhrgs Tha glprgsis u hrmiabzidbhags qug prhphrdbhaia rgdurshs i `i glprgsi piri prhnudbr `hs  kbgags y sgrvbdbhs. sgrvbdbhs. Ngatrh ng gsti banustrbi gadhatrilhs gadhatrilhs `hs prhvggnhrgs nngg `hs basulhs ga mgagri` dhlh `gdcg, izúdir, inbtbvhs, khtg``is, fuanis, tipis, fruti, gtbqugtis y liqubairbis, gtd. @hs imrbdu`thrgs sgréa `hs ikistgdgnhrgs ng `i litgrbi prbli agdgsirbi piri `i g`ikhridbôa ng` yhmurt ng Irizé. Tba glkirmh, ngkbnh i `i phdi nbfusbôa ng `i fruti, gxbstga phdhs

 

 

imrbdu`thrgs ng` Irizé ngnbdinhs i gsti idtbvbnin, `i dipidbnin ng agmhdbidbôa sgré liyhr, `h qug sbmabfbdi qug tganréa dhatrh` ga g` prgdbh ng gsti fruti. _hr gsti rizôa `i glprgsi kusdiré gstik`gdgr gstritgmbis dha `hs prhvggnhrgs i fba ng hktgagr vgatijis ga `is dhlpris y di`bnin ga g` sgrvbdbh.

9.4.9.4. Dhlpgtgadbi @i dhlpgtgadbi gsté dhasdbgatg qug g` dhasulbnhr idtui`lgatg kusdi iatgs qug uai lirdi, di`bnin y prgdbh, phr `h qug idunga i tédtbdis dhlh `i dhlpgtgadbi ng prgdbhs, `is kiti``is ng puk`bdbnin, `is batrhnuddbhags ng augvhs prhnudths y `i hfgrti drgdbgatg ng sgrvbdbh i` d`bgatg, ua d`irh gjglp`h gs `i batrhnuddbôa augvis prgsgatidbhags ng prhnudths qug kusdia diptir i` púk`bdh qug nbsphag ng lgahrgs bamrgshs gdhaôlbdhs. Ga augstrh lgnbh sg glpbgzi i cik`ir ng di`bnin ga sus sbstglis prhnudtbvhs piri nir ua vi`hr imrgminh i sus prhnudths pgrh g` phsbdbhailbgath ga g` lgrdinh inglés ngpgang ng` liregtbam qug glp`gga. Gatrg augstrhs prbadbpi`gs dhlpgtbnhrgs tgaglhs i: ◈ 

^HAB T.I. 

◈ 

DCBVG[BI. 

◈ 

I@_BAI GDWINH[ T.I.

◈ 

_W[I D[GLI. 

◈ 

G@ EBHTEH.

◈ 

_IT^GW[BZINH[I YWB^H. 

◈ 

LB [IADCB^H. 

◈ 

[GRKIA_ID ([GR@GDCG). 

9.4.9.>. @hs Lgnbhs ng Dhluabdidbôa @i Glprgsi dhasbngri blphrtiatg nbfuanbr sus idtbvbnings ng liagri gfbdiz, phr `hs lgnbhs l gnbhs ng dhluabdidbôa `hdi`gs rinbi`gs, gsdrbths y tg`gvbsbvhs, dha g` fba ng qug `i glprgsi sg glpbgdg i nir i dhahdgr ga g` lgrdinh `ikhri`.

 

 

9.4.9.7. @hs ^rikijinhrgs @i Glprgsi dhlprgang qug g` trikijinhr gs g` gjg qug nbailbzi y gfgdtbvbzi `is hpgridbhags,  phr `h tiath, rgdhahdg rgdhahdg thnhs `hs ngrgdchs ngrgdchs qug `i `gy `g isbstg.

9.4.;. Lidrh gathrah Gsté dhastbtubnh phr virbik`gs gxtgrais qug pugnga hkstidu`bzir g` fuadbhailbgath ng `i glprgsi, yi sgi piri kbga h piri li`. Gsths fidthrgs ah ngpganga ng `i idtbvbnin dhlgrdbi`, sbah ng fidthrgs ijgahs qug ah sh`h ifgdtia i `is glprgsis, sbah i` dhajuath ng `i phk`idbôa. (Agmhdbhs Wadhlh, ;?9>)

9.4.;.9 Gdhaôlbdis @i lidrhgdhahlìi gs `i pirtg ng `i tghrìi gdhaôlbdi qug sg gadirmi ng` gstunbh mgagri` ng `i gdhahlìi, lgnbiatg g` iaé`bsbs ng `is virbik`gs gdhaôlbdis imrgminis imrgminis dhlh g` lhath thti` ng kbgags y sgrvbdbhs prhnudbnhs, g` thti` ng `hs bamrgshs, g` abvg` ng glp`gh, ng rgdurshs  prhnudtbvhs, `i ki`iazi dhlgrdbi`, g` tbph ng dilkbh y g` dhlphrtilbgath mgagri` ng `hs  prgdbhs. (Tilug`sha, (Tilug`sha, ;?97). @is ph`ìtbdis ng tbph gdhaôlbdh sha ua dhajuath ng lgnbnis inhptinis phr g` gstinh gadikgzinhh phr g` prgsbngatg ng `i rgpúk`bdi y g` kiadh dgatri` ng `i [gpúk`bdi ng` Gduinhr gadikgzin hrbgatinis i dhatrh`ir `i diatbnin ng nbagrh h `is dhanbdbhags ng drânbth.

9.4.;.; Baf`idbôa Iulgath mgagri`bzinh y shstgabnh ng `hs prgdbhs ng `hs kbgags y sgrvbdbhs gxbstgatgs ga g` lgrdinh nuriatg ua pgrìhnh ng tbglph mgagri`lgatg ua iùh. Duianh g` abvg` mgagri` ng  prgdbhs sukg, dini uabnin ng lhagni i`diazi piri dhlprir lgahs kbgags y sgrvbdbhs. (Kirrh, ;?94) @i baf`idbôa gs lgnbni gstinìstbdilgatg i trivâs ng` Ìanbdg ng _rgdbhs i` Dhasulbnhr ng` Érgi Wrkiai (B_DW), i pirtbr ng uai diaisti ng kbgags y sgrvbdbhs nglianinhs phr `hs dhasulbnhrgs ng gstriths lgnbhs y kijhs, gstik`gdbni i trivâs ng uai gadugsti ng chmirgs. (Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) Ga g` Gduinhr `i baf`idbôa piri g` lgs ng fgkrgrh fug ng ?.96%

 

 

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) @i ngsidg`gridbôa ga `i ngliani liatbgag `i baf`idbôa phr ngkijh ng `hs abvg`gs rgdhlganinhs (;%). Gsths rgsu`tinhs qubgrga ngdbr qug `is pgrshais dini vgz phnrìia dhlprir lgahs dha sus bamrgshs, yi qug ga pgrbhnhs ng baf`idbôa `hs prgdbhs ng `hs kbgags y sgrvbdbhs drgdga i uai tisi supgrbhr i `i ng `hs si`irbhs sukga y kijia. Ga g` pgrìhnh idtui` ga g` qug vbvblhs sg hksgrvi qug sg pugng tgagr ua phngr inqubsbtbvh fivhrik`g piri `i dhlpri ng `hs nbfgrgatgs kbgags y sgrvbdbhs, ga gstg dish g` prhnudth dhlh g` Rhmurt. G` FLB  prhahstbdô qug `i baf`idbôa baf`idbôa pi piri ri gg`` ;?92 sgré ng` ??.6%. .6%. @ @ii baf`id baf`idbôa bôa idulu`ini idulu`ini ga g` g` Gduinhr Gduinhr gs g` nhk`g qug `i gstinhuabngasg. gstinhuabngasg.

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) G` gxdgsh ng` misth púk`bdh ng `i nâdini pisini shkrgdi`bgati shkrgdi`bgati `i gdhahlìi y `hs prgdbhs. @i ngsidg`gridbôa ngsidg`grid bôa iatg `i nbslb nbslbaudbôa audbôa ng` misth sg rgf`gji ga kijhs abvg`gs ng baf`idbôa.

 

 

9.4.;.4 Diaisti Filb`bir G` dhsth ng `i diaisti késbdi ci iulgatinh $;?? ga `hs ú`tblhs 9? iùhs. Ngsng cidg 7 lgsgs g` bamrgsh filb`bir tgôrbdh `hmri dukrbr g` dhsth ng `i diaisti késbdi.

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) 

9.4.;.> _BK Gs g` vi`hr lhagtirbh ng `hs kbgags y sgrvbdbhs fbai`gs prhnudbnhs phr uai gdhahlìi ga ua  pgrìhnh ngtgrlbainh. G` _BK gs ua banbdinhr rgprgsgatitbvh qug iyuni i lgnbr g` drgdblbgath h ngdrgdblbgath ng `i prhnuddbôa ng kbgags y sgrvbdbhs ng `is glprgsis ng dini piìs, úabdilgatg ngatrh ng su tgrrbthrbh. (Gdha`bae, ;?94) Ng idugrnh i` Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr `is tisis ng virbidbôa ng` _BK sha `is sbmubgatgs:

Iùh

Vi`hr

;?9>

4.=%

;?97

?.;%

;?96

;.6%

;?9=

4.?%

;?93

9.>%

;?92

?.>%

;?;?

?.62%

 

 

(Gduinhr, ;?9=)

(Gduinhr, ;?9=) Tgmúa gstunbhs rgi`bzinhs ng `is dbfris lidrhgdhaôlbdis ng` Gduinhr sg isgmuri qug g` _BK drgdgré lgahs ng` ;% iaui` ga `hs prôxblhs 7 iùhs, g` _BK pgr dépbti pgrliagdgré gstiadinh. Gs ngdbr, `i phk`idbôa drgdg lés répbnh qug `i gdhahlìi. Ngkbnh i `i idtui` sbtuidbôa qug gafrgati g` _iìs `is vgatis ah `hmria i`diazir g` abvg` qug tgaìia prgvbh i `i drbsbs.

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) @is prgvbsbhags ipuatia i ua drgdblbgath `gath ng` ;% ga `hs prôxblhs iùhs.

9.4.;.7 ^gdah`ômbdis G` répbnh dilkbh tgdah`ômbdh phr g` qug itrivbgsi g` luanh dhatglphréag dhatglphréagh, h, dha `hs mriangs iviadgs ga `is tgdah`hmìis ng `i bafhrlidbôa y `is dhluabdidbhags (^BD), isì dhlh `i

 

 

 kbhtgdah`hmìi y `hs augvhs litgrbi`gs, p`iatgia uai sgrbg ng hphrtuabnings y ngsifìhs i `i shdbgnin y i `i gstrudturi prhnudtbvi ng `hs nbstbaths piìsgs i abvg` luanbi`. Ng gsti fhrli, gs dhlúa gsdudcir qug iqug``hs piìsgs qug ah `hmrga iniptir piri sì `is triasfhrlidbhags blpu`sinis phr `is augvis tgdah`hmìis ga `i banustrbi, imrbdu`turi, si`un, lgnbh ilkbgatg, gagrmìi, gnudidbôa y htrhs sgdthrgs, dhrrga g` rbgsmh fiti` ng qugnirsg i `i zimi ga târlbahs ng ngsirrh``h y kbgagstir5 y lés iúa ga g` dish pirtbdu`ir ng `hs piìsgs ga ngsirrh``h, ng  prhfuanbzir `i ``ilini ``ilini krgdci tgdah tgdah`ômbdi `ômbdi qug `hs ssgpiri gpiri ng` luan luanhh banustrbi`bzinh. @i dhluabdidbôa sg ci vug`th ua g`glgath banbspgasik`g ngatrh ng `is hrmiabzidbhags, yi qug gs g` lgnbh ng ga`idg gatrg pgrshais y pgrlbtg uai dhluabdidbôa répbni, gfgdtbvi y g`blbaianh `is kirrgris mghmréfbdhs. G` Batgragt sg ci dhavgrtbnh ga g` lgnbh phr g` dui` `is hrmiabzidbhags liatbgaga ua dhatidth nbrgdth, répbnh y gfbdbgatg dha sus trikijinhrgs y fb`bi`gs5 sg pugnga rgi`bzir agmhdbidbhags dha d`bgatgs, prhvggnhrgs, nbstrbkubnhrgs g bad`ush rgdhpb`ir bafhrlidbôa ng `i dhlpgtgadbi. G` fidthr tgdah`ômbdh gs blphrtiatg yi qug `is glprgsis chy ga nìi ngkga gstir i `i pir dha `hs dilkbhs tgdah`ômbdhs ga gqubphs y shftwirg piri isì hptblbzir dhsths, badrglgatir `i gfbdbgadbi, lgjhrir `i di`bnin ng sus prhnudths y nir ua sgrvbdbh hphrtuah y lés émb` i sus d`bgatgs. Ga `i glprgsi ng Iri@idt. T.I. ngnbdini i `i g`ikhridbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng yhmurt i kisg ng irizé `i tgdah`hmìi gs ua fidthr blphrtiatg pugs piri `i g`ikhridbôa g` ikhridbôa ng gstg  prhnudth sg agdgsbti agdgsbti liqubairbi iviazini qqug ug lbablbdg tbglph y dhsths ng prhn prhnuddbôa. uddbôa. 

9.4.;.6 _h`ìtbdh @gmi`gs Tha `hs rgfgrgatgs i thnh `h qug blp`bdi uai phsbdbôa ng phngr ga augstri shdbgnin, ga sus nbfgrgatgs abvg`gs (Gstinh, Dhluabnings Iutôahlis y Dhrphridbhags @hdi`gs), qug tganréa uai rgpgrdusbôa gdhaôlbdi. (Gdhkidcb``grith, ;?94) @hs sudgshs qug tbgaga `umir ga g` gathrah ph`ìtbdh ifgdtia lirdinilgatg `is ngdbsbhags thlinis ngatrh ng uai hrmiabzidbôa. Gs banbspgasik`g ngsirrh``ir gsths fidthrgs, ngkbnh i qug lg pgrlbtbréa dhahdgr quâ rgstrbddbhags y prgfgrgadbis tbgag g` prhnudth piri `hmrir gatrir ga g` lgrdinh. I`muais ng `is `gygs qug sgréa ip`bdinis ga `i ` i glprgsi sgréa:

 

 

◈ 

@gy ng Dhlpiùìis.-  gs g` lirdh `gmi` kijh g` dui` fuadbhaia thnis `is glprgsis `gmi`lgatg dhastbtubnis ga g` Gduinhr. G` gatg qug vbmb`i qug sg dulp`ia i` pbg ng `i `gtri thnhs `hs irtìdu`hs ng gsti `gy gs `i Tupgrbatgangadbi ng Dhlpiùìis. 

◈ 

Ahrlis Batgraidbhai`gs ng Bafhrlidbôa Fbaiadbgri.- Tha ua dhajuath ng ahrlis lgnbiatg `is dui`gs sg gxbmg i `is glprgsis qug prgsgatga Gstinhs Fbaiadbgrhs dha bafhrlidbôa dhlpirik`g, triaspirgatg y ng i`ti di`bnin, qug iyung i `hs bavgrsbhabstis, y i htrhs usuirbhs, i thlir ngdbsbhags gdhaôlbdis. gdhaôlbdis. 

◈ 

Dônbmh ng `i _rhnuddbôa.- Tg rbmga phr `i prgsgatg ahrlitbvi thnis `is pgrshais aituri`gs y jurìnbdis y nglés fhrlis ishdbitbvis qug ngsirrh``ga uai idtbvbnin  prhnudtbvi, ga ga dui`qubgr pirtg nng` g` tgrrbthrbh aidbhai`. (_rh Gdu Gduinhr, inhr, ;?9?) 

Ngatrh ng `hs irtìdu`hs ng gstg Dônbmh sg ni rgi`dg i `hs sbmubgatgs:  Irt. 99.- Tbstgli ng Baahvidbôa, Baahvidbôa, Dipidbtidbôa y Glprganblbgath.-  G`

Dhasgjh Tgdthrbi` ng `i _rhnuddbôa, iaui`lgatg, nbsgùiré ua p`ia ng dipidbtidbôa tâdabdi, qug sgrvbré dhlh basulh vbadu`iatg piri `i  p`iabfbdidbôa y prbhrbzidbôa ng` sbstgli ng baahvidbôa, dipidbtidbôa y glprganblbgath, ga fuadbôa ng `i Imgani ng ^riasfhrlidbôa _rhnudtbvi y ng` _`ia Aidbhai` ng Ngsirrh``h. (_rh Gduinhr, ;?9?) Gstg sbstgli pgrlbtbré `i dipidbtidbôa piri `i mgagridbôa ng dhlpgtgadbis glprgangnhris, bastrulgaths ng fbaiadbilbgath, ng dipbti` ng rbgsmh, kiadi ng ngsirrh``h hrbgatini i` fbaiadbilbgath ng glprganblbgaths, y fhanh aidbhai` ng miriatìis5 isbstgadbi tâdabdi y irtbdu`idbôa dha `is glprgsis, sha ispgdths ng blphrtiadbi qug ngkga thlir ga dugati `is  pgrshais qug qug ciyia dha dhastbtubnh stbtubnh uai glprgs glprgsi. i.  Irt. ;4.- Ng `hs `hs badgatbvhs.- @hs badgatbvhs ng hrnga trbkutirbh

qug rgdhahdg

gsti ahrlitbvi sg badhrphria dhlh rgfhrlis i `is ahrlis trbkutirbis  pgrtbagatgs, dhlh dhasti ga `is nbsphsbdbhags rgfhrlithrbis i` fbai` ng gstg Dônbmh. (_rh Gduinhr, ;?9?) @hs badgatbvhs mgagri`gs qug sha ng ip`bdidbôa piri `is bavgrsbhags qug sg gjgdutga ga dui`qubgr pirtg ng` tgrrbthrbh aidbhai` dhasbstga ga: i)  @i rgnuddbôa prhmrgsbvi ng trgs puaths phrdgatui`gs ga g` blpugsth i `i rgati5

 

 

 k)  @hs qug sg gstik`gdga piri `is zhais gdhaôlbdis ng ngsirrh``h gspgdbi`, sbglprg y duianh nbdcis zhais dulp`ia dha `hs drbtgrbhs piri su dhafhrlidbôa5 d)  @is ngnuddbhags inbdbhai`gs piri g` dé`du`h ng` blpugsth i `i rgati, dhlh lgdiabslhs piri badgatbvir `i lgjhri ng prhnudtbvbnin, baahvidbôa y piri `i  prhnuddbôa gdh-gfbdbgatg5 gdh-gfbdbgatg5 n)  @hs kgagfbdbhs piri `i ipgrturi ng` dipbti` shdbi` ng `is glprgsis i fivhr ng sus trikijinhrgs5 g)  @is fidb`bnings ng pimh ga trbkuths i` dhlgrdbh gxtgrbhr5 f)  @i ngnuddbôa piri g` dé`du`h ng` blpugsth i `i rgati ng `i dhlpgasidbôa inbdbhai`  piri g` pimh ng` si`irbh nbmah nbmah55 m)  @i gxhagridbôa ng` blpugsth i `i si`bni ng nbvbsis piri `is hpgridbhags ng fbaiadbilbgath gxtgrah5 c)  @i gxhagridbôa ng` iatbdbph i` blpugsth i `i rgati phr dbadh iùhs piri thni bavgrsbôa augvi5 g, b)  @i rgfhrli i` dé`du`h ng` iatbdbph ng` blpugsth i `i rgati. ❖ 

@gy ng Gdhahlìi _hpu`ir y Th`bnirbi.- Tg gatbgang phr gdhahlìi phpu`ir, g` dhajuath ng hrmiabzidbhags ngnbdinis i `i prhnuddbôa ng kbgags y sgrvbdbhs ngstbainhs i` iuthdhasulh h i su vgati ga g` lgrdinh, dha g` fba ng, lgnbiatg g` iuthglp`gh, mgagrir bamrgshs piri `i suksbstgadbi ng qubgags `i pridtbdia. @i prgsgatg @gy tbgag phr hkjgth rgdhahdgr, fhlgatir, fhrti`gdgr, prhlhvgr, prhtgmgr, idhlpiùir, rgmu`ir y dhatrh`ir `i dhastbtudbôa, gstrudturi y fuadbhailbgath ng `is fhrlis ng hrmiabzidbôa ng `i gdhahlìi phpu`ir y sh`bnirbi y htris fhrlis ng `i gdhahlìi phpu`ir5 inglés, ahrlir `is fuadbhags ng `is gatbnings púk`bdis rgsphasik`gss ng `i ip`bdidbôa ng `i prgsgatg `gy. (Lbabstgrbh ng Bad`usbôa Gdhaôlbdi rgsphasik`g y Thdbi`, ;?9;)

❖ 

Dônbmh ng ^rikijh.- Gstg Dônbmh rgmu`i `is rg`idbhags gatrg glp`ginhrgs y trikijinhrgs. Gsth qubgrg ngdbr qug sb `hs glp`ginhrgs rgspgtia `hs ngrgdchs ng `hs trikijinhrgs, âsths dulp`bréa dha sus hk`bmidbhags ng `i lgjhr liagri y phr gang sg liatganré ua kuga ilkbgatg `ikhri`. @i Glprgsi Iri@ir T.I. ngnbdini i `i g`ikhridbôa y dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ng yhmurt i kisg ng irizi ip`bdiré gstg dônbmh dhrrgdtilgatg ng ti` fhrli qug `hs trikijinhrgs sg sbgatia tia sitbsfgdchs dhlh piri

 

 

qug `h nglugstrga ga su trikijh y hktgamia rgsu`tinhs phsbtbvhs piri g``hs dhlh piri `i glprgsi.  ❖ 

Ahrlis BAGA.-  Miriatbzia `i di`bnin ng g`glgaths fikrbdinhs, `i sgmurbnin ng fuadbhailbgath y g` trikijh tr ikijh dha rgsphasikb`bnin shdbi`.   [^G BAGA ?=6 ‐@GDCG R _[HNWD^HT @ÉD^GHT“ ..--

Gstg rgm`ilgath tâdabdh

gduithrbiah gstik`gdg `hs rgqubsbths qug ngkg dulp`br `i `gdcg y `hs prhnudths `édtghs ng iabli`gs khvbahs y diprbahs, dha `i fbai`bnin ng isgmurir su bahdubnin, prhtgmgr `i si`un ng `hs dhasulbnhrgs dhasulbnhrgs,, y gvbtir prédtbdis qug pugnia banudbr i grrhr, dhafusbôa h gamiùh. (Bastbtuth Gduithrbiah ng Ahrli`bzidbôa, ;?94)

9.4.;.= Gstikb`bnin ph`ìtbdi Idtui`lgatg phr `i sbtuidbôa qug itrivbgsi g` piìs ah ciy uai gstikb`bnin ga g` piìs ngkbnh i qug `i nguni púk`bdi sg nup`bdô ga `hs ú`tblhs 9? iùhs, `i nguni supgri g` >?% ng` _BK.

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) G` Mhkbgrah gspgri lgjhrir su phsbdbôa ng rgsgrvis batgraidbhai`gs, batgraidbhai`gs, `i rgsgrvi batgraidbhai` ci badrglgatinh ga `hs ú`tblhs lgsgs. Ga lirzh ng` iùh pisinh i`diazô `hs 4 '3=3.??? lb``hags.

 

 

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) 

9.4.;.3 [bgsmh _iìs G` misth púk`bdh prhdìd`bdh cbzh `i gdhahlìi lés vu`agrik`g, i pgsir ng `i ` i khaiazi pgtrh`gri ah sg thlirha lgnbnis piri badrglgatir g` ichrrh. @i gdhahlìi sg idhp`ô i ua abvg` ng misth bashstgabk`g, y ga `i rgdgsbôa sg idunbô i gangunilbgath imrgsbvh.

(Kiadh Dgatri` ng` Gduinhr, ;?97) Wa rbgsmh piìs ng 64? puaths blp`bdi `i hktgadbôa ng uai ngahlbaini

‐nguni

diri“.

G`

idugrnh dha g` FLB krbanô dhafbiazi i `hs lgrdinhs. G` rbgsmh  piìs nbslbauyg `gvglgatg i pgsir ng qug g` prgdbh ng` pgtrô`gh dig.

 

 

9.>. IAÉ@BTBT NG@ GA^H[AH R NG @I BANWT^[BI (@IT 7 FWG[ZIT NG _H[^G[)  _H[^G[)  ‐@i fugrzi dhlpgtbtbvi h `is fugrzis dhlpgtbtbvis lés fugrtgs ngtgrlbaia `i rgatikb`bnin ng

ua sgdthr y sg triasfhrlia ga `hs g`glgaths lés blphrtiatgs ng `i g`ikhridbôa ng `i gstritgmbi.“ (_hrtgr, ;??3) 

Fugatg: G`ikhridbôa prhpbi

 

 

9.7. NBIMAÔT^BDH TB^WIDBHAI@ R IAÉ@BTBT FHNI 9.7.9. NBIMAÔT^BDH TB^WIDBHAI@  Ga Gduinhr i pgsir ng `hs badhavgabgatgs qug ci tgabnh `is banustrbis `édtgis phr g` lhtbvh ng gsti pianglbi DHVBN-92 ifbrli [hnrbmh Mi``gmhs, nbrgdthr ng` Dgatrh ng `i Banustrbi @édtgi ng` Gduinhr, qug gstis ah gstéa trikijianh i` lbslh abvg` qug g` iùh pisinh pgrh qug i pgsir ng gsh sg gsté liatgabganh fbrlg ga `is nglianis ng `édtghs y sus ngrbvinhs. (G@ WABVG[TH, ;?;?) ^ritianh isì ng kusdir augvis gstritgmbis ng liregtbam usianh prhnudths aituri`gs qug iyung i` dhasulbnhr i liatgagr uai si`un ôptbli i pgsir ng `i dbrduastiadbi qug gsté ifgdtianh i thnh g` luanh

VI[BIK@GT NBIMAÔT^BDIT _iri fidb`btir g` gafhqug ng gstg gstunbh ga `hs ispgdths y sus nbfgrgatgs rg`idbhags sg cia ngtgrlbainh `is sbmubgatgs virbik`gs. ◈ 

_rhnuddbôa

◈ 

Dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa

◈ 

^i`gath culiah

◈ 

Ispgdths fbaiadbgrhs

BANBDINH[GT YWG NGFBAGA @IT VI[BIK@GT @hs dhlphagatgs qug pgrlbtbréa dhahdgr, iai`bzir y ngtgrlbair `is virbik`gs, gstéa ninhs  phr uai sgrbg ng ng banbdinhrgs ti ti`gs `gs dhlh.

_rhnuddbôa ◈ 

Fhrlis ng prhnuddbôa

◈ 

^bphs ng prhnudth

◈ 

Dhatrh` ng di`bnin

◈ 

Nbfbdu`tings ng `i idtbvbnin

◈ 

I`tgraitbvi ng prhnuddbôa

Dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ◈ 

 

◈ ◈ 

_uaths ng vgati Ngstbah ng `i prhnuddbôa Diai`gs ng dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa

 

 

◈ 

_rgdbh

◈ 

Dhlpgtgadbi

◈ 

Ngliani

^i`gath Culiah  

◈ ◈ 

Gxpgrbgadbi Dipidbtidbôa

◈ 

Jhraini `ikhri`

◈ 

 Abvg` gnuditbvh gnuditbvh

Tbtuidbôa shdbhgdhaôlbdi ◈ 

Tgrvbdbhs késbdhs

◈ 

Vìis ng dhluabdidbôa

◈ 

Di`bnin ng vbni

◈ 

^bph ng idtbvbnin

LI^[BZ NG [G@IDBÔA NBIMAÔT^BDI  HKJG^BVHT

Iai`bzir `i sbtuidbôa idtui` ng `i prhnuddbôa imrìdh`i ga g` Gduinhr

Bngatbfbdir `is fhrlis ng dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa qug utb`bzia `hs prhnudthrgs ng irizé ga `i zhai ng bavgstbmidbôa

VI[BIK@GT

_rhnuddbôa

Dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa

BANBDINH[GT

½ ^bphs ng prhnudth ½ Dhatrh` ng di`bnin ½ Nbfbdu`tin ng `i idtbvbnin ½ I`tgraitbvi ng prhnuddbôa ½ Fhrlis ng prhnuddbôa

½ _uaths ng vgati ½ Ngstbah ng `i prhnuddbôa ½ Diai`gs ng dhlgrdbi`bzidbôa ½ _rgdbh ½ Dhlpgtgadbi ½ Ngliani

FWGA^G

^ÂDABDI

_rblirbi Tgduanirbi

Gadugsti Gatrgvbsti Hksgrvidbôa nbrgdti

_rblirbi Tgduanirbi

Gadugsti Gatrgvbsti Hksgrvidbôa nbrgdti

 

 

Dhahdgr `hs abvg`gs ng di`bnin y prgpiridbôa ng` ti`gath culiah qug `ikhri ga `is idtbvbnings ng` dilph

Ngtgrlbair `hs ispgdths shdbhgdhaôlbdhs ng` Gduinhr, y `umir nhang sg blp`iatiré g` prhygdth.

^i`gath Culiah

Tbtuidbôa Thdbhgdhaôlbdhs

½ Gxpgrbgadbi ½ Dipidbtidbôa ½ Jhraini `ikhri` ½ Abvg` gnuditbvh

½ Tgrvbdbhs késbdhs ½ Vìis ng dhluabdidbôa ½ Di`bnin ng vbni ½ ^bph ng idtbvbnin

_rblirbi Tgduanirbi

_rblirbi Tgduanirbi

Gadugsti Gatrgvbsti Hksgrvidbôa nbrgdti

Gadugsti Gatrgvbsti Hksgrvidbôa nbrgdti

Fugatg: G`ikhridbôa prhpbi

9.7.;. IAÉ@BTBT FHNI Ga `i prgsgatg sgddbôa sg iai`bziré `i sbtuidbôa dhlpgtbtbvi ng ‐`i g`ikhridbôa ng yhmurt ng

irizé i abvg` aidbhai` piri phngr gafrgatir sus ngkb`bnings y ilgaizis gxtgrais i trivâs ng sus itrbkuths, fhrti`gzis y hphrtuabnings.

Fhrti`gzis ◈ 

G` yhmurt yhmurt ng irizé sgré g`i g`ikhrinh khrinh dha ggstéanirgs stéanirgs ng ddi`bnin i`bnin y rgi`bzidbôa

ng`

dulp`blbgath ng `i AH[LI ^ÂDABDI GDWI^H[BIAI BAGA ;427:;?99, liatgabganh g` gafhqug ga sus dhlphagatgs qug prgsgati dhlh fruti aituri`. ◈ 

G` irizé tbgag uai fédb` iniptikb`bnin i `is dhanbdbhags d`blétbdis y prgsgati ua  pgrbhnh ng dhsgdci dhsgdci ng din dinii trgs lgsgs ggaa `i dui` rgsi`ti su gxdg`gatg irhli

◈ 

 Ah rgqubgrg rgqubgrg ng ua `irmh prhdgsh ng prhnud prhnuddbôa dbôa y gs ng fédb` inqubsbdbôa inqubsbdbôa ga `is dhstis dhstis gduithrbiais.

◈ 

Gs uai fruti ifrhnbs ifrhnbsìidi ìidi dha i`ths kgag kgagfbdbhs fbdbhs ga su dhlphsbdbôa dhlphsbdbôa gatrg `is dui`gs rgsi`tilhs virbis vbtilbais qug kgagfbdbia i` sgr culiah vbtilbai d, fôsfhrh, di`dbh. 

◈ 

◈ 

_rhnudth ng g`ikhridbôa irtgsiai`  G` irizé gs uai fruti ingduini piri kgkbnis rgfrgsdiatgs y `i fikrbdidbôa ng `édtghs.

 

 

Ngkb`bnings  ◈ 

G` irizé gs uai fruti k`iani duianh gsté linuri y uai li`i liabpu`idbôa ng `i fruti  pugng diusir dhsths ng prhnuddbôa bagspgrinhs phr g` niùh ng `i fruti ga su liabpu`gh. 

◈ 

 Ah dugati dha dha ua rgdhahdblbga rgdhahdblbgath th ga g` lgrdinh, su phs phsbdbhailbgath bdbhailbgath gs disb disb au`h.

◈ 

Gs agdgsirbh tgagr ua i`th phngr ng agmhdbidbôa ng `hs prhvggnhrgs.

◈ 

`is mriangs glprgsis hdupia thnhs diai`gs ng nbstrbkudbôa `h dui` sgrìi lés dhlp`bdinh ``gmir i ua lgrdinh 

◈ 

_hdhs i`binhs i`binhs piri `i nbstrbkudbôa ng` yhmurt ng Irizé. 

Hphrtuabnin ◈ 

Nbfusbôa ng `i tgdah`hmìi piri g` liagjh y lhabthrgh ng `h qug sg pugng rgi`bzir dha g` irizé

◈ 

G` iulgath ng `i ngliani ng `hs prhnudths autrbtbvhs y si`unik`gs `bkrg ng sustiadbis quìlbdis qug pgrjunbdia `i si`un ng` dhasulbnhr.

◈ 

G` mhkbgrah y iuthrbnings cia y gstéa ngsirrh``ianh dilpiùi aidbhai` piri lgjhrir `i i`blgatidbôa dhasulbganh prhnudths aituri`gs (sba inbtbvhs)

Ilgaizis ◈ 

@hs dhlpgtbnhrgs gstéa prgsgatgs ga disb thnhs `hs diai`gs ng vgatis dha ua prhnudth sglgjiatg h pirgdbnh i` yhmurt ng irizé.

◈ 

Dhlpgtgadbis dha lirdis yi phsbdbhainis ga g` lgrdinh ng kgkbnis.

◈ 

◈ 

_uk`bdbnin lisbvi phr pirtg ng `is mriangs glprgsis i abvg` aidbhai`.  Ipirbdbôa ng augvhs dhlpgtbnhrgs qug hfrgzdia prhnudths sblb`irgs

◈ 

Badrglgath ng prgdbhs ga `hs basulhs i utb`bzir piri g` yhmurt

◈ 

Dilkbhs nglhmréfbdhs invgrshs ga dish ng qug g` prhnudth ah prgsgatg idhmbni ga i`múa `umir ng Gduinhr

LI^[BZ FHNI Tg `i rgi`bzô ga kisg ng sus hkjgtbvhs piri liyhr gatganblbgath ng` liagjh y dhatrh` dha g` qug sg g`ikhri g` yhmurt ng irizé

 

 

_HTB^BVH

Batgrai (fidthrgs ng `i glprgsi)

Fhrti`gzis ◈  _rhnudth baahvinhr thnivìi fi`ti gxp`htir ◈  _rhnudth garbqugdbnh

AGMI^BVH Ngkb`bnings qug ◈  Tg tbgag phdh dhahdblbgath i abvg` aidbhai` ng `i litgrbi dha  prbli qug sg vi i usir (irizé) (irizé)

vbtilbais y lbagri`gs, qug fhlgati g` ngsirrh``h aituri` ga g` chlkrg ◈  Tu fikrbdidbôa sgrìi mria rbvi`  piri kgkbnis irtgsiai`gs, yi qug su irhli y sikhr sha imrinik`gs

Hphrtuabnings ◈ 

Gxtgrai (fidthrgs ng` gathrah) ◈ 

◈ 

Dhsths g`gvinhs ga su sbstgli ng prhnuddbôa ga g` dish ng ah dhatir dha `hs prhvggnhrgs sufbdbgatgs ◈  Yug ah dugatgs dha diai`gs ng nbstrbkudbôa ingduinhs y iulgatg g` dhsth ng triasphrtg y i`lidgailbgath (khngmis)

Ilgaizis

Iulgath ng ngliani i` badrglgatir `i virbgnin ng yhmurt ng irizé dhlh ua lbx ng sikhrgs dhlkbainhs Nbvgrsbfbdidbôa ng tiliùhs  piri liyhr idhmbni sba lhnbfbdir g` prbadbpi` hkjgtbvh qug sg liatgami dhlh  prhnudth aituri` aituri`

Ngpgangr ng glprgsis  prhvggnhris y pgqugùhs  prhnudthrgs ng `i litgrbi  prbli.  ◈  G`gvinh dhsth ng `i litgrbi  prbli  ◈  Dhlpgtgadbi ga g` lbslh `umir mghmréfbdh ga `i qug sg vi i p`iatir `i glprgsi. 

◈ 

Fugatg: G`ikhridbôa prhpbi

9.6. IAÉ@BTBT NG I@^G[AI^BVIT R _@IA NG IDDBÔA

_[HNWD^ H 

I`tgraitbvis

Iddbhags

Ngsirrh``ir ua glpiqug ``ilitbvh y fuadbhai` piri g` dhasulbnhr.

Nbsgùir ua glpiqug nbfgrgadbinh r qug dhatrbkuyi i` lgjhrilbgat h ng` lgnbh ilkbgatg.

^bglph

7 iùhs

_rgsupugsth Ga vbsti qug  piri ua augvh glpiqug ngkglhs rgi`bzir uai augvi vi`bnidbôa ng lgrdinh g` lhath ng iprhxblinh

[gsphasik`g

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh y _uk`bdbnin

 

 

`i bavgrsbôa sgrìi $9,???

Drgir ua ahlkrg gspgdìfbdh qug  pgrlbti su  phsbdbhailbgath ga g` lgrdinh.

Diptir augvhs d`bgatgs lgnbiatg gstritgmbi ng liregtbam nbrgdth yi qug gsth  pugng pgrlbtbr i batgridtuir dha liyhr gfbdidbi dha sus dhasulbnhrgs.

Dilpiùis lisbvis ng  puk`bdbnin ga rinbh, Nuriatg Dbadh tg`gvbsbôa, Iùhs rgvbstis y rgngs shdbi`gs. I trivâs ng glp`ginhs dhahdgnhrgs ng `is  prhpbgnings autrbtbvis y 9 iùh tgripâutbdis ng`  prhnudth, y dhadbgatbzir i` dhasulbnhr Dhavgabh gatrg `hs imrbdu`thrgs Gstg y augstri dhavgabh glprgsi sg  piri g` rgi`bziré iphyh ng` nuriatg Mhkbgrah i `hs 4 trivâs ng` lbabstgrbh  prblgrhs iùhs qug ng dhhrnbaidbô hthrmi g`

Hktgadbôa ng `hs iphyhs gdhaôlbdhs ngstbainhs i blpu`sir `hs  prhnudths gduithrbiahs qug  krbani g` mhkbgrah piri fhlgatir `i  prhnudtbvbnin ng`  prhnuddbôa a ng `i  piìs. glp`gh y dhlpgtbtbvbn in.

Iprhvgdcir `i tgdah`hmìi qug dhasgmubr hfrgdgré g` gxd`usbvbnin BABI_ piri `hs dha ng `i imrbdu`thrgs y isì fruti i ikistgdgrahs ng trivâs ng `hs ua prhnudth ng  prhvggnhrgs di`bnin i kijhs ng `i lbsli dhsths.

WT$ 2,3??

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh y _uk`bdbnin

WT$ 4,3??

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh y dhlgrdbi`bzidb ôa

Ngpgang ng` lhath ng bavgrsbôa

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh, _rhnuddbôa, y fbaiadbgrh

$7?,?? trélbtgs.

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh, _rhnuddbôa, y fbaiadbgrh

mhkbgrah .

Gsti iddbôa sg niré nuriatg `hs dbadh  prblgrhs iùhs,  piri `ugmh sgr lgjhrini

 

 

DIAI@GT NG NBT^[BKW DBÔA   DBÔA

_[GDBH   _[GDBH

Badgatbvir i `hs vgangnhrgs gxtgrahs

Dhlbsbhags  phr itrigr i augvhs nbstrbkubnhr  gs gstik`gdbgan h uai lgti lgasui`.

Badursbhair ga htrh diai` ng nbstrbkudbôa piri nir i dhahdgr augstrhs  prhnudths.

Blp`glgatir `i vgati ilku`iatg

; iùhs

;% ng `is vgatis ng `hs nbstrbkubnhrgs.

Ngpirtilgath ng Dhlgrdbi`bzidb ôa y nbstrbkudbôa

I pirtbr ng` duirth iùh

$;??? (kbnhags, trbdbd`hs, uabfhrlgs piri vgangnhrgs)

Ngpirtilgath ng Dhlgrdbi`bzidb ôa y nbstrbkudbôa

Ngpgang ng` lhath ng bavgrsbôa

Ngpirtilgath ng Dhlgrdbi`bzidb ôa y nbstrbkudbôa

Bavgstbmidbô a ng lgrdinhs g Bngatbfbdidbô a ng érgis h Drgidbôa ng `umirgs  Augvhs _uaths nhang sg ng Nbstrbkudbôa y  pugnga Gstik`gdblbgath gstik`gdgr > iùhs ng augvhs puaths `hs augvhs ga `hs diai`gs  puaths ng gxbstgatgs nbstrbkudbôa gvbtianh `hs badrglgaths ng dhsths ga g` triasphrtg. Nbsgùh ng ua drhahmrili qug pgrlbti nir i Drgidbôa ng ua dhahdgr `is 6 lgsgs drhahmrili ng vgatijis y ngsvgatijis nbstrbkudbôa i` lhlgath ng `i nbstrbkudbôa ng` prhnudth Ga vbsti qug `hs  prhdgshs ng  prhnuddbôa ah @iazilbgat sha luy `irmhs G` prblgr h ng  phnglhs iùh ng  prhnudths i dhlpgtbr ga g` batrhnudd  kijh lgrdinh `hdi` bôa  prgdbhs. dha prgdbhs sblb`irgs i `i dhlpgtgadbi.

Ngpgang ng` lhath ng

Ngpirtilgath ng Dhlgrdbi`bzidb

bavgrsbôa

ôa y nbstrbkudbôa

W$ ;,???.??

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh y Fbaiadbgrh

 

 

Blp`glgati [gi`bzir hfgrtis y dbôa ng  prhlhdbhags  pémbai wgk Gsti  piri diptir i`  piri idtbvbnin dhasulbnhr bafhrlir i`  phnré  phtgadbi` y nir i d`bgatg ng nirsg i dhahdgr augstrhs augstrhs  pirtbr ng`  prhnudths  prhnudths y tgrdgr `bmct y ifrhnbsìidhs.

imrgmirng dirrbth dhlpri

$7??

Ngpirtilgath ng Lgrdingh y Fbaiadbgrh

iùh

Fugatg: G`ikhridbôa prhpbi

9.=. IAÉ@BTBT NG GTDGAI[BHT R LI^[BZ NG BL_ID^H - BADG[^BNWLK[G B ADG[^BNWLK[G @i litrbz ng blpidth gs uai cgrrilbgati ng iaé`bsbs dui`btitbvh ng rbgsmhs qug ahs pgrlbtg gstik`gdgr prbhrbnings ga duiath i `hs phsbk`gs rbgsmhs ng ua prhygdth ga fuadbôa tiath ng `i  prhkikb`bnin ng qug hdurria dhlh ng `is rgpgrdusbhags qug phnrìia tgagr shkrg augstrh  prhygdth ga dish dish ng qug hd hdurrbgria. urrbgria. (Litrbz, ;?96) G` ush ng `i p`iagidbôa phr gsdgairbhs tbgag kgagfbdbhs pi`pik`gs piri `i p`iagidbôa gstritâmbdi ga nhs vìis: i`muais ng `is ngdbsbhags d`ivgs pugnga ``gvirsg i ua dilph hpgridbhai` y sg rgnudg g` rbgsmh i` bmahrir `hs pgqugùhs dilkbhs ngatrh ng `i hrmiabzidbôa.  Ah ga thnhs `hs dishs sg phnré utb`bzir `i p`iagidbô p`iagidbôaa phr gsdgairbhs, sbganh gfbdidgs ga dhatgxths nhang sg dhahdg phrquâ gs agdgsirbi su dhastruddbôa y ah ngkga sgr glp`ginhs, duianh ah sgi dhavgabgatg glp`gir ua fb`trh piri `blbtir `is ngdbsbhags phr sgùi`gs gxtgrais. (Vgrmiri Tdcli`kidc, Fhati`vh Cgrrgri, & Lizi Évb`i, ;?9?) Gsdgairbhs ng musths y prgfgrgadbis nbrbmbnhs cidbi d`bgatgs dhastiatgs.  

_rblgr gsdgairbh: I`th blpidth / i`ti badgrtbnulkrg

@h lés blphrtiatg y `h lés badbgrth.  

Tgmuanh gsdgairbh: I`th blpidth / Kiji badgrtbnulkrg 

Lés blphrtiatg y lgahs badbgrth. Gsdgairbh ng dilkbhs sbmabfbditbvhs ga `hs musths y prgsgadbis ng` d`bgatg.  

^grdgr gsdgairbh: Kijh blpidth / I`ti badgrtbnulkrg

Lgahs blphrtiatg y lés badbgrth.

 

   

Duirth gsdgairbh: Kijh blpidth / Kiji badgrtbnulkrg 

Lgahs blphrtiatg y lgahs badbgrth

KBK@BHM[IFÌI _IZLBÙH, Ì^I@H LI[^B@@H, MI@H I_H@H @HIRZI, IAN I@GS NWYWG RG_GZ. "Fruti ilizôabdi Irizé." [gvbsti Dirbkgùi ng Dbgadbis Thdbi`gs ;?9>X?2 (;?9>). cttp://gdhapipgrs.rgpgd.hrm/irtbd`g/grvrd cttp://gdhapipg rs.rgpgd.hrm/irtbd`g/grvrddsrd/yX4i;?9> dsrd/yX4i;?9>X4ibX4i;?9>X X4ibX4i;?9>X7f?2X4 7f?2X4 i?;.ctl DHCGA , É. [. (;??3). Ba @i ishlkrhsi cbsthrbi ng `is pi`ikris (p. 2?). @bkrhs ga rgn. Du`tbvh ng` irizé ga augstrh piìs. (;?9;, Ahvbglkrg 9?). [gtrbgvgn frhl @i Chri: cttps://www.`ichri.dhl.gd/ahtbdbi/99?9>;?3;6/du`tbvh-ng`irizd4i9-ga-augstrhpid4ins. _[HGDWINH[. (liyh ng ;?97). prhgduinhr. Hktgabnh ng cttp://www.prhgduinhr.mhk.gd/wpd cttp://www.prhgdui nhr.mhk.gd/wpdhatgat/up`hins/;?97 hatgat/up`hins/;?97/?7/_[HGDXMD;?9 /?7/_[HGDXMD;?9 7XDCB@G;.pnf MIN Luabdbpbh ng Muiyiqub`. (a.n.). [gtrbgvgn frhl Tgrvbdbhs ga `ìagi: cttps://trilbtgs>.muiyiqub`.mhk.gd/T^@9 cttps://trilbtgs>.muiy iqub`.mhk.gd/T^@9???>.ispx ???>.ispx

 

 

G@ WABVG[TH. (9= ng Ikrb` ng ;?;?). [gdupgrinh g` ;? ng Imhsth ng ;?;?, ng cttps://www.g`uabvgrsh.dhl/ahtbdbis/;?;?/? cttps://www.g`uabvgrsh .dhl/ahtbdbis/;?;?/?>/9=/ahti/=396;6 >/9=/ahti/=396;6?/banustrbi?/banustrbi`idtgi-isgmuri-qug-pgsir-badhavg `idtgi-isgmu ri-qug-pgsir-badhavgabgatgs-liatbgag abgatgs-liatbgag @ÌNG[GT . (;= ng Liyh ng ;?;?).  @ÌNG[GT . Hktgabnh ng cttps://www.rgvbsti`bngrgs.gd/`bngrgs/nglia cttps://www.rgvbsti`bngrgs .gd/`bngrgs/ngliani-yhmur-`gdcg-dhang ni-yhmur-`gdcg-dhangasiniasini prhnuddbha.ctl`  prhnuddbha. ctl` @WDBA, G. (Fgkrgrh ng ;?9;).  [G_HTB^H[BH NG @I WABVG[TBNIN DI^Ô@BDI  NG TIA^BIMH NG MWIRIYWB@. [gdupgrinh g` 93 ng Imhsth I mhsth ng ;?;?, ng cttp://rgphsbthrbh.udsm.gnu.gd/kbtstrgil/44 cttp://rgphsbthrbh.udsm .gnu.gd/kbtstrgil/449=/266?/9/^-WDTM-_[G-GDH9=/266?/9/^-WDTM-_[G-GDHMGT->7?.pnf YWÌLBAG^. (Hdtukrg ng ;?92). Hktgabnh ng cttps://www.qublbagt.dhl/prbadbpi`/rgsu`tinhs cttps://www.qublbagt.dh l/prbadbpi`/rgsu`tinhsXkusqugni. Xkusqugni.pcp8A