Proyecto Terminado 3
August 2, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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DLQ[D[P[M K@ NM_JHADML T AHYHAD[HADML BHOM_HB DLNMAHB - AMAEHOHJOH AH__@_H K@ @B@A[_MJ@AH @B@A[_MJ@AHLDAH LDAH DLKPQ[_DHB
AMKDFM KDQ@ØM T NHO_DAHADML K@ PLH JHXPDLH J HXPDLH ABHQDNDAHKM_H, KMQDNDAH_M_H T @JYHXP@[HKM_H YH_H ^@LK@KM_@Q K@ EMCH K@ AMAH
[rhohcm pmr prmy`atm k` frhkm phrh mpthr têtubm hahkäjdam k` [.Q. `l @b`atrmj`aèldah Dlkustrdhb
Ymstubhlt`(s)3 O`yjhr Dlturdhs @sahb`rh Hrd`b @jdbdm Qhlae`z Pr`y [utmr 3 Dlf. Y. _mkrdfm Yhz Nmrmlkh
AMAEHOHJOH ‑ OMBD^DH Lmvd`jor`, ?9?9
DLQ[D[P[M K@ NM_JHADML T AHYHAD[HADML BHOM_HB DLNMAHB - AMAEHOHJOH AH__@_H K@ @B@A[_MJ@AH @B@A[_MJ@AHLDAH LDAH DLKPQ[_DHB
KDQ@ØM T NHO_DAHADML K@ PLH JHXPDLH J HXPDLH ABHQDNDAHKM_H, KMQDNDAH_M_H T @JYHXP@[HKM_H YH_H ^@LK@KM_@Q K@ EMCH K@ AMAH AMKDFM
[rhohcm pmr prmy`atm k` frhkm phrh mpthr têtubm hahkäjdam k` [.Q. `l @b`atrmj`aèldah Dlkustrdhb
Ymstubhlt`(s)3 O@TJH_ DL[P_DHQ @QAHB@_H H_D@B @JDBDM QHLAE@Q P_@T
[utmr 3 Dlf. Y. _mkrdfm Yhz Nmrmlkh
AMAEHOHJOH ‑ OMBD^DH Lmvd`jor`, ?9?9
K@KDAH[M_DH K`kdahkm
`sp`adhbj`lt`
h
jds
phkr`s y kma`lt`s, pmrqu` aml tmkm su amlmadjd`ltm amltrdouy`rml phrh qu` s`h ul emjor` k` od`l y pu`kh s`fudr hk`bhlt` aml juaem jès amlmadjd`ltm.
HF_HK@ADJD@L[MQ H kdms pmr ordlkhrlms su hjmr, shodkurêh ` dlndldth omlkhk, pmr prmt`f`rlms kurhlt` tmkm lu`strm ahjdlm. Hb dlstdtutm t`almbñfdam DLNMAHB Amaehohjoh qu` lms ordlkh tmkhs bhs e`rrhjd`lths phrh prmn`sdmlhb`s k` od`l
nmrjhr
[hjodäl h bh nhjdbdh qu` amlndhrml `l
lmsmtrms
amjpr`lk`r
y
lms
hpmyhr
supd`rml y
shodhj`lt` `l tmkm jmj`ltm
fudhr
[HOBH K@ AML[@LDKMQ 8. [@JH. - ................................................................................................................................. 8
8.8. DL[_MKPAADÑL. ‑ ‑ .................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................ ............................ 8 DL[_MKPAADML ................................................................................................................................ 8 ‑............................................................................................ 8.?. KDHFLÑQ[DAM T CPQ[DNDAHADÑL. ‑ .............................................................. .............................. ? 8.?.8. HL[@A@K@L[@Q. - .................................................................................................................. .............................................................. .................................................... ?
8.?.8.8.
Hlt`a`k`lt`s f`l`rhb`s. ‑ .............................................................................................................. ?
8.?.8.?.
Hlt`a`k`lt`s `sp`aêndams. ‑ ............................................................................................................ ?
8.?.?. CPQ[DNDAHADÑL. - ............................................................... .................................................................................................................... ..................................................... ? 8.?.?.8.
Custdndahadñl täaldah. ‑ ..................................................................................................................... ?
8.?.?.?.
Custdndahadñl `amlñjdah. ‑ ............................................................................................................... 1
8.?.?.1.
Custdndahadñl smadhb. ‑ ....................................................................................................................... 1
8.1. YBHL[@HJD@L[M T NM_JPBHADÑL K@B Y_MOB@JH [ÄALDAM/[@ALMBÑFDAM ....................... ; 8.1.8. N.M.K.H. ........................................................ ........................................................................................................................ .......................................................................... .......... 0 8.1.?. Èromb k` prmob`jhs. ‑ ........................................................ ............................................................................................................ .................................................... > 8.1.1. Èromb k` moc`tdvms. ‑ .............................................................................................................. ...................................................................................................... ........ 6 8.;. MOC@[D^MQ ................................................................................................................................ 5 8.;.8. Moc`tdvm f`l`rhb. ‑ ................................................................................................................ 5 8.;.?. Moc`tdvm `sp`aêndam. ‑ ............................................................................................................. ........................................................ ..................................................... 5 8.0. @LNMXP@ J@[MKMBMFDAM ..................................................................................................... 4 8.0.8. Jhtrdz k` kds`øm j`tmkmbñfdam. ‑ ......................................................................................... 4 8.>. HBAHLA@ ........................................................ ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ........ 89 ?. JH_AM [@M_DAM AMLA@Y[PHB .......................................................................................... ??
?.8 Y_MA@QM. ‑ ............................................................................................................................... ?? ?.? K`ndldadñl .................................................................................................................................. ?? ?.?.8 AMJ@_ADHBDSHADÑL K@ BH EMCH K@ AMAH ........................................................................................ ?1 ?.?.? ABHQDNDAHADÑL T Q@B@AADÑL .......................................................................................................... ?0 ?.?.?.8. Bh emch k` amah @b`fdkh ...................................................................................................... .............................................................. ........................................ ?0 ?.?.?.?. BH EMCH K@ AMAH J@KDHLH ...................................................................................................... .............................................................. ........................................ ?> ?.?.?.?.8 J`kdhlh @sp`adhb ............................................................................................................. ?6 ?.?.?.?.? J@KDHLH AMJÓL ................................................................................................................ ?6 ?.?.?.1. BH EMCH K@ AMAH J@LPKH ...................................................................................................... ?6 ?.?.?.;. BH EMCH K@ AMAH Q@FPLKH. ..................................................................................................... ?5 ?.?.?.0 BH EMCH K@ AMAH AEMXP@[H ..................................................................................................... .............................................................. ....................................... 19 ?.?.?.> JH[—HAEHKM ......................................................................................................................... 18
?.?.?.6. @JYHXP@[HKM ...................................................................................................................... 1? ?.1.
J@_AHKM. - ......................................................................................................................... .............................................................. ........................................................... 10
?.1.8 Jhqudlh abhsdndahkmrh k` Emch k` amah ................................................................................. 10 ?.1.? Kdsyultmr ................................................................................................................................ 1> ?.1.?.8 Kdsyultmr jhflätdam jhflätd am ........................................................................................................... ........................................................ ................................................... 1> ?.1.1 Omtñl k` @j`rf`ladh ............................................................................................................. 16 ?.1.; Buz pdbmtm ................................................................................................................................ 16 ?.1.0 Amlthatmr ............................................................................................................................... 16 ?.1.> Aeujha`rhs ........................................................................................................................... 16 ?.1.6 @b`atrmkms >981...................................................................................................................... 15 ?.1.5 Y`rlms .................................................................................................................................... 14 ?.1.4 [uom auhkrhkm k` ha`rm ........................................................................................................ ;9 ?.1.89 Q@B@AADÑL K@ @B@J@L[MQ YH_H QHAE@[ HKM_H ............................................................................. ;8 ?.1.89.8 HA[PHKM_@Q L@PJÈ[DAMQ .................................................................................................... ;8 ?.1.89.? Q@LQM_@Q K@ Y_MUDJDKHK ÑY[DAH ............................................................................................ ;8 B@A[_M^ÈB^PBHQ
?.1.89.; @
................................................................................................................. ;?
AHYD[PBM DDD ............................................................................................................................. ;1 1. Y_MYP@Q[H K@ DLM^HADML M QMBPADML HB Y_MOB@JH.................................................... ;;
1.8. DJYHA[M QMADHB AMJPLD[H_DM (O@L@NDADH_DMQ) ............................................................... ;; 1.?. AÈBAPBM T Q@B@AADÑL K@ BMQ AMJYML@L[@Q ..................................................................... ;; 1.1. @BHOM_HADML K@B YBHL K@ JHL[@LDJD@L[M ..................................................................... ;4 1.;. Q@FP_DKHK DLKPQ[_DHB ........................................................................................................ 09 1.0. Y_@QPYP@Q[M K@B Y_MT@A[M T @B Y_@ADM K@ ^@L[H ........................................................... 09 ;.
_@QPB[HKMQ @QY@_HKMQ ....................................................................................................... ............................................................... ........................................ 08
0.
AMLABPQDML@Q ...................................................................................................................... 0?
>.
_@AMJ@LKHADML@Q .............................................................................................................. 0?
6. NP@L[@Q K@ DLNM_JHADML T ODOBDMF_HNÊH ...................................................................... 01
_@QPJ@L @b pr`s`lt` prmy`atm td`l` amjm moc`tdvm nulkhj`lthb `b k` kds`øhr ulh jhqudlh s`b`aadmlhkmrh k` emchs k` amah, aml bh ndlhbdkhk k` aujpbdr ulh l`a`sdkhk `sp`adndah k` ul s`atmr qu` prmkua` bhs emchs k` amah qu` thjodäl bm pu`k`l eha`r usm k` `sth jèqudlh bhs p`qu`øhs `jpr`shs qu` s` k`kdahl h eha`r prmkuatms h ohs` k` amah yh qu` aml `sth jèqudlh t`lkrèl ul s`b`aadmlhkm k` emchs juy edfdäldahj`lt` y lm r`qud`r` juaem p`rsmlhb phrh pmk`r mp`rhr bh jhqudlh , `l `b bufhr k`b trñpdam y bms yulfhs. Bh frhl jhymrêh k` bms prmkuatmr`s lm au`lthl aml `stms `qudpms y r`hbdzhl `b prma`sm k` s`b`aadmlhkm jhluhb m hrt`shlhbj`lt` y `st` prma`sm r`qud`r` juaem td`jpm y thjodäl lm s` bm r`hbdzh k` ulh nmrjh hk`auhkh y thjodäl r`qud`r` jès p`rsmlhb kms m jès p`rsmlhs phrh s`b`aadmlhr
AHYD[PBM D
8. [@JH. @b t`jh3 KDQ@ØM T NHO_DAHADML K@ PLH JHXPDLH ABHQDNDAHKM_H KMQDNDAHKM_H T @LYHXP@[HKM_H YH_H ^@LK@KM_@Q K@ EMCH K@ AMAH, surf` h phrtdr k` bh l`a`sdthk qu` t`lêhl bms prmkuatmr`s k` abhsdndahr bhs emchs pmr thjhøm t hjhøm qu` bhs emchs t`lfhl ulh ahbdkhk k` j`rahkm
8.8. DL[_MKPAADÑL. DL[_MKPAADÑL. ‑ DL[_MKPAADML Bh emch k` amah `s ul hbdj`ltm lutrdadmlhb y j`kdadlhb, qu` ar`a` `l bhs zmlhs aèbdkhs trmpdahb`s (Aehphr`) k`b k`phrthj`ltm k` AMAEHOHJOH y zmlhs k` bms Tulfhs k`b k`phrthj`ltm k` BH YHS7 `sth pbhlth `l`rfätdah pmr `xa`b`ladh, `stdjubh j`lthb y nêsdahj`lt` auhlkm s` amlsuj`, thb amjm `b ahnä. @b prma`sm s`ahkm k` bh emch k` amah qu` prhatdahl hatuhbj`lt` bms prmkuatmr`s k`b trñpdam k` Amaehohjoh, bm r`hbdzhl h bh haadñl k`b smb (s`ahkm lhturhb), `l sup`rndad`s h su`bm kdr`atm ehad`lkm `b `xt`lkdkm `l r`k`s thltm `l tmbkms k` yut`, ahlaehs k` nutomb, ahbb`s, omrk`s k` ahjdlms vdhob`s y mtrms bufhr`s dlhk`auhkms phrh `sth bhomr k` s`ahkm k` bh emch k` amah. K`shnmrtulhkhj`lt`
`st`
prma`sm
k`
s`ahkm
pr`s`lth
kdn`r`lt`s
prmob`jhs3 -
@b dlfr`sm k` hldjhb`s, dls`atms, eujhlms, y mtrms.
-
Q`ahkm dlamjpb`tm.
-
_d`sfms k` bbuvdhs r`p`ltdlhs m hbth euj`khk k` hjod`lt`.
-
Ymr amlthjdlhadñl k` pmbvms m r`sdkums k` prmkuatms `xtrhøms.
Yhrh hnrmlthr thb sdtuhadñl pmr bh k`p`lk`ladh k` kdaem jätmkm y aml bh amlkdadñl j`trmbñfdah qu` `xdst` `l `sth bmahbdkhk, s` `vdk`ladh bh l`a`sdkhk k` s`ahkmr pmr mtrms jätmkms. Ohcm `st` `b pr`s`lt` trhohcm, s`
8
pbhlt`h `b kds`øm k` ulh s`ahkmrh k` emch k` amah `l ohs` h bms hlèbdsds k` hsp`atms täaldams.
8.?. KDHFLÑQ[DAM T CPQ[DNDAHADÑL. ‑ 8.?.8. HL[@A@K@L[@Q. 8.?.8.8.
Hlt`a`k`lt`s f`l`rhb`s. ‑
Mrd`lt` sd`lkm `st` `b sust`lt` `amlñjdam k` bh jhymrêh k` bhs nhjdbdhs k` `sth Bh dlkustrdh k` bhs emchs k` amah s` bb`vh h ahom kurhlt` juaem td`jpm `l bh r`fdñl. @sth hatdvdkhk dlvmbuarh kdn`r`lt`s phsms y p`rdmkms qu` tmjhl ohsthlt` td`jpm s`b`aadmlhr aml bh jhlm k` morh bhs emchs pmr thjhøm phrh bhs dlkustrdhs qu` r`qud`r`l emchs k` jhymr ahbdkhk phrh kdn`r`lt`s prmkuatms `lvhshkms.
8.?.8.?.
Hlt`a`k`lt`s `sp`aêndams. ‑
@l lu`strm phês smbm s` pu`k` s`b`aadmlhr bhs emchs k` amah jhluhbj`lt` m hrt`shlhbj`lt` yh qu` lm `xdst` ulh jèqudlh qu` pu`kh eha`r `s` trhohcm pmr thb rhzñl djpbhlthr`jms ulh jèqudlh qu` pu`kh s`b`aadmlhr bhs emchs aml ahbdkhk edfd`l` y jès rèpdkm y aml j`lms p`rsmlhb k` tr trhohcm. hohcm.
8.?.?. CPQ[DNDAHADÑL. 8.?.?.8.
Custdndahadñl täaldah. ‑
@b prmy`atm vh `lahjdlhkm `l `b kds`øm y nhordahadñl k` ulh jèqudlh s`b`aadmlhkmrh k` emchs k` amah pmr thjhøm, `b auhb `sth jèqudlh `s l`a`shrdm phrh prmkuatmr`s y p`qu`øhs `jpr`shs qu` ousah shtdsnha`r bh l`a`sdkhk k` s`b`aadmlhr bhs emchs pmr thjhøm qu` fhrhltda` edfd`l` shbuordkhk y ahbdkh
?
8.?.?.?.
Custdndahadñl `amlñjdah. ‑
Bhs pärkdkhs `amlñjdahs pmr `b dlhk`auhkm jhldpub`m k`b s`b`aadmlhkm k` emchs k` amah qu` s` bm r`hbdzh jhluhbj`lt`
pmr ? m jès p`rsmlhs
jdldjdzhrh `b p`rsmlhb k` jhlm morh. Eha` l`a`shrdm k`shrrmbbhr ulh jèqudlh qu` p`rjdthl eha`r ul s`b`aadmlhkm k` emchs k` amah ul s`b`aadmlhkm mptdjm k`b prmkuatm y hsê r`kuadr bhs pärkdkhs y t`l`r o`l`ndadms `amlñjdams phrh `b prmkuatmr m `jpr`shs j`kdhlhs ehad`lkm ulh ou`lh v`lth k` sus prmkuatms ` dlar`j`ltm bh prmkuaadñl `l bh abhsdndahadñl sd`lkm aml `sth jèqudlh jès v`bmz ` `ndad`lt` qu` bh jhlm k` morh
8.?.?.1.
Custdndahadñl smadhb. ‑
bh kdn`r`ladh `ltr` s`b`aadmlhr jhluhb y j`aèldahj`lt` y v`r aml bh rhpdk`z qu` s` Qu nèadb jhl`cm `l bh mp`rhadñl k` bh jèqudlh y jhlt`ldjd`ltm r`kuadkm, ehrèl pu`k` s`b`aadmlhr bhs emchs k` amah aml bh jhqudlh @st` prmy`atm `stè kds`øhkm s`fól bh l`a`sdkhk qu` pr`s`lth bhs p`qu`øhs `jpr`shs y prmkuatmr`s k` amah yh qu` `sth jèqudlh s`b`aadmlhrh bhs emchs k` amah aml jès rhpdk`z aml jès edfd`l` yh qu` `sths emchs s` amlsuj`l amjm j`kdadlh y phrh `bhomrhr prmkuatms amjm r`nr`sams jht`s `ta.
1
8.1. YBHL[@HJD@L[M T NM_JPBHADÑL K@B Y_MOB@JH [ÄALDAM/[@ALMBÑFDAM ½K` quä nmrjh s` pu`k` j`cmrhr `b prma`sm k` s`b`aadmlhkm k` emchs k` amah= @b prmob`jh qu` kh mrdf`l h bh sdfud`lt` dlv`stdfhadñl phrh bh djpb`j`lthadñl k` ulh jhqudlh s`b`aadmlhkmrh k` emchs k` amah kdrdfdkm h j`cmrhr `b trhohcm y s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah phrh j`cmrhr bh s`b`aadñl y trhspmrt` k`b` prmkuatm h su kdr`ath amj`radhbdzhadñl
½H qudäl= @st` prmy`atm vh kdrdfdkm h bhs `jpr`shs r`adabhkmrhs r`adabhkmrhs k` hbujdldm qu` trhohch `l amlcultm aml bh s`b`adml y abhsdndahadml k` bh emch k` amah
@b prma`sm s`jdhutmjètda s`jdhutmjètdam m p`rjdtdrè hb mp`rhkmr r`hbdzhr trhohcms aml s`furdkhk y bhs thr`hs s`rèl k` nmrjh amltdluh y `ndad`lt` `ndad`lt`..
½Yhrh quä= Yhrh j`cmrhr `b r`lkdjd`ltm y prma`sm k` prmkuaadñl aml jès `ndad`ladh.
½Ymr quä= @b prma`sm `s jhluhb y pmam `ndad`lt`, thjodäl k`odkm h bh s`furdkhk k`b mp`rhkmr
;
8.1.8. N.M.K.H. Nmrthb`zh (+) MYM_[PLDKHK@Q (+) Hjpbdh k`jhlkh phrh `jpr`shs p`qu`øhs @sthob`adjd`ltm k` hbdhlzhs phrh `ltrhr `l lu`vms j`rahkms J`rahkm jhb ht`lkdkm
Nèadb jhlt`ldjd`ltm
Yr`sthadñl k` s`rvdadms k` jhlt`ldjd`ltm
k`odbdkhk`s (-) Lm r`hbdzh abhsdndahadñl k`
mtrms prmkuatms Lm s` td`l` `b hpmym ndlhlad`rm l`a`shrdm
_`hbdzhr jèqudlhs k` ul hbtm ldv`b k` ohcm amstm k` hau`rkm aml bhs l`a`sdkhk`s k` bms prmkuatmr`s y bhs p`qu`øhs `jpr`shs
HJ@LHSHQ (-) Nhbth k` td`jpm phrh bh aubjdlhadñl k`b prmy`atm Huj`ltm k` amstms k` ndlhladhjd`ltm
N-K
N-9
Dlv`rtdr `l puobdadkhk phrh htrh`r abd`lt`s pmt`ladhb`s
H-K
N-H Aujpbdr aml bms phsms pbhldndahkms `l bms td`jpms `sthob`adkms
Jhlt`l`r ulh ahphadthadñl amlsthlt` `l dlv`stdfhadñl y jhrg`tdlf phrh `vdthr
vubl`rhodbdkhk Ordlkhr ul s`rvdadm k` ahbdkhk ousahlkm jht`rdhb`s k` j`lmr amstm ` dfuhb ahbdkhk
0
8.1.?. Èromb k` prmob`jhs. prmob`jhs. ‑
@b jhl`cm k` bhs emchs k`
amah
aml
k`bdahk`zh
Hbtm amstm k` nhordahadñl
Ohcm amlmadjd`ltm k` bh
k` bh jhqudlh
jhqudlh `l `b j`rahkm
Yrma`sm k` s`b`aadñl jhluhb k` bh emch k` amah
Nhbth k` jhqudlhr
Bdjdthr `b vmbuj`l k`b prmkuatm prmkuatm
Hbtm amstm k` bms amjpml`lt`s m jht`rdhb`s
>
8.1.1. Èromb k` moc`tdvms. moc`tdvms. ‑
Jhymr prmkuaadñl k`
Hjpbdhadñl
emchs k` amah
j`rahkm
k`b
Jhymr`s v`lths
J`cmrhr `b td`jpm k` s`b`aadñl k` bhs emchs k` amah
Jès pr`adsm y jès
Kds`øhr y nhordahr ulh
Huj`lth
rèpdkm qu` bh jhlm k`
jhqudlh abhsdndahkmrh
prmkuaadñl
morh
k` emch k` amah
bh
6
8.;. MOC@[D^MQ 8.;.8. Moc`tdvm f`l`rhb. ‑ Kds`øhr ulh jèqudlh abhsdndahkmrh, kmsdndahkmrh y `jphqu`thkmrh k` emchs k` amah pmr thjhøm phrh amj`radhlt`s k` bh emch k` amah.
8.;.?. Moc`tdvm `sp`aêndam. ‑ @sthob`a`r bh l`a`sdkhk.
Dlv`stdfhr hbt`rlhtdvhs k` ssmbuadñl mbuadñl phrh bh `bhomrhadñl `bhomrhadñl k` bh jèqudlh.
Ousahr bufhr`s `strhtäfdams phrh bh v`lth.
Ahbaubhr y s`b`aadmlhr amjpml`lt`s j`aèldams y `bäatrdams.
Kds`øhr y `bhomrhr bms pbhlms j`aèldams y `bäatrdams.
@bhomrhr `b pr`supu`stm.
@bhomrhr `b pbhl k` jhlt`ldjd`ltm y s`furdkhk dlkustrdhb. Nhordahr bh jèqudlh.
_`hbdzhr pru`ohs.
5
8.0. @LNMXP@ J@[MKMBMFDAM 8.0.8. Jhtrdz k` kds`øm kds`øm j`tmkmbñf j`tmkmbñfdam. dam. ‑ ½XP@=
½KMLK@= ½XPD@L=
½AMJM=
½YM_ XPÄ=
@sthob`a`r l`a`sdkhk
bh Bufur`s kmk` s` prmkua` bh emchs k` amah Dlv`stdfhr hbt`rlhtdvhs k` smbuadñl phrh bh `bhomrhadñl k` bh jèqudlh Ousahr bufhr`s `strhtäfdams phrh bh v`lth
H bms @ltr`vdsths pmobhkmr`s `lau`sths
y Ymr jhb s`b`aadmlhkm k` emchs k` amah Oósqu`kh `l [`l`r pmsdob`s Fmmfb` Qdtdms w`o smbuadml`s qu` p`rjdthl nhordahr bh s`b`aadmlhkmrh H bms ^dsdthlkm h ^`rdndahr `l pmobhkmr`s kdn`r`lt`s quä bufhr ehy zmlhs jès k`jhlkh
Ahbaubhr s`b`aadmlhr y amjpml`lt`s j`aèldams y `bäatrdams Kds`øhr y `bhomrhr bms pbhlms j`aèldams y `b`atrdams @bhomrhr `b pr`supu`stm
@stukdhlt`s T kma`lt`
bms Ahbaubhlkm j`cmr`s kdn`r`lt`s tdpms @b`fdr r`subthkms y k` prmob`jhs lm t`l`r nhbbhs
Dlv`ltmr,
_`hbdzhlkm bms [`l`r ul pbhlm pbhlms amjm fuêh k` bh jhqudlh
@jpr`shs qu` ^dsdthlkm h bhs Amtdzhr r`kuadr mnr`a`l `b `jpr`shs amstm jht`rdhb
@bhomrhr `b pbhl k` jhlt`ldjd`ltm y s`furdkhk dlkustrdhb
Bms prmy`atdsths
@sthobhaad`lkm `b`jltms l`a`shrdms k` s`furdkhk y audkhkms `l `b jhlt`ldjd`ltm.
Nhordahr jèqudlh
@stukdhlt`s
Hrjhlkm bh jhqudlh aml `b jht`rdhb qu` s` r`qud`r` Nuladmlhjd`ltm k` bh jhqudlh
_`hbdzhr pru`ohs
bh
@stukdhlt`s
y `b
@s phrhdjpmrthlt` bh pr`s`rvhadml k` bh jhqudlh y bms usuhrdms tmjhr `l au`lth `stms hsp`atms Yrmkuaadñl y amrr`spmlk`r h bh k`jhlkh k` dlnmahb Qho`r bhs nhbbhs qu` pu`khl khrs`
4
8.>. HBAHLA@ @s ul `qudpm s`jd dlkustrdhb pmr amlthr aml `b`j`ltms j`aèldams qu` vh eha`r `b trhohcm jès `ndad`lt` y `ndahz `l `b prma`sm k` s`b`aadñl k` emchs k` amah pmr thjhøms. Au`lth aml ul thob`rm `bäatrdam qu` amltrmbh aml pubshkmr`s k` dldadm k`b trhohcm k` bh jèqudlh y `b ndlhb. Hbahlzhrh 1 ldv`b`s k` abhsdndahkm k` frhlk`s j`kdhlms y j`lukms hk`jès amlthrh aml ulh `lshae`thkmrh s`jdhutmjhtdshkm `l bms ahrrdb`s k` ahêkh k` amah k` bh jèqudlh. (^`r Hl`xm 8)
89
AHYD[PBM DD
?. JH_AM [@M_DAM AMLA@Y[PHB ?.8 Y_MA@QM. ‑
r`s`padml k` jht`rdh prdjh, r`vdadml, ahbdkhk, y hk`auhadml phrh `b hbjha`lhjd`tm
prma`sm k` shae`t`hkm k`b prmkuatm emchs frhlk`s
prma`sm k` shae`t`hk shae`t`h k k`b prmkuatm emchs j`kdhlhs
kmsdndahadml k` jht`rdh prdjh phrh khr dldam hb prma`sm
kdstrdouadml hsus kdstdltms `jphqu`s
prma`sm k` shae`t`hk shae`t`h k k`b prmkuatm emchs p`qu`øhs
`la`lkdkm k` jmtmr phrh `jp`shr `b s`rldkm k` bhs emchs
prma`sm k` s`b`adml k` emchs pmr thjhøms
ndlhb k` prms`sm
?.? K`ndldadñl Bh prmkuaadñl, `b jhl`cm, `b trhthjd`ltm, bh amj`radhbdzhadñl y `b amlsujm k` bh emch k` amah s` amjpr`lk`l h phrtdr k` ulh amlt`xtuhbdzhadñl suadlth. Ymr bm thltm, bms `c`s t`jètdams sml bms hsp`atms, `amlñjdams, curêkdams y smadhb`s nmrjhl ulh uldkhk qu` `lnmah bh prmob`jètdah k` bh amah `l ul amlt`xtm `sp`aêndam amjm `s bh _`fdmlhb Dlqudsdvd Dl qudsdvd HK@YAMAH. Bh zmlh trhkdadmlhbj`lt` prmkuatmrh k` bh emch k` amah `l Ombdvdh s` `lau`ltrh `l bms yulfhs k`b k`phrthj`ltm k` Bh Yhz y `ltr` sus amjuldkhk`s nmrjhrml ambmldhs phrh aubtdvhr bh emch k` amah y nruths trmpdahb`s. Amjm s` pu`k` mos`rvhr ehsth emy `l kêh `sth r`fdñl sdfu`
sd`lkm nu`lt` prdladphb k` hjoms prmkuatms7 hulqu` bh pr`n`r`ladh s` eh dlabdlhkm pmr bh prmkuaadñl k` bh emch k` amah pmr bh kdn`r`ladh k` pr`adms y bh r`lthodbdkhk k`b prmkuatm. Bh nulkhadñl k` bh _`póobdah s` ahrhat`rdzh pmr `b sdst`jh n`ukhb, bh nmrjhadñl smadhb nu` bh yuxthpmsdadñl k`b jmkm k` prmkuaadñl mrdfdlhrdm y `b dldadm k`b ahpdthbdsjm. ‒@l 85?0 Ombdvdh e`r`kh `b sdst`jh n`ukhb k` bms `sphømb`s, ehsth 8409 Ombdvdh tmkhvêh `sthoh r`bhadmlhkh aml bh hfrdaubturh, bm qu` ju`strh qu` sus r`bhadml`s `amlñjdahs `rhl k` tdpm n`ukhb, bms kdn`r`lt`s sdst`jhs k` amj`radhbdzhadñl chjès Y`rjhl`a`l `stètdams, `stms `vmbuadmlhl y k`shrrmbbhl cultm aml bms ahjodms `amlñjdam-smadhb`s y aubturhb`s qu` s` mp`rhl `l `b phês.‚ (Psthrdz y J`lkmzh-845?3 4) Amjm `s od`l shodkm, bh r`fdñl k` bms Tulfhs k` Bh Yhz `s ul èr`h trhkdadmlhb k`bdjdthkh emy `l kêh pmr `b amrkñl trhkdadmlhb `ljhrahkm k`ltrm k` bm qu` s` bbhjh ulh prmkuaadñl trhkdadmlhb, pmr bm thltm b`fhb.
?.?.8 amj`radhbdzhadñl k` bh emch k` amah Juaems hutmr`s ehl r`hbdzhkm `stukdms smor` bh emch k` amah, `s ul t`jh juy amlmadkm pmr bms kdn`r`lt`s dlv`stdfhkmr`s y ulm k` `stms `s Bhurh, qud`l s`øhbh qu` k`ltrm k` bhs jdarmrr`fdml`s k`b K`phrthj`ltm k` Bh Yhz, s` ehbbhl bms yulfhs, `sphadm nulkhj`lthb k` bh prmkuaadñl k` bh amah qu` tuvm y hól td`l` frhl djpmrthladh `amlñjdah, smadhb, aubturhb y pmbêtdah. (Bhurh ?995.08) H rhêz k`b amlsujm k` bh emch k` amah `l frhlk`s ahltdkhk`s pmr bms trhohchkmr`s dlkêf`lhs `l bh äpmah ambmldhb s` dlar`j`ltñ thltm bh prmkuaadñl amjm `b amlsujm, bh emch k` amah s` amlvdrtdñ `l ul `b`j`ltm `s`ladhb hatdvm `l bh jmvdbdzhadñl k` bh nu`rzh k` trhohcm. Ahrt`r y Jhjhld `l su bdorm3 Amah `l Ombdvdh, eha`l ul prmnulkm `stukdm smor` `b amlsujm y usms k` bh amah `l sus kdv`rshs jhl`rhs y nmrjhs k`
?1
amlsujm,
bms
auhb`s
sml
bms
prdladphb`s
jmtdvhkmr`s
phrh
bh
amj`radhbdzhadñl k` bh emch k` amah3 ‒Bh amah `s ul hrtêaubm dlkdsp`lshob` qu` pmsdodbdth bms ou`lms jmkhb`s, bh p`tdadñl k` ul nhvmr, `b trhtm k` bms l`fmadms `l bh amjuldkhk, ` dlabusm `b dldadm k` amlv`rshadml`s ahsuhb`s `l bms ahjdlms. Quhvdzh bhs r`bhadml`s smadhb`s oèsdahs k` bh jdsjh jhl`rh qu` bms adfhrrdbbms m `b wedsgy `l bh jmk`rlh smad`khk urohlh. Qdrv` phrh a`rrhr ul amltrhtm, nhadbdthr n hadbdthr ulh r`uldñl `ltr` hjdfms, `stdjubhr bh amlv`rshadñl `l r`uldml`s y hshjob`hs7 hyukh h r`sthob`a`r bh hrjmlêh `l sdtuhadml`s amlnbdatdvhs7 `s ótdb `l bhs vdsdths k` amrt`sêh, `l bhs trhlsn`r`ladhs k` pmk`r`s y `l tmkh abhs` k` rdtuhb`s b`fdtdjhkmr`s k` bh `struaturh k` bh smad`khk rurhb. [hb prèatdah `s amrrd`lt` thjodäl `l `b Y`ró‚ (Ahrt`r y Jhjhld- 845>3?;8) @b amj`radm k` bh amah eh sdkm tmjhkm amjm ulm k` bms ruorms jès djpmrthlt`s y buarhtdvms `l Quk Hjärdah, p`rm bh kdlèjdah k` prmkuaadñl y amlsujm lm `rh thl kdr`atm, k`oêh l`a`shrdhj`lt` htrhv`shr bh dlt`rj`kdhadñl, `s k`adr `b amj`radm. ‒…`s od`l shodkm qu` bh r`fdñl k` bh amah `s `b rhjm amj`radhb, l`rvdmsm y prdladphb qu` td`l` bh adukhk k` Bh Yhz, y qu` k` äb `stèl p`lkd`lt` bms k`jès trèndams k`b r`dlm, amjm phrt` haa`smrdh. Bh amsth pmr sus bdamr`s, `b Auzam pmr sus hzuahr`s, Amaehohjoh y sus k`jès vhbb`s pmr sus frhlms7 tmkms l`a`sdthl qu` bh amah suosdsth y s` jhlt`lfh `l ul ou`l pd` k` vhbmr y `stdjhadñl pmrqu` bh emch `s `b hbjh k` `st` frhl au`rpm‚ (Y`øhbmzh, 84;53 81;) Q` pu`k`l v`r thjodäl qu` bh jdl`rêh sd`jpr` jhraeñ k` bh jhlm aml bm qu` `s bh prmkuaadñl y amj`radhbdzhadñl k` bh emch k` amah k`stdlhkh hb amlsujm, y s` htrdouy` qu` bh jdsjh, kh nu`rzh hb trhohchkmr y ulh ahphadkhk k` amla`ltrhadñl. ‒…s` k`kua` qu` bh ahêkh k` bh prmkuaadñl k` bh pbhth h ndl`s k`b p`rdmkm ambmldhb, prmvmañ `l bms Tulfhs bh r`kuaadñl k`b lój`rm k` ehad`lkhs, pmsdob`j`lt` bh kdsjdluadñl k` bh nu`rzh k` trhohcm thltm k` yhlhamlhs,
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p`ml`s, hsê amjm dlkdms k` hybbus y bh r`kuaadñl r`bhtdvh `l bh prmkuaadñl k` bh emch k` amah y bh kdsjdluadñl k`b amj`radm dlt`rlm `ltr` lmrt` y sur, nu` ul r`subthkm kdr`atm k` bh ardsds k` bh jdl`rêh.‚(Bhurh, ?995.01) @st` jdsjm hutmr, hndrjh qu` bh djpmrthladh k` bh emch k` amah s` jhltd`l` `l `b j`rahkm dlt`rlm, pmrqu` lm k`p`lk` `xabusdvhj`lt` k` bhs jdlhs, bh amah td`l` adraudtms hbt`rlhtdvms hb k` bh jdl`rêh, ehy ulh r`bhtdvh hutmlmjêh k` bh prmkuaadñl k` bh amah pmr bh kdv`rsdkhk y hjpbdtuk k` su j`rahkm k` amlsujm. Hk`jès `st` prmkuatm pu`k` r`hbdzhrs` `l `b j`rahkm hfrhrdm y `l mtrms y lm l`a`shrdhj`lt` h trhväs k`b amj`radm sdlm pmr j`kdms k` dlt`rahjodms lm jml`thrdms. (^`r Hl`xm ?)
?.?.? Abhsdndahadñl y s`b`aadñl K`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` bh emch k` amah yulfu`øh (HK@YAMAH) Hsmadhadñl K`phrthj`lthb k` Yrmkuatmr`s k` Amah7 s` pu`k` mos`rvhr y `lamltrhr ulh vhrd`khk k` emchs `l3 thjhøms, t`xturhs, ambmr`s y shomr`s k` bh emch k` amah. Bhs kdn`r`lt`s emchs k` amah, bhs auhb`s td`l`l qu` s`r s`b`aadmlhkhs hlt`s k` mnr`a`rs` hb amjprhkmr amjm s`r3 `b`fdkh, emc`hkh, j`kdhlh `sp`adhb, j`kdhlh amjól, j`lukh, s`fulkh y aemqu`th, sml phrt` k` bh abhsdndahadñl y s`b`aadñl `l bms j`ahldsjms k` amj`radhbdzhadñl mos`rvhkms `l `b j`rahkm qu` `b prmkuatmr m r`v`lk`kmr mnr`a` h bh v`lth. @ltr` bhs vhrd`khk`s k` `shs emchs k` amah t`l`jms3
?.?.?.8. Bh emch k` amah @b`fdkh Bh emch @b`fdkh, `s bh j`cmr auhlkm ehobhjms k` ahbdkhk `l auhltm h bh abhsdndahadñl y s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah7 s` v`lk` pmr gdbm, bh jdsjh `xdst` `l ulh `sahsh ahltdkhk k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` bh amah. Q` ahrhat`rdzh pmr s`r ulh emch frhlk` k` thjhøm uldnmrj`, kmob` y k` juy ou`l ambmr (sdl qu`khr emchs k`n`atumshs), `sth amah f`l`rhbj`lt` vh k`stdlhkh hb phês v`adlm k` Hrf`ltdlh
?0
T hsê `b pr`adm k` `sth emch `s juaem jès qu` auhbqud`rh. @l n`aehs3 hfmstm k` ?981, bh bdorh k` ulh emch j`kdhlh `stuvm pmr bms ?5 Os. (@b gdbm k` bh emch `b`fdkh `stuvm pmr bms 8;9 Os). @sth mos`rvhadñl, `s k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` bh amah (HK@YAMAH), bms pr`adms k` `sth emch sml juaem jès hbtms `l Hrf`ltdlh amjm s`øhbh _dv`rh. _dv`rh. ‒Lm phr`a` eho`r kdn`r`ladh k` ahbdkhk susthltdvhs `ltr` bh amah `b`fdkh y bh tulh shbvm `l `b thjhøm y bh r`fubhrdkhk k` emchs qu`, ulh v`z bb`fhkhs h bh Hrf`ltdlh, sml v`lkdkhs jès ahrhs y `l tmkm tdpm k` `lvhs`s s`bbhkms.‚(_dv`rh. ?991318) Ymr mtrh phrt` `sth hutmrh amjpb`j`lth3 ‒…ul amltdlf`lt` k` lu`vms amlsujdkmr`s k` äbdt` qu` pr`nd`r` bh ‒`b`fdkh‚. Bh k`jhlkh k` `stms kms tdpms k` amlsujdkmr`s p`rjdt` ulh `b`vhadñl k` 85 h 19 v`a`s `l `b pr`adm k` bh emch. Q` prmkua` hsê ulh c`rhrquêh3 bh emch ‒k` prdj`rh‚ vh ahsd `l su tmthbdkhk h bh Hrf`ltdlh, auym j`rahkm `s ohsthlt` kdv`rsdndahkm…‚ (_dv`rh, ?991318) @sth amah `s prmkuadkh pmr tmkhs bhs b hs r`fdml`s p`rm lm hsê s`b`aadmlhkhs pmr tmkms, sml pmams bms qu` s` k`kdahl h bh s`b`aadñl k` `sth pmr s`r ul trhohcm jmrmsm qu` r`qud`r` k` td`jpm, phad`ladh y amlmadjd`ltm k` bhs täaldahs k`b prma`sm k` s`b`aadñl3 ‒Bh emch ‒`b`fdkh‚, qu` s` aubtdvh `l Amrdphth y Aeubujhld p`rm thjodäl `l Bh Hsulth y Aehjhah, `s `b r`subthkm k` n`lñj`lms k` ndl`s k` bh käahkh k` bms høms 59…‚ (_dv`rh, ?99131?) Hulqu` `l `st` td`jpm bh s`b`aadñl y `b ou`l jhl`cm k` bh emch k` amah yulfu`øh eh sdkm jès amlad`ltdzhkh lm sñbm pmr s`r ulm k` bms j`ahldsjms k` bh amj`radhbdzhadñl sdlm pmr sus htrhatdvms pr`adms, pmr su k`jhlkh y rèpdkh v`lth `l `b j`rahkm.
?.?.?.?. Bh emch k` amah J`kdhlh K` `st` tdpm k` emch k` amah s` pu`k` mos`rvhr ohsthlt` `l `b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH, p`rm aml kdn`r`lt`s hphrd`ladhs ulhs k` ambmr jès msaurm, mtrhs k` ambmr jès obhlqu`hkhs, hbfulhs sdl ul ou`l mbmr k` hphrd`ladh
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fuhrkhkh, hbfulhs j`zabhkhs aml bh emch j`lukh, amsh qu` lm t` kh r`n`r`ladh h ulh ou`lh emch k` ahbdkhk. @l nuladñl h bh ahbdkhk k`b jhl`cm y trhthjd`ltm k` bh emch k` amah bms pr`adms s` vhl k`ndld`lkm `l `b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH.
?.?.?.?.8 J`kdhlh @sp`adhb @sth emch `s s`b`aadmlhkh k` thjhøm j`kdhlm, `samfdkh tmkhs bhs emchs k` jhb ambmr y k` jhbh hphrd`ladh, `s a`rldkh k` ul smbm thjhøm, l`a`shrdhj`lt` td`l` qu` t`l`r ul ou`l ambmr v`rk` jhlt`qudbbh m v`rk` bmrdtm, ul mbmr nu`rt` k` amah qud`r` k`adr qu` `s nr`sam, pmr `sh amah ehy ulh kdsputh pmr phrt` k` bms amjprhkmr`s, mn`rthlkm y kdsputhlkm pr`adms hbtms. [mkms bms k`phrthj`ltms pr`nd`r`l `sth emch, hulqu` `b j`rahkm pmt`ladhb phrh `sth emch `s `b k`phrthj`ltm k` Qhlth Aruz.
?.?.?.?.? J`kdhlh Amjól Bh j`kdhlh amjól, `s ulh emch j`kdhlh sdl phshr pmr `b prma`sm k` s`b`aadñl k`b a`rldkm, td`l` emchs k` kdn`r`lt`s thjhøms (emch frhlk` y j`lukh), `s pmr bh jdsjh j dsjh rhzñl qu` s` bbhjh amjól. @sth emch `s r`qu`rdkh pmr `b j`rahkm sd`jpr` y auhlkm ästh t`lfh ou`l ambmr y s`h nr`sah, bms amj`radhlt`s phfhl ou`l pr`adm, ahsm amltrhrdm phfhl ul ohcm pr`adm. Bms prmkuatmr`s `l juaems ahsms lm amlma`l bh ahbdkhk k` su trhohcm, ulh k` bhs k`odbdkhk`s phrh `bbms, `l `st` ahsm, `s qu` bb`fhl hb j`rahkm aml amah k` `st` tdpm j`kdhlh amjól, nr`sah y k` ou`l ambmr, sñbm pmr `b e`aem k` lm s`r s`b`aadmlhkh, hbfulms amjprhkmr`s b`s amjprhl aml ul pr`adm juy ohcm, k`sj`r`ad`lkm hsê tmkm `b prma`sm k`b ou`l jhl`cm y trhthjd`ltm k` bh emch k` amah qu` r`hbdzñ pr`vdhj`lt` `b prmkuatmr.
?.?.?.1. Bh emch k` amah J`lukh Amjm mtrh kdv`rsdkhk k`b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH, qu` mnr`a` h su abd`lt`bh, `s bh emch j`lukh, mtrms b` bbhjhl t—ulh amjm ulh k` bhs nhvmrdths phrh `b haubbd trhkdadmlhb `sp`adhbj`lt` `l `b K`phrthj`ltm k` Bh Yhz.
?6
Amjm eha` r`n`r`ladh _dv`rh `l `b trhohcm k` ahjpm qu` r`hbdzhoh pmr bms yulfhs qu` sml bms ldøms y juc`r`s qud`l`s s` `lahrfhl k` r`amf`r `sth emch k`stdlhkh hb hgeubbd amjm bh j`cmr amah3 ‒…`b j`rahkm trhlsnrmlt`rdzm dlabuy` ulh djpmrthlt` pmradñl k` bh pmobhadñl qu` pr`nd`r` bh t—ulh (qu` `l bh Hrf`ltdlh bbhjhl thgd)…bh t—ulh `s thjodäl bh nhvmrdth `l Bh Yhz y mtrms a`ltrms urohlms…‚ (_dv`rh, ?991318) [hjodäl s` k`o` s`øhbhr qu` bh emch j`lukh lm smbhj`lt` `s ulh prmkuaadñl hphrt` amjm bm s`øhbh Qp`kkdlf, sdlm thjodäl `s `b r`subthkm k`b prma`sm k` s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah, `b phsm qu` `s `b ―a`rldkm— `l bh qu` qu`khl s`b`aadmlhkhs bhs emchs jès j`lukhs3 ‒@l bms amahb`s vd`cms k` bms Tulfhs, ld bh jhbh y`roh ar`a`. Bms hroustms k` amah sml p`qu`øms y rdlk`l pmam, p`rm `sths emchs j`lukdths qu` ar`a`l `l bhs bhk`rhs k` bmzh rmch k`frhkhkh sml bhs jès rdahs y amkdadhkhs pmr `b amlsujdkmr trhkdadmlhb- `s k`adr phrh `b hgeubbd…‚ (Qp`kkdlf, 844;315). @sth emch `l `b prma`sm k`b a`rldkm s` s`b`aadmlh amjm3 j`lukh `sp`adhb, j`lukh amjól y pubfh m ohsurh. Bh j`lukh `sp`adhb `s ulh emch j`lukh p`qu`øh p`rm `lt`rh sdl ohsurh, aml ul ou`l ambmr y pr`adm. Bh j`lukh amjól thjodäl `s ulh emch p`qu`øh p`rm `sths j`zabhkhs aml emchs phrtdkhs y bh pubfh m ohsurh qu` `s bh emch jès j`lukh, juy p`qu`øh qu` phsh pmr bhs r`k`s hól k`spuäs k` a`rldr amjm thjodäl bhs ‒emchs phrtdkhs‚, `sths emchs `l pr`adm sml dfuhb`s h bh emch k` amah s`fulkh, pmr bm thltm `s v`lkdkh amjm amah s`fulkh.
?.?.?.;. Bh emch k` amah s`fulkh. @s ulh emch sdl s`b`aadmlhr ld t`l`r ul trhthkm `sp`adhb `s ulh emch amjól, k` `sth emch bh k`jhlkh `s pmr s`r ulh k` bhs jès ohchs `l pr`adm `l `b j`rahkm k` bh amah HK@YAMAH, hulqu` `b jès j ès ohrhtm s`rêh bh aemqu`th. Dldadhbj`lt` `st` tdpm k` emch `rh bh jès jhl`chkh, pmst`rdmrj`lt` ehl dkm j`cmrhlkm s`b`aadmlhlkm kèlkmb` `b j`cmr trhthjd`ltm h bh emch k` amah, bh emch k` amah bbhjhkh s`fulkh jhl`chl `l tmkms bms fhbpml`s y pmr tmkhs
?5
bhs _`fdmlhb`s, `sp`adhbj`lt` `l bhs r`fdmlhb`s k` Hsulth ` Dlqudsdvd, bhs jdsjhs sml r`fdmlhb`s qu` lm ehl bb`fhkm tmkhvêh h hpr`lk`r `b ou`l jhl`cm k` bh amah, bm auhb vd`l` k`sk` bh ams`aeh3 bhs ams`aehs sml r`hbdzhkhs hrrhlahlkm pmr rhjhs lm emch pmr emch `s pmr `sm qu` s` `lau`ltrh tmkhvêh ‒fuêhs‚ k` bhs pbhlths k`sk` amah `l `b thqu` qu` yh `stè sd`lkm amj`radhbdzhkm. Yhrh `st` tdpm k` emchs, k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH ehy amjprhkmr`s s`furms, `sths sml bbhjhkhs ‒s`fulk`rhs‚ pmr r`hbdzhr bh amjprh `sp`aêndahj`lt` k` `st` tdpm k` emch, lm amjprhl mtrm tdpm k` emch k` amah hulqu` b`s hphr`zah bhs emchs omldths, pmrqu` `bbhs td`l`l sus ahs`rms m j`rahkm hs`furhkm phrh `st` tdpm k` emch k` amah, sd `sths qudsd`rhl amjprhr bh omldths lm pmkrêhl pmrqu` b`s nhbbhrêh `b mcm, amjm kda`l `l `b j`rahkm, `s kdnêadb k`adkdr h bh emrh k` amjprhr sd `sh emch `s r`hbj`lt` omldth y sd `stès phfhlkm `b pr`adm hk`auhkm pmr `bbh. Bh s`fulkh sd`jpr` td`l` ul pr`adm `stèlkhr lm ahjodh juaem `b pr`adm `s r`bhtdvm k` ?9 Os. bh bdorh, pu`k` suodr m ohchr `l `b kêh `xhf`rhlkm ehsth 09 Os., p`rm pmr bm f`l`rhb `s k` 89 m ?9 Os. Hsê thjodäl sml bhs fhlhladhs pmr thqu` ul `xhf`rhkm k` 09 Os. y pmr bm f`l`rhb `stè `ltr` bms 89 h ?9 Os. k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm pmr bhs r`v`lk`kmrhs. @b s`ar`tm k` bhs amj`radhlt`s phrh bh amjprh-v`lth k` `st` tdpm k` emch `stè `l amjprhr ohsthlt`3 k` 80, 19, >9 phqu`t`s phrh pmk`r bb`vhrs` ulh fhlhladh jès nhvmrhob`. Bh emch k` amah s`fulkh bbhjhkh hsê `l `b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH, `s prmkuatm k` bh s`b`aadñl, `sh emch `s k` ul ambmr hjhrdbbm m l`fr`hkm, p`kha`hkhs ‒rmtm, rmtm‚ m thjodäl `s sdjpb`j`lt` prmkuatm k` nhbth k`b ou`l jhl`cm y s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah. ‒…jd`ltrhs qu` bh amah k` ―t`ra`rh— ‑prmvd`l` k`b trñpdam k` Amaehohjoh, p`rm thjodäl bhs emchs k`sahrthkhs `l `b prma`sm k` s`b`aadñl k` bh ams`aeh k` bms Tulfhs‑ s` k`stdlh hb amlsujdkmr dlkêf`lh `jpmor`adkm `l bhs zmlhs rurhb`s k` bms k`phrthj`ltms k` Bh Yhz, Aeuqudshah, Mrurm y Ymtmsê.‚ (_dv`rh, ?9913 18)
?4
@sth emch td`l` bh ahrhat`rêstdah pmr s`r bh jès ohch k`spuäs k` bh aemqu`th, `l auhltm h pr`adm7 `l mtrhs phbhorhs `s ulh emch k` amah amlsujdkh pmr s`atmr`s k` ohcms r`aursms.
?.?.?.0 Bh emch k` amah Aemqu`th Bh óbtdjh `l bm qu` s` trhth k` ahbdkhk k` bh emch k` amah `s bh aemqu`th sml bhs emchs k` ambmr ahnä, bhs emchs qu` nu`rml qu`jhkhs pmr `b smb m jmchkhs pmr bh bbuvdh hb s`ahr, qu` k` hbfulh jhl`rh lm tuvm ul ou`l trhthjd`ltm pmr hsp`atms abdjhtmbñfdams m vmbulthk`s hc`lhs, pu`k` s`r `b jhl`cm kurhlt` `b s`ahkm m amjm thjodäl kurhlt` `b jht—haehkm3 ‒Bms amjprhkmr`s sdfud`rml jmvdälkms`, mnr`ad`lkm r`adodr auhbqud`r amah qu` euod`rh, ehsth bh aeeuxdth6 k`sambmrdkh.‚(Qp`kkdlf, 844;3888) @sth emch thjodäl `s `b prmkuatm k` bh s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah omldth k` ou`lh ahbdkhk, s` `samf`l tmkhs bhs emchs hjhrdbbhs pdahkhs m k` jhb ambmr ahnäs y bhs hkculthkhs, `st` tdpm k` emchs vd`l` h s`r bh aemqu`th, k` bh emch k` amah lhkh `s k`sp`rkdadhkh tmkm td`l` su vhbmr y pr`adm. Hulqu` `sth emch lm s` `lau`ltrh juy nèadbj`lt` `l `b j`rahkm, `s jhl`chkm pmr bms prmkuatmr`s juy pmam, lm s` v` aml nr`au`ladh y `l bms óldams j`s`s qu` s` pu`k` mos`rvhr sml pmr bms j`s`s k` n`or`rm y jhrzm pmrqu` sml j`s`s j`s`s k` bbuv bbuvdh dh y `b nhatmr Abdjètdam `s ` `bb jès k`sv k`sv`lthcmsm `lthcmsm phrh bms prmkuatmr`s. Qd s` eha` p`sahr pmr bhs bbuvdhs, `l pb`lm prma`sm k` s`ahkm, `b r`subthkm `s bh emch bbhjhkh aemqu`th. ‒Aeeuxdth‚ s` r`nd`r` h bh ‒aemqu`th‚ qu` `s bh emch k` amah k` ambmrhadñl msaurh, prmkuatm k` bh bbuvdh `l `b prma`sm k` s`ahkm, hpth phrh `b amlsujm eujhlm. _`fbhj`ltm k` bh B`y L³ 49> (B`y F`l`rhb k` bh Amah, ?986). Bh r`bhadñl k` pr`adms s`fól bh ahbdkhk k` bh emch k` amah vhrêh k` hau`rkm h bh ahbdkhk y s`b`aadñl k` bh emch k` amah ettps3//@amtmp, Yrmkuaadñl
Hfrm`ambñfdah
k`
bh
Amah.
?989,
HK@YAMAH3 Bh Yhz
19
?.?.?.> Jht—haehkm @b prma`sm k`b jht—haehkm `s ul prma`sm qu` s` r`hbdzh l`a`shrdhj`lt` hlt`s k`b `jphqu`thkm, auhlkm bhs emchs k` amah `stèl s`ahs y hbomrmthkhs amjm `l bms yulfhs bm kda`l3 aedrd. ‒…bms yulfu`øms pr`nd`r`l bh amah thb amjm shb` k`b ghaed, s`ah, hrrufhkh, k` juaem oubtm p`rm v`rk` y juy kuba`. Y`rm `sth amah lm sdrv` phrh jdrhr. Plh p`rsmlh qu` qud`r` amlsubthr aml `b yhtdrd tmjh ulh ahltdkhk k` amah y bh jht—haeh, euj`k`ad`lkm y bu`fm hpr`tèlkmbh, thb amjm s` eha` phrh bh v`lth…‚ (Qp`kkdlf- 844;388;) @st` prma`sm `s r`hbdzhkm aml bh ndlhbdkhk k` qu` bh emch k` amah lm s` k`strma`, auhlkm s` r`hbdzh `b `jphqu`thkm, td`l` qu` s`r thqu`hkm bhs emchs k` amah k`ltrm k` bhs ombshs phrh qu` s`hl j`lms vmbujdlmsh, sdl qu` s` k`strma` bh emch k` amah, hk`jès, td`l` qu` euj`k`a`rs`, h `st` prma`sm s` b` k`lmjdlh jht—haehkm. @xdst`l kdn`r`lt`s jhl`rhs k` jht—haehr bh emch k` amah3 ‒Bh amah qu` lm `s jht—haehth `s k`jhsdhkm vmbujdlmsh y nrèfdb phrh trhlspmrthrbh7 `b jdsjm prma`sm qu` bh eha` hpth phrh vdhchr…‚ (sda). (Qp`kkdlf-844;3880) Eha` juaems høms `st` prma`sm s` bm r`hbdzhoh sdl bh hyukh k` ldlfól `qudpm phrh bh `xphlsdñl k`b hfuh, `b qu` jht—haehoh dltrmkuaêh ulh ou`lh ahltdkhk k` hfuh h bh omah phrh bu`fm `aehr aml juaeh nu`rzh prmkuad`lkm ulh `sp`ad` k` rmadñ k` p`qu`øhs ahltdkhk`s k` hfuh pmr tmkm `b jmltñl k` amah bdsth phrh `st` prma`sm, k`spuäs j`zabhohl y mtrh v`z `aehohl hfuh aml bh omah, ehsth qu` bh emch k` amah `stä `l amlkdadml`s k` nb`xdodbdkhk. [hjodäl s` amlma` `b jht—haehkm hb hdr` bdor`, kmlk` bh emch k` amah td`l` qu` s`r `xpu`sth hb hdr` bdor` yh s`h juy t`jprhlm k` bh jhøhlh m pmr bhs thrk`s kmlk` ah` `b s`r`lm m `s k`adr `l emrhs k`b kêh kmlk` `xdst` jès euj`khk, phrh bu`fm j`zabhr k` rhtm `l rhtm ehsth qu` bh emch lm bb`fu` r`squ`orhchrs`.
18
@b mtrm prma`sm `s jès amlmadkm, emy `l kêh `s jès j`ahldzhkm s` utdbdzh bh nujdfhkmrhs phrh pmk`r rmadhr aml ul thltm k` hfuh pmr tmkh bh amah s`ah `xpu`sth phrh `b jht—haehkm, abhrm qu` `s ul prma`sm kmlk` `s jès utdbdzhkm phrh bh amah bbhjhkh amjm s`fulkh. Hulqu` ehy p`rsmlhs `xp`rths `l bh ahltdkhk k` hfuh h utdbdzhr phrh hkqudrdr ul ou`l r`subthkm `l `b jht—haehkm, m s`h ulh emch lm juy euj`k`adkh y v`rk`adth qu` lm pd`rk` `b ambmr. @st` prma`sm k`b jht—haehkm yh kdcdjms qu` `s phrh qu` lm s` k`strma` bh emch k` amah, phrh `b `jphqu`thkm, y hk`jès k`ltrm bm qu` `s bhs emchs s`b`aadmlhkhs phrh hfr`fhrb` ul pbus jès phrh qu` t`lfh ul j`cmr hsp`atm k` emch pbhlaehkh, `ltmla`s s` pu`k` kdstdlfudr qu` `sth emch eh t`ldkm ul ou`l trhthjd`ltm y `s ulh emch k` amah omldth amjm bm bbhjhl bhs amj`radhlt`s
?.?.?.6. @jphqu`thkm @b `jphqu`thkm phrh su r`sp`atdvm trhlspmrt`, `l bm qu` s` r`nd`r` h bh amj`radhbdzhadñl k` bh emch k` amah, r`qud`r` jhlm k` morh `sp`adhbdzhkh, jhlm k` morh `sp`adhbj`lt` k`b vhrñl. @l `st` prma`sm `b prdladphb jht`rdhb h utdbdzhr sml bhs ombshs k` lybml y bhs ombshs k` yut`, bh ombshs k` lybml aujpb`l bh nuladñl k` amls`rvhr bh emch k` amah y jhlt`l`rbm hdsbhkm k`b hfuh jd`ltrhs qu` bhs ombshs k` yut` aujpb`l bh nuladñl k` r`nmrzhr bh ombsh k` lybml yh qu` `s juy nrèfdb phrh `b trhlspmrt`. Yhrh `b trhlspmrt` k` bms yulfhs ehsth `b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH ehy kms jhl`rhs k` `jphqu`thkm y `lvhs`s qu` td`l`l bh ahphadkhk k` hbjha`lhr 09 bdorhs f`l`rhbj`lt` hulqu` hbfulms pu`k`l pml`r ? m 1 bdorhs jès m j8.- @b `jphqu`thkm `l jhteus (ombshs frhlk`s) k` yut` pu`k` s`r k` auhbqud`r ambmr aml ulhs ombshs k` lybml aml ul thjhøm k` ul j`trm k` bhrfm y ul j`trm k` hlaem. Aml kms tdrhkmr`s p`qu`øms y kms frhlk`s aml ulh j`kdkh k` ;5 aj, y `b bhrfm k` 8j, k` bhrfm, `stms tdrhkmr`s sml phrh `b r`sp`atdvm hs`furhkm m hjhrrhkm k`spuäs k` s`r `jphqu`thkh bh emch k` amah td`l` qu` s`r jhrahkh aml bhs dldadhb`s k`b prmkuatmr.
1?
?.- @b mtrm tdpm k` `jphqu`thkm sml bms bbhjhkms aemrdzms, sml bbhjhkms hsê pmr `b hsp`atm bhrfm qu` td`l` `st` `jphqu`thkm, bhs j`kdkhs k` bhs ombshs k` yut`s y lybml sml ul j`trm aml 69 a`ltêj`trms k` bhrfm y ul j`trm k` hlaem, `st` `jphqu` `s utdbdzhkm `sp`adhbj`lt` phrh bh emch s`ah sdl jht—haehr. Yhrh `b trhlspmrt` k`b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH ehadh `b dlt`rdmr `xdst`l kdn`r`lt`s tdpms k` `jphqu`thkms3 phrh bh ahltdkhk k` 09 bo, `b `qudvhb`lt` h ul thqu`. @l bh qu` pu`k`l s`r ulhs bdorhs jès m j`lms, f`l`rhbj`lt` j`lms. 8.- Bhs kms hlt`rdmr`s ahrhat`rêstdahs k`b `jphqu`thkm yh s`øhbhkms y utdbdzhkms pmr bms prmkuatmr`s thjodäl sml utdbdzhkms pmr bms amj`radhlt`s smbm qu` `l `b ahsm k` bhs shg—hs td`l`l qu` s`r k` ambmr obhlam y aml bms r`sp`atdvms khtms amjm s`r3 dldadhb`s k`b amj`radhlt`, bufhr k` k`stdlm, L³ k` fuêh y n`aeh. ?.- Amjm thjodäl `xdst`l bms `jphqu`s r`hbdzhkms k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` HK@YAMAH, aml ulh j`kdkh k` 8j. k` bhrfm y >9 aj, k` hlaem, hlaem, `l ul bhkm k` bh ahrh aml `b bmfm k` HK@YAMAH y khtms p`rsmlhb`s amjm s`r3 lmjor`, k`stdlm, L³ bda`ladh y n`aeh, bb`fhlkm h t`l`r ul vmbuj`l k` 61 h 60 aj, k` hbturh bhs 09 bdorhs qu` sml ul thqu`7 bu`fm `sths td`l`l qu` s`r a`rrhkhs amsturhkhs aml ul edbm fru`sm k` lybml y aml ul j`trm k` bhrfm y ulh hfuch fru`sh bbhjhkm thjodäl bbhurd pmr phrt` k`b thqu`hkmr. @b `jphqu`thkm phrh `b trhsbhkm k` 897 80 y ?9 ehsth ?0 bdorhs sml bhs sdfud`lt`s3 8.- @b jès utdbdzhkm sml bhs ombshs pbmjhs QHO@LY@ Q.H. qu` sml utdbdzhkhs phrh bh ohsurh, `sths ombsdths td`l`l td `l`l ulh j`kdkh k` 59 aj, k` bhrfm b hrfm y >0 aj, k` hlaem, `sths ombshs s` utdbdzhl phrh amjprhr k` 89 ehsth ?0 bdorhs. @st` tdpm k` `jphqu`thkm bm r`hbdzh `b jdsjm amjprhkmr m `l hbfulms ahsms `b v`lk`kmr, r`kuad`lkm tmkm `b vmbuj`l bm jès qu` pu`khl phrh bu`fm s`r dltrmkuadkhs `l ombshs k` yut`s a`b`st`s k` ulh j`kdkh j `kdkh k` 889 k` bhrfm y 60
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ajs, k` hlaem m ahsm amltrhrdm s`r `lvu`btms `l ul hfuhym phrh bu`fm s`r ahrfhkm hb emjorm. ?.- [hjodäl sml utdbdzhkhs bhs ombshs k` lybml l`frhs aml ulh j`kdkh k` 49 aj, k` bhrfm y >0 k` hlaem, `sths f`l`rhbj`lt` sml utdbdzhkhs phrh shahr k` 89 h 80 bdorhs k` emch k` amah. 1.-T pmr óbtdjm s` utdbdzh bhs ombshs lybml l`frhs k` 09 atvs. phrh amjprhr k` 8 h 0 bdorhs. @sths ombshs `l su kdn`r`lt`s vhrd`khk`s y thjhøms s` `lau`ltrh `l `b jdsjm j`rahkm `l bms pu`stms hutmrdzhkms phrh bh v`lth k` kdaems jht`rdhb`s, thjodäl `xdst` v`lk`kmr`s hjoubhlt`s k` `stms jht`rdhb`s phrh `b `jphqu`thkm, p`rm s` pu`k` hkqudrdr k` bh ahbb` m s`h nu`rh k`b j`rahkm `l ul pr`adm jès ohrhtm aml bh kdn`r`ladh k` amstm k` 8 Os., j`lms qu` k`ltrm k`b j`rahkm k` bh amah. @b moc`tdvm k` `st` tdpm k` `jphqu`thkm `s bh amls`rvhadñl k` bh emch k` amah `l ul `sthkm nb`xdob` y hdsbhkm k` mtrms tdpms k` amlthjdlhadñl pmr mtrms prmkuatms qu` vhl trhsbhkhkms aml bh emch k` amah, p`rm bh prdladphb nuladñl qu` aujpb` bh ombsh k` lybml `s `la`rrhr e`rjätdahj`lt` h bh emch k` amah phrh qu` h `st` lm b` `ltr` `b hfuh y lm s` s`qu` kurhlt` bms trhsbhkms qu` r`qud`rh, yh qu` `b hfuh sdl amltrmb `s bm jès khødlm phrh bh emch k` amah k`spuäs k` s`r s`ahkh, eha` qu` pd`rkh su ambmr y pmr `lk` `b pr`adm. (^`r3 Hl`xm 1) ettps3//@amtmp, Yrmkuaadñl
Hfrm`ambñfdah
k`
bh
Amah.
?989,
HK@YAMAH3 Bh Yhz.
1;
?.1.
J@_AHKM. -
?.1.8 Jhqudlh abhsdndahkmrh k` Emch k` amah @s ulh s`b`aadmlhkmrh s`b`aadmlhkmrh k` emch k` k` amah ohshkh `l s`lsmr`s. s`lsmr`s. Y`rjdt` h bms prmkuatmr`s k k` ` emch k` amah bh abhsdndahadñl ` `l l nuladñl k`b thjhøm, bms k`n`atms bhs `ln`rj`khk`s y `b thjhøm. @s bh e`rrhjd`lth k` `ndad`ladh ahbdkhk y r`kuaadml`s k` amst`s dkñl`h phrh prma`shkmr`s phrh qud`l`s r`subt` nulkhj`lthb bh s`b`aadñl pmr ahphadkhk tdpm k` vhdlh y k`n`atms s` trhth k` ulh jhqudlh aml ul amst` k` prmpd`khk r`kuadkh kds`øhkh phrh kurhr. Ahrhat`rêstdahs Abhsdndahkmrh k` hbth ahphadkhk y k` hbtm jhlt`ldjd`ltm
Abhsdndahkmrh nb`xdob` aml ul jhl`cm suo` hs`furhkm
Amltrmb`s s`ladbbms y sdst`jh k` r`spu`sth dlt`frhkm
Qu ahphadkhk k` `bdjdlhadñl k` k`n`atms `s `xa`b`lt`
Jht`rdhb dlmx `l bms ahrrdb`s k`b hbdj`ltm hbdj`ltm bh kdn`r`ladh k` l lu`strh u`strh
Jhqudlh abhsdndahkmrh abhsdndahkmrh k` v` v`f`thb`s f`thb`s y nuths obdzz obdzzhrkBh hrkBh jhqudl jhqudlh h abhsd abhsdahkmrh ahkmrh obdzzhrk k` ahêkh td`l` td`l` ahêkh bdor` aèjhrh aèjhrh k` buz b`k pubshkh `s `b ssdst`jh dst`jh ñptdam k` abhsdndahadñl k` nruths y v`f`thb`s y thjodäl pu`k` abhsdndahr nruth amlf`bhkh hb dlsthlt` k` jhl`rh dlkdvdkuhb su kds`øm amjphatm aujpb` aml bh lmrjhtdvh shldthrdh td`l` ulh amlndfurhadñl ñptdah y dllmvhkmrh. @sth jèqudlh `s nèadb k` jhl`chr td`l` hbth ahphadkhk p`rjdt` jhymr td`jpm k` hatdvdkhk jhymr ahbdkhk y r`lkdjd`ltm> ahphadkhk ;-> tml`bhkhs t ml`bhkhs pmr ers, `ltrhkh k` pr`sdñl k` hr` > ‑ ohr`s, amlsujm `bäatrdam 8,0g. @b pr`s`lt` prmy`atm t`lkrè o`l`ndadms phrh bh amjuldkhk amahb`rh prmkuatmrh k` bh emch k` amah `l mot`l`r ulh jhqudlh dllmvhkmrh `l su j`rahkm aml `ndad`ladh y v`bmadkhk `l abhsdndahkm pmr thjhøms y `johzhkm
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hutmjhtdzhkm s`rè ul o`l`ndadm k` k`shrrmbbm `l t`almbmfêh phrh `sth èr`h prmkuatmrh aml jätmkms yh hltdfums. Ahushlkm djphatm pmr djpb`j`lthr jhqudlhrdhs hutmjhtdzhkhs y hatuhbdzhlkm su sdst`jh yh mosmb`tm y hltdfum phrh phr h `b sdfbm ?8.
?.1.? Kdsyultmr Pl kdsyultmr `s ul `b`j`ltm qu` dlt`rrujp` k` jhl`rh hutmjètdah bh amrrd`lt` `bäatrdah auhlkm sup`rh ulh ad`rth dlt`lsdkhk. Q` trhth k` ul kdspmsdtdvm k` s`furdkhk qu`, s`fól sus ahrhat`rêstdahs, p`rjdt` prmt`f`r bms hphrhtms `bäatrdams y bh dlt`frdkhk k` bms usuhrdms. (^`r hl`xm ;) [dpms k` kdsyultmr`s Kdsyultmr tärjdam.
Kdsyultmr jhflätdam. Kdsyultmr`s jhfl`tm tärjdams.
Kdsyultmr kdn`r`ladhb.
?.1.?.8 Kdsyultmr jhflätdam Pl kdsyultmr
jhflätdam `s
ul
dlt`rruptmr
hutmjètdam
qu`
utdbdzh
ul `b`atrmdjèl phrh dlt`rrujpdr bh amrrd`lt` auhlkm s` kh ul amrtmadraudtm (lm ulh smor`ahrfh). @l nuladmlhjd`ltm lmrjhb, bh amrrd`lt` phsh pmr bh omodlh k`b `b`atrmdjèl ar`hlkm ul ahjpm jhflätdam käodb. Qd bh dlt`lsdkhk `s jhymr k` ul k`t`rjdlhkm vhbmr, `b ahjpm jhflätdam ar`hkm `s sundad`lt`j`lt` nu`rt` amjm phrh pml`r `l nuladmlhjd`ltm ul kdspmsdtdvm j`aèldam qu` dlt`rrujp` bh amrrd`lt` `bäatrdah. @b vhbmr k` `sth amrrd`lt` su`b` s`r `ltr` tr`s y v`dlt` v`a`s jhymr qu` bh amrrd`lt` lmjdlhb, prmt`fd`lkm hb adraudtm k` amrtmadraudtms. Q` su`b`l ushr phrh prmt`f`r jmtmr`s aml hrrhlahkmr`s auhlkm `stms óbtdjms kdspml`l k` prmt`aadñl tärjdah dlt`frhkh (bh prmt`aadñl tärjdah `s bh `lahrfhkh k` dlt`rrujpdr bh amrrd`lt` `l amlkdadml`s k` smor`ahrfh).
1>
?.1.1 Omtñl k` @j`rf`ladh @st` `s ul omtñl pubshkmr k` `j`rf`ladh phrh hqu`bbhs hpbdahadml`s kmlk` pmr `b jmtdvm qu` s`h, l`a`sdt`s pmk`r k`t`l`r bh jhraeh k` nmrjh rèpdkh. Fdrhlkm `b pubshkmr, s` k`sobmqu`h su j`ahldsjm y `sthrè bdstm phrh s`r pubshkm. [d`l` ulms omrk`s frhlk`s y f`l`rmsms phrh aml`athr ahob`s `l bms pmbms. (^`r3 Hl`xm 0)
?.1.; Buz pdbmtm Pl sdst`jh k` amltrmb k` dbujdlhadñl `s ulh smbuadñl k` amltrmb ohshkh `l r`k`s k` amjuldahadñl `ltr` vhrdms amjpml`lt`s, kds`øhkm phrh r`fubhr ul sdst`jh k` dbujdlhadñl prmfrhjhkm, sup`rvdshkm y f`stdmlhkm k`sk` ulm m jès kdspmsdtdvms dlnmrjètdams a`ltrhb`s. Bms sdst`jhs k` amltrmb `l bh dbujdlhadñl nuladmlhl phrh kdstrdoudr bh ahltdkhk hk`auhkh k` buz hrtdndadhb `l `b `sphadm y jmj`ltm l`a`shrdm, y sml hjpbdhj`lt` utdbdzhkms thltm `l dlt`rdmr`s amjm `xt`rdmr`s `l `sphadms r`sdk`ladhb`s, dlkustrdhb`s m amj`radhb`s. (^`r Hl`xm >)
?.1.0 Amlthatmr Pl amlthatmr `s ul `b`j`ltm `b`atrmj`aèldam qu` td`l` bh ahphadkhk k` `sthob`a`r m dlt`rrujpdr bh amrrd`lt` `bäatrdah k` ulh ahrfh, aml bh pmsdodbdkhk k` s`r haadmlhkm h kdsthladh j`kdhlt` bh utdbdzhadñl k` `b`j`ltms k` amjhlkm. (^`r3 Hl`xm 6)
?.1.> Aeujha`rhs [rhlsbdlg t` mnr`a` bh j`cmr mn`rth `l aeujha`rhs k` `xa`b`lt` ahbdkhk y k` nèadb jhlt`ldjd`ltm. Nhordahjms bhs r`n`r`ladhs k`b j`rahkm jès amjul`s aeujha`rh auhkrhkh, r`kmlkh, mvhbhkh, PAY, PAN, PA[, PAB,…- y thjodäl bhs k` j`lms rmthadñl amjm bhs s`rd`s LH, QH y QO, aeujha`rhs r`kmlkhs tdpm ambbhrêl, tdpm ahrtuaem m k` ha`rm `sthjphkm, phrh khr ulh amo`rturh amjpb`th hlt` auhbqud`r l`a`sdkhk.
16
Lu`strh fhjh dlabuy` aeujha`rhs k` nulkdadñl, aeujha`rhs t`rjmpbèstdahs aml ohb`rm k` ha`rm dlmxdkhob`, aeujha`rhs k` au`rpm dlmxdkhob` aml ohb`rm dlmxdkhob`, `ta. Bhs aeujha`rhs k` nulkdadñl `stèl nhordahkhs `l ulh `struaturh
rêfdkh k` pd`zh óldah y k` nèadb ndchadñl, aml jht`rdhb ed`rrm nulkdkm E[?997 bms hldbbms y bhs ombhs k`b ohb`rm `stèl `bhomrhkhs k` ha`rm aml armjm FAr80 k` bh jèxdjh ahbdkhk qu` hs`furhl ulh frhl kurhodbdkhk y ohcm k`sfhst`. Bhs aeujha`rhs t`rjmpbhstdahs `stèl nhordahkhs k` hau`rkm aml
lmrjhs NKH y sml hpths pmr thltm phrh bhs dlkustrdhs hbdj`ltdadh y nhrjhaäutdah. Q` sdrv`l `l ambmr`s obhlam, l`frm y v`rk`. Bhs aeujha`rhs dlmxdkhob`s y bms ohb`rms dlmxdkhob`s -dlamrpmrhkms
thjodäl `l bhs aeujha`rhs k` pbèstdam- `stèl e`aehs k` ha`rm dlmxdkhob` k` ahbdkhk HDQD ;;9A y HDQD ;?9. [mkhs bhs r`n`r`ladhs k` aeujha`rhs dlabuy`l hutm hbdl`hadñl amjpb`th k`b ohb`rm, tmrldbbms k` ndchadñl eu`ams, k`nb`atmr`s k` aehph k` ha`rm phrh `xpubshr `ndahzj`lt` `b pmbvm, culth h hjoms bhkms k`b ohb`rm, y haa`smrdm k` `lfrhs`. Amlsubth bhs ahrhat`rêstdahs täaldahs y jmk`bms kdspmldob`s `l lu`strm ahtèbmfm. (^`r3 Hl`xm 5)
?.1.6 @b`atrmkms >981 K` hau`rkm aml `b `xp`rtm `l smbkhkurh, Khlly O`rjók`z, hbfm djpmrthlt` qu` k`o`jms sho`r hlt`s k` amj`lzhr ul trhohcm k` smbkhkurh `s `b tdpm k` `b`atrmkm qu` vhjms h `jpb`hr. Hulqu` lu`strhs jèqudlhs k` smbkhr lms dlkdahl bms tdpms k` amrrd`lt`, `s k` juaeh djpmrthladh `sthob`a`r bh pmbhrdkhk qu` utdbdzhr`jms hulqu` smbm r`qu`rdr`jms bms `b`atrmkms trhkdadmlhb`s @>981 phrh smbkhr ed`rrm, `s dlt`r`shlt` ` djpmrthlt` amlma`r bhs ahrhat`rêstdahs k` bms kdstdltms
15
`b`atrmkms sd qu`r`jms prmn`sdmlhbdzhrlms jès `l `b hrt` k` bh smbkhkurh pmr hram. Auhlkm `b amjprhkmr bb`fh h bh n`rr`t`rêh y pdk` ul 8 Gf k` `b`atrmkms, bm qu` b` khl amjólj`lt` `s `b @>981 k` 1/1? (?.0) jj, y `l hbfulms ahsms k` 8/5 (1 jj), ½p`rm quä sdfldndahl tmkms `stms lój`rms y b`trhs= d r`vdshjms bms `b`atrmkms, a`rah k` bh ohs` k`b jdsjm `lamltrhr`jms ul añkdfm, kmlk` lms dlkdah HVQ @>981, bhs prdj`rhs b`trhs HVQ sdfldndahl Hj`rdahl V`bkdlf Qmad`ty `sm qud`r` k`adr qu` `stms `b`atrmkms ehl sdkm hprmohkms pmr bh smad`khk hj`rdahlh k` smbkhkurh bm qu` sdfldndah qu` su ahbdkhk `stè fhrhltdzhkh. Mtrhs v`a`s trh`l mtrhs rmtubhadml`s qu` f`l`rhbj`lt` `s `b lmjor` k` bh `jpr`sh nhordahlt` m smbm trh`l kdr`athj`lt` `b añkdfm k`b `b`atrmkm, p`rm `b añkdfm @>981 td`l` ul sdfldndahkm phrtdaubhr y `s k` sujh djpmrthladh qu` pmkhjms b``r `sth dlnmrjhadñl phrh su hpbdahadñl amrr`ath. (^`r3 Hl`xm 4)
?.1.5 Y`rlms Bm ehodtuhb `s qu` bms p`rlms t`lfhl nmrjh hbhrfhkh y kdspmlfhl k` ulh pulth r`kmlk`hkh y mtrh aml tu`rah m ulh t`rjdlhadñl sdjdbhr qu` b` p`rjdth aujpbdr aml sus nuladml`s k` suc`adñl. Amln`aadmlhkms aml j`thb`s amjm `b ed`rrm m `b ha`rm, bms p`rlms pu`k`l vdlaubhr pd`zhs k` thjhøm amlsdk`rhob` h ulh ad`rth `struaturh. Bm qu` p`rjdt`l
bms
p`rlms
`s `lshjobhr y jmlthr kdv`rsms
phl`b`s
m
amjpml`lt`s phrh khr nmrjh h bh `struaturh `l au`stdñl. @xdst`l kdn`r`lt`s tdpms k` p`rlm. K` hau`rkm h su aho`zh, bms p`rlms pu`k`l s`r e`xhfmlhb`s, auhkrhkms, r`kmlk`hkms y k` mtrms tdpms. Q`fól `b jmkm k` suc`adñl, pu`k`l kdstdlfudrs` `ltr` p`rlms phshlt`s, p`rlms k` uldñl, p`rlms k` suc`adml`s r`jmvdob`s, p`rlms k` suc`adml`s p`rjhl`lt`s, `ta.Auhlkm p`lshjms `l p`rlms, nulkhj`lthbj`lt` bm eha`jms k`ltrm k`b èjodtm k` bh amlstruaadñl, bh dlsthbhadñl m bh dlkustrdh. Lm mosthlt`, lm
14
pmk`jms phshr pmr hbtm qu` thjodäl s` `jpb`hl `l `b ahjpm k` bh j`kdadlh. Hsê, `xdst`l bms bbhjhkms bb hjhkms p`rlms k`lthb`s. (^`r Hl`xm 89) (ettps3//k`ndldadml.k`/p`rlm/)
?.1.4 [uom auhkrhkm k` ha`rm Ymkrè mot`l`r bms tuoms auhkrhkms k` ha`rm `l kdstdlths hbturhs, hlaeurhs, `sp`smr`s k` phr`k y bmlfdtuk`s k` amrt` `l jht`rdhbs;j`. Bms p`rndb`s eu`ams auhkrhkms `stèl nhordahkms `l bh ahbdkhk Q?10C_E y sml juy jhb`hob`s, nèadb`s k` j`ahldzhr y k` smbkhr aml tmkms bms prma`sms amlv`ladmlhb`s. @b ha`rm s` amlma` thjodäl pmr `b lój`rm k` ahbdkhk 8.9915 y `s `b ha`rm k` amlstruaadñl jès utdbdzhkm `l bh j`thburfdh. [d`l` luj`rmshs hpbdahadml`s3
Ohrhlkdbbh k` `sahbrh Ohstdkmr`s phrh ju`ob`s
Ymr bm f`l`rhb f`l`rhb pu`k` utdbdzhrs` `l bh amlstruaadñl k` `struaturhs y
jhqudlhs Bh ahbdkhk Q?10 lm `stè k`stdlhkh phrh trhthjd`ltm tärjdam, yh qu` bhs r`sdst`ladhs `xhaths yh `stèl k`ndldkhs. Qdl prmt`aadñl k` bh sup`rndad` lm `s r`sdst`lt` h bh amrrmsdñl. Yhrh prmt`f`r `st` ha`rm k` bh amrrmsdñl pu`k`l utdbdzhrs` kdn`r`lt`s prma`sms k` r`v`stdjd`ltm, amjm pmr `c`jpbm `b fhbvhldzhkm `l ahbd`lt` m `b r`v`stdjd`ltm mrfèldam. @xa`b`lt` smbkhodbdkhk.
Nèadbj`lt` jhb`hob`.Jhfl`tdzh jhb`hob`.Jhfl`tdzhob`. ob`.
Jht`rdhb k` amlstruaadñl.
Lm `s l`a`shrdm trhthr bhs sup`rndad`s k`spuäs k`b bhjdlhkm.
Bêjdt` `bèstdam k` hprmx. ?10 JYh.
@s l`a`shrdm `b prma`shjd`ltm pmst`rdmr.
Hk`auhkm phrh fhbvhldzhadñl. (^`r3 Hl`xm 88)
;9
?.1.89 Q`b`aadñl k` `b`j`ltms phrh shae`t hkmrh ?.1.89.8 Hatuhkmr`s L`ujètdams @b trhohcm k` `stukdm k` hutmjhtdzhadñl k` ulh jèqudlh lm hahoh aml `b `squ`jh k` hutmjhtdsjm h r`hbdzhr sdlm aml bh hk`auhkh `b`aadñl k`b r`a`ptmr h utdbdzhr y bh p`rn`ath uldñl `ltr` `st` y bh jèqudlh h bh auhb sdrv`. Qu nuladñl `s bh k` trhlsnmrjhr bh `l`rfêh l`ujètdah `l trhohcm j`aèldam y jmvdjd`ltm r`atdbêl`m qu` amlsth k` ahrr`rh k` hvhla` y ahrr`rh k` r`trma`sm.
Hatuhkmr`s k` kmob` `n`atm Bms hatuhkmr`s k` kmob` `n`atm pu`k`l r`hbdzhr trhohcm thltm k` shbdkh m `ltrhkh k`b vèsthfm, `s k k`adr, `adr, `b hdr` amjprdjdkm `c`ra` su su haadñl `l bhs kms kms aèjhrhs k`b hatuhkmr. (^`r hl`xm 8?)
?.1.89.? Q`lsmr`s k` prmxdjdkhk ñptdah Bms s`lsmr`s k` prmxdjdkhk ñptdams* utdbdzhl j`kdms ñptdams y `b`atrñldams phrh bh k`t`aadñl k` moc`tms. Yhrh `bbm s` utdbdzh buz rmch m dlnrhrrmch. Bms kdmkms s`jdamlkuatmr`s `jdsmr`s k` buz (B@K—s) sml ulh nu`lt` phrtdaubhrj`lt` k` buz rmch ` dlnrhrrmch. Qml p`qu`øms y rmoustms, td`l`l ulh bhrfh vdkh ótdb y pu`k`l jmkubhrs` nèadbj`lt`. Bms nmtmkdmkms y nmtmtrhlsdstmr`s s` utdbdzhl amjm `b`j`ltms r`a`ptmr`s. Auhlkm s` hcusth ul s`lsmr k` prmxdjdkhk ñptdam, bh buz rmch td`l` bh v`lthch smor` bh dlnrhrrmch k` qu` `s vdsdob`. Hk`jès pu`k`l utdbdzhrs` nèadbj`lt` ahob`s k` ndorh ñptdah k` pmbêj`rm `l bh bmlfdtuk k` mlkh k`b rmcm, khkh su ohch ht`luhadñl k` bh buz. Bh buz dlnrhrrmch (dlvdsdob`) s` utdbdzh `l mahsdml`s `l bhs qu` s` r`qud`r` jhymr`s pr`sthadml`s, pmr `c`jpbm, phrh auordr jhymr`s kdsthladhs. Hk`jès bh buz dlnrhrrmch `s j`lms susa`ptdob` h bhs dlt`rn`r`ladhs (buz hjod`lthb). (^`r Hl`xm 81)
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?.1.89.; @b`atrmvèbvubhs Bhs amjodlhadml`s k` `b`atrdadkhk y l`ujètdah sml ushkhs nr`au`lt`j`lt` `l jèqudlhs ` dlsthbhadml`s. Bh prdladphb hpbdahadñl k` bms sdst`jhs `b`atrml`ujètdams s` `lau`ltrh `l hqu`bbms ahsms `l bms qu` `b hdr` amjprdjdkm s` ush amjm nu`lt` k` `l`rf `l`rfêh êh aml hyukh k` bms hatuhkmr`s. Bhs `b`atrm vèbvubhs pu`k`l s`r ushkhs amjm `b`j`ltms dlt`rj`kdms k` amltrmb auhlkm s` hauk` h `bbhs phrh haadmlhr bms hatuhkmr`s qu` `c`ra`rè `b trhohcm l`a`shrdm phrh ul prma`sm, thjodäl s` pu`k`l ushr amjm `b`j`ltms ndlhb`s k` amltrmb auhlkm `bbhs jdsjhs sml `b `b`j`ltm qu` hatóh smor` `b prma`sm. (^`r Hl`xm 8;)
;?
AHYD[PBM DDD
;1
1. Y_MYP@Q[H K@ DLM^HADML M QMBPADML HB Y_ Y_MOB@JH MOB@JH 1.8. DJYHA[M QMADHB AMJPLD[H_DM (O@L@NDADH_DMQ) @b pr`s`lt` prmy`atm t`lkrè o`l`ndadms phrh bh amjuldkhk amahb`rh prmkuatmrh k` bh emch k` amah `l mot`l`r ulh jhqudlh dllmvhkmrh `l su j`rahkm aml `ndad`ladh y v`bmadkhk `l abhsdndahkm pmr thjhøms y `johzhkm hutmjhtdzhkm s`rè ul o`l`ndadm k` k`shrrmbbm `l t`almbmfêh phrh `sth èr`h prmkuatmrh aml jätmkms yh hltdfums. Ahushlkm djphatm pmr djpb`j`lthr jhqudlhrdhs hutmjhtdzhkhs y hatuhbdzhlkm su sdst`jh yh mosmb`tm y hltdfum phrh `b sdfbm ?8.
1.?. AÈBAPBM T Q@B@AADÑL K@ BMQ AMJYML@L[@Q Ahbaubm ahbdor` k`b amlkuatmr h dlsthbhr3 : ? : ??9 :
8;4? ??9
: >.5
(^`r3 Hl`xm 80) Q`b`aadñl k` k`b p`rndb k` amrr`h (^`r3 Hl`xm 8>) 3 : 8;4? 8;4? 8 : 899 899 ? 899
;;
8 : 609 609 : 051 051 : : : : : 8;4? 8;4? 8.8 + 1?5?.; 1?5?.;
Bmlfdtuk k` amrr`h : (? ) + (8.0 (8.06 6 + ) (
( ∟ ) ) ;
: : : è è : è è : 051 051 : (? 051 051)) + (8.06 (8.06 899 899 + 899) 899) (
(899 ∟ 899) ) ; 051
: 8;59 8;59
(^`r3 Hl`xm 86)
Q`b`aadñl k` p`rndb 06
;0
Ahltdkhk k` amrr`hs :
? 1
: : : : 8.8 1 : 9.5 ? : è è 8 : + : è è : 8.01 8.01 : : 9.85 9.85 : 801 801 + 9. 9.85 85 : 8.6 8.6 :
1?5? 8.8 8689 8 9.5
: 8.>
;>
(^`r3 Hl`xm 85) : : ? ñ ñ :
: ñ ñ ñ ñ : è è : è è 3 : >99 >99 : 899
(^`r3 Hl`xm 84)
:
>99 899
: > ñ ñ ñ ñ : > 8
Aèbaubm k` bh nu`rzh k` bms adbdlkrms l`ujètdams @b kdèj`trm k`b äjombm `sthob`a` bh nu`rzh qu` pu`k` r`hbdzhr `b hatuhkmr. Dldadhbj`lt` t`lkr`jms `l au`lth bh sdfud`lt` nñrjubh3 : / 3
;6
: ñ ñ /? /? : : ä ? ñ ñ : / , 77 : ∖
Bh pr`sdñl qu` s` jhl`ch h ldv`b k` dlkustrdhb lmrjhbj`lt` `sth `sthlkhrdzhkh `l > ohr, lms khjms au`lth `ltmla`s qu` bh nu`rzh k`b adbdlkrm `stè k`t`rjdlhkh pmr `b kdèj`trm k`b `jombm. @b adbdlkrm prdladphb qu` smstd`l` bhs omqudbbhs td`l` bhs sdfud`lt`s `sp`adndahadml`s3 è ä3 09 è è3 ? ñ 3 > 3 809
Yrdj`rm ehbbhr`jms bhs èr`hs k`b `jombm y k`b hldbbm adraubhr. ? * ?0aj? *1.8;8> 84.>1aj? ; ;
K
Èr`h k`b äjombm :
Bu`fm ehbbhjms bhs nu`rzhs3
ñ ñ : ∖ : >9 >9 ∖ 84.> 84.>1 1? ? : 8866 8866.5 .5
ñ ñ : ∖ : >9 >9 ∖ 8>.; 8>.;4 4? ? : 454.; 454.;
(^`r Hl`xm ?9)
;5
1.1. @BHOM_HADML K@B YBHL K@ JHL[@LDJD@L[M @b pbhl k` jhlt`ldjd`ltm pr`v`ltdvm k` rutdlh s` ohsh `l jhlt`ldjd`ltm oèsdam k` jèqudlhs dlkustrdhb`s. @b jhlt`ldjd`ltm k`o` trhthr k` `vdthr bhs nhbbhs, r`sthob`a`r `b sdst`jh bm jès rèpdkm pmsdob`, k`cèlkmbm `l amlkdadml`s ñptdjhs k` mp`rhr h bms ldv`b`s k` prmkuaadñl y ahbdkhk `xdfdkh.
1.1.8 Jhlt`ldjd`ltm k` bh ahch k` amltrmb @s `b thob`rm prdladphb. @l äb `stèl jmlthkms bms kdspmsdtdvms k` prmt`aadñl y jhldmorh, qu` prmt`f`l bms hbdj`lthkmr`s y qu` p`rjdt`l mp`rhr smor` tmkh bh dlsthbhadñl dlt`rdmr. Pl r`sp`atdvm jhlt`ldjd`ltm vdsuhb k` ahob`s su`btms, bhs vêhs k` ahob`s k`b thob`rm `stäl `xp`kdths, t`st`m k` hjp`rhc` y vmbthc` qu` lm smor`phs` bm lmjdlhb.
1.1.? Y`rsmlhb Ahbdndahkm Xud`l `l vdrtuk k` a`rtdndahkms `xp`kdkms pmr `ltdkhk`s amjp`t`lt`s m têtubms hahkäjdams har`kdth su nmrjhadñl prmn`sdmlhb `l @B H_@H @B@A[_MJ@AHLDAH. Hk`jès, pms`` `xp`rd`ladh y ul hk`auhkm amlmadjd`ltm k`b kds`øm, bh dlsthbhadñl, bh amlstruaadñl, bh mp`rhadñl m `b jhlt`ldjd`ltm k` bms `qudpms `bäatrdams.
1.1.1 Jmtmr K`sjmlthkm k` bh ahrahsh
_`vdsdñl vdsuhb k` bhs omodlhs qu` `stäl `l ou`l `sthkm
@fr`shkm k` rmkhjd`ltms
[`st`hkm k` omodlhs `l ssu u `sthkm `sthkm lmjdlhb (^ (^`r `r Hl`x Hl`xm m ?8)
;4
1.1.; Jhbbhs jdbdjätrdahs Bdjpd`zh `xehustdvh k` rutdlh pmr s`jhlh k` bms mrdndadms pmr ldv`b`s k` jhbbhs jdbdjätrdahs k`sphlhkh pmr sd ehy mostruaadñl.
1.;. Q@FP_DKHK Q@FP_DKHK DLKPQ[_DHB @s djpmrthlt` `b usm k` `qudpms k` prmt`aadñl p`rsmlhb, `stms r`kua`l bh prmvmahadñl k` haadk`lt`s kurhlt` bh amlstruaadñl k` bh jhqudlh h dlsthbhr. (^`r3 Hl`xm ??)
1.0. Y_@QPYP@Q[M K@B Y_MT@A[M T @B Y_@ADM K@ ^@L[H Dlv`rsdñl
Yr`adm uldthrdm
Ahltdkhk [mthb
Jmtmr ? ep (w`o)
Os 099
8
Os099
8.0 j
Os 8?
8
Os>9
8
Os 19
Ahob` 5 WOs/jZ `laehqu`thkm #8? _`bä tärjdam Os >9 amk301;1?45 jhrah B@UM Ydlturh hltd Os19 amrrmsdvh @b`atrmkm >981
Os?0
8 gdbm
Os ?0
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