Proyecto Mermelada de Melon270620

 

TLP×DIHKM DJIHUMTHMOM FL ULOLW\LIM BHOH[VLTHJ FLI PJFLT PJP\IMT PMTM IM LF\KMKHÛO L. V. KTLMKHÛO [MDMOM FL PMTTM [MDMOM FL PMTTM ‛ L[VMFJ XMTMK\X

BLTBLIMFM M DM[L FL BLIÛO KJBJ MIVLTOMVHUM O\VTHKHJOMI PMTM IJ[ NMDHVMOVL[ FLI [LKVJT LI [HILOKHJ B\OHKHPHJ GJ[È MOVJOHJ PÍLW L[VMFJ XMTMK\X MÝJ 404=

[mdmom fl Pmrrm, Guohj 404=

 

TLP×DIHKM DJIHUMTHMOM FL ULOLW\LIM BHOH[VLTHJ FLI PJFLT PJP\IMT PMTM IM LF\KMKHÛO L. V. KTLMKHÛO [MDMOM FL PMTTM [MDMOM FL PMTTM ‛ L[VMFJ XMTMK\X

BLTBLIMFM M DM[L FL BLIÛO KJBJ MIVLTOMVHUM O\VTHKHJOMI PMTM IJ[ NMDHVMOVL[ FLI [LKVJT LI [HILOKHJ B\OHKHPHJ GJ[È MOVJOHJ PÍLW L[VMFJ XMTMK\X MÝJ 404=

     

M\VJT7 LIHMOM C\LTTM K.H7;0.383.;43 V\VJTM MKMFÈBHKM7 PTJEM.KMTBLO UHIMTÛ BLOKHJO7 MFBHOH[VTMKHÛO EHOMOKHLTM.

[mdmom fl Pmrrm, Guohj 404=

 

FLFHKMVJTHM

Pmrm kjoslcuhr li èxhtj tu flslj fl èxhtj thlol qul slr bmyjr qul tu bhlfj mi ermkmsj… [h tl rjflms fl plrsjoms qul sjo iuz, ij vlrís tjfj bís kimrj. Lstl prjylktj lstí flfhkmfj7 Prhblrmblotl m FHJ[ pjr shlbprl lstmr prlslotl y fmrojs im jpjrtuohfmf fl suplrmrojs kmfm fâm.  M oulstrjs pmfrls pjr li mpjyj qul ojs drhofmrjo kmfm uoj fl liijs pmrm ijcrmr lstm bltm. X lo lsplkhmi m tjfjs ijs prjelsjrls pjr su mpjyj hokjofhkhjomi.

CTMKHM[…

 

MCTMFLKHBHLOVJ[

Il fmbjs mcrmflkhbhlotj m FHJ[ y iulcj m kmfm uom fl ims plrsjoms qul ojs nmo drhofmfj fl su mpjyj y qul nmo nlknj qul lstl trmdmgj sl rlmihkl.  M oulstrjs pmfrls pjr shlbprl lstmr prlslotl y lo lsplkhmi m tjfjs ijs prjelsjrls, qul sho emitm ojs drhofmrjo fl su mpjyj hokjofhkhjomi, qul ojs loslýû qul kmfm vlz qul uoj sl prjpjol uom bltm oj fldls flgmrim hokjokiusm, y qul shlbprl nmy qul iuknmr y vloklr ijs jdstíkuijs nmstm mikmozmrim. Fldlbjs mcrmflklr pjr kmfm uom fl ims loslýmozms qul ojs drhofm lstl trmdmgj…

[H LI PIMO OJ E\OKHJOM KMBDHM LI PIMO, OJ KMBDHL[ IM BLVM…

 

TLP×DIHKM DJIHUMTHMOM FL ULOLW\LIM BHOH[VLTHJ FLI PJFLT PJP\IMT PMTM IM LF\KMKHÛO L. V. KTLMKHÛO [MDMOM FL PMTTM [MDMOM FL PMTTM ‛ L[VMFJ XMTMK\X

BLTBLIMFM DM[L FL BLIÛO KJBJ MIVLTOMVHUM O\VTHKHJOMI PMTMMIJ[ NMDHVMOVL[ FLI [LKVJT LI [HILOKHJ B\OHKHPHJ GJ[È MOVJOHJ PÍLW L[VMFJ XMTMK\X MÝJ 404= Mutjr7 Lihmom Culrm. TL[\BLO Li prlslotl prjylktj eul rlmihzmfj kjo li prjpûshtj prhokhpmi fl li limdjrmr mdjrmr uom blrblimfm m dmsl fl bliûo kjbj mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi   pmrm ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj, Buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz fli Lstmfj Xmrmkuy, li kumi duskm iilvmr sjiukhûo m uo prjdilbm sjkhjlkjoûbhkj y fl smiuf qul lstí jprhbhlofj m vmrhms ijkmihfmfls fli pmâs hokiuylofj m fhknm kjbuohfmf, pjr ij qul duskmo mitlromthvms outrhkhjomils, pjr ijs mitjs kjstjs qul pjflbjs lokjotrmr lo ijs lstmdilkhbhlotjs mihblothkhjs, fhknm ho hovl vlst sthc hcmkh mkhûo ûo eu eul l iiiilv lvmfm mfm m km kmdj dj kj kjo o jd jdgl glththvj vj fl fm fmrr rl rlspu spulst lstm m m lstm lstm prjd prjdil ilbí bíththkm km im bh bhsb sbj j kjos kjostm tm fl uo fhsl fhslýj ýj fl kmbp kmbpj j y ls fl thpj thpj flskrhpthvm1 im pjdimkhûo bmolgmfm eul uo tjtmi fl ;0 embhihms qul fmo uo tjtmi fl =66 plrsjoms, pmrm im bhsbm ijs rlkjilkkhûo fl fmtjs eul iilvmfj m kmdj blfhmotl uom lokulstm fl =0 prlcuotms fl thpj klrrmfm, lo lstl bhsbj jrfl jrflo o fl hflm hflmss pj pjfl flbj bjss fl fltl tlrb rbho homr mr im hb hbpj pjrt rtmo mokh khm m fl ijs ijs mihb mihblo lotj tjss mitlromthvjs kjbj ij ls li kmsj fli bliûo lo uom prlslotmkhûo fl blrblimfm qul slrvhrâm kjbj mihblotj mitlromthvj pmrm blgjrmr ims emitms fl outrhlotls y mz÷kmrls smiufmdils, mflbíspufhlofj fl slr lstl prjfuktj mkklshdil flsfl li puotj fl vhstm sjkhmi y lkjoûbhkj, slr uom pjshdil eulotl fl lbpilj pmrm ij ijss qul qul flsll flsllo o ho hoku kurs rshj hjom omrr lo lstl lstl bl blfh fhj. j. Vj Vjbm bmof ofj j kj kjbj bj rlelr rlelrlok lokhm hm fhvl fhvlrs rsjs js tr trmd mdmg mgjs js shbh shbhim imrl rlss mi oul oulst strj rj kj kjbj bj ij ls li kmsj kmsj fli Bjotlolcrj (40=8) li kumi eul uom hovlsthcmkhûo fl kmbpj im kumi flojbhoj ’Limdjrmkhûo fl kjbpjtm fl cumymdm uthihzmofj trls ohvlils fl nmrhom fl bmâz y fjs thpjs fl lfuikjrmotls lo im pimotm fl erutms y njrtmihzms fl im uohvlrshfmf lstmtmi fl Dji Djiâvm âvmr  r   li kumi eul fl buknm myufm pmrm im rlmihzmkhûo fl oulstrm hovlsthcmkhûo puls li bhsbj sl lokmrcû fl jrhlotmr sjdrl kûbj mdjrfmr li prjklsmbhlotj fli bliûo pmrm fmr rlspulstm m im prjdilbíthkm.

Flskrhptjrls7 blrblimfm fl bliûo, mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi, smiuf. HOVTJF\KKHÛO

 

 M ij imrcj fl im nhstjrhm fl im nubmohfmf, li o÷blrj fl nmdhtmotls lo li pimoltm nm hfj mublotmofj crmfumiblotl, kjoiilvmofj m im prjihelrmkhûo fl khufmfls y puldijs pmrm slr nmdhtmfms pjr lstjs hofhvhfujs, mshbhsbj sl nmkl kmfm vlz bmyjr li o÷blrj fl rlqulrhbhlotjs pmrm pjflr sudshsthr, mblrhtmofj uo bmyjr kjosubj fl mihblotjs pmrm kudrhr sus olklshfmfls mflbís fl qul micuojs fl lstjs pulflo slr uthihzmfjs fl ejrbm blfhkhomi dloleh dlo lehkhm khmofj ofj mi jrc jrcmoh mohsbj sbj,, mi kjo kjosub subhri hrijs js fl ejrbm ejrbm omt omturm urmi,i, tmb tmbdhè dhèo o ls dlolehkhjsj kumofj sl kjosublo flspuès fl fldhfjs prjklsjs hofustrhmils. [l flstmkm, mflbís, qul, fldhfj m im shtumkhûo lkjoûbhkm fli pmâs, m ijs nmdhtmotls nmdhtmotls fl ims fhvlrsms kjbuohfmf kjbuohfmfls ls sl ils nmkl fheâ fheâkhi khi im mfquh mfquhshkhûo shkhûo fl prjfuktjs mihblothkhjs rhkjs lo mzukmrls smiufmdils, pjr ij qul duskmo mitlromthvms vhmdils pmrm supihr lstms olklshfmfls. Fl hcumi bmolrm ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj udhkmfm lo li buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz ls melktmfm pjr ij motls slýmimfj puls oj pjsllo rlkursjs lkjoûbhkjs olklsmrhjs pmrm im kjbprm fl fuikls j mihblotjs qul kjotlocmo im kmothfmf fl mz÷kmr rlqulrhfm pmrm uom fhltm smiufmdil shlofj lstj prljkupmotl, ym qul ims plrsjoms fl fhknm kjbuohfmf prlslotmo flskjotrji lo ijs ohvlils fl cihklbhm. Lo lstl lstl jr jrfl flo o fl hflm hflmss sl pimo pimotl tlm m im olkl olklsh shfm fmf f fl uo pr prjf jfuk uktj tj hoojvmfjr hoojvm fjr nlknj m dmsl fl bliûo qul slrvhr slrvhrí í kjbj uom mitlromt mitlromthvm hvm pmrm ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj udhkmfm lo li buohkhphj Gjsè Gjsè Mo Motj tjoh ohj j Pí Pílz lz lstm lstmfj fj Xmrm Xmrmku kuy. y. Ms Msâ, â, li pr prls lslo lotl tl pr prjy jylk lktj tj lstí lstí lstrukturmfj fl im shcuhlotl bmolrm. Kmpâtuij H, qul kjothlol li pimotlmbhlotj fli prjdilbm, ijs jdglthvjs,  gusthehkmkhûo. Kmpâtu Kmp âtuij ij HH HH,, qul kjothl kjothlol ol ijs motlkl motlklflot flotls, ls, dms dmsls ls tlû tlûrhk rhkms, ms, dmsl dmslss ilcmils, hbpmktj fli prjylktj, fhslýj fli prjylktj, y ims flehohkhjols fl tèrbhojs. Kmpâ Km pâtu tuij ij HH HHH, H, qu qul l kj kjot othl hlol ol li fhsl fhslýj ýj,, ththpj pj,, ohvl ohvlii y bj bjfmi fmihf hfmf mf fl im

 

hovlsthcmkhûo, msâ kjbj tmbdhèo im pjdimkhûo y bulstrm y ims tèkohkms l hostrublotjs fl rlkjilkkhûo fl fmtjs. Kmpâ Km pâtu tuij ij HU HU,, lo li ku kumi mi sl fl flskr skrhdl hdlo o im imss mk mkththvh vhfm fmfl flss rl rlmi mihz hzmfm mfms, s, im lvmiumkh khû ûo

fli

kubpihbhlotj

fl

rlkjblofmkhjols, dhdihjcrmeâm y molxjs.

ijs

jdg jdglthvjs,

kjo jokkiush ushjols ols

y

 

KMPÂV\IJ H LI PTJDILBM Pimotlmbhlotj fli Prjdilbm Kumofj sl hohkhm li prjklsj fl kjoquhstm fl im thlrrm ehrbl lo thlrrms vlolzjimoms ijs kjoquhstmfjrls sl flfhkmrjo m im d÷squlfm y im lxpijtmkhûo fli jrj. Ims plrims sl mcjtmrjo y li jrj oj lxhstâm lo ims kmothfmfls lsplrmfms1 eul lotjokls kumofj kjblozmrjo m flsmrrjiimr ims mkthvhfmfls mcrâkjims kjo kuithvjs jrhchomrhjs fl Mbèrhkm, fl crmo flbmofm lo Lurjpm, kjbj li kmkmj, li tmdmkj y li micjfûo. Iulcj, ijs kuithvjs jrhchomrhjs fl jtrjs kjotholotls kjbj li kmeè, im kmým fl mz÷kmr, bliûo lotrl jtrjs. Ulolzulim ls uoj fl ijs pmâsls kjo uom kjoshflrmdil prjfukkhûo fl bliû bl iûo o ym qu qul l pj pjsl sll l mb mbpi pihm hmss lxtl lxtlos oshj hjol olss fl thlr thlrrm rmss qu qul l pr prls lslo lotm tmo o kjofhkhjols mcrjlkjiûchkms mflkumfms pmrm lstl rudrj, lsplkhmiblotl sh sl flslm prjfukhr pmrm im lxpjrtmkhûo. Lo ijs lstmfjs Wuihm y Emikûo sl nmo rlmihz rlm ihzmfj mfj prul pruldms dms qul flb flbulst ulstrmo rmo im crm crmo o pjtlok pjtlokhmi hmihfm hfmf, f, hfloth hflothehk ehkíof íofjsl jsl vmrhlfmfls, pjr sus kmrmktlrâsthkms y kumihfmfls fli erutj (Tjfrâculz, F. 40=;). Ijs prhokhpmils lstmfjs qul kuithvmo bliûo sjo Imrm, Emikûo, Wuihm Cuírhkj, Mozjítlcuh y Kjglfls. Kmfm fâm im prjfukkhûo fl bliûo vm lo mublotj y flsmejrtuomfmblotl lo ijs plrhjfjs fl kjslknm sl flsplrfhkhmo crmofls kmothfmfls fldhfj m im pjkm furmdhihfmf fl lstl prjfuktj y m im emitm fl prjklsjs hofustrhmils pmrm su prjklsmbhlotj. Lo lstl bhsb bhsbj j sloth slothfj, fj, sl kjoer kjoerjotm jotm uom shtumk shtumkhûo hûo sjkhjlkjoûb sjkhjlkjoûbhkm hkm lo im mktumihfmf, qul lstí jprhbhlofj kmfm vlz bís m ijs nmdhtmotls fl ijs fhelrlotls lstmfjs fli pmâs, msâ kjbj tmbdhèo m plqulýjs slktjrls kjbj im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj fli Buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz, lo li kumi

 

buknjs fl sus nmdhtmotls oj kulotmo kjo ims pjshdhihfmfls fl mfquhrhr  mihblotjs rhkjs lo mzukmrls smiufmdils lo ijs lstmdilkhbhlotjs kjblrkhmils, pjr ij kumi sl lokulotrmo lo im olklshfmf fl duskmr sjiukhjols mitlromthvms pmrm duskmr lstjs rlqulrhbhlotjs outrhkhjomils. Ls jpjrtuoj slýmimr qul li mz÷kmr ls uom sustmokhm olklsmrhm pmrm li jrcmohsbj nubmoj, ym qul prjpjrkhjom lolrcâm ríphfm, ls flkhr, im smkmrjsm fli mz÷kmr kjb÷o, sl trmosejrbm ríphfmblotl lo ciukjsm y eruktjsm, qul sjo mdsjrdhfms prjpjrkhjomofj kjbdusthdil hoblfhmtj, clolrm uom slosmkhûo fl dhlolstmr , ym qul mihvhm li bmilstmr y im moshlfmf qul clolrm uo kumfrj fl nhpjciuklbhm(ohvli dmgj fl mz÷kmr lo smocrl, jtrm kumihfmf hbpjrtmotl ls qul oj ls mièrclom ym qul oj flslokmflom ohocuom rlmkkhûo mièrchkm. Kmdl slýmimr qul im bmyjrâm fl ijs prjfuktjs qul im kjothlolo sjo prjklsmfjs quâbhkmblotl, pjr ij qul su kjosubj lxklshvj ls fmýhoj pmrm im smiuf. Fl miiâ im olklshfmf fl kjosubhr mz÷kmrls omturmils pmrm smthsemklr  im imss olk olklsh lshfm fmfls fls fl flii jr jrcm cmoh ohsb sbj j y bh bhoh ohbh bhzm zmrr ij ijss rhl rhlsc scjs js fl pm pmfl flkl klrr ij ijss lelktjs fli mz÷kmr prjklsmfj. Lstm Lst m hov hovlst lsthcm hcmkhû khûo o dusk duskm m fmr rls rlspuls pulstm tm m ims olk olklsh lshfmf fmfls ls fl lstm lstm kjbuohfmf, pimotlmofj uom blrblimfm m dmsl fl bliûo kjbj mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi ym qul fldhfj m ijs mitjs kjstjs fl ijs pjstrls lo im sjkhlfmf ims plrsjomss oj kjosublo im kmothfmf plrsjom kmothfmf olklsmrhm fl mz÷kmrls, mz÷kmrls, dlolehkhmo dlolehkhmofj fj msâ m tjfm im kjbuohfmf, lsplrmofj qul lstl prjfuktj sl pulfm lo uo kjrtj pimzj pimzj ho hofu fust strh rhmi mihz hzmr mr y msâ msâ kjo kjovl vlrt rthr hrsl sl lo uo uom m eu eulot lotl l fl lb lbpi pilj lj pm pmrm rm im kjbuohfmf y ºpjrqul oj: pmrm kjbuohfmfls klrkmoms. Pmrthlofj fl ijs pimotlmbhlotjs slýmimfjs, sl clolrmo ims shcuhlotls hotlrrjcmotls7 ºKuíils sjo ims prjdilbíthkms sjkhjlkjoûbhkms qul melktmo mi [lktjr Li [hilokhj, Buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz fli Lstmfj Xmrmkuy: ºKuíils sjo ijs kjojkhbhlotjs qul pjsllo ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf fli [hilokhj kjo rlsplktj mi bliûo kjbj mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi:

 

º]uè prjphlfmfls outrhkhjomils y jrcmojièpthkms pjsll im blrblimfm m dmsl fl bliûo:

Ejrbuimkhûo fli Prjdilbm  Mi flsmrrjiimr flsmrr jiimr lstm hovlsthcmkhûo lo prj fli dhlolstmr fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj sl prlslotm im shcuhlotl hotlrrjcmotl7 º[l º[ l pulf pulfl l kj kjosh oshfl flrmr rmr im bl blrb rbli limf mfm m m dm dmsl sl fl bl bliû iûo o uo uom m mitl mitlro romt mthv hvm m outrhkhjomi pmrm ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf Li [hilokhj:

Jdglthvjs fli Prjylktj Jdglthvj Clolrmi Limdjrmr blrblimfm m dmsl fl bliûo kjbj mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi pmrm ijs nmdhtmotls fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj, Buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz fli Lstmfj Xmrmkuy.

Jdglthvjs Lsplkâehkjs Tlmihzmr uo fhmcoûsthkj fl ims prjdilbíthkms fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr  Li [hilokhj. Flskrhdhr ims prjphlfmfls fli bliûo Fltl Fl tlrb rbho homr mr im imss kmr kmrmkt mktlrâ lrâst sthk hkms ms jrcmoj jrcmojiè ièpt pthk hkms ms y out outrh rhkh khjo jomi mils ls fl im blrblimfm limdjrmfm m dmsl fl bliûo.

Gusthehkmkhûo fl im Hovlsthcmkhûo Pmrthlofj fl ijs slýmimbhlotjs motlrhjrls, sl gusthehkm im rlmihzmkhûo fl lstm prjpulstm thtuimfm Limdjrmkhûo fl blrblimfm m dmsl fl bliûo kjbj mitlromthvm outrhkhjomi pmrm ijs nmdhtmotls fl im kjbuohfmf fli [lktjr Li [hilokhj udhkmfm lo li buohkhphj Gjsè Motjohj Pílz fli lstmfj Xmrmkuy, im ku kumi mi clol clolrmr rmrí í crm crmof ofls ls dlol dlolehehkhj khjss pmr pmrm m fh fhkn knm m kj kjbu buoh ohfm fmf f fldh fldhfj fj m qu qul l plrbhthrí plrbht hrí jdtlolr m uo prlkhj emkth emkthdil dil uo prjfukt prjfuktj j outrh outrhkhjomi khjomi qul myufmrâm m kjbdmthr im prjdilbíthkm fl ijs mitjs kjstjs fl ijs pjstrls lo im sjkhlfmf y msâ ims plrsjoms qul oj kjosublo im kmothfmf olklsmrhm fl mz÷kmrls, tlofrío mkklsj m lstl hoojvmfjr prjfuktj. ]ul kjbj ym smdlbjs lxhstl uom crmo fhehkuitmf pmrm mfquhrhr uo prjfuktj rhkj lo mzukmrls smiufmdils pjr sus

 

lilvmfjs kjstjs, y pjfrâmo uthihzmr lstl prjfuktj kjbj uom mitlromthvm vhmdil pmrm im lrrmfhkmkhûo fl micuoms loelrblfmfls jkmshjomfms pjr li kjosubj fl mz÷kmrls mrthehkhmils. Li bhsbj slrâm uo rlkursj pmrm jdtlolr dlolehkhjs lkjoûbhkjs y fl lbpilj, lbpi lj, sh sl tj tjbm bmrm rm im fl flkh khsh shûo ûo fl kjb kjblrk lrkhm hmihihzm zmrr li pr prjf jfukt uktj j qu qul l sl limdjrmrí m pmrthr fli bliûo. Hcumiblotl, Hcumi blotl, sl kjotrhduhrâ kjotrhduhrâm m m bmotl bmotlolr olr y prlslrv prlslrvmr mr im smiuf fl quhlol quhlolss uthihklo li bliûo kjbj eulotls fl prjfuktjs outrhkhjomils, ij kumi slrâm fl crmo myufm erlotl m im krhshs lkjoûbhkm y sjkhmi pjr im qul mtrmvhlsm li pmâs. Pjrr jtrm Pj jtrm pm pmrt rtl, l, slrvh slrvhrâ râm m kj kjbj bj bl blfh fhj j fl km kmpm pmkh khtm tmkh khûo ûo pm pmrm rm ij ijss qu qul l flsllo hokurshjomr lo im limdjrmkhûo fl lstl thpj fl prjfuktjs prjvlohlotl fli bliûo, kjosthtuyèofjsl lo uom pjshdil eulotl fl trmdmgj. Pjr ÷ithbj, lstl prjylktj pjfrâm slrvhr kjbj rlelrlokhm j eulotl fl kj kjosu osuititm m m qu quhl hlols ols rlm rlmihihklo klo tr trmdm mdmgj gjss fl ho hovl vlst sthc hcmk mkhû hûo o mkl mklrkm rkm fl lstm lstm tlbíthkm.

Ihbhtmkhjols fl im Hovlsthcmkhûo [jdrl im dmsl fl ims hflms lxpulstms, lxhstlo emktjrls qul pufhlslo rlprlslotmr uom ihbhtmotl pmrm oulstrm hovlsthcmkhûo, lotrl ijs kumils kmdl slýmimr7 

Ijs nmdhtmotls lo su bmyjrâm pjsllo buy pjkj thlbpj ihdrl puls pjsllo lbpiljs1 mflbís fl ims imdjrls fli njcmr, ij kumi rlprlslotmrâm qul li emktjr thlbpj ls uom ihbhtmkhûo pmrm li bhsbj.



Imss plr Im plrsj sjoms oms pj pjfrâ frâmo mo tl tlolr olr pj pjkm km fh fhsp spjo johd hdhihihf hfmf mf m kj kjosh oshfl flrm rmrr qu qul l im blrblimfm

fl

bliûo

kjbj

uom

mitlromthvm

outrhkhjomi,

pjr 

flskjojkhbhlotj fl ijs dlolehkhjs fl lstl erutj. 

 Mshbhsbj, jtrm fl ims ihbhtmkhjols fl im hovlsthcmkhûo pulfl kjoshsthr lo li mitj kjotlohfj lo eruktjsm fli bliûo pulfl oj slr dlolehkhjsj pmrm ims plrsjoms qul pmflklo fhmdltls j mquliijs qul trmtmo fl plrflr plsj.



Li mit mitj j kjo kjotl tloh ohfj fj fhurè fhurèththkj kj fli fli bl bliû iûo o pu pulf lfl l slr pl plrg rguf ufhk hkhm hmii pm pmrm rm im imss

 

plrsjoms kjo prjdilbms rlomils.

 

KMPÂV\IJ HH BMTKJ VLÛTHKJ Motlklflotls fl im hovlsthcmkhûo Lo ij qul rlsplktm m im tlbíthkm fl im prlslotl hovlsthcmkhûo sl pulflo flstmkmr micuojs trmdmgjs qul eulrjo fl crmo myufm pmrm im lstrukturmkhûo lstrukt urmkhûo fli prlslot prlslotl l prjylkt prjylktj1 j1 uoj fl ijs trmdmgjs kjosuitmfjs kjosuitmfjs eul li fl Bjotlolcrj (40=8), rlmihzmfj lo Lkumfjr, li kumi iilvm pjr  tâtuij Limdjrmkhûo fl kjbpjtm fl cumymdm (pshfhuberhlfrhknstnmihub) uthihzmofj trls ohvlils fl nmrhom fl bmâz (zlmbmys) y fjs thpjs fl lfuikjrmotls lo im pimotm fl erutms y njrtmihzms fl im uohvlrshfmf lstmtmi fl Djiâvmr. Li bhsbj tuvj pjr jdgltj krlmr im bhkrjlbprlsm fl prjfukkhûo y kjblrkhmihzmkhûo fl blrblimfm fl crmomfhiim, erutm trmfhkhjomi fl lstl kmotûo, mflbís clolrmrí eulotls fl trmdmgj pmrm ijs kjbuolrjs, mslcurmofj im prlslrvmkhûo fl ijs rlkursjs blfhmotl li fhslýj fl lstr lstrmt mtlc lchm hmss mf mflk lkum umfm fmss lo li kmbp kmbpj j imdj imdjrm rmii y mr mrtl tlsm smom omii fl im kjbuohfmf, lvhtmofj fl lstm bmolrm qul im pjdimkhûo bhcrl m jerlklr  su eulrzm fl trmdmgj m jtrms khufmfls m kjstjs dmrmtjs. Lstm Lst m ho hovl vlst sthc hcmk mkhû hûo o ojs prj prjpjr pjrkh khjo jom m uo uom m sl slrh rhl l fl mp mpjrt jrtls ls lo kumo kumotj tj mi pr prjk jkls lsmb mbhl hlot otj j fl ijs ijs er erut utjs js y im kjos kjoshs hstl tlok okhm hm fl im blrblimfm, msâ kjbj tmbdhèo ojs fm uom prjylkkhûo pmrm lo li euturj pjflr iilvmr lstl prjylktj m im hofustrhmihzmkhûo. Jtrj trmdmgj kjosuitmfj eul li fl Ilwhs (40=>) lo su trmdmgj thtuimfj ’Jrhclo y dlolehkhjs fl im bèrblimfm‒ rlmihzmfj lo im khufmf fl [m [mo o Kr Krhs hstû tûdm dmi,i, Ul Ulol olzu zuli lim m qu quhl hlo o sl lo loej ejkû kû lo li jr jrhc hclo lo im "blrblimfm"

im

kumi

prjvhlol

fli Hfhjbm

cmimhkj-

 

pjrtucuès bmrblimfm pjrtucuès  bmrblimfm qul shcohehkm "kjoehturm fl blbdrhiij" (blbdrhiij sl fhkl bmrblij lo cmiilcj y pjrtucuès).

 

Lstl trmdmgj sl flsmrrjiiû fl thpj fjkublotmi ym qul sl pufj rlmihzmr uo lstufhj m prjeuofhfmf fl hoejrbmkhjols ym lstmdilkhfms y su lvji lvjiuk ukhû hûo o m tr trmvè mvèss fl flii ththlb lbpj pj11 tl tlohl ohlofj ofj kjb kjbj j rls rlsui uitm tmfj fj uo uom m hoejrbmkhûo sjihfmf y kjosjihfmfm fl im blrblimfm qul shrvl kjbj dmsl pmrm jtrjs lstufhjs.  Mflbís, lxprlsm qul ims blrblimfms fl erutm trhturmfms sl lbpilmo erlkulotlblotl lo ims fhltms hoemothils (muoqul lo lstl kmsj sulilo pjsllr  bloj bl ojrr kj kjot otlo lohf hfj j fl mz÷k mz÷kmr, mr, m bí bíss fl sl slrr lo lorh rhqu qulkh lkhfm fmss kjo vh vhtm tmbh bhom omss fhvlrsms, lo lsplkhmi im K. Lo lstl slothfj sl pulfl flstmkmr lo ejrbm clolrmi qul im rlvhshûo fl ijs trmdmgjs qul tuvhlrjo tlbíthkms shbhimrls nm shfj fl crmo uthihfmf puls ijs bhsbjs vhlolo m ejrtmilklr li trmdmgj qul sl lstí lelktumofj, ym qul lstm pimotlm im hbpjrtmokhm qul thlolo ijs prjfuktjs m dmsl fl bliûo lo li puotj fl vhst vhstm m ou outtrh rhkh khjo jomi mi,, im cr crmo mo fl flbm bmof ofm m qu qul l ijs bhsb bhsbjs js pjs pjsll llo o y li ejrtmilkhbhlotj lkjoûbhkj qul lstl clolrmrâm.

Dmsls Vlûrhkms Li Bliûo Li kuithvj fli bliûo ejrbm pmrtl kjbpi kjbpilblotm lblotmrhm rhm pmrm im fhvlrshehkm fhvlrshehkmkhûo khûo mcrâkjim. Ls uom erutm mprlkhmfm y fl kjosubj pjpuimr tmotj kjbj erutm erlskm, fl blsm j prlpmrmfm lo ejrbm fl dmthfjs y blrlocmfms. Ulolzul Ulol zulim im pjs pjsll ll mbpi mbpihm hmss lxtl lxtlos oshj hjol olss fl ththlrr lrrms ms qu qul l pr prls lslot lotmo mo kjofhkh kjof hkhjol jolss mcrj mcrjlkji lkjiûch ûchkms kms pmr pmrm m im prjf prjfukkh ukkhûo ûo fl bli bliûo, ûo, lsp lsplkh lkhmib miblot lotl l mikûo sl nmo rlmihzmfj pruldms pmrm im lxpjrtmkhûo. Lo ijs lstmfjs Wuihm y e mikûo qul flbulstrmo im crmo pjtlokhmihfmf, hflothehkíofjsl vmrhlfmfls pjr sus kmrmktlrâsthkms y kumihfmfls fli erutj. Ijs prhokhpmils lstmfjs qul kuithvmo bliûo sjo Imrm, Emikûo, Wuihm Cuírhkj, Mozjítlcuh y Kjglfls. (Tjfrâculz, F. 40=;).

Kuithvj fli bliûo

 

Olklshtm pjr ij blojs uom tlbplrmturm fl =< °K pmrm clrbhomr1 im shlbdrm sl nmkl furmotl li plrhjfj ihdrl fl nlimfms y mi mhrl ihdrl, m blfh bl fhmfj mfjss fl pr prhb hbmv mvlrm lrm.. Ls hb hbpjr pjrtm tmot otl l qu qul l im slb slbhihiim im tloc tlocm m ohvli ohvlils ls fl nubl nu blfm fmf f ûp ûpththbj bjss pm pmrm rm qul dr drjt jtlo. lo. Li krl krlkh khbh bhlo lotj tj fl im pimo pimotm tm oj ls vlrfmflrmblotl mkthvj nmstm qul sl sjdrlpmsmo ijs =< °K, shtuíofjsl li ûpthbj nmkhm ijs ;4 °K. Tlshstl im slquâm blgjr qul li bmâz, ls kmpmz fl suer suerhr hr slqu slquâm âm furm furmot otl l uo plrâ plrâjf jfj j dm dmst stmo motl tl imrc imrcj, j, y rl rllb lbpr prlo lofl flrr su krlkhbhlotj bís mflimotl kumofj klsm im slquâm. Pjr jtrm pmrtl, olklshtm blojs kmothfmf fl mcum qul li bmâz pmrm ejrbmr uo ahijcrmbj fl bmtlrhm slkm. [l flsmrrjiim dhlo lo tlrrlojs mikmihojs, sjdrl tjfj ims vmrhlfmfls mzukmrmfms mzukmrm fms qul lxhclo im prlslok prlslokhm hm lo li sulij fl kmrdjom kmrdjomtj tj kíikhkj, ij qul mublotm li kjotlohfj lo smkmrjsm fl tmiijs y njgms. Prlehlrl sulijs smojs, prjeuofjs, oj flbmshmfj plsmfjs. Ls uo bmi prlklflotl fl jtrjs kuithvjs, pmrthkuimrblotl pmrm ijs klrlmils fl jtjýj.  Mi rlcmr, fldl lvhtmrsl qul li mcum tjqul ims njgms, puls ls eíkhi qul im pimotm sl pufrm1 pjr lsj oj sl shlbdrm lo dmokmils y sl prlehlrl nmklr rhlcj pjr surkjs. Vmbdhèo sl pulfl kuithvmr lo tlrrlojs fl slkmoj l hokiusj ijs erutjs pulflo rlsuitmr bís smdrjsjs, plrj ijs rlofhbhlot rlofhbhlotjs js pjtlokhmils pjtlokhmils sjo blojrls. Ls olklsmrhj nmklr flspuicul (rmilj fl njgms) pmrm lvhtmr qul krlzkm buy vhcjrjsm y prjfuzkm flbmshmfms eijrls bmskuihoms y pjkms elblohoms, qul vmo m jrhchomr ijs erutjs. Lo hovlromflrj sl kuithvmo blijols qul qu l prj prjfu fukl klo o pr prlkj lkjzb zblo lotl tl.. Lst Lstms ms pimo pimotm tmss krl krlkl klo o vl vlrt rthk hkmi mibl blot otl l y sl sjsthlolo kjo im myufm fl kulrfms. Li erutj oj fldl kjslknmrsl nmstm qul im bmfurlz lstè mslcurmfm, y li kjotlohfj fl mz÷kmr slm ij suehkhlotlblotl lilvmfj. Mi tmktj èstm sl plrkhdl kumofj im kjrtlzm mirlflfjr fli plf÷okuij plf÷okuij klfl ihclr ihclrmblotl mblotl m im prlshû prlshûo o fl ijs flfjs1 li plsj lsplkâehkj fli bliûo tmbdhèo ls uo âofhkl kmrmktlrâsthkj, mublotmofj m blfhfm qul im bmfurlz hokrlblotm im floshfmf fl im puipm. [uerl li mtmqul fl vmrhjs njocjs fli sulij y tmbdhèo fli jâfhj j bmi

 

dimokj (Pjfjspnmlrmpmoojsm), qul pulfl kjotrjimrsl kjo euochkhfms qul oj kjotlocmo mzuerl, puls ls buy sloshdil m lstl lilblotj.

Umrhlfmfls [l fhsthoculo vmrhjs thpjs fl bliûo, kjo b÷ithpils vmrhlfmfls flotrj fl kmfm thpj, qul fhehlrlo lo su msplktj, sus prjphlfmfls y su bjfj fl kuithvj. Ijs thpjs bís kuithvmfjs sjo mbmrhiij, momoís, kmotmiupj, kmotmiupj htmihmoj, km kmim imbl blýj ýj (j km kmot otmi miupj upj kn knhihilo loj) j),, kn knmrl mrlot otmh mhs, s, krl krlosn osnmw mw,, lm lmri ri gm gmpj pjoès oès,, lmstlrosnhpplr, cmihm, bliûo fl jrj, bliûo vlrfl j bliûo tuom (kjojkhfj lo ho hoci ciès ès kj kjbj bj njoly njolyfl flw) w),, ph phli li fl sm smpj, pj, tl tlof ofrmi rmi,, wlst wlstlro lro sn snhp hppl plr. r. Jtrms Jtrms vmrhlfmfls fl bliûo sjo7 Bliûo Phýjolt Phli fl [mpj, Bliûo fl jrj, Bliûo thcrl, Bliûo [motm, Bliûo vlrfl.

Prjphlfmfls Bmrtâo (=>;0), lo su jdrm Li blijolrj hoemihdil, j Mrtl fl kjojklr, lskjclr, y kjbprmr dulojs blijols y smofâms, trmfukhfm mi kmstliimoj lo =>;01 kjo im nhstjrhm fl lstms erutms, uo trmtmfj fl su kuithvj lo ims prjvhokhms fli Ojrtl, jerlkl ims shcuhlotls hofhkmkhjols7 li erutj ls fhurèthkj, rlpmrmthvj, lupèpthkj, flbuiklotl y outrhthvj. Im phli y rmâkls thlolo le lelktj lktj lbèthkj. \om rmkhûo fl =00 c prjpjrkhjom bís fl im bhtmf fl im fjshs fhmrhm rlkjblofmfm fl vhtmbhom K. [u kjotlohfj lo dltmkmrjtlojs, qul sl kjovhlrtlo lo vhtmbhom  M, mbdjs mothjxhfmotls, nmkl qul slm uo lehkmz mihmfj kjotrm li kíoklr y pmflkhbhlotjs kmrfâmkjs. Ls lxklilotl flpurmthvj y rlnhfrmtmotl. Vhlol uo mitj kjotlohfj fl mcum mc um.. Mpj Mpjrt rtm m bukn buknjs js km kmrd rdjnh jnhfrm frmtj tjs, s, kj kjbj bj sm smkm kmrjs rjsm, m, pl plrj rj pjr pjr su dm dmgj gj kjotloh kjot lohfj fj lo lol lolrcâ rcâm m rlsuit rlsuitm m hfl hflmi mi pmr pmrm m plrf plrflr lr pls plsj. j. Kjothl Kjothlol ol tmb tmbdhè dhèo o kmikhj, bmcolshj, pjtmshj y eûsejrj.

Ojbdrls kjbuols Kmstli Kms tliimo imoj7 j7 mid miduflk uflkm, m, íiehkj íiehkjss fl Umi Umilok lokhm, hm, miehkj miehkjsj, sj, mip miphkj hkjz, z, dmf dmflm, lm, klfrmsj, kjcjbdrj, kjcjbdrjmocuhoj, kjcjbdrj fuikl, kjcjbdrj iulocj

 

qul sl tulrkl m bjfj fl kuildrm, kjcjbdrj iulocj y slrplothoj, kjnjbdrj, kjnjbdrj kuildrhoj, kjnjbdrj fuikl, kjnjbdrj slrplothoj lotrl jtrjs. Umijr outrhkhjomi pjr kmfm =00 crmbjs. Lolrcâm 4> Akmi ==> aG, Mz÷kmrls 3.>5 c, Ehdrm mihblotmrhm 0.80 c, Crmsms 0.=8 c, Prjtlâoms 0.>6 c, Vhmbhom (vhtmbhom. D=) 0.06= bc (;%), Thdjeimvhom (vhtmbhom. D4) 0.0=8 bc (=%), Ohmkhom (vhtmbhom. D;) 0.3;6 bc (;6) jdtlohlofj blrblimfms fl hosuplrmdil tlxturm, jijr y smdjr.

Limdjrmkhûo fl im blrblimfm Kjbj suklfl shlbprl kjo tjfj ij qul ojs custm, li fhserutl fl im blrblimfm tmi vlz ojs iilvl m prlcuotmrojs fl fûofl vhlol y kuíi ls im kimvl fl su limdjrmkhûo. Kjbj vlrlbjs m kjothoumkhûo, oj sl trmtm fl ohoc÷o bhst bhstlr lrhj hj,, pl plrj rj sâ fl uo pr prjk jkls lsj j qu qul l kjov kjovhl hlol ol jdsl jdslrv rvmr mr sh qu qulr lrlb lbjs js jdtlolr uom blrblimfm kmslrm kmslrm   slc÷o ijs kíojols.

Im blrblimfm pmsj m pmsj Vloh Vl ohlo lofj fj lo kul kulot otm m im imss fhelrlo fhelrlokhm khmss lot lotrl rl blr blrbli blimfms mfms,, kjo kjoeht ehturms urms y  gmilms, li prhblr pmsj ls lskjclr dhlo im erutm. Èstm fldl nmiimrsl lo su  gmilms, puotj gustj fl bmfurmkhûo, oh buy vlrfl, oh buy bmfurm. Oj pjflbjs jivhfmr qul im erutm buy bmfurm kjothlol bmyjr kmothfmf fl plkthom, li lilb lilblot lotj j qul pl plrb rbhthtl l im cl clim imththoh ohzm zmkh khûo ûo fl im er erut utm m pj pjrr lelkt lelktj j fl flii km kmij ijr. r. Euofmblotmi rlsuitm li prjklsj fl imvmfj fl im erutm, qul fldl nmklrsl kjo kuhfmfj pmrm qul oj sl fmýl j flskjbpjocm, plrbhthlofj qul kjoslrvl tjfjs sus gucjs.  X sh hbpjrtmotl ls imvmrim, oj ij ls blojs slkmrim, kjo li eho fl oj hokjrpjrmr bís mcum fl im qul ls prjphm m im erutm. Mi bhsbj thlbpj, ls hb hbpj pjrt rtmot motl l fl flsl slkn knmr mr im imss pm pmrt rtls ls j ij ijss er erut utjs js fm fmým ýmfj fjs, s, ym qu qul l pu pulf lflo lo lstrjplmr li rlsuitmfj ehomi. Pmrm erutms kjo nulsj, kjbj ims klrlzms, sl rlkjbhlofm li usj fl uom dulom flsnulsmfjrm, qul nmkl li trmdmgj bís ríphfj y buknj bís ihbphj. Umbjs mnjrm kjo li mz÷kmr, qul jplrm m im vlz kjbj lofuizmotl y kjoslrvmotl. Li slkrltj mquâ ls oj kjklr ouokm im erutm motls fl qul li mz÷kmr sl nmym fhsulitj, pjr ij qul nmy qul flgmr bmklrmr pmkhlotlb pmkhlotlblotl lotl im erutm kjo li mz÷kmr, dimokj j bjrloj. Ims prjpjrkhjols nmdhtumils sjo fl

 

300 crmbjs m = ahij fl mz÷kmr pjr ahij fl erutm trjklmfm y ihbphm. Vmbdhèo li ihbûo, qul kjothlol plkthom, mýmfl mkhflz y jplrm kjbj kjoslrvmotl, ls buy lbpilmfj lo im limdjrmkhûo trmfhkhjomi fl blrblimfm. Fl nlknj, guotj m ijs kâtrhkjs, ims erutms qul kjothlolo bís plkthom sjo ims bmozmoms, li blbdrhiij, ijs kâtrhkjs y ijs erutjs rjgjs kjbj ims crjsliims j khrulims. Pmrm ims erutms qul kmrlklo fl plkthom nmy prlpmrmfjs kjblrkhmils qul im susthtuylo, muoqul tmbdhèo sl pulflo kjbdhomr kjo erutms qul sâ im pjsl pj sllo lo,, j rl rlku kurr rrhr hr mi tr truk ukj j fl hoki hokiuh uhrr phli phlils ls,, slbh slbhiiiims ms y kjrm kjrmzj zjol olss fl bmozmoms lo uom cmsm furmotl im kjkkhûo, y iulcj rlthrmrim.

Kjkkhûo y kjoslrvmkhûo fl im blrblimfm Oj ji jivh vhflb flbjs js qu qul l im kj kjkk kkhû hûo o fl flbm bmsh shmf mfj j prj prjij ijoc ocmfm mfm fl flst stru ruyl yl im plkthom. Li kmijr fl im kjkkhûo ls, fl nlknj, kimvl7 im blrblimfm lstmrí lo su puotj kumofj mikmozm uom tlbplrmturm fl lotrl =06·-=0

 

KMPÂV\IJ HHH BMTKJ BLVJFJIÛCHKJ

Fhslýj fl im Hovlsthcmkhûo [lc÷o Mrhms (40=4), ’Li fhslýj fl hovlsthcmkhûo ls im lstrmtlchm clolrmi qul mfj mfjpt ptm m li ho hovl vlst sthc hcmfj mfjrr pmrm pmrm rl rlspj spjof oflr lr mi prjdi prjdilb lbm m pimo pimotl tlmfj mfj.. Lo mtlokhûo mi fhslýj, im hovlsthcmkhûo sl kimshehkm lo fjkublotmi, fl kmbpj y lxplrhblotmi‒ (p. 4=). Li prlslotl prjylktj sl prlslotm kjbj uo fhslýj oj lxplrhblotmi, ym qul sl rlkjilktmrjo ijs fmtjs fhrlktmblotl fl ijs sugltjs j lo lstl kmsj li erut erutj j qu qul l vlof vlofrâ râm m shlo shlofj fj li bliû bliûo o mi kumi kumi kjbj kjbj sl nm nmdâ dâm m rl rlkm kmik ikmf mfj j motl mo tlrh rhjr jrbl blot otl l sl iiiilv lvmrí mrí m uo prj prjkl klsj sj fl tr trmo mose sejrb jrbmkh mkhûo ûo y msâ msâ pj pjflr  flr  prlslotmrij lo ejrbm fl blrblimfm, muoqul ls hbpjrtmotl rlkmikmr qul lstj sl iilvmrí m kmdj sho bmohpuimr j kjotrjimr vmrhmdil micuom, ls flkhr, qul oj sl mitlrm mitlrm ims kjofhkhjols lxhstlot lxhstlotls. ls.

Vhpj fl Hovlsthcmkhûo Lstl lstufhj lstí lobmrkmfj flotrj fl uom hovlsthcmkhûo fl kmbpj, lo mtlo mtlokh khûo ûo m ij lxpu lxpuls lstj tj lo li Bm Bmou oumi mi fl im \o \ohv hvlr lrsh shfm fmf f Pl Plfm fmcû cûch chkm km Lxplrhblotmi Ihdlrtmfjr (40=4), qul slýmim7 ’Im hovlsthcmkhûo fl kmbpj kj kjos oshs hstl tl lo li mo moíi íihs hshs hs shst shstlb lbít íthk hkj j fl prjdi prjdilb lbms ms kjo kjo li prj prjpû pûsh shtj tj fl flskrhdhrijs, lxpihkmr sus kmusms y lelktjs, lotloflr su omturmilzm y emktjrls kjosthtuylotls j prlflkhr su jkurrlokhm‒ (p.