Proyecto Final-Normas Apa

 

Habt`bnda

7

N  BT@INC@BHNG BT@INC@BHNG @OAHNABGI ^ D@X@OZ@×A D@ IAX DAH@BT@X @B IG @DPHGHNØB NBNHNGI D@I HAI@CNA GBTABNA BG\N×A

GD\NGBG HGBC\@KA KGM@I^B@ CG\HNG UGI@\NG OGHNGX

Harparghnøb Pbnv`rsntgrng Onbuta d` Dnas Eghuitgd, d` `duhghnøb Lacatç, Haiaolng

Zray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb pr`s`btgdg(a) haoa r`qunsnta pgrhngi pgrg aptgr gi tïtuia d`; Inh`bhngda `b p`dgcacïg nbegbtni

Gs`sar (g); INH@BHNGDG @B @DPHGHNØB Z\@@XHAIG\, IGP\G UÇ[WP@[ XAXG

 

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Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

Iïb`g d` Nbv`stncghnøb; X`cûb oad`ia p`dgcøcnha d` ig Pbnv`rsndgd

Harparghnøb Pbnv`rsntgrng Onbuta d` Dnas Eghuitgd d` @duhghnøb Lacatç, Haiaolng

 

Habt`bnda

8

 Nbtraduhhnøb  Nbtraduh hnøb

Xncun`bda igs barogs gpg s`xtg `dnhnøb `stç ln`b.

@i ogb`ka d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi o`dngbt` sus dnstnbtas haopab`bt`s y sulhaopab`bt`s qu` ig habearogb habstntuy`b gsp`htas `s`bhngi`s qu` d`l`b s`r d`sgrraiigdas y habsaindgdas durgbt` bu`strgs vndgs, eubhnabgbda ba saia haoa ub o`dna pgrg gihgbzgr d`t`ronbgdas alk`tnvas snba haoa ub enb `b sï onsoa, `b bu`strg ghtnvndgd dah`bt` `s b`h`sgrna t`b`r ub habtrai ndøb`a d` bu`strgs `oah `o ahna nab` b`ss y s`b s`btn tnon on`b `bta tass pg pgrg rg r`gin r`ginzg zgrb rbas as ha haoa oa s` s`r`s r`s fuogba fuogbas. s. @i og ogb` b`ka ka gp gprap rapng ngda da d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ias dah`bt`s d` tadg nbstntuhnøb habtrnluy` hab `i d`sgrraiia d` ig onsog, sn snbb `o `olgr lgrca ca ou ouhfg hfgss nb nbst stnt ntuh uhna nab` b`ss `du `duhg hgtn tnvg vgss er erghg ghgsg sgbb gi ba pad pad`r `r ia iacrg crgrr qu` sus da dah`b h`bt` t`ss `stgli`zhgb r`ighnab`s nbt`rp`rsabgi`s groabnasgs y habtrai`b sus `oahnab`s p`rsabgi`s, yg qu` sab ias habeinhtas habeinhtas y dnshr` dnshr`pgbhng pgbhngss ias qu` t`ronbgb t`ronbgb par d`strunr d`strunr ig hgindgd hgindgd d` ig nbstntuhnø nbstntuhnøb, b, `s par `iia qu` ias dah`bt dah`bt`s `s y dnr`ht dnr`htnva nvass d` ubg nbs nbstnt tntuhn uhnøb øb d`l`b d`l`b habtra habtraigr igr sus `oahna `oahnab`s b`s y r`ghhn r`ghhnabg abgr  r  gd`hugdgo`bt` ghard` g ig sntughnøb, gsï onsoa s` d`l` prapnhngr ig pgrtnhnpghnøb d` tadas ias on`olras d` ig nbstntuhnøb, eao`btgbda ig haoubnhghnøb y `i dnçiaca d` ogb`rg groabnasg, yg qu` gi habtrnlunr hab ig earoghnøb d` ias `studngbt`s ba pad`oas s`r oad`ias `qunvahgdas pgrg `iias, snba  par `i habtrgr habtrgrna na d`l`oas oastrgr ghtntud`s pasntnvgs p asntnvgs qu` gyud`b y eartgi`zhgb ea rtgi`zhgb su earoghnøb nbt`crgi fghng ub ogb`ka y habtrai d` sus `oahnab`s, igs hugi`s s` fgb vnsta d`t`rnargdgs `b bu`strg kuv`btud `b ias ûitnoas g÷as. @s haoûb nbearogrbas dngrngo`bt` g trgvîs d` ias o`dnas d` haoubnhghnøb qu` ub gdai`sh`bt` gpu÷giø g atra snopi`o`bt` parqu` ia habtrgdnka, qu` ub fnka gs`snbø g su pgdr`  parqu` ba i` haopra ia qu` i` pndnø, a qu` ub kav`b ogtø g su gogdg parqu` ig vna fgligbda hab atra  kav`b. Tadgs `stgs ghtntud`s pravn`b`b d`i ogi ogb`ka y habtrai d` ias nopuisas y `oahnab`s ias hugi`s ba pad`oas d`kgr qu` habtnbû`b yg qu` ig sahn`dgd s` `stç vaivn`bda hgdg v`z oçs `b ubg sahn`dgd vnai`btg ` nopuisnvg y par `iia sn ba s` pab` enb g `st` prali`og `b gicûb oao`bta s`r`oas ge`htgdas basatras onsoas a bu`stras egoningr`s. Durgbt` ias ûitnoas g÷as s` padnda als`rvgr qu` `b vgrnas pigbt`i`s pigbt`i`s `duhgt `duhgtnvas nvas `xnst`b r`ighnab`s nbt`rp`rsabgi`s nbt`rp`rsabgi`s g hgusg d` p`i`gs ` nbhiusa nbhiusa gcr`sna gcr`snab`s b`s eïsnhgs tgbta `btr` dah`bt`s, haoa `btr` dah`bt`s y dnr`htnvas, tada `sa d`lnda g ig egitg d` IG NBT@INC@BHNG @OAHNABGI, ia hugi s` v` sust`btgda par qu`kgs d` ias pgdr`s d` egoning y g igs

 

4

Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

d`bubhngs d`bubhn gs d` ias o`dnas d` haoubnhghn haoubnhghnøb, øb, par ia qu` ig palighnøb palighnøb s` fg hr`gda ubg ogig nogc`b nogc`b d` ias dah`bt`s `b igs dne`r`bt`s nbstntuhnab`s d` bu`stra pgïs. Ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `s ubg vgrn`dgd d` ghtntud`s, haop`t`bhngs y fglnindgd`s ba hacbntnvgs qu` nbeiuy`b `b ig hgpghndgd d` ub nbdnvndua `b su ogb`ka d` `xnc`bhngs y prae`snab`s d`i `btarba. Haoa tgi `s ub eghtar nopartgbt` pgrg d`t`ronbgr su hgpghndgd d` gihgbzgr `i îxnta `b ig vndg ` nbeiunr dnr`htgo`bt` `b su ln`b`stgr   psnhaiøcnha c`b`rgi. (Lgr-Ab, 7>>3) Ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi bas p`ront` taogr habhn`bhng d` bu`st bu` strg rgss `o `oah ahna nab` b`s, s, hao haopr` pr`bd bd`r `r ia iass s`bt s`btno non` n`bt btas as d` ia iass d` d`oç oçss y ta tai` i`rg rg ig igss `x `xpr` pr`sn snab ab`s `s y erustrghnab`s qu` sapartgoas `b `i trglgka, gh`btugr bu`strg hgpghndgd d` trglgkgr `b `qunpa y gdaptgr ubg ghtntud `opçtnhg y sahngi bas lrnbdgrç oçs pasnlnindgd`s `b `i d`sgrraiia prae`snabgi. (Cai`ogb, 7>>6). D` ghu`rda g `stgs d`enbnhnab`s, pigbt`a qu` `i ogb`ka gd`hugda d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ias dah`bt`s d`i hai`cna Gbtabna Bgrn÷a d` Xaghfg Hubdnbgogrhg pu`d` habtrnlunr g o`kargr igs r`ighnab`s nbt`rp`rsabgi`s `btr` ias dah`bt`s y dnr`htnvas d` igs nbstntuhnab`s g enb d`  larrgr ig ogig nogc`b qu` tn`b` ig palighnøb fghng ias dah`bt`s r`sgitgbda qu qu`` `iias sab ub oad`ia g s`cunr par sus `studngbt`s.

 

Habt`bnda

0

 Fnpøt`sns  Fnpøt`sns  

Xn ias dah`bt`s d`i hai`cna Gbtabna Bgrn÷a d` Xaghfg, eartgi`h`b `i usa d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi habtrnluy` gi o`kargon`bta y d`sgrraiia nbt`crgi `b ias bn÷as `b ig `duhghnøb nbnhngi.

 

 Zigbt`gon`bta  Zigbt`g on`bta d`i prali`og prali`og

Tadas s` `bhabtrglgb ogi gkustgoas s`cûb barogs gpg, h`btrgdas y ogyûshuig.

±@i ogi ogb`ka d` igs `oahnab `oahnab`s `s `b ias dah`bt`s nbeiuy nbeiuy`` y ge`htg `i d`sgrraiia nbt`crgi nbt`crgi `b ias bn÷as `b ig `duhghnøb nbnhngi1  Xulpr`cubtgs

±Høoa padrïgb d`sgrraiigr y o`kar ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ias dah`bt` d` ig nbstntuhnøb Gbtabna  Bgrn÷a d` Xaghfg, pgrg qu` dnhfg nbt`inc`bhng habstntuyg ub `i`o`bta qu` egvar`zhg su d`sgrraiia nbt`crgi haoa dah`bt`1 ±Høoa sab igs haop`t`bhngs d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi d` ias dah`bt`s d`i hai`cna Gbtabna Bgrn÷a d` Xaghfg `b ig `duhghnøb nbnhngi1 ±Huçi`ss sab igs haop`t ±Huçi` haop`t`bhngs `bhngs p`rsabgi` p`rsabgi`ss d` ig nbt`inc`bhn nbt`inc`bhngg `oahnabgi `oahnabgi qu` ou`strgb ou`strgb ias dah`bt`s d` `duhghnøb nbnhngi1  

 

5

Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

Kustnenhghnøb d`i prali`og

@stgli`hnda haoa ln`b, s`cûb barogs gpg.

Ig ghtugi nbv`stncghnøb s` pigbt`g bgh` gbt` ig b`h`sndgd d` habtrnlunr gi `studna d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ias dah`bt`s, `b sus dne`r`bt`s dno`bsnab`s. D`sd` ubg p`rsp`htnvg t`ørnhg, `i pr`s`bt` `studna nbduh` g r`vnsgr ias oad`ias t`ørnhas qu` `xpinhgb ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi y sus dno`bsnab`s, su bgturgi`zg, `struhturg y ig earog `b qu` s` `vnd`bhng. G pgrtnr d` ig p`rsp`htnvg `duhgtnvg, `i `studna `s nopartgbt` parqu` g pgrtnr d` ias fgiigzcas y d` ias r`suit r`su itgdas gdas iac iacrgd rgdas as s` pu`d` pu`d` earo earouig uigrr r`hao`b r`hao`bdgh dghnab` nab`ss arn`bt arn`btgdg gdgss g o`kargr o`kargr ig nbt`in nbt`inc`bh c`bhng ng `oahnabgi `b ias dah`bt`s y gpartg gi o`kargon`bta d` fglnindgd`s p`dgcøcnhgs g pgrtnr d` ias rgscas gd`hugd gd`h ugdas as d` ig nbt`in nbt`inc`bh c`bhng ng `oa `oahna hnabgi bgi d` ias dah dah`bt `bt`s `s gsï onsoa eao`bt eao`btgr gr `i d`sgrrai d`sgrraiia ia d` fglnindgd`s d` nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ias `studngbt`s.  

 

Habt`bnda

3

Alk`tnva c`b`rgi 

@vnd`bhngr ig nopart @vnd`bhngr nopartgbhng gbhng d`i ogb`k ogb`kaa d` ig nbt`i nbt`inc`bhn nc`bhngg `oahnabgi `oahnabgi `b ig iglar dngrng d` ias dah`bt`s d` prnogrng nbegbhng.

Alk`tnvas `sp`hïenhas

•

Nd`bt Nd`btne nenh nhgr gr sn ia iass da dah` h`bt bt`s `s d`i hai`cn hai`cnaa Gb Gbta tabn bnaa Bgrn Bgrn÷a ÷a Habah` Habah`bb y gp gpin inhg hgbb `i habh` habh`pt ptaa d` nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi.

•

Hgrght`rnzgr Hgrght`rnzgr igs fglni fglnindgd`s ndgd`s `oahn `oahnabgi`s abgi`s pr`s`bt pr`s`bt`` `b ig prçhtn prçhtnhg hg p`dgcøcnhg p`dgcøcnhg d`i dah`bt dah`bt`. `.

•

Al Als`r s`rvgr vgr g pgrt pgrtnr nr d` vnsn vnsntg tgss d` hgopa hgopa sn `i da dah` h`bt bt`` ogb`kg ogb`kg igs `oahn `oahnab ab`s `s `b su prçht prçhtnh nhgg  p`dgcøcnhg.

X` `bhabtrglgb ogi yg qu` `stglgb h`btrgdas y ogyûshuigs, harr`cnda s`cûb barogs gpg.

 

6

Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

Earouighnøb d`i prali`og Hgdg p`rsabg tn`b` ub `stnia d` vndg dne`r`bt` y ubg ogb`rg dne`r`bt` d` gpr`bd`r y `bs`÷gr snb `olgrca ouhfas hai`cnas sncu`b ap`rgbda d` ogb`rg trgdnhnabgi `i trgta fghng ias d`oçs haoa sn tadas eu`rgb ncugi`s p`ra crghngs g oûitnpi`s nbv`stncghnab`s qu` s` fgb r`ginzgda par g÷as hab crgbdnasas r`suitgdas haoa Fawgrd Cgrdb`r qu` `i s`r fuogba tn`b` ouhfgs fglnindgd`s a oûitnpi`s nbt nbt`in `inc`b c`bhngs hngs hao haoa; a; in inbcùï bcùïstn stnhg hg ,ou ,ousnh snhgi, gi, ogt ogt`oç `oçtnh tnhgs gs `btr` `btr` `stgs `stgs `bhabtr `bhabtrgoa goass ubg iig iigogd ogdgg nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi ig hugi eu` d`shrntg par Dgbn`i Cai`ogb `i hugi genrog qu` igs ghhnab`s y ias s`btnon`btas hu`btgb tgbta haoa `i p`bsgon`bta yg qu` nbhiuy` gutadaonbna p`rs`v`rgbhng y ogrhgr  ig dne`r`bhng pgrg taogr lu`bgs d`hnsnab`s yg qu` ubg p`rsabg ouy nbt`inc`bt` pu`d` pr`s`btgr   prali`ogs `b su vndg y ba ia pu`d` saiuhnabgr `b hgolna sï `stç ln`b `oahnabgio`bt` pu`d` t`b`r  ubg lu`bg saiuhnøb par ia tgbta pgdr`s og`stras og`stras y bn÷as b`h`sntgoas ubg `duhghnøb `b nbt`inc`bhng nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi.

 

Habt`bnda

  Kustnenhghnøb  Kustnenhghnøb

>

Tadas ias tïtuias ogb`kgdas `b ogyûshuig y h`btrgda, harr`cnda s`cûb barogs gpg.

Ig ghtugi nbv`stncghnøb nbv`stncghnøb bgh` d` ig b`h`sndgd d` r`habah`r ig nopartgbhng nopartgbhng qu` tn`b` `i ogb`k ogb`kaa d` igs `oahnab`s `b ias dah`bt`s d` ig prno`rg nbegbhng ia hugi oatnvg g r`ginzgr ub `studna d` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi, y su nopartgbhng `b igs dne`r`bt`s dno`bsnab`s. X` habah` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi haoa ig hgpghndgd d` tada nbdnvndua pgrg ig gh`ptghnøb d` sus `oahnab`s y `i habtrai d` igs onsogs, pgrg past`rnaro`bt` `bt`bd`r y habtraigr igs d` atras, par `iia `s eubdgo`btgi qu` igs dah`bt`s gpinqu`b `b igs nbstntuhnab`s `duhgtnvgs igs `strgt`cngs b`h`sgrngs,  lgsgdgs `b ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi,

d`sd` ig `dgd pr``shaigr, eao`btgbda qu` ias bn÷as

ogbn og bnen en`st `stgb gb habd habduht uhtgs gs gd gd`h `hugd ugdgs gs lg lgsgd sgdgs gs `b ig Nb Nbt` t`in inc`b c`bhn hngg @oah @oahna nabg bgii er`bt er`bt`` g dn dnv`r v`rsgs sgs hnrhubstgbhngs d` su `btarba egoningr, sahngi, `shaigr a haoubntgrna. D` tgi ogb`rg, ig pr`s`bt` nbv`stncghnøb `s d` suog nopartgbhng yg qu` s` lgsg `b ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi d` ias dah`bt`s d`i

 

7:

Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

hai`cna Gbtabna Bgrn÷a d`i oubnhnpna d` Xaghfg par ia qu` dnhfa `studna d`ou`strg su kustnenhghnøb dgdas ias gpart`s hn`btïenhas, t`ørnhas, prçhtnhas, o`tadaiøcnhas y sahngi`s, qu` s` c`b`rgb `b `i  prah`sa nbv`stncgtnva .@b ia qu` s` r`en`r` g ias gpart`s t`ørnhas s` tn`b` qu` ig nbv`stncghnøb s` eubdgo`btgb `b igs t`arïgs `xpu`stgs par Cai`ogb= p`rontn`bda g trgvîs d` sus pigbt`gon`btas gopingr habahnon`btas `b `i çr`g d` nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi `b ig `tgpg d` `duhghnøb pr``shaigr d` tgbt tgbtgg no nopar partg tgbh bhng ng `b `s` bn bnv` v`ii `d `duh uhgt gtnv nva, a, ta taog ogbd bdaa `b hu hu`bt `btgg su nb nbei eiu`b u`bhn hngg `b `i d`sgrr d`sgrrai aiia ia hacbashntnva y `oahnabgi-sahngi d` ias `duhgbdas. @b hugbta gi gpart` prçhtnha, dnhfa `studna s` kustnenhg `b gt`bhnøb g ig lûsqu`dg d` nbearoghnøb qu` s`rvnrç `b ub eutura pgrg ig gpinhghnøb d` prah`dnon`btas a `strgt`cngs qu` p`rontgb gt`bd`r igs dnv`rsgs sntughnab`s `b `i çr`g d` `duhghnøb nbnhngi. @i gpart` o`tadaiøcnha, r`en`r` gi dns`÷a d` gbçinsns g pgrtnr d`i nbstruo`bta d` r`hai`hhnøb d` dgtas, vçinda y habengli` qu` p`rontnø alt`b`r  habahnon`btas hn`btïenhas, y qu` gd`oçs pu`dgb s`r utninzgdas par atras nbv`stncgdar`s `b past`rnar`s `studnas. Zar ûitnoa, ias gpart`s sahngi`s s`rçb d` nopghta sahna-`duhgtnva, yg qu` dnhfg nbv`stncghnøb s` lgsg `b ub t`og d` crgb r`i`vgbhng, yg qu` ig nbt`inc`bhng `oahnabgi d` igs dah`bt`s pu`d` nbeiunr `b ig sgtnseghhnøb, oatnvghnøb, ghtntud`s, fghng `i trglgka= `bcialgbda tgolnîb fglnindgd`s haoa `i habtrai d` ias nopui nopuisas, sas, ig gutaha gutahabhn`bhn bhn`bhng, g, ig hgbginzghnøb hgbginzghnøb d` igs `oahnab`s `oahnab`s,, ig habengbzg, `i `btusngsoa, ig `opgtïg y p`rsnst`bhng er`bt` g igs erustrghnab`s qu` s` `xpr`s` fghng hgdg bn÷a y bn÷g, ulnhgbda g ias onsoas `b ub `spghna d` habengbzg, groabïg y `quninlrna `b igs r`ighnab`s nbt`rp`rsabgi`s d` ias on`olras qu` ias rad`gb. D` tgi ogb`rg, l`b`enhngrç g igs dah`bt`s d` ias h`btras d` `duhghnøb

 

Habt`bnda

77

nbnhngi gbt`s o`bhnabgdas, y g ias bn÷as y bn÷gs qu` s` `bhu`btrgb ghtnvas `b `i hai`cna Gbtabna  Bgrn÷a d` Xaghfg.

Ogrha t`ørnha arnc`b d` ig pgiglrg `oahnøb.

@b ig ghtugindgd, surc` `b ias s`r`s fuogbas, ig nbqun`tud d` d`t`ronbgr quî ias fgh` dne`r`bt`s d` atrgs atr gs `sp `sp`hn `hn`s `s gbn gbnogi ogi`s. `s. Igs r`sp r`spu`st u`stgs gs sab vgrn vgrngdgs gdgs y gvgigdg gvgigdgss par oûi oûitnp tnpi`s i`s t`arïg t`arïgs, s, `studn `studnas, as, grtïhuias ` nbv`stncghnab`s, p`ra tada `iia r`hg` `b ubg r`spu`stg oçs batarng y gh`ptgdg, ig hugi genrog qu` `i h`r`lra `s ia qu` ias dne`r`b dne`r`bhng. hng. Îi fg `vaiuh `vaiuhnabgda nabgda d`sd` ouhfa tn`opa gtrçs, gquï r`snd`b ig nbearoghnøb y higs`s qu` snrv`b d` gyudg pgrg `bt`bd`r ig snbcuigrndgd d`i haopartgon`bta fuogba. @b eubhnøb d`i h`r`lra, igs p`rsabgs s` d`s`bvu`iv`b d`s`bvu`iv`b g trgvîs d` tr`s `i`o`btas `i`o`btas lçsnhas; `i hacbntnva

 

7<

Baolr` t`sns a pray`hta d` nbv`stncghnøb

(p`bsgr), `i `oahnabgi (s`btnr) y `i haopartgo`btgi (fgh`r)= cgrgbtnzgbda ubg o`kar earoghnøb y ub d`sgrraiia nbt`crgi. Haopab`bt`s d` igs `oahnab`s.

I`raux, qun`b lgsgda `b igs nbv`stncghnab`s d` atras gutar`s, earouiø ig t`arïg, qu` `xpab` qu` igs `oahnab`s `oahn ab`s s` `bhu`bt `bhu`btrgb rgb tgbta `b `i snst`og snst`og b`rvna b`rvnasa sa p`rneîrnha haoa `b `i snst`og b`rvnasa h`btrgi, huopin`bda igs eubhnab`s d` `vgiughnøb, `xp`rn`bhng y `xpr`snøb `oahnabgi. Habhiuy`bda qu` ias haopab`bt`s d` igs `oahnab`s sab `i hacbntnva, `i ensnaiøcnha y `i habduhtugi (Zgio`ra, 7>>5). Ugiiîs Grçbdncg y Ugiiîs Tartasg (