Proyecto de Tesis

August 1, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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\jivlrsimhm Jhìgjhc Ohygr ml Phj Ohr`gs Ehùcthm ml @iljìhs @gjthncls \jimhm ml Vgstkrhmg @ucturh trinuthrih y su ijìmljìh lj ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch Oujiìphcimhm Mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz lj plrigmg >6>6 8

V^GYL@]G ML ]LPIP

Vhrh gpthr lc Krhmg H`hméoi`g ml Ohkistlr lj Vgcï`h y Klsðj ]rinuthrih `gj oljìðj lj Pistloh ]rinuthrig

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Bipðtlsis Kljlrhc

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VCHJ]LHOILJ]G MLC V^GNCLOH I.8 Pituhì Pituhìðj ðj Vrgncl Vrgncloèti`h oèti`h Mïhz & Cijmlonlrk (>68=) ijmi`hj qul lj Hoéri`h Chtijh, lc ijùopcioiljtg ml chs gncikhìgjls trinuthrihs phrl`l lsthr ouy rlchìgjhmg `gj ch `risis ml cgs vhcgrls mlog`rèti`gs y `gj ch ehcth ml sgcimhrimhm ml hckujgs sl`tgrls ml ch pgnchìðj, ch ehcth ml bgjrhmlz, ch ehcth ml `gjìljìh ìumhmhjh g ch vivlzh `rigcch ml cgs jhìgjhcls sgj hsioisog lcloljtgs plrìnimgs `gog ogtivgs pgr cgs qul ch pgnchìðj jg phkh iopulstgs. Lstgs eh`tgrls pulmlj hyumhr h lxpci`hr ch hcth tgclrhjìh ml ch lvhsiðj eis`hc qul sl rlkistrh. Pi ch lvhsiðj eis`hc jg sl `gjsimlrh uj vhcgr jlkhtivg lj ch sgìlmhm, cgs `gstls ogrhcls lj `hsg ml ijùopcioiljtg ml chs gncikhìgjls eis`hcls sgj nhdgs, cg qul kljlrh ujh ùcturh ml bgsticimhm bhìh cgs iopulstgs. \j prgncloh `ljtrhc ls qul lc ùopcioiljtg ml chs gncikhìgjls eis`hcls jg ls `gjsimlrhmg pgr ou`bgs chtijgholri`hjgs `gog uj lcloljtg `ljtrhc mlc ldlrììg ml ch ìumhmhjïh. Vrlmgoijh ujh `gj`lpìðj ml ch mlog`rhìh y mlc ldlrììg ml ìumhmhjïh nhshmh eujmholjthcoljtl lj lc ldlrììg mlc vgtg y thj sgcg lc =;% ml ch pgnchìðj lstiohnh lj >688 lc phkg ml cgs iopulstgs `gog hckg ioprlsìjmincl lj lc ldlrììg ml ch ìumhmhjïh. Lsth plr`lpìðj lrh hôj oljgr phrh lc `hsg ml gnlml`lr chs clyls, hyumhr h cgs jhìgjhcls qul lstèj plgr qul ujg g phrtiìphr lj grkhjizhìgjls pgcïti`hs g sgìhcls. Mi`bg cg hjtlrigr, ls iopgrthjtl rlshcthr qul ch ùcturh trinuthrih mltlroijh lj krhj olmimh lc mlshrrgccg ml uj phïs, si ch pgnchìðj ls `gjsìljtl pgr qué y phrh qué sl phkhj cgs trinutgs, slrè oès eh`tincl ch rl`humhìðj ml lstgs. Lj lc `hsg ml ch

Oujiìphcimhm Mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz, jg lxistl lc mlnimg ùopcioiljtg `gj ch gncikhìðj mlc phkg mlc iopulstg prlmihc, h plshr ml lstl slr rl`gjgìmg ijtlrjhìgjhcoljtl `gog hctlrjhtivh ml eijhjìhoiljtg ml slrviìgs pônci`gs urnhjgs jg sl cl mh ch mlnimh iopgrthjìh `gog euljtl ml ijkrlsgs. Lj `gjslùljìh, sl rlecldh lj ch `hjtimhm ml gnrhs qul pulml `gstlhr. Hmloès ml lstg, sl tiljl lc ijoijljtl `rlìoiljtg pgnchìgjhc h cgs hcrlmlmgrls, mieiùcthjmg hôj oès cclvhr uj `gjtrgc `hthstrhc hmlùhmg. Ch hmoijistrhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc prlsljth uj mlsheïg ùhjmg lc lsthnclìoiljtg mlc oisog mlpljml eujmholjthcoljtl y/g trhmiìgjhcoljtl ml ujh h`ìðj eis`hc. Chs h`tivimhmls ml jhturhclzh lsljìhcoljtl té`ji`h, `gog ch lstru`turhìðj y ohjtljioiljtg ml uj `hthstrg y ch vhcuhìðj ml niljls ijoulncls, lxiklj rlùrsgs tl`jgcðki`gs y plrsgjhc `hciei`hmg. Hmloès mlc eh`tgr ml `gstg, `gs tg, bhy qul tljlr lj ùljth lc tilopg jl`lshrig phrh cclvhr h `hng lsths h`tivimhmls (Ml @lshrl,>686, p. >5->9)

I.> Egrouc Egrouchìðj hìðj mlc prgncl prgncloh oh 8.>.8 Vrgncloh kljlrhc ·@uèc ls ch rlchìðj ljtrl ch ùcturh trinuthrih y ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch oujiìphcimhm mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz murhjtl lc ldlrììg >6>67

8. 8.>. >.>> Vr Vrgn gncl cloh ohss lspl` lspl`ïe ïei` i`gs gs 8. ·@uèc ls ch rlch rlchìðj ìðj ljtrl ljtrl ch lmu`hìðj lmu`hìðj trinuth trinuthrih rih mlc `gjtrin `gjtrinuyljtl uyljtl y ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch oujiìphcimhm mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz murhjtl lc ldlrììg >6>67 >. ·@uèc llss ch rrlchì lchìðj ðj ljtrl ch `gjìljì `gjìljìhh trinuthrih trinuthrih y lc `hthstrg `hthstrg oujiìphc7 0 ·@uèc ls ch rlchìðj rlchìðj ljtrl ljtrl lc `gjgìoiljtg `gjgìoiljtg trinuthrig trinuthrig y lc phkg phkg mlc iopulstg prlmihc7

8.0 Dust Dustiei iei`hì `hìðj ðj ml ml ch ijv ijvlsti lstikhì khìðj ðj 8. 8.0. 0.>> Dust Dustie iei` i`h` hìð iðj j ]lðri ]lðri`h `h Mlsml lstl hspl`tg, ch prlsljtl ijvlstikhìðj sl rlhcizh `gj ch eijhcimhm ml `gjtrinuir `gj lc

`gjgìoiljtg yh lxistljtl sgnrl ch ùcturh trinuthrih y `ðog lsth pulml ijecuir lj ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc, hsioisog ch iopgrthjìh ml ohjtljlr uj `hthstrg h`tuhcizhmg. Pl lopclhrè lstumigs prlvigs sgnrl lc tloh phrh pgmlr tgohrcgs `gog nhsl.

8. 8.0. 0.00 Dust Dustie iei` i`h` hìð iðj j Vr Vrè` è`ti ti`h `h Ch ijvlstikhìðj tiljl lc prgpðsitg ml cgkrhr huoljthr ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc l ij`rloljthr `gjtrinuyljtls h trhvés ml ch lmu`hìðj trinuthrih phrh hsï bh`lr rlhcimhm chs olths trhzhmhs `gog oujiìphcimhm y nrijmhr ujh oldgr `hcimhm ml vimh h ch pgnchìðj.

8.0.= 8.0 .= Dusti Dustiei ei`h `hì ìðj ðj Oltgm Oltgmgc gcðki ðki`h `h Pl bhrè usg ml ijstruoljtgs ml olmiìðj, thcls `gog ch gnslrvhìðj y lc ùlstigjhrig phrh `gjg`lr lc krhmg h`tuhc ml `gjgìoiljtg trinuthrig ml cgs `gjtrinuyljtls mlc mistritg oljìgjhmg.

8.= Gnd Gndlti ltivgs vgs ml ch ijv ijvlsti lstikh` khìðj iðj 8. 8.=. =.>> Gndlt ndltiv ivgg Kl Kljl jlrh rhcc Mltlroijhr ch rlchìðj ljtrl ch ùcturh trinuthrih y ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch oujiìphcimhm mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz murhjtl lc ldlrììg >6>6.

8. 8.=. =.00 Gn Gndl dlti tivg vgss lspl lspl`ï `ïei ei`g `gss 8. Mltlro Mltlroijhr ijhr ch rl rlchìð chìðjj ljtrl ch ch lmu`h` lmu`hìðj iðj tri trinuthri nuthrihh mlc `gjtrinuy `gjtrinuyljtl ljtl y ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch oujiìphcimhm mistrithc ml Dgsé Clgjhrmg Grtiz murhjtl lc ldlrììg >6>6 >. Mltlro Mltlroijhr ijhr ch rl rlchìð chìðjj ljtrl ch ch `gjìl `gjìljìh jìh tri trinuthri nuthrihh y lc `hthstrg `hthstrg oujiìph oujiìphc.c. 0. Mltlro Mltlroijhr ijhr ch rl rlchìð chìðjj ljtrl lc `gjgìoiljt `gjgìoiljtgg trinut trinuthrig hrig y lc phkg mlc iopulstg iopulstg prlmihc.

>

OH^@G ]LÐÎ@G >.> Hj Hjtl tl`lm `lmlj ljtls tls m mlc lc p prg rgnc nclo lohh

Ch prlsljtl ijvlstikhìðj ùljth `gj hjtl`lmljtls ijtlrjhìgjhcls y jhìgjhcls.

IJ]L^JH@IGJHC

Ri`gbt Ri`gbtéj`htc éj`htc Blrjèjm Blrjèjmlz lz (>68666 ohtlrihcls y suoi suoijistrgs jistrgs y 0666 slrviìgs kljlrhcls yh qul

cgs khstgs khstgs ml ijv ijvlrsi lrsiðj ðj sgj khstgs khstgs ohygrls ohygrls qul jg sl hc`hjz hc`hjzhj hj ùnrir ùnrir `gj ch rl`humhìðj ml iopulstg prlmihc.

Khgjh Ls`hchjtl & ]uonh`g Ohrìccg (>669), lj su tlsis –Ch lmu`hìðj

trinuthrih `gog olmimh phrh ij`rloljthr ch rl`humhìðj eis`hc lj Lùhmgr‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg prijìphc lsthncl`lr ol`hjisogs qul plroithj oldgrhr ch lquimhm `gjtrinutivh y ch rl`humhìðj trinuthrih. Lc tipg ml ijvlstikhìðj eul mls`riptivh. Pl gntuvilrgj chs sikuiljtls `gj`cusigjls4 h) Ls mieïìc pgmlr heirohr qul lc ij`cuir ujh lmu`hìðj trinuthrih mljtrg ml

cgs pchjls ml lstumig ml jivlc nèsi`g lj Lùhmgr, hyumhrïh h ij`rloljthr lc phkg ml iopulstgs y sl tljmrïh, pgr lccg qul lsplrhr ou`bgs høgs phrh hjhcizhr cgs rlsucthmgs qul sl pulmhj gntljlr1 n) Huj ùhjmg cgs hcuojgs h cuojgs tiljlj uj rl`bhzg h cgs iopulstgs, ohjtiljlj uj ijtlrés pgr `gjg`lr cg qul sgj lstgs, qul sl vl misoijuimg `gjegrol phsh lc tilopg. Hj`bhcuish Nhrgjh (>6868= `gjstituï `gjstituïhj hj 85,99= `golrìhjtls. `golrìhjtls. Pl gntuvi gntuvilrgj lrgj chs sikuiljtls sikuiljtls `gj`cusigjls4 `gj`cusigjls4 h) Ls jl`lshrig lc misløg l iopcloljthìðj ml ujh blrrhoiljth ijegroèti`h qul plroith cgkrhr uj oldgr ùopcioiljtg trinuthrig hc ij`cuir `gog ujh ml chs gpìgjls oès iopgrthjtls l ijtlrlshjtls ch loisiðj ml hclrths trinuthrihs1 n) Hôj ehcth ujh ohygr ùcturh trinuthrih lsplìhcoljtl lj lstl sl`tgr thj mijèoi`g lj ch l`gjgoïh cg`hc y jhìgjhc1 `) Lxistl uj

`rlìoiljtg lj ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg h ch rljth lj lc plrïgmg hjhcizhmg rlspl`tg hc høg hjt hjtlri lrigr, gr, lst lstgs gs vhcgrls vhcgrls jg jl`lshr jl`lshriho iholjt ljtll rlprlslj rlprlsljthj thj ch rlhcimh rlhcimhmm mlc sl`tgr, sl`tgr, lst lsthh `gj`cusiðj plroitirè rlhcizhr uj pgstlrigr hjècisis, lc ùhc plroith heirohr g mls`hrthr lc gùcthoiljtg ml ijkrlsgs, sgnrlvhcgrhìðj ml khstgs, lt`.

Lstévlz Lstévlz ]grrls (>682), lj su ijvlst ijvlstikhì ikhìðj ðj –Ch `gjìljìh `gjìljìh trinuthrih trinuthrih lj lc

prg`lsg ml rl`humhìðj ml iopulstgs lj Phjth Lcljh‟, hjhcizh ch ijìmljìh ml ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih lj ch rl`humhìðj ml cgs iopulstgs ml ch prgvijìh ml Phjth Lcljh h phrtir ml ujh oltgmgcgkïh ùhcithtivh `gj ljegqul lxpcgrhtgrig-mls`riptivg y prgpgjl ujh kuïh oltgmgcðki`h phrh `rlhr egrohmgrls lj ohtlrih ml trinuthìðj lj hsgìhìðj `gj

krloigs ml ch cg`hcimhm `gog lstrhtlkih phrh cgkrhr uj oldgrhoiljtg lj ch tgoh ml mlìsig mlì sigjls, jls, `gjt `gjtrin rinuyl uyljmg jmg h ch egro egrohì hìðj ðj y hc mlshrrgc mlshrrgccg cg ml ch `gjìlj `gjìljìh ìh tri trinut nuthri hrihh ìumhmhjh lj lsth `goujimhm.

Vgscikuh Hkuichr (>682), lj su tlsis –Klstiðj hmoijistrhtivh lj ch rl`humhìðj

ml cgs trinutgs y su ijeculjìh lj lc krhmg ml ùopcioiljtg ml gnrhs lj lc Khm Oujiìphc mlc @hjtðj Nhnh, plrigmg >6868;‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg prijìphc hjhcizhr ch ijìmljìh ml ch klstiðj hmoijistrhtivh lj lc ùopcioiljtg ml chs gnrhs. Cgs gndltivgs lspl`ïei`gs lstuvilrgj lstuvi lrgj lj`hoijhmg lj`hoijhmgss h mltlroijhr mltlroijhr cgs eh`tgrls eh`tgrls qul ijtlrviljlj ijtlrviljlj lj ch rl`humhìðj rl`humhìðj ml cgs trinutgs phrh lc krhmg ml ùopcioiljtg ml gnrhs, lsthncl`lr ch klstiðj hmoijistrhtivh ml rl`humhìðj ml cgs trinutgs y prgpgjlr lstrhtlkihs ml klstiðj hmoijistrhtivh qul egoljtl ch rl`humhìðj ml trinutgs phrh lc ùopcioiljtg ml gnrhs lj lc KHM Oujiìphc mlc @hjtðj Nhnh. Ch oltgmgcgkïh ml ijvlstikhìðj h iopcloljthr eul ml tipg mls`riptivg, sl mlshrrgccð lj lc èrlh hmoijistrhtivh y eijhjìlrh ml KHM Oujiìphc mlc `hjtðj Nhnh, hpci`hjmg

ljtrlvisths y ljùlsths h ujh pgnchìðj ml 05 plrsgjhs. Lj rlchìðj h cgs rlsucthmgs gntljimgs lj ch ijvlstikhìðj sl mltlroijð qul lxistlj prgnclohs iopgrthjtls lj lc èrlh hmoijistrhtivh y eijhjìlrh yh qul h trhvés ml lccgs sl ùopclj cgs gndltivgs ml ch ijstituìðj, lc mlphrtholjtg ml rl`humhìðj jg ohjtiljl hc mïh ch jðoijh ml cgs usuhrigs qul lstèj htrhshmgs, pgrqul lc mlphrtholjtg ml rljths jg klstigjh lc `gjtrgc ml cgs trinutgs oujiìphcls y ch ldlùìðj rlspl`tivh y hsï prgvllr ijegrohìðj jl`lshrih.

JH@IGJHC

Kgjzhc Kgjzhcls ls Olsïh (>682), lj su tlsis ml ohlstrïh ohlstrïh –Ch ùcturh ùcturh trinuthrih trinuthrih y su

ijì ijìml mlj` jìh ih lj ch rl rl`h `hum umh` hìð iðjj mlc mlc io iopu puls lstg tg h ch rl rljt jthh ml mlsm smll ch pl plr` r`lp lpì ìðj ðj ml cg cgss `gjtrinuyljtls mlc olr`hmg oijgristh ml Vu`hccph lj lc plrigmg >68;‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg mltlroijhr si ch ùcturh trinuthrih ijìmïh lj ch rl`humhìðj mlc iopulstg h ch rljth mlsml ch plr`lpìðj ml cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ml mi`bh cg`hcimhm. Ch ijvlstikhìðj eul ml tipg ùhjtithtivg y hpci`htivg. Ch pgnchìðj lstuvg `gjegrohmh pgr ujh pgnchìðj eijith, ch ùhc

suoh 8,=% ml cgs `hsgs tiljlj uj jivlc olmig ml `gjtrinuìðj hc eis`g, rlvlchjmg qul sl rlqui rlquilrl lrl hu huol oljt jthr hr ch nh nhsl sl tr trin inut uthr hrih ih phrh phrh gp gpti tioi oizh zhrr ch rl rl`h `humh umhì ìðj ðj ml mi mi`bg `bg iopulstg1 n) Lc jivlc ml ùcturh trinuthrih lj lsth cg`hcimhm, ls mlc % ml cgs `hsgs.

Ulrh Cizh (>68;), lj su tlsis ml ohlstr ohlstrïh ïh –Ogtivhìðj –Ogtivhìðj y ùcturh ùcturh trinuthrih trinuthrih lj

lstumihjtls ml priolr ì`cg, >685‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg mltlroijhr ch rlchìðj qul lxistl

ljtrl ch ogtivhìðj y ch ùcturh trinuthrih lj cgs lstumihjtls ml ch Lsùlch Vrgelsigjhc ml Hrquitl`turh ml ch \@U ‐ Plml Cioh Jgrtl. Ch ijvlstikhìðj eul ml tipg nèsi`h, misløg jg lxplrioljthc, lxplrio ljthc, mls`ripti mls`riptivg vg ‐ `grrlchìgjhc `grrlchìgjhc,, ml ljegqul ùhjti ùhjtithtiv thtivg. g. Lstl trhnhdg lstuvg mirikimg h lj`gjtrhr vhcgrls y h`titumls, prgpigs ml ch vimh, qul ogtivlj ch `gjmu`th buohjh bhìh ch `gjsgcimhìðj ml ujh ùcturh trinuthrih. Vhrh lc prg`lshoiljtg ml mhtgs sl usð lc sgetwhrl lsthmïsti`g PVPP vlrsiðj >0, `gj ujh oulstrh rlprlsljthtivh ml 885 lstumihjtls ml priolr ì`cg ml ch Lsùlch Vrgelsigjhc ml Hrquitl`turh ml ch \@U ml ch Plml Cioh Cioh Jg Jgrt rtl. l. Ch pgn pgnch chì ìðj ðj lst lstuv uvgg `g `gjeg jegro rohm hmhh pgr 85< lst lstum umih ihjt jtls. ls. Pl tu tuvg vg `g `gog og `gj`cusiðj qul ch ogtivhìðj sl rlchìgjh pgsitivh y sikjiei`htivholjtl `gj ch ùcturh trinuthrih lj cgs lstumihjtls ml priolr ì`cg.

ûiz Uèsqulz (>68;), lj su ijvlstikhìð ijvlstikhìðjj –Ch ùcturh ùcturh trinu trinuthrih thrih y ch klstiðj klstiðj

oujiìphc‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg lsthncl`lr ch lxistljìh ml ujh rlchìðj ljtrl ch ùcturh trinuthrih, gplrhìgjhcizhmh lj lstl `hsg `gog ch ogrgsimhm lj cgs phkgs ml hrnitrigs oujiìphcls y ch `hcimhm ml klstiðj ml cgs slrviìgs pônci`gs oujiìphcls lj lc mistritg ml

Cij`l, murhjtl lc plrigmg `goprljmimg ljtrl >688 y >68=. Vhrh mlshrrgcchr ch ijvlstikhìðj, sl bh uticizhmg lc ljegqul oixtg (ùhjtithtivg y ùhcithtivg), ml hc`hj`l mls`riptivg y `grrlchìgjhc `grrlch ìgjhc,, misløg jg lxplrioljt lxplrioljthc hc ml `grtl trhjsvlrshc, trhjsvlrshc, y eul mirikimh h ch pgnchìðj ml ìumhmhjgs ijs`ritgs lj lc rlkistrg ml `gjtrinuyljtls ml ch Oujiìphcimhm mistrithc ml Cij`l, `gj ujh oulstrh prgnhnicïsti`h ml >92 sudltgs ml lstumig. Chs té`ji`hs uticizhmhs bhj simg ch ljùlsth y ch rl`gpichìðj mgùoljthc. Mlc prg`lshoiljtg ml mhtgs rl`gpichmgs y lc hjècisis ml cgs rlsucthmgs sl vlriei`ð lopïri`holjtl lc ij`rloljtg ml ch ogrgsimhm lj lc phkg ml hrnitrigs, lc nhdg jivlc ml ijegrohìðj sgnrl cgs trinutgs oujiìphcls y ch mleiìljtl `hcimhm

ml klstiðj trinuthrih ml ch hmoijistrhìðj oujiìphc ml Cij`l plrìnimh lj ch prlsthìðj ml slrviìgs oujiìphcls ml ciopilzh pônci`h, ml grjhtg y ml slkurimhm ìumhmhjh.

Jhvhrrg Kgjzècls y Uhrkhs Griujmg (>686), lj su tlsis –Lvhsiðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc

y sus rlplrùsigjls prlsupulsthrihs lj lc mistritg ml Dlsôs Jhzhrljg hc >662‟, tuvg `gog gndltivg lstumihr ch rlplrùsiðj ml ch lvhsiðj mlc iopulstg prlmihc lj lc prlsupulstg ml ch ouji ou jiì ìph phci cimhm mhm ol oljì jìgj gjhmh hmh.. Ch ij ijvl vlst stik ikhì hìðj ðj eul ml ti tipg pg `g `grrl rrlch chì ìgj gjhc hc,, ji jivlc vlc ml ijvlstikhìðj mls`riptivg. Cgs ijstruoljtgs ml ijvlstikhìðj qul sl uticizhrgj eulrgj ch ljùlsth, ch ljtrlvisth y ch gnslrvhìðj. Pu pgnchìðj ml lstumig lstuvg `gjegrohmh pgr >568;), lj su tlsis –Lel`tgs mlc nljleiìg ml hojistïh trinuthrih lj ch rl`humhìðj trinuthrih ml ch Oujiìphcimhm Mistrithc ml Nlcéj, høgs >68>->686 >68> 8> hc >68=, >68=, ij ijec ecuy uylrg lrgjj jlkhtivholjtl lj ch rl`humhìðj trinuthrih mlc oujiìpig lj lstumig pgrqul lj lc `grtg pchzg plroitið ij`rloljthr ciklrholjtl ch rl`humhìðj ml trinutgs lj cgs olsls qul lstuvilrgj lstuvi lrgj vikljtls chs hojist hojistïhs1 ïhs1 plrg, lj lc chrkg pchzg lc lel`tg ml ch hojistïh hojistïh trinuthrih trinuthrih eul jucg lj ch rl`humhìðj ml cgs trinutgs oujiìphcls qul hmoijistrh. Lj téroijgs hjuhcls ch hojistïh trinuthrih misoijuyð cgs ijkrlsgs trinuthrigs l ij`rloljtð ch ogrgsimhm lj lc mistritg ml Nlcéj. H lx`lpìðj mlc høg >68< lj ch sl hpci`ð uj pchj ml ij`ljtivgs.

>. >.00 Nh Nhsl slss ]l ]lðr ðri` i`hs hs

>. >.0. 0.88

@\ @\C] C]\^ \^H H ]^ ]ÎN IN\] \]H^ HÎH IH

>.0.8.8 @GJ@LV]G Plkôj Hrohs y @gcoljhrls (>686), ch ùcturh trinuthrih ls lc `gjdujtg ml `gjgìoiljtgs, vhcgrhìgjls y h`titumls `gophrtimh pgr cgs oilonrgs ml ujh sgìlmhm rlspl`tg h ch trinuthìðj y ch gnslrvhjìh ml chs clyls qul ch rikl, hsï `gog hc jivlc ml `gjìljìh rlspl`tg ml cgs mlnlrls y mlrl`bgs qul mlrivhj phrh cgs sudltgs h`tivgs y phsivgs ml lsh rlchìðj trinuthrih. Lstg sl trhmu`l, lj ujh `gjmu`th ohjielsthmh lj lc ùopcioiljtg plrohjljtl ml cgs mlnlrls trinuthrigs `gj nhsl lj ch rhzðj, ch `gjeihjzh y ch heirohìðj ml cgs vhcgrls ml éti`h prgelsigjhc, rlspl`tg h ch cly, rlspgjshnicimhm ìumhmhjh y sgcimhrimhm sgìhc, thjtg ml cgs `gjtrinuyljtls, `gog ml cgs eujìgjhrigs ml chs mielrljtls hmoijistrhìgjls trinuthrihs. Ch ùcturh trinuthrih ls lc `gjdujtg ml supulstgs nèsi`gs ml `gjmu`th ml ujh

pgnchìðj qul hsuol cg qul sl mlnl y cg qul jg sl mlnl bh`lr `gj rlchìðj hc phkg p hkg ml trinutgs lj uj phïs, qul rlsucth lj uj ohygr g oljgr ùopcioiljtg ml sus gncikhìgjls trinuthrihs. Lj téroijgs kljlrhcls, cgs phïsls oès mlshrrgcchmgs tiljmlj h ujh ohygr ùcturh

trinuthrih, ls mlìr, sgj oès rlspgjshncls `gj lc ùopcioiljtg ml sus gncikhìgjls. Ch ùcturh trinuthrih lstè mltlroijhmh pgr mgs hspl`tgs, ujg ml tipg clkhc y gtrg ml tipg imlgcðki`g1 lc priolrg `grrlspgjml hc rilskg rlhc ml slr `gjtrgchmg, gncikhmg y shjìgjhmg pgr lc ijùopcioiljtg ml sus gncikhìgjls, lc slkujmg `grrlspgjml `grr lspgjml hc krhmg ml shtiseh`ìðj ml ch pgnchìðj lj ùhjtg h qul cgs rlùrsgs qul hpgrth lstèj siljmg uticizhmgs `grrl`tholjtl y qul hc oljgs ujh phrtl ml lccgs cl lstè siljmg rltgrjhmh pgr ch vïh ml slrviìgs pônci`gs h`lpthncls. (Hohsieulj, >68 IOVG^ IOVG^]HJ@I ]HJ@IH H Ch iopgrthjìh ml ch ùcturh trinuthrih lstè lj lc prgpig ijmivimug, quilj ls lc qul h`lpth lc sitig qul cl `grrlspgjml lj ch sgìlmhm, mlshrrgcchjmg uj sljtimg ml sgcimhrimhm phrh `gj cgs mloès. Vgr cg thjtg, lj chs gncikhìgjls g ncikhìgjls trinuthrihs sl ljùljtrh uj mispgsitivg lj prg mlc nilj `goôj y mlc Lsthmg, `gog lc ljtl ehùcthmg ml hc`hjzhr mi`bg prgpðsitg. Lc ùopcioiljtg ml chs gncikhìgjls cclvh ijblrljtl lc mlrl`bg y ch clkitioimhm qul tiljlj tgmgs cgs ìumhmhjgs ml lxikir hc Lsthmg lc ùopcioiljtg ml sus gncikhìgjls. Pij lonhrkg, bhy qul hmoitir qul lsth thrlh ls uj prg`lsg h chrkg pchzg y qul tgoh høgs hc`hjzhr y mlshrrgcchr. (Phrmuy y Khj`lmg,>685, pp. 806-808). Ch gncikhìðj mlc ùopcioiljtg trinuthrig lsthnclìmh pgr ujh hutgrimhm clkïtioh y `gjegrol h uj rékiolj clkhc mltlroijhmg, pulml slr sueiìljtl phrh cgkrhr cgs gndltivgs ml ch rl`humhìðj eis`hc, mlpljmiljmg ml ch plr`lpìðj ml rilskg ml cgs `gjtrinuyljtls y ml ch `hphìmhm ml eis`hcizhìðj y shjìðj ml ch H]. Pij lonhrkg, slrè siloprl uj ùopcioiljtg gnlmiljtl, phsivg y, ouy prgnhncloljtl, rlsistimg. Lj `honig, ch prgpljsiðj hc phkg rlsucthjtl ml ch vgcujthm prgpih y, pgr ljml, mlc `goprgoisg hutgiopulstg, slrè siloprl

oès sðcimh y bhrè hc sistloh trinuthrig oès sgstljincl lj lc tilopg, pgr `grrlspgjmlr h ujh rlspgjshnicimhm h`lpthmh y `gophrtimh pgr cgs ìumhmhjgs, lj lc ohr`g ml ujh sgìlmhm oès hnilrth, phrtiìphtivh y mlog`rèti`h. Lstg jg rlsth iopgrthjìh h ch hutgrimhm ijblrljtl h ch klstiðj ml tgmh hmoijistrhìðj trinuthrih, sijg oès nilj nus`h sunrhyhr lc bl`bg ml qul lc ùopcioiljtg trinuthrig nhshmg lj ch `gjvi`ìðj jg sðcg rlspgjml h cgs gndltivgs prgpigs ml ch H], sijg thoniéj h ch jl`lsimhm ml heirohr ch `gjvivljìh l mlog`rhìh slkôj ch gnslrvhjìh ml cgs mlnlrls y lc ldlrììg ml cgs mlrl`bgs `ïvi`gs mlc `gjkcgolrhmg sgìhc. Ml hbï qul, phrh ujh rlchìðj mlog`rèti`h `gj `gblsiðj sgìhc, ls prigrithrig `gjstruir uj honiljtl ml ùopcioiljtg vgcujthrig hjtls qul egrzhmg,9 hujqul hongs sgj ikuhcoljtl clkïtiogs y `gjvlrkljtls lj ùhjtg h qul sl trhmu`lj lj ujh oisoh h`titum4 ch ml ùopcir ch cly. (^g`h, >662). Lj julstrg phïs, cgs lclvhmgs ïjmi`ls ml lvhsiðj trinuthrih sgj ujh ohjielsthìðj ml ch miseujìðj ljtrl ch cly, ch ogrhc y ch ùcturh. Lj lstl `gjtlxtg, ls iopgrthjtl mlshrrgcchr h`ìgjls qul plroithj ijegrohr h cgs `gjtrinuyljtls y ìumhmhjgs lj kljlrhc, ehvgrlìljmg su `goprljsiðj sgnrl ch iopgrthjìh mlc mlnlr ml trinuthr. Hsioisog, rlsucth jl`lshrig pgjlr lj ohr`bh mivlrshs lstrhtlkihs qul plroithj egrthcl`lr ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih phrh hc`hjzhr ohygrls jivlcls ml ùopcioiljtg trinuthrig. (P\JH] l Ijstitutg Hmuhjlrg y ]rinuthrig, >6>6) Ch iopgrthjìh ml ch ùcturh trinuthrih tiljl ou`bgs hspl`tgs h vhcgrhr ljtrl lccgs pgmlr ml hckujh ohjlrh suspljmlr susp ljmlr lc trhnhdg ijegrohc, lvithr ch lvhsiðj y ch `grrupìðj, yh qul lsths h`tivimhmls mlshjkrhj lc phïs y sl pilrml ou`bhs gpgrtujimhmls y nljleiìgs lj cgs mielrljtls slrviìgs qul jl`lsitlj cgs ìumhmhjgs, kljlrhjmg uj rltrg`lsg lj ch l`gjgoïh, ls jl`lshrig iopcloljthr ml ohjlrh urkljtl ujh lmu`hìðj trinuthrih `gjeihncl

phrh qul cgs ìumhmhjgs tgolj lj slrig slr ig chs iopci`hìgjls ml jg ùopcir `gj lstl trinutg y mlogstrhr `gj bl`bgs qul si sl lstèj ùopciljmg `gj lc mlstijg ml mi`bgs rlùrsgs, ijvirtiljmg cg rl`humhmg lj lmu`hìðj qul `rll ch pgnchìðj plruhjh ls cg oès iopgrthjtl. (Kic & Thphth, >68;, p. 2)

>.0.> >.0 .> @G @GJG JG@IO @IOIL ILJ] J]G G ]^ ]ÎN\ IN\]H ]HÎG ÎG >.0.0.8 >.0. 0.8 @GJ @GJ@LV @LV]G ]G Lc `gjgìoiljtg trinuthrig ls ch hptum plrsgjhc ml `hmh `gjtrinuyljtl ml pgmlr `goprljmlr ùhjmg jh`l su gncikhìðj trinuthrih `gj rlspl`tg h uj mltlroijhmg trinutg y ùhjmg mldh ml tljlr ll`tg phrh éc. Ljtgj`ls, lc krhmg lj qul `hmh `gjtrinuyljtl ljljmh lstl `gjgìoiljtg, cgs nljleìgs qul trhl hc phïs su hpgrtl sgcimhrig y `gog hl`th mldhr ml phkhr g phkhr phrìhcoljtl sus iopulstgs, lstg ls suoh `gjgìoiljtg trinuthrig. Hsioisog, lxistl ujh nrl`bh ljtrl cg qul `gjg`l lc ljtl rl`humhmgr y cg qul `gjg`l lc `gjtrinuyljtl, pgr uj chmg, lc `gjtrinuyljtl shnl qul lxistlj clyls qul jgrohj lc phkg ml cgs trinutgs y qul jg ùopcir `gj chs oisohs, pulmlj slr shjìgjhmgs bhsth cclkhr pgsincloljtl h ch pljh privhvh ml su cinlrthm. Hmloès, shnlj qul lc ljtl rl`humhmgr lj su ujìðj es`hcizhmgrh jg sl hnhstl`l hmlùhmholjtl phrh mltl`thr chs pgsincls lvhsigjls qul lc `gjtrinuyljtl rlhcizh, pgr lccg phkh phrìhcoljtl sus trinutgs.

P\JH] lj su hèj pgr oldgrhr ch rl`humhìðj trinuthrih y rlmuìr ch lvhsiðj es`hc rlhcizhj ogmie`hìgjlss h chs jgrohs trinuthrihs qul sgj chs qul mlnlj ùopcir cgs `gjtrinuyljtls ogmie`hìgjl (plrsgjhs jhturhcls y durïmi`hs) y qul ou`bhs vl`ls lsth ijgrohìðj ls ml `hrè`tlr té`ji`g pgr cg qul lc `gjtrinuyljtl jg cgkrh ljtljmlrcg `hnhcoljtl. Lstg prgpiìh qul lxisth ujh groh ml hsioltrïh qul `gjujml hc `gjtrinuyljtl g qul lj gtrgs `hsgs plrình `gog ijdusth g mlsprgpgrìgjhmh.

Ljtgj`ls, pgmlogs mlìr qul ujh ml chs prijìphcls `hushs ml ch ls`hsh ùcturh trinuthrih ls lc nhdg krhmg `gjgìoiljtg trinuthrig qul bhy lj lc `gjtrinuyljtl hc ogoljtg ml qulrlr ùopcir `gj sus gncikhìgjls trinuthrihs, ls mlìr, lxistl ijgrohìðj `gopcldh, mlohsihmg té`ji`h y sij rltrghcioljthìðj qul sgcg ohjldh lc krupg ml `gchngrhmgrls plrtljlìljtls h chs ljmhmls trinuthrihs y qul iopiml qul lc loprlshrig pulmh ljtljmlr ch lstru`turh trinuthrih lj julstrg phïs y ml chs clyls qul ch riklj, hmloès ml jg shnlr h mðjml sl miriklj tgmgs sus hpgrtls y qul nljleìgs nrijmh lc Lsthmg hc `gjtrinuyljtl ml tgmh ch rl`humhìðj es`hc. (Ogjtlrrly, >6>6, pp. >=->. >.0. 0.== @G @GJ@ J@IL ILJ@ J@IH IH ]ÎN ]ÎN\] \]H^ HÎH IH >.0.0.8 @gj`lptg Lj ch citlrhturh, ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih sl rleilrl h chs h`titumls y `rlljìhs ml chs plrsgjhs, ls mlìr, h cgs hspl`tgs jg `glrìtivgs, qul ogtivhj ch vgcujthm ml `gjtrinuir ml cgs hkljtls. Erlùljtloljtl sl ch rlmu`l hc hjècisis ml ch tgclrhjìh bhìh lc erhuml y sl `rll qul lstè mltlroijhmh lx`cusivholjtl pgr cgs vhcgrls plrsgjhcls.

Pi qulrlogs lxpci`hr ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih ml chs plrsgjhs jg mlnlogs hùmir lx`cusivholjtl h ch eicgsgeïh g h ch mlgjtgcgkïh sijg bh`lr uj kirg bhìh h ch prè`ti`h sgìhc ml ch h`ìðj `gouji`htivh, lj lc `gjtlxtg ijtlrsundltivg mlc cljkuhdl puls chs h`ìgjls buohjhs sl `ggrmijhj priohriholjtl siloprl pgr cgs h`tgs mlc bhnch, h trhvés ml cgs ùhcls pgmlogs rls`hthr ch rhzðj prè`ti`h, jg oltheïsi`h. Ljtgj`ls, slrèj lj chs rhzgjls ml hsujtgs ml mivlrsg grmlj qul jgs `goujiqulj chs plrsgjhs,

lj mgjml lj`gjtrhrlogs cgs `gopgjljtls ml ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih, plrg mlnlj htljmlr h mltlroijhmh dlrhrquïh y grmljhrsl slkôj mioljsigjls. Pikuiljmg ch tlgrïh ml Bhnlrohs, ùhjmg cgs sudltgs bhnchj prlsupgjlj siloprl, hujqul slh

iopcïìtholjtl, ùhtrg prltljsigjls ml vhcimlz4 ljtljmioiljtg, sij`lrimhm, `grrl`ìðj y vlrhìmhm. Pgcg lc ljtljmioiljtg ls lj lsljìh ijslphrhncl mlc cljkuhdl, hujqul rhìgjhcoljtl pulmh mistijkuirsl ml lstl, chs gtrhs trls prlsupgjlj ch pgsiìðj mlc bhnchjtl lj rlchìðj `gj uj lsthmg ml `gshs lxtrhcijkóïsti`g, y hc oisog tilopg, ujh rlchìðj ljtrl cgs ljujìhmgs y cgs mistijtgs mgoijigs mlc oujmg (Nrhvg, >688, p. 2-9)

>.0.=.8

@gopgjljtls Cgs sudltgs ùhjmg bhnchj prlsupgjlj siloprl, hujqul slh iopcïìtholjtl, ùhtrg prltljsigjls ml vhcimlz4 ljtljmioiljtg, sij`lrimhm, `grrl`ìðj y vlrhìmhm. Pgcg lc ljtljmioiljtg ls lj lsljìh ijslphrhncl mlc cljkuhdl, hujqul rhìgjhcoljtl pulmh mistijkuirsl ml lstl, chs gtrhs trls prlsupgjlj prls upgjlj ch pgsiìðj mlc bhnchjtl lj rlchìðj `gj uj lsthmg ml `gshs lxtrhcijkóïsti`g, y hc oisog tilopg, ujh rlchìðj ljtrl cgs ljujìhmgs y cgs mistijtgs mgoijigs mlc oujmg.

@gophrhjmg y rllopchzhjmg lj chs lvimljìhs lj`gjtrhmhs4 ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih lsthrïh rlprlsljthmh pgr cg qul lc ijmivimug lxprlsh ùhjmg lxpci`h chs rhzgjls pgr chs ùhcls ùopcirïh g mldhrïh ml ùopcir sus gncikhìgjls trinuthrihs. Y `gog lstl ls lc pchjg lj lc ùhc sl rlchìgjhj rleclxivholjtl cgs trls –oujmgs‟.

Pikuiljmg `gj lstl rhzgjhoiljtg, cgs trls oujmgs4 oujmg ml ch vimh, sistloh y jgrohs sgìhcls y lc oujmg sundltivg mlc ijmivimug, lsthrïhj rlprlsljthmgs rlspl`tivholjtl pgr lc `gjgìoiljtg qul tiljl lc ijmivimug ml ch rlhcimhm (cg rlhc pljshmg, jg `gjeujmir `gj ch –rlhcimhm‟) qul rlmuìogs h cg rlchìgjhmg `gj lc `gjtlxtg lj lc ùhc sl mh ch trinuthìðj g sl prgmudg lc sistloh trinuthrig, ls mlìr, lc

Lsthmg y ch egroh `gog lc ijmivimug cg `gjìnl y lsthncl`l uj ìlrtg tipg ml rlchìðj `gj lstl. Lc oujmg mlc sistloh hnhr`h lc sistloh pgcïti`g y trinuthrig, hsï `gog cgs prijìpigs qul cg riklj. Vgr ôctiog, tljmrïhogs cgs vhcgrls ijmivimuhcls. @hmh ujg ml lccgs `gjegroh ujh mioljsiðj ml ch `gjìljìh trinuthrih4 ch visiðj mlc oujmg g oujmg ml ch vimh1 lc sistloh pgcïti`g y trinuthrig1 y cgs vhcgrls (Nrhvg, >688, p. 2-9)

>. >.0. 0..0.6>6)

>.0. IOVG^]HJ@IH Ch lmu`hìðj trinuthrih ls iopgrthjtl pgrqul4

Vgrqul ch lmu`hìðj ls ch prè`ti`h eujmholjthc phrh mlshrrgcchr lj ch `gjìljìh, lj ch 

`gjmu`th sgìhc1 hqulccgs vhcgrls1 `gjgìoiljtgs qul jgs plroithj ljtljmlr h ch trinuthìðj `gog lc pichr eujmholjthc phrh lc sgstljioiljtg l`gjðoi`g mlc Lsthmg. Vgrqul ch lmu`hìðj trinuthrih lstè ïjtioholjtl rlchìgjhmh `gj lc vhcgr ml cg pônci`g qul



ldlr`l ljtrl cgs ìumhmhjgs. Vgrqul `gjtrinuyl lj krhj olmimh hc mlnlr qul tiljl lc ìumhmhjg `gj lc lsthmg.



Vgrqul ch lmu`hìðj egrohc gùph uj rgc eujmholjthc lj lc plrel`ìgjhoiljtg ml ch

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mlog`rhìh y lc mlshrrgccg sgìhc. (Ml ch @ruz & Mhoihj, >682, pp.>2->9).

>.0.669, pp. 0-=)

>.0.< >.0 .< ^L ^L@H @H\M \MH@ H@IÐ IÐJ J MLC IIOV OV\L \LP] P]G G V^L V^LMIH MIHC C >.0..0..0. Pudltgs hel`tgs Plkôj lc hrtïùcg 9 mlc oljìgjhmg ml`rltg clkischtivg, sgj sudltgs phsivgs, lj `hcimhm ml `gjtrinuyljtls, chs plrsgjhs jhturhcls g durïmi`hs prgpilthrihs ml cgs prlmigs, ùhcquilrh slh su jhturhclzh. Cgs prlmigs sudltgs h `gjmgoijig sl `gjsimlrhj `gog plrtljlìljtls h uj sgcg muløg, shcvg qul sl `goujiqul h ch rlspl`tivh Oujiìphcimhm lc jgonrl ml cgs `gjmðoijgs y ch

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