Proyecto de Mecanica Automotriz

 

RERXIC

BEWHÐ@_ XF WEWRHM@ BH WHLX_EB@B @GREQ@ QHNEGXI@_ T@_@ GCFBXGRC_HW

T_CUHGRC BH L_@BC @ CTR@_ TC_ HI RERXIC BH L_@BC HF MHG@FEG@

@XRC_: JCWH M@FXHI PXEFR@FEII@ TC_REIIC @WHWC_: R.W. JCWH IXEW GCFBC_E TCRCWE  ‗  OCIEQE@  OCIEQE@ ?405

 

 

BHBEG@RC_E@

Hsth prcyhgtc v` bhbeg`bc: @ me p`brh Àflhi Pueft`feii` K`f`ubt

@ me m`brh _cs`rec _`mcs Tcrteiic (┹)  @ me m`brh Hiver` Luteårrhz _`mírhz Tcr su `pcyc efgcfbegecf`i, pcr lue`r mes p`scs hf tcbc hi rhgcrrebc rhgcr rebc bh me acrm`ge÷f prcahsecf`i.

Jcså M`fuhi Pueft`feii` Tcrteiic

 

 

@L_@BHGEMEHFRCW

Me hsphge`i `lr`bhgemehftc `: Becs pcr phrmeter quh hi bí` màs hsphr`bc iihluh, i` aef`iez`ge÷f bh mes hstubecs y pcbhr iclr`r tcb`s mht`s tr`z`b`s. @ me a`meie`, pcr hi `pcyc, quh g`b` ufc mh hfshð÷ ` suphr`rmh hf ics rhtcs quh vevc g`b` bí`, pcr sus ouhfcs ouhfc s bhshcs hf tcbc hi g`mefc rhgcrrebc gcmc hstube`fth. @i Efstetutc Rhgfci÷legc Wuphrecr Fuhvc @m`fhghr pcr `gclhrmh bur`fth hstcs trhs `ðcs bh `prhfbez`jh y gcfcgemehftc hf tcb` me acrm`ge÷f prcahsecf`i. @ i`s @utcreb`bhs bhi Efstetutc Wuphrecr Fuhvc @m`fhghr, ` ics Bcghfths bh i` G`rrhr` bh Mhgàfeg` @utcmctrez, pcr su gci`ocr`ge÷f y haegehfge` bur`fth hi prcghsc bh acrm`ge÷f  prcahsecf`i quh, gcf sus gcfcgemehftcs, nezc pcseoih iiihv`r ihv`r `bhi`fth hi prhshfth tr`o`jc bh tetui`ge÷f. @ me bcghfth tutcr Ieg. Jcså Iues Gcfbcre Gcf bcre Gihmhfth quh mh orefbc su gcfae`fz`, su `pcyc mcr`i, su tehmpc p`r` bhbeg`rsh ` i` rhvese÷f bh hsth prcyhgtc y pcr hi `itc pcrghft`jh bh l`f`s bh `prhfbhr y bh shluer `bhi`fth hf me g`rrhr` prcahsecf`i.

Jcså M`fuhi Pueft`feii` Tcrteiic

 

 

EFBEGH 

G@TERXIC 0................................................................................................................................

0

0.  EFR_CBXGGECF  ...............................................................................................................

?

0.0 @FRHWGHBHFRHW  ...............................................................................................................

7

0.? T_COIHMÀREG@ ................. ............... ................. .................. ................. .................. ................. .......... 2 0.7 JXWREAEG@GECF  ..................................................................................................................

2

0.2 Ti`fth`mehftc bhi Trcoihm`  .................................................................................................

8

0.8 Cojhtc bh Hstubec  ...................................................................................................................

8

0.1 G`mpc bh efvhstel`ge÷f  .........................................................................................................

8

0.< Cojhtevcs  .................................................................................................................................

8

0..0 @fàieses y Wífthses ....................................................... ..................................................... .............................................. 8  0.>.? Hxphremhft`i .......................................................................................................... 1  0.>.7 Efvhstel`tevc ........................................................................................................... 1  0.5 Rågfeg`s bh rhgcihgge÷f  ..........................................................................................................

1

05.0 Hftrhvest` y Hfguhst` .............................................................................................. 1  0.5.? Måtcbc Oeoieclràaegc  ..........................................................................................................

1

0.5.7 Fcvhb`b Gehftíaeg`  ..............................................................................................................

<

G@TERXIC ?................................................................................................................................

>

M@_GC RHC_EGC  ....................................................................................................................

>

?. Eftrcbugge÷f ................................................................................................................ 5  ?.0 Bhaefege÷f bh shfscr ...................................................... .................................................... .............................................. 5  ?.? Xoeg`ge÷f bh ics beahrhfths shfscrhs hf hi `utcm÷vei ................................................ .............................................. . 04 0 4  ?.7 Gi`seaeg`ge÷f bh ics shfscrhs p`r` `utcm÷veihs ........................................................ 04  ?.2 G`r`gthrísteg`s bh ics shfscrhs p`r` `utcm÷veihs ..................................................... 0?  ?.8.0 Whfscr bh cxelhfc  ................................................................................................. 07  ?.8.? Whfscr RTW  ........................................................................................................... 02  ?.8.7 Whfscr M@A ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................................... . 08  ?.8.2 Whfscr GMT ..................................................... ..................................................... .................................................... . 01  ?.8.8 Whfscr GKT .......................................................................................................... 05 

 

 

?.8.1 Whfscrhs bh pehzchiågtregc ..................................................................................... ??  ?.8.< Whfscr Xitr`s÷fegc ................................................................................................ ?7  G@TERXIC 7..............................................................................................................................

?8

HJHGXGECF BH T_CUHGRC  ................................................................................................

?8

 ..................................................... ................................................... ..................................................... .......... ?1  

7.0 Cojhtevc 7.? M`thre`ihs ................................................. ................................................. ..................................................... .......... ?<   7.7 ³Puå hs uf shfscr uitr`s÷fegc3 ................................................................................ ?>  7.2 G`r`gthrísteg`s bhi NG-W_42: .................................................................................. ?>  7.8 Gcfhxe÷f.  ................................................................................................................

?5 

7.1 G÷belc ..................................................................................................................... ?5  Gcfgiusecfhs ................................................................................................................. 7?  _hgcmhfb`gecfhs .......................................................................................................... 77  Oeoieclr`aí` ................................................................................................................... 77   ......................................................................................................................... 72 

@fhxcs:

EFBEGH BH AELX_@ Aelur` ?.0: Hsquhm` oàsegc bh uf shfscr ........................................................... ................................................. .......... 5 Aelur` ?.?: shfscrhs hf hi `utcm÷vei OCWGN  .................................................. 04 Aelur` ?.7: Trcghs`mehftc bh shð`ihs hf i` ufeb`b bh gcftrci  ....................... 0? R`oi` ?.0: M`lfetubhs bh shfscrhs bh `ghihr`ge÷f ......... Hrrcr! Occkm`rk fct bhaefhb.  Aelur` ?.2: Whfscr bh hahgtc n`ii ........................ Hrrcr! Occkm`rk fct bhaefhb.  Aelur` ?.8: Lr`aeg` bhi Whfscr bh Hahgtc N`ii  .... Hrrcr! Occkm`rk fct bhaefhb.  Aelur` ?.1: Hihmhftcs y aufgecf`mehftc shfscr pehzchiågtregc ...................... ?? Aelur` ?.: Hihgge÷f bhi `ghihr÷mhtrc `bhgu`bc ........... Hrrcr! Occkm`rk fct bhaefhb.  Aelur` ?.5: Aufgecf`mehftc bhi Whfscr Xitr`s÷fegc ....................................... ?2

 

 

Aelur` 7: Aufgecf`mehftc bhi shfscr ................................................................. ....................................................... ........ ?> Aelur` 7.0: gcfhxe÷f bhi `rbuefc ........................................................................ .................................................... .................. ?5 Aelur` 7.?: @rgnevc bhsg`rl`bc bhi `rbuefc ..................................................... .................................................. . 74 Aelur` 7.7 Mhfú bhi prclr`m`  .......................................................................... ............................................... ........................... 74 Aelur` 7.7 Icg`iez`ge÷f bh g`rpht` hxtr`íb` .................................................... 70 Aelur` 7.2 G÷belc bhi `rbuefc ........................................................................... ................................................ ........................... 70 

 

 

 

G@TERXIC 0 EFR_CBXGGECF

0

 

 

0.  EFR_CBXGGECF Ics `ggebhfths bh tràfsetc scf gcfsebhr`bcs `gtu`imhfth uf` hpebhme` mufbe`i, y` quh vehfhf gcor`fbc uf fúmhrc `itc bh muhrtcs, nhrebcs y besg`p`get`bcs. Hf Ocieve`, hstcs `ggebhfths gcfstetuyhf uf lr`vh prcoihm` sef rhscivhr y` quh scf uf` bh i`s prefgep`ihs g`us`s bh muhrth y `bhmàs bhm`fb` b hm`fb` i` pårbeb` `fu`i bh màs bh uf oeii÷f bh b÷i`rhs b ÷i`rhs p`r` hi Hst`bc. Whlúf gear`s b`b`s ` gcfcghr pcr beahrhfths mhbecs bh gcmufeg`ge÷f, hi fúmhrc bh `ggebhfths pcr `ðc, hf fuhstrc p`ís, hs hi màs `itc bh I`tefc @måreg`. Hf ics úitemcs `ðcs, i`s gear`s bh `ggebhfths hf g`rrhthr` sh n`f efgrhmhft`bc `prcxem`b`mhfth hf 0.7% `fu`imhfth t`ftc hf i`s geub`bhs gcmc hf hi efthrecr bhi p`ís, iihl`fbc efgiusc hf hi ?445 ` uf efgrhmhftc bh 04% màs quh hi `ðc `fthrecr. Bur`fth hi `ðc ?445 ics `ggebhfths bh tràfsetc sum`rcf i` gear` bh >1,4?1 y bhj`rcf uf tct`i bh 074,444 muhrtcs y 1.444,444 nhrebcs. I`s s`fgecfhs phf`ihs y `bmefestr`tev`s sh n`f hfburhgebc, sehfbc uf `v`fgh selfeaeg`tevc hf i` prhvhfge÷f lhfhr`i quh gcftreouerà ` bhthfhr hi `umhftc bh `ggebhfths bh tràfsetc. Hst`s s`fgecfhs hstàf bhsgret`s hf hi Fuhvc _hli`mhftc F`gecf`i bh @bmefestr`ge÷f bh Rr`fspcrth `prco`bc mhbe`fth hi Bhgrhtc Wuprhmc F´4087 gu`fbc uf ncmorh muy n`oeiebcsc ii`m`bc @ulustus _usshii Tcph bh Wcmmhrveiih, Ocst÷f, p`thft` su efvhfge÷f: i` premhr` `i`rm` hihgtrcm`lfåteg` bhi mufbc guy` aufge÷f hr` i` bh `ihrt`r i`  prhshfge` bh i`brcfhs. Bhsbh hi puftc bh vest` bh i` shlureb`b y, hf gcfgrhtc, bh i` thgfciclí` `pieg`b` ` i` shlureb`b ve`i, pcbhmcs bestefluer gcf gi`reb`b gefgc phrícbcs hf i` nestcre` bh `utcm÷vei. Hst`oihghr hf guài bh hiics sh hfm`rg` uf vhníguic bhthrmef`bc hs uf` ouhf` rhahrhfge` p`r` gcfcghr i` shlureb`b quh prcpcrgecf`, t`ftc bh g`r` ` hvet`r uf `ggebhfth gcmc ` prcthlhr ` ics cgup`fths hf hi g`sc bh quh sh prcbuzg`. Wef hmo`rlc, n`y quh thfhr hf guhft` quh sh tr`t` bh uf u f bhs`rrciic thgfci÷legc 'efgrhmhft`i'. Hf tcb` i` nestcre` fc sh n` b`bc m`rgn` `tràs hf feflúf `sphgtc bh i` shlureb`b bhi `utcm÷vei y i`s mhjcr`s fc bhj`f bh prcbugersh, `ufquh ics rhsuit`bcs scf g`b` vhz mhfcs bhsiumor`fths. Ics `v`fghs quh eiustr`mcs hf hst`s bcs premhr`s pàlef`s scf rhspcfs`oihs bh i` m`ycr p`rth bh i` rhbugge÷f hf i` sefehstr`ieb`b quh n` hxphremhft`bc hi `utcm÷vei hf su nestcre`. Lr`ge`s ` hiics, gcfbuger ncy hs g`se ?44 vhghs mhfcs phielrcsc quh n`ghric hf 0514. I` premhr` hr`, i` hr` bh i` shlureb`b p`sev`, i` pcbhmcs gcfsebhr`r caege`imhfth ef`ulur`b` bhsbh quh, `fths bh i` Whlufb` Luhrr` Mufbe`i, hi eflhfehrc núfl`rc Ohi` O`rhfye hxpusehr` su gcfghptc bh n`oetàguic efbhacrm`oih rcbh`bc bh hstrugtur`s beshð`b`s p`r` `oscrohr i` hfhrlí` bhi emp`gtc. HurcFG@T tehfh uf prct`lcfesmc hxghpgecf`i bur`fth i` úitem` p`rth bh hsth phrícbc: shfgeii`mhfth fc hxesth feflúf puftc bh gcmp`r`ge÷f hftrh i` prcthgge÷f arhfth ` gncquh quh carhghf i`s zcf`s bh bhacrm`ge÷f prclr`m`b` bh uf gcgnh `gtu`i y i`s bh ufc bhi selic p`s`bc. I` shlufb` hr`, i` bh i` shlureb`b `gtev`, hstà m`rg`b` pcr i` `pieg`ge÷f bh i` megrchihgtr÷feg` ` ics sesthm`s bh gcftrci tr`begecf`ihs. Ics HWT gcfseluehrcf bhsthrr`r pcr gcmpihtc hi a`ft`sm` bh i` 'pårbeb` bh gcftrci', l`r`ftez`fbc quh uf gcfbugtcr puhb`, sehmprh quh

7

 

 

`gtúh gcf uf mífemc bh s`flrh arí`, hxpremer `i màxemc ics iímeths bh i` aíseg`.

0.? T_COIHMÀREG@ Gu`fbc cgurrh uf `ggebhfth bh tràfsetc g`b` mefutc tr`fsgurrebc hs muy v`iecsc y` quh sh tr`t` bh i` veb` bh uf` c v`re`s phrscf`s, hftcfghs, ufc bh ics prefgep`ihs prcoihm`s ` rhscivhr hs hi besmefuer hi tehmpc bh bhthgge÷f y uoeg`ge÷f bhi `ggebhfth bh tràfsetc, bh t`i acrm` quh sh` efmhbe`tc, ` aef bh rhbuger hi tehmpc bh hfvíc bh rhsg`th h efacrm`r ` i`s efstetugecfhs efvciugr`b`s t`ihs gcmc Tciegí` F`gecf`i bhi Ocieve`, ncspet`ihs, Hmprhs`s bh Whlurcs y a`meie`rhs bh i`s vígtem`s. Hf i` scgehb`b ocieve`f`, i` a`it` bh efacrm`ge÷f scorh sesthm`s bh shlureb`b p`r` vhníguics mctev` i` hsphgui`ge÷f bh i` pcoi`ge÷f, quh hf su m`ycrí` grhh quh ics prhgecs pr hgecs bh hstcs sesthm`s scf ef`gghseoihs, cg`secf`fbc quh s÷ic i`s gi`shs scge`ihs màs `it`s `gghb`f ` hstcs shrvegecs. Ctrc prcoihm` ` rhscivhr hs i` fuieb`b bh gcfgehfge` scorh i` empcrt`fge` bh ics sesthm`s bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r, y hiic sh rhaihj` hf hi nhgnc bh quh hf fuhstrc p`ís `úf fc guhft` gcf uf rhli`mhftc hsphgíaegc p`r` `gghscrecs y hquepcs bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r. @gtu`imhfth sh vehfhf efgrhmhft`fbc hi prhgec bh ics shlurcs vhnegui`rhs bhoebc `i `itc pcrghft`jh bh `ggebhfths bh tràfsetc hf fuhstrc p`ís. R`moeåf sh gcfsebhr` gcmc prcoihm` ics ar`ubhs ` hst`s gcmp`ðí`s, gcf i` efthfse÷f bh cothfhr i` gcohrtur` bhi shlurc.

0.7 JXWREAEG@GECF Hsth sesthm` `yub`rí` ` prhvhfer, prcthlhr `i gcfbugtcr bur`fth hi `ggebhfth `ggebh fth bh tràfsetc, bhthgt`r y uoeg`r hi sefehstrc efmhbe`t`mhfth cgurreb` i` gciese÷f, y b`r `vesc ` i`s `utcreb`bhs  phrtefhfths p`r` gcf hiic cptemez`r hi tehmpc bh rhsg`th bh i`s vígtem`s, gcf i` aef`ieb`b bh iclr`r besmefuer i` t`s` bh mcrt`ieb`b y `ggebhfths lr`vhs pcr a`it` bh `thfge÷f. Hsth sesthm` shrà  ohfhaegecsc p`r` i`s vígtem`s, p`r` ics shlurcs, shlurc s, p`r` i`s `utcreb`bhs y hf sí, i` scgehb`b. Gcf hsth sesthm` i`s gcmp`ðí`s bh shlurcs t`moeåf sh vhrí`f ohfhaege`b`s, y` quh `gcrt`rí` hi tehmpc bh iihl`b` `i iul`r bhi sefehstrc, hvet`fbc quh i` rh`ieb`b bh ics nhgncs sh` `buithr`b`. Hstc pcbrí` tr`hr gcmc gcfshguhfge`, i` rhbugge÷f hf hi prhgec bh ics shlurcs.

2

 

 

0.2 Ti`fth`mehftc bhi Trcoihm` ³G÷mc mhjcr`r i` shlureb`b vhnegui`r hf i` zcf` uro`f` bhi bhp`rt`mhftc bh pctcsí3

0.8 Cojhtc bh Hstubec Empihmhft`r uf sesthm` bh shlureb`b `gtev` vhnegui`r p`r` gcfbugtcrhs hf i` zcf` uro`f` bhi bhp`rt`mhftc bh pctcsí,

0.1 G`mpc bh efvhstel`ge÷f Empihmhft`r uf sesthm` bh shlureb`b `gtev` vhnegui`r p`r` gcfbugtcrhs hf i` geub`b bh Tctcsí.

0.< Cojhtevcs 0..0 @fàieses y Wífthses Hsth måtcbc rh`iez`r` uf `fàieses bh i`s p`rths màs empcrt`fths quh efthrvehfhf hf hi hstubec bh i` shlureb`b vhnegui`r.

8

 

 

Hi måtcbc bh sífthses fcs phrmeth cothfhr i` efacrm`ge÷f p`r` `sí pcbhr rhi`gecf`r ics b`tcs cothfebcs y sefthtez`r i` efacrm`ge÷f th÷reg`, p`r` uf` mhjcr hxpieg`ge÷f scorh hi prcyhgtc.

0.>.? Hxphremhft`i Hsth måtcbc sh rh`iez`rà pruho`s hxphremhft`ihs p`r` su aufgecf`mehftc tcm`fbc hf guhft` i` efacrm`ge÷f th÷reg`, hst` pruho` hxphremhft`i bhthrmef` i` haegehfge` bh sesthm` bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r.

0.>.7 Efvhstel`tevc Hsth måtcbc gcfsesth hf i` efvhstel`ge÷f bh i` efacrm`ge÷f bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r y` sh` mhbe`fth oeoiecthg` c oeoiecthg` vertu`i, efthrfht, hftrh ctrcs. Efvhstel`r hi beshðc tcm`fbc hf guhft` i` mhtcbciclí` us`b` p`r` su haegehfge`.

0.5 Rågfeg`s bh rhgcihgge÷f 05.0 Hftrhvest` y Hfguhst` Wh rh`iez`rà i` hftrhvest` bh m`fhr` `oehrt` ` uf fúmhrc bhthrmef`bc bh phrscf`s i` gu`ihs guhft`f gcf uf tr`fspcrth vhnegui`r y` sh` p`rtegui`r c bh caegec, scorh i` shlureb`b vhnegui`r `gtev`. I` hfguhst` thfbrà uf aiujc bh prhluft`s rhi`gecf`b`s `i beshðc bhi sesthm` bh shlureb`b `gtev`,  o`sàfbcsh hf uf prctctepc bh `ihrt` y prhg`uge÷f hf hi m`fhjc bhi `utcm÷vei.

0.5.? Måtcbc Oeoieclràaegc Hsth måtcbc sh hfacg` hf i` rhvese÷f oeoieclràaeg` bh besteftcs `utcrhs pcr hi gu`i sh cothfbrà i` efacrm`ge÷f rhquhreb`.

1

 

 

0.5.7 Fcvhb`b Gehftíaeg` I` fcvhb`b gehftíaeg` bh hsth prcyhgtc hs uf prctctepc quh hs `b`pt`oih bh m`fhr` lhfhr`i hf tcbc tepc bh vhníguic, hsth beshðc bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r hs efusu`i hf fuhstrc mhbec y` quh scic hf p`íshs bhs`rrcii`bcs ic tehfhf gcmc pcr hjhmpic hf Hsp`ð`, J`p÷f, Hst`bcs Xfebcs, hftrh ctrcs.

<

 

 

G@TERXIC ? M@_GC RHC_EGC

>

 

 

?. Eftrcbugge÷f @gtu`imhfth, ics `utcm÷veihs prhshft`f uf` lr`f g`fteb`b bh shfscrhs, hi fúmhrc bh shfscrhs v`rí` hftrh 14 y oets p`r` pcbhric prcghs`r. Hsth shfscr hstà gcfstruebc pcr uf` rhsesthfge` v`re`oih v`re`o ih iefh`i `iemhft`b` gcf uf` thfse÷f bh 8 vcits quh v`rí` i` rhsesthfge` prcpcrgecf`imhfth gcf rhsphgtc `i hahgtc g`us`bc pcr hs` shð`i. 02

 

 

Hsth shfscr sh puhbh icg`iez`r mcft`bc hf hi guhrpc bhi `ghihr`bcr. Tcbhmcs hfgcftr`r tepcs bh shfscrhs tps pcr v`re`ge÷f bh thfse÷f y pcr v`re`ge÷f bh arhguhfge`. Hsth shfscr puhbh thfhr bh 7 c 2 thrmef`ihs. We fc hjhrghmcs fefluf` `gge÷f scorh i` m`repcs` hftcfghs i` shð`i hst`rí` hf 4 vcits, gcf uf` `gge÷f tct`i scorh åst` i` shð`i shrà bhi màxemc bh i` thfse÷f, pcr hjhmpic 2.1 vcits, gcf uf` `ghihr`ge÷f mhbe` i` thfse÷f shrí` prcpcrgecf`i gcf rhsphgtc ` i` màxem`, hs bhger ?.7 vcits. Hsth shfscr b` uf` shð`i `ithrf`.Tcbhmcs vhreaeg`ric gcmc hs bh tepc pcthfge÷mhtrc. _hves`r 8 vcits bhi pcthfge÷mhtrc bhi shfscr gcf uf muitímhtrc, _hves`r quh tcb`s i`s iífh`s hståf oehf hstc sh n`gh gnhg`fbc i` gcftefueb`b gcf hi muitímhtrc. Gcmc s`orhmcs tcbcs ics shfscrhs hstàf ieorhs bh m`fthfemehftc muy pcgcs scf ics quh sh ihs puhbh b`r m`fthfemehftc y hf hsth g`sc hsth shfscr sh rhhmpi`z`.

Aelur` ?.8: Whfscr RTW

?.8.7 Whfscr M@A

Weli`s hf efliås (@er Aicw Whfscr) Aiujc bh m`s` bh `erh. Wu aufge÷f hs r`beg` hf mhber i` gcrrehfth bh `erh `sper`b` quh eflrhs` `i mctcr. Wu aufgecf`mehftc sh o`s` hf uf` rhsesthfge` gcfcgeb` gcmc neic g`iehfth, hi gu`i rhgeoh uf

vcit`jh gcfst`fth sehfbc g`ihft`b` pcr åsth iihl`fbc ` uf` thmphr`tur` bh `prcxem`b`mhfth ?44´G gcf hi mctcr hf aufgecf`mehftc. Hst` rhsesthfge` sh setú` hf i` gcrrehfth bh `erh c hf uf g`f`i bh muhstrhc bhi aiujc bh `erh. I` rhsesthfge` bhi neic v`rí` `i prcbugersh uf hfare`mehftc prcvcg`bc pcr i` gergui`ge÷f bhi `erh `sper`bc.

08

 

 

Hsth shfscr hst`r gcfstruebc bh uf thrmestcr, uf g`oih g` oih bh pi`tefc bh `it` thmphr`tur` y uf gerguetc bh gcftrci hihgtr÷fegc. Hsth shfscr m`a puhbh hst`r icg`iez`bc hf hftrh hi aeitrc y hi guhrpc bh `ghihr`ge÷f. Tcbhmcs hfgcftr`r bh ? tepcs gcmc hi mhbebcr bh p`iht`s y hi bh vcrthxr K`rmhf Tuhbh thfhr bh 8 c 1 thrmef`ihs. Hsth shfscr hmeth uf` shð`i: Hi vcit`jh bh i` shð`i hf r`ihftí bhoh shr bh `irhbhbcr bh 0Q mehftr`s quh hf uf` `ghihr`ge÷f orusg` i` shð`i bhi M@A grhghrà n`st` 7Q c màs. Ics shfscrhs M@A suhihf thfhr 2 g`oihs gcrrhspcfbehfbc `:   @iemhft`ge÷f 0?Q



  M`s` bh g`iha`gge÷f





  M`s` bhi shfscr M@A   Whð`i bhi shfscr M@A: 4, vcits bh s`ieb` se s e hxesth uf` aul` bhi gcfbugtc bh `erh y sh v` ` v`icrhs ` mhfcs bh .14 vcits. Hstc fcs pcbrà `yub`r ` thfhr uf` ouhf` mhzgi` bh `reh-gcmousteoih. Hsth shfscr hs ufc bh ics pcgcs quh sh ihs puhbh b`r m`fthfemehftc y sh ih b` gcf uf iempe`

gcft`gtcs,

m`fthfemehftc

hi

guhrpc

bh

`ghihr`ge÷f

c

se hs fhghs`rec rhhmpi`z`ric.

?.8.2 Whfscr GMT seli`s hf eflihs gmp (g`msn`at pcsetecf shfscr) shfscr bh pcsege÷f bh àroci bh ihv`s

01

 

 

Wh icg`iez` ` fevhi bhi àroci bh ihv`s bhi mctcr Wu aufge÷f bhi hi GMT hs efbeg` ` i` Ghftr`iet` i` pcsege÷f bhi àroci bh ihv`s p`r` quh bhthrmefh i` shguhfge` `bhgu`b` bh efyhgge÷f Icg`iez`ge÷f típeg` bhi shfscr GMT Hi shfscr GMT lhfhr`imhfth sh icg`iez` hf hi hxtrhmc bh i` g`ohz` bhi mctcr y hs uteiez`bc hf vhníguics bh hfghfbebc gcmput`rez`bc sef bestreouebcr y gcf sesthm` bh efyhgge÷f.

Repcs bh shfscrhs:   Hs bhi tepc hahgtc n`ii, `rrcj`fbc uf` shð`i gu`br`b`



  Bh tepc m`lfåtegc, `rrcj`fbc uf` shð`i shfceb`i



A`ii`s quh sh puhbh cg`secf`r se hi GMT a`ii`:   Hxpicsecfhs



  A`it` bh pcthfge`



  M`i sefgrcfí` bhi mctcr



  Hxghsc bh gcmousteoih



  Hxpicsecfhs hf hi `rr`fquh



  Wh hfgehfbh i` iuz bh Gnhgk Hflefh



_hvese÷f bhi shfscr: _hves`r gcf uf muitímhtrc i` shð`i v`re`oih quh lhfhr` `i mcmhftc bh hfghfbhr i` ufeb`b. _hves`r ics g÷belcs bh hrrcr. _hhmpi`gh gu`fbc sh` fhghs`rec. Hs ii`m`bc t`moeåf shfscr bh a`sh. Gcfst` bh uf` ocoef` `rrcii`b` scorh uf fúgihc bh emàf. Hsth shfscr hstà hfarhft`bc ` uf g`m÷f bhi àroci bh ihv`s y prcbugh uf` shð`i g`b` bcs bc s vuhit`s bh gelùhð`i. Hf `ilufcs vhníguics hstà gcicg`bc bhftrc bhi bestreouebcr Hmeth uf` shð`i bh vcit`jh prcbugebc pcr hi shfscr bhi àroci bh ihv`s shrà bhthrmef`bc  pcr v`recs a`gtcrhs: a`gtcrhs : i` vhicgeb`b bhi mctcr, i` prcxemeb`b bhi rctcr bh mht`i `i shfscr y

0<

 

 

i` auhrz` bhi g`mpc m`lfåtegc carhgeb` pcr hi shfscr. Hi HGM fhghset` vhr i` shð`i gu`fbc hi mctcr sh hfgehfbh p`r` su rhahrhfge`.

Rhrmef`ihs   @iemhft`ge÷f bhi shfscr: 0? Qcits.



  M`s` bhi shfscr.



 8 Q ‗  4  4 Q ‗  8  8 Q   Whð`i bhi shfscr: 4 Q ‗  8



Gcmprco`gecfhs: Hi shfscr bh àroci bh ihv`s efbugtevc prcvhh `i TGM i` efacrm`ge÷f quh ih phrmeth ebhfteaeg`r hi geiefbrc fúmhrc 0. Hs uteiez`bc hf ics sesthm`s bh efyhgge÷f shguhfge`i.

_hvese÷f I`s g`r`gthrísteg`s bh uf` ouhf` acrm` bh cfb` bh hahgtc N`ii, scf uf` gcfmut`ge÷f iempe`. Qhreaeg`r `iemhft`ge÷f y m`s` bhi shfscr gcf muitímhtrc. Mhbege÷f bh i` acrm` bh cfb` bh i` shð`i gcf csgeicsgcpec. Hs uf bespcsetevc bh hahgtc N`ii quh rhlestr` i` pcsege÷f bhi àroci bh ihv`s y quh `uxeie` `i GKT hf i` sefgrcfez`ge÷f y i` ebhfteaeg`ge÷f bh geiefbrcs. I` gcmput`bcr` uteiez` hst` efacrm`ge÷f p`r` `just`r hi puisc bh efyhgge÷f y i` sefgrcfez`ge÷f bh i` gnesp`.

Hi shfscr bhi àroci bh ihv`s hs hi shfscr bh i` ebhfteaeg`ge÷f bhi geiefbrc (GEB) (G EB) y sh uteiez` ` vhghs gcmc rhahrhfge` p`r` mhber hi tehmpc bh i` efyhgge÷f shguhfge`i bhi gcmousteoih. I` acrm` bh cfb` bh i` shð`i puhbh shr c uf` cfb` m`lfåteg` shfceb`i (`ithrf`) c gcmc hf hsth g`sc p`rtegui`r bhi csgeiclr`m` uf` cfb` tepc gu`br`b`. Wíftcm`s bh a`ii` bhi shfscr GMT Gu`fbc hi shfscr GMT a`ii`, prcvcg` ic seluehfth:

0>

 

 

  Hxpicsecfhs hf hi `rr`fquh.



  Hi mctcr fc hfgehfbh.



  Wh hfgehfbh i` iuz Gnhgk Hflefh.



Efsphgge÷f y m`fthfemehftc bhi shfscr GMT Efsphggecf` ic seluehfth:   Puh hi `rfås fc prhshfth cxeb`ge÷f, fc hstå quhor`bc c suia`t`bc, `pieg` uf



iempe`bcr `ftesuia`t`fth hf i`s thrmef`ihs.   Puh ics g`oihs quh gcfhgt`f hi shfscr ` i` gcmput`bcr` fc hståf b`ð`bcs,



rhhmpiàz`ics hf g`sc fhghs`rec.

Aelur` ?.1: Whfscr GMT

?.8.8 Whfscr GKT seli`s hf efliås (gr`fksn`at pcsetecf) Whfscr bh pcsege÷f bhi gelùhð`i Hs uf bhthgtcr m`lfåtegc c bh hahgtc N`ii, hi gu`i hfví` ` i` gcmput`bcr` (HGM) efacrm`ge÷f scorh i` pcsege÷f bhi gelùhð`i y i`s _TM bhi mctcr. Fc n`y puiscs bh efyhgge÷f. Hsth shfscr sh hfguhftr` uoeg`bc ` uf gcst`bc bh i` pcih` bhi gelùhð`i c vci`fth grhm`iihr`.

Tcshh trhs gcfhxecfhs:   Xf` `iemhft`ge÷f bh vcit`jh (bh 8 ` 0? lhfhr`imhfth)



  Xf` ` tehrr` c m`s`.



  Xf` s`ieb` bh i` shð`i ` i` gcmput`bcr`



05

 

 

A`ii`s   Wh hfgehfbh i` iuz gnhgk hflefh.



  Hi mctcr fc `rr`fg`.



  Hi g`rrc sh j`icfh`.





  Tuhbh `p`l`rsh hi mctcr hspcftàfh`mhfth.

_hvese÷f   _hvesh ics g÷belcs bh a`ii` gcf i` `yub` bh uf hsgàfhr.



  Qhreaequh se i` puft` bhi shfscr hstà suge` bh `gheth c lr`s` y iímpehic se hs



fhghs`rec.   Qhreaequh hi hst`bc aísegc bhi shfscr. *Gcmpruhoh quh hi shfscr fc prhshft`



b`ðcs. Qhreaequh `iemhft`gecfhs bh vcit`jh. Truho`s   Gcf hi swetgn hf CAA bhsgcfhgth hi `rfås bhi shfscr y rhtírhic bhi `utc.



  Gcmpruhoh quh i`s gcfhxecfhs hiågtreg`s bh i`s iífh`s bhi shfscr y bhi gcfhgtcr



hståf oehf gcfhgt`b`s y quh fc prhshfthf rctur`s c gcrrcse÷f.

_hvesh ics g÷belcs bh a`ii` gcf i` `yub` bh uf hsgàfhr.   Gcfhgth hi `rfås y pcfl` i` ii`vh hf pcsege÷f CF. *Arcth uf mht`i hf hi shfscr.



  Wh hsgugn`rà i` `gtev`ge÷f bh ics efyhgtcrhs.   Trco`r quh thfl` uf` rhsesthfge` bh 054 ` ?84 cnms bhi shfscr hstc prhahrhfth `





thmphr`tur` fcrm`i hi mctcr. Hi shfscr GKT bh hsth tepc t`moeåf puhbh shr ÷ptegc, lhfhr` uf` shð`i belet`i hf gcfjuftc gcf i` thfse÷f TXII-XT bh i` gcmput`bcr`. G`b` `rc c pi`tc gcf r`fur`s c behfths ics gu`ihs hstàf pcsegecf`bcs ` ^ lr`bcs shlúf hi geiefbr`jh bhi vhníguic. Tcr g`b` puftc quh p`sh pcr hi shfscr sh lhfhr` uf` efvhrse÷f bh  pci`reb`b hf i` thfse÷f N`ii ic quh cg`secf` quh i` thfse÷f bh puii-up prcvhfehfth bh i` gcmput`bcr` efthrprhth hsh b`tc gcmc ghrc. ?4

 

 

Tcr hjhmpic, uf shfscr gkp bh Bcblh _`m ?444 bh > geiefbrcs bhthgt` hsp`ge`bcs pcr 28 lr`bcs, pcr g`b` rhvciuge÷f hxesthf hstcs > puiscs. G`b` a`oreg`fth tehfh su aufge÷f bhthrmef`b` y scf empcrt`fths p`r` i` phrahgt` sefgrcfez`ge÷f hf i`s hxpicsecfhs bhi vhníguic. Hsth shfscr prcbugh bh `guhrbc ` ics behfths, uf gegic pcr behfth, hi fúmhrc bh gegics bhphfbhrà bhi fúmhrc bh behfths, b ehfths, gu`fbc hi arhfth bhi shfsc shfscrr sh icg`iez` hf hi puftc måtregc hf i` thrmef`i bh emàf phrm`fhfth sh hihv` hi vcit`jh y hf hi thrmef`i bh gcfhgtcr hiågtregc  o`j`. Gu`fbc hi arhfth bhi shfscr sh icg`iez` hf uf behfth sughbh ic gcftr`rec, hf hi thrmef`i bh emàf phrm`fhfth hi vcit`jh o`j` y hf hi thrmef`i bh gcfhgtcr hiågtregc sh hihv`. Hi tepc efbugtevc gcfsesth bh uf shfscr phrm`fhfth y uf` ocoef`. Hi g`mpc m`lfåtegc hf hi shfscr hs efthrrumpebc pcr hi p`sc bh ics behfths hf i` vci`ft`, hsth lhfhr` uf` shð`i bh vcit`jh G.@.(gcrrehfth `ithrf`) Lhfhr`imhfth hs uf bespcsetevc bh ? g`oihs, phrc t`moeåf puhbhf thfhr trhs g`oihs, hi thrghr g`oih hs uf prcthgtcr gc`xe`i p`r` prcthlhr gu`iquehr efthrahrhfge` quh puhbh efthrrumper y gcrrcmphr i` shð`i. Gcfsesth bh uf hihmhftc bh n`ii, quh hs p`rtegui`rmhfth uteiez`oih gcmc shfscr bh g`mpcs m`lfåtegcs, t`moeåf gcfst` gcf uf shmegcfbugtcr. Gu`fbc hi aiujc m`lfåtegc `i hihmhftc bh n`ii g`moe`, hi hihmhftc hs `gtev`bc. Hi suphrves` i` rct`ge÷f bhi hjh uteiez`fbc hi hahgtc bh n`ii.

Qhreaeg` su aufgecf`mehftc p uiscs bh efyhgge÷f p`r` i` gcmouste÷f hi mctcr fc   We fc tr`o`j` hi shfscr `i fc m`fb`r puiscs



`rr`fg`rà y sh hfghfbhrà i` iuz gnhgk hflefh.   I` gcmput`bcr` uteiez` hst` efacrm`ge÷f p`r` bhthrmef`r hi puisc bh efyhgge÷f y i`



sefgrcfez`ge÷f bh i` gnesp`.   Hsth shfscr puhbh sustetuer `i bestreouebcr.



 



Hsth shfscr fc prhshft` m`fthfemehftc scic sh sustetuyh. ?0

 

 

Aelur` ?. ÷ 0? gcf bcs ÷ màs shfscrhs quh sh gcfmut`f shlúf hi crbhf bh hfghfbebc. Hstcs shfscrhs aufgecf`f gu`fbc uf` m`s` hjhrgh auhrz`s bh prhse÷f `i retmc bh i`s veor`gecfhs efget`fths scorh uf hihmhftc pehzcghràmegc bh acrm` `flui`r. Hst`s auhrz`s cg`secf`f uf` tr`fsahrhfge` bh g`rl` bhftrc bhi hihmhftc bh ghràmeg`, hftrh ics i`bcs suphrecrhs h efahrecr bh hsth hihmhftc sh crelef` uf` thfse÷f hiågtreg` quh shrà prcghs`b` pcr i` ufeb`b bh gcftrci.

Aelur` ?.>: Hihmhftcs y aufgecf`mehftc shfscr pehzchiågtregc Auhfth: shfscrhs hf hi `utcm÷vei

??

 

 

I`s thfsecfhs tr`fsmeteb`s pcr hi shfscr scf hv`iu`b`s hv `iu`b`s pcr uf `mpieaeg`bcr bh thfse÷f `ithrf` bh `it` emphb`fge`. Ics iul`rhs bcfbh sh uoeg`f hstcs shfscrhs bhftrc bhi vhníguic scf hihlebcs bhphfbehfbc bhi tepc mctcr (scf hsphgíaegcs p`r` g`b` g `b` mctcr), bh t`i acrm` quh sh bhthgth gcfae`oihmhfth hi peg`bc crelef`bc hf g`b` geiefbrc. Tcr ic lhfhr`i, sh suhihf uoeg`r hf hi i`bc `fgnc bhi  oicquh bhi mctcr. Gcf i` aef`ieb`b bh quh hst`s shð`ihs lhfhr`b`s puhb`f pu hb`f shr s hr tr`fsmeteb`s berhgt`mhfth sef rhscf`fge` y hf gcfgcrb`fge` gcf i`s g`r`gthrísteg`s shihggecf`b`s, bhsbh hi puftc bh mhbege÷f hf hi oicquh bhi mctcr n`st` hi shfscr aej`bc gcf uf tcrfeiic, bhoh bh gcfsebhr`r ic seluehfth: `)  Hi tcrfeiic bh aej`ge÷f sh bhoh bh hfgcftr`r muy oehf `prht`bc.  o)  I` suphraegeh bh gcft`gtc y hi t`i`brc bhi mctcr bhohf bh prhshft`r i` g`ieb`b  prhsgret`. g)   Fc sh bhoh bh uteiez`r uf` `r`fbhi` sempih c hiàsteg` p`r` `shlur`r hi shfscr.

?.8.< Whfscr Xitr`s÷fegc Hi shfscr bh uitr`scfebc, fcs phrmeth cothfhr i` best`fge` ` p`rter bh i` mhbege÷f bhi tehmpc bh eb` y vuhit` bhi puisc bh uitr`scfebc (mhbege÷f bhi tehmpc bhi hgc) p`r` hiic, uteiez`rhmcs hi shfscr ng-sr42 gcmc nhmcs hst`bc gcmhft`fbc `fthrecrmhfth. Hxpieg`rhmcs gcf i` seluehfth aelur`, g÷mc aufgecf` hi shfscr pcr uitr`scfebcs.

?7

 

 

Aelur` ?.5: Aufgecf`mehftc bhi Whfscr Xitr`s÷fegc Gcmc sh puhbh coshrv`r i` aelur`, hi shfscr i`fz` uf puisc y rhgeoh uf` rhspuhst` ` tr`vås bhi Hgc quh hsth n`gh `i rhoct`r gcftr` uf` suphraegeh s÷ieb`. Hf hsth g`sc, pcr hjhmpic, uf` p`rhb. Hsth prefgepec hs hi quh uteiez`r` p`r` pcbhr mhber i` best`fge`; mebehfbc hi tehmpc hftrh i` eb` y i` vuhit` y s`oehfbc i` vhicgeb`b bh prcp`l`ge÷f bhi scfebc hf hi `erh.

?2

 

 

G@TERXIC 7 HJHGXGECF BH T_CUHGRC

?8

 

 

7.0 Cojhtevc I` aef`ieb`b bh hsth prcyhgtc hs gcfcghr hi @rbuefc y bhs`rrcii`r uf` `pieg`ge÷f hf hsth g`sc, i` shlureb`b bhi `utcm÷vei. Hsth tr`o`jc bhmuhstr` g÷mc, hielehfbc i` thgfciclí` `prcpe`b` sh puhbh gcfshluer uf` `pieg`ge÷f ` fuhstr` shlureb`b c fhghseb`bhs. Hf i` `gtu`ieb`b fc tcbcs ics gcgnhs tehfhf efgcrpcr`bc uf sesthm` bh shlureb`b bh `p`rg`mehftc, @rbuefc fcs phrmeth bh uf` acrm` shfgeii` pcbhr efthlr`r hsh sesthm` bh shlureb`b bh gcfbugge÷f ` gu`iquehr mcbhic bh gcgnh y zcf` bh `p`rg`mehftc. R`moeåf sh  puhbh `b`pt`r ` gu`iquehr gu `iquehr vhníguic gcmc pcbrí` shr uf` oegegiht` c t`moeåf hf uf` m`quef`re` bh hquepc phs`bc, pubehfbc `ihrt`r `i gcfbugtcr bh vhníguics pr÷xemcs ` åi. Xf` bh i`s aufgecfhs hs bh `ves`r se `i `p`rg`r thfhmcs suaegehfth hsp`gec p`r` fc b`ð`r hi vhníguic. Hf hst` pràgteg` gcfcghrhmcs hi shfscr uitr`s÷fegc, y `prhfbhrhmcs ` prclr`m`ric, y t`moeåf n`rhmcs uf` `i`rm` shfgeii` p`r` pcfhr ` pruho` hi shfscr.   _hgcihgge÷f bh b`tcs mhbe`fth hi usc bhi shfscr uitr`s÷fegc us`fbc uf` pi`g` bh



bhs`rrciic @rbuefc XFC.   Hst`oihghr uf` gcmufeg`ge÷f Oiuhtcctn hfth i` pi`g` hmescr` y i` pi`g` rhghptcr` rhgh ptcr` setu`b`



bhi vhníguic.   _hghpge÷f bh i` shð`i hf hi rhghptcr y hmese÷f bh shð`i bh `ihrt` gcf hi shfscr shfsc r uitr`s÷fegc



hf aufge÷f bh i` ghrg`fí` bhi cojhtc hf tehmpc rh`i.   Gcmprco`ge÷f y v`ieb`ge÷f.



Hf ic quh sh rhaehrh ` hsphgeaeg`gecfhs tågfeg`s, ics cojhtevcs prefgep`ihs scf:   Wh hstem` n`st` uf` gcohrtur` hf ?4 gm bhi 55.> %, bh ?4 gm ` 24 gm uf` gcohrtur` bhi



5>% y auhr` bh 24 gm sh hstepui` auhr` bh r`flc, gcohrtur` 4%.   I` best`fge` màxem` bh `ihrt` hs bh ?4 gm y mífem` bh 8 gm.



  Qhicgeb`b màxem` bhi vhníguic ` 8 km/n, pcr t`ftc 0.7>>>5 m/s `prcx. 0.2 m/s.



  Mhbege÷f mífem` bh ? ‗  7  7 gm.





  Xf` i`thfge` bhi sesthm` bh 7.8 shlufbcs (0.2 m/s / 4.2m= 7.8 s) ?1

 

 

  Rehmpc màxemc bh rh`gge÷f bhi gcfbugtcr hs bh `prcxem`b`mhfth 4. bí`s

07/00/?405

?

 

 

-Whð`i bh besp`rc: 04us. -Bemhfsecfhs bhi m÷buic: 28x?4x08mm.

7.8 Gcfhxe÷f. I` seluehfth em`lhf muhstr` g÷mc sh gcfhgt`rà hi shfscr NG-W_42 y hi @rbuefc bh m`fhr` gcrrhgt` o`sàfbcfcs hf fuhstr` prclr`m`ge÷f.

Aelur` 7.0: gcfhxe÷f bhi `rbuefc -I` iífh` bh trellhr (vhrbh) gcfhgt`ri` `i pef 04 bhi @rbuefc. -I` iífh` bh hgnc (`m`reiic) gcfhgt`ri` `i pef 5 bhi `rbuefc. -I` iífh` bh QGG (rcjc) gcfhgt`ri` `i pef bhi @rbuefc gcf hi mesmc fcmorh. -I` iífh` LFB (fhlrc) gcfhgt`ri` `i pef bhi @rbuefc gcf hi mesmc fcmorh. -I` rhsesthfge` bh ??4℡ v` uf hxtrhmc hf i` p`rth fhl`tev` bhi prctcoc`rb mehftr`s su ctr` p`t` v` `i fhl`tevc bhi IHB. -I` p`t` pcsetev` bhi IHB sh gcfhgt` `i pef 00 bhi @rbuefc y su p`t` fhl`tev` ` i` rhsesthfge`.

7.1 G÷belc Hf hi g÷belc thfhmcs quh rh`iez`r i` a÷rmui` m`thmàteg` p`r` pcbhr cothfhr i` best`fge` hf ghftímhtrcs, phrc `i elu`i quh hf i`s pr`gteg`s p`s`b`s empcrt`rhmcs i` ieorhrí` fhghs`re` p`r` a`geiet`rfcs i` prclr`m`ge÷f y quh hi g÷belc sh` màs sempih, i` pcbhmcs  ousg`r hf efthrfht gcmc ieorhrí` p`r` shfscr uitr`s÷fegc NG-W_42 c pcbhmcs o`j`ri` bh @quí. ?5

 

 

Xf` vhz bhsg`rl`b`, v`mcs ` hfshð`rcs ` gcmc `ð`ber uf` ieorhrí` hf hi hftcrfc bh @rbuefc. Hstcs scf ics p`scs p`r` efshrt`r uf` ieorhrí` hf hi hftcrfc bh @rbuefc: Tremhrc Hi `rgnevc bhsg`rl`bc ic bhsgcmprememcs y iuhlc `oremcs hi EBH bh `rbuefc.

Aelur` 7.?: @rgnevc bhsg`rl`bc bhi `rbuefc Xf` vhz `rr`fg`bc hi hftcrfc, fcs erhmcs `i mhfú prclr`m`-6Efgiuer Ieorhrí`-6 @ð`ber Ieorhrí`

Aelur` 7.7 Mhfú bhi prclr`m` Whlueb`mhfth fcs phberà i` icg`iez`ge÷f bh i` g`rpht` hxtr`íb` gcf hi g÷belc bh i` ieorhrí`. Whihggecf`mcs i` quh fcs nhmcs bhsg`rl`bc hftr`mcs hf i` g`rpht` y iuhlc shihggecf`mcs i` g`rpht` Xitr`scfeg y b`mcs giegk hf `orer. 74

 

 

Aelur` 7.7 Icg`iez`ge÷f bh g`rpht` hxtr`íb` Gcf hstc i` ieorhrí` y` hstà empcrt`b`, scic rhst` hsgreoer hi g÷belc.

Aelur` 7.2 G÷belc bhi `rbuefc Hst` vhz us`mcs ctr` acrm` bh `lrhl`r ics pefhs gcfhgt`bcs, gcf i` aufge÷f #bhaefh, iuhlc bhgi`r`mcs ics fcmorhs bh ics shfscrhs bhi uitr`s÷fegc. @ ics gu`ihs y` ihs bhaefemcs pef. Hf hi vceb iccp, bhgi`r`mcs uf v`re`oih tepc aic`t ii`m`b` best`fgh, y hst` `im`ghf`r` ics b`tcs cothfebcs hf ghftímhtrcs pcr hi shfscr, sef fhghseb`b bh rh`iez`r i` cphr`ge÷f m`thmàteg`.

70

 

 

T`r` n`ghr i` `i`rm` pcfhmcs `iluf`s gcfbegecfhs, bcfbh se i best`fge` hs mhfcr ` ?0 gm hftcfghs hfghfbhrà hi IHB, se hs` gcfbege÷f fc sh gumpih hftcfghs sh `p`l`rà hi IHB. @i aef`i hsgreoemcs `ilufcs Whre`i.preft p`r` vhr hf mcfetcr ics b`tcs ihíbcs, p`r` gcmprco`r g÷mc `gtú` i` `i`rm`.

Gcfgiusecfhs Iuhlc bh aef`iez`bc hi bhs`rrciic y `fàieses bhi beshðc bhi prcyhgtc, pcbhmcs gcfgiuer ic seluehfth:   Hi prhshfth sesthm` carhgh `i usu`rec ics ohfhaegecs bh múitepihs aufgecfhs efthlr`b`s



t`ihs gcmc: ics shfscrhs bh best`fge`, y i` pcseoih efthr`gge÷f gcf hi thiåacfc m÷vei bhi  prcpec usu`rec; ` uf o`jc gcstc gcs tc bh empihmhft`ge÷f y, quh bh `guhrbc gcf ics hstubecs rh`iez`bcs, hxesth i` pcseoeieb`b bh rhbuger ics `ggebhfths gcmc gncquhs y/c hftrh ctrcs.   Hs uf sesthm` efthlr`i bh aàgei `b`pt`ge÷f h empihmhft`ge÷f bhoebc ` quh ics hquepcs



fhghs`recs y` hxesthf hf hi mhrg`bc ` prhgecs `gghseoihs y gcfsebhr`fbc quh uf` m`ycr bhm`fb` phrmeterà hi `o`r`t`mehftc bh gcstcs bh m`thre` prem`, a`oreg`ge÷f y bestreouge÷f. Hi hstubec rh`iez`bc pcseoeiet`rà hi màxemc `prcvhgn`mehftc bh ics rhgurscs bh sesthm`s gcmc scf: shfscrhs bh best`fge`, `rbuefc, htg. T`r` hf gcfjuftc gcfshluer ics cojhtevcs bhi prcyhgtc.



  Hxesth i` pcseoeieb`b rh`i bh iclr`r `ghpt`ge÷f hf hi Mhrg`bc F`gecf`i h Efthrf`gecf`i

y` quh ics sesthm`s bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r y ics sesthm`s bh icg`iez`ge÷f sh hfguhftr`f hf grhgemehftc `ghihr`bc, hxesth i` fhghseb`b bh uf sesthm` hgcf÷meg`mhfth `gghseoih ` i` m`ycr p`rth bh i` pcoi`ge÷f, y `bhmàs scf prhcgup`ge÷f gcfst`fth bh i` m`ycrí` bh lcoehrfcs. [HWR ?44>] [MEF ?445]

  I` `pieg`ge÷f WCWGHI p`r` ghiui`rhs hs efthr`gtev` y bh aàgei m`fhjc ic gu`i



 pcseoeiet`rí` hi eflrhsc bhi Westhm` hf hi mh mhrg`bc. rg`bc. @bhmàs, ics hquepcs quh sh cahrt`f

7?

 

 

`gtu`imhfth guhft`f y` gcf hi sesthm` efgcrpcr`bc y, hf mhfcr prcpcrge÷f, phrc gcf thfbhfge` ` iclr`r uf` gcfscieb`ge÷f ` p`rter bhi prhshfth `ðc. [GHI ?44>]

_hgcmhfb`gecfhs   Hf hi prhshfth `ðc i`s hmprhs`s bh `utcp`rths n`f i`fz`bc `i mhrg`bc fuhvcs shfscrhs 

bh best`fge` g`p`ghs bh bhthgt`r costàguics ` ?84 mhtrcs. Gcfsebhr`fbc i` mhjcr` gcftefu` bhi sesthm`, sh bhoh rh`iez`r y `gcmp`ð`r uf hstubec bht`ii`bc scorh i` `bhgu`ge÷f h empihmhft`ge÷f bh hstcs fuhvcs shfscrhs `i prhshfth prcyhgtc.   Hi prhshfth hstubec sh n` ghftr`bc hf hi beshðc bhi Westhm` p`r` `utcm÷veihs, pcr ic quh



hsth tr`o`jc quhb` `oehrtc p`r` pcbhr shluer hi hstubec ghftràfbcsh hf ics vhníguics bh g`rl` phs`b` y tr`fspcrth púoiegc.   R`moeåf sh hsphr` quh auturcs tr`o`jcs efvhsteluhf i` acrm` bh efthlr`r ctrcs sesthm`s



bh shlureb`b vhnegui`r, p`r` iclr`r hi `o`r`t`mehftc bh ics gcstcs, y m`ycr `ghpt`ge÷f bhi mhrg`bc.

Oeoieclr`aí` Gcmufeg`ge÷f shreh hftrh @rbuefcs: nttp://www.ycutuoh.gcm/w`tgn3v=AeB`FkuwlPM B`t`snhht Htnhrfht Wnehib: nttp://www.fuhihgtrcfegs.gcm/hstcrh/efbhx.pnp3m`efSp`lh=prcjhgtShtn Efacrm`ge÷f scorh shfscrhs: nttp://www.i`by`b`.fht/ih`rf/shfscrs/efbhx.ntmi Ieorhrí` E_rhmcth: nttp://www.pjrg.gcm/thhfsy/tbSieosSE_rhmcth.ntmi Ieorhrí` FHGE_rgv: nttp://www.snhrkn`f.fht/oicls/arek`b`s/3p=770 77

 

 

Tàlef` caege`i bh @rbuefc: nttp://www.`rbuefc.gg/ Rutcre`i Htnhrfht Wnehib 0: nttp://www.efstrugt`oihs.gcm/eb/@rbuefc-Htnhrfht-Wnehib-Rutcre`i/ Rutcre`i Htnhrfht Wnehib ?: nttp://oeibr.crl/?400/41/`rbuefc-htnhrfht-pef-gcftrci/ Rutcre`i Htnhrfht Wnehib 7: nttp://`rbuefc.gg/acrum/efbhx.pnp/tcpeg,1858.4.ntmi#4 

@fhxcs:

Whfscr Xitr`s÷fegc

Trctcoc`rb

72

 

 

@rbuefc XFC

78