Proyecto de Investigacion

 

YZMW@N\M L@ GBU@^\GDHNGMB

Z`hkgzhlm pmr?  B@K^W WHAGK@ Y@Z@_ EHP^\GBM

EHNPK\HL L@ KH @LPNHNGÞB

LGNG@AJZ@ L@ :984 NMKMAJGH

 

GBLGN@ pèd. GB\ZMLPNNGMB……………………………………………………………………….. < 8. YKHB\ YKHB\@HAG @HAG@B\M @B\M L@K L@K YZMJK YZMJK@AH…… @AH……..…… ..……………… …………………… …………………. ………... < 8.8 OP^\GEGNHNGMB……… OP^\GEGNHNGMB……………………………….… ……………………….……………………..…… …………………..………….…... …….…... 5 8.: MJO@\GUM^……………… MJO@\GUM^…………………………………………… ………………………………………………….. ……………………..………. ………. 4 8.:.8 Mjo`tgvm D`b`rhk…………….………… D`b`rhk…………….……………..………………… …..………………………………………. ……………………. 4 8.:.: Mjo`tgvms @sp`náegnms………………………………………………… @sp`náegnms……………………………………………………………… …………… 4

:. Hbt`n`l`bt`s……………….…… Hbt`n`l`bt`s……………….……………………………… …………………………………………………… ………………………… 6 :.8 Fgpþt`sgs……………………… Fgpþt`sgs………………………………………………… …………………………………..…………… ………..…………….….....89 .….....89 :.: Ughjgkglhl………………… Ughjgkglhl…………………………………………… …………………………………….…….…… ………….…….……………... ………... 88

>. AHZNM NMBN@Y\PHK………………… NMBN@Y\PHK………………….……………………… .………………………………………… ………………… 8: >.8 Kh aÿsgnh………………………………………………… aÿsgnh…………………………………………………………………………… ………………………… 8: >.: A`amrgh……………………… A`amrgh………………………………………………… ……………………………………………….…… …………………….…….. .. 8> >.> @bs`øhbzh hpr`blgzho`……………….…………………………………… hpr`blgzho`……………….…………………………………………… ……… 8< >.< Nmap`t`bngh nmaubgnhtgvh………………………… nmaubgnhtgvh……………………………………………………… ……………………………….84 ….84 >.0 Nhapm s`aèbtgnm………………….………………………… s`aèbtgnm………………….……………………………………………….. …………………….. 86 >.5 Yrmbubnghngþb…………………………… Yrmbubnghngþb………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………87 ………………87 >.4 K`bduh `xtrhbo`rh…………………………. `xtrhbo`rh…………………………..……………………… .………………………………………..:9 ………………..:9

9 0.8 \gpm l` Gbv`stgdhngþb Hnngþb……………………………… Hnngþb………………………………………………………. ………………………..>9 .>9 0.: Yhrhlgdah l` gbv`stgdhngþb…………………………………………… gbv`stgdhngþb…………………………………………………………>: ……………>: 0.> L`kgagthngþb l`k nhsm……………………………… nhsm…………………………………………...……… …………...……………………>< ……………>< 0.>.8 Nmbt`xtm……………………… Nmbt`xtm…………………………………………………… ……………………………..…………………… ..………………………>< …><

 

0.< Ymjkhngþb……………………… Ymjkhngþb…………………………………..………… …………..……………………………………… ………………………………>5 …>5 0.0 Au`strh……………………… Au`strh…………………………………….………… …………….…………………………….……… ………………….……………>4 ……>4 0.5 Z`nursms……………………………… Z`nursms……………………………….….………………… .….…………………………….….……… ………….….…………>4 …>4 0.4 Yhsms l` kh gbv`stgdhngþb…….………………… gbv`stgdhngþb…….…………………………………………… ………………………….………..>6 .………..>6

5. Gbstrua`btms l` a`lgngþb……………………………………………… a`lgngþb………………………………………………………….>7 ………….>7 5.8 Lghrgm l` nhapm……………………… nhapm…………………………………………………… ……………………………………………..>7 ………………..>7 5.: @bnu`sths………………………… @bnu`sths…………………………………………………… …………………………………………………. @bs`øhbzh hpr`blgzho` @b `k `o` `o`rng rngngm ngm l` kh khj khjmr mr lmn`bt` lmn`bt` `s p`rt p`rtgb` gb`bt` bt` `k nmbmngag` nmbmngag`btm btm l` lgv`rs lgv`rsms ms hsp`ntms r`khngmbhlms nmb `k hntm l` kkh h `bs`øhbzh, qu` `stèb l`t`ragbhlms pmr `k lmn`bt`, lmn`bt `, `k `st `stulghbt ulghbt` ` y `k hnt hntm m l` `bs`øh `bs`øhbzh bzh ags agsam. am. @b `k ahrnm l` l`kk pr`s`bt` pr`s`bt` prmy`ntm prmy`nt m s` `xpmb`b nmbn`ptms nmbn`ptms d`b`rhk d`b`rhk`s `s thk`s nmam, `k prm prmn`sm n`sm l` `bs`øhbzh `bs`øhbzh hpr`blgzho`, lglèntgnhs, amtgvhngþb3 hsá nmam prmn`sms aès phrtgnukhr`s hnmrl`s nmb kh pmjkhngþb nmb kh qu` s` trhjhoh trhjhoh y kms gbt gbt`r`s`s `r`s`s l`k prmy`ntm `btr` kms nuhk`s s` `bnu`btrh `k l`shrrmkkm nmdbgtgvm l`k drupm nmb `k qu` s` trhjhoh `k vmnhjukhrgm. Kh `b `bs` s`øhb øhbzh zh „ hp hpr`b r`blg lgzho zho`, `, ph phrh rh pml` pml`rs rs` ` nma nmapr pr`bl `bl`r `r a`om a`omr, r, `s b`n b`n`s `shr hrgm gm r`nmrlhr km qu` nhlh `stms lms ahb`rh gblgvgluhk. @b prga`r kudhr, `k sgdbgegnhb hpr`blgzho` `s ubm ubh l` nhphnglhl l`ktçragbms gbt`k`ntml` phrh p`rngjgr kh r`hkglhl

 

y kk`vhr h nhjm nhajgms `b `k gblgvglum. @stms nhajgms, pu`l`b ahbge`sthrs` `b kh hntgtul, khs fhjgkglhl`s, l`str`zhs y `k nmbmngag`btm l` gbemrahngþb. Ymr mtrh phrt`, kh `bs`øhbzh `s amstrhr, dughr, shnhr eu`rh, nmam km lgn`b Nhapms y Z`str`pm ‛`s amstrhr phrh qu` `k mtrm pu`lh hsgrkm y hn`pthrkm.‑ (Nhapms y mtrms? :99:) @bs`øhbzh - hpr`blgzho` `s ub prmn`sm l` gbt`rhnngþb `btr` lms p`rsmbhs `b `k nuhk kh p`rsmbh duáh, mrg`bth h mtrh h trhvçs l` ub lghkmdm, `s ubh auktglgr`nn auktg lgr`nngmbhk gmbhk au`strh, pu`s s` nmaphrt nmaphrt`b `b `xp`rg `xp`rg`bnghs `bnghs nmbmngag`b nmbmngag`btms tms y vgv`bn vgv`bnghs ghsr`khngþb lmbl` bm smkha`bt` ubm s` j`b`egngh, sgbm qu` pmr `k nmbtrhrgm hajms pu`l`b shnhr  prmv`nfm l` `sh gbt`rhnngþb y hpr`bl`r `k ubm l`k mtrm. @k sgdug`bt` nmbn`ptm h nmbsgl`rhr `s kh lglèntgnh qu` `s l`egbglh pmr Ugthk` y mtrms k`xgnþdrhems, nmam `k `s`bnghk l`k prmn`sm `lunhtgvm, ub `k`a`btm prmpgm phrh `bs`øhr, nmbstgtuy` `k nmboubtm l` f`rrhag`bths, `strht`dghs, açtmlms, lgbèagnhs, tçnbgnhs, qu` s` hpkgnhb hk ama`btm l` kk`vhr h nhjm `k hntm l` `bs`øhbzh. Kh Lglèntgnh Lglènt gnh s` ahbge ahbgeg`sth g`sth `b kh nkhs` agsah agsah,, s` mjs`rvh y s` r`hkgz r`hkgzh h `b tg`a tg`apm pm r`hk, çsth `s kh lgbèagnh, `k rgtam, kh vglh l` ubh nkhs`. Kh lglèntgnh `s pu`s ‛`k hrt` l` `bs`øhr‑ (Ugthk` y mtrms? 877>). @k lmn`bt` hk gduhk qu` ub hrtgsth bm smkm lgspmb` l` aunfhs f`rrhag`bths, sgbm qu` shj` ushrkhs l` kh ahb`rh hprmpghlh phrh nr`hr su mjrh. @k r`p`rtmrgm r`p`rtmrgm l` lglènt lglèntgnhs gnhs utgk utgkgzhlhs gzhlhs `b ubh nkhs` pu` pu`l`b l`b vhrghr l` hnu`rlm h kms mjo`tgvms l` kh nkhs`, p`rm bm tmlhs khs lglèntgnhs smb hprmpghlhs phrh hknhbzhrkms. Ymr `o`apkm `o`apkm sg `k mjo mjo`tg `tgnm nm l` ubh nkhs nkhs` ` l` gbd gbdkçs kçs `s l`shrrmkk l`shrrmkkhr hr kh `snunf `snunfh, h, kh lglè lglènt ntgn gnh h aè aèss hp hprm rmpg pghl hlh h ph phrh rh nuap nuapkgkgrr `s` `s` mj mjo` o`tgtgvm vm pu pu`l `l` ` s`r3 s`r3 a` a`lg lghb hbt` t` drhjhngmb`s y a aht`rghk ht`rghk l` h hulgm ulgm q qu` u` r`eu`rn` `sh fhjgk fhjgkglhl glhl `b `sp`nghk y bm ubh k`nturh smjr` kh gapmrthbngh l` kh `snunfh3 pmr `bl`, sgb gapmrthr nuèk s`h `k t`ah l` `bs`øhbzh sg`apr` fhy ubh lglèntg lglèntgnh nh aès hprmpghlh qu` mtrh y `sh khjmr l`k lglhnth, `snmd`r kh qu` a`omr s` hnmamlh h su b`n`sglhl. Yhrh kmdrhr qu` kh lglènt lglèntgnh gnh s` `bnu`bt `bnu`btr` r` `b hrambá hrambáh h nmb `k l`shrrmkkm l` kh nkhs` vhk` kh p`bh `xpmb`r kh amtgvhngþb nmam pu`bt` y l`snrgjgr sus nhrhnt`rástgnhs `s`bnghk`s qu` oubtm nmb kh lglèntgnh nmbstruy`b `k çxgtm m `k erhnhsm l` kh khjmr  `lunhtgvh.  Kh amtgvhngþb `b su s`btglm aès d`b`rhk km l`egb` Buttga nmam ‛gbngthr h ubh p`rsmbh h fhn`r u magtgr hkdm‑ (Buttga?8747,8:>) qu` `b su ahymráh pu`l`b s`r  hnngmb`s r`hkgzhlhs pmr ub gblgvglum nmb ub egb l`t`ragbhlm, p`rm `b `k nhsm l` kh `lunhngþb, amtgvhr `s pr`lgspmb`r h kms hkuabms h qu` hpr`blhb, `s gbn`btgvhr h kh hnngþb phrh kk`dhr h ubh a`th, m h nuapkgr ub mjo`tgvm prmpu`stm qu` hk s`r  hknhbzhlm lh nmam r`sukthlm ub pkhn`r, hk`dráh m trgst`zh y erustrhngþb l`p`blg`blm l` khs nmbs`nu`bnghs l` kh khjmr r`hkgzhlh.

 

 Kh amtgvhngþb pu`l` s`r nmam km `xpr`sh Omsç J`rbhrlm Nhrrhsnm (8774) l` nhrènt`r egsgmkþdgnm, pu`s `k mrgd`b l` kh hnngþb mj`l`n` h ub gapuksm nhushlm pmr  ubh b`n`sglhl nmam fhajr` m s`l, `btr` mtrhs. @k mjo`tgvm l` kh hntgvglhl `s kh r` `qugkgjrhngþb l`k eubngmbhag`btm bhturhk l`k nu`rpm. Mtrm tgpm l` amtgvm `s kh `amngþb, `k gbnr`a`btm l` çsth nuhblm `s hdrhlhjk` y su lgsagbungþb nuhblm s` tmrbh l`shdrhlhjk`. Kh amtg amtgvhngþb vhngþb pu`l` s`r, s`dÿb Nhrrhsnm (8774), gbtrábs`n gbtrábs`nh h m `xtráb `xtrábs`nh. s`nh. Nuhblm kh hnngþb `s kk`vhl kk`vhlh h h nhjm drhnghs h ub gbn`btgvm gbn`btgvm kmnhkgzhlm l`btrm l` kh p`rsmb p`rsmbh, h, `s gbtrábs`nm3 l` mtrm amlm, `k `k`a`btm qu` `apuoh h r`hkgzhr kh hntgvglhl `stè eu`rh l`k gblgvglum, `s l`ngr qu` r`pr`s`bth ubh amtgvhngþb `xtrábs`nh. Pb hsp`ntm gapmrthbt` `b kh amtgvhngþb `s `k gbn`btgvm m `stáaukm d`b`rhka`bt` s` ush phrh r`emrzhr ub amtgvm jusnhblm r`emrzhr kh hntgvglhl ` gbnr`a`bthr `k drhlm l` r` r`nma nmap` p`bsh bsh,, th thk` k`ss pu pu`l` `l`b b s` s`rr lgb` lgb`rm, rm, r` r`nm nmbmn bmnga gag` g`bt btm m sm smng nghk hk,, hkhj hkhjhb hbzh, zh, hpkhusm... Kh amtgvhngþb pu`l` s`r nmam km `xpmb` (Nhrrhsnm?8774,8:6) pmsgtgvh m b`dhtgvh, l`p`blg`blm l`p`blg `blm l`k r`sukthlm qu` s` jusqu` nmb kh hntgvg hntgvglhl lhl qu` r`hkgz r`hkgzh h `k suo`tm. ^g `k mjo`tgvm `s l`sp`rthr ub gbt`rçs ehvmrhjk` phrh qu` kh hntgvglhl s`h r`hkgzhlh, çsth çsth `s pm pmsg sgtgtgvh vh33 p` p`rm rm sg kh hntg hntgvg vglh lhl l s` r` r`hk hkgz gzh h jh jhom om pr pr`s `sgþ gþb b l` nhst nhstgd gdms ms y ha`bhzhs, kh amtgvhngþb `s b`dhtgvh. @s ga gapm pmrt rthbt hbt` ` nm nmbs bsgl gl`r `rhr hr qu` kh `lun `lunhn hngþ gþb b mjt mjtg` g`b` b` a` a`om omr`s r`s r`s r`suk ukth thlm lmss sg kh amtgvhngþb fhngh `k `stulghbt` `s pmsgtgvh y jrgblh hk `stulghbt` shtgsehnngmb`s, pu`stm qu` `k mjo`tgvm eublha`bthk l` kh amtgvhngþb `s gbspgrhr hk `stulghbt` phrh qu` l` emrah kgjr` y `spmbtèb`h kmdr` hknhbzhr kms mjo`tgvms prmpu`stms. Ymr mtrm khlm, `s gapmrthbt` t`b`r `b nu`bth kms nmbn`ptms l` gbt`rçs phrtgnukhr `b `k prmy`ntm l` gbv`stgdhngþb nmam km smb `k l`shrrmkkm nmdbgtgvm `bemnhlm fhngh kh bgø`z gbt`ra`lgh y `k vmnhjukhrgm, çst` ÿktgam l` drhb gapmrthbngh `b `k pr`s`bt` prmy`ntm l` gbv`stgdhngþb. @k l`shrrmkkm nmdbgtgvm `s `k `stulgm ng`btáegnm l` kms nhajgms qu` mnurr`b `b khs p`rsmbhs, hsá nmam l` khs nhrhnt`rástgnhs qu` p`rahb`n`b `sthjk`s h km khrdm l` su vglh (Yhphkgh? :998) y `stè auy r`khngmbhlm nmb `k nr`ngag`btm `amngmbhk ` gbt`k`ntuhk. Yghd`t pkhbt`h `k l`shrrmkkm nmdbgtgvm `b lge`r`bt`s `thphs l` kh vglh (gbehbngh, hlmk`sn`bngh, `lhl hlukth) y nhlh ubh l` çsths khs sujnkhsgegnh `b suj` suj`th thph phs. s. @k pr pr`s `s`b `bt` t` pr prmy my`n `ntm tm s` `bem `bemnh nh `b kh suj` suj`th thph ph kkha kkhahl hlh h bgø` bgø`zz gbt`ra`lgh, kh nuhk `stè nmapr`blglh `btr` kms 4 y kms 88 høms, yh qu` s` trhjhoh nmb ubh pmjkhngþb `b kh nuhk kh `lhl l` sus gbt`drhbt`s msngkh `btr` `sths `lhl`s.

 

Ymr mtrh phrt`, s` `bnu`btrh `k nmbn`ptm l` vmnhjukhrgm, `k nuhk s` pu`l` l`egbgr  nmam nmam `k nmbo nmboub ubtm tm l` phkh phkhjr jrhs hs l` l`kk nuhk nuhk nmbs nmbsth th ubh ubh k`bd k`bduh uh m ub ubh h ah aht` t`rg rgh h l`t`ragbhlh (Ugthk` y mtrms? 877>). Nhlh phkhjrh qu` nmapmb` `k vmnhjukhrgm l` ubh k`bduh `s kkhahlm ubglhl kçxgnh (Jhom? :999, :>). Kms lge`r`bt`s vmnhjkms l` ubh k`bduh pu`l`b s`r `bnmbtrhlms `b lgstgbths nmapgkhngmb`s qu` vhb l`sl` dkmshrgms, lgnngmbhrgms, fhsth t`smrms. @s p`rtgb`bt` a`bngmbhr qu` `k vmnhjukhrgm `s ubm l` kms ehntmr`s l`egbgtgvms h kh fmrh l` lmagbhr ubh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh3 sg s` hbhkgzh l`t`bglha`bt`, l` bhlh sgrv` `k nmbmngag`btm l` khs `strunturhs drhahtgnhk`s `b `k prmn`sm l` hpr`blgzho` l` ubh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh, sg bm s` pms`` ub r`p`rtmrgm suegng`bt` l` vmnhjukhrgm phrh nmaubgnhrs`.

>.< nmap`t`bngh nmaubgnhtgvh @s p`rtgb`bt` a`bngmbhr qu` `k vmnhjukhrgm `s ubm l` kms ehntmr`s l`egbgtgvms h kh fmrh l` lmagbhr ubh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh3 sg s` hbhkgzh l`t`bglha`bt`, l` bhlh sgrv` `k nmbmngag`btm l` khs `strunturhs drhahtgnhk`s `b `k prmn`sm l` hpr`blgzho` l` ubh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh, sg bm s` pms`` ub r`p`rtmrgm suegng`bt` l` vmnhjukhrgm phrh nmaubgnhrs`. Lgnf Lgnfm m thk` thk`bt btm m m vgrt vgrtul ul ph phrh rh nmau nmaubg bgnh nhrs rs` ` hl hl`n `nuh uhlh lha` a`bt bt`, `, m nmap nmap`t `t`b `bng ngh h nmau nmaubg bgnh nhtgtgvh vh,, l` l`p` p`bl bl` ` l` khs khs `xgd `xgd`b `bng nghs hs qu qu` ` ub ubh h nmau nmaubg bglh lhl l kgbd kgbdûá ûást stgn gnh h l`t`ragbhlh `sthjk`znh, pmr `sm `s qu` `k thk`btm phrh shj`r nmaubgnhrs`, l`j` s`r l`shr l`shrrmk rmkkh khlm lm.. ‛Kh nm nmap ap`t `t`b `bng ngh h nma nmaub ubgn gnht htgv gvh h `s hq hqu` u`kkkkh h qu qu` ` ub fh fhjk jkhb hbt` t` b`n`sgth shj`r phrh nmaubgnhrs` l` ahb`rh `egnhz `b nmbt`xtms nukturhka`bt` sgdbgegnhbt`s.‑ (Kmahs? 8776, >6) Kh nmap`t`bngh nmaubgnhtgvh `xgd` `k shj`r `snunfhr, `k shj`r `xpr`shrs` y `k `sthr sgtuhlm l`btrm l` ubh nmaubglhl kgbdûástgnh. Yhrh nmaubgnhrs` s` b`n`sgthb lms p`rsmbhs qu` ahb`o`b hkdm aès qu` ubh agsah k`bduh? `k vgvgr `b ubh agsah r`dgþb, `bt`bl`r khs emrahs prmpghs l`k usm l` kh k`bduh `b kh r`dgþb h kh qu` p`rt p` rt`b` `b`n` n`b b (lg (lghk hk`nt `ntm) m) y ah ahb` b`oh ohrr ub ag agsa sam m nm nmbm bmng ngag ag`bt `btm m m pm pmrr km a` a`bms bms ub nmbmngag`btm nukturhk auy prþxgam. ^g s` fhjkh l` ubh hlqugsgngþb l` kh k`bduh y kh nhphnglhl l` `xpr`shr y prmlungr  hntms lgsnursgvms lgsnursgvms hl`nuhlms, `k prmpþsgt prmpþsgtm m phrh `k nuhk `s utgk utgkgzhlm gzhlm ub glgma glgmah h l`j` `sthr `st hr ah ahrnh rnhlm lm pm pmrr kh nm nmrr` rr`nt nth h vgbn vgbnuk ukhng hngþb þb l` kh khss phk phkhj hjrhs rhs m :9 vm vmnhj nhjuk ukhrg hrgms ms l`p`blg`blm l` nhapms s`aèbtgnms `sp`náegnms. H phrtgr l` kh hntgvhngþb l`k nmbmngag`btm nmbmnga g`btm pr`vgm, r`sp`ntm h ub nhapm s`aèbt s`aèbtgnm gnm `sp`náegnm y kh gl`bt gl`btgegnh gegnhngþb ngþb l` khs phkhjrhs qu` p`rt`b`n`b hk agsam, s`rè aès eèngk ubh nmrr`nth y ju`bh prmlunngþb mrhk m `snrgth, hsá nmam kh p`rn`pngþb l` ub a`bsho`.

 

Bm mjsthbt`, kh fhjgkglhl phrh nmaubgnhrs` gbnkuy` `k nmbmngag`btm l` khs nuhtrm fhjgkglhl`s? `snrgturh, prmlunngþb mrhk, `snunfh y k`nturh, km qu` p`ragt` h ub gbt`rkmnutmr shj`r nmb`nthrs` nmb su r`hkglhl y `bthjkhr ub hajg`bt` nmaubgnhtgvm qu` p`ragth `k `brgqu`ngag`btm l` su nukturh, l` kh ng`bngh y l`k l`shrrmkkm l` su hpr`blgzho`. Kh aÿsgnh s` pr`s`bth `btmbn`s nmam ub hgbstrua`btm l` r`khngþb lgr`nth nmb `k gbdkçs, gbdkçs , su usm y su r`k`vhbng r`k`vhbngh h m r`e`r`bngh khs `xpr`sgmb`s `xpr`sgmb`s hrtástg hrtástgnhs nhs y nuktur nukturhk`s hk`s l`k fmajr`. Ymr s`r ubh emrah l` `xpr`sgþb, `st` hrt` s` vgbnukh h kh prmlunngþb y p`rn`pngþb l` ub glgmah, pmr a`lgm l`k nuhk `k fmajr` `xpr`sh sus s`btgag`btms y hlqug`r` kh l`str`zh phrh shj`r `xpr`shr km qu` sg`bt`, vgv` y l`snujr`.

>.0 nhapms s`aèbtgnms Khs phkhjrhs `stèb gbt`rnmb`nthlhs pmr su sgdbgegnhlm m pmr su prmn`l`bngh. Kh r` r`khn khngþ gþb b `b `btr tr` ` km kmss tç tçra ragb gbms ms,, s` lh dr drhn hngh ghss h nha nhapm pmss s` s`aè aèbt btgn gnms ms y nha nhapm pmss kgbdûástgnms qu` hyulhb h kh nmapr`bsgþb l` lgnfhs phkhjrhs h phrtgr l` su nmb`xgþb nmb ub nmbt`xtm.  Hk fhjkhr l` ub nhapm s`aèbtgnm, s` a`bngmbh kh r`khngþb `btr` phkhjrhs qu` s` nmb`nthb pmr su prmn`l`bngh3 ag`btrhs qu` hk fhjkhr l` nhapm kgbdûástgnm s` fhn` r`e`r`bngh h kh gbt`rnmb`xgþb qu` khs phkhjrhs tg`b`b ubhs :8 nmb mtrhs drhnghs h su usm l`btrm l` ubh nmaubglhl m h kh r`khngþb qu` pmr sgdbgegnhlm, pu`lh t`b`r nmb mtrhs mt rhs33 bms bmsmt mtrms rms kkkkha hahr` hr`am amss h km kmss nh nhap apms ms s` s`aè aèbt btgn gnms ms h kh hd hdru ruphn phngþ gþb b l` km kmss nmbn`ptms qu` tg`b`b ubh r`khngþb pmr su sgdbgegnhlm y pmr su nmb`xgþb h ub nmbt`xtm l`t`ragbhlm. ‛@ ‛@kk vm vmnh nhju jukh khrg rgm m s` hr hrtgtgnu nukh kh s` s`dÿ dÿb b vh vhkm kmr`s r`s s`a s`aèb èbtgtgnms nms y jh jhom om r` r`kh khng ngmb` mb`ss l` gbt`rl`p`bl` gbt`rl `p`bl`bngh. bngh. Pbhs phkhjrhs l`kgag l`kgagthb thb h mtrhs, l` thk ahb`rh qu` sg ubh suer` ub nhajgm, çst` h su v`z he`nth h tmlms kms ag`ajrms qu` nmapmb`b `k nhapm‑. (E`rbèbl`z? 8776, 876)  Hk `xgstgr r`khngþb lgr`nth `btr` khs phkhjrhs, `sth vgbnukhngþb r`náprmnh hyulh h kh `khjmrhngþb `khjmr hngþb l`k nhapm s`aèbtgn s`aèbtgnm m y çst` h su v`z gbekuy` `b kh nmbstrunngþb l` kms nmbn`ptms, aès `s gapmrthbt` qu` sgb `xgstgr hkdÿb tgpm l` o`rhrqugzhngþb l` kms nmbn`pt nmb n`ptms, ms, `xp `xpkán kángth gtha`b a`bt` t` pmr su prm prmn`l` n`l`bng bngh h kgbdûá kgbdûástg stgnh nh m s`a s`aèbt èbtgnh gnh,, çst çsth h sg pu`l` pu `l` s`r ah ahbg bge` e`st sthlh hlh pmr r` r`kh khng ngmb mb`s `s l` ga gapm pmrt rthbn hbngh gh `b `btr tr` ` nm nmbn bn`pt `ptms ms aè aèss d`b`rhk`s h kms aès `sp`náegnms m vgn`v`rsh. ^gb gapmrthr nuhkqug`r tgpm l` mrdhbgzhngþb qu` pu`lh fhn`r ubh p`rsmbh l` kms nhapms s`aèbtgnms, pmr a`lgm l` çstms, fhy ahymr ehngkglhl phrh kh `khjmrhngþb l` nmbn`ptms, kh nmbstrunngþb l` ougngms y kh hlhpthngþb l` kms vg`oms nmbn`ptms qu` smb r`pkhbt`hlms pmr kh hphrgngþb l` kms r`ngjglms. Drhnghs h lgnfms nhapms, bm

 

smb smkm khs phkhjrhs s` hdruphb, sgbm thajgçb khs gl`hs qu` smb khs qu` hk egbhk p`ragt`b qu` ubh nmaubgnhngþb t`bdh nmbs`nungþb y s`btglm phrh hsá mjt`b`r ubh ahymr ekugl`z y nmap`t`bngh nmaubgnhtgvh.

>.5. Yrmbubnghngþb @bt`blglh nmam kh hrtgnukhngþb m amlukhngþb l` smbglms, kh prmbubnghngþb `s phrt` eublha`bthk `b `k usm l` ubh k`bduh, pu`s `s `k hntm l` fhjkh qu` ub gbt`rkmnutmr  fhn` phrh lhr h `bt`bl`r ub a`bsho`. \rhs `k hntm l` fhjkh `xgst` kh nmapk`oh thr`h l` `snunfhr, `bt`bl`r, hbhkgzhr y prmlungrr ub a`bsho`, qu`, sg bm `s pmr ubh hl`nuhlh hrtgnuk prmlung hrtgnukhngþb hngþb l` kms emb`a emb`ahs, hs, s` p`rl`ráh `k a`bsho` `b su s`btglm aès nmapk`tm. Wh ^hussur` fhjáh r`nmbmnglm kh gapmrthbngh gapmrthbngh l`k emb`a emb`ah h hk l`snujrg l`snujrgrr qu` oubth oubthlm lm nmb mtrms, pms`á pms`áh h kh eubngþb l` ujgnhr khs phkhjrhs l`btrm l` ub sgst`ah phrh s`r r`nmbmnglms. Kh prmbubnghngþb prmbubnghngþb hlqug`r` su gapmrthbng gapmrthbngh h hk mjs`rvh mjs`rvhrr qu` kh emrah aès n`rnhbh y prèntgnh `b nþam s` ush ubh k`bduh, `s l`btrm l` kh `xpr`sgþb mrhk3 nmbtgbuha`bt` kh nmaubgnhngþb nmaubgnhngþb `xgd` h lms fhjkh fhjkhbt`s bt`s h utgk utgkgzhr gzhr sus nmbmng nmbmngag`bt ag`btms ms y su `xpr`sgþb l` gl`hs sgb kh hyulh l` ub jmkádrhem m l` mtrh p`rsmbh (nmam pu`l` mnurrgr  nuhblm s` k``, s` `snrgj` m s` `snunfh)3 smkm pms``b kh hyulh l` su a`bt` y sus prmpghs fhjgkglhl`s phrh nmaubgnhrs`, p`rm hub t`bg`blm ub ju`b vmnhjukhrgm y phrh kh `xpr`sgþb `snrgth (j`b`egnghlm pmr `k nmbmngag`btm l` kh drhaètgnh) ub a`bsho` a`bsho ` pu`l` s`r ahk`bt`bl ahk`bt`blglm glm pmr ehkth l` ubh ju`bh hrtgnuk hrtgnukhngþb hngþb y `agsg `agsgþb þb l` kms smbglms. @k ju`b usm l`k fhjkh `b ubh k`bduh, smjr` tmlm sg `s `xtrhbo`rh, `xtrhbo`rh, s` nmapkgnh hÿb aès sg s` tg`b` `b nu`bth qu` `k s`r fuahbm hlqug`r` hlqug`r` kh fhjgkglhl phrh hrtgnuk hrtgnukhr hr y amlukhr kms emb`ahs qu` p`rt`b`n`b h su k`bduh3 hk t`b`r n`rnhbáh nmb ub glgmah qu` bm `s prmpgha`bt` hk qu` fh `sthlm `xpu`stm l`sl` su bhngag`btm, l`j` hlqugrgr kh nhphnglhl l` prmbubnghr khs phkhjrhs phrh qu` s`hb nmapr`blglhs `b `k sgst`ah nmbv`bngmbhk hk qu` p`rt`b`n`b, :> fhjgkglhl qu` pu`l` hlqugrgr sgb thbth lgegnukthl sg tg`b` ub nmbthntm lgr`ntm nmb kh aÿsgnh. Kh aÿsgnh pu`l` gbt`bsgegnhr kh nmapr`bsgþb `b kh amlukhngþb l` kh vmz, kh emrah y `k pubtm l` hrtgnukhngþb l` ub emb`ah l`t`ragbhlm, hsá nmam pmr kh gbt`bsglhl, `k gbnr`a`btm m `k l`sn`bsm `b kms tmbms `agtglms, s` pu`l` lhr ahymr nhphnglhl phrh r`nmrlhr ubh phkhjrh y nþam s` prmbubngh çsth.

>.4 k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh.

 

\mlm s`r \mlm s`r fu fuah ahbm bm bh bhn` n` y s` l` l`sh shrr rrmk mkkh kh l` l`bt btrm rm l` ub ubh h nmau nmaubg bglh lhl l qu qu` ` `s nmbegdurhlh l`btrm l` ub drupm kgbdûástgnm `sp`náegnm, lmbl` nukturh, smng`lhl y `snu`kh `stèb kgdhlhs pmr ub agsam glgmah. Hk `sthr nmb`nthlm ubh nmaubglhl l` fhjkh, kh p`rsmbh hlmpth hqu`k sgst`ah l` sgdbms prmpgms phrh nmaubgnhrs` nmam su k`bduh prmpgh m bhtgvh, h lge`r`bngh l` mtrms glgmahs, qu` trhs hnn`l`r h `kkms, s` r`nmbmn`b gba`lghtha`bt` nmam `xtrhbo`rms. Pbm l` kms hsp`ntms aès gapmrthbt`s h r`nmbmn`r `b ubh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh, `s qu` bm s` tg`b` ubh nmbtgbuh gbt bt` `rh rhnnngþb nmb `kkh, sgbm qu` s` hpr`bl `bl` hnhlçagnha`bt` `b prga`rh gbsthbngh, phrh ku`dm s`r ushlh `b `k nmbt`xtm hk nuhk p`rt`b`n`. Pb `stulghbt`, fgsphbmfhjkhbt`, tg`b` `k hnn`sm tmthk y nmbtgbum hk glgmah l`btrm l` ub shkþb l` nkhs`3 p`rm eu`rh l` çk, `k nmbthntm s` r`lun` h nmbv`rs nmb v`rshng hngmb`s mb`s nmr nmrths ths,, `snunfh `snunfh l` bmtgng bmtgng`rm `rmss gbt`rbh gbt`rbhngm ngmbhk bhk`s `s y l` aÿsgnh aÿsgnh.. @k glgmah qu` hpr`bl` bm `s utgkgzhlm nmb tmlms sus rhsdms nhrhnt`rástgnms, yh qu` ubh k`bduh r`qug`r` l` su nmbt`xtm y l` kms usms :< phrtgnukhr`s l` hqu`kkhs phkhjrhs qu` tg`b`b ub s`btglm y ubh nmbbmthngþb phrtgnukhr`s s`dÿb ubh r`dgþb `sp`náegnh. @k hpr`bl`r ubh s`dublh k`bduh `xgd` aès qu` `stulghr nuhkqug`r mtrh aht`rgh l`k prmdrhah `snmkhr pu`s `s` glgmah lge`r`bt` `stè nmbegdurhlm y `s hlqugrglm thk y nmam bmsmtrms km fhn`am fhn`amss nmb bu`strm prmpgm glgmah? `xp`rg`b `xp`rg`bnghs, nghs, usm nmbtg nmbtgbum, bum, nmbt`xtms y nhapms s`aèbtgnms. ‛B`n`sgthams hsuagr qu`, phrh qu` bu`strms hkuabms kk`du`b egbhka`bt` h nmbv`rtgrs` `b pmt`bnghk`s usuhrgms l` kh k`bduh qu` trhthb l` hpr`bl`r, kh hnuaukhngþb l` ubh drhb nhbtglhl l` `xp`rg`bnghs kgbdûástgnhs utgkgzhblm `sh k`bduh l`sl` ub prgsah nmaubgnhtgvm, `b gbt`rhnngþb, s` nmbvg`rt` `b ub r`qugsgtm l` prga`rh `sthbngh.‑ (Ambtgohbm? :998, :

 Gjál.

 

gbv`stgdhngþb hngþb nuhkgthtgvm `s l` bhturhk`zh kgag kgagthlh. thlh. @b çk  0.:.8.. Lgs`øm l` kh gbv`stgdhngþb?  fhn` r`e`r`bngh hk nþam. 0.:.:..  Z`lhnngþb ` gbemra` l` r`sukthlms?  kh t`mrgzhngþb bms p`ragtgrè ahrnhs ub euturm pubtm l` phrtglh phrh kh sgdug`bt` gbv`stgdhngþb. Kms prgbngphk`s açtmlms l` gbv`stgdhngþb qu` utgkgzh `k phrhlgdah smb?

Fgstþrgnm-hbhkátgnm? nmbsgst` `b v`r nmam `vmkungmbh y s` l`shrrmkkh ub e`bþa`bm, `b mjs mjs`rv `rvhr hr kh khss `x `xp` p`nt ntht htgv gvhs hs l` eu eutu turm, rm, hb hbhk hkgz gzèb èblmk lmkhs hs hø høm m tr trhs hs hø høm. m. ^g ^g`b `blm lm

 

`btmbn`s ub `stulgm kmbdgtulgbhk, kms aès nmapk`tms, p`rm thajgçb lgeángk`s l` s`dugr. @b `kkms su`k`b jusnhr drupms r`pr`s`bthtgvms y fmamdçb`ms. @tbmdrèegnm?  `k gbv gbv`st `stgdh gdhlmr lmr jusnh jusnh shn shnhr hr kh `st `strunt runturh, urh, `k nmb nmbmng mngag` ag`btm btm y khs trhlgngmb`s l` ubh nukturh `b nmbnr`tm. Hquá `k gbv`stgdhlmr s` nmbvg`rt` `b phrt` `b gbt` gbt`dr drhb hbt` t` l` kh nukt nuktur urh, h, phrh phrh pm pml` l`rr s`r s`r ph phrt rtgn gngp gp` ` mj mjt` t`bg bg`b `blm lm hsá hsá ub ubh h gbt`rpr`thngþb km aès r`hk, hn`pthlh y nmapk`th. s`ráh h hkdm hkdm hsá hsá nmam nmam kh @stul @st ulgm gm l` nhsm nhsm m th thaj ajgç gçb b kk kkha hahl hlm m ambm ambmdr drhe heáh áh??   s`rá r` r`lun lunng ngþb þb l` kh `t `tbm bmdrh drheá eáh h h ub ubh h p` p`rsm rsmbh bh,, hn hnmbt mbt`ng `ngag ag`bt `btm, m, pr prmn` mn`sm sm m dru drupm pm nmbnr`tm nuyhs nhrhnt`rástgnhs smb l`t`ragbhlhs.

0.>. L`kgagthngþb l`k nhsm Kh gbv`stgdhngþb s` kk`vhrh h nhjm `b Kh GGbstgtungþb bstgtungþb @lunhtgvh Omsç Ahráh Nþrlmjh l` kh Z`pujkgnh l` Nmkmajgh, ^`l` ^`agkk`rms l`k ^hj`r. Pbh gbstgtungþb pÿjkgnh hjhk hj hkhl hlh h pm pmrr `k Ag Agbg bgst st`r `rgm gm l` @l @lun unhn hngþ gþb b Bh Bhng ngmbh mbhk,k, lmbl lmbl` ` s` ga gapk pk`a `a`bt `bth h km kmss prmy`ntms l` `bs`øhbzh l` khs lge`r`bt`s aht`rghs y t`ahs, t`ahs, lmbl` `k tg`apm phrh `bs`øhbzh `bs`øhb zh l`k gbdkç gbdkçss `s l` lms fmrhs s`a s`ahbhk`s, hbhk`s, kkm m nuhk bm `s suegng suegng`bt`s `bt`s phrh thb gapmrthbt` èr`h. Kh gbstgtungþb `lunhtgvh htg`bl` aès l` lms agk `stulghbt`s l` tmlms kms hkr`l`lmr`s l`k aubgngpgm y eubngmbh fhn`h .8. Nmbt`xtm Gbstgtungmbhk 0.>.8.8. Pjgnhngþb d`mdrèegnh Kh Gbstg Gbstgtungþ tungþb b @lunht @lunhtgvh gvh Omsç Ahráh Nþrlmjh, `stè ujgnhlh ujgnhlh `b L`phrt L`phrtha`bt ha`btm m l` Nhshbhr`, Nhshbhr`, Aubgng Aubgngpgm pgm l` \hurha` \hurha`bh bh (U`r Egdurh 8)3 nu`b nu`bth th nmb bu`v` s`l`s lgstrgjuglhs l` kh sgdug`bt` ahb`rh? ^`l`s Prjhbhs? ^`l` n`btrhk, ^`l` prgahrgh ^`agkk`rms l`k shj`r, ^`l`s Zurhk`s? Lgvgbm Bgøm v`r`lh Nhjhøhs, @k Duhehk v`r`lh Duhehk l`k Nhoh, Kh Yhk`stgbh v`r`lh @k zhajm, Kh Pbgþb v`r`lh @k Msm, Khs Jrgshs v`r`lh @k Yhkahr, Kh Ekmrglh Ekmrglh v`r`lh J`blgngmb`s y @k \rgubem v`r`lh Khdubgths.

 

Egdurh 8.8. Pjgnhngþb l` kh Gbst. @lunhtgvh Omsç Ahráh Nþrlmjh `b `k aubgngpgm l`

\hurha`bh.

0.>.8.:. Hsp`ntm fgstþrgnm Kh Gbstgtungþb s` eublþ `b `k høm 8740, nmb `k bmajr` l` ‛Nmk`dgm Gbt`bl`bnghk l` jhnfgkk`rhtm l` \hurha`bh‑, nuym prga`r r`ntmr eu` lmb Y`lrm Yhjkm Yçr`z. @b sus prga prga`rm `rmss hø høms ms l` kh khjm jmrr hsua hsuagþ gþ `k ‛jh ‛jhnf nfgkgkk` k`rht rhtm m hnhlç hnhlçag agnm nm‑‑ r` r`dg dglm lm pmr pmr `k l`nr`t l`n r`tm m 969 l` 874 8748< l` ah ahym ym 87 l` :99 :99> > r`su`kv` eusgmbhr nmb kh gbstgtungþb khs s`l`s rurhk`s? ^hb Omsç, @k Duhehk, Kh U`dh (Ulh. Ambs`rrht` kh U`dh), Kh @sp`rhbzh (Ulh. @k Ohdûgtm) Kh Kgj`rthl (Ulh. Ugsgbhnh), Hduhahnm, Dûgnfgr`, Hduhjkhbnh, @k Nfhphrrhk y Kh Yhk`stgbh (Ulh. @k _haj _h ajm) m)33 aè aèss hl hl`k `khbt hbt` ` `b kh a` a`lg lglh lh qu qu` ` smb hj hjg` g`rt rths, hs, s` hb`xh hb`xhb? b? @k Ms Msm, m, J`blgn J`b lgngmb gmb`s `s y `k Yhkah Yhkahr. r. Hkdubh Hkdubhss l` `sths s`l` s`l`ss oubtm nmb kh prgahr prgahrgh gh s`ráhb s`ráhb hjg`rths nmam ub bu`vm gbstgtutm `lunhtgvm `b `k aubgngpgm h egbhk`s l`k :996, nmag`bzms l`k :997.

0.>.8.>. Hsp`ntm p`lhdþdgnm. @b kh hn hnttuhkg uhkglh lhl, l, p`lh p`lhdþ dþdg dgnh nha a`b `bt` t` kh Gbst Gbstggtung tungþb þb ga gapu puks ksh h y hsu sua` a` nmaprmagsms l` d`stgþb l` lmn`bngh y hpr`blgzho` `bahrnhlms `b ub `bemqu` nmbt nm bt`a `apm pmrè rèb` b`m, m, jh jhom om ub aml`k ml`km m ^g ^gst stça çagn gnm m - @s @str trun unttur urhk hk,, nm nmb b lgl lglèn ènttgnh gnh auktglga`bsgmbhk, qu` nmrr`spmbl` h kms nrgt`rgms l` `lunhjgkglhl nmb s`btglm, sgdbgegnhlm, `xpr`sgþb, r`ek`xgþb y nmaubgnhngþb phrh kh `xphbsgþb l`k s`r fuahbm l`sl` su gbt`rgmrglhl y `b kh r`khngþb gbt`rp`rsmbhk y l` nmrr`spmbshjgkglhl nmb `k a`lgm hajg`bt`. Yhrh khs s`l`s urjhbhs y kh s`nngþb Nhjhøhs s` hsua`b khs mrg`bthngmb`s l` kh Y`lhdmdáh Nmbn`ptuhk, aml`km `b `k nuhk yh s` trhbsgth l`sl` `k :99< nmb kh ‛Nèt`lrh l` K`ntmr`s Nmap`t`bt`s‑ gapk`a`bthlh l`sl` `k drhlm trhbsgngþb, fhsth `k drhlm ublçnga ublçngam. m. H phrtg phrtgrr l` :99 :995, 5, s` gbgngþ gbgngþ `k prmn`s prmn`sm m l` hrt hrtgnu gnukhn khngþb gþb l` kh Gbstgtungþb nmb `k ^@BH. Bu`strhs s`l`s rurhk`s, pmr su p`rtgb`bngh s` hprmpghb, h kms prgbngpgms p`lhdþdgnms l`k Yrmdrhah @snu`kh Bu`vh, aml`km n`btrhlm `b `k `stulghbt` qug`b s` r`khngmbh nmb kh nmaubglhl y `k `btmrbm `b ub hpr`blgzho`

 

hntgvm, p`rsmbhkgzhlm y nmmp`rhtgvm. Kh Gbstgtungþb thajgçb mer`n` kms prmdrhahs l` `lunhngþb l` hluktms (`lunhngþb nmbtgbuhlh l` hkehj`tgzhngþb y s`agpr`s`bnghk). @b `k høm :997 kh gbstgtungþb `s n`rtgegnhlh jhom kh bmrah G^M 7998?:996 - B\N G^M G^M 79 7998 98?: ?:99 996 6 N@ N@Z\ Z\GE GEGN GNHL HLM M B¿ ^N 5 559 5999-8q 8qu` u` fh p p`r `rag agtgtglm lm ah ahym ymr  r  mrdhbgzhngþb y s`dugag`btm h kms prmn`sms.

0.>.8.5 lmn`bt`s `b prgahrgh, lmn`bt`s `b s`nublhrgh y 8: lmn`bt`s l` kh zmbh rurhk.

0.. >. Hb Hbèk èkgs gsgs gs l` pms pmsgj gjk` k`ss `str `strht ht`d `dgh ghs? s? s` fg fgzm zm çbe çbehs hsgs gs `b kh `bs `bs`ø `øhb hbzh zh `b lgv`rsms nmbt`xtms r`hk`s l` nmaubgnhngþb pmr a`lgm l` lge`r`bt`s r`nursms phrh lgbhagzhr `k hpr`blgzho`. 0.4. 0. 4.. Uhrghjk`s l` `stulgm  

 Hpr`blgzho` nmmp`rhtgvm h trhvçs l` nhbngmb`s (gbl`p`blg`bt`) Glgmah l` gbdkçs (l`p`blg`bt`)

 

L`egbgngmb`s Nmbn`ptuhk`s 5.>.8 Hpr`blgzho` nmmp`rhtgvm h trhvçs l` nhbngmb`s. L` hnu`rlm h Omfbsmb L., Omfbsmb Z. y Fmkuj`n (:99. 5.>.:: Glgm Glgmah ah GGbd bdkç kçs. s. @k lgnngmbhrg lgnngmbhrgm m `bn `bngnk gnkmpçl mpçlgnm gnm ubgv`rshk ubgv`rshk Mnçhb Mnçhbm m Ma` Ma`dh dh (:99 (:996) 6) l`egb` l`egb` `k glgmah glgmah gbdk`s nmam Pbh K`bduh L`k Drupm D`raèbgnm Mnngl`bthk Fhjkhlm @b Z`gbm Pbglm W @sthlms Pbglms l` Haçrgnh y `b kms phás`s qu` fhb `sthlm m sgdu`b lmagbhlms pmr drhb Jr`thøh y Bmrt` Haçrgnh.

5. 5.> Kh `bnu `bnu`s `stth Kh `bnu`sth nmam hntm l` gbt`rhnngþb `btr` lmn`bt`-gbv`stgdhlmr y `stulghbt`s `s l` drhb gapmrthbngh gbv`stgdhtgvm. Khs`b`bnu`sths s`rèb utgkgzhlhskhs hk nmag`bzm y hk egbhk `b l``st` kms trhjhom prmy`ntms phrh tmahr nu`bth prgbngphka`bt` p`rn`pngmb`s l` kms `stulghbt`s er`bt` h kh nkhs` l` gbdkçs3 kms hpr`blgzho`s3 kh a`tmlmkmdáh3 `k aht`rghk `lunhtgvm `b r`khngþb nmb `k prmy`ntm3 y `k s`btgr l` `kkms er`bt` h `sth `xp`rg`bngh l` hpr`blgzho`. Kh 8¹ `bnu`sth qu` s` kk`vhrh h nhjm hbt`s l` gapk`a`bthr `k trhjhom (v`r Hb`xm 8) gbnkuáh pr`dubths r`khngmbhlhs nmb khs p`rn`pngmb`s l` kms `stulghbt`s hn`rnh l` kh nkhs` l` gbdkçs y km qu` s`btgrèb qu` fhjáhb hpr`blglm h trhvçs l` kh nkhs`, thajgçb r`e`r`bt` h su p`bshag`btm smjr` `st` hpr`blgzho` h euturm y `k gbt`rçs qu` nmam `stulghbt` fh pu`stm `b lgnfh nkhs`. Kh :¹ `bnu`sth `stè r`khngmbhlh nmb kh `xp`rg`bngh vgvglh h trhvçs l` nhbngmb`s, khs p`rn`pngmb`s smjr` `k hpr`blgzho` l` kh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh h trhvçs l` `stm, s`dugr kh vgsgþb vgsgþb smjr` `k gbdkçs ku`dm `dm l` gapk`a`bthr `bthr khs nhbn nhbngmb`s gmb`s y km qu` k`s dusthráh hpr`blg`blm. (U`rku hb`m :) gapk`a

 

5.6 5.6 Hb Hbèk èkgs gsgs gs l` lhtm lhtmss Nmb kms lhtms mjt`bglms s` r`hkgzhrhb nuhlrms l` r`sua`b3 s` nkhsgegnhrmb khs hntgtul`s y sgtuhngmb`s l` hnu`rlm nmb kms nmapmrthag`btms amstrhlms pmr kms `stulghbt`s nmb kh r`hkgzhngþb l` kms prmy`ntms. Pbh v`z nkhsgegnhlh kh gbemrahngþb s` hbhkgz hbhkgzhrmb hrmb khs thjkhs3 khs mjs`rvhngmb`s mjs`rvhngmb`s33 khs `btr`vgsths, kms pkhbt pkhbt`hag` `hag`btms btms l` kh gbv`stgdhngþb h kh kuz l` khs t`mráhs smjr` `k t`ah l` kh gbv`stgdhngþb y s` r`hkgzþ kh trghbdukhngþb l` lhtms mjt`bglms `b tmlhs khs f`rrhag`bths phrh kh r`nmk`nngþb l` lhtms. Hsá nmam l`snrgj` Tmmls (8764), s` fgng`rmb kms tr`s tgpms l` hbèkgsgs? `k prga`rm `sp`nukhtgvm, ku`dm s` fgzm ub hbèkgsgs l` 0< nht`dmrgzhngþb y nkhsgegnhngþb gl`btgegnhblm khs nht`dmráhs `bnmbtrhlhs h trhvçs l`k lghrgm, khs `bnu`sths y `k lmnua`btm l`k prmy`ntm nmbstruy`blm nmbn`ptms phrh, egbhka`bt`, fhn`r `k hbèkgsgs t`þrgnm `bahrnhblm khs nht`dmráhs l`btrm l` khs t`mráhs y nmbstruy`blm mtrhs h phrtgr l` kms r`sukthlms. Yhrh `k hbèkgsgs l` kh `bnu`sth s` utgkgzhrmb nht`dmráhs nmam? nma m? a` a`tm tmlm lmkm kmdá dáh-p h-p`rn `rn`pn `pngm gmb`s b`s pr prmn mn`sm `sm l` hpr`b hpr`blg lgzho zho``-nm nmbst bstrun runng ngþb þb l`k l`k nurránukm. Ag`btrhs s` tuvm `b nu`bth kh er`nu`bngh l` hntgtul`s y p`rn`pngmb`s. Yhrh `k hbèkgsgs l`k lghrgm? s` nht`dmrgzþ utgkgzhblm kms ama`btms l` kh nkhs` pmr  láh. \hajgçb s` tmaþ l` hkká `k hbèkgsgs l` hntgtul`s, r`spu`sths, phrtgngphngþb, usm l` kh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh lurhbt` khs hntgvglhl`s, `tn

4

NMBNKP^GMB@^.

Kh `bs`øhbzh `bs`øhbzh l`k gbd gbdkçs kçs h trhvçs l` nhbng nhbngmb` mb`ss nma nmapr`b pr`bl` l` ubh `xp`r `xp`rg`b g`bngh ngh `brgqu`n`lmrh `brgqu `n`lmrh thbtm phrh kms `stu `stulghbt lghbt`s `s nmam phrh lmn`bt`s lmn`bt`s,, sg`blm ub hd`bt` l` nhajgm thb eu`rt` eu`rt` qu` pu`l` kk` kk`dhr dhr h trhbsemra trhbsemrahr hr kh emrah l` `sthj `sthjk`n`r k`n`r kms pkhb`s `b kh gbstgtungþb y kh r`khngþb `btr` khs p`rsmbhs `b `k nhapm `lunhtgvm. Kh `bs`øhbzh h trhvçs l` kh aÿsgnh p`ragt` nhajghr kh emrah l` pr`s`bthr y lgrgdgr  `k hpr`blgzho` l` kms `lunhblms nmbvgrtgçblms` `b ub v`rlhl`rm trhjhom pmr y phrh `kkms. @s `b sg smkm `k nmag`bzm y ubh `xp`rg`bngh bm t`ragbhlh pu`stm qu` sgdu`b kms gbt`rrmdhbt`s, sgdu` kh nmbstrunngþb l`k s`btglm, kh b`n`sglhl l`k trhjhom y `sm s` r`ek`oh `b `stulghbt`s. \`bg`blm `b nu`bth `stms r`sukt \`bg`blm r`sukthlms, hlms, s` p prmn`l` rmn`l` h kkkk`vhr `vhr h nh nhjm jm `k prmn`sm l` `bs`ø `b s`øhb hbzh zh hp hpr` r`blg blgzh zho` o` l`k l`k vm vmnh nhju jukh khrg rgm m `b gb gbdk dkçs çs,, a` a`lg lghb hbt` t` kh aÿsg aÿsgnh nh nma nmam m f`rrhag f`rr hag`bt `bth h lglè lglèntg ntgnhs nhs,, smpm smpmrth rthlh lh pmr khs khs t`mr t`mráhs áhs y nmbn nmbn`pt `ptms ms trh trhthl thlms ms `b `k pr`s`bt` prmy`ntm. Kms ehntmr`s nmaub`s qu` p`ragtg`rmb fhn`r ubh nkhs` p`rtgb`bt` r`sp`ntm hk hpr`blgzho` hpr`blg zho` l`k vvmnhjuk mnhjukhrgm hrgm `b r` r`khngþb khngþb nmb kkms ms lg lgv`rsms v`rsms nhapms s`aèbt s`aèbtgnms, gnms, eu`rmb kms ou`dms m thkk`r`s thkk`r`s y smjr` tmlm khs nhbngmb`s `b gbdkçs, pu`stm qu`, tmlhs

 

khs hntgvglhl`s hntgvglhl`s s` r`khngmb r`khngmbhb hb nmb `kkhs, nmb `k egb l` kmdrhr ahymr r`nmrlhngþb r`nmrlhngþb l`k vmnhjukhrgm vmnhju khrgm pmr phrt` l l` ` kms hku hkuabms3 abms3 kkh h hdruphn hdruphngþb gþb l` `st `st` ` pmr t`a t`ahs hs s`dÿb su emrah l` prmn`l`bngh r`sp`ntm hk sgdbgegnhlm, ehngkgth h kms `lunhblms kh hlqugsgngþb l`kk vm l` vmnh nhju jukh khrg rgm m bu bu`v `vm, m, pmr pmr `o `o`a `apk pkm? m? km kmss nm nmkm kmr`s r`s,, km kmss lá láhs hs l` kh s` s`ah ahbh bh,, km kmss ag`ajrms l` kh ehagkgh m khs phrt`s l`k nu`rpm. Khs hntgvg hntgvglhl`s lhl`s hk ss`r `r lg lgbèagnhs bèagnhs nhushb amtgv amtgvhngþb hngþb `b kkms ms `s `stulgh tulghbt`s bt`s prga`r prga`rm m pmr quç `kkms khs nhkgegnhb nhkgegnhb nma nmam m ‛lg ‛lgv`rt v`rtglh glhs‑ s‑ y ku`dm ku`dm pmr hpr hpr`bl` `bl`r, r, `bt`bl`r `bt`bl`r y r`t`b`r `k vmnhjukhrgm `b gbdkçs. Khs hn Khs hntgtgvg vglh lhl` l`ss qu` s` r`h r`hkgkgzh zhb b `b hukh l` nk nkhs` hs` smb hs` hs`rt rtgv gvhs hs nuhblm nuhblm s` l`shr l` shrrm rmkkkkh h pmr a`l a`lgm gm l`k ou ou`d `dm m y kh kÿlg kÿlgnh nh.. @s @sth th nkhs` nkhs` l` `str `strht ht`d `dgh ghss sm smb b r`nmrlhlhs r`nmrlhl hs pmr kms `stul `stulghbt` ghbt`ss (hpr`blg (hpr`blgzho` zho` sgdbgegnht sgdbgegnhtgvm), gvm), hsá nmam r`pr`s` r`pr`s`bthrmb bthrmb phrh `kkms `kkms emr emrahs ahs lgv lgv`rtgl `rtglhs hs l` hpr` hpr`bl`r. bl`r. Kms ou`dms khs k` k`nturhs nturhs b bhrrhtg hrrhtgvhs, vhs, kkms ms tr trhj hjho homs ms ahbu ahbuhk` hk`ss y `b `k nhsm nhsm l` l`kk pr` pr`s` s`bt bt` ` pr prmy my`nt `ntm m l` gb gbv` v`st stgd gdhn hngþ gþb, b, kh khss nhbngmb`s nhbngm b`s (kh aÿsgnh) eu`rmb emra emrahs hs l` hpr`bl`r hqu`k vmnhju vmnhjukhrgm khrgm n`rnhbm n`rnhbm phrh `kkms, pu`s fhn` phrt` l` km qu` vgv`b, v`b y `xp`rga`bthb yh s`h `b su vglh nmtglghbh m pmr qu` fhn` phrt` l` km qu` `stulghb `b `b su k`bduh aht`rbh.

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6. JG JGJK JKGM GMDZ DZHE HEÁH ÁH  HP^PJ@K, Lhvgl. Hlqugsgngþb y r`t`bngþb l`k nmbmngag`btm? nm bmngag`btm? ubh p`rsp`ntgvh nmdbgtgvh. Jhrn`kmbh? Yhglþs, :99:.   HP^ HP^PJ@ PJ@K, K, Lhv Lhvgl. gl.33 BMU BMUHC, HC, Oms`pf Oms`pf y FHB FHB@^G @^GHB, HB, F`k F`k`b. `b. Ysgnmk Ysgnmkmdá mdáh h @lunhtgvh. Pb pubtm l` vgsth nmdbmsngtgvm. : `l. Açxgnm, \rgkkhs, 876>.   JH JHOM OM YÇ YÇZ@ Z@_ _ @k @k`b `bh. h. Lg Lgnn nngm gmbh bhrg rgms ms,, Gbtr Gbtrml mlun unng ngþb þb h kh Fgst Fgstmr mrgh gh l` kh K`xgnmdrheáh l`k @sphømk. Dgoþb (Hsturghs)? @lgngmb`s \r`h, ^.K, :999  JZMTB, F. Lmudkhs, \`hnfgbd jy Yrgbngphks? Hb gbt`rhntgv` Hpprmhnf tm Khbduhd` Y`lhdmdy. ^hb Erhbngsnm? :bl `lgtgmb, Kmbdahb, :998  NHAYM^ Zheh`k y Z@^\Z@YM Ahrgkuz. Kh lmn`bngh Nmam prèntgnh? `k nmbn`ptm, ub `stgkm, ub aml`km. Jmdmtè? Ohv`drhe, :99:.  NHZZH^NM O.J. \çnbgnhs y r`nursms phrh `k l`shrrmkkm l` khs nkhs`s, Nhp. UG, Kh amtgvhngþb. Ahlrgl?ZFGAY, 8774   Nuhkglhl`s l`k smbglm. Ftak, lgspmbgjk` `b Gbt`rb`t? www.`fu.`s/hnustgnh/jhnfgkk`rhtm/nhsm`s/nhsm`s.fta ( nmbsukthlm `k láh :5 l` e`jr`rm, :994)   L`bbgsmb, Yhuk y L`bbgsmb, Dhgk, ‛Jrhgb Dya? Hpr`blgzho` l` tmlm `k n`r`jrm, @o`rngngms mrgdgbhk`s l` dgabhsgh n`r`jrhk. ‛@k amvgag`btm, kh nkhv` l`k hpr`blgzho`.‑ Emrahtm ftak, lgspmbgjk` `b?

 

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Gbt`rb`t?fttp?//www.lgsnhpb`t.`s/dughs/egnfhslglhntgnhs/ftak]a`amrgh/ hpr`bl`98.fta (Nmbsukthlm `k láh 87 l` oukgm, :995).  E@ZBÈBL@_, Bm`aá. ^`aèbtgnh D`b`rhk. Jmdmtè? P^\H, 8776.  DHZLB@Z, Fmwhrl. @strunturhs l` kh a`bt`. Kh t`mráh l` khs gbt`kgd`bnghs aÿktgpk`s. Bu`vh ymrc? Jhsgn Jmmcs, 876>. 44  Dhajhnngbg, Y. (Ngthlm pmr Mrkmvh). Yr`s`bts tf` tmp 899 hkjuas. KDY^ Yujkgnhtgmbs gb Hssmnghtgmb wgtf Yhvgkgmb Jmmcs. 8764 87 64 ² DMML, \fmahs. Ysgnmkmdáh `lunhtgvh nmbt`apmrèb`h. Açxgnm? An Drhw Fgkk, 8775.  KKGBÈ^, Zmlmkem. @k n`r`jrm y `k agtm l`k ym. @k php`k l` khs b`urmbhs `b `k p`bshag`btm y `k nmapmrthag`btm fuahbms. Jmdmtè? Drupm @lgtmrghk Bmrah, ^.H, :99>.  KMAH^, Nhrkms y mtrms. Ng`bnghs l`k k`bduho`, nmap`t`bngh nmaubgnhtgvh y `bs`øhbzh l` kh k`bduh. Jhrn`kmbh? @lgtmrghk Yhglþs, 8776.   An @B\@@, @gk``b. Nmaubgnhngþb mrhk phrh `k kgl`rhzdm `b `k aublm aml`rbm. Açxgnm? An Drhw Fgkk, 8775.  A`lgbh, ^. E@@^ (877>).B`ws \f` (Bhtgmbhk `ee`nt me ausgn mb emr s`nmbl hnqugsgtgmb. B`twmrc @hrkykhbduhd` Khbduhd`vmnhjukhry K`hrbgbd. emrahtm ftak, lgspmbgjk` `b Gbt`rb`t? fttp?//www fttp? //www.emr` .emr`ermbtp ermbtpujkgsf ujkgsf`rs.nm `rs.nma/`ska a/`skausgn/h usgn/hrtgnk rtgnk`s/9:. `s/9:.fta fta (Nmbsuk (Nmbsukthlm thlm `k láh :4 l` Hdmstm, :994). AGBG AG BG^\ ^\@Z @ZGM GM L@ @LPN @LPNHN HNGÞ GÞB B BHNG BHNGMB MBHK HK?? Z` Z`vg vgst sth h lgdg lgdgth thkk Hk th thjk jk`r `rm m  HYLNA, Mntujr`-Lgng`ajr` l` :990, bua`rm >4, emrahtm ftak, lgspmbgjk` `b Gbt Gbt`rb` `rb`t?w t?www. ww.agb agb`lun `lunhng hngmb. mb.dmv dmv.nm .nm/85 /85:8/ :8/prmp prmp`rt `rtyvh yvhku`ku`>::55. >::55.fta ftakk (Nmbsukthlm `k láh 9: l` e`jr`rm, :994).   AMB\GOHBM, Ahrgh l`k Ygkhr. Nkhv`s phrh kh `bs`øhbzh l` kh k`bduh `xtrhbo`rh. Aèkhdh? Hkogj`, :998.  AMZ@GZH. Ahrnm K`bduho` y hpr`blgzho` sgdbgegnhtgvm. Emrahtm ple,, lgs ple lgspmb pmbgjk gjk` ` `bHbtmbgm. Gbt Gbt`rb` `rb`t? t? ftt fttp?/ p?//ww /www.g w.ge. e.uer uerds. ds.jr/ jr/~am ~amr`g r`grh/ rh/k`b k`bduh duho`. o`.ple  ple  (Nmbsukthlm `k láh 85 l` Hjrgk, :994).  B@\K@^^, Jhrrg`. Fhramby 8. J`rck`` nmkk`d` me ausgn pr`ss. 8764  BP\\GA ,O. \`mráh l` kh Amtgvhngþb. A`xgnm? @l. Yhglms, 8747   YH YHYH YHKG KGH H Lh Lhbg bg`k `k`, `, T@BL T@BLCM CML^ L^ Zu Zutf tf,, y E@ E@KL KLAH AHB B Lu Lusc scgb gbd d Zu Zutf tf.. L`shrrmkkm Fuahbm. Jmdmtè? Ahn Drhw Fgkk, :998 46 YGHD@\. O`hb, ^`gs `stulgms l` psgnmkmdáh. Jhrn`kmbh? ^`gx Jhrrhk ^.H. 8744.  Z.H. ^`rwhy. Eásgnh, Umk. G pèd. 087 .An.Drhw-Fgkk. Açxgnm?8774  ^HUGDBMB, ^hblrh. Nmaubgnhtgv` Nmap`t`bn`? Hb `xp`rga`bt gb Emr`gdb khbduhd` t`hnfgbd. Yfgkhl`kpfgh? \f` N`bt`r emr Nurrgnukua L`v`kmpa`bt, Gbn. 874:.

 

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 ^@ZYGNC, @vhb. Ausgn ubl`r tf` agnrmsnmp`. @b? Zmkkgbd stmb` ahdhzgb`. P^H. Umk. 89::. (Ahr. :994)3 p. :7  ^@UGKKHBM, Ahrgh K. Lglèntgnh l`k sgdkm VVG. Ahlrgl? An Drhw Fgkk. :990.   ^TH THGGB, A. (8 (876 760) 0).. Nm Nmaa aau ubgnh bgnhttgv` gv` nm nmap ap`t `t` `bn bn`? `? ^ma` ^ma` rm rmk` k`ss me  nmapr`f`bsgjk` gbput hbl nmapr`f`bsgjk` mutput gb gts l`v`kmpa`bt. Gb? Dhss y N. Ahll`b (@ls.), Gbput gb s`nmbl khbduhd` hnqugsgtgmb? Zmwk`y, Ahss ? B`wjuty Fmus`. UG\HK@ UG\ HK@ Yhtrgn Yhtrgngh, gh, YHK YHKMAH MAHZ Z ^gk ^gkvgh, vgh, y mtr mtrms. ms. Lgn Lgnngm ngmbhrg bhrgm m `bn `bngnk gnkmpçl mpçlgnm gnm gkustrhlm nhbbmb. Ju`bms Hgr`s? @lgngmb`s Lmn`bt`s Hrd`btgbhs ^ZK , 877>

7. HB@VM^  Hb`xm 8.

Yrga`rh `btr`vgsth `btr`vgsth hpkgnhlh h kms `stulghbt`s. 8. ½L`Gbdkçs kkms ms sgd sgdug`bt ug`bt`s `s glg glgmahs mahs nuhk t` t` dust dusthráh hráh h hpr`bl`r pr`bl`r= = Erhbnçs Ahblhráb :. ½\u a`th phrh hpr`bl` hpr`bl`rr gb gbdkçs dkçs `stè `b kh sgdug` sgdug`bt` bt` `snhkh `snhkh= = 8 h > r`dukhr  > h 0 ju`bm 0 h 4 `xn`k`bt`s 4 h 89 smjr`shkg`bt` >. ½@k gbdkçs t` du dusth sth hp hpr`bl`r r`bl`r l`j` ss`r `r pmr a`lgm l`= Nhbngmb`s   

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\`xtms Nmbv`rshngmb`s

 

9 agbutms Pbh fmrh 89.½\us phlr`s t` hpmyhb `b `k hpr`blgzho` l`k gbdkçs= ^g Bm Bm k` gapmrth 88.½L` 88. ½L` khs sgdug` sgdug`bt`s bt`s fhjgkglhl`s fhjgkglhl`s qu` s` prh prhntgnhb ntgnhb hk hpr`bl`r hpr`bl`r gbdk gbdkçs çs kh qu` aès t` dusth `s= ^p`hc (fhjkhr) Kgst`b (`snunfhr) Trgt` (`snrgjgr) 8:.L` 8:. L` hnu` hnu`rlm rlm nmb kh ` `xp`rg`b xp`rg`bngh ngh l` ` `b b kh nkh nkhs` s` l` ggbdkçs bdkçs l`egbh su r`kh r`khngþb ngþb  

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nmbJu`bh `k prme`smr. 

 

Z`dukhr  Ahkh 8>.^`k`nngmb` khs hntgvglhl`s qu` `k lmn`bt` r`hkgzh.  \hkk`r`s K`nturhs.  

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8. @bu @bua`r` a`r` kkms ms t`a t`ahs hs qu` h hpr`b pr`blgþ lgþ nmb kh khss nhbn nhbngmb gmb`s `s qu` k` k` `bs` `bs`øm øm kh pr prme` me` B`ksy