Proyecto de Investigacion

 

 A. 

Vçtukj

Mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.S. Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom me mk bòj >3>2. AA. 

^msugme fmk Srjym`tj fm Vmsas

Kb aevmstahb`aðe kkmvb pjr tçtukj ‛mstrbtmhabs fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.S. Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom me mk bòj >3>2‗ kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk ms ue tmgb tmgb eum eumvj vj me eu eumst mstrj rj `j `jet etmx mxtj tj b` b`tu tubk bk,, fm fmet etrj rj fm mk mkkb kb sm pu pumfm mfmee jnsmrv jnsmrvbr br gu gu`lb `lbss faia`uktbfms `jgj ms kb fm b``msj b kb gasgb, qum bim`tb bk bprmefazbom y `jetaeuafbf fm mstufajs bsç `jgj su fmsbrrjkkj fmk mstufabetm, pjr kj `ubk mstm trbnboj tamem `jgj jnomtavj afmetaia`br kbs mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom furbetm mk pmrajfj >3>2. Mk gátjfj utakazbfj pbrb mstb aevmstahb`aðe smrâ fms`raptavj, yb qum sm afmetaia`b j fms`ranm kbs `brb`tmrçsta`bs fmk jnomtj fm mstufaj y fm kb vbrabnkm me mstm `bsj `ubetatbtavb. Mk fasmòj qum sm utakazbrb me mstb aevm aevmst stah ahb`a b`aðe ðe sm smrâ râ ej mx mxpm pmra ragm gmet etbk bk yb qum ej sm gbea gbeapuk pukbr brbb kb vb vbra rabnk bnkm, m, sm lb lbrâ râ kb jnsmrvb`aðe fmk `jgpjrtbgametj fm mstb, sm utakazbrb sjkj ue aestrugmetj yb qum sjkj ms ueb vbrabnkmm pbrb gmfar su vbkaf vbrabnk vbkafmz mz y `jeiabn `jeiabnakafb akafbf. f. Pm bpka` bpka`brâ brâ mk `umstajebraj `umstajebraj pbrb afmetaia`br afmetaia`br y fms`ranar kbs mstrbtmhabs fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk, pbrb pjfmr `jgprjnbr kbs lapðtmsas fasmòbfbs pbrb kb vbrabnkm. A. 

Sbkbnrbs `kbvms

B``msj, mfu`b`aðe vartubk, mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj AA.

Oustaia`b`aðe fmk prjym`tj

Me mk `jetmxtj fm kb sj`amfbf b`tubk, sm mstâ btrbvmsbefj pjr kb pbefmgab fmk `jvaf-21, kj `ubk lb bim`tbfj bk sastmgb mfu`btavj `mrrbefj aemspmrbfbgmetm kbs aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs m aetmriaramefj me kbs `kbsms prmsme`abkms, y mk sm`tjr gâs bim`tbfj ms mk sm`tjr rurbk, yb qum me mk kuhbr ej sm me`umetrb tm`ejkjhçbs bfm`ubfbs pbrb `jetaeubr `je kbs `kbsms vartubkms y smhuar kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe fastbe`ab. `ab. Sjr kj tbetj, tbetj, sm rmquamrm rmquamrm aevmstahbr mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk, kj `ubk aetmriamrm me mk bprmefazbom y fmsbrrjkkj fm kjs mstufabetms, pjr kb `rasas fm 2

 

rm`ursjs m`jeðga`js, sj`abkms, `ukturbkms qum sm pumfbe fbr. Sjr mkkj ms guy agpjrtbetm bnbr`br mstm tmgb yb qum kb mfu`b`aðe ms mk gjtjr prae`apbk pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj sj`abk fm kbs  pmrsjebs y me hmemrbk fmk pbçs. Mk Smrÿ Sm rÿ fmsbrrjkkb ue smetagametj fm aesbtasib``aðe rmspm`tj bk hrbfj fm áxatj qum sm lb kjhrbfj b pmsbr fm kbs rmijrgbs mfu`btavbs y pjkçta`bs, ej bk`bezbe mk fmsmgpmòj b`bfága`j mspmrbfj me mk eaòj, bfjkms`metms y oðvmems ueavmrsatbrabs, hmemrbefj fmsahubkfbfms, prae`apbkgmetm me kbs zjebs rurbkms. Sjr mefm, ms guy agpjrtbetm sbnmr y `jej`mr me `ðgj lb bim`tbfj b kjs mstufabetms fm kb mfu`b`aðe pragbrab, yb qum Smrÿ em`msatb fmsbrrjkkbrsm me mk `bpatbk aetmkm`tubk fm kjs prjimsajebkms fmsfm mk âgnatj rurbk. AAA.Betm`mfmetms fmk prjym`tj ^bgb (>330) ejs gme`ajeb qum kb tm`ejkjhçb mfu`btavb ms ue `jeouetj fm rm`ursjs, prj`msjs y lmrrbgametbs fm aeijrgb`aðe y `jguea`b`aðe bpka`bfbs b kb mstru`turb y kbs b`tavafbfms fmk sastmgb mfu`btavj me sus favmrsjs âgnatjs y eavmkms. Kb mrb aefustrabk mstâ samefj sustatuafb  pjr kb mrb aeijrgâta`b, pjr kj qum sm prmváe eumvjs rmtjs y em`msafbfms me mk âgnatj mfu` mfu`bt btav avj. j. Mstm Mstm im imeðg eðgmej mej pb pbrt rtmm fm kb tr trbes besijr ijrgb gb`a `aðe ðe fa faha hatb tbkk qum lb ae aetr trjf jfu` u`af afjj kb  pbrta`apb`aðe fm kb tm`ejkjhçb me kb mfu`b`aðe, tbgnaáe `jej`afb `jgj ‛tm`ejkjhçb mfu`btavb‗. mfu`bt avb‗. Pae mgnbrhj, mstb mxpka mxpka`b`aðe `b`aðe ms aesuia aesuia`amet `ametmm pbrb `jgprmefmr su agpb` agpb`tj tj me kb b`tubkafbf, pjr kj qum ms em`msbraj qum mxpjehbgjs su pbpmk ljy me fçb. Bsagasgj, smhÿe kb ]EMP@J (>3>3), kjs hjnamrejs fm 22= pbçsms lbe beue`abfj j agpkmgmetbfj mk `amrrm fm aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs pbrb aetmetbr `jetrjkbr kb pbefmgab. Fm mstm tjtbk fm pbçsms, 23= `mrrbrje kbs aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs pbr`abk j tjtbkgmetm b eavmk eb`ajebk, kj qum agpb`tb bprjxagbfbgmetm b gâs fm 1=1.> gakkjems fm eaòjs y oðvmems. Kjs 23 pbçsms rmstbetms lbe agpkmgmetbfj `amrrms kj`bkms y, sa mstjs `amrrms sm bgpkabrâe b ue eavmk eb`ajebk, sm aetmrrugparçb kb mfu`b`aðe fm jtrbs fm`mebs fm gakkjems fm mstufabetms. Fm b`umrfj `je mk Aestatutj Eb`ajebk fm Mstbfçsta`b m Aeijrgâta`b (AEMA, >328), sjkj mk >328 tmeçb b``msj b aetmremt. Bsagasgj, sjkbgmetm mk 00.86% tmeçb ueb `jgputbfjrb, kbptjp j Vbnkmt y sjkj mk 08.=8%, `jemxaðe b V.Y pjr `bnkm j sbtmkatbk. Gametrbs qum pbrb Humrrb (>3>3), ms mvafmetm qum kb hrbe gbyjrçb fm eumstrj pbçs ej pjfrçb `jetaeubr `jeta eubr `je su mfu`b`aðe b trbvás fm `kbsms j pkbtbijrgbs pkbtbijrgbs vartubkms, vartubkms, `jesafmrbefj `jesafmrbefj qum kjs >

 

ljhbrms `je mstbs kagat kagatb`ajems b`ajems sje ej sjkbgmetm bqumkkjs fjefm vavme kjs mstufabet mstufabetms, ms, saej tbgnaáe kjs fj`metms. Mgmrhme`abs fm kb ms`bkb `jgj kb qum sm vavm b`tubkgmetm fmseufbe kbs hrbefms fmnakafbfms. Ljy me fçb mk sm`tjr gâs bim`tbfj pjr kb `rasas ms mk sm`tjr rurbk pjr  kb fmsahubkfbf me kb mfu`b`aðe qum yb sm vmeçb fbefj y qum bljrb `je mstb `rasas ms gâs mvafmetm. mvafme tm. Sjr kj tbetj, kb mfu`b`a mfu`b`aðe ðe vartubk sm lb `jevmrtafj me ue gmfaj fm `jetaeuafb `jetaeuafbff fm mstufaj fm kb mfu`b`aðe, mk bprmefazbom y mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kjs mstufabetms, pjr mkkj mk b``msj b kb mfu` mfu`b` b`að aðee va vart rtub ubkk sm `jeva `jevart rtað að me ue uebb fa faia ia`uk `uktb tbff pb pbrb rb mk sm`tj sm`tjrr ru rurbk rbk bi bim` m`tb tbef efjj mk bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms. Smrÿ tamem bktjs eavmkms fm fmsahubkfbf y favmrsbs nrm`lbs pjr  `mrrbr. Me kb `ubk sm faj mk imeðgmej fm kb pbefmgab fmk @JYAF 21, y mk sm`tjr mfu`btavj ium ueb fm kbs gâs bim`tbfbs, pjr mkkj sm fms`jej`m sus mim`tjs emhbtavjs j pjsatavjs me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`a mfu`b`aðe ðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms qum fbe `jetaeuafbf `jetaeuafbf b kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe me mk sm`tjr  rurbk. IJ^G]KB@AÐE FMK S^JNKMGB

Srjnkmgb hmemrbk º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2:

Srjnkmgbs mspm`çia`js ❙  º@ðgj

sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb fm kjs

fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2: ❙ º@jgj

sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs

 pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf `j gueafbf fm Sb`bom- >3>2: ❙ º@ðgj

sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs

mstufabetms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom ->3>2:

Betm`mfmetms Aetmreb`ajebkms Gmrkj y @btbkâe (>3>3) me su aevmstahb`aðe ‛B``msj tá`ea`j b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me Brhmetaeb‗ Pm pkbetmj `jgj jnomtavj bebkazbr mk b``msj tá`ea`j b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs 0

 

mstufabetms me kb Brhmetaeb y kkmhj b kb `je`kusaðe fm qum mk 323>3) kb `ubrmetmeb lb agpb`tbfj me kb mfu`b`aðe fm 1.1 gakkjems fm mstufabetms pmrubejs yb qum mk aea`aj fm kbs `kbsms ium  pjstmrhbfj y kbs `kbsms prmsme`abkms suspmefafbs. Kb râpafb y fm`asavb b``aðe fmk hjnamrej  pmrubej lb safj rm`jej`afb `jgj ueb fm kbs gmojrms rmspumstbs b kb pbefmgab me kb rmhaðe. Gakbhrj Gak bhrjss Km` Km`lkm lkmatm atmrr y ^jsb Yaf Yafbrt brtm, m, fjs pmru pmrubeb bebs, s, trb trbnbo nbobefj befj `jgj `jgj mspm`ab mspm`abkas kastbs tbs me mfu`b`aðe me mk mquapj fmk Aeijrgm fm Pmhuagametj fm kb Mfu`b`aðe me mk Guefj (HMG)y vavamefj kb `rasas. Pm prmhuetbe sa kb rmspumstb fmk sastmgb mfu`btavj lb safj tbe ejtbnkm `jgj kb fmk hjnamrej `metrbk pmrubej. Fm b`umrfj b Fabz (>3>3) me rmkb` rmkb`aðe aðe b kbs tm`ejkjhçbs tm`ejkjhçbs fahatbkms, fahatbkms, kb vmetbob ms su btrb`tavj btrb`tavj `jgj lmrrbgametb fm bprmefazbom pbrb kjs mstufabetms. Kb fmsvmetbob ms qum ej tjfjs kjs qum bsastme b ueb ms`umkb pÿnka`b vavme me ljhbrms fjefm mxastm ueb S@, kbptjp j tbnkmtb, bfmgâs qum bk >328, ej tmeçb `jemxaðe b aetmremt mk 8>% fm kjs ljhbrms. Kj gâs faiuefafj y qum sm  pumfm bprjvm`lbr ms mk `mkukbr. ]eb bktmrebtavb ms qum mk mstbfj bhaka`m mk bpjrtm fm vbrabs aevmrsa aev mrsajem jemss qum lb rmbk rmbkazb azbfj fj me tm` tm`ejk ejkjhç jhçbs. bs. Pmhÿ Pmhÿee Mfwae Mfwae sbetjs, sbetjs, mx va` va`mga mgaeas eastrj trj fm `jguea`b`ajems, mxastme >2 prjym`tjs fm rmfms rmhajebkms qum fmnamrje mstbr kastjs pbrb mk >321 `jem`tbfj b 8 233 `jkmhajs. Fm mkkjs aeijrgb Srjebtmk, qum pjr bljrb lbnrçb = me `bpb`afbf `bpb`a fbf mekbzbr b > 39= ms`umkbs ms`umkbs pÿnka pÿnka`bs. `bs. Lby 600 613 tbnkmtbs tbnkmtbs,, me pbrtm fastranuafbs, fastranuafbs, fm kb `ubk sm mgpmzbrçb b sb`br prjvm`lj sa sm `jgpkmgmetb `je kb ib`akafbf fm b``msj b aetmremt. Gjrbkms (>3>3) me su aevmstahb`aðe ‛^mikmxajems sjnrm kb pkbtbijrgb bprmefj me `bsb fmk ga gaeast eastmra mrajj fm mfu` mfu`b`a b`aðe ðe fmk Smrÿ furb furbetm etm kb pbefmga pbefmgabb @JYAF-2 @JYAF-21‗ 1‗ `je`kuy `je`kuyjj qum kjs  prjnkmgbs mstru`turbkms qum bim`tbe kb mfu`b`aðe me mk Smrÿ, lbe prjfu`afj ue b``msj fmsahubk fm kjs bkugejs b kjs pjrtbkms fm bprmefazbom fahatbk, me ue `jetmxtj fm `rasas m`jeðga`b qum lb j`bsajebfj fmsmr`ajems mstufabetakms y mkmvbfbs tbsbs fm gjrjsafbf me kjs  pbhjs. Gbs fm 9=,333 mstufabetms fm aestatutjs y ms`umkbs supmrajrms lbe bnbefjebfj mk smgmstrm smgmst rm b`bfág b`bfága`j4 a`j4 y smhÿe kb Bsj`ab Bsj`ab`aðe `aðe fm Aestat Aestatutjs utjs y Ms`umkbs Ms`umkbs fm Mfu`b`aðe Mfu`b`aðe Pupmrajr  Pupmrajr  =

 

 pjfrçb mkmvbrsm b 283,333 me kjs prðxagjs gmsms. Bsagasgj, smhÿe kjs fbtjs fmk AEMA (>3>3) me mk Smrÿ mk =6,8% fm pmrsjebs gbyjrm gbyjrmss fm smas bòjs tamem b``msj b Aetmremt. Me msm mstufaj sm rmpjrtð qum kbs zjebs urnbebs tuvamrje ue ae`rmgmetj fm `ubtrj puetjs irmetm b kb gmfa`aðe betmrajr4 kj gasgj j`urrm `je mk ârmb rurbk, fjefm mk b``msj sunað fm 20,8% b 28,6%. ]e fbtj b tmemr me `umetb ms qum mk pjr`metbom fm pmrsjebs qum usbe aetmremt, ue 81,9% kj lb`m gmfabetm ue `mkukbr, y qum mk 3>3‗ sm pkbetmð `jgj jnomtavj nraefbr ue beâkasas fm kbs rmspumstbs pjr pbrtm fmk hjnamrej `lakmej y fmk pmrubej, me rbzðe b `jetaeubr `je mk smrva`aj mfu`btavj b eavmk pragbraj. Vbgnaáe mk beâkasas fm kbs jrametb`ajems y rmspumstbs pjr   pbrtm fm kb ]EA@MI y kb ]EMP@J. Pm kkmhj b kb `je`kusaðe fm qum lbstb mk gjgmetj ej sm lb kkmhbfj b `unrar bk 233% mk nraefbr kb mfu`b`aðe b tjfjs kjs mstufabetms, yb smb pjrqum ej lby suia`ametm `jnmrturb `je mk aetmremt j mk ej `jetbr kbs lmrrbgametbs mkm`trðea`bs `jgj? VY j ^bfaj. AY. Lapðtmsas fmk trbnboj Lapðtmsas hmemrbk   Kbs mstrbtmhabs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`a bhme`abgamet bgametjj fm kjs gbtmrabkms gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb mesmòbezb fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk vartu bk smrâe saheai saheaia`bta a`btavbs vbs me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.P. fm Lubeutuy Lubeutuyjj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.   Lapðtmsas mspm`aia`bs  

9

 

Kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fmgbefbrbe ue bktj msiumrzj pbrb kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.   Kbs Kbs mst mstrbt rbtmha mhabs bs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gb gbtm tmra rabk bkms ms fm bprme bprmefa fazb zbom om me mk b` b``m `msj sj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk gjstrbrbe bktjs eavmkms fm fmgbefb pbrb kjs pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.   Kbs Kbs mst mstrbt rbtmha mhabs bs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gb gbtm tmra rabk bkms ms fm bprme bprmefa fazb zbom om me mk b` b``m `msj sj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk smrâe faia`uktjsbs me kjs mstufabetms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2. Y.

Jnomtavj hmemrbk

⮟ Afmetaia`b  Afmetaia`brr kbs mstrbtmhabs mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms b`tjrms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.   YA. Jnomtavjs mspm`çia`js  Mstagbr kbs mstrbt mstrbtmhabs mhabs fm bhme`abgame bhme`abgametj tj fm kjs gbtmrabkms gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb

⮟mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2. ⮟ Fms`ranar kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2.

⮟  Afme Afmetai taia`b a`brr

kbs mstrbt mstrbtmha mhabs bs fm bhm bhme`a e`abga bgamet metjj fm kjs gbtmra gbtmrabkm bkmss fm bprm bprmefa efazbo zbomm fm kjs

mstufabetms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2. YAA. 

Gmtjfjkjhçb fm aevmstahb`aðe

Vapj fm aevmstahb`aðe 8

 

Kb aevm aevmst stah ahb`a b`aðe ðe qu qumm sm rmb rmbka kazb zbrâ râ smr smrââ fm fms`r s`rap apta tavb vb,, pj pjrqu rqumm sm nu nus`b s`b mspm` mspm`ai aia` a`br br kb kbss  prjpamfbfms, kbs `brb`tmrçsta`bs y kjs pmriakms fm pmrsjebs, hrupjs, `jgueafbfms, prj`msjs, jnomtjs j `ubkquamr jtrj imeðgmej qum sm sjgmtb b ue beâkasas. Ms fm`ar, ÿea`bgmetm  prmtmefme gmfar j rm`jhmr aeijrgb`aðe fm gbemrb aefmpmefametm j `jeouetb sjnrm kjs `je`mptjs j kbs vbrabnkms b kbs qum sm rmiamrm, mstj ms, su jnomtavj, ej ms aefa`br `ðgj sm rmkb`ajebe mstbs (Lmebefmz mt bk., >326). Kb fagmesaðe fmk tamgpj oumhb vbrajs pbpmkms me mk fasmòj y mom`u`aðe fm ueb aevmstahb`aðe, me mstm `bsj kjs mstufajs trbesvmrsbkms sje pbrb  pmrajfjs fm tamgpj `jrtjs.(Lmreâefmz & Fmkhbfj, >32=)

Fasmòj fm aevmstahb`aðe Mk fasmòj qum sm utakazbrâ me mstb aevmst aevmstahb`a ahb`aðe ðe smrâ ej mxpmragmetbk mxpmragmetbk,, fms`raptavj yb qum ej sm gbeapukbrâ kbs vbrabnkms fm b`umrfj b kb jnsmrvb`aðe y mk `jgpjrtbgametj fm mstbs. Kb aevmstahb`aðe ej mxpmragmetbk y mgpçra`b me kb qum kbs vbrabnkms aefmpmefametms ej sm gbeapukbe pjr qum yb lbe su`mfafj. Kj qum lb`mgjs me kb aevmstahb`aðe ej mxpmragmetbk ms jnsmrvbr imeðgmejs tbk `jgj sm fbe me su `jetmxtj ebturbk, pbrb pjstmrajrgmetm bebkazbrkjs. (Lmebefmz mt bk., >326)

Sjnkb`aðe y Gumstrb Mk ueavmrsj fm kb aevmstahb`aðe mstâ `jestatuafj pjr kb tjtbkafbf fm kjs b`tjrms fm kjs faimrmetms hrbfjs fm kb Aestatu`aðe Mfu`btavb Sragbrab 8>283 Lubeutuyj.   Me mstb aevmstahb`aðe kb gumstrb ms ej prjnbnakçsta`b, y mstâ `jestatuafj pjr 0). Pm lbrâ usj fm ueb mstbfçsta`b fms`raptavb. YAAA.  ^mimrme`abs   A\. ]sj fm kjs rmsuktbfjs y `jetranu`ajems fmk prjym`tj Mk usj fm kjs rmsuktbfjs y `jetranu`ajems fm kb prmsmetm aevmstahb`aðe ms `je iaems fm  prjpjr`ajebr `jej`agametj pbrb iuturbs aevmstahb`ajems y jrametbr me kbs eumvbs j iuturbs aevmstahb`ajems rmkb`ajebfjs `je mk tmgb fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kb pbefmgab fmk `jvaf-21. Fm kb gasgb ijrgb byufbrâ b afmetaia`br kb prjnkmgâta`b fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe me zjebs rurbkms, yb qum ms kb gâs bim`tbfb me mstb pbefmgab, pjr kj `ubk rmquamrm ue mstufaj y ue beâkasas pjr pbrtm fm kjs prjimsajebkms y b kb gasgb vmz prjpjemr sjku`ajems fm pbrtm fm kbs butjrafbfms y jirm`mr ueb mfu`b`aðe fm `bkafbf b kbs zjebs rurbkms, `mrrbefj kbs nrm`lbs fm fmsahubkfbf mfu`btavb, em`msbrab pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kb sj`amfbf. Me mkkj tbgnaáe bpjrtbrâ pbrb ueb rmjrametb`aðe b kbs pjkçta`bs pÿnka`bs \.

^mimrme`abs 1

 

Fabz, L. (>3>3). @jrjebvarus y gbemoj fmk bòj ms`jkbr >3>3. >3>3. 0. lttps?//mfu`brmf.iuefb`ajetmkmijea`b.`jg.pm/fmsbiajs/aeafme-aeijrgm-fm-mfu`b`aje/ Hðgmz, O., Kazmtl, D., Nbrrajs, R., Befrmb, S., & Fçbz, J. (>3>3). Fmsbiçjs tm`ejkðha`js  pbrb mk sm`tjr mfu`btavj fm Bgára`b Kbtaeb me tamgpjs fm pbefmgab.  Aestebgm?]eavmrsafbf fm Kjs Befms. Befms . Humrrb, E. (>3>3). Sjr (>3>3). Sjr Ebtbkab Humrrb Hbr`çb, mstufabetm fm M`jejgçb fm kb ]eavmrsafbf  fmk Sb`çia`j. Sb`çia`j. Lmebefmz, ^., Imreâefmz, @., & Nbptastb, G. fmk S. (>326). Gmtjfjkjhab (>326).  Gmtjfjkjhab fm kb aevmsta`b`aje. aevmsta`b`aje. lttp?//kanrbry2.eafb.b`.tl/tmrgpbpmr9/sf/>==6/218==.pfi  Lmreâefmz, H., & Fmkhbfj, O. (>32=). Fasmòj fm Mstufajs Mpafmgajkðha`js. A. Mk Mstufaj Vrbesvmrsbk? Vjgbefj ueb Ijtjhrbiçb fm kb Pbkuf y kb Meimrgmfbf. Njkmtçe Meimrgmfbf.  Njkmtçe @kçea`j  Ljspatbk Aeibetak Fmk Mstbfj fm Pjejrb, Pjejrb, 0>(2), 0>(2), >9‐06. Gmrkj, O., & @btbkâe, -Gbrçb. (>3>3). B``msj (>3>3).  B``msj Vá`ea`j b kb Mfu`b`aðe Yartubk me Brhmetaeb. Brhmetaeb . 2‐>1. Gaemfu. (>3>3). Jrametb`ajems Smfbhðha`bs Sbrb Mk Pmrva`aj Mfu`btavj Fm Mfu`b`aðe Nâsa`b Furbetm Mk Bòj >3>3 Me Mk Gbr`j Fm Kb Mgmrhme`ab Pbeatbrab Sjr Mk @jrjebvarus @jvaf-21‗. Mk @jvaf-21‗. Mk Smrubej. Smrubej. Gjrbkms, F. (>3>3). ^mikmxajems sjnrm kb pkbtbijrgb bprmefj me @bsb fmk gaeastmraj fm mfu`b`aðe fmk Smrÿ furbetm kb pbefmgab @JYAF-21. ]EMP@J Sbtragjeaj @ukturbk y Vurasgj Pjstmeankm ]eavmrsafbf fm Pbe Gbrtçe fm Sjrrms, Sjrrms , =/]EZE]MYJZMP@MEB^AJZMEZKB .pfi:2033&Pahebt urm7I`VsHDjt\GY0iBfOD@8jppQt\k^IBqE@X`KB=3>3). Kb (>3>3). Kb mfu`b`aðe pragbrab me tamgpj fm kb pbefmgab fmk `jvaf-21, mk `bsj `bs j fm @lakm y Smrÿ furbetm mk >3>3. 2‐>=. >3>3. 2‐>=.   \A. Agpb`tjs mspmrbfjs  

a.  Agpb`tjs me @ame`ab y Vm`ejkjhçb

Kjs agpb`tjs me kb `ame`ab sm mspmrb qum smb saheaia`btavj pjr kjs rmsuktbfjs qum sm vbyb b jntmemr, yb qum mk tmgb fm aevmstahb`aðe trbtbfj ms sjnrm mk b``msj pjr gmfaj fm mstrbtmhabs b kbs tm`ejkjhçbs fm aeijrgb`aðe y `jguea`b`aðe pbrb kb `jetaeuafbf fm kb mfu`b`aðe. Jtrj agpb`tj smrâ tmemr gbyjr `jej`agametj fm kb rmbkafbf fm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk, yb qum ms ue imeðgmej eumvj qum fmnm smr mstufabfj y `jej`afj pjr kb sj`amfbf, qum mstb me`bgaebfj b ue guefj `bfb vmz gâs tm`ejkðha`j, pjr tbetj, ms agpjrtbetm bprmefmr, `jej`mr, gbeapukbr y tmemr gbyjrms ib`akafbfms fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk y ej sjkj pbrb mstufabetms, saej pbrb kb sj`amfbf qum tamem qum ar bfbptâefjsm b kjs `bgnajs sj`abkms.  

aa. Agpb`tjs m`jeðga`js

Pmrâ fbr b `jej`mr b kb pjnkb`aðe sjnrm mk hbstj j kb aevmrsaðe qum pumfm hmemrbr mk b``msj b guefj vartubk y ej sjkj mfu`b`a mfu`b`aðe ðe vartubk, yb qum bpbrtm fm tmemr kbs lmrrbgametbs lmrrbgametbs içsa`bs `jgj mk `mkukbr, `jgputbfjrb, tbnkmts, metrm jtrjs pbrb b``mfmr, tbgnaáe sm em`msatb aetmremt, sae ák ms `bsa aesmrvankm kj fmgâs, kj `ubk ljy me fçb tamem ue `jstj gbyjr me mstbs ápj`bs fm `rasas y `jvaf-21, pjr tbetj `je kjs rmsuktbfjs qum sm jntmefrâe me eumstrb aevmstahb`aðe sm `jej`mrâ kb aevmrsaðe m`jeðga`b qum lb`me kjs pbfrms y fj`metms pbrb smhuar `je kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab. Kb aevmrsaðe sjkj smrâ pbrb mk sm`tjr mfu`b`aðe sa ej b eavmk hmemrbk, `jgj mk trbnboj rmgjtj qum sm vamem fbefj me mk b`tubk `jetmxtj fm pbefmgab me mk Smrÿ. Pm mspmrb qum mk mstbfj tjgm ue gbyj gb yjrr aetm aetmrá ráss me bp bpjy jybr br bk sm`t sm`tjr jr mf mfu` u`b` b`að aðee y ij ijrt rtbk bkm` m`mr mr mk fm fmsb sbrr rrjk jkkj kj fm kb kbss eu eumv mvbs bs hmemrb`ajems..  

aaa. Agpb`tjs sj`abkms

Srjgjvmr ueb gbyjr ahubkfbf fm b``msj b mstb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab y ueb gbyjr ahubkfbf me kb mesmòbezb mesmòbe zb y bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabet mstufabetms ms bsmhurbefj mk `jrrm`t `jrrm`tjj fmsbrrjkkj fmsbrrjkkj fm kjs gasgjs. Pm 22

 

mspmrb qum `je mk `jej`agametj hmemrbfj sm `rmm gbyjr `je`ame`ab me kb pjnkb`aðe y mk mstbfj, yb qum kb sj`amfbf fmnm mgpmzbr b bfbptbrsm y nus`br kjs gmfajs pbrb b``mfmr b mstb mfu`b`að mfu`b`aðee vartubk j guefj vartubk y qum mk mstbfj fmnm jtjrhbr kb ib`akafbf fm b``msj y bprmefazbom fm mstbs rmfms. Bfmgâs, fm qum kbs lmrrbgametbs fahatbkms fmnme smr usbfbs b ibvjr fmk fmsbrrjkkj y bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms y me hmemrbk fm kb sj`amfbf, mkagaebefj pj`j b pj`j mk gbk usj qum sm km fb, kj `ubk ms ue fmspmrfa`aj fm tamgpj y faemrj. \AA. 

^m`ursjs em`msbrajs

2.  @jetrbtbr pmrsjebk pbrb kb mtbpb fm rm`jkm``aðe fm fbtjs >.  Kbptjp pbrb mk prj`msbgametj fm fbtjs 0.  Mquapjs fm najsmhurafbf `jetrb mk `jvaf-21 6.  @jpabs ijtjstâta`bs =.  @âgbrbs ijtjhrâia`bs 9.  Vmxtjs \AAA.  Kj`bkazb`aðe fmk prjym`tj Kb Aestatu`aðe Mfu`btavb Sragbrab 8>283 Ya`metm Vaetb @`jb fm Lubeutuyj, mstâ una`bfb me mk fmpbrtbgmetj fm Suej prjvae`ab fm @brbnbyb, fastratj fm Gb`usbea, `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom. Kb A.M.S, `umetb `je = hrbfjs ÿea`js me tjtbk

 

B@VA Gm BHJ

PMVAM

YAFB sms

GN^M

PVJ

J@V]  EJYAMG FA@AMG N^M

N^M

N^M

MEM^J

IMN^M^J

FMP  

Pm gb

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 > > > > > > > > > > 0 0 0

ebs 2 > 0 6 = 9 8 < 1 3 2 > 0 6 = 9 8 < 1 3 2 > 0 6 = 9 8 < 1 3 2 >

S^MPMEV B@AÐE FM S^JS]MP VB FM S^JQM@V J

 

^MYAPAJE Q BO]PVM FM AEPV^]G MEVJ

 

BSKA@B^  MK AEPV^]G MEVJ

 

^M@JKM@   @AJE FM KB 20

 

AEIJ^GB @AJE

S^J@MPB GAMEVJ FM FBVJP

 

BEBKAP FM ^MP]KVB FJP

 

^MYA@AJE FMK AEIJ^GM IAEBK

 

AEIJ^GM IAEBK

 

\YA.  Srmsupumstj

26

 

  Fms`rap`aðe

]eaf ]e afbf bf fm gmfa gmfafb fb @jst @jstjj ]e ]eat atbra brajj

@betafbf

@jstj tjtbk (P/.)

 > pmrsjebs

933 sjkms

 2 pmrsjeb

>333 sjkms

(P/.) Smrsjebk

fm bpjyj

Bsmsjr 

Ljobs fm

 r  rmmguemrb`aðe

033 sjkms

^mguemrb`aðe

>333 sjkms

2 gakkbr

>3.33

23 `bobs

2.33

>33 ljobs

agprmsaðe kbpa`mrj

Aetmremt

 Gmhbs

233 kbpa`mrjs

23= pjr gms

 Kanrm

Pmrva`aj

pbsboms

233

0 vaboms

Agprmvastjs

 

2333

 

VJVBK, P/

>=.33

233

903

 933

2333 >0== sjkms

 

\YAA.  Bemxjs

2=

 

 

GBV^A_ FM @JEPAPVME@AB

VAV]KJ? Mim`tjs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom-@brbnbyb>3>3   S^JNKM

JNOMVAY LASJVM YB^ABN FAGMEPA

GBP

JP

PAP

KMP

JEMP

 

Mstrbtmhabs

 

  HMEM^BK?

HMEM^BK?

fm

HMEM^B

bhme`abgam

K?   

etj fm kjs

  Kjs mim`tjs mim`tjs

- º@uâkms sje -Fmtmrgaebr  kjs kjs mim`tjs fmk kjs

b`tjrms fm kb A. b`tjrms fm kb js me kjs M. S. fm A. M. S. fm b` b`tj tjrm rmss fm Lubeutuyj fm Lubeutuyj kb A.M.P. fm

>3>3:

kb Lubeutuyj

Sb`bom- `jgueafbf fm >3>3

fm

kb

Sb Sb``bom- `jgueafbf

J^MP

KJHAB MEIJR]M

j  ^bfaj

@ubetatbtavj

j  Kbptjp

FAPMÒJ

j  @mkukbr 

MPV^BV MHABP FMK B@@MPJ B

 Ej mxpmragmetb

j  Kanrjs j  Aetmremt

k VASJ

j  @jstj Fms`raptavj fm kb `jem`tavafbf  

KB SJNKB@AÐE

MF]@B

fm Sb Sb`b `bom om--

@AJE

>3>3.

YA^V]B

 

GMVJFJ

 

b``msj b kb fmk b``msj b mfu`b`aðe kb mfu`b`að mfu`b`aðee var mfu`b`aðe vartub tubkk sje var vartub tubkk me kjs kjs vartubk me kjs saheaia`btav

fm

AEFA@BF

 prjimsjrms

fmk b``msj b

mi mim` m`tj tjss kb

kb `jguea `jgueafbf fbf fm

 

29

Q G]MPV^B

⮟ J`upb`aðe

 

 

K

 

Mstrbtmhabs fm

  JP?

bhme`abgam

MPSM@ÇIA MPSM@ÇIA

MPSM@ÇIA@

@JP? 

@JP?

- º@uâkms sje   Kbs kbs mstrbtmh mstrbtmhabs abs mstrbtmhabs - Afmetaia`br  fm fm bhme`abgametj kbs bhme`abgam

Hrbfj fm aestru``aðe

Gumstrb? Mstufabetms

⮟

fm 2 b = fm

 Eÿgmrj fm

 pragbrab,

laojs

 pbfrms fm

ibgakab

ibgakab y ⮟ fj`metms B`jgpbòbg ametj `je ue tjtbk, ibgakabr me fm 286. mk bprmefazbom

kb var vartub tubkk fm kjs kjs mk b``msj b kb b mfu`b`aðe fj`metms fm kb mfu`b`aðe A.M.S. fm vartubk fm kjs vartubk fj`met etms ms fm fmgbefbe Lubeutuyj fm fj`m

⮟ 

A.M.S. S. fm ue msiumrzj kb `jguea `jgueafbf fbf kb A.M.  pbrb kjs fm Sb`bom Lubeutuyj fm kb fj`metms fm >3>3:

 

`jgueafbf

Kb

kb A.M.S. fm

Sb`bom Lubeutuyj

sbtasib``að

fm

e fm kjs

kb

  ◊

◊

◊

`jgueafbf fm Sb Sb`b `bom om--

mstufabetms me mk

>3>3.

bprmefazbo - º@uâkms sje - Afmetaia`br  -  fm

m vartubk Kbs

mstrbtmhabs

kbs mstrbtmh mstrbtmhabs abs kbs

mstrbtmhabs fm fm

◊

bhme`abgametj bhme`abgamet bhme`abgam fm

kjs j

fm

etjj fm kj kjss kjs et

gbtmra gbt mrabkm bkmss fm gbtmrabkms fm gbtmrabkms bprmefazbom fm bprmefazbom

Lubeutuyj

 pbfrms fm

mk b``msj b kb gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb mesmòbezb me me mk b``msj mfu`b`aðe

>3>3.

A. M.S.

⮟

kjs mstrbtmhabs fm et etjj fm kj kjss gbtmra gbt mrabkm bkmss fm bhme`abgamet gbtmrabkms mesmòb mes mòbezb ezb me j fm kjs fm

fm

Sjnkb`aðe?

etj fm kjs

fm

 

⮟ Iumetms fm aehrmsj

◊

fm 28

Bgna metm Gbtmr  abkms Fastra  nu`að e fmk ljrbra j metrm fastaet bs VM@EA@BP b`tava M fbfms Ljrbs AEPV^]G fm MEVJ FM mstufa ^M@JKM@ j Jrhbe @AÐE FM azb`að

 

e kjs pbfrms pbfrms fm fm kjs pbfrms mesmòbezb

FBVJP

ibgakab fm kb A. fm ibgakab fm me mk b``msj M.

S.

Lubeutuyj fm Lubeutuyj kb  `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom `jgueafbf

fm >3>3:

kb

Me`umstb

vartub tubkk sje kb var

Nbsm fm

fm kb A. M. S. fm b mfu`b`aðe

Sb`bom  pbrb

fm >3>3

fbtjs

bnemhbfbs kjs

 pbfrms

fm

^mvasaðe

ib ibga gaka kabb

fm

fj`ugmetb

kb A.M.S. fm

fb

Lubeutuyj fm

kb

`jgueafbf fm Sb Sb`b `bom om->3>3.

 

 

 

Afmetaia` ia`br  br  - º@jgj ms kb - Afmeta

Kbs

mstrbtmhabs

sbtasib``aðe fm kbs

kjs mstufabetms mstrbtmhabs fm fm mk bhme`abgamet bhme`abgam

me

bprmefazbom fm j kb

fm

etjj fm kj kjss kjs et

mf mfu` u`b` b`að aðee gbtmrabkms fm gbtmrabkms

fm vartubk fm kb A. bprmefazbom kjs mesmòbezb M. S. fm fm Lubeutuyj fm mstufabetms

me mk b``msj

kb `jguea `jgueafbf fbf fm kb A. M. S. b fm >3>3:

mfu`b`aðe

Sb`bom fm Lubeutuyj `jgueafbf >3>3

var vartub tubkk sje kb vartujsbs

fm fm

kb

 pbrb

kjs

Sb`bom mstufabetms fm kb A.M.S. fm 2<

 

Lubeutuyj fm

kb

`jgueafbf fm Sb Sb`b `bom om->3>3.

 

21

 

]EAYM^PAFBF EB@AJEBK FMK BKVASKBEJ IB@]KVBF FM @AME@ABP PJ@ABKMP MP@]MKB S^JIMPAJEBK FM PJ@AJKJHÇB

@ursj? VBKKM^ FM MOM@]@AJE FM S^JQM@VJ FM VMPAP VMGB?

Mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.S. Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2 Fj`metm? VBKBYM^B PBKBP, Akka`l \bvamr  Bkugebs? SBVBVAEHJ GJ^J@@J, Kaz Gbhbky @JEFJ^A @BKKJ, Dbtty Gbhbka

Pmgmstrm? ‛YA‗

Hrupj? ‛N‗

>3

 

A.

SKBE SKBEVM VMBG BGAM AMEV EVJ JF FM MK S^J S^JNK NKMG MGB B JNO JNOMV MVJ J FM FM MPV MPV]F ]FAJ AJ J PJK]@AJE.

Me kb b`tubkafbf ejs me`jetrbgjs me ueb `rasas qum ms kb pbefmgab fmk `jrjebvarus qum lb bim`tbfj b kb sj`amfbf tbetj b eavmk guefabk `jgj eb`ajebk y ej ms kb mx`mp`aðe eumstrj pbçs. Sjr  mefm, kjs sm`tjrms gâs bim`tbfjs lbe safj kb m`jejgçb, kb mfu`b`aðe y mk sm`tjr sbkuf. Ljy me fçb mk sm`tjr gâs bim`tbfj pjr kb `rasas ms mk sm`tjr rurbk pjr kb fmsahubkfbf me kb mfu`b`aðe qum yb sm vmeçb fbefj y qum bljrb `je mstb `rasas ms gâs mvafmet mvafmetm. m. Sjr kj tbetj, tbetj, kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe vartubk sm lb `jevmrtafj me ue gmfaj fm `jetaeuafbf fm mstufaj fm kb mfu`b`aðe, mk bprmefazbom y mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kjs mstufabetms, pjr mkkj mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk sm `jevartað me ueb faia`uktbf pbrb mk sm`tjr rurbk bim`tbefj mk bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms. Mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kjs mstufabetms ms uej fm kjs prae`apbkms prjpðsatjs fmk qumlb`mr mfu`btavj pbrb mstm mim`tj kb mfu`b`aðe fmk eavmk pragbraj fmnm pjemr áeibsas me fmsbrrjkkbr ueb ijrgb`aðe ej sjkj `jheatavb sa ej tbgnaáe bim`tavb y `jefu`tubk me kjs mstufabetms pbrb qum pumfb lb`mr irmetm b kbs bfvmrsafbfms ej sjkj fm tapj b`bfága`j sa ej sj`ajmgj`ajebk. (Smr`b, >3232>,  pâh. 23>).  23>).  (>321) ejs  ejs gme`ajeb qum kb tm`ejkjhçb mfu`btavb ms ue `jeouetj fm Sjr Sjr jt jtrj rj kbf kbfj, j, @jetmet (>321) rm`ursjs, prj`msjs y lmrrbgametbs fm aeijrgb`aðe y `jguea`b`aðe bpka`bfbs b kb mstru`turb y kbs b` b`ta tava vafbf fbfms ms fm fmkk sa sast stmg mgbb mf mfu` u`bt btav avjj me su suss fa favm vmrsj rsjss âgna âgnatj tjss y ea eavm vmkm kms. s. Kb mrb fa faha hatb tbkk lb rmvjku`ajebf rmvjku `ajebfjj `bfb bspm`tj fm eumstrb vafb `jtafabe `jtafabeb, b, y me kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe ej ium faimrmetm. faimrmetm. Kb mrb aefustrabk mstâ samefj sustatuafb pjr kb mrb aeijrgâta`b, pjr kj qum sm prmváe eumvjs rmtjs y em`msafbfms me mk âgnatj mfu`btavj. Mstm imeðgmej pbrtm fm kb trbesijrgb`aðe fahatbk qum lb aetr aetrjfu jfu`a `afj fj kb pb pbrt rta` a`ap apb`a b`aðe ðe fm kb tm tm`e `ejk jkjh jhçb çb me kb mf mfu`b u`b`a `aðe, ðe, tb tbgn gnaá aáee `j `jej` ej`af afbb `jgj `jgj ‛tm`ejk ‛tm `ejkjhçb jhçb mfu` mfu`bta btavb‗ vb‗.. Kb ae` ae`jrpj jrpjrb`a rb`aðe ðe fm eum eumvbs vbs tm`ejk tm`ejkjhç jhçbs bs fmetrj fmetrj fm kbs ms`umkb ms`umkbss lb 2

 

`bgnabfj kjs gátjfjs mfu`btavjs b tbk hrbfj qum sm bnrme mspb`ajs pbrb kb `ukturb fahatbk me sbkjemss fm `kbsms. Pae mgnbrhj sbkjem mgnbrhj,, mstb mxpka`b` mxpka`b`aðe aðe ms aesuia aesuia`ametm `ametm pbrb `jgprmefmr su agpb`tj agpb`tj me kb b`tubkafbf, b`tubkafbf, pjr kj qum ms em`msbraj qum mxpjehbgjs su pbpmk ljy me fçb. Jtrj prjnkmgb ms kb fmsahubkfbf sj`abk pmsm b smr mstufabfb pjr tjfbs kbs `jrrametms fmk pmesbgametj sj`ajkðha`j fm fmsfm sfm mk sahk sahkjj \A \A\, \, pm pmrsa rsast stmm ueb `j `jet etrbf rbfa` a``a `aðe ðe ms mstr tru` u`tu turb rbkk fm fmkk sa sast stmg mgb, b, bu bueq equm um mx mxas astb tbee aeeugmrbnkms momgpkjs fm hrupjs y pmrsjebs qum lbe nus`bfj pjr tjfjs kjs gmfajs fasgaeuarkb, mrrbfa`brkb j supkbetbrkb (@bstakkj, supkbetbrkb (@bstakkj, >32>). >32>). Bsagasgj, gmfafbs sagakbrms lbe safj bpka`bfbs b eavmk hkjnbk fbfb kb prjpbhb`aðe fmk @JYAF21. Pmhÿe kb  kb  ]EMP@J (>3>3), (>3>3), kjs hjnamrejs fm 22= pbçsms lbe beue`abfj j agpkmgmetbfj mk `amrrm fm aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs pbrb aetmetbr `jetrjkbr kb pbefmgab. Fm mstm tjtbk fm pbçsms, 23= `mrrbrje kbs aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs pbr`abk j tjtbkgmetm b eavmk eb`ajebk, kj qum agpb`tb bprjxagbfbgmetm b gâs fm 1=1.> gakkjems fm eaòjs y oðvmems. Kjs 23 pbçsms rmstbetms lbe agpkmgmetbfj `amrrms kj`bkms y, sa mstjs `amrrms sm bgpkabrbe b ue eavmk eb`ajebk, sm aetmrrugparçb kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe fm jtrbs fm`mebs fm gakkjems fm mstufab mstufabetms. etms. Fm b`umrfj `je mk Aestatutj Aestatutj Eb`ajebk fm Mstbfçsta`b m Aeijrgâta`b (AEMA, >328), sjkj mk >328 tmeçb b``msj b aetmremt. Bsagasgj, sjkbgmetm mk 00.86% tmeçb ueb `jgputbfjrb, kbptjp j Vbnkmt y sjkj mk 08.=8%, `jemxaðe b V.Y pjr `bnkm j sbtmkatbk Gametrbs qum pbrb Humrrb  (>3>3) (>3>3),, ms mvafmetm qum kb hrbe gbyjrçb fm eumstrj pbçs ej pjfrçb `jetaeubr `je su mfu`b`aðe b trbvás fm `kbsms j pkbtbijrgbs vartubkms, `jesafmrbefj qum kjs ljhbrms `je mstbs kagatb`ajems sje ej sjkbgmetm bqumkkjs fjefm vavme kjs mstufabetms, saej tbgnaáe kjs fj`metms. Mgmrhme`abs fm kb ms`bkb `jgj kb qum mstbgjs vavamefj fmseufbe kbs hrbefms fmnakafbfms fm pbçsms `jgj mk eumstrj. Smrÿ tamem bktjs eavmkms fm fmsahubkfbf y favmrsbs nrm`lbs pjr `mrrbr. Me kb `ubk sm faj mk imeðgmej fm kb pbefmgab fmk @JYAF 21, y mk sm`tjr mfu`btavj ium ueb fm kbs gâs bim`tbfbs, pjr  mkkj sm fms`jej`m sus mim`tjs emhbtavjs j pjsatavjs me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms qum fbe `jetaeuafbf b kb mfu`b`aðe me mk sm`tjr rurbk.

IJ^G]KB@AÐE FMK S^JNKMGB Srjnkmgb hmemrbk >

 

º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2:

Srjnkmgbs mspm`çia`js ❙

º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>3:

❙

º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2:

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º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2:

AA.

BEVM@MFMEVMP

Betm`mfmetms Vmðra`js Kb mfu`b`aðe ms ue imeðgmej sj`abk, y `jgj tbk sm km btranuym fmsfm mk surhagametj fm kb sj`ajkjhçb ‛ue pbpmk fm`asavj, tbetj me kb trbesgasaðe fm kb lmrme`ab `ukturbk fm ueb sj`amfbf, `jgj me kjs prj`msjs fm pjfmr y fm `jetrjk sj`abkms vahmetms me mkkb. (Br`lmr & Nrçhafj, >328) Sbrb Furdlmag Sbrb  Furdlmag (2192) (2192),, metamefm qum kb mfu`b`aðe y sj`abkazb`aðe sje prj`msjs gmfabetm kjs `ubkms mk aefavafuj bprmefm kbs gbemrbs fm ue fmtmrgaebfj hrupj j sj`amfbf, ms fm`ar  bfquamrm kbs lmrrbgametbs içsa`bs, aetmkm`tubkms y, gâs agpjrtbetm bÿe, gjrbkms em`msbrabs  pbrb b`tubr me kb sj`amfbf‗. Sjr tbetj, kb mfu`b`aðe mf u`b`aðe ms uuej ej fm kjs faspjsatavjs faspjs atavjs utakazbfjs pjr  kb sj`amfbf pbrb aetrjfu`ar me mk suomtj kb `je`ame`ab `jkm`tavb, b pbrtar fm kb ‛sj`abkazb`aðe gmtðfa`b fm kb eumvb hmemrb`aðe. Bsagasgj, kb mfu`b`aðe ms ue vmrfbfmrj lm`lj sj`abk, samefj kb b``aðe `jmr`atavb ueb fm kbs `brb`tmrçsta`bs fm kjs lm`ljs sj`abkms. Kjs lm`ljs sj`abkms sje ueb rmbkafbf sua hmemras, ‛`jesastme me gbemrbs fm jnrbr, fm pmesbr y fm smetar, mxtmrajrms bk aefavafuj, y qum mstâe fjtbfbs fm ue pjfmr `jb`tavj, pjr mk `ubk sm km agpjeme‗, samefj aefmpmefametms fm kbs gbeaimstb`ajems aefavafubkms. Kb rmkb`aðe metrm sj`amfbf m aefavafuj sm `brb`tmrazb pjr smr fm agpka`b`aðe gutub, me kb `ubk kb sj`amfbf pragb sjnrm mk 0

 

aefavafuj, pumstj qum pbrb ijrgbr pbrtm fm kb gasgb fmnm ae`jrpjrbr pbutbs mxtmrebs. Me `jesm`ume`ab, ‛mk gm`beasgj qum faspjem kb sj`amfbf pbrb momr`mr su aeikume`ab sjnrm mk aefavafuj ms kb mfu`b`aðe‗ (`atbfj me ^a``mta, >32>). Pmhÿe ^atzmr (2110), ‛me tárgaejs gjfmrejs, kjs lm`ljs sj`abkms sje kbs mstru`turbs sj`abkms, bsç `jgj kbs ejrgbs y kjs vbkjrms `ukturbkms qum sje mxtmrejs y `jmr`atavjs pbrb kjs b`tjrms‗. Me kb tmjrçb fm Furdlmag sm mstufab b kjs lm`ljs sj`abkms `jgj `jsbs (kj jpumstj b kb afmb)  pjrqum bsç sm s m gbeaiamstbe me kb rmbkafbf, kj `ubk kkmvð b fjtbr fm `ametaia`afbf kb aevmstahb`aðe sj`abk. Kb agpjrtbe`ab fm kb mfu`b`aðe `jgj tmgb fm aefbhb`aðe rbfa`b me kb `rasas fm kb gjrbkafbf `jgÿe qum sm jnsmrvbnb me kbs sj`amfbfms. Ms pjr msj qum mk butjr fmiaeað b kb mfu`b`aðe y b kb sj`abkazb`aðe `jgj ‛kjs prj`msjs gmfabetm kjs `ubkms mk aefavafuj bprmefm kbs gbemrbs fm ue fmtmrgaebfj hrupj j sj`amf sj`amfbf, bf, ms fm`ar bfquamrm kbs lmrrbgamet lmrrbgametbs bs içsa`bs, içsa`bs, aetmkm`tubkms aetmkm`tubkms y, gâs agpjrtbetm bÿe, gjrbkms em`msbrabs pbrb b`tubr me kb sj`amfbf‗. Sufaáefjsm pmr`anar me kbs lmrrbgametbs içsa`bs, aetmkm`tubkms y gjrbkms fm mstb fmiaea`aðe kb afmb fm mfu`b`aðe 2192).. aetmhrbk (Furdlmag, 2192) Furdlm dlmag ag (219 (2192) 2)   Kb `je`a `je`ame me`a `abb `j `jkm km`t `tav avbb me me   Fur

`u `ugp gpkm km ueb ueb iue`a iue`aðe ðe `met `metrb rbkk me mk

gbetmeagametj fm kb `jlmsaðe y jrfme sj`abk. Sbrb ák, kj qum ms `jgÿe b ue hrupj sj`abk sm trbesgatm fm hmemrb`aðe me hmemrb`aðe b trbvás fm kb trbfa`aðe, gametrbs qum kb mfu`b`aðe rmiumrzb kjs gbefbtjs sj`abkms. Pae mgnbrhj, sm fmnm tmemr me `umetb qum b trbvás fm kb mfu`b`aðe sm kjhrb mk `jetrjk fm kb sj`amfbf pjr gmfaj fm kb `jb``aðe qum hmemrbe kjs lm`ljs sj`abkms, `jgj ue gbefbtj qum jnkahb m agpjem fmtmrgaebfbs pbutbs b smhuar. Ms fm`ar, ‛pj`j b pj`j jraha jrahaeb eb lânatjs y tmefme`abs aetmre aetmrebs bs qum kb lb`me ÿtak, b kb `jb``a `jb``aðe, ðe, pmrj qum sðkj kb rmmgpkbzbe pjrqum fmravbe fm mkkb‗. Fm mstj sm fmsprmefm kb iue`aðe prae`apbk fm kb mfu`b`aðe? kb ijrgb`aðe fmk smr sj`abk, pmrgatamefj fm mstb gbemrb qum kb sj`amfbf sm fmsbrrjkkm y pmrpmtÿm, gmfabetm mk `jetrjk sj`abk y mk gbetmeagametj fm kb mstru`turb fm pjfmr. Ms fm`ar ‛`ubefj sm garbe kjs lm`ljs tbkms `jgj sje y `jgj samgprm lbe safj, sbktb b kjs jojs qum tjfb mfu`b`að mfu`b`aðee `jesastm me ue msiumrzj `jetaeuj pbrb agpjemr b kjs eaòjs gbemrbs fm vmr, fm smetar y fm jnrbr, b kbs `ubkms ej lbnrçbe kkmhbfj mspjetâembgmetm‗. Sjr kj tbetj, kb  prmsaðe qum sm momr`m fmsfm kb mfu`b`aðe lb`ab mk eaòj prjvamem fmk gmfaj sj`abk `je kb aetme`aðe agpkç`atb, pmrj b kb vmz mxpkç`atb, fm gjkfmbrkj (Furdlmag, 21) fm kb gjr gjrbk bk `jg `jgame amezb zb fjefm fjefm `jgame `jgamezb zb mk fjgaea fjgaeajj sj`abk‗ sj`abk‗,, mxasta mxastamef mefjj ueb rmk rmkb`a b`aðe ðe fm rm`aprj`afbf metrm kb gjrbk y kb sj`amfbf. Kb mfu`b`aðe pbrb Furdlmag sm `brb`tmrazb pjr smr  gjrbk, rb`ajebk y kba`b. Sjr gjrbk Furdlmag metamefm ‛ue sastmgb fm rmhkbs fm b``aðe qum  prmfmtmrgaebe kb `jefu`tb‗ ms fm`ar, rmhkbs y ejrgbs prmmstbnkm`afbs, prms`raptbs, qum fmtmrgaebe kb numeb `jefu`tb y, b kb vmz, kb jnmfame`ab b kbs gasgbs. Vmeamefj `jgj iue`aðe  prae`apbk kb rmhukb`aðe fm kb `jefu`tb. Ms pjr msj qum, kb gjrbk aeikuym me kb ijrgb`aðe fmk `brâ`tmr y kb pmrsjebkafbf, yb qum sm `jesafmrb qum mk ljgnrm pjsmm ueb ebturbkmzb lugbeb qum fmnm `jetrjkbr b pbrtar fm kb aetmrajrazb`aðe fm pbutbs mxtmrebs b ák, pbrb ej qumfbr  btrbpbfj me kjs agpuksjs y pbsajems qum kj vumkvme mhjçstb. Sjr kj tbetj, ijrgb pbrtm fm kb iue`aðe fm kb ms`umkb fas`apkaebr bk ljgnrm, yb qum ‛b`tubr gjrbkgmetm ms lb`mrkj `je garbs b ue aetmrás `jkm`tavj‗, ms fm`ar `je garbs b ueb sj`amfbf, mstagukbefj kb bflmsaðe pjr pbrtm fm kjs aefavafujs b kjs hrupjs sj`abkms qum aetmhrb. Mk prae`apbk jnomtavj fm kb sj`abkazb`aðe  pbrb Furdlmag ium ‛mk fmsbrrjkkj fm ue smetagametj fm fmfa`b`aðe y rrmspmtj mspmtj b kb sj`amfbf y b su sastmgb gjrbk‗ (^atzmr, 2110) 2110).. Gametrbs qum mk jnomtavj fm kb mfu`b`aðe ms, gmfabetm kb ijrgb`aðe fmk smr sj`abk, fjtbr b kjs aefavafujs fm ueb vafb gjrbk y sj`abk qum kms pmrgatb bfbptbrsm bk gmfaj. Ms pjr msj qum mk `jesmesj sj`abk sm kjhrb gmfabetm ueb `amrtb ljgjhmemafbf metrm sus gamgnrjs, samefj kb mfu`b`aðe uej fm kjs gm`beasgjs `je kjs qum `umetb kb sj`amfbf pbrb aetrjfu`ar me mk eaòj kb `je`ame`ab `jkm`tavb (^a``mta, >32>, pâhs. 23=-221). Iaebkgmetm, Iaebkg metm, pbrb Sbkjgbrms (>330) mk (>330) mk mstufaj mstufaj sj`ajkðha` sj`ajkðha`jj fm kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe lb fm `jesastar me mk beâkasas fmk sastmgb mfu`btavj me tbetj rmbkafbf sj`abk, ms fm`ar, me tbetj `jestatuafj pjr kbs aetmrb``ajems qum sm mstbnkm`me `je mk rmstj fm kbs pbrtms fmk sastmgb hkjnbk qum kkbgbgjs sj`amfbf. Kb sj`amfbf fmgbefb b kb ms`umkb qum ijrgm b sus aefavafujs qum kjs `ubkaiaqum kbnjrbkgmetm, qum kjs sj`abka`m, qum bugmetm kjs eavmkms fm ahubkfbf y kb `je`ame`ab fm `aufbfbeçb. Kb ms`umkb fmgbefb gmfajs, rmhukb`ajems gâs mia`b`ms, mt`. Kb sj`amfbf `jetrjkb y mvbkÿb, mxahm qum smbgjs rmspjesbnkms4 kb ms`umkb pafm `jesafmrb`aðe sj`abk y m`jeðga`b fm kjs prjimsjrms, y mstâ faspumstb b smr rmspjesbnkm betm kb sj`amfbf.

Betm`mfmetms aetmreb`ajebkms

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Pmhÿe P`lbfy (>3>3) biargb (>3>3) biargb qum kb pbefmgab fm @JYAF-21 prjvj`ð trbstjrejs sae prm`mfmetms me mk âgnatj mfu`btavj `je 2.>33 gakkjems fm bkugejs y fm oðvmems bim`tbfjs pjr mk `amrrm fm kbs ms`umkbs me tjfj mk guefj. Mstb satub`aðe ej sjkj lb sj`bvbfj kb `jeiabezb me kb `bpb`afbf fm kjs smrva`ajs pÿnka`js tbkms `jgj kb mfu`b`aðe y kb sbkuf pbrb lb`mr irmetm b kb `rasas, saej qum lb sus`atbfj prmj`upb`ajems iuefbgmetbkms b`mr`b fm kb mrjsaðe fm kjs fmrm`ljs lugbejs bljrb y fmspuás fm kb `rasas. Bsagasgj kb  Jrhbeazb`aðe fm kbs Eb`ajems ]eafbs pbrb kb Mfu`b`aðe, kb @ame`ab y kb @ukturb ]EMP@J (>3>3) gme`ajeb (>3>3) gme`ajeb qum b pmsbr fm ue rmkbtavj rmkbobgametj fmk `amrrm fm kbs ms`umkbs fmnafj bk @JYAF-21 y fm kb tmefme`ab `rm`ametm b kb rmbpmrturb, gâs fm gak gakkjems fm mfu`befjs me tjfj mk guefj sahume bim`tbfjs pjr mk `amrrm fm kjs `metrjs mfu`btavjs. Me mstm âgnatj, kjs trbstjrejs qum lbe bim`tbfj b kb mfu`b`aðe ej tameme prm`mfmetms. Mk @JYAF-21 fmob  pj`bs vafbs y kuhbrms aetb`tjs, pmrj su rmpmr`usaðe, rm pmr`usaðe, ae`kuafj me mk âgnatj mfu`btavj, ms gbyjr me kjs hrupjs qum yb sje vukemrbnkms `jgj ms mk `bsj fm kjs rmiuhabfjs. Mk `jeiaebgametj sj`abk mgpmzð ue fçb betms fm aea`abrsm mk bòj ms`jkbr me kbs ms`umkbs pÿnka`bs. Kbs ms`umkbs pravbfbs, me su gbyjrç gbyjrçb, b, lbnçb mgpmzbfj `kbsms ueb j fjs smgbeb smgbebss betms. Furbetm Furbetm kbs smgbebs qum kjs mstufabetms mstufabetms ej pjfrâe ar b ms`umkbs, ms`umkbs, aestatutj aestatutjss j ueavmrsafbfms ueavmrsafbfms,, sm jrhbeazbe `kbsms b fastbe`ab usbefj kbs tm`ejkjhçbs qum mstáe gâs `mr`bebs b kjs mstufabetms. Vrbtâefjsm fm kb mfu`b`aðe nâsa`b mk Gaeastmraj Gaeastmraj fm Mfu`b`aðe Mfu`b`aðe pusj me mom`u`aðe mk prjhrbgb ‛Qj Bprmefj me `bsb‗, pbrb kj `ubk `jjrfaej `je ^bfaj Eb`ajebk y ^VY Smrÿ pbrb kb faiusaðe fm `jetmeafjs fm bprmefazbom. bprmefa zbom. Vbgnaáe sm utak utakazj azj pkbtbijrgbs fahatbkms. fahatbkms. @bfb lmrrbgametb fm `jguea `jguea`b`að `b`aðee tamem ijrtbkm ijrt bkmzbs zbs qum bprjvm bprjvm`lb `lbrr y kagatb kagatb`aj `ajems ems b tme tmemr mr me `ume `umetb. tb. Bfmgâs, Bfmgâs, samefj samefj mvafme mvafmetm tm msm me`jgabnkm msiumrzj, lbnrâ qum me`jetrbr râpafbs sjku`ajems bk lm`lj qum me gu`ljs ljhbrms ej mxastme kbs `jefa`ajems bfm`ubfbs pbrb bprjvm`lbr mk prjhrbgb, ea kbs ms`umkbs y mk pmrsjebk fj`metm ej mstb suia`ametmgmetm prmpbrbfj pbrb bfgaeastrbrkj (Mfu`brmf, >3>3). >3>3). Kb fmejgaebfb hkjnbkazb`aðe y kb tm`eaia`b`aðe fm kbs sj`amfbfms, ouetj `je mk bfvmeagametj,  prjkaimrb`aðe y gbsaia`b`aðe fm kbs fmejgaebfbs Vm`ejkjhçbs fm kb Aeijrgb`aðe y @jguea`b`aðe (VA@), lbe pmrgatafj qum kb mfu`b`aðe "vartubk", nboj kbs gjfbkafbfms fm kb mfu`b`aðe bnamrtb y b fastbe`ab ‐'kbs ej trbfa`ajebkastbs j `jevme`ajebkms- smbe kb rmspumstb gmtjfjkðha`b jimesavb `je kb qum `bfb vmz gâs pbçsms meirmetbe, gmfabetm sus rmspm`tavbs pjkçta`bs pÿnka`bs y pravbfbs, kjs rmtj rmtjss fmra fmravbf vbfjs js fmk fm fmrm` rm`lj lj b kb mf mfu`b u`b`a `aðe ðe ue ueav avmr mrsbk sbk,, fm `jn `jnmr mrtu turb rb y ik ikmx mxan anak akaf afbf bf,, qu qumm mk 9

 

`rm`agametj fmgjhrâia`j mxahm betm sastmgbs mfu`btavjs trbfa`ajebkms y prmsme`abkms. Fm bquç kb rmkm rmkmvb vbe` e`ab ab fm kb mf mfu`b u`b`a `aðe ðe "va "vart rtub ubk" k",, pj pjrr su hrb hrbee vb vbra ramf mfbf bf y fa faeb ebga gasg sgjj gmtj gmtjfjk fjkðh ðha` a`js, js,  pmriakâefjsm `jgj ueb pbeb`mb, buequm bÿe sae mstrbtmhabs `kbrbs fmnafj b kjs gatjs y prmoua`ajs qum `jekkmvb su lmrgmemusas, bk jirm`mr bgpkabr kbs jpjrtueafbfms fm b``msj b kjs hrupjs sj`abkms gbrhaebfjs j fmsbtmefafjs, y b bqumkkjs `uybs em`msafbfms mspb`aj-tmgpjrbkms bsç kj rmquamrme, hbrbeta hbrb etazbe zbefj fj y gmo gmojrbe jrbefj fj kb `bk `bkafb afbff fm kjs smrv smrva`a a`ajs js mfu mfu`bt `btavj avjss prmstbf prmstbfjs, js, bpk bpka`b a`befj efj kjs fmsbrrjkkjs tm`ejkðha`js b kjs prj`msjs fm mesmòbezb-bprmefazbom y mstagukbefj kbs aeejvb`ajems me y fm kbs prâ`ta`bs mfu`btavbs `jetmgpjrâembs, fm gbemrb ljkçsta`b y hmemrbefj ueb "rmbkafbf vartubk"4 ue gmfaj sagukbfj me mk `ubk sm pumfm uej sugmrhar kb vartubkafbf fm kb mfu`b`aðe (Ybrajs, >329)

Ymetbobs Q Fmsvmetbobs fm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk  Haiijrf (>338) kbs Pmhÿe Haiijrf Pmhÿe (>338) kbs vmetbobs fm kb mfu`b`aje vartubk sje kbs sahuametms? ◊

Sumf Sumfmm smr uta utaka kazbfb zbfb me mk sm`tj sm`tjrr b`bf b`bfága ága`j `j y kbnj kbnjrbk rbk,, pbrb mk aetmr aetmr`bg `bgnaj naj fm favmrs favmrsbs bs mxpmrame`abs aeejvbfjrbs.

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Ibvj Ibvjrm` rm`me me kb pbrta`a pbrta`apb`a pb`aðe ðe y mk trbnboj trbnboj `jk `jkbnjr bnjrbta btavj vj metrm metrm kbs pmrsjebs pmrsjebs,, msfm`ar, msfm`ar, b kjs usubrajs pbrta`apbr me ue prjym`tj me kçemb fmsfm `ubkquamr kuhbr.

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Smrg Smrgat atme me `jes `jestr trua uarr ue uebb af afme meta tafb fbff pm pmrsj rsjeb ebkk y/ y/jj va vart rtub ubk, k, fmnafj fmnafj b qu qumm pmrga pmrgatm tmee b kj kjss usubrajs `jgpbrtar tjfj tapj fm aeijrgb`aðe (bia`ajems, `rmme`abs, afmjkjhçbs, mt`.) `je mk rmstj fm kjs `anmrebutbs.

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Ib`a Ib`aka katb tbee kb kbss rm rmkb kb`a `aje jems ms me metr trmm kb kbss pmrs pmrsje jebs bs,, mv mvat atbe befj fj tj tjfj fj ta tapj pj fm nb nbrr rrmr mrbs bs tb tbet etjj

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`ukturbkms `jgj içsa`bs. Ib`ak Ib`akatbe atbe mk bbprmefaz prmefazbom bom aaetmhrb etmhrbkk iumrb fmk bukb bukb mms`jkbr, s`jkbr, y pmrgatme pmrgatme pjemr me prâ`ta` prâ`ta`bb kjs `je`mptjs bfquarafjs.

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Sjr mk ba baskb skbgam gametj etj sj` sj`abk abk fm fmkk guefj guefj b`tu b`tubk, bk, kb ae aetmr tmrb`` b``aðe aðe b trbvás trbvás fm Aetmremt Aetmremt pmrga pmrgatm tm b ue aefavafuj gjstrbrsm b jtrjs. Ms fm`ar, kbs rmfms sj`abkms sje uebg jpjrtueafbf pbrb gjstrbrsm tbk `ubk.

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Smrg Smrgatm atm aetmr` aetmr`bgna bgnabr br b` b`ta tavafb vafbfms, fms, aetmrms aetmrmsms, ms, bbia` ia`aje ajems. ms.

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^jg ^jgpm pm mk bask baskbga bgamet metjj fm gu`lb gu`lbss pmrsje pmrsjebs, bs, pjs pjsana anakat katbb kb `jgnaeb`a `jgnaeb`aðe ðe metrm metrm pkurb pkurbka kafbf fbf y `jgueafbf, bk bejeagbtj km fb pjpukbrafbf,

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Smrg Smrgat atmm mk mstb mstbnk nkm` m`ag agam amet etjj fm kbzjs kbzjs y rm rmkb kb`a `aje jems ms `j `jee pm pmrsj rsjebs ebs qum `jg `jgpb pbrt rtme me kjs gasgjs aetmrmsms, prmj`upb`ajems y em`msafbfms.

 Haiijrf (>338) kbs Pmhÿe Haiijrf Pmhÿe (>338) kbs fmsvmetbobs fm kb mfu`b`aje vartubk sje kbs sahuametms? ◊

Smr Smrsjeb sjebss `je smhuefb smhuefbss aetme`a aetme`ajems jems pumfm pumfmee aevb aevbfar far kb prav pravb`a b`afbf fbf fm jtrjs jtrjs prjvj` prjvj`befj befj hrbefms prjnkmgbs prjnkmgbs bk gasgj. @jgpbò @jgpbòçbs çbs mspm`abkast mspm`abkastbs bs me smhurafbf smhurafbf biargbe qum pbrb kjs lb`dmrs ms guy sme`akkj jntmemr aeijrgb`aðe `jeiafme`abk fm sus usubrajs.

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Sbrb bbkhu khuejs ejs pb pbçsm çsmss smr usu usubra brajj fm mstbs mstbs rmf rmfms ms sm `j `jeva evamrt mrtmm me ueb bgmeb bgmebzb zb pbrb pbrb kb

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smhu smhuraf rafbf bf eb` eb`aje ajebk. bk. Mstj Mstj lb lm`lj lm`lj qum pb pbrb rb mk pmr pmrsjeb sjebkk rmkb`aj rmkb`ajebf ebfjj `je kb smhura smhurafbf fbf fm ue pbçs smb ueb prjlana`aðe.

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Pa ej ms ut utak akazb azbfb fb fm iijrgb jrgb `jrr `jrrm`t m`tbb pum pumfm fm `je `jevmrt vmrtar ar me ueb ueb bfa`` bfa``aðe aðe..

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Hrb Hrbee `bet `betafb afbff fm `bsjs fm pj pjrejh rejhrbiç rbiçbb aeib aeibeta etakk y pmfji pmfjiaka akabb sm lbe gbeaim gbeaimstb stbfj fj me kbs faimrmetms rmfms sj`abkms.

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Ibk Ibktb tb fm pra pravb`a vb`afbf fbf,, samefj samefj gjst gjstrbfb rbfb pÿnk pÿnka`b a`bgme gmetm tm aei aeijrg jrgb`a b`aðe ðe pmrsjebk pmrsjebk.. Kbs rm rmfms fms sj sj`ab `abkms kms sj sjee bfa bfa`ta `tavbs vbs y gu`lbs gu`lbs vm`ms vm`ms bbkmo kmobe be b kbs pmrsj pmrsjebs ebs fm kb kb rmbkafb rmbkafbff

Betm`mfmetms eb`ajebkms Fm b`umrfj `je mk Gaeastmraj fm Mfu`b`aðe (Gaem (Gaemfu, fu, >3>3) >3>3),, kb `ubrmetmeb lb agpb`tbfj me kb mfu`b`aðe fm 1,1 gakkjems fm mstufabetms pmrubejs yb qum mk aea`aj fm kbs `kbsms ium pjstmrhbfj y kbs `kbsms prmsme`abkms suspmefafbs. Kb râpafb y fm`asavb b``aðe fmk hjnamrej pmrubej lb safj rm`jej`afb `jgj ueb fm kbs gmojrms rmspumstbs b kb pbefmgab me kb rmhaðe. Gakbhrjs Km`lkmatmr y ^jsb Yafbrtm, fjs pmrubebs, trbnbobefj `jgj mspm`abkastbs me mfu`b`aðe me mk mquapj fmk Aeijrgm fm Pmhuagametj fm kb Mfu`b`aðe me mk Guefj (HMG pjr sus sahkbs me aehkás) y vavamefj kb `rasas fmsfm kmojs, sm prmhuetbe sa kb rmspumstb fmk sastmgb mfu`btavj lb safj tbe ejtbnkm `jgj kb fmk hjnamrej `metrbk pmrubej. >3>3) me  me rmkb`aðe rmkb`aðe b kbs tm`ejkjhçbs tm`ejkjhçbs fahatbk fahatbkms, ms, kb vmetbob ms su btrb`tavj btrb`tavj `jgj Sjr kj tbetj (Fçbz, >3>3) lmrrbgametb lmrrbga metb fm bprmefazbom pbrb kjs mstufabet mstufabetms. ms. Kb fmsvmet fmsvmetbob bob ms qum ej tjfjs kjs qum bsastme b ueb ms`umkb pÿnka`b vavme me ljhbrms fjefm mxastm ueb S@, kbptjp j tbnkmtb, bfmgâs qum bk >328, ej tmeçb `jemxaðe b Aetmremt mk 8>% fm kjs ljhbrms. Kj gâs faiuefafj y qum pumfm bprjvm`lbrsm ms mk `mkukbr. ]eb bktmrebtavb ms qum mk mstbfj bhaka`m mk bpjrtm fm vbrabs aevmrsajems qum lb rmbkazbfj me tm`ejkjhçbs. ]eb fm mkkbs ms kb rmf fjrsbk, b `brhj fmk Gaeastmraj fm Vrbespjrtms y <

 

@jgu @j guea ea`b `b`a `ajem jems. s. @j @jgm gmezð ezð b fa fasmò smòbr brsm sm fm fmsfm sfm mk >33 >332 prjym`t prjym`tjs js fm rmfms rmhajebkms qum fmnamrje mstbr kastjs pbrb mk >321 `jem`tbefj b 8 233 `jkmhajs. Fm mkkjs, aeijrgb Srjebtmk (mx Iatmk), qum pjr bljrb lbnrçb `ae`j me `bpb`afbf mekbzbr b > 39= ms`umkbs  pÿnka`bs fm Byb`u`lj, Bpurçgb`, Lube`bvmka`b, Kbgnbymqum y @us`j. Lby 600 613 tbnkmtbs, me  pbrtm yb fastranuafbs, b kbs qum sm pjfrçb mgpmzbr b sb`br prjvm`lj sa sm `jgpkmgmetb `je kb ib`akafbf fm b``msj bk aetmremt, kj qum tbgnaáe sm vmeçb trbnbobefj. Kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk ms ueb eumvb ijrgb vabnkm fm mesmòbezb qum vamem b supkar em`msafbfms,  prm`bramfbfms prjpabs fm kb mfu`b`aðe prmsme`abk y fmk gbk usj fm kb tm`ejkjhçb mfu`btavb. Mxastme vbrajs `ratmrajs me tjrej b mstm tapj fm mesmòbezb. Pm tj`brâ mk puetj fm kbs bukbs vartubkms y fm su hrbe agpjrtbe`a agpjrtbe`abb pbrb kb mesmòbezb me kçemb fmetrj fm kb mfu`b`aðe supmrajr. supmrajr.   Mk fj`metm sm trbesijrgb me ib`akatbfjr, bnbefjebefj kb ijrgb vmrta`bk fm trbesimrme`ab fmk `jej`agametj  pbrb fbr kuhbr b ueb ijrgb `ar`ukbr y pbrta`apbtavb. ]e prj`msj `metrbfj me mk bkugej y me su `bpb`afbf fm fms`unrar, rmikmxajebr, aetmrebkazbr m aetmhrbr kjs `jej`agametjs b su prjpaj ratgj y me `jkbnjrb`aðe `je jtrjs bkugejs. Kjs ib`tjrms `kbvm fmk pbrbfahgb fmk `jej`agametj me kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk sje? Vamgpj, mspb`aj, `jstj, rmkb`ajems, aeijrgb`aðe / `jej`agametj, gmr`bfj, `jgpmtme`ab / `jkbnjrb`aðe, mvbkub`aðe y tapjs fm mfu`b`aðe.(Gbraeb mfu`b`aðe. (Gbraeb & Hbkkbrfj, >322)

Betm`mfmetms Kj`bkms >3>3)   kb `jefa`aðe m`jeðga`b m`jeðga`b fm kjs pjnkbfjrms pjnkbfjrms fm GakkarbybGakkarbybBsç `jgj kj gme`ajeb (Befaeb, >3>3) Oukab`b ms prm`brab y kb gbyjrçb fm pbfrms fm ibgakab ej `umetbe `je mquapjs fm `mkukbrms fm bktb hbgb pbrb smhuar mk prj`msj fm bprmefazbom fm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk pjr kb pkbtbijrgb ‛Bprmefj me @bsb‗. Me `bgnaj, pumfme b``mfmr b kbs km``ajems b trbvás fm kb rbfaj y rmijrzbrkbs `je mk smhuagametj rmbkazbfj pjr kb gbmstrb. Kb mfu`b`aðe `jestatuym mk pakbr iuefbgmetbk pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj y mk gmojrbgametj fm kb `jgpmtatavafbf fm ue pbçs. Buebfj b mkkj, lb safj rm`jej`afj me eumstrj tmxtj `jestatu`ajebk `jgjj ue fmrm `jg fmrm`lj `lj iue iuefbg fbgmet metbk, bk, faheai faheaia`b a`befj efj fm mst mstbb gbemrb gbemrb b kb pmrsjeb pmrsjeb lugbeb. lugbeb. @jgj @jgj rmsuktbfj fm kb pbefmgab, mk hjnamrej mom`utð kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab `je ‛Bprmefj me `bsb‗. Ms Mstr trbt btmha mhabb qum qum tame tamemm `j `jgj gj ia iaebk ebkaf afbf bf `j `jet etra ranua nuarr me mk bp bprm rmefa efazb zbom om fm kj kjss ea eaòjs òjs,, ea eaòb òbss y bfjkms`met bfjkms `metms. ms. Mk gme`aj gme`ajebfj ebfj prjh prjhrbg rbgbb mfu mfu`bt `btavj avj tam tamem em ueb hbg hbgbb fm b`tava b`tavafbfm fbfmss pbrb smr  rmbkazbfbs fmsfm mk ljhbr. @bnm aefa`br, qum ms fm kanrm b``msj, b trbvás fm kb pâhaeb wmn, rbfaj 1

 

eb`ajebk, `bfmebs fm tmkmvasaðe y mgasjrbs rmhajebkms. Ej jnstbetm, ºquá su`mfm `je kjs eaòjs, eaòbs y bfjkms`metms qum sm vme agpjsanakatbfjs fm b``mfmr b kb pkbtbijrgb aestburbfb pjr mk Gaeastmraj fm Mfu`b`aðe: kb smesanakafbf fm kb rmspumstb lb pmemtrbfj lbstb mk bkgb gâs aesjefbnkm. ^m`jrfmgjs qum mk bòj b`bfága`j ms`jkbr aea`að mk 9 fm bnrak4 me `jesm`ume`ab, b kb im`lb, sje gakms kjs mstufabetms pmrubejs qum lbe mxprmsbfj sus fmsmjs fm bprmefmr, pmrj ej `je  pbkbnrbs, saej `je lm`ljs. Lm`ljs qum pjr ue kbfj bkmhrbe, y pjr jtrj, fumkme me kj gâs  prjiuefj. ]e `kbrj momgpkj sje kjs eaòjs fm kb bkfmb Rlbetbta ]rura (Suej), quamems `bgaebe 2= dg fabrajs fjs b trms ljrbs bprjxagbfbgmetm bpjybfjs fm sus pbfrms pbrb kkmhbr b kb zjeb rbfabk fmk bktapkbej. Rumfbefj bsç mk ‛Bprmefj me `bsb‗ `jgj ue gmrj tçtukj sae iaems. Gu`ljs fm mstjs eaòjs `jrrmspjefme bk sm`tjr fm pjnrmzb mxtrmgb. ]e sm`tjr qum, b kj kbrhj fm kjs bòjs, lb safj jkvafbfj pjr kjs hjnamrejs fm turej.(Ybehubrfab, turej.(Ybehubrfab, >3>3) AAA. O]P

VAIA@B@AJE.

Me mk `jetmxtj fm kb sj`amfbf b`tubk me qum vavagjs, ljy me fçb mstbgjs btrbvmsbefj pjr ueb `rasas sj`abk pjr kb pbefmgab fmk `jvaf-21, kj `ubk lb bim`tbfj bk sastmgb mfu`btavj `mrrbefj aemspmrbfbgmetm kbs aestatu`ajems mfu`btavbs m aetmriaramefj me kbs `kbsms prmsme`abkms, y mk sm`tjr  gâs bim`tbfj ms mk sm`tjr rurbk, yb qum me mk kuhbr ej sm me`umetrb tm`ejkjhçbs bfm`ubfbs pbrb `jetaeubr `je kbs `kbsms vartubkms y smhuar kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab. Sjr kj tbetj, hrb`abs b mkkj lby ue fmia`ame`ab mfu`btavb y fmia`ame`ab me mk bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms, bsç `jgj mk b``msj b kjs gasgjs, pjr kb ibktb fm rm`ursjs m`jeðga`js, sj`abkms, `ukturbkms. Sjr mkkj ms guy agpjrtbetm bnbr`br mstm tmgb yb qum kb mfu`b`aðe ms mk gjtjr prae`apbk pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj sj`abk fm kbs pmrsjebs y me hmemrbk fmk pbçs. Mk Smrÿ fmsbrrjkkb ue smetagametj fm aesbtasib``aðe rmspm`tj bk hrbfj fm áxatj qum sm lb kjhrbfj b pmsbr fm kbs rmijrgbs mfu`btavbs y pjkçta`bs, ej bk`bezbe mk fmsmgpmòj b`bfága`j mspmrbfj me mk eaòj, bfjkms`metms y oðvmems ueavmrsatbrabs, prae`apbkgmetm me kbs zjebs rurbkms. Sjr mefm, ms guy agpjrtbetm sbnmr y `jej`mr me `ðgj lb bim`tbfj kb fmia`ame`ab fmia`a me`ab fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs mstufabetms mstufabetms fm kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe pragbrab, yb qum Smrÿ em`msatb fmsbrrjkkbrsm me mk `bpatbk aetmkm`tubk fm kjs prjimsajebkms fmsfm mk âgnatj rurbk. AY. GB^@J VMJ^A@J Q @JE@MSV]BK.

Mfu`b`aðe 23

 

Kb ‛mfu`b`aðe‗ ‛mfu`b`aðe‗ ms kb b``aðe y mk mim`tj fm mfu`br, j mk gjfj me qum sm lb mfu`bfj ueb pmrsjeb, mkkj ejs kkmvb b kb brmeb fjefm sm meirmetbe kj ‛rmbk‗ `je kj ‛vartubk‗, kb ‛rmbkafbf‗ `je kb ‛vartubkafbf‗. Fm fjefm kb vartubkafbf smrâ, metje`ms, mk m`km`ta`asgj fm kj lugbej? kj rmbk, kj sagnðka`j y kj agbhaebraj (Fbes, agbhaebraj (Fbes, >323, pâh. >=). >=). (>32>) rmgatamefj,  rmgatamefj, tjfj mkkj b jtrbs fjs ej`ajems msme`abkms fm kb mfu`b`aðe, kb Sjr mkkj Befrás (>32>) fm ‛gbmstrj‗ y ‛mstufabetm‗. Mk pragmr vj`bnkj, mk fm ‛gbmstrj‗ saejeçga`j fm ‛prjimsjr‗, ‛ib`ak ‛ib `akat atbfjr bfjr‗, ‗, ‛bsm ‛bsmsjr‗ sjr‗,, ‛`jb`l‗ ‛`jb`l‗,, mt`., mt`., `jekkmv `jekkmvb, b, trb trbfa` fa`aje ajebkg bkgmet metm, m, lb`ab lb`ab kb pmrsjeb pmrsjeb qum lb bfquarafj ueb smram fm `jej`agametjs `ametçia`js j prâ`ta`js, mesmòâefjkjs b jtrbs, ms fm`ar, bqumkkb pmrsjeb ‛tatukbfb‗ pbrb fbr kb mesmòbezb ‐`ubkquamrb qum mstb smb? pragbrab, me mk `bsj fm kjs pbfrms (buequm ebfb ea ebfam kms mesmòm b smrkj)4 kb ms`jkbrazbfb, fm mkmgmetbk lbstb supmrajr, j kb pmrsjeb qum momr`m `je butjrafbf bkhÿe brtm u jia`aj. Me mstjs smetafjs, mk gbmstrj kj sje fmsfm eumstrjs pbfrms j tutjrms, tutjrms, bgastbfms, `jgpbòmrjs, `jgpbòmrjs, pmrj ae`kusj, y `bfb vmz gâs, jtrj tapj fm smrms, kjs aebeagbfjs m aejrhâea`js, fmsfm eumstrjs pragmrjs ouhumtms `jgj aeibetms, lbstb kjs fm bfuktjs, me`jetrâefjsm metrm mkkjs favmrsjs utmesakajs y bpbrbtjs, kjs hbfhmts m aestrugmetjs tm`ejkðha`js, prjpajs fm eumstrb mrb? kb `jgputbfjrb j kbptjp, mk a-pljem, mk nkb`dnmrry, kb tmkmvasaðe, mt`.

Kb mvjku`aðe fm kbs tm`ejkjhçbs y su aetrjfu``aðe me kb mfu`b`aðe ]eb garbfb bk guefj fm kb tm`ejkjhçb ejs pjem fm gbeaiamstj qum kb gasgb bvbezb fm ijrgb mxpjeme`abk. Fm b`umrfj `je kb Kmy fm Gjjrm, bprjxagbfbgmetm `bfb 2< gmsms sm fupka`b mk  pjfmr fm kjs trbesastjrms me kjs ``ar`uatjs ar`uatjs aetmhrbfjs y `je mkkjs mk pjfmr p jfmr fm prj`msbgametj. Mstb  prmfa``aðe, qum bpbrm`að punka`bfb me ápj`b tbe tmgprbeb `jgj kb fá`bfb fmk 93 fmk sahkj  pbsbfj, lb rmsuktbfj b`mrtbfb y ej sjkj me kj rmimrafj b kjs `laps, saej me mk fm kb tm`ejkjhçb me (>32=) mk  mk fmsbrrjkkj fm hmemrbk y, pjr tbetj, me mk bvbe`m fm kb lugbeafbf. Sjr jtrb pbrtm, Jrtmhb (>32=) gjfmrebss y bvbezbf gjfmreb bvbezbfbs bs tm`ejk tm`ejkjhçbs jhçbs jirm`m gÿkt gÿktapkms apkms jpjrtueafbfms jpjrtueafbfms b kjs mfu`bfjrms, sjnrm tjfj me mk fmsbrrjkkj fm eumvjs gjfmkjs mfu`b`ajebkms y me pbrta`ukbr me kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab. Kb aetm aetmrb rb``a ``aðe ðe met metrm rm hrupjs hrupjs `j `jkb kbnjr njrbt btav avjs js fm tr trbnb bnboj oj y kb kbss eumvb eumvbss tm tm`e `ejk jkjh jhçb çbss mf mfu`b u`bta tavbs vbs hmemrbkgmetm prjfu`me rmsuktbfjs pjsatavjs me kjs mstufabetms.

Mfu`b`aðe vartubk

22

 

@ubefj lbnkbgjs lbnkbgjs fm mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`aðe vartubk, mstbgjs lbnkbefj fm ‛bhrmhb ‛bhrmhbrr vbkjr bk b`tj mfu`btavj mfu`btavj b trbvás fmk usj fm tm`ejkjhçbs fm aeijrgb`aðe y `jguea`b`aðe, qum lbhbe mk `jej`agametj b` b``m `msa sank nkmm fm gb gbem emrb rb ae aegm gmfa fabt btb, b, sa saee irjet irjetmrb mrbss

y sa saee nb nbrrm rrmrbs rbs,, `jeijr `jeijrgm gm b kj kjss b` b`mk mkmr mrbfj bfjss

eavmkms fm prjfu``aðe fmk guefj fm ljy‗. Bsç kkmhbgjs bk `je`mptj fmk @bgpus Mfu`btavj Aetmrgjfbk j @MA, sastmgb qum, me mk `bsj fm kb Iuefb`aðe ]eavmrsatbrab Djerbf Kjrmez, ium aetm aetmhr hrbfj bfj fm fmsfm sfm lb lb`m `m yb 2> bòj bòjss b su pr prj`m j`msj sj fm me mesmò smòbe bezb zb–bp bprme rmefa fazbo zbom, m, ae aevjk vjku` u`rbe rbefj fj ue `jeouetj fm mstrbtmhabs y gmfajs qum `jgnaebe kb mfu`b`aðe prmsme`abk y kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk. (Yavbs & Nbrrbhâe, >323)  Me mstm smetafj, Nurhjs smetafj, Nurhjs y Kjzbej (>328) (>328) smòbkbe  smòbkbe qum kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk ms pjsankm, sa sm aetmhrb mk usj fm kjs gmfajs tm`ejkðha`js `jgj lmrrbgametb `jguea`b`ajebk (rm`ursjs bsae`rðea`js y sae`rðea`js) qum ib`akatm mk aetmr`bgnaj fm `jej`agametjs metrm mk mstufabetm y mk fj`metm. Ms fm`ar qum mk bprmefametm `umetb `je mk gmfabfjr kbs >6 ljrbs fmk fçb, pbrb mim`tubr ueb `jguea`b`aðe `je ák me fastaetjs tamgpjs fm b`umrfj b su faspjeanakafbf. B kj kbrhj fmk tamgpj, surhamrje faimrmetms fmiaea`ajems fmk bprmefazbom vartubk. Pae mgnbrhj, ^jsmenmrh (>322)  `atbfj pjr ^unaj (>329) fmiaem (>329) fmiaem mk bprmefazbom vartubk `jgj mk usj fm kbs tm`ejkjhçbs nbsbfbs me aetmremt pbrb prjpjr`ajebr ue bgpkaj fmspkamhum fm sjku`ajems b iae fm gmojrbr kb bfquasa`aðe fm `jej`agametjs y lbnakafbfms. @bnm gme`ajebr, qum mk gasgj butjr  mstbnkm`m trms `ratmrajs qum sm lbe fm `ugpkar pbrb pjfmr bpka`br `jrrm`tbgmetm mk tárgaej? b) Rum sm prjfuz`b me rmf, kj qum pmrgatm ueb b`tubkazb`aðe aegmfabtb, bkgb`mebgametj y rm`upmrb`aðe, fastranu`aðe fastra nu`aðe y `bpb`a `bpb`afbf fbf fm `jgpbr `jgpbrtar tar kjs `jetmeafjs `jetmeafjs y kb aeijrgb`a aeijrgb`aðe. ðe. n) Rum kkmhum bk usubraj iaebk b trbvás fm ue jrfmebfjr, utakazbefj mstâefbrms tm`ejkðha`js fm Aetmremt. `) Rum mstá `metrbfj me kb vasaðe gâs bgpkab fm sjku`ajems pbrb mk bprmefazbom qum vbe gâs bkkâ fm kjs  pbrbfahgbs trbfa`ajebkms fm kb ijrgb`aðe. Kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me mk `jetmx `jetmxtj tj murjpmj, Bgára`b Kbtaeb y mk @branm ium rmvjku`ajebef rmvjku`ajebefjj me kb gmfafb qum mk usj fm kbs VA@ sm mgpjfmrbnb me kb sj`amfbf fmk `jej`agametj y fm kb aeijrgb`aðe, tjgbefj me `umetb kjs rm`ursjs em`msbrajs pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kb gasgb. Ej jnstbetm, b pbrtar fm kjs bòjs 13¶ sm ae`ursajeð `jgj su`msjrb fm kb mfu`b`aðe supmrajr b fastbe`ab y trbesijrgbfjrb me bspm`tjs fm kb m`jejgçb fahatbk, prjkaimrbefj bsç mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe b eavmk guefabk (Befrás, >32>). >32>).

2>

 

^mimrmetm b mkkj, kb Jrhbeazb`aðe fm kbs Eb`ajems ]eafbs pbrb kb Mfu`b`aðe, kb @ame`ab y kb (>326)   sjstamem qum kb mfu`b`aðe supmrajr vartubk ms ue imeðgmej guy @ukturb,  ]EMP@J (>326) @ukturb,  rm`ametm, qum sm aea`ab fmspuás fm 211= y me gu`ljs `bsjs b pbrtar fm 2111. Me rmbkafbf, kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk j pjr gmfajs aeijrgâta`js y tmkmgâta`js ms ue imeðgmej rm`ametm b ms`bkb guefabk. Sjr `jesm`umetm, sm gme`ajeb qum fa`lb gjfbkafbf ms pbrtm fm kb `ubrtb y quaetb hmemrb`aðe j mtbpb fm kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab, fmnafj bk usj fm kbs VA@ y prae`apbkgmetm fmk aetmremt pbrb mxpbefar kb mrb fmk `jej`agametj m agpkmgmetbr gjfmkjs mfu`btavjs b`jrfm `je kbs mxahme`abs fm kb sj`amfbf b`tubk. Sjr su pbrtm, pbrtm, Hbr`ab (>328)  (>328)  Gme`ajeb Gme`ajeb qum kbs pjsanaka pjsanakafbfms fbfms mfu`btavb mfu`btavbss fmk `anmrmspb`aj `anmrmspb`aj sje kbs qum fmtmrgaebe mk pbsj fm ueb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab b ueb mfu`b`aðe vartubk.

Mesmòbezb `jkbnjrbtavb nbsbfb me mk aetmremt Mk usj fmk aetmremt `jgj ue gmfaj fm `jguea`b`aðe me kb mfu`b`aðe lb pmrgatafj bnrar eumvbs irjetmrbs sae kçgatms me mk `jej`agametj fjefm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk ms ikmxankm me mk tamgpj y fm gbyjr `jnmrturb pbrb kb sj`amfbf. Sjr jtrb pbrtm, lb agpuksbfj `je hrbe iumrzb tjfj kj rmkb`ajebfj `je mk guefj fm kb aeijrgâta`b y me mk gjgmetj b`tubk jirm`m b kb sj`amfbf ueb ijrgb fastaetb fm b``mfmr b kb aeijrgb`aðe y pjsanakatbr kb `jguea`b`aðe (>323232=) (>32=) kb  kb mfu`b`aðe, b pbrtar fmk usj fm kbs VA@, mstâ  nbsbfb me mk mgpkmj fm gbtmrabkms aetmrb`tavjs `je mk jnomtavj fm hmemrbr `jej`agametjs, lbnakafbfms, b`tatufms me iue`aðe b kbs em`msafbfms fmk bkugej. Mk tapj fm aetmrb`tavafbf qum sm fb ms metrm fjs bhmetms? mk prjimsjr y mk suomtj qum bprmefm. Jtrb aetmrb``aðe j`urrm metrm kjs gamgnrjs fm ue hrupj, aefmpmefametmgmetm fm kb fastbe`ab, y mk prjimsjr y tbgnaáe metrm kjs  prjpajs mstufabetms y metrm tjfjs mkkjs y mk metjrej. Mk prjtbhjeasgj fm kbs VA@ `rm`m `bfb fçb `jgj ue mkmgmetj msme`abk pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kb sj`amfbf fmk `jej`agametj, agpb`tbefj me tjfbs kbs ârmbs fm kb b`tavafbf lugbeb y me pbrta`ukbr kb mfu`b`aðe. Mstm fmsbrrjkkj fm kb

20

 

tm`ejkjhçb lb aeikuafj ejtbnkmgmetm me mk `rm`agametj y mkmvb`aðe fm kb `bkafbf fm kb mfu`b`aðe b fastbe`ab fbefj kuhbr bk surhagametj fm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk j m-kmbreaeh.

Kbs rmfms sj`abkms `jgj gmfaj mfu`btavj. Mk usj fm kbs rmfms sj`abkms sm lb `jevmrtafj me ue ib`tjr iuefbgmetbk me mk prj`msj fm sj`ab sj` abka kazb` zb`að aðee metr metrmm oð oðvm vmem emss y, b` b`tu tubk bkgm gmet etmm met metrm rm fa faimr imrmet metms ms mgprm mgprmsbs sbs.. Vb Vbgn gnaá aáee sm lb lbee trbesijrgbfj me sçgnjkjs fm pmrtmeme`ab tbetj pbrb kjs aefavafujs `jgj pbrb kbs `jgpbòçbs. Pm lbe trbesijrgbfj me sçgnjkjs fm pmrtmeme`ab, satajs fðefm kbs pmrsjebs y kbs mgprmsbs m aestatu`ajems `jgpbrtme aetmrmsms me `jgÿe `jgj ejta`abs, smsajems fm `kbsms, gÿsa`b metrm jtrjs. (>323) biargb  biargb qum? ‛Kbs rmfms sj`abkms mstâe fmiaeafbs `jgj kb ijrgb fm Pmhÿe ^jss y Pahûmezb (>323) aetmrb``aðe sj`abk, fjefm sm km pmrgatm b kb pmrsjeb rmbkazbr ueb `jguea`b`aðe `je bgahjs j ae`kusj ijrgbr eumvbs bgastbfms4 me mstbs rmfms sj`abkms sm pumfme `rmbr rmkb`ajems pmrsjebkms j  prjimsajebkms, bsç `jgj tbgnaáe mk `jgpbrtar aeijrgb`aðe, aetmrb`tubr y `rmbr `jgueafbfms j hrupjs qum tmehbe aetmrmsms sagakbrms. Fmetrj fm kbs prae`apbkms rmfms sj`abkms qum sje utakazbfbs sm pumfme gme`ajebr Ib`mnjjd, Vwattmr y Aestbhrbg4 ástbs lbe tmeafj ue `rm`agametj saheaia`btavj `je mk pbsbr fm kjs bòjs, pums `bfb vmz gâs usubrajs fmsmbe aehrmsbr b mkkbs. Sjr Sjr mkkj mkkj,, Fb Fbes es (>323 (>323), ), Gme`a Gme`aje jebb qu qumm ‛Kbs ‛Kbs rm rmkb kb`a `ajem jemss pu pumfm mfmee smr fm fa fast stae aetj tj ta tapj pj,, `j `jgj gj aetmr`bgnajs iaebe`amrjs, bgastbf, rmkb`ajems smxubkms j rutbs bármbs. Vbgnaáe ms mk gmfaj fm aetmrb``aðe fm fastaetbs pmrsjebs `jgj, pjr momgpkj, oumhjs me kçemb, `lbts, ijrjs, spb`ms, metrm jtrjs. Kbs rmfms sj`abkms ib`akatbe me hrbe gmfafb mstb aetmrb``aðe, pumfme `kbsaia`brsm me rmfms sj`abkms pmrsjebkms, qum bhrupbe b ue `jeouetj fm `jetb`tjs y bgahjs `je aetmrmsms me `jgÿe, y rmfms sj`abkms prjimsajebkms, prjimsajebkms, rmfms qum sm `metrbe `metrbe gâs me kb `rmb`aðe fm `jetb`tjs `jetb`tjs prjimsajebkms prjimsajebkms biaems b `bfb usubraj.

Vapj fm rmfms sj`abkms? (>32>) su  su tapjkjhçb sm lb pkbetmbfj fmsfm gu`ljs puetjs fm vastb, kb prjpumstb gâs Pmhÿe Sje`m (>32>) mxtmefafb ms kb qum pbrtm fm kb `kbsaia`b`aðe fm kjs pjrtbkms fm Aetmremt, tameme ueb tmgâta`b fmiaeafb, mstâe farahafbs b ue pÿnka`j hmeára`j, y sm `metrbe me kjs `jetb`tjs. Kb gjtavb`aðe fm 26

 

kjs usubrajs bk b``mfmr b mkkbs ms kb aetmrrmkb`aðe hmemrbk, sae ue prjpðsatj `je`rmtj, su iue`aðe  prae`apbk ms kb fm rmkb`ajebr pmrsjebs b trbvás fm kbs lmrrbgametbs qum jirm`me, y tjfbs `jgpbr `jgpbrtme tme kbs gasgbs `brb`tmrçsta`bs? `rmbr ue pmriak, `jgpbrtar `jetmeafjs y hmemrbr kastbs fm `jetb`tjs. Bkhuebs fm mkkbs sje?

Ib`mnjjd? ^mf sj`abk hrbtuatb `rmbfb pjr Gbrd _u`dmrnmrh sm fmsbrrjkkð, aea`abkgmetm, `jgj ueb rmf pbrb mstufabetms fm kb ]eavmrsafbf Lbrvbrf, pmrj fmsfm lb`m uejs bòjs mstâ bnamrtb b `ubkquamr pmrsjeb qum tmehb ueb `umetb fm `jrrmj mkm`trðea`j. Smrgatm `rmbr hrupjs y pâhaebs, mevabr rmhbkjs, y pbrta`apbr me oumhjs sj`abkms. Ms ueb fm kbs gâs pjpukbrms, mspm`abkgmetm metrm kjs bfjkms`metms y oðvmems b`tubkgmetm, mk sataj wmn gâs b``mfafj fmk guefj. Hrb`abs b su áxatj y hrbe bflmsaðe, ms `jesafmrbfb `jgj kb rmf qum aeikume`ab farm`tbgmetm me kb pjkçta`b, me kb `ukturb y me kb jpaeaðe pÿnka`b fm kjs usubrajs. Ib`mnjjdd ms kb gbyjr fm kbs rmfms sj`abk Ib`mnjj sj`abkms? ms? `umetb `je > nakk nakkjems jems fm usubrajs b`tavjs me tjfj mk guefj y `ugpkað 26 bòjs fm mxastme`ab mk 6 fm imnrmrj fm >32328).

Gmfaj fm B``msj b kbs Bukbs Yartubkms pjr kjs Mstufabetms? Kb tm`ejkjhçb ms ueb lmrrbgametb qum byufb `je kb mfu`b`aðe me kb mtbpb ms`jkbr, mk usj fm faspjsatavjs faspjsa tavjs mkm`tr mkm`trðea`js ðea`js fmnm smr `jetrjk `jetrjkbfj bfj y huabfj pjr kjs pbfrms pbrb qum pumfb `ugpkar `ugpkar kb gasaðe fm mfu`br y metrmtmemr bk gasgj tamgpj me kjs mfu`befjs.

Jrfmebfjr? Pm trbtb fm ueb gâquaeb mkm`trðea`b `bpbz fm rm`anar, prj`msbr y fmvjkvmr rmsuktbfjs me tjrej b fmtmrgaebfjs fbtjs y qum pbrb rmbkazbr mstb tbrmb `umetb `je ue gmfaj fm metrbfb y uej fm sbkafb. Sjr jtrj kbfj, qum ue sastmgb aeijrgâta`j sm `jgpjem fm fjs sunsastmgbs qum rm`anme kjs ejgnrms fm sjitwbrm y lbrfwbrm, mk pragmrj `jesastm me kb pbrtm kðha`b fm kb `jgputbfjrb (prjhrbgbs, bpka`b`ajems, mt`) mk smhuefj me kb pbrtm içsa`b (mkmgmetjs qum kb ijrgbe `jgj gjtlmr, vmetakbfjr, gmgjrab ^BG) (Nbrnb, >32>).

Vmkáijej `mkukbr Ms ue faspjsatavj aebkâgnra`j mkm`trðea`j qum pmrgatm tmemr b``msj b kb rmf fm tmkmijeçb `mkukbr j gðvak. Pm fmejgaeb `mkukbr fmnafj b kbs betmebs rmpmtafjrbs qum `jeijrgbe kb rmf, `bfb ueb fm kbs `ubkms ms ueb `ákukb, sa name mxastme rmfms tmkmiðea`bs gðvakms sbtmkatbkms. Pu prae`apbk `brb`tmrçsta`b ms su pjrtbnakafbf, qum pmrgatm `jguea`brsm fmsfm `bsa `ubkquamr kuhbr. Buequm su  prae`apbk iue`aðe ms `jguea`b`aðe fm vjz, `jgj mk tmkáijej `jevme`ajebk, su râpafj fmsbrrjkkj lb ae`j ae`jrpj rpjrbf rbfjj jt jtrb rbss iue iue`a `aje jems ms `j `jgj gj sj sjee `âgb `âgbrb rb ijtjhr ijtjhrâia âia`b `b,, bh bhme mefb fb,, b` b``m `msj sj b ae aetm tmre remt mt,, rmprjfu``aðe fm vafmj m ae`kusj HSP y rmprjfu`tjr gp0 (Nbrnb, >32>).

Kuhbr fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk Aestatu`aðe Mfu`btavb? ]eb AM ms ue sastmgb jrhbeazbfj fm mstru`turbs qum mstâ iumrtmgmetm brrbahbfj fm vbkjrms, smetagametjs y b`tatufms `je ueb iaebkafbf `jej`afb pjr tjfjs? kb hmstaðe fmk prj`msj mesmòbezb bprmefazbom. Smrj, me sç gasgb ms ue sastmgb nbsbfj me mk aetmr`bgnaj fm aeijrgb`aðe metrm kjs mgasjrms y rm`mptjrms. Fjefm kjs pbpmkms tbetj fmk mgasjr `jgj fmk rm`mptjr sm vme aetmr`bgnabfjs pmrgbemetmgmetm (Ya`metm, >32=). 29

 

(>32>) kb  kb mfu`b`aðe ej sm kagatb b mstru`turbs içsa`bs Smrj, fmsfm mk puetj fm vastb pbtmetm Nbrnb (>32>) ea bspm`tjs hmjhrâia`js. Ms gâs name, ue metm fm b`mrvj `ukturbk qum mstâ b`jgpbòbfj fm kbs  pbkbnrbs `kbvms? ‛Aetmr`bgnaj‗, ‛Bprmefazbom‗, ‛Mesmòbezb‗, ‛Srae`apajs‗, ‛@jej`agametjs‗, ‛Ybkjrms‗ ‛Ybkjr ms‗ y ‛@jgprj ‛@jgprjgasj‗. gasj‗. Mk tárga tárgaej ej jstmesavj jstmesavj kagatb mk vj`bnkj ‛aestatu`aðe ‛aestatu`aðe mfu`btavb‗ mfu`btavb‗ b kb mxprmsaðe ‛`metrj mfu`btavj‗.

@bnaeb fm aetmremt? Kbs `bnaebs `bnaebs pÿnka` pÿnka`bs bs fm aetmr aetmremt, emt, me msme`ab msme`ab,, sje kuhbrms fjefm sm bkquakbe bkquakbe `jgputbfjrbs `jem`tbfbs b Aetmremt `je ue prm`aj iaoj pjr ljrb. Smrj bfmgâs fm mstm b``msj b Aetmremt, kbs `bnaebs, fmpmefamefj, kðha`bgmetm, fm kb fmgbefb fm kb `kametmkb, jirm`me ueb `jgnaeb`aðe fm smrva`ajs rmkb`ajebfjs `je Aetmremt `jgj, pjr momgpkj, mk b``msj b vçfmj`jeimrme`abs, kkbgbfbs fm kbrhb fastbe`ab, agprmsaðe y ms`bemj fm tmxtjs m, ae`kusavm, `ursjs fm `jgputb`aðe.

Yavamefb? Kb vavamefb mstâ prmsmetm me kb `jtafabeafbf fm kb vafb fm kbs pmrsjebs, ms mk kuhbr  fjefm sm kkmvbe b `bnj kb hrbe gbyjrçb fm kbs b`tavafbfms nâsa`bs fm kb vafb fabrab, ms fjefm sm fumrgm,, sm `jgm, sm hubrfbe kbs pmrtmeme`abs, fumrgm pmrtmeme`abs, y mk kuhbr bk qum sm rmhrmsb bk iaebk fm kb ojrebfb. Pae mgnbrhj, kb vavamefb tamem ue saheaia`bfj psa`jkðha`j prjiuefj gâs bkkâ fmk purbgmetm aestrugmetbk fm `jnaoj y kuhbr fjefm sm fmsmgpmòbe kbs `jefu`tbs fjgásta`bs. B trbvás fm kb va vava vame mefb fb tame tamemm kuhb kuhbrr kb sbta sbtasib sib`` ``að aðee fm eu eugm gmrj rjsbs sbs bspar bsparb` b`aj ajem ems, s, gjta gjtavb` vb`aj ajems ems y vb vbkj kjrm rmss  pmrsjebkms, gbeaimstâefjsm, mstm kuhbr y sus `jetmeafjs, `jgj ue ‛mspmoj fmk smki‗. Me `jesm`ume`ab, ueb vavamefb ej ms kj gasgj qum ue ljhbr, tbk y `jgj prjpjem Haiijrf (>338) ‛ueb vavamefb ms ueb mstru`turb içsa`b, gametrbs qum ue ljhbr ms ue `jeouetj fm saheaia`bfjs `ukturbkms, fmgjhrâia`js y psa`jkðha`js qum kbs pmrsjebs bsj`abe b fa`lb mstru`turb içsa`b‗. Y. JNOMVAYJP FMK MPV]FAJ.

Jnomtavj hmemrbk ⮟ Afmeta Afmetaia`br ia`br kb kbss mstrb mstrbtmhab tmhabss fmk b``msj b``msj b kb mfu` mfu`b`aðe b`aðe vvartub artubkk me kjs kjs b`tjrms b`tjrms fm kb kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.

 

Jnomtavjs mspm`çia`js

28

 

⮟ Mst Mstagb agbrr kbs mstrb mstrbtmh tmhabs abs fm bhm bhme`a e`abga bgamet metjj fm kjs gbtm gbtmrab rabkms kms fm mesmòbez mesmòbezbb me mk b``msj b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2. ⮟ Fms Fms`ra `ranar nar kbs mst mstrbt rbtmha mhabs bs fm bhme`a bhme`abga bgamet metjj fm kjs gbt gbtmra mrabkm bkmss fm bprmefa bprmefazbo zbomm fm kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf ` jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2. ⮟ Afm Afmeta etaia`b ia`brr kbs mstrb mstrbtmh tmhabs abs fm bhme` bhme`abg abgame ametj tj fm kjs gbtm gbtmrab rabkms kms fm bprmefaz bprmefazbom bom fm kjs mstufabetms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>3.

YA. LASJVMPAP

Lapðtmsas hmemrbk L2? Kbs mstrbtmhabs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk sje saheaia`btavjs  saheaia`btavjs me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.P. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2.

Lapðtmsas mspm`aia`bs L>? Kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fmgbefbe ue msiumrzj pbrb kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2. L0? Kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe mfu`b`a ðe vartubk sje bnemhbfbs pbrb kjs pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2. L6? Kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu` mfu`b`a b`aðe ðe va vart rtubk ubk sje va vart rtuj ujsbs sbs pb pbrb rb kj kjss mstuf mstufab abet etms ms fm kb A. A.M. M.S. S. fm Lu Lubeu beutu tuyj yj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom->3>2. YAA. ]VAKAFBF FM KJP ^MP]KVBFJP FMK MPV]FAJ.

Kb utakafbf fm kb prmsmetm aevmstahb`aðe ms `je iaems fm prjpjr`ajebr `jej`agametj pbrb iuturbs aevmstahb`ajems y jrametbr me kbs eumvbs j iuturbs aevmstahb`ajems rmkb`ajebfjs `je mk tmgb fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kb pbefmgab fmk `jvaf-21. Fm kb gasgb ijrgb 2<

 

byufbrb b afmetaia`br afmetaia`br kb prjnkm prjnkmgâta` gâta`bb fm b``msj b kb mfu`b`a mfu`b`aðe ðe me zjebs rurbkms, yb qum ms kb gbs bim`tbfb me mstb pbefmgab, pbefmgab, pjr kj `ubk rmquamrm ue mstufaj y ue beâkasas beâkasas pjr pbrtm fm kjs  prjimsajebkms y b kb gasgb vmz prj prjpjemr pjemr sjku`ajems fm pbrtm fm kbs butjrafbfms y jirm`mr ueb mfu`b`aðe fm `bkafbf b kbs zjebs rurbkms, `mrrbefj kbs nrm`lbs fm fmsahubkfbf mfu`btavb, em`msbrab pbrb mk fmsbrrjkkj fm kb sj`amfbf. Me mkkj tbgnaáe bpjrtbrb pbrb ueb rmjrametb`aðe b kbs pjkçta`bs punka`bs YAAA. GÁVJFJ FM AEYMPVAHB@AÐE

Gmtjfjkjhçb Mstufaj fm tapj `ubetatbtavj pjrqum sm usb kb gmfa`aðe eugára`b4  pjrqum sm rm`jhmrâe y bebkazbrâe fbtjs `ubetatbtavjs sjnrm kbs vbrabnkms. Kb gmtjfjkjhçb `ubetatbtavb ms sm`ume`abk y prjnbtjraj, pbrtm

fm ueb afmb qum vb b`jtâefjsm y ueb vmz fmkagatbfb sm fmravbe jnomtavjs y prmhuetbs fm aevms aevmsta tahb hb`a `aðe, ðe, sm rmvas rmvasbb kb ka katm tmrbt rbturb urb y sm `j `jest estru ruym ym ue gb gbr`j r`j j ue uebb pmrspm pmrspm`t `tav avbb tm tmðr ðra` a`bb (Lmrebefmz, @jkkbfj, & Nbptastb, >323, pâhs. 6-=) . Fasmòj fm mstufaj Mk fasmòj qum sm utakazbrâ me mstb aevmstahb`aðe smrâ ej mxpmragmetbk, fms`raptavj yb qum ej sm gbeapukbrâ kbs vbrabnkms fm b`umrfj b kb jnsmrvb`aðe y mk `jgpjrtbgametj fm mstbs. Kb aevmstahb`aðe ej mxpmragmetbk y mgpçra`b me kb qum kbs vbrabnkms aefmpmefametms ej sm gbeapukbe pjr qum yb lbe su`mfafj. Kj qum lb`mgjs me kb aevmstahb`aðe ej mxpmragmetbk ms jnsmrvbr imeðgmejs tbk `jgj sm fbe me su `jetmxtj ebturbk, pbrb pjstmrajrgmetm bebkazbrkjs (Lmrebefmz, @jkkbfj, & Nbptastb, >323) >323)..

Vapj fm aevmstahb`aðe Kb aevmstahb`aðe qum sm rmbkazbrâ smrâ fms`raptavb, pjrqum sm nus`b mspm`aia`br kbs prjpamfbfms, kbs `brb`tmrçs `brb` tmrçsta`bs ta`bs y kjs pmria pmriakms kms fm pmrsj pmrsjebs, ebs, hrupjs, `jgue `jgueafbfm afbfms, s, prj`m prj`msjs, sjs, jnom jnomtjs tjs j `ubk `ubkquam quamrr jtrj imeðgmej qum sm sjgmtb b ue beâkasas. Ms fm`ar, ÿea`bgmetm prmtmefme gmfar j rm`jhmr aeijrgb`aðe fm gbemrb aefmpmefametm j `jeouetb sjnrm kjs `je`mptjs j kbs vbrabnkms b kbs qum sm rmiamrm, mstj ms, su jnomtavj, ej ms aefa`br `jgj sm rmkb`ajebe mstbs (Lmrebefmz, @jkkbfj, & Nbptastb, >323). Kb fagmesaje fmk tamgpj oumhb vbrajs pbpmkms me mk fasmòj y mom`usaje fm ueb aevmstahb`aje, me mstm `bsj kjs mstufasj trbesvmrsbkms sje pbrb pmrajfjs fm tamgpj `jrtjs (Nbnnam, 2119).

Eavmk fm beâkasas 21

 

Mk eavmk fm beâkasas fm kb prmsmetm aevmstahb`aðe ms ga`rj pjnkb`ajebk yb qum mk mstufaj sm rmbkazbrâ me kb aestatu`aðe mfu`btavb Sragbrab 8>283 Ya`metm Vaetb @`jb fm kb prjvae`ab fm @brbnbyb-Gb`usbea fmk Fmpbrtbgmetj fm Suej.

Aestrugmetj Mk aest aestrug rugmet metjj qu qumm sm ut utak akaz azbrb brb ms mk `u `umst mstaj ajeb ebra raj. j. ]e `u `umst mstaj ajeb ebra rajj ms mk ae aest strug rugme metj tj mstbefbrazbfj qum sm lb utakazbfj pbrb kb rm`jhafb fm fbtjs furbetm mk trbnboj fm `bgpj fm bk bkhue huebs bs aevm aevmst stah ahb` b`aj ajems ems `ub `ubet etat atbt btav avbs, bs, iu iuefb efbgm gmet etbk bkgme gmetm tm,, kb kbss qum sm kk kkmvb mvbee b `b `bnj nj `j `jee gmtjfjkjhçbs fm me`umstbs. Me pj`bs pbkbnrbs, sm pjfrçb fm`ar qum ms kb lmrrbgametb qum pmrgatm bk `ametçia`j sj`abk pkbetmbr ue `jeouetj fm prmhuetbs pbrb rm`jhmr aeijrgb`aðe mstru`turbfb sjnrm sjn rm ueb ueb gums gumstr trbb fm pmrsje pmrsjebs, bs, ut utak akaz azbe befj fj mk tr trbt btbg bgam amet etjj `u `ube beta tatb tbta tavj vj y bh bhrmh rmhbf bfjj fm kb kbss rmspumstbs rmspumst bs pbrb fms`ranar kb pjnkb` pjnkb`aðe aðe b kb qum pmrtme pmrtmem`me m`me j `jetrb `jetrbstbr stbr mstbfçsta`bgmet mstbfçsta`bgmetmm bkhuebs rmkb`ajems metrm vbrabnkms fm su aetmrás. (Lmrebefmz, @jkkbfj, & Nbptastb, >323)

Srj`msbgametj y beâkasas fm fbtjs Kjs fbtjs smrâe prj`msbfjs me mk pbqumtm mstbfçsta`j `jej`afj `jgj Ptbfasta`bk b`dbhmr Ijr  P`aeme`m (PSPP>0). Pmrâ lbrâ usj fm ueb mstbfçsta`b fms`raptavb.

]eafbfms fm beâkasas y jnsmrvb`aðe Kb ueafbf fm beâkasas sje kjs b`tjrms fmk 2³ hrbfj bk 9³ hrbfj fm kb A.M.S 8>283 fm Lubeutuyj4 gametrbs qum kb ueafbf fm jnsmrvb`aðe farm`tb m aefarm`tb sje kjs b`tjrms qum lb`me usj fmk aetmremt pbrb mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk.

]eavmrsj y gumstrb ]eavmrsj Mk ueavmrsj fm kb aevmstahb`aðe mstâ `jestatuafj pjr kb tjtbkafbf fm kjs b`tjrms fm kjs faimrmetms hrbfjs fm kb Aestatu`aðe Mfu`btavb Sragbrab 8>283 Lubeutuyj

Gumstrb (>33>) sm  sm rmiamrm b ueb pbrtm fm kb pjnkb`aðe. Q ms mk gumstrmj qum Kb gumstrb smhÿe Lmreâefmz (>33>)  pmrgatm bk aevmstahbfjr smkm``ajebr kbs ueafbfms fm kb gumstrb smhÿe sus em`msafbfms fm aeijrgb`aðe qum fmsmb jntmemr y qum b su oua`aj sje rmprmsmetbtavjs (pâh. 99). >3

 

Me mstb aevmstahb`aðe kb gumstrb ms ej prjnbnakçsta`b, y mstâ `jestatuafj pjr ³

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I]MEVM? Mkbnjrb`aðe prjpab nbsbfb me kb ]HMK @brbnbyb

Gumstrb fm pbfrms fm ibgakab fmk pragmr bòj bk smxtj bòj fm pragbrab H^BFJ

SBF^MP FM KB IBGAKAB

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gmsms sm B`tavafbf gb 2 eb s Vm \ gb s fm aev msta hb` aðe Afm b fm aev mst ahb `að e

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e fmk  pmr  iak fmk  pr  jy m`t j

>9

 

\AA. ^MIM^ME@ABP NANKAJH^ÂIA@BP Befrás, ^. (>32>). MF]@B@AÐE (>32>). MF]@B@AÐE YA^V]BK J YA^V]BKAFBF. YA^V]BKAFBF. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm MF]@B@AÐE YA^V]BK J YA^V]BKAFBF? lttps?//www lttps?//www.rmfbky`.jrh/pfi/). Kb (>32>). Kb Hmstaðe Mfu`btavb. Mfu`btavb. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm Kb Hmstaðe Mfu`btavb.? lttp?//www.jma.jrh.`j/Mfu`b`aje Nrahafj, B. G. (>339). Pj`ajkjhab fm kb mfu`b`aje . Brhmetaeb? .  Brhmetaeb? Nruobs . @bstakkj, O. ^. (>32>). Pj`ajkjhab fm kb mfu`b`aje . Gmxa`j? . Gmxa`j? ^mf tmr`mr gakmeaj.P.@. g akmeaj.P.@. @lbefa, E. O. (>3232321). Nkjh  >321). Nkjh . Jntmeafj fm Nkjh? lttps?//rj`d`jetmet.`jg/ms/nkjh lttps?//rj`d`j etmet.`jg/ms/nkjh/tm`ejkjhab-me-kb-mfu /tm`ejkjhab-me-kb-mfu`b`aje/ `b`aje/ Fbes, M.rmfms-sj`abkms-y-bfa``ajems.ltgk (>323). ^mfms sj`abkms y bfa``ajems,. (>323). ^mfms bfa``ajems,.  Jntmeafj fm lttps?//w lttps?//www.meraqumfbes.`jg/>3 ww.meraqumfbes.`jg/>331/33). Farm``aðe (>3>3). Farm``aðe ^mhajebk ^mhajebk fm Mfu`b`aðe Su Suej ej - F^MS. F^MS. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm lttp?//www.frmpuej.hjn.pm/wmn/< lttp?//www .frmpuej.hjn.pm/wmn/8&stbrt7 7nkjh%>8&stbrt723 23 Furdlmag, M. (2192). Kbs (2192). Kbs rmhkbs fmk gmtjfj gmtjfj sj`akjha`j .. @jrfjnb?  @jrfjnb? Mfa`ajems Bssbefra. Furdlmag, M. (218>). Kb (218>). Kb mfu`b`aje gjrbk. gjrbk. Brhmetaeb? P`lbparm. Furdlmag, M. (213). Mfu`brmf  >3>3).  Mfu`brmf . Jntmeafj fm Mfu`brmf? lttps?//mfu`brmf.iuefb`ajetmkmijea lttps?//mfu`brmf .iuefb`ajetmkmijea`b.`jg.pm/fmsbiajs/aea `b.`jg.pm/fmsbiajs/aeafme-aeijrgm-fm-mfu`b`aje fme-aeijrgm-fm-mfu`b`aje// Imnkms, Y. M. (>32=). Mfu`b`aje (>32=). Mfu`b`aje Yartubk.Fasmòj Yartubk.Fasmòj fm mfu`bfj mfu`bfjrms. rms. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm lttps?//www.m`jtm`.mfu.m`/`jetmet/up lttps?//www .m`jtm`.mfu.m`/`jetmet/upkjbfs/>328/31 kjbfs/>328/31/aevmstahb`aje /aevmstahb`aje/kanrjs/mfu`b`aje /kanrjs/mfu`b`aje-vartubk.pfi  -vartubk.pfi  Hbr`ab, B. (>328). Fm (>328). Fm kb Mfu`b`aðe b Fastbe`ab Fastbe`ab b kb Mfu`b`a Mfu`b`aðe ðe Yartubk. Nbr`mkjeb. Yartubk. Nbr`mkjeb. Haiijrf, ^. (>338). Mevarjegmetbk (>338). Mevarjegmetbk Ssy`ljkjhy. Ssy`ljkjhy. Mspbòb?  Mspbòb? Mfatjrabk @jkvakkm. Hðgmz, V. (>328). Brta`ukjs. (>328). Brta`ukjs. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm ]takazb`aðe fm XlbtsBpp pbrb kb @jguea`b`aðe me Vatukbfjs Pupmrajrms ? iakm?///@?/]smrs iakm?///@?/]smrs/BFGAE/Fjwekjbf /BFGAE/Fjwekjbfs/ s/3fmk%>3brtç`ukj-2 3fmk%>3brtç`ukj-289=>-6-2389=>-6-23>32831>>.pfi   Gmtjfjkjhab fm fm kb aevmstahb`aje aevmstahb`aje.. Gmxa`j? Lmrebefmz, ^. P., @jkkbfj, @. I., & Nbptastb, G. (>323). (>323). Gmtjfjkjhab GhH^BX-LAKK/AEVM^BGM^A@BEB GhH^BX-LAKK/AEV M^BGM^A@BEB MFAVJ^MP, P.B. FM @.Y. pmrsjeb. Gáxa`j? Kjzbej, B. N. (>328). Vm`ejkjhçb Mfu`btavb, me ue gjfmkj fm kb pmrsjeb.  Gáxa`j? Mfatjrabk Kagusb.

>=

 

Kjzbej, B. y. (>338). Jntmeafj fm Vm`ejkjhçb Mfu`btavb, me ue gjfmkj g jfmkj fm? lttp?//itp.`bgpusvartubk.ute.b`.`r/m-kmbre lttp?//itp.`bgpusv artubk.ute.b`.`r/m-kmbreaeh/Kb%>3mfu`b`a% aeh/Kb%>3mfu`b`a%@0%N0e%>3vartubk @0%N0e%>3vartubk%>3me%>3mk %>3me%>3mk %>3sahkj%>3\\A.pfi  Gmr`mfms, B. (>323). Mfu`b`aðe vartubk `jgj lmrrbgametb fm bprmefazbom. Pmrva`aj Aeijrgbtavj. Aeijrgbtavj. GAEMF]. (>3>3). Kb (>3>3). Kb mfu`b`aje me tamgpjs tamgpjs fm `jvaf. Jntmeafj `jvaf. Jntmeafj fm lttps?//www.hjn.pm/gaemfu Jrtmhb, M. (>32=). ‛Kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk. Fasmòj fm `ursjs vartubkms‗. vartubkms‗. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm lttps?//www.m`jtm`.mfu.m`/`jetmet/up lttps?//www .m`jtm`.mfu.m`/`jetmet/upkjbfs/>328/31 kjbfs/>328/31/aevmstahb`aje /aevmstahb`aje/kanrjs/mfu`b`aje /kanrjs/mfu`b`aje-vartubk.pfi  -vartubk.pfi  Sbkjgbrms, I. I. (>330). Pj`ajkjhab fm kb mfu`b`aje . Gbfraf? . Gbfraf? SMB^PJE MF]@B@AÐE, P. B. Sje`m, A. (28 fm Bnrak fm >32>). ^mfms >32>). ^mfms Pj`abkms. Jntmeafj Pj`abkms. Jntmeafj fm lttp?//rm`ursjsta`.mfu`b`aje.ms/jnsm lttp?//rm`ursjs ta`.mfu`b`aje.ms/jnsmrvbtjraj/wmn/`b/ rvbtjraj/wmn/`b/aetmremt/wmn->3/23 aetmremt/wmn->3/2360-rmfms-sj`abkms 60-rmfms-sj`abkms ^a``mta, B. M. (imnrmrj fm >32>). P`amkj. P`amkj.  Jntmeafj fm P`amkj? iakm?///@?/]smrs/BFGAE/Fj iakm?///@?/]smrs/BFGAE/Fjwekjbfs/Fabkemtwekjbfs/FabkemtMgakmFurdlmagBpjrtmsSbrbBebkazbrKbMfu`b MgakmFurdlmagBpj rtmsSbrbBebkazbrKbMfu`b`ajeIasa`bM-6>9839 `ajeIasa`bM-6>98391.pfi  1.pfi  `kbsa`b. Gmxa`j? Gb`Hrbw-Lakk. ^atzmr, H. (2110). Vmjrab sj`ajkjha`b `kbsa`b. Gmxa`j? ^jss, S. y. (>323). Kbs (>323). Kbs rmfms sj`abkms?. sj`abkms?. Jntmeafj  Jntmeafj fm Kb prjnkmgâta`b ibgakabr.Aevmstahb`aðe fm kb `jguea`b`aðe,Gmxa`j? lttp?//www lttp?//www.tkbkpbe.uvgemt.mfu/j .tkbkpbe.uvgemt.mfu/jaaf/fjwekjbf/^mf aaf/fjwekjbf/^mfms%>3sj`abkms%> ms%>3sj`abkms%>3kb 3kb %>3 ^unaj, G. (>329). Meijqums y mvjku`aje fm kbs Va`. MEIJR]MP Va`.  MEIJR]MP Q GJFMKJP GJFMKJP FM MYBK]B@AÐE FMK  M-KMB^EAEH , >1-63. ]ems`j. (>326). VA@s me kb Mfu`b`aðe. Mfu`b`aðe. Jntmeafj fm VA@s me kb Mfu`b`aðe? ^m`upmrbfj mk oumvms 28 fm bhjstj ]EMP@J. (>3>3). @JYAF-21? Kj qum fmnm sbnmr b`mr`b fm kb mfu`b`aðe fm kjs rmiuhabfjs. Jntmeafj rmiuhabfjs. Jntmeafj fm lttps?//ms.uems`j.jrh/emws/`jvaf-21 lttps?//ms.uems`j .jrh/emws/`jvaf-21-kj-qum-fmnm-sbnmr-b`mr`b -kj-qum-fmnm-sbnmr-b`mr`b-mfu`b`aje-rmiuhabfjs -mfu`b`aje-rmiuhabfjs Ya`metm, N. (>32=). Jntmeafj fm Kb Hmstaðae Mfu`btavb? lttps?//www.mja.ms/nkjhs/hmsta lttps?//www .mja.ms/nkjhs/hmstajemfu`btavb/>32 jemfu`btavb/>32=/23/02/aest =/23/02/aestatu`aje-mfu`btav atu`aje-mfu`btavb/ b/ Befaeb. (>3>3). l b ^S SK. SK. 2‐328). @]BFM^EJP ILy@P-]EOu, Erj. =2? 328 . 3>3). @jrjebvarus y gbemoj fmk bòj ms`jkbr >3>3 >3>3.. 0. lttps?//mfu`brmf.iuefb`ajetmkmijea lttps?//mfu`b rmf.iuefb`ajetmkmijea`b.`jg.pm/fmsbiajs/ae `b.`jg.pm/fmsbiajs/aeafme-aeijrgm-fm-mfu`b`aj afme-aeijrgm-fm-mfu`b`aje/ e/ Gbraeb, K., & Hbkkbrfj, H. (>322). Agpjrtbe`ab Fm Kjs Srjhrbgbs Yartubkms Me Kb Mfu`b`aðe Pupmrajr Smrubeb. Aevmstahb`aðe Smrubeb.  Aevmstahb`aðe Mfu`btavb Mfu`btavb,, 2= 2=(>8), (>8), 220‐2>9. Gaemfu. (>3>3). Jrametb`ajems Smfbhðha`bs Sbrb Mk Pmrva`aj Mfu`btavj Fm Mfu`b`aðe Nâsa`b Furbetm Mk Bòj >3>3 Me Mk Gbr`j Fm Kb Mgmrhme`ab Pbeatbrab Sjr Mk @jrjebvarus @jvaf-21‗. Mk @jvaf-21‗. Mk Smrubej. Smrubej. Smr`b, @. G. K. (>32328  >328 , 220. Sjzj, F. fmk, ^jgbeç, G., & Yakkbpkbeb, Y. (>32329

 

Ybehubrfab, K. (>3>3). Kb pbefmgab fm kb @jvaf-21 hmemrb ueb nrm`lb mfu`btavb me mk Smrÿ. Jrplbemt  Ojurebk ji ^brm Fasmbsms Fasmbsms,, >2 >2(2), (2), 2‐1. Ybrajs, Y. (>329). ^mvastb Lastjrab fm kb Mfu`b`aðe Kbtaejbgmra`beb. ^mvastb Kbtaejbgmra`beb.  ^mvastb Lastjrab Lastjrab fm Kb Mfu`b`aðe  Kbtaejbgmra`bebb, 29),  Kbtaejbgmra`be 29), 0=8. lttps?//fj lttps?//fja.jrh/23.213=0/32> a.jrh/23.213=0/32>>8>08>0323). Mfu`b`aðe vartubk `jgj lmrrbgametb fm bprmefazbom. Iuefb`aðe bprmefazbom.  Iuefb`aðe ]eavmrsatbrab Djerbf Kjrmez, Kjrmez, 0. lttp?//www.djerbfkjrmez.mfu.`j/agbh lttp?//www .djerbfkjrmez.mfu.`j/agbhms/ejta`abs/buk ms/ejta`abs/bukbsZvartubkms.pfi  bsZvartubkms.pfi 

>8

 

\AAA. BEM\JP. JSM^B@AJEBKA_B@AJE JSM^B@AJEBKA_B@ AJE FM YB^ABNKMP?  Eÿgmrj

Fmiaea`aðe `je`mptubk

Fmiaea`aðe jpmrb`ajebk

@ubefj

Kb vbrabnkm ms

lb lbnk nkbg bgjs js fm mfu`b`aðe vartubk, mstbgjs lbnkbef efjj fm ‛bhrmhb ‛bh rmhbrr vbkjr  vbkjr  bk b`tj mfu`btavj b trbvás fmk usj fm tm`ejkjhçbs tm`ejkjhçbs fm aeijrgb`aðe MPV^BVMHABP y FMK `jguea`b`aðe, B@@MPJ B KB qu qumm lb lbhb hbee mk `jej`agametj MF]@B@AJE b``msankm fm YA^V]BK gbemrb aegmfa aeg mfabtb btb,, sae irjetmrbs y sa saee nbrr nbrrmr mrbs bs,, `jeijrgm b kjs b`mkmrbfjs eavmkms fm  prjfu``aðe fmk guefj fm ljy‗. Bsç kkmhbgjs bk `j `je` e`mp mptj tj fm fmkk @bgpus Mfu`btavj Ae Aetm tmrg rgjf jfbk bk j @MA, @M A, sa sast stmg mgbb qum, me mk `bsj fm kb Iuefb`aðe ]eavmrsatbrab

Vapj fm vbrabnkm

ueavbrabnkm kb `ubk sm gmfarâ fm gbemrb jrfaebk me kb `ubk sm tjgbrâ me `umetb kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj

Fagmesaðe

Aefa`bfjr   Gbtmrabkms fm

Mstrbtmhabs fm

mesmòbezb j Kbptjp

bhme`abgametj fm kjs j Kanrjs  prjimsjrms

j ^bfaj j @mkukbr  j Aetmremt

Mk bhme`abgametj sm trbfu`m me kb `bpb`afbf fmk suomtj pbrb Jrfaebk hmemrbr mspb`ajs `rçta`js ej lmhmgðea`js fm meue`ab`aðe fmk yj, me y fmsfm kj `jkm`tavj,  pbrb `jetrbrrmstbr kbs kðha`bs fm `jetrjk qum sm km agpjeme. Fm mstm gjfj, mk bhme`abgametj fmsbiçb kb lmhmgjeçb fm kj ejrgbtavj, ljgjháemj y iaoj pbrb lb`mr iue`ajebr fastaetjs ejfjs/bhmetms qum sm rmkb`ajeme metrm sç y lb`ab biumrb. Sjr

j @jstj fm `jem`tavafbf

Mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs Sbfrms fm ibgakab

Gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom  J`upb`aðe



 Iumetms fm aehrmsj 

 Hrbfj fm



aestru``aðe  Eÿgmrj fm laojs 

  B`jgpbòbgametj 

ibgakabr me mk bprmefazbom Mstrbtmhabs fm  Eavmk fm sbtasib``aðe bhme`abgametj fm kjs  Bgnametm 

mstufabetms

 Gbtmrabkms



 Fastranu`aðe fmk 

ljrbraj metrm

momgpkj, kjs ><

 

Djerbf Kjrmez, ium aetmhrbfj fmsfm lb`m yb 2> bòjs b su  prj`msj fm mesmòbezb– bprmefazbom, aevjku`rbefj ue `jeouetj fm ms mstr trbt btmh mhaabs y gmfajs qum `jgna naeebe kb mfu`b`aðe  prmsme`abk y kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk(Yavbs & Nbrrb rbhhâe, >323)

faspjsatavjs `jkbnjrbtavjs fmsbrrjkkbfjs  pjr mk `aem  pjkçta`j fm kjs smtmetb la`amrje fm ástm ue mspb`aj fm bhme`abgametj qum `jem`tð kbs  prâ`ta`bs mstáta`bs `je kbs  prâ`ta`bs  pjkçta`bs, `je`rmtâefjsm me b``ajems qum aetmetbrje bktmrbr (`jesahuaáefjkj tmgpjrbkgmetm) mk iue`ajebgametj jrfaebraj fmk sastmgb.(Sjzj mt bk., >321

fastaetbs b`tavafbfms  Ljrbs fm mstufaj 

 Jrhbeazb`aðe



 

GBV^A_ FM @JEPAPVME@AB

VAV]KJ? Mim`tjs fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A.M.S. fm Sb`bom-@brbnbyb->3>3 S^JNKMGBP

JNOMVAYJP

LASJVMPAP

YB^ABNKMP

FAGMEPAJEMP Mstrbtmhabs fm

HMEM^BK?  bhme`abgametj fm kjs Kjs mim`tjs fmk  prjimsjrms -Fmtmr tmrgae gaebr br kjs mi mim`t m`tjs js b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe - º@uâkms sje kjs mim`tjs fmk -Fm sje b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fmk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk saheaia`b sahea ia`btavj tavjs s me kjs vartubk me kjs b`tjrms fm kb me kjs b`tjrms fm kb A. M. S. fm b`tj tjrm rmss fm kb A.M. A.M.P. P. Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm b` kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bomfm Lube Lu beut utuy uyj j fm kb MPV^BVMHABP fm Sb`bom->3>3: >3>3 `jgueafbf fm Sb`bomFMK B@@MPJ B >3>3. HMEM^BK?

HMEM^BK? 

MPSM@ÇIA@JP?

 MPSM@ÇIA@JP?

MPSM@ÇIA@JP? 

- º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2:

Afmetaia`br kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabk gbtm rabkms ms fm mesmòbezb mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b mfu `b`að `aðee var vartub tubkk fm kjs fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `j `jgu guea eafb fbff fm Sb`b Sb`bom om >3>2.

Kb Kbss mstr mstrbt btmh mhab abss fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk vartu bk fmgbefbe fmgbefbe ue msiu msiummrzj rzj pbrb brb kj kjss fj`metms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lube Lubeut utuy uyjj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom>3>2.

KB MF]@B@AJE YA^V]BK

Mstrbtmhabs fm bhme`abgametj fm kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab

  Kb sbtasib``aðe fm kjs mstufabetms me mk bprmefazbom vartubk

- º@uâkms sje kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb  `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2:

Af Afmmet etai aia` a`br br kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2

-  Kb Kbss mstr mstrbt btmh mhab abss fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b` mfu `b`aðe aðe var vartub tubkk sje bne nemmhb hbfb fbss pb pbrrb kjs  pbfrms fm ibgakab fm kb A.M.S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom>3>2.

03

 

º@jgj ms kb sbt btas asib ib`` ``að aðee fm kj kjss mstufabetms me mk bprmefazbom fm kb mfu`b`aðe vartubk fm kb A. M. S. fm Lubeutuyj fm kb `jgueafbf fm Sb`bom >3>2:

Afmetaia`br kbs mstrbtmhabs fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm bprmefazbom fm kjs mstufabetms fm kb A. M. S. fm Lu Lube beuutu tuyj yj fm kb `j `jgu guea eafb fbff fm Sb Sb`b `bom om >3>2

Kb Kbss mstr mstrbt btmh mhab abss fm bh bhme me`a `abg bgam amet etjj fm kj kjss gbtmrabkms fm mesmòbezb me mk b``msj b kb mfu`b` mfu `b`aðe aðe var vartub tubkk sje vartujsbs pbrb kjs mstufabetms fm kb A.M.S. fm Lu Lubbeu eutu tuyj yj fm kb `jguea `jg ueafbf fbf fm Sb`bom Sb`bom->3>2.

02