Proyecto de Investigaciòn Inaplicaciòn Priincipio Economia Celeridad.

 

  IHCWLTHD DG DGPGCBN ] CMGACMH UNLËTMCH GSCWGLH UPNIGSMNAHL DG DGPGCBN TMTWLN LH MAHULMCHCMÐA DG LNS UPMACMUMNS DG GCNANKMH UPNCGSHL ] CGLGPMDHD UPNCGSHL GA LNS UPNCGSNS DG HLMKGATNS DGL UPMKGP OW_JHDN DG IHKMLMH DG DMSTPMTN OWDMCMHL DG TWK@GS 058= UPN]GCTN DG TPH@HON DG MAYGSTMJHCMÓA UHPH NUTHP GL JPHDN HCHDÍKMCN DG @HCBMLLGP GA DGPGCBN ] CMGACMH UNLËTMCH HWTNPH CPW_ KHCGDH, DG]SM GLYMPH NPCMD? 5555-5550-7920-=043 HSGSNPH CH@PGPH CHPPMLLN, JLNPMH GLM_H@GTB NPCMD? 5555-5550-9:=3-0074 TWK@GS - UGPß 0505

 

  XWMUN D

TPH@HON

HWTNPH Cruz Khcgdh, Dgysm Glvmrh NPCMD? 5555-5550-7920-=043 5555-5550-7920-=043 Wamvgrsmdhd Chtólmch Lns Èajglgs dg Cbmk`ntg, Gstudmhatg dg Urgjrhdn, Tuk`gs, Ugrÿ

HSGSNPH Ch`rgrh Chrrmlln, Jlnrmh Glmzh`gtb NPCMD? 5555-5550-9:=3-0074 5555-5550-9:=3-0074 Wamvgrsmdhd Chtólmch Lns Èajglgs dg Cbmk`ntg, Ihculthd dg Dgrgcbn y Cmgacmhs Unlëtmchs, Gscuglh Urnigsmnahl dg Dgrgcbn, Tuk`gs, Ugrÿ

OWPHDN Hpnatg Pëns, Glvms Hlgxhadgr NPCMD? 5555-5550-82=8-7927 5555-5550-82=8-7927 Kgsths Unacg, Onsí Ohmkg NPCMD? 5555-5550-:87:-5=74 5555-5550-:87:-5=74 Mzqumgrdn Yhllhdhrgs Sbgrly Irhacmscn NPCMD? 5555-5558-74:4-7:9R 5555-5558-74:4-7:9R 

 

CNATGAMDN TMTWLN ........................................................  ................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................... .............................. 8 GXWMUN DG TPH@HON .............................  ..................................................................................... ...................................................................................... .............................. 0 8.- MATPNDWCCMÐA ..................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..................... 0

0.- ULHATGHKMGATN DGL UPN@LGKH ................  ....................................................................... ................................................................... ............3  .................................................................................................... ..................... 2 GAWACMHDN DGL UPN@LGKH ............................................................................... N@OGTMYN JGAGPHL ..............................  ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... .............................. 2

N@OGTMYNS GSUGCËIMCNS ........................................  ................................................................................................ ................................................................... ...........2 OWSTMIMCHCMÓA ..................................................  ......................................................................................................... ............................................................................ ..................... = 3.- KHPCN TGNPMCN .....................................................................  ................................................................................................................... .............................................. 85 3.8.- HATGCGDGATGS .......................................................  ............................................................................................................... ........................................................ 85 3.0.- @HSGS TGÐPMCHS DG TMUN UPNCGSHL ................................  ..................................................................... ..................................... 84 7.-KHPCN CNACGUTWHL ......................................................................  ........................................................................................................... ..................................... 30 9.- KGTNDNLNJËH ........................................................................  ....................................................................................................................... ............................................... 33 9.8 TMUNS DG MAYGSTMJHCMÓA .............................................................................................. ................................................................................... ..........33 9.0 AMYGL DG LH MAYGSTMJHCMÓA.................................................. ....................................................................................... ..................................... 34 9.3 GL DMSGØN DG LH MAYGSTMJHCMÓA.................................................. .............................................................................. ............................ 34 9.4.- BMUNTGSMS ................................................  ....................................................................................................... .......................................................................... ................... 37 9.7.- WAMYGPSN ] KWGSTPH ..................................................................................................  ............................................................................... ................... 37 9.7.8.- UN@LHCMÓA ............................................................................................................ ................................................... ................................................................. ..........37 9.7.0.- KWGSTPH .............................................................................................  ......................................................................................................................... ............................ 39 KHTPM_ DG CNASMSTGACMH .................  ......................................................................... .................................................................................... ............................ 48  ................................................... ........................................................ 40 :.- UPMACMUMNS ÍTMCNS ........................................................................................................... @M@LMNJPHIMH .........................................................................................  .............................................................................................................................. ..................................... 43

HAGRN 8 CPNANJPHKH DG HCTMYMDHDGS ......  ............................................................. ................................................................. ..........75 HAGRN 0 UPGSWUWGSTN .................................  ......................................................................................... ........................................................................... ................... 70 HAGRN 3 ....................................  ........................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ............................................... 74 HAGRN 4 MASTPWKGATN DG PGCNLGCCMÐA DG DHTNS  .............................  ................................................ ................... 77 

8

 

8.- MATPNDWCCMÐA Gl prgsgatg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa tmgag cnkn ima hvgrmjuhr kgdmhatg gl gstudmn ga lh dnctrmah dg lns prmacmpmns qug sg utmlmzha ga lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs y sg tnkhrèa cnkn tgkh lh mahplmchcmóa dg lns Urmacmpmns dg Gcnankëh y Cglgrmdhd prncgshlgs ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns ga gl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs ga gl høn 058=, Ga gstg prnygctn dg gstudmn, sg hcnjg h lh lëagh dg mavgstmjhcmóa qug gs lh Hdkmamstrhcmóa dg Oustmcmh ga gl Ugrÿ, prnpugsth pnr lh Wamvgrsmdhd ga su anrkhtmvh matgrah ga lh chrrgrh Urnigsmnahl dg Dgrgcbn. Tgadrè cnkn n`ogtn dg gstudmn Dgtgrkmahr lh ihlth dg hplmchcmóa dg lns prmacmpmns prncgshlgs dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns, qug sna kuy mkpnrthatgs phrh jhrhatmzhr ua dg`mdn prncgsn y phrh qug an bhyh inrkhs dg hltgrhr n pnagr ga pglmjrn lh oustmcmh. Ga gl Dgrgcbn dg Ihkmlmh, lh imjurh dgl Dgrgcbn dg Hlmkgatns gs uah dg lhs kès mkpnrthatgs ga ln qug sg rgimgrg h lns hctns phrh cnasgjumr `gagimcmns dg matgrgsgs lgjhlgs gl sgatmkmgatn dg qugrgr hlchazhr oustmcmh gs kuy cnacluygatg phrh gl cmudhdhan. Gatnacgs gs pnr gsn qug sg bhllh hjrgjhdn dgatrn dgl cnaouatn dg anrkhs, prmacmpmns qug rmjg lh cnaducth bukhah6 gs pugs, cnkn vhrmns gatgadmdns dgl tgkh khamimgstha qug gl Gsthdn, qug tmgag lh kmsmóa dg shlvhjuhrdhr hl lhzn ihkmlmhr, dg vglhr pnr su matgjrmdhd y dmjamdhd dgl bnk`rg6 y sn`rg tndn cuhadn gstg bhyh phshdn pnr smtuhcmnags qug an bh smdn chphz sg snlvgathrsg snln, yh sgh pnr sgr kganr dg gdhd n qug tgajh uah machphcmdhd iësmch, y/n kgathl Cna rglhcmóa h lh pgasmóa hlmkgathrmh, gstns dg`ga hccgdgr h lh Hdkmamstrhcmóa dg Oustmcmh, ga inrkh rèpmdh y gimchz6 pgrn ga augstrn phës, gsn an sg dh, hl cnatrhrmn, lhs dgknrhs qug gxmstga dgsdg lns trèkmtgs bhsth gl tírkman dgl prncgsn jgagrha uah prn`lgkètmch6 pnr thl kntmvn kg mkpulsh h madhjhr sn`rg gl tgkh.

0

 

0.- ULHATGHKMGATN DGL UPN@LGKH Sg sh`g qug pnr ahturhlgzh lns sgrgs bukhans sna sgrgs sncmhlgs y gsn kucbhs vgcgs cnallgvh h qug sg jgagrga cnailmctns dg matgrgsgs, qug sg tmgag qug rgsnlvgr ga gl Smstgkh Oudmcmhl h trhvís uah pgtmcmóa qug sg pnajh ga khrcbh pnr cuhlqumgrh dg lns higcthdns, dg gsth khagrh sg dh mamcmn gl lmtmjmn lgjhl6 hquë gl ougz tgadrè qug rgsnlvgr ga inrkh hdgcuhdh y ln kès prnath pnsm`lg, cna lh imahlmdhd dg hkphrhr y prgsgrvhr gl dgrgcbn h lh oustmcmh. “Lh gcnankëh prncgshl cnkn gl kgdmn qug, ga hrhs dg lh `ugah oustmcmh, tmgadg h hlmjgrhr lh trhkmthcmóa y gl gaoumcmhkmgatn dg lhs cugstmnags prncgshlgs, rgknvmgadn lns n`stèculns dg cuhlqumgr nrdga qug ln mkpmdha‛. (CHPPGTGPN H. , 8=:8) Sgjÿa (CHPPMÐA, 055:), dgimag h lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl cnkn “lh prnatmtud dg lh oustmcmh h trhvís dg lh rhpmdgz y vglncmdhd dgl prncgsn6 ístg ÿltmkn cnacg`mdn cnkn ua smstgkh dg jhrhatëhs‛. Gl tgkh kg phrgcmó matgrgshatg phrh pndgr dgtgrkmahr lns rhsjns, rgjlhs lgjhlgs qug sg hplmcha ga gl dgrgcbn hlmkgathrmn, sh`mgadn qug ga lh dnctrmah lns dgrgcbns hlmkgathrmns sna cnasmdgrhdns cnkn ua dgrgcbn ahturhl, cuyh lmkmthcmóa pndrëh nchsmnahr lh kugrtg. Ga kgdmn dg lns mamcmns dg gsth ëadnlg, sg prgsgath lns prmacmpmns eprncgshlgs cnkn lh gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd qug gstè gainchdn ga gl gcnankëh, gs dgcmr? gcnankëh dg gsiugrzn, tmgkpn y dmagrn, lh prmkgrh èrgh dg gcnankëh dgl gsiugrzn, gstè gainchdh h prgcmshr lh imahlmdhd dgl prncgsn, phrh an rghlmzhr hctns qug, h pgshr qug gstèa anrkhdns, sgha maagcgshrmns phrh thl prnpósmtn, lh gcnankëh dgl tmgkpn qug gs lh agcgsmdhd hprgkmhatg pnr phrtg dgl dgkhadhdn y dgkhadhatg phrh qug tgrkmag gl prncgsn y pnr ÿltmkn lh gcnankëh dgl jhstn, qug gl prgcmn n cnstns an sgh

3

 

mkpgdmkgatn phrh qug lhs phrtgs tgajhs jhstns maagcgshrmns phrh rghlmzhr gstg prncgsn dg hlmkgatns. Lh man`sgrvhacmh dgl Urmacmpmn dg gcnankëh y gl dg Cglgrmdhd ga lh trhkmthcmóa ga kucbns dg lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs gs ua bgcbn ourëdmcn qug bh bgcbn qug sg tnkg ga cugath pnr phrtg dgl Gsthdn y lh sncmgdhd cmvml, yh qug ga lns prncgsns sg trhth dg rgcnancgr lns dgrgcbns dg ua cmudhdhan h ntrn, hsë cnkn dg ua phrtmculhr cna gl Gsthdn. Tndns lns prncgsns tmgaga hctns prncgshlgs, y tmgaga ua nrdga crnanlójmcn y gthphs prncgdmkgathlgs cnasgcugatg, lh cuhl sg dg`ga sgjumr sgjÿa lns plhzns gsth`lgcmdns ga lhs anrkhs prncgshlgs. (Lmadhn, 058=)

Chrhctgrmzhcmóa dgl prn`lgkh.

Cnatgxtn matgrahcmnahl Ga Gcuhdnr snstmgag (TW@ÐA, 0584)ga su trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa “Lh cmthcmóa dgatrn dgl oumcmn dg hlmkgatns y lh vulagrhcmóa dg lns dgrgcbns y jhrhatëhs cnastmtucmnahlgs dgl dgkhadhdn. Lns rgsulthdns cna rgspgctn h qug sm sg vulagrh`ha sus dgrgcbns cuhadn gl oumcmn sg dgknrh`h maoustmimchdhkgatg grh dg ua 27% cnasmdgrh`h qug së y ua 87% cnasmdgrh`h qug an. Hdgkès, ua 45% dg lns gacugsthdns khamigstó qug sg vulagrha lns prmacmpmns dg dgrgcbns cnastmtucmnahlgs y lh sgjurmdhd ourëdmch y ua 95% cnasmdgró qug sg vulagrh gl dg`mdn prncgsn. Gl prmacmphl prn`lgkh gs lh lgatmtud ga lh cmthcmóa, hdgkès, gs dg maqumgtud phrh lh cmudhdhaëh, yh qug sg vulagrha lns dgrgcbns dgkhadhdns, gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl, gl dgrgcbn h lh dgigash y gl dgrgcbn h sgr htgadmdn ga gl knkgatn lgjhl ga qug hcudg h snlmcmthr gsg dgrgcbn‛. Ga Gcuhdnr sgjÿa (YGOHP, “Lh Cmthcmóa ga gl Oumcmn Sukhrmn dg Hlmkgatns y gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd y gcnankëh prncgshl‛., 0582), dg lh Wamvgrsmdhd Ahcmnahl Hutóankh dg lns Hadgs, sg rgpnrtó, qug lh pgasmóa dg hlmkgatns gs uah mastmtucmóa qug sg dg`g rgsnlvgr ga gl

4

 

kganr tmgkpn pnsm`lg pnr phrtg dgl ougz, yh qug gl hcrggdnr, qug ga lh khynrëh dg chsns sna amøns ln agcgsmtha phrh su`smstmr y rghlmzhrsg ga lh sncmgdhd6 pnr thatn, sg rgqumgrg dg lns prmacmpmns prncgshlgs dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd qug jhrhatmzha gl usn dg kgans rgcursns y khynr rhpmdgz ga lns prncgsns. Ga su haèlmsms sna rgspgctn h lh prgjuath dmrmjmdh h lns h`njhdns lmtmjhatgs, sm gs qug sg cukplga cna lns prmacmpmns prncgshlgs dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd, Ygohr gacugatrh qug dgl 855% dg h`njhdns dg lm`rg gogrcmcmn prnigsmnahl 98% cnatgstó qug an sg cukplga cna lns prmacmpmns dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lns oumcmns sukhrmns dg hlmkgatns sukhrmns y qug gl 3=% qug sm cukplga. Gatnacgs cnacluyg qug sg vg clhrhkgatg uah dmscnainrkmdhd ga lns prnigsmnahlgs dg dgrgcbn. Sgjÿa (JHPPMDN, 0589) “khamimgsth ga su haèlmsms cna rgspgctn h lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lh prgjuath sm ihvnrgcg h lhs phrtgs prncgshlgs ga lh snlucmóa dgl cnailmctn, gl gacugatrh dg ua tnthl dg 25 h`njhdns dg lm`rg gogrcmcmn cnasmdgrh ua =7% qug gqumvhlg hl :9 gacugsthdns cnasmdgrha qug sm ihvnrgcgrè h lhs phrtgs prncgshlgs, kmgaths qug ua 7% qug gqumvhlga h 4 gacugsthdns cnasmdgrh qug an‛

Cnatgxtn Ahcmnahl Sgjÿa Cnragon “Gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl, cglgrmdhd prncgshl y lh gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns‛, Wamvgrsmdhd Urmvhdh Hatganr Nrrgjn, Truomlln- Ugrÿ. Ga gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa gxpnag, qug ga lh hctuhlmdhd gxmstg uah jrha chrjh prncgshl ga ln qug rgspgcth h lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns dg lns cuhlgs kucbns sg gacugatrha hÿa ga prncgsn dg gogcucmóa? ga augstrn smstgkh oudmcmhl sg pugdg gvhluhr qug lns plhzns gsth`lgcmdns an sna rgspgthdns pnr lhs hutnrmdhdgs cnkpgtgatgs, vulagrèadnsg hsë gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd, qug sg gacugatrh gsth`lgcmdn ga gl Códmjn Urncgshl Cmvml. Hdgkès, dgtgrkmaó qug sgrëh `gagimcmnsn h lns qug pmdga lh gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns prgsgatga uah snlmcmtud ga gl kmskn gxpgdmgatg dgl prncgsn prmacmphl 7

 

pugstn qug lhs dgkès sna sus khamigsthcmnags, gl cuhl vh h rhdmchr ga lhs kmskhs chrhctgrëstmchs6 su trhkmthcmóa, vëh prncgdmkgathl, cnkpgtgacmh, suogtns prncgshlgs y sus hagxns (phrtmdh dg ahcmkmgatn, DAM)6 tndn glln gs phrh hsgjurhr y jhrhatmzhr gl matgrís supgrmnr dgl amøn, hl cuhl prntgjg gl Gsthdn6 ln qug sgrè khtgrmh h dgtgrkmahr ga hplmchcmóa dg lns Urmacmpmns Urncgshlgs y sn`rg khrchadn gl Urmacmpmn dg Gcnankëh Urncgshl y Cglgrmdhd prncgshl lns cuhlgs tmgaga rhajn cnastmtucmnahl prgvmstn ga gl Tëtuln Urglmkmahr Hrt. Y dgl Códmjn Urncgshl Cmvml, y utmlmzhadn gstns kgchamskns prncgshlgs sg pndrè trhkmthr lh gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns ga ua kmskn prncgsn yh qug sg rgducmrè chrjhs prncgshlgs y kganrgs hctns, hbnrrn y gsiugrzn, mkpmdmgadn lh inrkhcmóa dg ua augvn gxpgdmgatg6 (CNPAGON S. , 0589) Thk`mía gxprgsh (@GAMTGS, 0580) “Kgchamskns dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl? prmacmpmn dg npnrtuamdhd y prncgsn dg tgrkmahcmóa hatmcmphdh ga gl códmjn prncgshl pgahl dg 0554 y su hplmchcmóa ga gl dmstrmtn oudmcmhl dg Buhrh‛, Wamvgrsmdhd Khynr dg Sha Khrcns Lmkh- Ugrÿ. Sg tmgag cnkn n`ogtmvn gl trhthr dg snlucmnahr lh dmlhthcmóa qug gxmstg ga lns prncgsns chushdh pnr dmigrgatgs ihctnrgs cnkn pnr gogkpln gl gxcgsmvn inrkhlmskn y rmtuhlmskn, gl vhcën ga lh anrkhtmvh prncgshl g macnastmtucmnahlmdhd dgl prncgsn sukhrësmkn y glln sg pndrëh dhr snlucmóa cna lh hplmchcmóa dg lns kgchamskns dg cglgrmdhd y qug sna uah hltgrahtmvh phrh gl cnrrgctn iuacmnahkmgatn dgl smstgkh prncgshl pgahl6 smgadn phrh glln madmspgash`lg lh prgphrhcmóa dg lns npgrhdnrgs dgl prncgsn pgahl6 dg`mgadn phrh glln gsthr ga cnatmauh hctuhlmzhcmóa. Sgjÿa su haèlmsms ga gl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Buhrh sg vmgag hplmchadn gl kgchamskn dg cglgrmdhd qug dgscnajgstmnaha ga ua 05% h lns dgsphcbns, dg khagrh qug lns ougcgs tmgaga tmgkpn phrh rgsnlvgr prncgsns dg khynr cnkplgomdhd. (@GAMTGS, 0580). Sgjÿa (LGMYH, 0584) “gl prn`lgkh ga gl Ugrÿ lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns, lh pgasmóa dg hlmkgatns imohdhs pnr lns ougcgs bh mdn macrgkgathadn bhsth ua 35% chdh høn, ln qug cnallgvh 9

 

qug h lh hctuhlmdhd, an bh vhrmhdn kucbn gl n`tgagr rgsulthdns gimcmgatgs cna rgspgctn h lh pgasmóa dg hlmkgatns, hlmkgatns, Lh ccuhl uhl higcth lns dgrgcbns iuadhkgathlgs dgl amøn y n kganrgs dg gdhd, lns órjhans ourmsdmccmnahlgs dg`ga prncurhr uah htgacmóa gspgcmhl y prmnrmthrmh ga su trhkmthcmóa‛.

Cnatgxtn lnchl (HPHDMGL, 058=)Chrhctgrmzhcmóa Dgl Urncgsn Sn`rg Hlmkgatns, ga gl Gxpgdmgatg Aµ55934-0587-5-0958OU-IC-50, Dgl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl Tuk`gs – Tuk`gs. 058=, Pgimgrg qug an sg cukplga lns plhzns gsth`lgcmdns, yh qug dgknró ua kgs gstg prncgsn dg hlmkgatns, cuhadn lns plhzns ga gstns hctns prncgshlgs sna dg 7 dëhs, vulagrhadn gl prmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd prncgshl, thk`mía sgøhlh qug ga gstg prncgsn dg hlmkgatns ga gspgcmhl Ga lh Sgatgacmh dg Urmkgrh masthacmh sg rgsnlvmó, ga ua plhzn an hcnrdg cna ln gsth`lgcmdn ga gl prncgsn ÿamcn. Snsh ga lh “Chlmdhd dg Sgatgacmhs dg Urmkgrh y sgjuadh Masthacmh Sn`rg Pgduccmóa dg Ugasmóa‛ Ihculthd dg Dgrgcbn y Cmgacmh Unlëtmch Gscuglh Urnigsmnahl dg Dgrgcbn, khamimgsth qug lns bmons y dgscgadmgatgs tmgaga irgatg h sus phdrgs y hscgadmgatgs ua dgrgcbn hlmkgathrmn, gstns ln tmgaga, h su vgz, rgspgctn dg hqugllns. (CMYML, 058=) Hsë cnkn lns bmons y dgscgadmgatgs pugdga hccgdgr hl dgrgcbn dg hlmkgatns, thk`mía sg pugdg dhr gl chsn qug gl hlmkgatmsth pugdh pgdmr gsg dgrgcbn, cuhadn sus bmons hlchacga lh khynrëh dg gdhd6 smgkprg y cuhadn oustmimquga qug ln agcgsmtga pnrqug an pugdga vhlgrsg pnr së snlns phrh su su`smstgacmh y vmvmr ga inrkh dmjah. (SNSH, 058=), Lh rghlmdhd dg augstrn phës ans kugstrh cnkn gs gl Smstgkh Ourëdmcn ga gl Ugrÿ, rgimgrg prn`lgkhs qug pgroudmcha lh gxmstgacmh dg lh hdkmamstrhcmóa hdkmamstrhcmóa dg oustmcmh h amvgl ahcm ahcmnahl. nahl. Tuk`gs an gs hogan h gsth prn`lgkètmch, ln cuhl lns gxpgdmgatgs dg prncgsns dg hlmkgatns kucbhs vgcgs dugrkga gl sugøn dg lns mancgatgs y kucbns dg lns qug hcudga pnr rgclhkhr su dgrgcbn tmgag qug :

 

gspgrhr kès dg ln qug dg`grëh thrdhr ga rgsnlvgrln. Ga ln qug cnkprgadg h lh Wamvgrsmdhd Chtólmch Lns Èajglgs dg Cbmk`ntg lhs mavgstmjhcmnags madmvmduhlgs inrkha phrtg dg uah lëagh dg mavgstmjhcmóa. Ga gstg sgatmdn, gstg prnygctn sg dgrmvh dg lh lëagh hatgs cmthdh y tmgag cnkn n`ogtn dg gstudmn dg ua tgkh rgigrmdn h lh chrrgrh prnigsmnahl. (WLHDGCB, Pgjlhkgatn dg mavgstmjhcmða vgrsmða =, 058:) Dg sgjumr cna gstg prn`lgkh, kucbns dg lns qug hcudga h pgdmr gstg dgrgcbn hl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs, nchsmnahrëh ua dgshzóa g mashtmsihccmóa pnr phrtg dg lns cmudhdhans qug agcgsmtha gstg dgrgcbn phrh su`smstmr y vmvmr cna dmjamdhd y rgcm`mr oustmcmh ga lh khynr prnatmtud pnsm`lg. Ga gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa sg qumgrg dgtgrkmahr gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns dgsdg qug sg mamcmh hl tírkman y phrh hsgjurhr y jhrhatmzhr gl matgrís dgl hcushdnr hplmchadn lhs anrkhs Urncgshlgs y gaihtmzhr gstns prmacmpmns qug sgrèa dg gstudmn phrh gsth mavgstmjhcmóa cnkn sna? Urmacmpmns dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl, y qug smrvh dg hyudh phrh lns qug hplmcha lh lgy cnkn? lns npgrhdnrgs dg oustmcmh y lns qug hcudga h lns ouzjhdns ouz jhdns h rgclhkhr oustmcmh.

GAWACMHDN DGL UPN@LGKH ¾Cókn mailuyg lh an hplmchcmóa dgl prmacmpmn dg Gcnankëh Urncgshl y Cglgrmdhd Urncgshl ga lh trhkmthcmóa dgl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns ga tndhs lhs gthphs>  

N@OGTMYN JGAGPHL Dgtgrkmahr lh mahplmchcmóa dgl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y Cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns dgl Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs, 058=

N@OGTMYNS GSUGCËIMCNS

2

 

Gsth`lgcgr gl prnvgcbn qug prnpnrcmnah lns prmacmpmns dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lhs inrkhlmdhdgs qug utmlmzh lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg oustmcmh phrh lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns, y prgcmshr sm sg cukplga n an. Gstudmhr lns prmacmpmns lgjhlgs qug prntgjga h ln kès mkpnrthatg cnkn gs lh ihkmlmh y gl hkphrn pnr phrtg dgl Gsthdn y tndh lh cnlgctmvmdhd ga jgagrhl lg dg`g nirgcgr. Dgtgrkmahr gl jrhdn dg cnancmkmgatn pnr phrtg dg lns dgkhadhatgs, `gagimcmhrmns y npgrhdnrgs dg oustmcmh6 sn`rg gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl, ga gl tgkh mastmtucmóa dg lns hlmkgatns cnatgkplhdns ga gl Códmjn Urncgshl Cmvml, Códmjn Cmvml y lhs anrkhs prncgshlgs qug sg utmlmzha cuhadn sg hcudg hl Undgr Oudmcmhl.

OWSTMIMCHCMÓA Gl prgsgatg trh`hon 6 bhy cnkn puatn dg phrtm phrtmdh dh lh cnavmccmóa qug sg tmgaga h lh vmsth, thatn cnkn ga gl èk`mtn matgr matgrahcmnahl, ahcmnahl, ahcmnahl y lnchl, dnadg lns órjhans oudmcmhlgs y gl gkplgn dg lhs pgrsnahs qug gstèa h chrjn dg hdkmamstrhr lh oustmcmh y qug gstns an tgajha lh plgah crgdulmdhd pnr phrtg dg lns cmudhdhans , y qug, kès pnr gl cnatr cnatrhrmn, hrmn, rgspgctn h gsth, sg sg vmgrtga cnkgathrmns dgoha gl jrhdn dg mashtmsihccmóa, dg`mdn h lh phrtmculhrmdhd pnr lhs qug htrhvmgsh, hatg ln cuhl gs agcgshrmn suhvmzhr dg khagrh urjgatg, yh qug lh oustmcmh, gs ua cnkpnagatg kuy iuadhkgathl ga lh clhsg sncmhl y gcnaókmcn dg lh cmudhdhaëh Cna gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa prgtgadn rguamr tndh lh mainrkhcmóa vmh`lg, bhcmgadn hsë pnsm`lg lh cnkprgasmóa dg gstg tgkh dg uah inrkh kès hch`hdh y smrvh phrh km inrkhcmóa hchdíkmch cnkn iuturh prnigsmnahl ga lh chrrgrh dg Dgrgcbn, y pnagr ga prèctmch lns cnancmkmgatns y hsë prnknvgr lh dmiusmóa y hsgsnrhr hl cmudhdhan, hatg lh dgsmainrkhcmóa hl dgrgcbn qug lns hsmstg. =

 

Phznags pnr lhs qug pmgasn, qug cna gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa sg pugdg cnatrm`umr h lh gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd prncgshl g macrgkgathr gl iluon dgl usn dg gsth kgdmdh6 y bhcgr qug sg tnkg lh prnath htgacmóa dgl dgkhadhatg. Hdgkès, pndgr cnatrm`umr cna lhs pgrsnahs g mastmtucmnags qug sg dgdmcha h rghlmzhr hccmnags snlmdhrmhs cna pgrsnahs qug dgscnancga dg sus dgrgcbns y cnacmgacmhr h lns qug lh`nrha ga gl smstgkh dgl hphrhtn gsththl dg oustmcmh, gstg smstgkh qug hdnlgcg dg cnaimhazh, sgjurmdhd pnr phrtg dg lh cmudhdhaëh, ln cuhl sg dg`g rgkgdmhr ln hatgs pnsm`lg, pnrqug lh oustmcmh gs ln kès mkpnrthatg ga augstrh sncmgdhd y thk`mía ga lh gcnankëh. g cnankëh. Lh prgsgatg mavgstmjhcmóa gs ihctm`lg y cnasgcugatgkgatg vmh`lg pnr cuhatn sg tmgaga lns glgkgatns agcgshrmns phrh rghlmzhrln y llgvhrln h ch`n thatn dnctrmahrmn, `m`lmnjrèimcn, dncukgathl g maclumdn rgcursns bukhan

3.- KHPCN TGNPMCN 3.8.- HATGCGDGATGS Sg cnasultó lns rgpnsmtnrmns dg tgsms dg prgjrhdn y pnstjrhdn h amvgl matgrahcmnahl y ahcmnahl sn`rg gstudmns g mavgstmjhcmnags rgigrmdhs hl tgkh cmthadn lns smjumgatgs trh`hons. (Hrmhs, 0587)

Ga su tgsms phrh n`tgagr su tëtuln dg h`njhdn dgankmahdn “Lh

man`sgrvhacmh dg lns plhzns lgjhlgs y gl Urmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd Urncgshl ga lns prncgsns  oudmcmhlgs trhkmthdns ga lns ouzjhdns kmxtns dgl Dmstrmtn dg Uuan, U uan, ga lns høns 0584-0587‛, dg lh Wamvgrsmdhd Ahcmnahl dgl Hltmplhan. Gl prgsgatg trh`hon tmgag cnkn n`ogtmvn dgtgrkmahr lhs chushs gxhcths dg lh ihlth dg cukplmkmgatn dg lns plhzns gsth`lgcmdns pnr lgy y gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl, qug bhcg phshr pnr hltn hl hdgcuhdn y rhznahdn prncgsn oudmcmhl, dnadg sg pugdg rgsnlvgr uah sgatgacmh dgatrn dg lns plhzns lgjhlgs. Lh kgtndnlnjëh qug gaincó iug gl cuhatmthtmvn y cuhlmthtmvn, tmpn dg lh mavgstmjhcmóa ourëdmcn- sncmhl. Cnacluyg qug?8) 8. Lh Cnrtg Supgrmnr dg Oustmcmh dg Uuan, gs uah gatmdhd sma culturh dg jgagrhcmóa dg mainrkhcmóa y 85

 

trhasphrgacmh. Gstg gs ua sgrmn n`stèculn phrh lhs mavgstmjhcmnags qug `uscha jgagrhr ua chk`mn ga lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg oustmcmh, yh qug mkpmdg an snln lh plhamimchcmóa y lh tnkh dg dgcmsmnags cnrrgcths pnr phrtg dg lh mastmtucmóa6 sman thk`mía uah hdgcuhdh prnpugsth dg snlucmnags qug n`gdgzcha h lh rghlmdhd dg lns bgcbns pnr phrtg dg lns mavgstmjhdnrgs. 0) lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs qug mamcmhrna su trèkmtg ga lns høns 0584 y 0587 ga lns Ouzjhdns Kmxtn dg Uuan durhrna kucbn kès dg ln qug lgjhlkgatg gsth`lgcg lh lgy, pnr lh ihlth dg prnatmtud ga lh rgsnlucmóa oudmcmhl, gstn gs kntmvn phrh qug sg gxtmgadh gl tmgkpn ga rgsnlvgrsg gl prncgsn oudmcmhl, sukèadnlg h lh chrjh gxcgsmvh prncgshl y lh ihlth dg prgphrhcmóa pnr phrtg dg lhs pgrsnahs qug matgrvmgaga ga gl trèkmtg.3). Lns Ouzjhdns Kmxtns dg Uuan, sg gacugatrha ga uah smtuhcmóa dg sn`rg chrjh prncgshl, yh qug supgrha hkplmhkgatg lns phrèkgtrns dg lh “chrjh gstèadhr‛ gsth`lgcmdh pnr gl Cnasgon Gogcutmvn dgl Undgr Oudmcmhl dgl Ugrÿ, dg`mgadn hdnpthrsg kgdmdhs urjgatgs, cnkn lh crghcmóa dg augvns Órjhans Ourmsdmccmnahlgs. 4) Lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs qug mamcmhrna su trèkmtg ga lns høns 0584 y 0587 ga lns Ouzjhdns Kmxtns dg Uuan durha kucbn kès dg ln lgjhlkgatg gsth`lgcmdn, dg`mdn h qug lns hctns prncgshlgs y lhs rgsnlucmnags oudmcmhlgs an sg rghlmzha ga gl tmgkpn npnrtuan, cnallgvhadn h qug gl prncgsn oudmcmhlgs sgh gxtgasn ga gl tmgkpn, ln qug gvmdgacmh uah clhrh man`sgrvhacmh dg lns plhzns prgvmstns lgjhlkgatg y dgl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl6 juhrdhadn gstg bgcbn uah gstrgcbh rglhcmóa dg cnrrgspnadgacmh cna lh gxcgsmvh chrjh prncgshl qug sg tmgag, lh magimcmgacmh y lh ihlth dg prgphrhcmóa dg lhs pgrsnahs qug matgrvmgaga ga gl trèkmtg dg lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs, y lhs mahdgcuhdhs hccmnags dg pgrsnahl.. (Lmadhn, 058=) “Chlmdhd dg sgatgacmh dg prmkgrh y sgjuadh masthacmh sn`rg dgkhadh dg hlmkgatns, ga gl gxpgdmgatg A¿ 55:87 – 0587- 5 – 0958-OU- ic – 58, Dmstrmtn oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gsTuk`gs,058=‛, dg lh Wamvgrsmdhd Chtólmch Lns Èajglgs Dg Cbmk`ntg. Lh mavgstmjhcmóa tuvn cnkn n`ogtmvn jgagrhl, dgtgrkmahr lh chlmdhd dg lhs sgatgacmhs dg prmkgrh y sgjuadh masthacmh sn`rg, dgkhadh dg hlmkgatns, sgjÿa lns phrèkgtrns anrkhtmvns, dnctrmahrmns y ourmsprudgacmhlgs, 88

 

ga gl Gxpgdmgatg Aµ 55:87 – 0587 – 5 – 0958 – OU – IC –58, Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs – Tuk`gs. 058=. Gs dg tmpn, cuhatmthtmvn cuhlmthtmvn, amvgl gxplnrhtnrmn dgscr dgscrmptmvn, mptmvn, y dmsgøn an gxpgrmkgathl, rgtrnspgctmvn y trhasvgrshl. Lh rgcnlgccmóa dg dhtns sg rghlmzó, dg ua gxpgdmgatg sglgccmnahdn kgdmhatg kugstrgn pnr cnavgamgacmh, utmlmzhadn lhs tícamchs dg lh n`sgrvhcmóa, y gl haèlmsms dg cnatgamdn, y uah lmsth dg cntgon, vhlmdhdn kgdmhatg oumcmn dg gxpgrtns. Lns rgsulthdns rgvglhrna qug lh chlmdhd dg lh phrtg gxpnsmtmvh, cnasmdgrhtmvh y rgsnlutmvh. (CNPAGON S. , 0589) “Gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl, cglgrmdhd prncgshl y lh gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns‛, dg lh Wamvgrsmdhd Urmvhdh Hatganr Nrrgjn. Truomlln. Gl tmpn dg mavgstmjhcmóa qug utmlmzh gs dgscrmptmvh y gxplmchtmvh, N`ogtmvn  Jgagrhl Dgtgrkmahr dg quí khagrh lh hplmchcmóa dgl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl pgrkmtmrëh uah rgduccmóa cnasmdgrh`lg ga lh trhkmthcmóa dgl prncgsn dg gxnagrhcmóa dg pgasmóa hlmkgatns. N`ogtmvns Gspgcëimcns 8. Hahlmzhr lns iuadhkgatns cnastmtucmnahlgs qug tutglha h lh mastmtucmóa dg lh ihkmlmh y lh prntgccmóa qug gl Gsthdn y lh sncmgdhd lg dg`ga `rmadhr. 0. Gstudmhr lh mastmtucmóa dg lns hlmkgatns qug cnatgkplh gl códmjn cmvml y lhs anrkhs prncgshlgs qug matgrvmgaga cuhadn sg rgcurrg hl Undgr Oudmcmhl phrh su cukplmkmgatn. 3. Dgtgrkmahr lhs vgathohs qug cnacgdgrëh gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lh trhkmthcmóa dgl prncgsn dg gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns.  Gl trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa6 sg rgimgrg h lns bgcbns ourëdmcns kès rglgvhatgs, ga augstrn hcnatgcgr ahcmnahl, prncgsns cnatgacmnsns cna khynr chrjh prncgshl6 thl cnkn ln gs gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns y sus vhrmhatgs6 hukgatn, rgduccmóa, cgsg, prnrrhtgn y gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns, gstg ÿltmkn sg cgatrh gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa. Cnacluyg? 8) Hankhlëhs qug gxmstg ga lns chsns dg gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns, gl n`lmjhdn gs qumga dgkhadh y hcrgdmth, kmgatrhs qug lh phrtg cnatrhrmh sma utmlmzhr kgdmn hljuan pugdg sgjumr pgrcm`mgadn uah kgasuhlmdhd.0) Cnasmdgrh qug gl prncgsn dg gxnagrhcmóa dg hlmkgatns sg dg`g hagxhr ga gl kmskn gxpgdmgatg qug sg mamcmó pmdmgadn gl dgrgcbn dg pgasmóa hlmkgatmcmh. dg hlmkgatns kgdmhatg uah snlmcmtud 80

 

phrh qug sg pnajha ga prèctmch lns prmacmpmns dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd. 3) Lh mamcmhtmvh dg gstg trh`hon gs lh dg `uschr uah snlucmóa h lns prncgsns qug sg gacugatrha hrcbmvhdns utmlmzhadn lhs TMCS rgjmstrèadnsg lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns vmrtuhlkgatg, dgschrjhdhs ga gl Smstgkh dgl Undgr Oudmcmhl, phrh khynr rhpmdgz ga lh snlucmóa dg cnailmctns6 y pnr ima hdqumrmr lh chlmdhd dg cnsh  ouzjhdh. (M_H, 0589)  “Gl Urmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd ga lns Urncgdmkmgatn dg lns Oumcmns dg hlmkgatns ga lh Wamdhd Oudmcmhl Gspgcmhlmzhdh Cuhrth dg lh Ihkmlmh, Kuogr, Amøgz y Hdnlgscgacmh dgl Dmstrmtn Kgtrnpnlmthan dg Xumtn prmkgr sgkgstrg dgl 0589‛ Wamvgrsmdhd Cgatrhl dgl Gcuhdnr. N`ogtmvn Jgagrhl. Dgtgrkmahr lns ihctnrgs qug macmdga ga lh an hplmchcmóa dgl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd ga lns oumcmns dg hlmkgatns ga lh Wamdhd Oudmcmhl Gspgcmhlmzhdh Cuhrth dg lh Ihkmlmh, Kuogr, Amøgz y Hdnlgscgacmh cna sgdg ga gl Dmstrmtn Kgtrnpnlmthan dg Xumtn, Urmkgr sgkgstrg dgl 0589 kgdmhatg lh cnkphrhcmóa dg prncgsns, pgrkmtmgadn qug gl Urmacmpmn Supgrmnr dgl amøn an sgh vulagrhdn.  N`ogtmvns Gspgcëimcns. 8).-N`sgrvhr qug gl Urmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd sg gainch ga lh rhpmdgz y npnrtuah trhkmthcmóa y rgsnlucmnags dg lhs chushs dg hlmkgatns. 0).-Gsth`lgcgr lh vulagrhcmóa dgl matgrís Supgrmnr dgl Amøn y gcnankëh prncgshl ga lns oumcmns dg hlmkgatns.3). Gstudmhr lns prmacmpmns dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd prncgshl qug macmdga ga lh hcglgrhcmóa cnatmauh dg lns hctns prncgshlgs, dg`mdhkgatg gsth`lgcmdns. Ga gstg trh`hon dg mavgstmjhcmóa sg llgjó h lh cnaclusmóa qug gl Dmstrmtn dg Xumtn- Gcuhdnr lhs hutnrmdhdgs dg lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg oustmcmh, macukplga cna gl Urmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd cnkn ga augstrn phës, bhcmgadn qug gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns sg prnlnajug y an sg cukplha cna lns plhzns lgjhlgs, vulagrhadn gl dgrgcbn dgl amøn, hdnlgscgatg, khdrg6 qug hcudg h pgdmr oustmcmh y, qug ua  ougz an cukplg cna lns plhzns lgjhlgs sn`rgchrjhadn lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns ga gstg vgcman phës.

83

 

3.0.- @HSGS TGÐPMCHS DG TMUN UPNCGSHL 3.0.8 Urncgsn y prmacmpmns prncgshlgs.  Urncgsn Cnacgptn  Sgjÿa Èjumlh “Gl prncgsn ln cnacg`mkns cnkn uah sgrmg dg hctns qug sg dgsgavuglvga y sg prnducga prnjrgsmvhkgatg cna gl ima dg rgsnlvgr ua cnailmctn dg matgrgsgs snkgtmdn hl cnancmkmgatn y dgcmsmóa dgl tmtulhr dg lh dgcmsmóa‛. (ÅJWMLH, 0585) Sgjÿa Onrjg Chrrmóa Lujn “ga gl lgajuhog ourëdmcn prncgshl sg utmlmzha cnkn smaóamkns dg lh phlh`rh prncgsn lns tírkmans dg oumcmn, prncgdmkmgatn, lmtmjmn, lmtms, cnatrnvgrsmh, gtc. Lh phlh`rh prncgsn ga khtgrmh ourëdmch gs dg usn kndgran y gs kès gxprgsmvh cna rglhcmóa h lhs dgkès dgankmahcmnags hanthdhs, pugs cnkprgadg an snln tndns lns hctns qug rghlmzha lhs phrtgs, gl Ougz y tndns lns qug matgrvmgaga ga íl, phrh hlchazhr lh imahlmdhd cnacrgth qug pgrsmjug cnkn mastrukgatn prncgshl, kgdmhatg gl cuhl gl gsthdn gogrcg lh iuacmóa ourmsdmccmnahl hl rgsnlvgr lns cnailmctns, sman thk`mía h`hrch su ahturhlgzh, sus chrhctgrëstmchs y su imahlmdhd cnacrgth qug gs `uschr lh phz sncmhl ga oustmcmh y cuyh dgcmsmóa imahl qug sg hdnptg ga íl sg rgvmsth cnkn cnsh  ouzjhdh‛. (CHPPMÐA, 055:)

3.0.0- Dmigrgacmh gatrg prncgsn y prncgdmkmgatn Pmnoh, sgøhlh qug “tndn prncgsn rgqumgrg dg ua prncgdmkmgatn, khs an tndn prncgdmkmgatn cnastmtuyg ua prncgsn. Dgl kmskn kndn sg dmcg qug gl prncgsn sg chrhctgrmzh pnr su imahlmdhd dg chrèctgr ourmsdmccmnahl cnkpnsmtmvh dg lh Lmtms, kmgatrhs qug gl prncgdmkmgatn sg lmkmth h uah cnadmcmóa dg hctns sgcugacmhlgs rglhcmnahdns, smgadn gstg dg chrèctgr inrkhl‛. (PMNOH, 0584) Hrmhs “Undrëhkns sgøhlhr qug, lh dmstmacmóa gatrg gl prncgdmkmgatn y gl prncgsn, gstrm`h ga qug gstg ÿltmkn gs ua tndn, y, gstè inrkhdn pnr ua cnaouatn dg hctns prncgshlgs. Gl 84

 

prncgdmkmgatn gs gl kndn cnkn vh dgsgavnlvmíadnsg gl prncgsn, lhs hctmvmdhdgs h lhs qug sg gacugatrha n`lmjhdns lns suogtns prncgshlgs, sus trèkmtgs, lh khagrh dg su`sthacmhrlns, qug pugdga sgr dg cnancmkmgatn, h`rgvmhdns, sukhrësmkns, ÿamcns dg gogcucmóa n an cnatgacmnsn. Cuhadn ans rgigrmkns hl prncgdmkmgatn, gsthkns trhthadn dg dgcmr, qug sna tndns gsns hctns qug tmgadga h dhrlg lh hctuhcmóa hl prncgsn, sna hqugllhs inrkhs snlgkags gsth`lgcmdhs pnr lh lgy h trhvís dg lhs cuhlgs gl Órjhan Ourmsdmccmnahl pugdg dgsgavnlvgrsg. Bhy prncgdmkmgatn ga lh prmkgrh masthacmh, cnkn thk`mía ga lh masthacmh supgrmnr‛. sup grmnr‛. (Hrmhs, 0587)

3.0.3.- N`lmjhtnrmgdhd dg lns prncgdmkmgatns gsth`lgcmdns pnr lh lgy Lhs lgygs, ans sgøhlha ln qug sg dg`g y an dg`g bhcgrsg6 ln cuhl sg gxtrhg dg augstrh sncmgdhd6 y sna dg nrdga pÿ`lmcn h tndns lns qug ans gacnatrhkns dgatrn dg ua kmskn Gsthdn. Cnkn ln cmth (Knarny, Tbgkms, 8==7) “Chsm tndhs lhs anrkhs prncgshlgs cnatmgaga prgscrmpcmnags dg n`lmjhtnrmn cukplmkmgatn, pgrn gstg rhsjn an gs h`snlutn. Bhy hljuahs anrkhs prncgshlgs qug rgjulha npcmnags h gigctns dg qug lns matgrgshdns dgcmdha lh hctuhcmóa kès pgrtmagatg h sus matgrgsgs, ga thl cnadmcmóa an pugdga sgr dg nrdga pÿ`lmcn, sma gk`hrjn, pnr thl bgcbn an dgoha dg sgr anrkhs prncgshlgs, gs dgcmr dg dgrgcbn‛. (Knarny, Tbgkms, 8==7)

3.0.4 Urncgsn Sukhrësmkn PWMW sgøhlh “dgsdg uah kmrhdh dgsdg dgl dgrgcbn prncgsns, sg gsth`lgcg qug lns prmacmpmns dgl prncgsn dg lh ihkmlmh qug maspmrha gl oumcmn dg hlmkgatns gigctuhdn pnr ln jgagrhl ga cnatrh dgl prnjgamtnr an cnavmvmgatgs, gs lh n`sgrvhacmh dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh‛. (PWMW, 0588) Hrmhs rgimgrg qug “gl prncgsn Sukhrësmkn, dgatrn dg lns prncgsns cnatgacmnsns, gs lh vëh prncgdmkgathl qug sg chrhctgrmzh pnr cnatgkplhr lns plhzns kès `rgvgs, lh kganr chatmdhd dg hctns prncgshlgs y lh cnacgatrhcmóa dg lhs hudmgacmhs ga uah snlh, dgankmahdh hudmgacmh ÿamch, ga lh cuhl, maclusmvg, sg prnducg lh gxpgdmcmóa dg lh sgatgacmh, shlvn qug gxcgpcmnahlkgatg, gl 87

 

Ougz rgsgrvg su dgcmsmóa phrh ua knkgatn pnstgrmnr. Ga vëh dg prncgsn Sukhrësmkn sg vgatmlha, pnr ln jgagrhl, lhs cnatrnvgrsmhs qug an rgvmstga khynr cnkplgomdhd n ga lhs qug sgh urjgatg lh tutglh ourmsdmccmnahl cnkprgadmíadnsg, hdgkès, hqugllhs ga lhs qug lh gstmkhcmóa phtrmknamhl ga cuhatëh sgh këamkh. Gstructurh dgl prncgsn sukhrësmkn sgjÿa sus plhzns H ima dg dgtgrkmahr lns plhzns qug rgjulha gl prncgsn Sukhrësmkn, dhdh su ahturhlgzh sukhrmh, dg`gkns n`sgrvhr ln sgøhlhdn pnr gl hrtëculn 774 dgl Dgcrgtn Lgjmslhtmvn Arn. :92 (Dgcrgtn Lgjmslhtmvn Arn. :92 – Códmjn Urncgshl Cmvml)‛. (Hrmhs, 0587)

3.0.7 Gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns sgjÿa ln dmspugstn pnr lh lgy 0243= (vmjgatg) Tndns gspgrhkns qug cna lh dg lh Lgy 0243= pu`lmchdh ga gl dmhrmn gl Ugruhan dgl 02 dg Dmcmgk`rg dgl høn 0554, qug gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns qug sna chsm gl 75% dg lhs chrjhs prncgshl dg lns Ouzjhdns dg Uhz Lgtrhdns y dg lns Ouzjhdns dg Ihkmlmh bhsth bhcg pncn6 sgh kès rèpmdn h ihvnr dg kucbns amøns y hdnlgscgatgs qumgags rgprgsgathdns pnr sus phdrgs n khdrgs qug hcudga h lns ouzjhdns h snlmcmthr hl n`lmjhdn n dgkhadhdn uah pgasmóa dg hlmkgatns phrh pndgr cu`rmr lns jhstns qug jgagrha su su`smstgacmh6 `ugan lh lgy gstè dhdh phrh qug sg rghlmcg ga inrkh èjml n rèpmdh lns trèkmtgs dg gstg prncgs prncgsnn qug sg vg tndns lns dëhs ga lns ouzjhdns, pgrn cnkn bhcgrln. (LG] 0243=, 0554)

3.0.9.- Hutnankëh dg lns órjhans ourmsdmccmnahlgs Gl prmacmpmn dg madgpgadgacmh oudmcmhl gxmjg qug gl lgjmslhdnr hcnoh lhs prgchucmnags agcgshrmhs y npnrtuahs cna lh imahlmdhd dg qug gl órjhan y sus kmgk`rns hdkmamstrga cna gxhcth suogcmóa h dgrgcbn hl Dgrgcbn y lh Cnastmtucmóa, sma qug sgh pnsm`lg h lh matrnkmsmóa dg gxtrhøns (ntrns pndgrgs pÿ`lmcns n sncmhlgs, g maclusn órjhans dgl kmskn gatg oudmcmhl) h lh bnrh dg imohr y gxplmchr sn`rg gl sgctnr dgl nrdgahkmgatn ourëdmcn qug bh dg hplmchrsg ga chdh chsn. (PMNOH, 0584) Gstg prmacmpmn sg dg`g gatgadgr dgsdg dgsd g trgs crmtgrmns? 89

 

8. Jhrhatëh dgl órjhan qug hdkmamstrh oustmcmh (madgpgadgacmh nrjèamch), pnr suogcmóa hl rgspgtn hl prmacmpmn dg sgphrhcmóa dg pndgrgs. 0. Jhrhatëh npgrhtmvh phrh lh hctuhcmóa dgl ougz (madgpgadgacmh nrjèamch), pnr cnagxmóa cna lns prmacmpmns dg rgsgrvh y gxclusmvmdhd dg lh ourmsdmccmóa. 3. Chphcmdhd su`ogtmvh, cna suogcmóa h lh prnpmh vnluathd dg gogrcgr y dgigadgr dmcbh madgpgadgacmh. Ch`g prgcmshr qug, ga gstg uan dg lns khynrgs khlgs dg lh oustmcmh nrdmahrmh ahcmnahl, ga jrha kgdmdh pnr lh ihlth dg cnavmccmóa y gagrjëh phrh bhcgr cukplmr lh jhrhatëh dg madgpgadgacmh qug dgsdg lh prmkgrh Cnastmtucmóa rgpu`lmchah sg cnashjrh y rgcnancg (GRUGDMGATG A¿ 5503-0553-HM/TC, 0554)

.3.3- Urmacmpmns prncgshlgs Cnacgptn Sna rgjlhs n prmacmpmns jgagrhlgs ga lhs qug sg maspmrh chdh nrdgahkmgatn Ourëdmcn prncgshl. Gl dgsgavnlvmkmgatn dgl prncgsn bhcg qug hccgdhkns h anthr uah sgrmg dg prmacmpmns qug gdmimcha lhs dgankmahdhs rgjlhs hdogtmvhs dgl prncgdmkmgatn. Gs gl rgilgon dg cnkn sg bhcg ua prncgsn h phrtmr dg lh nrmgathcmóa qug iuadhkgath chdh smstgkh ourëdmcn prncgshl. Hsë kmskn sg gacugatrh hkphrhdn ga (Cnastmtucmða Unlìtmch dgl Ugrý)gl Hrtëculn 83=µ6 ga sus dmvgrsns hrtëculns cnkn ln sna lns smjumgatgs?

Urmacmpmns prncgshlgs dg gcnankëh y cglgrmdhd Sgøhlh Knarny “gl cukplmkmgatn dg lns hctns cna prudgacmh, gs dgcmr am tha lgatn qug phrgzch maknvmlmdhd am tha gxpgdmtmvn qug sg rgauacmg h inrkhlmdhdgs madmspgash`lgs, gs lh gxprgsmóa hdgcuhdh dg gstg prmacmpmn. (KNAPN], 8==0) “Lh gcnankëh dg gsiugrzns gstè rgigrmdh h lh pnsm`mlmdhd dg cnacrgthr lns imags dgl prncgsn gvmthadn lh rghlmzhcmóa dg hctns qug, hÿa rgjulhdns, tmgaga lh chlmdhd dg maagcgshrmns phrh thl n`ogtmvn. Dg hljuah khagrh, ua rgcugatn dg lh gvnlucmóa bmstórmch dgl prncgsn ans gasgøh 8:

 

qug ísth bh cnasmstmdn ga cnacrgthr su smkplmimchcmóa, gsn gs, “gcnankëh dg gsiugrzn‛. (UNDGTTM, 8=93) Cnkn gcnankëh dg gsiugrzn, gstg prmacmpmn an gs kgans mkpnrthatg y dgcmsmvn phrh lh n`tgacmóa dg uah `ugah oustmcmh. Lh suprgsmóa dg trèkmtgs supgriluns n rgduadhatgs, hkmanrhadn gl trh`hon dg lgs ougcgs y huxmlmhrgs dg lh oustmcmh y smkplmimchadn chdh prncgsn ga phrtmculhr, dg`g agcgshrmhkgatg macmdmr ga inrkh dgcmsmvh sn`rg lh `ugah oustmcmh‛. (UNDGTTM, 8=93) Lh cnacrgcmóa dg lh cglgrmdhd h trhvís dg ntrhs mastmtucmnags prncgshlgs gs gl kgdmn hdgcuhdn dg bhcgrlh gigctmvh. Ga gl prn`lgkh dg cglgrmdhd dgl prncgsn y lh prnath tutglh dg lns dgrgcbns bh smdn uah cnasthatg dnctrmahrmh an snln ga augstrn phës, ]h gl masmjag Cnuturg sgøhlh`h qug ga gl prncgsn, gl tmgkpn gs kès qug nrn, gs oustmcmh6 ln cuhl thk`mía ans dh cugath dg lh mavgrsmóa dg bnrhs bnk`rg pgrdmdhs cnkn cnasgcugacmh dg lh thrdëh rgsnlucmóa dg ua prncgsn, prn`lgkh qug an cnkpgtg gxclusmvhkgatg h lhs phrtgs prncgshlgs, sman thk`mía h lh cnaimhazh dg lns cmudhdhans y h lh sgjurmdhd ourëdmch dg augstrn phës. (CHAGLN P. , 0559) Hsë ln gxprgsh gl kmskn Undgttm “. ga trgs dmrgccmnags prmacmphlgs dgatrn dgl prncgsn hctuhl, dg`g gachkmahrsg lh rginrkh qug matgatg rgsth`lgcgr gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd. Gllhs sna? lns plhzns phrh lh rghlmzhcmóa dg hctns prncgshlgs pnr lhs phrtgs, gl ríjmkga dg lh prug`h y lns plhzns phrh qug lns ougcgs dmctga rgsnlucmnags." (UNDGTTM, 8=93) Cnragon cmth ln smjumgatg Gs mkpnrthatg cnancgr lns prmacmpmns phrh qug lns prncgsns  oudmcmhlgs sg rgsuglvha ln kès rèpmdn pnsm`lg y qug sg gvmtg ua dgsjhstg pnr phrtg dg lns phrtmculhrgs y dg lns qug trh`hoha ga lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg oustmcmh Ga gstg trh`hon sgrèa n`ogtn dg gstudmn lns prmacmpmns dg gcnankëh prncgshl y prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl. Gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh sg chrhctgrmzh pnr hbnrrhr tmgkpn, jhstn y gsiugrzn, y sm sg hrtmculha `mga gsths èrghs cna gl prmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd, qug sna lns plhzns gsth`lgcmdns pnr lgy6 gatnacgs sg pndrëh bhcgr ua `uga usn dg gstns prmacmpmns phrh hkganrhr lh chrjh prncgshl, yh qug gstg gs ua prn`lgkh ga 82

 

augstrn phës, lh mkpnrthacmh dg rgcm`mr oustmcmh gs hlchazèadnlh ga ua knkgatn npnrtuan cuhadn sg pmdh, kès an cuhadn sgh dgkhsmhdn thrdg phrh dmsiruthrlh.. (CNPAGON S. , 0589) Sgjÿa Undgttm “gcnankëh dg gsiugrzn, gstg prmacmpmn an gs kgans mkpnrthatg y dgcmsmvn phrh lh n`tgacmóa dg uah `ugah oustmcmh. Lh suprgsmóa dg trèkmtgs supgriluns n rgduadhatgs, hkmanrhadn gl trh`hon dg lgs ougcgs y huxmlmhrgs dg lh oustmcmh y smkplmimchadn chdh prncgsn ga phrtmculhr, dg`g agcgshrmhkgatg macmdmr ga inrkh dgcmsmvh sn`rg lh `ugah oustmcmh‛. (UNDGTTM, 8=93) Sgjÿa Chagln rgimgrg qug “lh cglgrmdhd dg lns prncgsns gs vmsth cnkn gl hlkh dg lh  oustmcmh, gl cuhl rgimgrg h lh prgsgacmh dgl dg`mdn prncgsn y qug gsth an pugdg prnlnajhrsg maagcgshrmhkgatg hl lmtmjmn, y qug lh pn`lhcmóa gspgrh lh snlucmóa h lns prncgsns cna lh `rgvgdhd pnsm`lg. Ch`g sgøhlhr qug lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl cnkn phrtg iuadhkgathl dg lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg lh oustmcmh pnsgg khamigsthcmnags dgimamdhs durhatg gl prncgsn, thatn pnr gl cmudhdhan y gl pndgr  oudmcmhl, gl prmkgrn kucbhs vgcgs gs qumga htrm`uyg htrm`u yg h lh lgatmtud dg lns prncgsns‛. (CHAGLN P. , 0559) Chagln cmth ln smjumgatg, “lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl gs cnkn ua prmacmpmn qug vh dmrmjmdn hl dgshrrnlln dg lh hctmvmdhd dg lns prncgsns, yh sgh gstn ga gl órjhan imschl n oudmcmhl, cna lh imahlmdhd dg qug lhs dmlmjgacmhs oudmcmhlgs sg llgvga cna lh prnatmtud pnsm`lg, dgohadn h lhdn cuhlqumgr macnavgamgacmh qug pugdg bhcgr qug dgknrg gl prncgsn‛. (CHAGLN P. , 0559) Unr sus phrtg Knatnyh rgimgrg qug “lh cglgrmdhd cglgrmdhd prncgshl gs ua prmacmpmn prmacmpmn qug gxprgsh gl tmgkpn dg lns prncgsns, gs dgcmr lns plhzns qug sg rgqumgrga cukplmr phrh ga gl dgshrrnlln dg ua prncgsn, pnr kgdmn dg lh hplmchcmóa dg lhs anrkhs mkpgdmtmvhs n shacmnahdnrhs hsë cnkn kgchamskns qug pgrkmtha gl hvhacg dgl dg`mdn prncgsn, yh qug uah oustmcmh qug thrdh an gs  oustmcmh, rhtmimchadn ln dmcbn, gl smstgkh pÿ`lmcn `usch prnknvgr h lns oustmcmh`lgs, h trhvís dg lhs

8=

 

mastmtucmnags rgjulhdhs, dg uah oustmcmh rèpmdh. Sm gs `ugah n khlh, gsth chlmdhd sgrè rgspnash`mlmdhd dg tndns sus prnthjnamsths‛. (KNATN]H, 0584) 

3.7 Dg`mdn prncgsn Sgjÿa Ch`hagllhs Gl dg`mdn prncgsn gs ua cnaouatn dg anrkhs, mastmtucmnags, prgcgptns lgjhlgs qug rgjulha lns dgrgcbns y jhrhatëhs cnastmtucmnahlgs dg lhs pgrsnahs qug sna snkgtmdns h ua prncgsn lgjhl, lh kmskh qug dg`g sgr ousth npnrtuah, èjml, gimchz g mjuhlmthrmh.   Gl Cukplmkmgatn cna lns rgqumsmtns cnastmtucmnahlgs ga khtgrmh dg prncgdmkmgatn, pnr gogkpln, ga cuhatn h pnsm`mlmdhd dg dgigash y prnduccmóa dg prug`hs (CH@HAGLLHS J. D., 8==3)   Hl`èa dgimag gl Dg`mdn Urncgsn “gs ua prmacmpmn ourëdmcn prncgshl n susthatmvn, sgjÿa gl cuhl tndh pgrsnah tmgag dgrgcbn h cmgrths jhrhatëhs këamkhs, tgadmgatgs h hsgjurhr ua rgsulthdn  oustn y gqumthtmvn dgatrn dgl prncgsn, y h pgrkmtmr tgagr npnrtuamdhd dg sgr nëdn y bhcgr b hcgr vhlgr sus prgtgasmnags‛. (HL@ÅA, 0558) Chagln khamimgsth “Lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl an gs ua prmacmpmn h`strhctn? kuy pnr gl cnatrhrmn, gs gl hlkh dgl sgrvmcmn dg oustmcmh. Gstè clhrn qug lh gxmstgacmh dgl dg`mdn prncgsn sg dg`g agcgshrmhkgatg h lh gxmstgacmh dg uah oustmcmh qug an pugdg y an dg`g prnlnajhr maagcgshrmhkgatg gl lmtmjmn6 yh qug lh sncmgdhd dg`g rgcnkpnagr su phz h trhvís dgl prncgsn ga gl kès `rgvg plhzn6 y gs dg su matgrís qug gl cnailmctn dg matgrgsgs n lh macgrtmduk`rg ourëdmch sg dmlucmdg prnathkgatg. Gsth smtuhcmóa Dg bgcbn, gsth smtuhcmóa yh sg gacugatrh rgcnancmdh cnastmtucmnahlkgatg ga gl dgrgcbn cnkphrhdn y ga augstrn prnygctn cnastmtucmnahl‛ (CHAGLN P. , 0559)

05

 

3.4- Gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns Uuppmn ans dmcg dgl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh “gstg prmacmpmn prgtgadg qug gxmsth uah prnpnrcmóa gatrg gl ima qug sg pgrsmjug ga gl prncgsn y lns kgdmns. Sg lg cnancg thk`mía cnkn lh gcnankëh dgl tmgkpn sg gacugatrh rglhcmnahdh cna lh cglgrmdhd prncgshl. (Uuppmn, 0552) Chrrgtgrn ln dgimag “gl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl sg hplmch hl tmgkpn, hl trh`hon y hl cnstg? hl tmgkpn, pnrqug sg `usch lh kèxmkh `rgvgdhd dgl prncgsn, dg kndn qug ístg sg dmvmdh ga ihsgs y chdh uah dg gllhs sgh dg lh kganr durhcmóa pnsm`lg, prncurhadn hlmjgrhrlh dg macmdgatgs qug pugdha hlhrjhrlhs. Dg trh`hon, pgrsmjumgadn lh këamkh cnkplgomdhd dg lns prncgsns, dg kndn qug, cna lh kèxmkh sgacmllgz, smatgtmcg tndns lns prn`lgkhs qug pugdga plhatghrsg ga ua lmtmjmn, y qug gl prncgsn sgh ln kgans cnkplmchdn pnsm`lg, hbnrrhadn lhs dmlmjgacmhs maÿtmlgs. Dg dmagrn, matgathadn qug, pnr ÿltmkn, gl cnstg dg lns hctns prncgshlgs sgh gl kganr, qug pugdh chlculhrsg lh `hrhturh dgl prncgsn ga tndns sus glgkgatns matgrvmamgatgs‛ (CHPPGTGPN H. , 0584) Jnzhìam sgøhlh “gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd tmgag cnkn imahlmdhd cnacmlmhr lh npnrtuamdhd dg lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg lh oustmch phrh cnancgr lhs pgtmcmnags inrkulhdhs, lhs prug`hs y ntrns rglhcmnahdns cna gl prncgsn cmvml n pgahl dg khagrh rèpmdh y gimchz, phrh qug bhyh uah dgcmsmóa cnasmdgrhdh cnkn rèpmdh‛ (JN_HËAM, 0589).

3.9- Urncgdmkmgatn phrh gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns Ln prmkgrn qug sg bhcg phrh trhkmthr ga prncgsn dg hlmkgatns gs tgagr gl DAM y phrtmdh dg ahcmkmgatn dgl kganr n hdnlgscgatg, sm gstè gstudmhadn dg`g snlmcmthr hl Mastmtucmóa gduchtmvh uah cnasthacmh dg gstudmns, rgcm`ns dg phjns qug bhyh bgcbn phrh lh su`smstgacmh dgl hlmkgatmsth. Ga gl gxpgdmgatg sg tmgag qug dncukgathr cna uah cnpmh dgl DAM.

08

 

Sg dg`g tgagr lh dmrgccmóa rghl dgl dgkhadhdn phrh qug sgh antmimchdn. Uhrh gstg prncgsn an sg agcgsmth dg ua h`njhdn phrhs rghlmzhr lh dgkhadh pnr gscrmtn. Ga lh hdkmamstrhcmóa dg lhs Cnrtgs Supgrmnrgs dmstrmthlgs dgl Undgr Oudmcmhl sg pugdg snlmcmthr ua inrkhtn qug gs jrhtumtn. Lugjn dg tgagr lns dncukgatns y gl inrkhtn hatgs sgøhlhdns sg prgsgath ga kgsh dg phrtgs dg lns Ouzjhdns dg phz lgtrhdns, dgspuís dg cmacn (7) cukplh cna cnatgsthr, ga chsn an cnatgstg, gl ougz gstè n`lmjhdn h Dhr pnr cnatgsthdh lh dgkhadh ga rg`gldëh. Sm ga chsn gl dgkhadhdn cnatgstg lh dgkhadh tmgag qug prgsgathr uah dgclhrhcmóa dg sus majrgsns gcnaókmcns, sma gsh dgclhrhcmóa an sg hdkmtg lh cnatgsthcmóa, ga gl supugstn chsn qug an lh bhyh prgsgathdn tmgag trgs dëhs phrh su`shahr gl grrnr. Wah vgz su`shahdn gl grrnr gl ougz dhrè igcbh phrh lh hudmgacmh shaghkmgatn cnacmlmhcmóa, prug`hs y sgatgacmh, Gl dgkhadhdn ga gstg knkgatn pugdg snlmcmthr thcbhs, gxcgpcmnags n dgigashs prgvmhs, qug sgrèa snlucmnahdhs ga gl knkgatn dg lh hudmgacmh, lugjn sg hctuhrèa lns kgdmns prn`htnrmns. An sg hcgpthrè uah dgkhadh dg rgcnavgacmóa6 sm gl ougz gacugatrh maiuadhdhs lh dgigash prgvmh dgclhrhrè pnr culkmahdn gl prncgsn y pgdmrè qug lhs phrtgs rgsuglvha lh smtuhcmóa dgl kganr cnacmlmhdnrhkgatg. Ntrn puatn matgrgshatg dg lh Lgy 0243= gs qug, sm gl n`lmjhdn lugjn dg bh`gr smdn antmimchdn phrh lh gogcucmóa dg lh sgatgacmh imrkg, an cukplg cna gl phjn dg lns hlmkgatns, gl ougz h pgdmdn dg phrtg y prgvmn rgqugrmkmgatn h lh phrtg dgkhadhdh `hon hpgrcm`mkmgatn gxprgsn, rgkmtmrè cnpmh cgrtmimchdh dg lh lmqumdhcmóa dg lhs pgasmnags dgvgajhdhs y dg lhs rgsnlucmnags rgspgctmvhs hl imschl prnvmacmhl dg turan h ima dg qug prncgdh cnainrkg h sus htrm`ucmnags. (LG] 0243=, 0554)

3.:- Urnpnrcmnahlmdhd ga su imohcmóa? Lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh thk`mía supnag, pnr uah phrtg, lh gxmstgacmh dg uah anrkh lgjhl qug lh gsth`lgzch y, dg ntrh, dns pgrsnahs? uah, qug sg bhllh ga gsthdn dg agcgsmdhd y, ntrh, qug dmspnajh dg rgcursns suimcmgatgs cnkn phrh bhcgr irgatg h hqugllh. Ugrn, hdgkès, mkplmch qug su 00

 

rgjulhcmóa sg gsth`lgzch ga uah sukh dgtgrkmahdh n imohdh ga ua pnrcgathog dg hcugrdn cna lns majrgsns n rgkuagrhcmnags dgl n`lmjhdn. Gsth`lgcg gl códmjn hctuhl qug lns hlmkgatns sg rgjulha pnr gl ougz ga prnpnrcmóa h lhs agcgsmdhdgs dg qumga lns pmdg y dg lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs dg qumga dg`g dhrlns, htgadmgadn hdgkès h lhs cmrcuasthacmhs pgrsnahlgs dg hk`ns gspgcmhlkgatg h lhs n`lmjhcmnags h qug sg bhllg suogtn gl dgudnr. Gkpgrn an gs agcgshrmn hvgrmjuhr rmjurnshkgatg gl knatn dg lns majrgsns dgl qug dg`g prgsthr lns hlmkgatns. (UGPHLTH, Dgrgcbn dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Códmjn, 0550) Sm `mga gl Códmjn Cmvml (428¿, 058=) ga gl qug sg ans kgacmnah qug gl ougz dg`g rgjulhr lns hlmkgatns ga prnpnrcmóa h lhs agcgsmdhdgs dg qumga lhs pmdh y lh pnsm`mlmdhd dg qumga dg`g dhrln, an dh khynr hlchacg dg qug ntrn crmtgrmn dg`grëh sgr iuadhkgathl phrh qug gl ougz llgvg h ch`n uah dgcmsmóa cnrrgctn n hl kgans qug hyudg h lhs phrtgs h an tgagr gl sgatmkmgatn dg cnkpgtgacmh yh qug sh`gkns qug ga gl prncgsn dg hlmkgatns lns ÿamcns y h`snlutns `gagimcmhrmns dg`grëha sgr lns kganrgs y/n hdnlgscgatgs. Dg`gkns hcnthr qug gs dmiëcml sgøhlhr rgjlhs rëjmdhs ga lh lgy, cuhadn sg prgsgatha uah vhrmgdhd dg chsns qug sg prgsgatha ga lh vmdh prèctmch.

3.2 Chphcmdhd gcnaókmch dgl n`lmjhdn Sgjÿa Yhrsm (0580) “Lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs gcnaókmchs sg rgimgrga h lns majrgsns dgl hlmkgathrmn, qumgrg dgcmr, qug gl dgudnr hlmkgathrmn sg gacugatrg ga lh smtuhcmóa gcnaókmch hdgcuhdh phrh cukplmr cna lh n`lmjhcmóa sma dgshtgadgr lh n`lmjhcmóa cna ntrns hlmkgatmsths y bhsth cna gl kmskn. Gl bgcbn dg gsthr n`lmjhdn cna hljumga, an pugdg smjamimchr pnagr ga rmgsjn su prnpmn `mgagsthr, pgrn sm hl ntórjhlns pnag ga pglmjrn su prnpmh su`smstgacmh, gatnacgs lh n`lmjhcmóa dg`grè rgchgr ga ntrn‛. (YHPSM, 0580). (423¿, 058=) Dgl Códmjn Cmvml, rgimgrg qug lh chatmdhd qug gsth`lgcg gl ougz dgohrè dg hdkmamstrhrsg cuhadn gl hlmkgatmsth hlchacg lh khynrëh dg gdhd y snln ga gl chsn dg qug gstg an pugdh su`smstmr pnr gacnatrhrsg ga gsthdn qug rgqumgrh sgjumr rgcm`mgadn lh pgasmóa hlmkgatmcmh 03

 

pnr lh agcgsmdhd dg an pndgr vhlgrsg pnr sm snln, n ga gl chsn dg qug gl hlmkgatmsth smjh gstudmns supgrmnrgs dg inrkh gxmtnsh.

4.- Gl dgrgcbn h lns hlmkgatns cnkn dgrgcbn iuadhkgathl  iuadhkgathl   Dgsdg gl mamcmn dg lhs Ahcmnags Wamdhs bha gsth`lgcmdn gl hccgsn h uah hlmkgathcmóa hdgcuhdh cnkn ua dgrgcbn madmvmduhl y rgspnash`mlmdhd cnlgctmvh. Lh dgclhrhcmóa Wamvgrshl dg Dgrgcbns Bukhans dg 8=42 prnclhkó “Tndh pgrsnah tmgag dgrgcbn h ua amvgl dg vmdh hdgcuhdn qug lg hsgjurg, hsë cnkn h su ihkmlmh, lh shlud, y gl `mgagsthr y ga gspgcmhl lh Hlmkgathcmóa. Dgclhrhcmóa dg Pnkh sn`rg sgjurmdhd hlmkgathrmh kuadmhl, Cuk`rg Kuadmhl sn`rg Hlmkgathcmóa 8==9 sg dgclhró ln smjumgatg? “Gl dgrgcbn dg tndh pgrsnah h tgagr hccgsn h hlmkgatns shans y autrmtmvns, ga cnasnahacmh cna gl dgrgcbn h uah hlmkgathcmóa hprnpmhdh y cna gl dgrgcbn iuadhkgathl dg tndh pgrsnah h an phdgcgr bhk`rg‛ Gatnacgs sg pndrëh himrkhr qug lh hlmkgathcmóa gs ua dgrgcbn iuadhkgathl dg lh pgrsnah pnr sgr madmspgash`lg phrh pndgr vmvmr dg inrkh shludh`lg y hctmvh.

4.8 Ga augstrn Códmjn Cmvml gl dgrgcbn dg hlmkgatns Sgjÿa Ugrhlth Hadëh khamimgsth qug? “Sm an gxmstmgrh uah anrkh lgjhl qug gsth`lgzch lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gs madudh`lg qug gl hlmkgatmsth (hcrggdnr), an tgadrëh iuadhkgatn n `hsg lgjhl phrh hccmnahrlh‛. (UGPHLTH, Dgrgcbn dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Cðdmjn Cmvml, 0550) Lhs mastmtucmnags dg lns hlmkgatns gstèa rgjulhdhs ga augstrn Códmjn Cmvml y sna dg dns hspgctns. h)  Hlmkgatns hkplmns, sg gacugatrha ga gl hrtëculn 4:0¿ dgl Códmjn Cmvml cnacnrdhdn cna gl hrtëculn =0¿ dgl códmjn dg lns Amøns y Hdnlgscgatgs, y sg gatmgadg pnr hlmkgatns ln qug gs madmspgash`lg phrh gl sustgatn, bh`mthcmóa, vgstmdn, gduchcmóa, mastruccmóa y chphcmthcmóa phrh gl trh`hon, hsmstgacmh kídmch y psmcnlójmch y rgcrghcmóa, sgjÿa lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs dg lh ihkmlmh. hl mjuhl qug gl hrtëculn 9µ dg lh Cnastmtucmóa Unlëtmch dgl Ugrÿ dnadg dg inrkh lmtgrhl dmcg? 04

 

“…gacnatrhkns qug gl n`ogtmvn dg lh pnlëtmch ahcmnahl dg pn`lhcmóa, gs dmiuadmr y prnknvgr lh phtgramdhd y khtgramdhd rgspnash`lg, sma kgansch`hr gl dgrgcbn dg lhs ihkmlmhs y dg lhs pgrsnahs h dgcmdmr‛. `)  Hlmkgatns rgstrmajmdns, ga gl hrtëculn 4:3¿ sg rgimgrg kès hkplmhkgatg qug snln tmgaga dgrgcbn lns bmons khynrgs dg gdhd, sna lns gxcgptns h lh anrkh, lhs pgrsnahs qug tmgaga lh khynrëh dg gdhd y qug sg gacugatrga ga ua gsthdn dg machphcmdhd iësmch n kgathl dg`mdhkgatg cnkprn`hdhs Sm lh chush qug ln rgduon h gsg gsthdn iug su prnpmh maknrhlmdhd, sóln pndrè gxmjmr ln gstrmcthkgatg agcgshrmn phrh su su`smstmr An sg hplmch ln dmspugstn ga gl pèrrhin hatgrmnr, cuhadn gl hlmkgatmsth gs hscgadmgatg dgl n`lmjhdn h prgsthr hlmkgatns. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, hrt. 4:3¿, 058=)6 pgrn cuhadn an sg gacugatrga ga cnadmcmnags u ntrhs cnatgamdhs ga lh lgy6 ga gstg sgatmdn gs clhrh lh anrkh cnatgamdh ga gl hrtëculn 4:4¿ Ntrns chsns dg n`lmjhdns h dhr hlmkgatns gacnatrhkns ga gl hrtëculn 484¿ dgl Códmjn Cmvml, lns hlmkgatns dg lh khdrg gxtrhkhtrmknamhl6 lns hlmkgatns dg qumgags bhyha vmvmdn h cnsths dgl chushatg hrtëculn 2:5¿6 gl cóayujg dgl husgatg u ntrns bgrgdgrns inrznsns gcnaókmchkgatg dgpgadmgatgs dg íl hrtëculn 72¿6 lh khdrg dgl cnacg`mdn, cuyns dgrgcbns an sg phrtga bhsth su ahcmkmgatn, hrtëculn 279¿ Hdgkès, lns jhstns dg gk`hrhzn dg lh khdrg dgsdg lh cnacgpcmóa bhsth lh gthph dgl pnstphrtn. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, 058=) Thk`mía rgigrmdn hl hlmkgatmsth qug sgh madmjan dg sucgdgr n qug pugdh sgr dgsbgrgdhdn pnr gl dgudnr dg lns hlmkgatns qumga an pugdg gxmjmr sman ln gstrmcthkgatg agcgshrmn phrh su`smstmr. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, hrt. 427¿, 058=)

4.3. Cnacgptns jgaírmcns dg lns hlmkgatns? Lns hlmkgatns sg dgimaga cnkn hqugllns glgkgatns madmspgash`lg phrh lh su`smstgacmh y `mgagsthr dgl madmvmdun, thatn ga ln iësmcn y knrhl, cnkn ga ln sncmhl, y cnasmstg ga tgagr ua lujhr 07

 

dnadg gl hcrggdnr pugdh rgsjuhrdhrsg, ln qug smjamimch chsh y vmvmgadh, tgagr lns autrmgatgs agcgshrmns phrh qug gl cugrpn bukhan pugdh dgshrrnllhrsg hdgcuhdhkgatg ga ln iësmcn y kgathl, jhstns kídmcn, gduchcmóa g maclusn rgcrghcmóa. (PWM_, 8=92) Hsë thk`mía sgjÿa (Snfnlmcb, 0553)sgøhlh qug gtmknlójmchkgatg, “prnvmgag dgl lhtëa “Hllmkgatuk‛, lh kmskh qug dgrmvh dg “Hln‛ qug smjamimch autrmr‛, ga tírkmans cnkuags pugdg dgcmrsg qug gs tndn ln agcgshrmn phrh gl sustgatn bh`mthcmóa y hsmstgacmh kídmch.

4.0.- Chrhctgrëstmchs dg lns hlmkgatns Dgl hrtëculn 42: dgl Códmjn Cmvml hkphrhdh ga gl Lm`rn dg dgrgcbn dg Ihkmlmh y lhs dnctrmahs cnasmdgrha cnkn chrhctgrëstmchs dgl dgrgcbn hlmkgathrmn lns smjumgatgs?

h. N`lmjhcmóa pgrsnahl6 Lh ntrh tgnrëh llhkhdh tgsms gxtrhphtrmknamhl himrkh qug lh n`lmjhcmóa gs pgrsnahl pgsg h qug sgh gxprgshdh dg inrkh gcnaókmch. Dmcbh tgsms snstmgag ga gl bgcbn dg qug sg htmgadg h lh vmaculhcmóa ihkmlmhr lh cuhl dg`g gxmstmr gatrg lns suogtns dg uah kmskh ihkmlmh phrh jgagrhrsg lh n`lmjhcmóa (JNA_HLGS. J, 055:) 055: )

`. Gs matrhaskmsm`lg6 Lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gs pgrsnahl pnr cuhatn gs hsmjahdh h uah pgrsnah dgtgrkmahdh ga vmrtud dg ua vëaculn ourëdmch qug tmgag cna gl hcrggdnr n hlmkgatmsth cna gl n`ogtmvn dg prnvggrlg lns glgkgatns agcgshrmns phrh su supgrvmvgacmh, sh`gkns qug lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gs matumtu pgrsnahg pugstn qug an sg pugdg trhskmtmr h lns bgrgdgrns (UHONAHPGS, 8==2)

c. Gs mrrgauacmh`lg, Gl códmjn dg ihkmlmh ahcg cna gl gsth`lgcmkmgatn dg dgrgcbns sncmhlgs cnkn lns dg nrdga pÿ`lmcn pnr gadg dgoha dg tgagr gl chrèctgr dg prmvhdns y cnkn tndn dgrgcbn dg nrdga pÿ`lmcn, gstg gs mrrgauacmh`lg. (CHDGPH HCWØH., 0559). Gl dg`gr dg hlmkgathr gs pgrtgagcmgatg hl nrdga pÿ`lmcn pnr ln thatn an sg pugdg rgauacmhr gstè prnbm`mdn. 09

 

d. Gs rgcëprncn6 Gs kutuh y `mlhtgrhl ga lh kgdmdh qug sg dh ourëdmchkgatg gatrg sgrgs bukhans uamdns pnr ua vëaculn, hsë thk`mía, ga lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs gcnaókmchs dgl hcrggdnr hlmkgathrmn, hsë tgagkns, pnr gogkpln, cóayujgs, hscgadmgatgs, dgscgadmgatgs, bgrkhans, gatrg ntrns. Ga ntrhs phlh`rhs, qumga bny dmn, khøhah gstè ga gl dgrgcbn dg snlmcmthr. (CHAHLGS, 0583)

g. Macnkpgash`lg6  Sg dmcg qug hcgpthr gl chrèctgr cnkpgashtnrmn dg gsth n`lmjhcmóa sgrmh cnkn prmvhr hl hcrggdnr hlmkgathrmn dg lns glgkgatns madmspgash`lgs phrh su su`smstgacmh, an sg pugdg pgrkmtmr ga vmrtud dg prntgjgr gl matgrís pÿ`lmcn. (YHPSM, 0580)

i.  Gs rgvmsh`lg6 Gsth chrhctgrëstmch bhcg rgigrgacmh h qug lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgatmcmh gs rgvmsh`lg y gs uah dg lhs prmacmphlgs pugs lns glgkgatns lgjhlgs y vnluathrmns qug jgagrha lh n`lmjhcmóa sna khtgrmh dg ua haèlmsms cnasthatg pugstn qug glln pugdg llgvhr h uah vhrmhcmóa, gxnagrhcmóa, rgduccmóa, hukgatn. (CBHYG_, 058:)

4.3.- Sgjÿa augstrn códmjn cmvml Uhrh gogrcgr gl dgrgcbn dg hlmkgatns gs gvmdgatg qug sg tgajh qug gxmjmr uah rgjlh jgaírmch pnsmtmvh qug nrdgag lh prgsthcmóa, jgagrhlkgatg, h cnasgcugacmh dg lns vëaculns ihkmlmhrgs gxmstgatgs gatrg gl hcrggdnr y dgudnr y, pnr gxcgpcmóa, gatrg pgrsnahs gxtrhøhs. gx trhøhs. Sgjÿa Ugrhlth Hadëh khamimgsth qug? “Sm an gxmstmgrh uah anrkh lgjhl qug gsth`lgzch lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gs madudh`lg qug gl hlmkgatmsth (hcrggdnr), an tgadrëh iuadhkgatn n `hsg lgjhl phrh hccmnahrlh‛. (UGPHLTH, Dgrgcbn dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Cðdmjn Cmvml, 0550) Lhs mastmtucmnags dg lns hlmkgatns gstèa rgjulhdhs ga augstrn Códmjn Cmvml y sna dg dns hspgctns. c)  Hlmkgatns hkplmns, sg gacugatrha ga gl hrtëculn 4:0¿ dgl Códmjn Cmvml cnacnrdhdn cna gl hrtëculn =0¿ dgl códmjn dg lns Amøns y Hdnlgscgatgs, y sg gatmgadg pnr hlmkgatns ln qug gs 0:

 

madmspgash`lg phrh gl sustgatn, bh`mthcmóa, vgstmdn, gduchcmóa, mastruccmóa y chphcmthcmóa phrh gl trh`hon, hsmstgacmh kídmch y psmcnlójmch y rgcrghcmóa, sgjÿa lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs dg lh ihkmlmh. hl mjuhl qug gl hrtëculn 9µ dg lh Cnastmtucmóa Unlëtmch dgl Ugrÿ dnadg dg inrkh lmtgrhl dmcg? “…gacnatrhkns qug gl n`ogtmvn dg lh pnlëtmch ahcmnahl dg pn`lhcmóa, gs dmiuadmr y prnknvgr lh phtgramdhd y khtgramdhd rgspnash`lg, sma kgansch`hr gl dgrgcbn dg lhs ihkmlmhs y dg lhs pgrsnahs h dgcmdmr‛. d)  Hlmkgatns rgstrmajmdns, ga gl hrtëculn 4:3¿ sg rgimgrg kès hkplmhkgatg qug snln tmgaga dgrgcbn lns bmons khynrgs dg gdhd, sna lns gxcgptns h lh anrkh, lhs pgrsnahs qug tmgaga lh khynrëh dg gdhd y qug sg gacugatrga ga ua gsthdn dg machphcmdhd iësmch n kgathl dg`mdhkgatg cnkprn`hdhs Sm lh chush qug ln rgduon h gsg gsthdn iug su prnpmh maknrhlmdhd, sóln pndrè gxmjmr ln gstrmcthkgatg agcgshrmn phrh su su`smstmr An sg hplmch ln dmspugstn ga gl pèrrhin hatgrmnr, cuhadn gl hlmkgatmsth gs hscgadmgatg dgl n`lmjhdn h prgsthr hlmkgatns. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, hrt. 4:3¿, 058=)6 pgrn cuhadn an sg gacugatrga ga cnadmcmnags u ntrhs cnatgamdhs ga lh lgy6 ga gstg sgatmdn gs clhrh lh anrkh cnatgamdh ga gl hrtëculn 4:4¿ Ntrns chsns dg n`lmjhdns h dhr hlmkgatns gacnatrhkns ga gl hrtëculn 484¿ dgl Códmjn Cmvml, lns hlmkgatns dg lh khdrg gxtrhkhtrmknamhl6 lns hlmkgatns dg qumgags bhyha vmvmdn h cnsths dgl chushatg hrtëculn 2:5¿6 gl cóayujg dgl husgatg u ntrns bgrgdgrns inrznsns gcnaókmchkgatg dgpgadmgatgs dg íl hrtëculn 72¿6 lh khdrg dgl cnacg`mdn, cuyns dgrgcbns an sg phrtga bhsth su ahcmkmgatn, hrtëculn 279¿ Hdgkès, lns jhstns dg gk`hrhzn dg lh khdrg dgsdg lh cnacgpcmóa bhsth lh gthph dgl pnstphrtn. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, 058=) Thk`mía rgigrmdn hl hlmkgatmsth qug sgh madmjan dg sucgdgr n qug pugdh sgr dgsbgrgdhdn pnr gl dgudnr dg lns hlmkgatns qumga an pugdg gxmjmr sman ln gstrmcthkgatg agcgshrmn phrh su`smstmr. (Cðdmjn Cmvml, hrt. 427¿, 058=) 02

 

4..4.- Cnacgptn dg n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh Ga hplmchcmóa dgl hrtëculn =0µ dgl Códmjn dg Amøns y Hdnlgscgatgs, sna lns phdrgs lns n`lmjhdns h prnvggr gl snstgamkmgatn dg lns bmons, hl mjuhl qug gl hrtëculn 9µ dg lh Cnastmtucmóa Unlëtmch dgl Ugrÿ dnadg dg inrkh lmtgrhl dmcg? “…gacnatrhkns qug gl n`ogtmvn dg lh pnlëtmch ahcmnahl dg pn`lhcmóa, gs dmiuadmr y prnknvgr lh phtgramdhd y khtgramdhd rgspnash`lg, sma kgansch`hr gl dgrgcbn dg lhs ihkmlmhs y dg lhs pgrsnahs h dgcmdmr‛. gl Uhctn Matgrahcmnahl dg lns dgrgcbns Gcnaókmcns, Sncmhlgs y Culturhlgs ga gl aukgrh 3 dgl hrtëculn 85µ ans rgcugrdh qug? “Sg dg`ga hdnpthr kgdmdhs dg prntgccmóa qug su cnadmcmóa rgqumgrga pnr phrtg dg su ihkmlmh, dg lh sncmgdhd, y dgl Gsthdn6 y tndn amøn tmgag gl dgrgcbn dg crgcgr hl hkphrn y `hon lh rgspnash`mlmdhd dg sus phdrgs, hsë cnkn h rgcm`mr gduchcmóa jrhtumth y n`lmjhtnrmh‛ Lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gs hqugllh pnr lh cuhl lhs pgrsnahs `rmadha lns glgkgatns suimcmgatgs y agcgshrmns phrh lh supgrvmvgacmh dg lns kmgk`rns dg su ihkmlmh, lns cuhlgs pnr su gdhd, gsthdn dg shlud u ntrns kntmvns sg gacugatrh mkpgdmdns dg n`tgagrlns pnr gllns kmskns. Unr gsth rhzóa lns ihkmlmhrgs sg vga ga lh n`lmjhcmóa dg prgsthr tndhs lhs ihcmlmdhdgs phrh prntgjgrlns y hsmstmrlns ga tndn knkgatn. Sg himrkh qug gstg tmpn dg n`lmjhcmnags gs cnasmdgrhdn cnkn gl dg`gr knrhl makgrsn ga tndhs lhs pgrsnahs y cnkn uah n`lmjhcmóa cmvml qug sg nrmjmah ga lh lgy phrh jhrhatmzhr lhs agcgsmdhdgs iuadhkgathlgs dg uah `ugah inrkh dg vmvmr. Sh`gkns qug gl Dgrgcbn Hlmkgathrmn ahcg ga gl knkgatn ga gl qug sg dgtgrkmah lh rglhcmóa dg phrgatgscn gatrg phdrg g bmon, lns cuhlgs pnr kgdmn dg ua cnkprnkmsn pugdga llgjhr h ua hcugrdn gxtrhoudmcmhl n ga gl chsn dg an llgjhr h ua hcugrdn sg pugdg prncgdgr h plhatghr uah dgkhadh, dnadg gl ougz imohrh ua knatn dgtgrkmahdn h ihvnr dg lh pgrsnah. (UHPGDGS, 0589) Ga ln qug rgspgcth h lh ahturhlgzh dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh gxmstga dns tgsms, lh prmkgrh tgsms llhkhdh tgsms phtrmknamhl ans himrkh qug lh prgsthcmóa cnrrgspnadg h ua hpnrtg 0=

 

gcnaókmcn n h lh gatrgjh dg `mgags sma qug gxmsth uah agcgshrmh prgncuphcmóa pnr gl hcrggdnr dg gstns hlmkgatns. Lh ntrh tgnrëh llhkhdh tgsms gxtrhphtrmknamhl himrkh qug lh n`lmjhcmóa gs pgrsnahl pgsg h qug sgh gxprgshdh dg inrkh gcnaókmch. Dmcbh tgsms snstmgag ga gl bgcbn dg qug sg htmgadg h lh vmaculhcmóa ihkmlmhr lh cuhl dg`g gxmstmr gatrg lns suogtns dg uah kmskh ihkmlmh phrh jgagrhrsg lh n`lmjhcmóa. Wah sgjuadh pnsmcmóa dg gsth tgsms gs sustgathdh ga lh mdgh dg qug gstg dgrgcbn an gs ua hctmvn phrh gl hlmkgatmsth pugstn qug an gstè dgstmahdn hl hukgatn dgl phtrmknamn dg ahdmg, sman qug gs ua dgrgcbn bmstórmchkgatg dgstmahdn h prntgjgr lh su`smstgacmh dg lh pgrsnah, su dgshrrnlln, su inrkhcmóa, cna gl n`ogtmvn qug pugdh sgr phrtg dg lh sncmgdhd y pugdh cnacrgthr su prnygctn dg vmdh (JNA_HLGS, 055:)

4.7 Yhrmhcmnags dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh 4.7.8 Hukgatn dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh Gs uah hccmóa hccgsnrmh qug dgrmvh dg uah dgkhadh yh gsth`lgcmdh y prncgdg cuhadn lhs agcgsmdhdgs dgl hlmkgatmsth y lhs pnsm`mlmdhdgs dgl hlmkgathatg bha hukgathdn. Gstg pgdmdn dg`grè sgr iuadhkgathdn ga augvns kgdmns qug hcrgdmtga gl macrgkgatn dg pnsm`mlmdhdgs, sm gstn ncurrg gl ouzjhdn sgrè gl gachrjhdn dg gkmtmr uah augvh rgsnlucmóa nrdgahdn gl hukgatn dgl knatn dg lh pgasmóa. (CBHYG_, 058:) Gs mkpnrthatg dgohr ga clhrn qug, gl qug snlmcmtg gstg hukgatn ga lh pgasmóa hlmkgatmcmh dg`g oustmimchr qug su gsthdn gs dg agcgsmdhd, hdgkès dgknstrhr qug gl hlmkgathatg dg`g bh`gr hukgathdn sus majrgsns phrh pndgr hukgathr gl knatn

4.7.0.- Pgduccmóa dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh Gsth imjurh sg dh cuhadn gl hlmkgathatg an gstè ga lhs cnadmcmnags dg prnpnrcmnahr lns hlmkgatns qug iugrna imohdns ga su knkgatn yh sgh pnrqug gl hlmkgathatg iug dgspgdmdn dg su trh`hon, sg gacugatrh cna hljuah gaigrkgdhd qug lg mkpmdh `uschr trh`hon, bh n`tgamdn ua trh`hon 35

 

cna ua sugldn kucbn kganr, prgsgath chrjh ihkmlmhr, gstg gs gl chsn kès cnkÿa pnr gl qug sg nrdgah lh rgduccmóa dg gstg knatn. (YHPSM, 0580)

4.7.3.- Urnrrhtgn dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh. Lh imjurh dgl prnrrhtgn gs hqugllh qug mkplmch lh dmvmsmóa ga inrkh prnpnrcmnahl gatrg vhrmhs pgrsnahs qug cugatha cna ua kmskn dgrgcbn. Gs lh phrtmcmóa gqumthtmvh dg lh cunth hlmkgathrmh dmspnam`lg qug tmgag gl hlmkgathatg irgatg h kès dg ua hlmkgatmsth. Ga cuhatn h lhs rgaths qug an prnvmgaga dgl trh`hon pugdga gk`hrjhrsg gl tnthl, ga gsg chsn an gxmstg ua lëkmtg gsth`lgcmdn, pgrn, ga gl chsn dg qug sg trhthsg dg rgaths qug tmgag cnkn iugatg gl trh`hon, gl gk`hrjn sg dhrè snln dgl 95% 95 % dgl tnthl dg sus majrgsns. (CBHYG_, 058:)

4.7.4.- Gxnagrhcmóa dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh. Gs hqugllh hccmóa dgstmahdh h qug gl ouzjhdn lm`grg hl dgudnr hlmkgathrmn dg lh n`lmjhcmóa. Gl hrtëculn 423 dgl Códmjn Cmvml himrkh qug “Gl n`lmjhdn h prgsthr hlmkgatns pugdg pgdmr qug sg lg gxnagrg sm dmskmauyga dmskmau yga sus majrgsns(..) (423¿, 058=) Sgjÿa (CNPAGON S. , 0589) Gl n`lmjhdn pndrè snlmcmthr lh gxnagrhcmóa dg lh pgasmóa sm? 8. Dg sgjumr cukplmgadn cna gllh pnadrëh ga jrhvg rmgsjn su prnpmh su`smstgacmh. 0. Bh dgshphrgcmdn gl gsthdn dg agcgsmdhd ga gl `gagimcmhrmn dg lh pgasmóa, ln qug  oustmimchrëh lh gxnagrhcmóa.

4.7.7 Gxtmacmóa dg lh n`lmjhcmóa hlmkgathrmh Augstrn Códmjn Cmvml sg bh gachrjhdn dg rgjulhr gsth imjurh ga gl hrtëculn 429 sgøhlhadn qug? “Lh n`lmjhcmóa dg prgsthr hlmkgatns sg gxtmajug pnr lh kugrtg dgl n`lmjhdn n dgl hlmkgatmsth‛. (429¿, 058=). Hdgkås (Códmjn, 058=)Hrtëculn :02¿ ga chsn dg kugrtg dgl hlmkgatmsth, sus bgrgdgrns gstèa n`lmjhdns h phjhr lns jhstns iuagrhrmns‛.

38

 

7.-KHPCN CNACGUTWHL Hlmkgatns? Sgjÿa gl dmccmnahrmn dg lh Pghl Hchdgkmh dg lh Lgajuh, cnastmtuyga hlmkgatns cuhlqumgr susthacmh qug pugdg sgr hsmkmlhdh pnr gl nrjhamskn y ushdh phrh khatgagr

  sus iuacmnags vmthlgs, chsn gspgcmhl dg lns sgrgs bukhans. (HLIHPN) N`lmjhcmóa?  Dgsdg lh hatmjügdhd gl dgrgcbn rnkhan prmkmtmvn sg matgrgsó g mavgstmjó hcgrch dg lh n`lmjhcmóa. Gstns kmskns dmgrna prmacmpmns y snlucmnags qug pnstgrmnrkgatg smrvmgrna cnkn iuadhkgatns ga kucbns nrdgahkmgatns ourëdmcns qug hctuhlkgatg sna utmlmzhdns. (HLIHPN)

Dgrgcbn dg Hlmkgatns. - (LHPPGH, 055=)“lns hlmkgatns cnasmstga ga lhs prgsthcmnags dg nrdga gcnaókmch h lhs qug gstèa n`lmjhdhs pnr lgy dgtgrkmahdhs pgrsnahs.‛

Gxpgdmgatg. Gs lh chrpgth khtgrmhl ga lh qug sg rgcnpmlha tndhs lhs hctuhcmnags oudmcmhlgs y rgchudns qug sg gsth`lgcga ga ua prncgsn oudmcmhl dg ua chsn cnacrgtn. (Pghl Hchdgkmh Gsphønlh, 0558)

Ougz? “Gl qug pnsgg hutnrmdhd phrh mastrumr, trhkmthr, ouzjhr, sgatgacmhr y gogcuthr gl ihlln ga ua plgmtn n chush.‛ (CH@HAGLLHS J. D., 8==3)

Cglgrmdhd? “prmacmpmn qug sg ln dgimag cnkn hcglgrhcmóa cnatmauh dg lns hctns prncgshlgs, cnacgatrhadn su rghlmzhcmóa ga ua `rgvg gsphcmn dg tmgkpn, prncurhadn h`rgvmhrlns lns plhzns.‛ (@HP@GPMN, 0559)

Urmacmpmn dg Gcnankëh Urncgshl. Lh iuacmóa oudmcmhl jnzh dg hutnankëh gcnaókmch, imahacmgrh y hdkmamstrhtmvh sg rmjg pnr su prnpmh lgy, rgjlhkgatns, rgsnlucmnags, y `hon crmtgrmns dg dgscgatrhlmzhcmóa y dgscnacgatrhcmóa (GSCPMCBG, 8270).

Trèkmtg Oudmcmhl? “Chdh uah dg lhs dmlmjgacmhs, y tndhs gllhs cnasmdgrhdhs cnkn rgqumsmtns inrkhlgs dgl prncgdmkmgatn, qug lh lgy mkpnag phrh rgsnlvgr ga uah chush cmvml, pgahl n dg ntrh ourmsdmccmóa‛. (CH@HAGLLHS J. D., 8==3) 30

 

Códmjn cmvml? Cnlgccmóa dg lhs lgygs qug gsth`lgcga y imoha lns dgrgcbns dg qug jnzha lns bnk`rgs. Cnatmgag ln gsthtumdn sn`rg gl ríjmkga ourëdmcn, hplmch`lg h pgrsnahs, `mgags gtc. (HLIHPN)

Sgatgacmh? “Lh phlh`rh sgatgacmh prncgdg dgl lhtëa smatmgadn, qug gqumvhlg h smatmgadn, pnr gxprgshr lh sgatgacmh ln qug smgatg u npmah qumga dmcth, pnr glln sg gatmgadg lh dgcmsmóa qug lgjëtmkhkgatg dmcth gl ougz cnkpgtgatg, ouzjhadn dg hcugrdn cna su npmamóa y sgjÿa lh lgy n anrkh hplmch`lg‛. (CH@HAGLLHS J. , 0584)

9.- KGTNDNLNJËH 9.8 TMUNS DG MAYGSTMJHCMÓA Lh mavgstmjhcmóa, sg nrmgath h gxplmchr lhs rhznags y lhs chushs dgl pnrqug sg bhcg uah mahplmchcmóa dgl Urmacmpmn dg gcnankëh y gl prmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns ga augstrns Ouzjhdns dg Ihkmlmh ga gl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs ga gl høn 058=6 gs dgcmr hdkmtg ua dmrgccmnahkmgatn crëtmcn. Cuhatmthtmvn? Unrqug gl rgsulthdn gs lh mainrkhcmóa rgcnjmdh qug sgrè snkgtmdh h ua haèlmsms gsthdëstmcn6 utmlmzhadn mastrukgatns dg kgdmcmóa cnkn gacugsths, gsth tmgag prgjuaths qug juhrdha rglhcmóa cna lhs vhrmh`lgs h kgdmr ga gsth mavgstmjhcmóa y6 h su vgz cnasmstg ga rgcnlgcthr dhtns y glh`nrhr ua plha dgthllhdn dg prncgdmkmgatns qug cnaduzcha h ua prnpósmtn gspgcëimcn. Gl tmpn dg haèlmsms qug pgrkmtg p grkmtg gigctuhr gs chushl-cnrrglhcmóa. (Chkpns, 0585) Cuhlmthtmvn? Gs uah mavgstmjhcmóa phrtmcmphtmvh y lns rgsulthdns qug sg gspgrha, gs lh dg n`tgagr rgspugsths h inadn hcgrch dg ln qug lhs pgrsnahs pmgasha y smgatga. (Chkpns, 0585)6 pndgr dgscrm`mr y `uschr lhs chushs dg lh prn`lgkètmch plhatghdh, cnasmdgrhadn lh rghlmdhd y gl gatnran, khatgamgadn ua crmtgrmn dgsdg lh `hsg, gvmthadn lh jgagrhlmzhcmóa y `uschr gatgadgr gl prn`lgkh kès qug mkplhathr rgjlhs gspgcëimchs. 33

 

Gl `uschr cnkprgadgr gl prn`lgkh y snkgtgrln h ua haèlmsms gsthdëstmcn hk`ns gainqugs pgrkmtmó cnancgr kès h inadn gl tgkh dg mavgstmjhcmóa, dgtgrkmahadn lhs chsushs cnacrgths qug nrmjmaha gl macukplmkmgatn dgl Urmacmpmn Gcnaókmcn prncgshl y Urmacmpmn dg Cglgrmdhd prncgshl ga lhs dgkhadhs dg hlmkgatns, lnjrhadn tgagr uah rgspugsth lójmch y cnbgrgatg dgl prn`lgkh mavgstmjhdn, qug an snln sg `hsó hl haèlmsms su`ogtmvn-maductmvn dgl mavgstmjhdnr, sman qug sg hvhlhrna cna cuhdrns gsthdëstmcns y dhtns aukírmcns.

9.0 AMYGL DG LH MAYGSTMJHCMÓA Lh prgsgatg mavgstmjhcmóa gs dg tmpn gxplmchtmvh, pnrqug sg mavgstmjha lhs chushs dg u igaókgan sncmhl makgrsn ga gl chkpn dgl dgrgcbn, cnkn macukplmkmgatn dg lns prmacmpmns prncgshlgs dg Gcnankëh y Cglgrmdhd ga lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns dgsdg su trhkmthcmóa bhsth tírkman dgl prncgsn oudmcmhl, lh cuhl pugdg nrmjmahr ua hprnvgcbhkmgatn phrh gl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl y sn`rg tndn Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh y dg Uhz dg Tuk`gs, yh qug hl imahl sg dgtgrkmahrè ga inrkh cmgatëimch lhs chushs rghlgs dg gstg prn`lgkh, sg plhatghrèa gstrhtgjmhs y snlucmnags cnacrgths y prèctmchs. Dgscrmptmvn? pnrqug gl prncgdmkmgatn dg rgcnlgccmóa dg dhtns, pgrkmtmrè rgcnjgr mainrkhcmóa dg khagrh madgpgadmgatg y cnaouath, su prnpósmtn sgrè mdgatmimchr lhs prnpmgdhdgs n chrhctgrëstmchs dg lh vhrmh`lg. (Bgraåadgz & P., 058:)

9.3 GL DMSGØN DG LH MAYGSTMJHCMÓA Gs n`sgrvhcmnahl, dg`mdn h qug sg vh h ushr lh tícamch dg n`sgrvhr y hahlmzhr lh vhrmh`lg dgl tgkh, pnrqug lns dhtns rgilgoha lh gvnlucmóa ahturhl dg lns gvgatns, hogah h lh vnluathd dgl mavgstmjhdnr. (Supn, 0584) Pgtrnspgctmvh, gl prncgdmkmgatn dgl rgcnon dg lns dhtns sg rghlmzhrè dg lns rgjmstrns dg lns gxpgdmgatgs y sgatgacmhs, lh cuhl gl mavgstmjhdnr an tmgag phrtmcmphcmóa, gs dgcmr an sg pugdg dhr 34

 

ig dg lh gxhctmtud dg lhs kgdmcmnags. (Supn, 0584). Ga lns dncukgatns qug sg utmlmzhrèa sg vh h gvmdgacmhr sucgsns qug pgrtgagcga h uah gxpgrmgacmh ga tmgkpn phshdn. Trhasvgrshl, tndhs lhs vhrmh`lgs sna kgdmdhs ga uah snlh nchsmóa6 pnr glln dg rghlmzhr cnkphrhcmnags, sg trhth dg kugstrhs madgpgadmgatgs. (Supn, 0584), sg utmlmzhrè ua dncukgatn gscrmtn (gxpgdmgatg), gs pnr gsn qug smgkprg sgrè gl kmskn gauacmhdn n tgxtn, h pgshr qug sg rgcnoha lns rgsulthdns ga dmigrgatgs gthphs.

9.4.- BMUNTGSMS Gl rgthrdn maoustmimchdn h lh ihlth dg hplmchcmóa dg lns Urmacmpmns dg Gcnankëh Urncgshl y Cglgrmdhd Urncgshl tmgaga ua mkphctn smjamimchtmvn y sna cnasmdgrhdns cnkn gimcmgatgs ga hjmlmzhr lns prncgsns dg hlmkgatns ga gl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh, Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs ga gl høn 058=. Lh hplmchcmóa dgl prmacmpmn dg gcnankëh prncgshl y cglgrmdhd prncgshl pnsm`mlmthrëh uah rgduccmóa dgl trèkmtg dgl prncgsn dg pgasmóa dg hlmkgatns6 pnrqug sg tgadrëh ga cugath lns ihctnrgs dg tmgkpn, hbnrrn y gsiugrzn.

9.7.- WAMYGPSN ] KWGSTPH Lh mavgstmjhcmóa sg gacugatrh cmrcuascrmth jgnjrèimchkgatg ga gl Dmstrmtn dg Tuk`gs, Urnvmacmh y Dgphrthkgatn dgl kmskn ank`rg, lh mavgstmjhcmóa sg rghlmzhrè ga gl Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn dg Tuk`gs, sg rgvmshrè lh mainrkhcmóa dgl høn 058=.

9.7.8.- UN@LHCMÓA Lh pn`lhcmóa dg lh mavgstmjhcmóa h`hrch h?

Sgcrgthrmns (53) dgl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg

Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs. H`njhdns lmtmjhatgs (05%) Ugrsnahl Hdkmamstrhtmvn

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(85%) Gxpgdmgatgs Oudmcmhlgs (85%) bhyha phshdn h sgjuadh masthacmh ga gl høn 058=, ga gl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs.

9.7.0.- KWGSTPH Cna rgspgctn h lh kugstrh, kgtndólnjns y gsthdëstmcns sg gairhscha ga pgrkhagatg dg`htg ga tnran h lh dmkgasmóa dg gsth, h cnasmdgrhcmóa dg Onsí Hlirgdn Umagdh Jnazhlgs “phrh qug lh kugstrh sgh rghlkgatg rgprgsgathtmvh cuhatmthtmvhkgatg dg`g sgr pnr ln kgans dg ua gstmkhdn dgl 05% dg uamvgrsn. Trhtèadnsg dg cnlgctmvmdhdgs kuy aukgrnshs, gstg gstmkhdn pugdg sgr kganr, pgrn an kgans dgl 85% sm an sg qumgrg chgr ga magxhctmtudgs dg rgprgsgathtmvmdhd‛ (Umagdh, 0552) Gl kítndn dg kugstrgn glgjmdn iug gl Kugstrgn Urn`h`mlëstmcn hl `hshrsg gstg ga gl prmacmpmn dg lh gqumprn`h`mlmdhd, y hsë hsgjurhr lh rgprgsgathtmvmdhd dg lh kugstrh gxtrhëdh, dgl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn Oudmcmhl dg Tuk`gs.

9.9.- DMSGØN DG TÍCAMCHS DG PGCNLGCCMÓA DG MAINPKHCMÓA Uhrh lh rgcnlgccmóa dg lh mainrkhcmóa y phrh gl gstudmn dg lhs vhrmh`lgs sg utmlmzhrèa?

8.-Tícamchs N`sgrvhcmóa dncukgathl. Sg utmlmzh phrh ua cnancmkmgatn prglmkmahr dgl prn`lgkh phrh gsth`lgcgr lhs chushs y cnasgcugacmhs, rgvmshr thk`mía mainrkhcmóa prglmkmahr phrh gl sustgatn dg lh prn`lgkètmch.

0.-Mastrukgatns Gacugsth. gacugsth gs uah dg lhs tícamchs dg mavgstmjhcmóa sncmhl dg kès gxtgadmdn usn ga gl chkpn dg lh Sncmnlnjëh qug bh trhscgadmdn gl èk`mtn gstrmctn dg lh mavgstmjhcmóa  

cmgatëimch, phrh cnavgrtmrsg ga uah hctmvmdhd cntmdmhah dg lh qug tndns phrtmcmphkns thrdg n tgkprhan. (Ihcbgllm, 0587) 39

 

Imcbhs dg N`sgrvhcmóa. Lh imcbh dg n`sgrvhcmóa sg cnastmtuyg ga ua mastrukgatn qug ans pgrkmtg rgjmstrhr pnr gscrmtn, thatn lns dhtns dg mdgatmimchcmóa cnkn lhs mdghs y crmtmchs qug ans prnpnrcmnaha lhs dmstmaths iugatgs dg mainrkhcmóa. (Nschr, 0585)

Lm`rgth dg hpuatgs. Gs ua cuhdgran jrhadg n pgqugøn qug smrvg phrh hanthr tndns lh mainrkhcmóa dg matgrís phrh lh pgrsnah qug vh h rghlmzhr uah mavgstmjhcmóa  Sg hplmchrèa lns mastrukgatns h augstrhs uamdhdgs dg gstudmn, phrh lh prmkgrh tícamch gl mastrukgatn imcbh dg n`sgrvhcmóa sg hplmchrè h lns gxpgdmgatgs dg prncgsns dg hlmkgatns, gl prnpósmtn dg gsth tícamch gs hcnpmhr mainrkhcmóa sn`rg lh chatmdhd dg gxpgdmgatgs dg hlmkgatns ga dnadg sg gvmdgacmh gl macukplmkmgatn dg lns Urmacmpmns dg Gcnankëh y Cglgrmdhd prncgshl y lh sgjuadh tícamch, Tgst dg Cnancmkmgatn, rgspgctmvhkgatg prgtgadga kgdmr lh gimcmgacmh y gl amvgl dg gspgcmhlmzhcmóa dg lns npgrhdnrgs oudmcmhlgs (ougcgs y sgcrgthrmns), thk`mía dgtgrkmahr lh khjamtud dg lhs cnaducths dmlhtnrmhs dg lns h`njhdns. Lhs mahdgcuhdhs hccmnags dg pgrsnahl sg dgtgrkmahrèa h trhvís dgl rgsulthdn dgl gstudmn dg lhs vhrmh`lgs hatgrmnrgs.

9.:.- ULHA DG HAÈLMSMS Gl haèlmsms dg lns prncgsns oudmcmhlgs mkplmchrh lh dgscrmpcmóa y lh gxplmchcmóa dg sus cnkpnagatgs prncgshlgs y sm dgatrn dg gstg trèkmtg sg cukplmó cna gl tmgkpn, jhstn y gimcmgacmh y sg n`sgrvó gl prmacmpmn dg cglgrmdhd prncgshl, phrh lugjn rghlmzhr uah gxplmchcmóa jln`hl dgl chsn6 y hsë imahlkgatg plhatghr snlucmnags cnacrgths hl prn`lgkh. Sg dgtgrkmaó lh rghlmzhcmóa dg lhs smjumgatgs gthphs?

Gthph gxplnrhtnrmh

3:

 

- Sg tnkhrèa lhs prgchucmnags agcgshrmhs y hdnpthrh kgdmdhs qug pgrkmtha uah hdgcuhdh y gimcmgatg rgcnlgccmóa dg mainrkhcmóa. - Sg rghlmzhrè gl gstudmn prgvmn dg lh nrjhamzhcmóa y iuacmnahkmgatn dgl Undgr Oudmcmhl. Cna rgspgctn h bnrhrmns dg htgacmóa. - Urgphrhcmóa dg lns khtgrmhlgs g mastrukgatns y dgtgrkmahcmóa dgl gqumpn dg trh`hon agcgshrmn (cnkn jrh`hdnrhs, cèkhrh intnjrèimch) phrh lh rgcnlgccmóa dg mainrkhcmóa. - Sg bhrè uah rgvmsmóa imahl y uah prug`h gxpgrmkgathl dg tndns lns hctns prgphrhtnrmns phrh dgtgrkmahr sm sg rghlmzhrna cnrrgcthkgatg.

Gthph dg rgcnlgccmóa dg dhtns - Sg vmsmthrè gl Urmkgr Ouzjhdn dg Ihkmlmh dgl Dmstrmtn dg Tuk`gs, tnkhadn ga cugath lhs gstrhtgjmhs dmsgøhdhs, cna lh imahlmdhd dg rgcnlgcthr lh mainrkhcmóa rglgvhatg phrh lh mavgstmjhcmóa. -Sg rgcnlgcthrè mainrkhcmóa hcgrch dg prncgsns dg hlmkgatns qug bhyha phshdn h lh sgjuadh masthacmh ga høn 058=, hsë cnkn dg lh mainrkhcmóa cnacgramgatg h lns Ougcgs y Sgcrgthrmns Oudmcmhlgs. - Sg hplmchrè lh gacugsth dmsgøhdh phrh lns , sgcrgthrmns oudmcmhlgs y h`njhdns dg lm`rg gogrcmcmn. - Imahlkgatg sg rghlmzhrè lh glh`nrhcmóa dgl mainrkg dg trh`hon dg chkpn.

Gthph dg haèlmsms Uhrh gl haèlmsms dg rgsulthdns sg hplmchrè lh gsthdëstmch dgscrmptmvh qug pgrkmtmrè uah matgrprgthcmóa cuhatmthtmvh, cnasmdgrhadn gl cnatgamdn dgl khrcn tgórmcn y ga rglhcmóa cna lns n`ogtmvns, vhrmh`lgs g madmchdnrgs dg lh mavgstmjhcmóa6 dmcbn haèlmsms sgrè pnsm`lg pnr lh utmlmzhcmóa dg jrèimcns y cuhdrns gsthdëstmcns, sg n`tgadrè lns rgsulthdns dg uah khagrh dgthllhdh

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