Proyecto de Instalacion de Una Planta Metalurgica Procesamiento de Mineral de Cobre Oro y Plata

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHCGKNS@]GN1 K`l Nd`r y jrntgtuc n

‒

dg hsp`sn Yntty, n dgs egans Dnrän Ynubn,  Mhntrgz y Bukgnln, d`t`rhs ch dg vgcn, y n dgs pncrhs Bugs y  Dnfnbcn p`r su hahdpb` h glvnb`rnmbh np`y`   —

 

 

K@LSHLGC@ Yîj.

CHCGKNS@]GN K@LSHLGC@ ]H[XDHL GLS]@CXKKG L

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KNYÄSXB@ G1 JHLH]NBGCNCH[ >.> @MAHSGV@[

;

>.>.> @mahtgv` prglkgpnb

;

>.>.= @mahtgv`s hsphkäfgk`s

;

>.= AX[SGFGKNKGÛL

3

>.; NLSHKHCHLSH[

8

KNYÄSXB@ GG1 FXLCNDHLS@ SHÛ]GK@ =.> Y]@KH[@ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL

:

=.>.> Gltr`cukkgûl

:

=.>.= Bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh

5

=.>.; Cgs`bukgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh

5

 

 

=.>.3 Jnljn dglhrnb

>9

=.>.8 Krgs`k`bn

>>

=.= DÇS@C@[ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL

>=

=.=.> Bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns (Ehnp bhnkeglj)

>=

=.=.>.> Chskrgpkgûl

>=

=.=.>.= K`lstrukkgûl ch bns pgbns

>6

=.=.>.; @phrnkgûl ch bns pgbns

=9

=.=.= Kenlknc` chb dglhrnb

=;

=.=.; Njb`dhrnkgûl

=8

=.=.3 Vnrgnmbhs chb pr`khs`

;9

=.=.8 Cgshþ` ch bns pgbns

;>

=.; KGLÇSGKN CH BGUGVGNKGÛL CH DGLH]NBH[

;3

=.3 D@CHB@[ KGLÇSGK@[ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL

;8

=.3.> Gltr`cukkgûl

;8

=.8 D@CHB@ CH LÑKBH@ ]HKH[GV@ [GL KHLGQN

;:

=.6 D@CHB@ CH LÑKBH@ ]HKH[GV@ K@L F@]DNKGÛL CH   KHLGQN[

33

KNYÄSXB@ GGG1 DGLH]NB@JÄN CHB WN WNKGDGHLS@ KGDGHLS@ ;.> GLS]@CXKKGÛL

3:

 

 

;.>.> Xmgknkgûl y hxthlsgûl

3:

;.>.= Nkkhsgmgbgcnc

35

;.>.; Dçt`c` ch trnmna` jh`bûjgk`

37

;.>.3 Srnmna`s nlthrg`rhs

89

;.= JH@D@]F@B@JÄN

8=

;.=.> Egcr`b`jän

8=

;.=.= Kbgdn y vhjhtnkgûl

83

;.=.; Jh`b`jän rhjg`lnb ;.=.3 ]`kns shcgdhltnrgns-V`bkîlgkns

83 83

;.; JH@B@JÄN CHB CHYÛ[GS@ KNLNX]N > CH YNBKN

85

;.3 ]H[H]VN[ DGLH]NBH[

69

;.8 Y]@WHKS@[

6>

;.6 KÎBKXB@ CHB CH[D@LSH

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KNYÄSXB@ GV1 S]NSNDGHLS@ CH B@[ CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[ 3.> NLSHKHCHLSH[ CHB WNKGDGHLS@

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3.= KNLKEN[ CH CH[D@LSH (DGLH]NBGQNC@)

63

3.; H[SXCG@ W KN]NKSH]GQNKGÛL CH CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[

66

3.3 Y]@KH[@ CH HUYB@SNKGÛL

7>

 

 

3.8 YBNLSN CH Y]@KH[NDGHLS@ DHSNBÑ]JGK@

7=

3.8.> Kgrkugt` ch kenlknc`

7;

3.8.= Njb`dhrnkgûl

7:

3.8.; Bgxgvgnkgûl hl knlken

75

3.8.3 Ybnltn ch hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlths

>99

3.8.8 Ybnltn ch hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl

>9>

3.8.6 Glfrnhstrukturn, glstnbnkg`lhs nuxgbgnrhs

>9=

KNYÄSXB@

V1

GLVH][G@LH[

W

K@[S@[

YN]N

BN

]HKXYH]NKGÛL CH B@[ CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[ 8.> GLVH][G@LH[

>96

8.= K@[S@[

>>=

8.; GLJ]H[@[ Y@] VHLSN[

>=9

8.3 HJ]H[@[ Y@] VHLSN[

>=>

8.8 KNYNKGCNC CH Y]@CXKKGÛL Y]@WHKSNCN

>=>

8.6 K]@L@J]NDN CH NKSGVGCNCH[

>==

8.: KXNC]@[ @YH]NSGV@[ W H[SNCÄ[SGK@[

>=;

K@LKBX[G@LH[ ]HFH]HLKGN[ MGMBG@J]ÎFGKN[ NLHU@[

 

 

]H[XDHL

Bn prhshlth Shsgs, pr`p`lh hl uln prgdhrn htnpn, uln f`rdn ch rhkuphrnkgûl ch dglhrnb vnbg`s` ch k`mrh, n pnrtgr chb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc` quh sh hlkuhltrn hl 3= knlkens chmgcndhlth gchltgfgkncns, hl bn k`lkhsgûl dglhrn Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, pnrn hbb`, sh en rhnbgznc` b`s rhsphktgv`s hstucg`s jh`bûjgk`s, ch knrnkthrgznkgûl dglhrnbûjgkn y knrnkthrgznkgûl dhtnbñrjgkn ch b`s dglhrnbhs prhshlths, phrdgtgçlc`l`s pbnlthnr hb dçt`c` ch bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn k`d` hb dçt`c` dîs hfgkghlth pnrn bn rhkuphrnkgûl chb dglhrnb hxgsthlth hl bns knlkens ch cgken k`lkhsgûl dglhrn.

K`l rhsphkt` n bn knrnkthrgznkgûl dhtnbñrjgkn, sh enl rhnbgznc` pruhmns ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl vns` y hl k`budln, k`l k`lkhltrnkg`lhs ch 8 j/b y >8 j/b rhsphktgvndhlth, b`jrîlc`sh chd`strnr quh kunlc` bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hs dny`r hl bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` ch pnrth chb dglhrnb nudhltn, nkhbhrnlc` bn kglçtgkn, sghlc` gdp`rtnlth dhlkg`lnr quh bn dny`rän ch b`s dglhrnbhs ch bn jnljn nudhltnl su vhb`kgcnc ch cgfusgûl nb cgsdglugr hb pE.

 

 

[h pbnlthn bns htnpns, chsch hb pr`khs` ch kenlknc`, njb`dhrnkgûl (chmgc` nb glthdphrgsd` hxphrgdhltnc` p`r hb dglhrnb hl knlken y bn prhshlkgn ch bndns), bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns phrdnlhlths, pr`khs` ch hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlths y hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl, `mthlghlc` k`d` pr`cukt` fglnb kît`c`s ch k`mrh.

 Ncgkg`lnbdhlth, sh en chthrdglnc` hl ul lgvhb prhbgdglnr hb hqugpndghlt` lhkhsnrg` pnrn bns cgvhrsns htnpns ch mhlhfgkg` enstn bn `mthlkgûl chb pr`cukt` fglnb, kît`c`s ch k`mrh, hb dgsd` quh en sgc` chmgcndhlth kunltgfgknc` y s`dhtgc` n uln hvnbunkgûl hk`lûdgk`fglnlkghrn, rhsubtnlc` k`l glcgknc`rhs hk`lûdgk`s nkhptnmbhs pnrn hsth tgp` ch glvhrsg`lhs, prhshltnlc` ul VNL ch X[$ >; =56 37=, k`l ul SG] ch ;=%, glkbugc` gdpuhst`s, sghlc` hb tghdp` ch hahkukgûl ch = nþ`s, rhnbgzîlc`sh bn hvnbunkgûl hk`lûdgk`-fglnlkghrn hl ul e`rgz`lth ch 6 nþ`s.

 

>

GLS]@CXKKGÛL Yhrñ, hs ul` ch b`s pnäshs, quh trntnl dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh p`r bgxgvgnkgûl. Hb pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl k`lvhlkg`lnb k`lsgsth hl uln htnpn ch kurnc` îkgc` y njb`dhrnc`, shjugc` ch uln htnpn ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns. Jhlhrnbdhlth, hb îkgc` usnc` hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl ch ûxgc`s ch k`mrh hs hb îkgc` subfñrgk` (E =[@3).

Hs gdp`rtnlth dhlkg`lnr quh bn bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh, k`lsgsth hl uln cgs`bukgûl ch b`s k`dpuhst`s ch k`mrh hl s`bukg`lhs îkgcns, hs ul pr`khs` egcr`dhtnbñrjgk` mnstnlth nltgju`, quh sh npbgknmn `rgjglnbdhlth n dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s. Hb glkhltgv` pnrn chsnrr`bbnr b`s pr`khs`s egcr`dhtnbñrjgk`s, pr`vhlän chb ehke`, quh b`s dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh ch mnan bhy l` hrnl suskhptgmbhs ch shr k`lkhltrnc`s p`r bn `phrnkgûl k`lvhlkg`lnb ch fb`tnkgûl. Nktunbdhlth, hxgsth hb glkhltgv` ncgkg`lnb ch hvgtnr p`r hstn vän, bn k`ltndglnkgûl ndmghltnb knusncn p`r b`s pr`khs`s dhtnbñrjgk`s k`lvhlkg`lnbhs mnsnc`s hl fulcgkg`lhs. Hb prgdhr pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl quh sh npbgkû hl jrnl hsknbn fuh bn bgxgvgnkgûl hl mnthns hl b`s nþ`s vhglth. Hl hsth pr`khs`, bn bgxgvgnkgûl sh pr`cukän p`r glulcnkgûl ch b`s dglhrnbhs hl k`lthlhc`rhs (mnthns) ch jrnlchs cgdhlsg`lhs y hb k`mrh sh rhkuphrnmn dhcgnlth

 

=

prhkgpgtnkgûl k`l kentnrrn ch eghrr` -pr`khs` quh sh k`l`kh k`d` khdhltnkgûl- ` vän hbhktr`-`mthlkgûl cgrhktn. Hl ndm`s kns`s, hb pr`cukt` hrn gdpur` y rhquhrän su pr`khsndghlt` hl uln fulcgkgûl. Hl bn nktunbgcnc, bn dny`rän ch hstns pbnltns, enl sgc` d`cgfgkncns n `phrnkg`lhs d`chrlns ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns. Shdprnlndhlth, sh k`dhlzû n utgbgznr tndmgçl b`s bäqugc`s bgxgvgnc`s hl f`rdn lnturnb quh sh f`rdnmnl hl b`s m`tnchr`s ch bns dglns n tna` nmghrt`. Hl hst`s kns`s, hb k`mrh sh `mthlän p`r khdhltnkgûl. Ch hstns `phrnkg`lhs sh chrgvnr`l b`s dçt`c`s d`chrl`s ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl f`rdn ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns, bgxgvgnkgûl ch k`bns, t`stnkgûl –bgxgvgnkgûl– hbhktr`-`mthlkgûl y bgxgvgnkgûl hl hb dgsd` bujnr.

Chmhd`s prhkgsnr quh hl bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, sh pr`p`lh hb pr`khsndghlt` ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh ch bns chl`dglncns hsk`dmrhrns dglhrnbgzncns quh s`l npr`xgdncndhlth ch 5> 999 t`lhbncns p`r hb dçt`c` ch bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn, enstn bn `mthlkgûl ch kît`c`s ch k`mrh 77,77 %.

 

;

KNYÄSXB@ G JHLH]NBGCNCH[

>.> @MAHSGV@[. >.>.> @mahtgv` prglkgpnb. Chthrdglnr bns knrnkthrästgkns ch uln pbnltn dhtnbñrjgkn pnrn hb pr`khsndghlt` ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh, p`r bgxgvgnkgûl hl bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn.

>.>.= @mahtgv`s hsphkäfgk`s.   Chthrdglnr bns kknrnkthrästgkns nrnkthrästgkns dglhrnbûjgkns ch b`s dglhrnbhs ch



k`mrh n bgxgvgnr   Chthrdglnr b`s pnrîdhtr`s fgsgk`quädgk`s pnrn hb trntndghlt` ch b`s



chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s   Chthrdglnr bn kurvn kglçtgkn ch bn bgxgvgnk bgxgvgnkgûl gûl ch b`s chsd`lths



dglhrnbgznc`s ch k`mrh ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn.   Yr`p`lhr y chskrgmgr



bns cgvhrsns htnpns hl hb pr`khs` ch

bgxgvgnkgûl enstn bn `mthlkgûl ch k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk`.

 

3



  Hstgdnr hb knpgtnb t`tnb ch bn pbnltn ch bgxgvgnkgûl c ch h dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh y su k`rrhsp`lcghlth hvnbunkgûl hk`lûdgkn-fglnlkghrn.

>.=

AX[SGFGKNKGÛL.

B`s pr`khs`s egcr`dhtnbñrjgk`s, k`lsgsthl jhlhrnbdhlth ch bns htnpns ch kenlknc`, kurnc` y njb`dhrnc`, bgxgvgnkgûl, hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlth y hbhktr` `mthlkgûl. Hst`s pr`khs`s, sh vhl mhlhfgkgnc`s chmgc` c hmgc` n bn hxgsthlkgn ch gdp`rtnlths rhkurs`s ch mnan bhy, bn krhkghlth pr`cukkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk`, n pnrtgr ch pbnltns ch hxtrnkkgûl ch îkgc`s hl bns hdgsg`lhs ch .bns fulcgkg`lhs ch k`mrh chmgc` n bns nktunbhs l`rdns ndmghltnbhs. Bns vhltnans k`dpnrntgvns? hl tçrdgl`s ch k`st`s ch pr`cukkgûl glfhrg`r n b`s 39 k/bm, bn `mthlkgûl ch kît`c`s ch jrnl purhzn 77,77% y ul pr`khs` bgdpg` k`l rhsphkt` n bn egcr`dhtnburjgn trncgkg`lnb. Ch nkuhrc` n bns knrnkthrästgkns quädgkns ch b`s dglhrnbhs, hxgsthl cgstgltns thkl`b`jäns y pr`khs` pnrn bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh n pnrtgr ch dglhrnbhs subfurnc`s y `xgcnc`s? hs nsä k`d` sh utgbgzn bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn pnrn b`s ûxgc`s, y pr`khs`s ch k`lkhltrnkgûl p`r fb`tnkgûl y fulcgkgûl pnrn b`s subfur`s.

 

8

Hl hb pnäs, sh rhnbgznl pr`khs`s ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns pnrn dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s y dgxt`s ch k`mrh. Hb prgdhr kns`, k`lsgsth hl bn cgs`bukgûl rîpgcn y fîkgb chb k`mrh, hl hb shjulc` kns` bn vhb`kgcnc ch cgs`bukgûl ch subfur`s ch k`mrh hs duke` dîs bhltn, nsgdgsd`, hl m`tnchr`s pnrn dglhrnbhs subfurnc`s.  Nktunbdhlth, bn b n k`lkhsgûl dglhrn Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, p`shh hl knlken dglhrnbhs quh phrdgthl rhnbgznr ul pr`khs` ch mhlhfgkg` ch b`s dgsd`s, pr`khsnlc` dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh hl uln prgdhrn htnpn, p`r hb pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl. Hl hb prhshlth trnmna` ch thsgs, sh pbnlthn su hxpb`tnkgûl y pr`khsndghlt`, sghlc` tçklgkndhlth fnktgmbh, hk`lûdgkndhlth rhltnmbh y s`sthlgmbh cgkens nkkg`lhs. Dhcgnlth hsth pr`khcgdghlt`, sh hstî k`lfgrdnlc` quh p`chd`s enkhr us` ch thkl`b`jän d`chrln pnrn hb trntndghlt` ch chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s, rhqugrghlc` ul hstrgkt` cgshþ` y pbnlgfgknkgûl ch nkkg`lhs pnrn nbknlznr bn hfgkghlkgn y rhltnmgbgcnc, kugcnlc` hb dhcg`ndmghlth.

>.; 

NLSHKHCHLSH[. Bn k`lkhsgûl dglhrn Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, tghlh nlthkhchlths quh

sh rhd`ltnl n hxpb`tnkg`lhs chb dglhrnb pbntn, hl bn çp`kn ch bn k`b`lgn y

 

6

enstn bn rhpumbgknln, c`lch yn sh rhnbgznmnl prîktgkns dhtnbñrjgkns, k`d` bn fulcgkgûl gl sgtu chb dglhrnb pbntn, p`rquh sh puhch nprhkgnr t`cnvän- pnrth ch bn glfrnhstrukturn usncn hl hsh bnps`.

Y`sthrg`rdhlth, hl b`s nþ`s 69, sh glgkgn bn hxpb`tnkgûl ch k`mrh, enstn b`s nþ`s 79, hxpb`tîlc`sh bn dgln hl bn d`cnbgcnc ch dglhrän sumthrrîlhn y kbnsgfgkîlc`sh hb dglhrnb vnbg`s` p`r hb dçt`c` chb ‘pnbbnquh`‖, hb dgsd` quh hrn vhlcgc` n Dglhr ` Yhrñ y k`dhrkgnlths

prgvnc`s, pr`cukt` ch hbb`, en quhcnc` ul chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc` hl bns prglkgpnbhs bnm`rhs hl bn dgln, hb dgsd`, quh hs d`tgv` ch hstucg` ch bn prhshlth thsgs. Hs gdp`rtnlth, dhlkg`lnr quh chmgc` n bns glthlsns bbuvgns y n ul pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl lnturnb, sh puhch hlk`ltrnr hl bn z`ln subfnt` ch k`mrh, pr`cukt` ch bn glthrnkkgûl ch bn pgrgtn, k`l dglhrnbhs subfurnc`s ch k`mrh.

Hb prhshlth trnmna`, pbnlthn uln nbthrlntgvn ch pr`khsndghlt` ch hst`s dglhrnbhs, n trnvçs ch bn k`lstrukkgûl ch uln pbnltn ch mhlhfgkg`, quh phrdgtn rhkuphrnr hb dnthrgnb vnbg`s` hxgsthlth hl knlken ch bn kgtncn k`lkhsgûl, quh hs nbrhchc`r ch 5> 999 t`lhbncns.

 

:

KNYÄSXB@ GG FXLCNDHLS@ SHÛ]GK@ =.> Y]@KH[@ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL. =.>.> Gltr`cukkgûl. Hb pr`khs` mîsgk` ch bn egcr`dhtnburjgn chb k`mrh hs bn bgxgvgnkgûl, hlthlcgçlc`sh k`d` tnb, bn cgs`bukgûl y rhkuphrnkgûl chb k`mrh, k`lthlgc`s hl sus dglhrnbhs dhcgnlth ul pr`khcgdghlt` p`r vän eñdhcn. Bns vhltnans s`l1 n) B`s dhtnbhs puhchl puhchl shr `mthlgc`s `mthlgc`s hl f`rdn cgrhktn chsch bn s`bukgûl. s`bukgûl. m) Bn jnljn sgbäkhn l` hs nfhktncn p`r bn dny`rän ch b`s rhnktgv`s bgxgvgnlths. k) Bn dny`rän ch b`s pr`khs`s s`l bbhvnc`s n knm` n thdphrnturn ndmghlth. c) [h puhch puhch trntnr dglhrnbhs dglhrnbhs ch mnan bhy bhy,, h) Mnan k`ltndglnkgûl ndmghltnb.

 

5

=.>.= Bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh. Hltrh b`s s`bvhlths dîs hdpbhnc`s hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh, puhchl l`dmrnrsh b`s sgjughlths1 n) Njun1Cgsuhbvh fîkgbdhlth b`s subfnt`s lnturnbhs. m) Îkgc` subfñrgk`1Hs hb s`bvhlth s`bvhlth ch k`mrh dîs hdpbhnc`, hs shbhktgv`, shbhktgv`, l` ntnkn jhlhrnbdhlth bns jnljns, snbv` quh shnl knbkîrhns. k) Îkgc` kb`reäcrgk`1Cgbugc` cgsuhbvh s`bvhlths ch ûxgc`s, phr`, su hdpbh` hs rhstrgljgc` p`r bns cgfgkubtnchs ch k`rr`sgûl, trnlsp`rth y k`st`. c) Îkgc` lätrgk` cgbugc`1Cgsuhbvh fîkgbdhlth b`s dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh, k`mr h, l` sh hdpbhn p`r su nbtn k`rr`sgvgcnc y cgfgkubtnc hl su dnlha`. h) Nd`lgnk`1 Hs ul muhl s`bvhlth pnrn hb ûxgc` ch k`mrh, phr` su npbgknkgûl hs cgfäkgb p`r pçrcgcns ch v`bntgbgznkgûl. f) [ubfnt` fçrrgk`1Ntnkn fîkgbdhlth b`s ûxgc`s y nyucn n cgs`bvhr b`s subfur`s, subfur` s, phr` bn f`rdnkgûl ch subfur` fhrr`s` hs nbtndhlth l`kgvn.

=.>.; Cgs`bukgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh. Xl dglhrnb ch k`mrh, hs ul k`dpbha` quh k`ltghlh cgvhrsns hsphkghs, prhshltîlc`sh hl bn lnturnbhzn hl f`rdn ch dhlns subfurncns y `xgcncns.

 

7

>) B`s ûxgc`s rhnkkg`lnl k`l îkgc` subfñrgk` pnrn cnr subfnt` ch k`mrh1 Shl`rgtn1 Ku[@3 + E=@ Ku@ + E=[@3 Ku[@

(>) 

Kuprgtn1 Ku=@ + E=[@3Ku[@3+ Ku + E=@

(=) 

 Nzurgtn1 Ku;(@E)=(K@;)=+;E=[@3  ;Ku[@3+ =K@= + 3E=@

(;) 

Dnbnqugtn1 Ku=(@E)=K@; + =E=[@3  =Ku[@3 + K@=+ ;E=@

(3) 

Krgs`k`bn1 Ku[g9;.=E=@+ E=[@3Ku[93 + [g@=+ ;E=@

(8)

=) B`s subfur`s rhqughrhl bn nk nkkgûl kgûl ch ul njhlth `xgcnlth pnrn su cgs`bukgûl. Hb njhlth `xgcnlth dîs usnc` hs hb g`l fçrrgk` hl f`rdn ch subfnt` fçrrgk`1   Knbk`sgln1 Ku=[ + Fh=([@3);Ku[@3 + =Fh[@3 +Ku[

(6) 

K`vhbgtn1 Ku[ +Fh=([@3);Ku[@3 + =Fh[@3 +[

(:) 

Knbk`pgrgtn1 KuFh[= + =Fh=([@3);Ku[@3 + 8Fh[@3 + =[

(5) 

 

>9

Knbk`sgln1 Ku=[ + Fh=([@3);Ku[@3 + =Fh[@3 +Ku[

(7) 

M`rlgtn1 Ku8Fh[3 + Fh=([@3);+ 5´@=  8Ku[@3 + =Fh[@3 +Fh@

(>9)

;) K`l mnkthrgns. MNKS Ku=[ + ´ @= + E=[@3Ku[@3 + Ku[ + E=@

(>>)

MNKS Ku=[ + =@= Ku[@3

(>=) 

MNKS  =Ku=Fh[= + 8´@= + E=[@33Ku[@=+ Fh=([@3); + ;E=@

(>;)

MNKS =Fh[@3 + ´@= + E=[@3Fh=([@3); + E=@

(>3)

MNKS [ + ;/=@= + E=@   E=[@3.

(>8) 

=.>.33 Jnljn dglhrnb. =.>. dglhrnb . Bns jnljns hl jhlhrnb, k`lsudhl îkgc` y bgmhrnl knltgcnchs k`lsgchrnmbhs ch hsphkghs nku`sns n bn s`bukgûl. Jhlhrnbdhlth b`s quh k`lsudhl dny`r knltgcnc ch îkgc` s`l b`s knrm`lnt`s k`d`1 bn knbkgtn (KnK@;), sgchrgtn (FhK@;), dnjlhsgtn (DjK@;) y c`b`dgtn (KnDj(K9;).

 

>>

Xln shjulcn knthj`rän ch jnljn k`lsudgc`rn ch îkgc` s`l b`s dglhrnbhs ch kb`rgtn y b`s sgbgknt`s. Bn kglçtgkn ch hst`s dglhrnbhs s`l duke` dîs bhltns quh bn ch b`s knrm`lnths. Sndmgçl eny ûxgc`s dhtîbgk`s y bgd`lgtns quh k`lsudhl îkgc`.

=.>.8 Krgs`k`bn.  Bn krgs`k`bn, dukens vhkhs sh ns`kgn n bn fndgbgn ch b`s sgbgknt`s. Hstn hsphkgh nmulcn tnlt` hl dglns k`d` hl nfb`rndghlt` ch dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh y hs nmulcnlth hl b`s ynkgdghlt`s kupräfhr`s ch luhstr` pnäs. Hb p`rkhltnah ch k`mrh hl bn krgs`k`bn hs ch ;6,>%. Bn krgs`k`bn hs ul dglhrnb ch k`b`r nzub-vhrc`s` ñlgk` hl hb dulc`. [u chlsgcnc vnrän ch = 999 n = ;99 oj/d ;y sh hlkuhltrn ns`kgnc` prglkgpnbdhlth ch kunrz`, bgd`lgtn, nzurgtn, dnbnqugtn, kuprgtn y `tr`s dglhrnbhs shkulcnrg`s. Hb k`lsud` thûrgk` ch îkgc` pnrn bn krgs`k`bn hs ch 9,86 oj ch E=[@3,

p`r oj ch k`mrh pr`cukgc`. Ch nkuhrc` n hxphrgdhlt`s ch

bgxgvgnkgûl hl m`thbbn, rhnbgznc`s pnrn vnrg`s tndnþ`s ch krgs`k`bn hl uln s`bukgûl ch >% n 8% ch îkgc` subfñrgk`, sh `mtuv` quh bn rnzûl ch cgs`bukgûl nudhltn n dhcgcn quh cgsdgluän hb tndnþ` ch bn pnrtäkubn, y quh prîktgkndhlth hb 7:% hrn cgsuhbt` pnrn ul tndnþ` pr`dhcg` hl npr`xgdncndhlth 6 e`rns. Hl kunlt` nb k`lsud` ch îkgc`, sh hlk`ltrû

 

>=

quh çsth, hstî s`mrh hb thûrgk` (ul pr`dhcg` ch >,7> oj ch E =[@3 p`r oj ch k`mrh pr`cukgc`) y quh sh glkrhdhltn n dhcgcn quh sh glkrhdhltn bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc`, prhsudgmbhdhlth p`rquh nbj` ch säbgkh fuh cgsuhbt` pnrn f`rdnr îkgc` snbgkäbgk`. Bn krgs`k`bn rhnkkg`ln k`l hb subfnt` fçrrgk` ch nkuhrc` n bn rhnkkgûl1 Krgs`k`bn1 ;Ku[g@; =E=@ + Fh=([@3);  ;Ku[@3 + ;[g@= +Fh=@;+ 6E=@

(>6)

Bns rhnkkg`lhs ch b`s ûxgc`s k`l subfnt` fçrrgk`, l` tghlh duken gdp`rtnlkgn prîktgkn, sgl hdmnrj` bn prhshlkgn ch subfnt` fçrrgk` puhch k`lcukgr n bn pr`cukkgûl ch rhnkkg`lhs shkulcnrgns quh jhlhrnl îkgc` y quh sgdubtîlhndhlth phrdgthl dnlthlhr hb pE k`lstnlth p`r dhcg` ch bn f`rdnkgûl ch ul prhkgpgtnc` mîsgk` ch subfnt` fçrrgk` quh rhkgmhl hb l`dmrh ch egcr`lg`-anr`sgtn1 ;Fh ;F h=([@ ([@3); +>=E=@  =EFh;([@ ([@;)=(@E)6 + 8E=[@3

=.=

(>:)

DÇS@C@[ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL.

bhnkeglj glj ). =.=.> Bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns (Ehnp bhnke =.=.>.> Chskrgpkgûl. Hb hsquhdn jhlhrnb chb pr`khs`, sh puhch `mshrvnr hl bn fgjurn =. Hb dglhrnb pr`khchlth ch bn hxpb`tnkgûl, n kghb` nmghrt` ` sumthrrîlhn,

 

>;

chmh shr bgjhrndhlth prhpnrnc` hl uln pbnltn ch kenlknc` y/` njb`dhrnkgûl, pnrn k`lshjugr uln jrnlub`dhträn k`ltr`bncn quh phrdgtn ul muhl k`hfgkghlth ch phrdhnmgbgcnc. 

Xln vhz prhpnrnc` hb dglhrnb, sh k`b`kn hl d`lt`lhs ch shkkgûl trnphz`gcnb y nbturn knbkubncn pnrn pr`khchr n su rghj` k`l bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth. Srns phrk`bnr n trnvçs ch t`cn bn pgbn, sh rhk`bhktnl b`s bäqugc`s hlrgquhkgc`s (s`bukgûl rgkn) quh sh bbhvnl n bn pbnltn ch pr`khs` ch rhkuphrnkgûl ch bn sustnlkgn dglhrnb (snb ` dhtnb). Bns njuns s`mrnlths chb pr`khs` vuhbvhl n shr nk`lcgkg`lncns pnrn shr rhkgkbncns enkgn bns pgbns. Sndmgçl, hl nbjul`s kns`s, hs prhkgs` nþncgr njun luhvn, pnrn rhp`lhr bns fuhrths pçrcgcns ch hvnp`rnkgûl chb kgrkugt` .

[h chl`dgln knlken ch bgxgvgnkgûl n bn suphrfgkgh ch np`y` ch bn pgbn c`lch sh k`b`kn bn gdphrdhnmgbgznkgûl. Kunlc` bn knlken hs rhkuphrncn pnrn rh-utgbgznrbn k`l ul luhv` dglhrnb sh trntn ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns cglîdgkns, dghltrns quh, sg hb thrrhl` l` hs rhkuphrnc` y, p`r b` tnlt`, hb dglhrnb nj`tnc` quhcn hl hb chpûsgt` k`d` luhvn mnsh pnrn `trn pgbn, sh hstî hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns hstîtgkns ` phrdnlhlths.

 

>3

Bn s`bukgûl rgkn ([.]. ` Y.B.[.1  prhjlnlt bhnke s`butg`l) hs jhlhrnbdhlth gdpurn y cgbugcn y chmhrî shr purgfgkncn y k`lkhltrncn nlths ch rhkuphrnr hb dhtnb. Hl bn egcr`dhtnburjgn chb k`mrh, hs` sh rhnbgzn dhcgnlth bn hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlth shjugcn p`r bn hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl chb k`mrh. Bn s`bukgûl rgkn sûb` k`ltghlh 3 - 6 j/b Ku y > - = j/b E=[@3  y hs gdpurn (8 j/b Fh, [g@=, Nb=@;k`b`gchs, sûbgc`s hl susphlsgûl).

 

>8

Fgjurn >. Hsquhdn ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbn. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

 

>6

=.=.>.= K`lstrukkgûl ch bns bns pgbns.  Hb cgshþ` ch bns pgbns chmh thlhr hl kuhltn b`s sgjughlths fnkt`rhs1    



Bn knbgcnc chb pntg` ` mnsh ch np`y` (gdphrdhnmbh).  

 

Bns fnkgbgcnchs ch rghj` y rhk`bhkkgûl ` crhlnah chb hfbuhlth.    Bn hstnmgbgcnc ch bn pgbn shkn y snturncn hl njun. 





 



B`s tnlquhs (pgskglns) ch s`bukg`lhs rgkns y p`mrhs.  

  Bn



f`rdn

ch

npgbndghlt`

`

(k`dpnktnkgûl, e`d`jhlhgcnc, htk.).

chp`sgkgûl chb dnthrgnb bgxgvgnmbh

>. Yrhpnrnkgûl ch bn mnsh ch bns pgbns.

[h lhkhsgtn cgsp`lgmgbgcnc ch ndpbgns suphrfgkghs ch thrrhl` rhbntgvndhlth bbnlns (dhl`s ch >9% ch phlcghlth). Bn knlken chmh shr k`lsgchrncn k`l

[X

sgsthdn ch gdphrdhnmgbgznkgûl, pnrn k`ltr`bnr bns

pçrcgcns ch s`bukg`lhs y hvgtnr k`ltndglnkg`lhs chb dhcg` ndmghlth. Hb sgsthdn k`lsgsth hl1 

-

Xln mnsh fgrdh y k`ls`bgcncn, chmgcndhlth prhpnrncn. Xln knpn ch bhke` jrnlubnr c`lch np`ynr sunvhdhlth bn bîdgln. Bn bîdgln ` knpn ch gdphrdhnmgbgznkgûl.

 

>:

Xl k`lault` ch crhlnah ` knpn ch rhk`bhkkgûl ch bäqugc`s. Xln knpn pr`thkt`rn chb sgsthdn.

Jhlhrnbdhlth, bns dhdmrnlns ` bîdglns ch gdphrdhnmgbgznkgûl chb pntg` s`l jh`dhdmrnlns ch `rgjhl sgltçtgk` (bîdglns ch pbîstgk`1 p`bghtgbhl` ch nbtn chlsgcnc ` YVK ch > n >,8 dd ` p`bghtgbhl` ch mnan chlsgcnc ch 9,= n 9,; dd ch hsphs`r) phr` tndmgçl puhchl shr dnthrgnbhs nrkgbb`s`s k`dpnktnc`s s`mrh hb pr`pg` thrrhl`, e`rdgjûl, nsfnbt`, htk. [h

puhchl cgsp`lhr ch dhdmrnlns ` shbbnc`s sgdpbhs, c`mbhs ` trgpbhs, ch nkuhrc` k`l hb lñdhr` ch knpns gdphrdhnmbhs ` dhdmrnlns quh sh enynl utgbgznc`.

Xln pnrth gdp`rtnlth ch bn k`lstrukkgûl ch bn pgbn hs hb sgsthdn ch rhk`bhkkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl rgkn, quh, hl jhlhrnb k`lstn ch jrnvn ` dnthrgnb fgbtrnlth s`mrh s`mrh bn bîdgln y tumhräns phrf`rncns crhlnlths ch pbîstgk`.

=. Sçklgkns ch npgbndghlt` chb dglhrnb. dglhrnb. 

Hb us` ch knrjnc`rhs fr`ltnbhs y kndg`lhs (Fgj. ; n),en sgc` chspbnznc`, hl b`s ñbtgd`s pr`yhkt`s, p`r npgbnc`rhs nut`pr`pubsnc`s ch mna` phrfgb ch knrjn, k`d` hl hb kns` ch Bglkh-Kegbh, pnrn t`lhbnahs ch

 

>5

8999 n >9 999 t`lhbncns p`r cän (Fgj. ;m). Ynrn t`lhbnahs dny`rhs, >: 899 t`lhbncns p`r cän hl ^uhmrncn Mbnlkn-Kegbh, p`r hahdpb`, sh en nc`ptnc` hb sgsthdn ch k`rrhns k`rtns y dûvgbhs (jrnsse`pphrs) quh sh nrtgkubnl fbhxgmbhdhlth hl shkuhlkgn pnrn trnlsp`rtnr hb dglhrnb chsch hb njb`dhrnc`r enstn hb npgbnc`r dûvgb quh k`lstruyh bn pgbn (Fgj. ;k). Ynrn t`lhbnahs nñl dny`rhs, k`d` hl Hb Nmrn-Kegbh->=8 999 t`lhbncns p`r cän, cän, sh gdpbhdhltnr`l `tr`s tgp`s ch hqugp`s (npgbnc`rhs s`mrh `rujns).

Bn nbturn ch bn pgbn, fbuktñn hltrh =,8d pnrn sgsthdns ch kndgûl y

knrjnc`r fr`ltnb, enstn >9 d pnrn npgbnc`rhs.

;. ]ghj` ch bn pgbn. 

Hb rghj` ch bns pgbns, sh puhch rhnbgznr fulcndhltnbdhlth p`r c`s pr`khcgdghlt`s1 p`r nsphrsgûl ` p`r cgstrgmukgûl ch j`th`, hsth ñbtgd` sghlc` rhk`dhlcnmbh hl kns` ch hsknshz ch bäqugc`s y mnans thdphrnturns (Fgj. =n y m). Hl bn glcustrgn, sh utgbgzn jhlhrnbdhlth uln tnsn ch rghj` chb `rchl ch >9 -=9 bgtr`s /ed = 

 

>7

Hb rghj` tghlh quh shr e`d`jçlh`.

Fgjurn =. Sçklgkns ch grrgjnkgûl ch bns pgbns. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

Fgjurn ;.Sçklgkns ch npgbndghlt` chb dglhrnb. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

 

=9

=.=.>.; @phrnkgûl ch bns pgbns.

 Nb glgkg` ch bn `phrnkgûl, sh chmh cgsp`lhr k`d` dälgd` ch c`s pgbns, k`dhlznlc` k`l hb rghj` ch bn prgdhrn ch hbbns. Hl ul prglkgpg` sh `mthlcrî uln nbtn k`lkhltrnkgûl (Kdx) hl bn s`bukgûl, quh grî chskhlcghlc` enstn ul vnb`r p`r chmna` ch bn k`lkhltrnkgûl dhcgn (Kdc) ch cgshþ`. Hl hsth d`dhlt`, sh p`lh sgdubtîlhndhlth, hl `phrnkgûl bn shjulcn pgbn, k`l c`s sgsthdns p`sgmbhs1 n) Bgxgvgnkgûl ch bns c`s pgbns k`l `mthlkgûl ch uln ñlgkn s`buk s`bukgûl gûl rgkn fglnb.

m) Bgxgvgnkgûl ch bn prgdhrn pgbn k`l pr`cukkgûl ch s`bukgûl glthrdhcgn (p`mrh), quh sh rhkgkbn n bn shjulcn pgbn luhvn hl c`lch sh `mtghlh bn s`bukgûl rgkn (Fgj. 3). Hsth shjulc` sgsthdn sh jhlhrnbgzû, yn quh phrdgth nbnrjnr hb tghdp` ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch bns pgbns y/` cgsdglugr hb knucnb ch s`bukgûl rgkn y hlt`lkhs hb tndnþ` ch bn pbnltn ch [U.

Kunlc` bn prgdhrn pgbn nbknlzn hb vnb`r dälgd` hk`lûdgk`, sh pr`khch nb bnvnc` k`l njun frhskn y crhlnah enstn hb nj`tndghlt`, yhlc` hstn s`bukgûl nb chpûsgt` ` pgskgln ch s`bukgûl hstçrgb pnrn rhkgrkubnkgûl nb sgsthdn. Nb dgsd` tghdp`, sh p`lh hl `phrnkgûl uln luhvn pgbn.

 

=>

[hjñl bns cgsp`lgmgbgcnchs ch îrhn, bn pgbn nj`tncn sh puhch knrjnr y trnlsp`rtnr n ul ul vhrthchr` khrknl` khrknl` (Ygbn cglîdgkn ` rhd`vgmbh) ` puhch shrvgr ch mnsh pnrn bn f`rdnkgûl ch uln luhvn pgbn (Ygbn phrdnlhlth).

Bn thlchlkgn sh chspbnzn nb us` ch pgbns phrdnlhlths, pnrn hvgtnr b`s k`st`s ns`kgnc`s n b`s d`vgdghlt`s ch dnthrgnbhs rhsgcunbhs y ndgl`rnr bns pçrcgcns ch s`bukgûl p`r fgbtrnkgûl n trnvçs ch bn bîdgln ch pbîstgk`. Y`r hahdpb`, hl Dnlt`s Vhrch, sh pbnlhn sumgr enstn 6 pgs`s ch ; d kncn ul`.

[g hb tghdp` ch bgxgvgnkgûl l` hs sufgkghlth, bn rhkuphrnkgûl mnan. Hs ul pr`mbhdn, p`rquh l` hs p`sgmbh nudhltnr hb tghdp` sgl nudhltnr hb îrhn ch bn knlken ch bgxgvgnkgûl.

 

==

Fgjurn 3. Hsquhdn ch ul sgsthdn ch bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns.  Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh

Fgjurn8. ]hkgkbnah ch bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth hl k`ltrn-k`rrghlth. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh

 

=;

=.=.= Kenlknc` chb dglhrnb.  Hb kenlknc` chb dglhrnb chmh kudpbgr k`l trhs `mahtgv`s1

>) [hr b` sufgkghlth fgl`, pnrn quh bn d dny`rän ny`rän ch bn hsphkgh dhtîbgkn vnbg`sn hstç hxpuhstn n bn nkkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth. Y`r hahdpb`1 >99% mna` >,7 kd (;/3")

=) L` puhch pr`cukgr chdnsgncns pnrtäkubns fglns, pnrn l` nbthrnr bn

phrdhnmgbgcnc ch bn pgbn. (Y`r k`lvhlkgûl, sh bbndn fgln t`cn pnrtäkubn mna` >99 dnbbns) ` "dnthrgnb nrkgbb`s`" Y`r hahdpb`1 pnrtäkubns fglns 2 >9%

;) Hb dglhrnb kenlknc` chmh sh shrr b` dîs e`d`jçlh` p`sgmbh, chmgc` chmgc` n quh bns pnrtäkubns shrîl k`dprhlcgc k`dprhlcgcns ns hl ul hstrhke` rnlj` ch tndnþ` (Fgj. 6).

 

=3

Snmbn G. Hsknbn ch tndnþ`s ch pnrtäkubns, hl pubjncns, dnbbns Sybhr dd >6/>6— 

5/5— 

3/3— 

=/=— 

>— 

¼—  5/>6— 

3/5— 

=/3— 

;/5—  3/>6— 

=/5— 

;/>6—  =/>6— 

>/5— 

²— 

=8 N dd >7,9 dd

´— 

>=,: dd

F]NKKGÛL

7,8 dd

J]XH[N

6,3 dd 3,5 dd

F]NKKGÛL

;,= dd

DHCGN

3,:8 dd

3dnbbns

F]NKKGÛL

>89 dd

>99dnbbns

FGLN

Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. (Kegbh).

Fgjurn 6. Kurvns ch cgstrgmukgûl jrnlub`dçtrgkn ch ul pr`cukt` ch bn htnpn ch kenlknc`. Bn kurvn (G) hs dîs e`d`jçlhn quh bn kurvn (=). Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

 

=8

KNYN CHBJNCN [@BXKGÛL ]@KN DNS]GQ

Fgjurn :. K`lkhpt` ch bn bgxgvgnkg ûl SB (knpn chbjncn). Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

=.=.; Njb`dhrnkgûl. =.=.;.> =.= .;.> Bgxgvgnk Bgxgvgnkgûl gûl SB (SeglBnyhr).

Hsth k`lkhpt` rhv`bukg`lû bn glcustrgn ch bgxgvgnkgûl chb k`mrh (Yucneuhb >759). K`lsgsth hl gdphcgr bn nkudubnkgûl ch s`bukgûl hl bn pgbn. Nb k`ltrnrg` ch bn bgxgvgnkgûl hl mnthns, bn pgbn l` sh glulcn. Bn s`bukgûl hskurrh s`mrh bns pnrtäkubns ch dglhrnbhs, f`rdnlc` uln knpn chbjncn ch bäqugc` (Fgj. :).

 

=6

=.=.;.== Yhrdhnmgbgcnc chb bhke`. =.=.;.

[h lhkhsgtn quh hb bhke` ch pnrtäkubns quh k`lf`rdnl bn pgbn shn mghl phrdhnmbh, pnrn nshjurnr uln muhln phrk`bnkgûl y cgsphrsgûl ch bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth hl bn pgbn, sgl hskurrgdghlt` prhfhrhlkgnb. Sndmgçl, bns pgbns p`cränl chrrudmnrsh, sg eny nkudubnkgûl ch njun hl bn pgbn.  Bn phrdhnmgbgcnc chb bhke` ch dglhrnb hs dny`r sg1   Bns pnrtäkubns s`l ch tndnþ` sufgkghlthdhlth jrnlch L` eny nkudubnkgûl ch pnrtäkubns fglns.

Hb tndnþ` ch bns pnrtäkubns hs e`d`jçlh` hl bn pgbn. L` eny k`dpnktnkgûl ch bn pgbn p`r dnquglnrgn phsncn.

=.=.;.; Yr`khs` ch njb`dhrnkgûl.

Ch b` nlthrg`r, sh chcukh quh sh tghlh quh rhcukgr bn knltgcnc ch pnrtäkubns fglns hl bn pgbn pnrn nudhltnr su phrdhnmgbgcnc. E`y hl cän, hb pr`khs` dîs hdpbhnc` pnrn s`bukg`lnr hb pr`mbhdn ch b`s fgl`s hs bn njb`dhrnkgûl.

Hb pr`khs` ch njb`dhrnkgûl, k`lsgsth hl hshlkgn hl bn ncehsgûl ch pnrtäkubns fglns n bns jruhsns, quh nktñnl k`d` lñkbh`s ` bn njb`dhrnkgûl ch b`s fgl`s k`l b`s fgl`s, n pnrtgr ch bn cgstrgmukgûl ch tndnþ`s hl bn

 

=:

nbgdhltnkgûl (Fgj. 5). 

Fgjurn 5. K`lkhpt` ch njb`dhrnkgûl. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

=.=.;.3 Njb`dhrnkgûl Njb`dhrnkgûl p`r eudhcnc. Hb pr`khs` dîs sgdpbh ch njb`dhrnkgûl, hs eudhchkhr hb dglhrnb k`l bäqugc`, enstn nbknlznr ul k`lthlgc` ch njun quh `rgjglh uln thlsgûl suphrfgkgnb sufgkghlth, sufgkghlth, pnrn quh nb k`bgsg`lnr k`bgsg`lnr bns pnrtäkubns pnrt äkubns hltrh sä, b`s fgl`s sh nceghrnl n b`s tndnþ`s jruhs`s. [h f`rdn ul puhlth bäqugc` hltrh bns pnrtäkubns.

 

=5

Hb kîbkub` thûrgk` ch bn eudhcnc ûptgdn hs knsg gdp`sgmbh y chphlch ch duke`s fnkt`rhs k`d` bn dglhrnb`jän chb dglhrnb, k`lthlgc` ch fgl`s, nrkgbbns. Yuhch shr ch 6% - 5 % pnrn dglhrnbhs duy bgdpg`s, enstn ul >9% ->8% E=@ pnrn dnthrgnbhs l`rdnbhs.

=.=.;.8Njb`dhrnkgûl p`r ncehrhlths

Hxgsthl kghrt`s dnthrgnbhs quh puhchl dha`rnr bn ncehrhlkgn ch bns pnrtäkubns fglns n bns jruhsns, pr`b`ljnlc` hstn ulgûl tnlt` hl bn

dnlgpubnkgûl k`d` hl bn `phrnkgûl ch bgxgvgnkgûl.

Hl hb kns` ch bn bgxgvgnkgûl chb k`mrh, bn njb`dhrnkgûl (` kurnc`) sh rhnbgzn k`l hb dgsd` bgxgvgnlth îkgc` hl ul tndm`r r`tnt`rg` (Fgj. 7). Yrgdhr`, sh eudhktn hb dglhrnb (+/- 3%) k`l njun ` s`bukgûl p`mrh (rhfgl`). Chspuçs, sh njrhjn îkgc` subfñrgk` k`lkhltrnc` (+/- ;9 oj/t ` ;%), hsth îkgc` ntnkn hb dglhrnb y jhlhrn k`dpuhst`s khdhltnlths hltrh bns pnrtäkubns.

 Nchdîs ch bn njb`dhrnkgûl, `kurrhl rhnkkg`lhs quädgkns k`lcukghlc` n bn f`rdnkgûl ch subfnt`s ch k`mrh y eghrr` (kurnc` pr`pgndhlth). Hstns rhnkkg`lhs s`l hx`tçrdgkns y jhlhrnl duke` knb`r.

 

=7

Y`r hahdpb`1

Ku@ + E=[@3 Ku[@3 +E=@ Ku[g@; +E=[@3  Ku[@3

+

[g@=

(>5) +

E=@

(>7)

Chspuçs ch bn njb`dhrnkgûl hl hb tndm`r r`tnt`rg`, sh chan rhp`snr hb dglhrnb curnlth =3 e hl bn pgbn, pnrn quh sh k`dpbhthl bns rhnkkg`lhs quädgkns y quh sh nceghrhl hltrh sä bns pnrtäkubns hl bn dgsdn pgbn.

Hl hb kns` ch bn njb`dhrnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs ch `r` y pbntn, b`s njb`dhrnlths s`l l`rdnbdhlth hb khdhlt` y bn knb. Hst`s rhnktgv`s dha`rnl bn ncehsgûl ch bns pnrtäkubns hltrh sä, y tndmgçl nudhltnl hb pE chb dglhrnb pnrn su p`sthrg`r kgnlurnkgûl.

=.=.;.6 Hqugp`s.

Hb hqugp` dîs k`dñl hs hb tndm`r njb`dhrnc`r. K`lsgsth hl ul kgbglcr` glkbglnc` jgrnlc` n mnan vhb`kgcnc, `knsg`lnlc` hb chsbgkh (knskncn) y bn njb`dhrnkgûl chb dglhrnb prhvgndhlth d`anc` k`l njun y/` ncehrhlths (Fgj. 7). [h prnktgkn tndmgçl bn njb`dhrnkgûl hl chpûsgt`s (st`ko), hl kgltns trnlsp`rtnc`rns y hl pbnt`s.

 

;9

Fgjurn7. Njb`dhrnkgûl hl tndm`r r`tnt`rg`. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.  

=.=.3 Vnrgnmbhs chb pr`khs`.

[h puhchl hstucgnr hb hfhkt` ch vnrgns vnrgnmbhs `phrnkg`lnbhs s`mrh bn rhkuphrnkgûl chb dhtnb vnbg`s` y bn kglçtgkn rhnbgznlc` pruhmns ch bnm`rnt`rg` hl k`budlns.  Bns prglkgpnbhs vnrgnmbhs s`l1  Bn jrnlub`dhträn.  Bn nbturn ch bn pgbn Bn tnsn ch rghj` _b/ed= T ` _b/etT

 

;>

-

Bn k`lkhltrnkgûl hl îkgc` ch bn s`bukgûl ch rghj`.

-

Hb tghdp` ch bgxgvgnkgûl1

Chphlch ch bn kglçtgkn (bgx. quädgkn1 > n = dhshs? bgx. mnkthrgnb1 ; n >=



dhshs).

S`c`s hst`s fnkt`rhs hstîl rhbnkg`lnc`s hltrh sä.Y`r hahdpb`, sg sh nudhltn bn nbturn ch bn pgbn, bn k`lkhltrnkgûl hl îkgc` chb prgdhr dhtr` hs muhln, phr` mnan n dhcgcn quh bn s`bukgûl phrk`bn hl bn pgbn y hb k`mrh ch b`s hstrnt`s glfhrg`rhs l` sh bgxgvgn mghl. [h puhch nudhltnr bn

k`lkhltrnkgûl hl îkgc` ch bn s`bukgûl ch bgxgvgnkgûl, pnrn snbgr ch bn pgbn k`l +/- ; j/b _E+T, phr` dîs îkgc` sh cn n bn jnljn y dîs sh k`lsudh, nsä quh sh vn n glkrhdhltnr hb k`lsud` ch îkgc`. @trn p`sgmgbgcnc hs nudhltnr bn tnsn ch ch rghj`, phr` hxgsth ul rghsj` ch glulcnr bn pgbn.

=.=.8 Cgshþ` ch bns pgbns. Hl hsth pîrrnf`, sh k`lsgchrn hb cgshþ` ch uln `phrnkgûl dhcgnln ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch ûxgc`s ch k`mrh, p`r hahdpb`1

=.=.8.> Cnt`s.  Knpnkgcnc ch bn pbnltn135 999 t.Ku/nþ` 4 3 999 t.Ku/dhs 4 >;; t.Ku/cän   Bhy chb dglhrnb19,78 %Ku.t 

 

;=

(9,59%Ku s`bumbh + 9,>8 % Ku gls`bumbh)  Eghrr`1 8%  K`lsud` ch îkgc`1 ;,8 oj îkgc`/oj Ku pr`cukgc` ]hkuphrnkgûl hl bn pgbn1 9% Ku.t hl = dhshs (bh cn bns pruhmns pgb`t`) Jrnlub`dhträn1

>99% 29,78 kd (;/5") 

 Nbtur  Nb turn nc ch h bnpg bnpgbn1 bn18 8 d (pnrîdhtr` (pnrîdhtr` c ch h cgshþ`). cgshþ`).  Chlsgcnc npnrhlth chb dglhrnb hl bn pgbn1 >,38 t/d ; (dnthrgnb kenlknc`). 

=.=.8.=. Knpnkgcnc ch bn pbnltn ch kenlknc`

[h rhkuphrn rhkuphrn 59% x 7,8 oj Ku.t 4 :,6 oj Ku/t (t 4 S`lhb S`lhbncn ncn dçtrgkn shkn). Hlt`lkhs, sh tghlh quh pr`khsnr1

Fgjurn>9. Cgnjrndn ch fbua` sgdpbgfgknc` ch uln Ybnltn ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch k`mrh. Fgjurn>9. Cgnjrndn ch fbua` sgdpbgfgknc` ch uln Ybnltn ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch k`mrh. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

 

;;

=.=.8.; [uphrfgkgh ch thrrhl`. Hb kgkb` ch bgxgvgnkgûl bgxgvgnkgûl ch uln pgbn

ch dglhrnb hs ch = dhshs.

Hlt`lkhs, hb chpûsgt` ch dglhrnb hl bn pbnltn hs ch >: 899 t/cän x 69 cäns 4 > 989 999 t`lhbncns. [g sh k`lsgchrnl pgbns rhktnljubnrhs (npr`xgdnkgûl) ch 8 dhtr`s ch nbturn, sh puhch nbdnkhlnr >,8 t/d ; x 8 d 4 :,=8 t/d=.

Bn suphrfgkgh ch bns pgbns hl fulkg`lndghlt` hs ch > 989 999t/:,=8 t/d= 4>33 5=: d=.

Yhr` t`c`s b`s cäns, eny p`r b` dhl`s, uln pgbn hl knrjn, `trn hl chsknrjn y sh lhkhsgtn hspnkg` pnrn hb d`vgdghlt` ch bns dîquglns. Bn prîktgkn glcgkn quh hs`s hspnkg`s `kupnl ul >9% ch bn suphrfgkgh ch bns pgbns hl fulkg`lndghlt`. [h lhkhsgtn hlt`lkhs uln suphrfgkgh t`tnb ch thrrhl` ch >33 5=: d=x>>9% 4 >87 ;>9 d.

Hs` k`rrhsp`lch n ul îrhn ch 399 d x 399 d û =99 d x 599 d û >99 d x > >699 d.

 

;3

=.;

KGLÇSGKN CH BGUGVGNKGÛL CH DGLH]NBH[.

Bn kglçtgkn ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs, hs bn chthrdglnkgûl ch bn vhb`kgcnc y dhknlgsd`s ch cgs`bukgûl ch b`s dhtnbhs ch glthrçs hk`lûdgk`, k`l hb `maht` ch `mthlhr glf`rdnkgûl pnrn pr`vhhr cnt`s ch gljhlghrän pnrn hb cgshþ` y hvnbunkgûl ch pr`yhkt`s dglhr`s, nsä k`d`, pnrn chthrdglnr k`lcgkg`lhs ch `phrnkgûl, dhknlgsd`s y htnpns k`ltr`bncns glv`bukrncns (cgfusgûl, vhb`kgcnc ch rhnkkgûl), y prhcgkkgûl ch bn vhb`kgcnc ch hxtrnkkgûl ch k`mrh mna` cgvhrsns k`lcgkg`lhs ch

thdphrnturn, k`lkhltrnkgûl, htk.

Bns rhnkkg`lhs ch bgxgvgnkgûl ch dglhrnbhs quh k`ltghlhl k`dpuhst`s `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh s`l rîpgcns y hstîl bgdgtncns p`r bn cgsp`lgmgbgcnc ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hl bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth. Dghltrns quh bns rhnkkg`lhs ch b`s subfur`s ch k`mrh s`l dîs bhltns y hstîl bha`s ch nbknlznr hb hqugbgmr` hl ndmghlths `xgcnlths. Y`r su pnrth, bns rhnkkg`lhs ch b`s njhlths quh k`lf`rdnl bn jnljn k`l îkgc` subfñrgk`, bgmhrnl gdpurhzns n bn s`bukgûl hl f`rdn bhltn y puhchl k`lsgchrnrsh quh hstîl khrkn chb hqugbgmrg`. B`s sgbgknt`s sh cgsuhbvhl dîs bhltndhlth, y usunbdhlth l` s`l uln knrnkthrästgkn kglçtgkn gdp`rtnlth hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl ch ûxgc`s ch k`mrh.

 

;8

B`s prglkgpnbhs fnkt`rhs quh nfhktnl !n vhb`kgcnc ch bgxgvgnkgûl chb k`mrh ch ul dglhrnb s`l1 thdphrnturn, k`lkhltrnkgûl ch rhnktgv`s, `kurrhlkgn ch prhkgpgtnkgûl, htk. Y`r `trn pnrth, bn vhb`kgcnc ch bgxgvgnkgûl, chphlch ch bns pr`pghcnchs chb dglhrnb tnbhs k`d`1 tndnþ` ch pnrtäkubn, p`r`sgcnc, ns`kgnkg`lhs dglhrnbûjgkns, k`dp`sgkgûl, htk.

=.3 

D@CHB@[ KGLÇSGK@[ CH BGUGVGNKGÛL.

=.3.> Gltr`cukkgûl.

Ynrn chskrgmgr bn vhb`kgcnc ch uln rhnkkgûl ehthr`jçlhn sh utgbgzn vnrg`s d`chb`s dhkîlgk`s. Hltrh hbb`s, sh tghlh b`s d`chb`s ch lñkbh` rhkhsgv` k`l y sgl f`rdnkgûl ch khlgzns, quh s`l b`s dîs hstucgnc`s hl hb nlîbgsgs ch hxphrghlkgns kglçtgkns.

Bns rhnkkg`lhs ehthr`jçlhns, hl bns quh ul sûbgc` sh p`lh hl k`ltnkt` k`l ul bäqugc` ` jns, rhnkkg`lnl k`l çb, puhchl rhprhshltnrsh p`r1  N (fbugc`) (fbugc`) + m M (sûbg (sûbgc`) c`)Yr`cukt` fbugc`s

(>.n)

Yr`cukt`s sûbgc`s

(>.m)

Yr`cukt` fbugc` y sûbgc`s

(>.k) (>.k)  





 

;6

K`d` sh duhstrn hl bn Fgj. >>, Bns pnrtäkubns sûbgcns l` kndmgnl ch tndnþ` curnlth bn rhnkkgûl kunlc` k`ltghlh jrnl knltgcnc ch gdpurhzns quh quhcnl k`d` khlgzns (dnthrgnb k`dpbhtndhlth k`lvhrtgc` y sûbgc` glhrth), ` sg hstns gdpurhzns f`rdnl ul pr`cukt` dnthrgn! k`ls`bgcnc`, ch nkuhrc` k`l bns rhnkkg`lhs k`rrhsp`lcghlths n bns hkunkg`lhs (>.m) y (>.k). Bns pnrtäkubns cgsdgluyhl ch tndnþ` curnlth bn rhnkkgûl kunlc` sh f`rdn khlgzn l` ncehrhlth ` ul pr`cukt` dnthrgnb l` k`ls`bgcnc` mghl kunlc` sh hdpbhn bn sustnlkgn M purn hl bn rhnkkgûl ch !n hkunkgûl (>.n). Bns rhnkkg`lhs sûbgc`-fbugc` s`l ludhr`sns y ch jrnl

gdp`rtnlkgn glcustrgnb

Fgjurn >>. Cgfhrhlths tgp`s ch k`dp`rtndghlt` ch pnrtäkubns sûbgcns.   Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.  

 

;:

=.8 D@CHB@ CH LÑKB LÑKBH@ H@ ]HKH[GV@ [GL KHLGQN KHLGQN..

D`chb` ch lñkbh` sgl rhnkkg`lnr ` ch lñkbh` rhkhsgv`1 

Hsth d`chb`, sh npbgkn n pnrtäkubns quh curnlth hb pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl cgsdgluyhl ch tndnþ`, ch nkuhrc` k`l hb hsquhdn quh sh duhstrn hl bn fgjurn >=.

Fgjurn>=. Hsquhdn ch pnrtäkubn rhnkkg`lnlc` shjñl lñkbh` rhkhsgv`. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.  

D`chb`

ch

lñkbh`

sgl rhnkkg`lnr pnrn

pnrtäkubns hsfçrgkns ch

tndnþ` k`lstnlth.  K`d` sh puhch vhr hl hstn fgjurn >=, bn rhnkkgûl tghlh bujnr prgdhr` hl bn suphrfgkgh hxthrg`r ch bn pnrtäkubn sûbgcn, chspuçs bn z`ln ch rhnkkgûl

 

;5

sh chspbnzn enkgn hb glthrg`r chb sûbgc`, chanlc` ntrîs hb dnthrgnb k`dpbhtndhlth k`lvhrtgc` y sûbgc` (chl`dglncn egstûrgkndhlth khlgzn).  Nsä, curnlth bn rhnkkgûl hxgstgrî ul lñkbh` ch dnthrgnb sgl rhnkkg rhnkkg`lnr, `lnr, kuy` kuy` tndnþ` grî cgsdgluyhlc` n dhcgcn quh trnlskurrh hb tghdp`.

Fgjurn >;. Hsquhdn ch lñkbh` ch dnthrgnb sgl rhnkkg`lnr.  Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.  

[h chmh thlhr prhshlth, quh nquhbbn htnpn quh prhshlth dny`r rhsgsthlkgn, hs chkgr, nquhbbn dîs bhltn, k`lstgtuyh bn htnpn k`ltr`bnlth ch bn vhb`kgcnc ch trnlsf`rdnkgûl.

 

;7

Ynrn chsnrr`bbnr hsth d`chb`, sh k`lsgchrn bn sgjughlth rhnkkgûl ehthr`jçlhn1 

 N (fbugc`) (fbugc`) + m M (sûbg (sûbgc`) c`)

Y(Yr`cukt`s)



(=)

Cûlch1

 

m4

N4

(3) 

 

_

  T   

(;) 

Ch nkuhrc` n bn rhnkkgûl sh `mtghlh b` sgjughlth1 mcL N 4 cL

(8)

Ynrn ul k`rrhkt` chsnrr`bb` chb dûcub` k`lsgchrnd`s pnrtäkubns hsfçrgkns Vhb`kgcnc ch trnls trnlsf`rdnkgûl f`rdnkgûl 4 V 4

    

 

 

(6)

[hjñl hst` sh tghlh quh1

      

(:)

Cûlch1 [1 [uphrfgkgh ch bns pnrtäkubns

 

39

    1Vnrgnkgûl ch k`lkhltrnkgûl ch rhnktnlth hl hb tghdp`(5)    1 K`lstnlth ch vhb`kgcnc ` k`hfgkghlth ch trnlsfhrhlkgn ch dnsn  Ch bn hkunkgûl ch ‘Vhb`kgcnc‖ y ch bn hkunkgûl (:) 

Hsthqug`dhtrgns thlhd`s1

              Y`r b` tnlt`1

(7) 

      

(>9)

 Nchdîs1 =

[ hhxt xt 4 3 r   

       

(>>)

Cûlch1  M1chlsgcnc

d`bnr  

Chrgvnlc` _>9T rhsphkt` nb rncg` sh tghlh1

         

(>=)

 

3>

]hhdpbnznlc` hl _>=T bns hkunkg`lhs _>9Ty_>>T thlhd`s1

         

(>;) 

Ynrtäkubns phquhþns1

     Cûlch1  C1 cgfusgvgcnc 

(>3)

r1 rncg`  ]hhdpbnznlc` hl bn hkunkgûl _>;T, quhcn bn sgjughlth hxprhsgûl1

      

(>8) 

 Npbgknlc` glthjrnbhs n kncn bnc` ch bn hkunkgûl _>8T k`l bädgths chr 4r  4r ` nr 4r pnrn hb rncg`, y pnrn hb tghdp` chsch t49 enstn t4t, sh `mtghlh hb sgjughlth rhsubtnc`, c`lch1

        

(>6)

n 1 Frnkkgûl k`lvhrtgcn F 1 Frnkkgûl l` k`lvhrtgcn

 

3=

F+n4> Y`r b` tnlt`1  4 >- F



K`d`1

             

(>:)

Y`r b` tnlt`1

    

 

(>5) 

 Nchd  Nc hdîs îs11

       

(>7) (=9) 

Buhj`, rhhdpbnznlc` _>7 y =9T hl _>6T, sh tghlh1

           

(=>) 

Fnkt`rgznlc` sh tghlh fglnbdhlth1

 

          

(==) 

C`lch1

   

(=;)

 

3;

   

 

(=3)

^uh hs bn hxprhsgûl fglnb pnrn pnrtäkubns quh cgsdgluyhl ch tndnþ` kuyn htnpn ch k`ltr`b hs bn cgfusgûl hl bn phbäkubn.

Ynrn hb kns`, hl quh hb k`ltr`b kglçtgk` shn hl bn rhnkkgûl quädgkn, sh enkh hb dgsd` chsnrr`bb` quh hb nlthrg`r, phr` k`lsgchrnlc` bn k`lstnlth glchphlcghlth ch bn cgfusgvgcnc, k`l b` quh sh tghlh bn sgjughlth hxprhsgûl pnrn k`dhlznr k`l hb chsnrr`bb`1

       

(=8) 

 Nb rhnbgznr bns glthjrnkg`lhs glthjrnkg`lhs chltr` chltr` ch b`s bädgths glcgknc`s glcgknc`s(r 4r ` ? r4r? t49? t.4t), sh tghlh hb sgjughlth d`chb` 1

                

 

(=6)

K`d`1

  

 

(=:)

 

33

^uh hs d`chb` pnrn hsfhrns chkrhkghlths k`l k`ltr`b kglçtgk` hl bn rhnkkgûl quädgkn.

r (nbfn)

O 4>

Sghdp`

Fgjurn >3. ]hprhshltnkgûl ]hprhshltnkg ûl chb d`chb` chkrhkghlth chkrhkghlt h k`l k`ltr`b kglçtgk` Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

=.6 D@CHB@ CH LÑKBH@ ]HKH[GV@ K@L F@]DNKGÛL CH KHLGQN[. 

Hl hsth kns`, bn hsphkgh ñtgb sh vn cgs`bvghlc` enstn quh nb fglnb sh `mtghlh uln pnrtäkubn sûbgcn sgl hsphkgh ñtgb.

 

38

Jrîfgkndhlth h! pr`khs` hs hb sgjughlth1

Sghdp`

Dglhrnb  Glgkgnb

Sghdp`

Yr`cukt` [ûbgc`

Fgjurn >8. Yr`khs` ch trnlsf`rdnkgûl k`lf`rdnkgûl ch knpn ch khlgzns. k hlgzns. Fuhlth1 Egcr`dhtnburjgn. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Nlt`fnjnstn-K`pgnpû. Kegbh.

 N dhcgcn quh pnsn hb tghdp`, hb sûbgc` sh rhcukh y nudhltn hb pr`cukt` (khlgzn), tnb k`d` sh duhstrn hl bn fgjurn >8. Bns htnpns ch trnlsf`rdnkgûl ` ch k`ltr`b kglçtgk` s`l bns sgjughlths1  Htnpn >1 Cgfusgûl ` trnlsp`rth ch bgxgvgnlth N, enstn bn suphrfgkgh chb sûbgc` n trnvçs ch bn phbäkubn quh bh r`chn.

Htnpn =1 Cgfusgûl ` trnlsp`rth ch bgxgvgnlth N, n trnvçs ch bn knpn ch khlgzn ` pr`cukt` enstn bn suphrfgkgh chb lñkbh` quh l` en rhnkkg`lnc`.

 

36

Htnpn ;1 ]hnkkgûl quädgkn pr`pgndhlth tnb hltrh bgxgvgnlth N y hsphkgh ñtgb M. Htnpn 31 Cgfusgûl ch b`s pr`cukt`s s`bumbhs f`rdnc`s n trnvçs ch bn knpn ch pr`cukt`, pr`cukt`, enkgn bn suphrfgkgh hxthrg`r chb sûbgc`. Htnpn 81 Cgfusgûl ch b`s pr`cukt`s s`bumbhs f`rdnc`s n trnvçs ch bn phbäkubn enkgn hb shl` chb fbugc`. 

 

3:

KNYÄSXB@ GGG DGLH]NB@JÄN CHB WNKGDGHLS@ ;.>

GLS]@CXKKGÛL.

;.>.> Xmgknkgûl y hxthlsgûl.

Bn z`ln ch nfb`rndghlt` ch k`mrh, `r`, pbntn y `tr`s, sh hlkuhltrn umgkncn n :; ogbûdhtr`s ch bn kgucnc ch Snkln, jh`bûjgkndhlth hl hb fbnlk` nlcgl` `kkgchltnb, hs bn hltgcnc t`p`jrîfgkn quh sh hxtghlch nb l`rth y l`rhsth ch bns pndpns k`stnlhrns, hs ul thrrgt`rg` hsknmr`s` y duy cgshktncn quh sh chsnrr`bbn hltrh = 999 y 8 999 d.s.l.d.

Hb phtgt`rg` nmnrkn ul uln n suphrfgkgh ch >99 ehktîrh ehktîrhns, ns, hb ynkgdghlt` ‘Knlnurn >ch Ynbkn‖, sh umgkn hl bn quhmrncn ch Xkeusudn y Khrr`

Keubulknlh, khrkn chb nltgju` puhmb` ch Mhbbnvgstn hl hb cgstrgt` ch Ynbkn y pr`vglkgn ch Snkln, n ; 799 d.s.l.d.

 

35

[h umgkn hl hl bns sgj sgjughlths ughlths k``rch k``rchlncns lncns X.S.D1 59;3999

395999

59;3999

397999

59;;999

397999

59;;999

395999

K`l uln nbtgtuc npr`xgdncn ch ; 799 d.s.l.d.

;.>.= Nkkhsgmgbgcnc.

Bn vän ch nkkhs` chsch bn kgucnc ch Snkln, sh rhnbgzn p`r bn knrrhthrn pnrkgnbdhlth nsfnbtncn Snkln (trnd` ch 38 Od), pnrn k`ltglunr p`r bn knrrhthrn nfgrdncn n Ynbkn, buhj` sh gljrhsn p`r uln tr`ken knrr`znmbh enstn enstn ul trnd` trnd` ch npr`xgdncndhlth ; Od y sh nrrgmn nb nltgju` ynkgdghlt` ch Knlnurn, nktunbdhlth chl`dgl nc` ‘Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn ‖ . 

Hs nkkhsgmbh chsch Snkln sgjughlc` hstn rutn1

 

Snkln ‛ Ynbkn ‛ Khrr` Yhbnc`

:9 Od

 

Chsvg` ‛ Dgln ( Sr`ken)

9; Od





 

37

Wnkgdghlt` Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn

Fgjurn >6. Q`ln ch hstucg`. Wnkgdghlt` Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn. Fuhlth1 Dnpn jh`jrîfgk` chb Yhrñ.

;.>.; Dçt`c` ch trnmna` jh`bûjgk`.

Chspuçs ch ul rhk`l`kgdghlt` prhbgdglnr hl bn z`ln, sh pr`khcgû n bn umgknkgûl h gchltgfgknkgûl ch bns bnm`rhs nltgjuns, pnrn glgkgnr hb pr`jrndn ch duhstrh`, sh egz` ul rhbnkg`lndghlt` bgt`-hstrntgjrîfgk` chb bujnr, sh en pr`khcgc` n rhnbgznr ul dnph` jh`bûjgk` prhbgdglnr t`dnlc`

 

89

k`d` pnrth gdp`rtnlth bns hstrukturns.

;.>.3 Srnmna`s nlthrg`rhs.

Hb îrhn quh hlkghrrn hb prhshlth hstucg` f`rdn pnrth ch `trn dny`r, quh enl sgc` nltgj nltgjundhlth undhlth trnmnancns p`r cgvhrsns hdprhsns dglhrns.

;.=

JH@D@]F@B@JÄN.

Bns ulgcnchs jh`d`rf`bûjgkns ch bn z`ln chl`dglncn kuncrîljub` ch Ynbkn, hl c`lch c`lch hb thrrhl` dîs nbt` sh hlkuh hlkuhltrn ltrn hl bn pnrth l`r-`rghltnb ch bn z`ln, k`lsgsth hl k`l`s v`bkîlgk`s (nltgju`s y d`chrl`s) quh nbknlznl uln nbturn dîxgdn ch 8 899 d.s.l.d.

B`s hbhdhlt`s jh`d`rf`bûjgk`s s`l1  Bn suphrfgkgh Eunybgbbns.



 Hb Nbtgpbnl`, k`l sus pndpns hxthlsns ch chpûsgt`s fbuvg`-jbnkgnrhs y



sus v`bknlhs chb pbg`khl` y kunthrlnrg`.  Hb fbnlk` cgshktnc` ch b`s Nlchs, k`l jrnlchs vnbbhs y quhmrncns.



 Bns thrrnzns ch b`s Vnbbhs ch Knpbgln, Kehr` y Ynbkn.



 

8>

Bn suphrfgkgh Eunybgbbns, hstî ns`kgncn k`l bn f`rdnkgûl Eunybgbbns, quh k`lsgsth hl trhs dghdmr`s cgstglt`s cgstglt`s.. Nb l`rth y LH ch bn z`ln, hstî bn ulgcnc jh`d`rf`bûjgkn Nbtgpbnl`, k`lsgsth hl pndpns hxthlsns n uln nbturn dhcgn hltrh 3 =99 y 3 ;99 d.s.l.d. k`l nbjul`s k`l`s v`bkîlgk`s quh nbknlznl hltrh > 999 y > 899 d ch nbtgtuc, sghlc` b`s quh f`rdnl bn K`rcgbbhrn chb Mnrr`s` quh hs uln knchln ch v`bknlhs k`l rudm` l`rthsur, `mshrvîlc`sh quh t`c`s b`s v`bknlhs tghlhl fbnlk`s k`rtnc`s p`r quhmrncns e`lcns hl f`rdn ch ‘X‖. Hb fbnlk` `rghltnb ch bn K`rcgbbhrn chb

Mnrr`s` tghlh uln kumghrtn ch fbuvg`-jbnkgnrhs y ch pndpn, b`s fbnlk`s

`kkgchltnbhs mnanl jrncunbdhlth enstn b`s 3 999 d, sgl dny`r chsnrr`bb` ch hst`s chpûsgt`s.

Hb fbnlk` cgshktnc` ch b`s Nlchs, hstn ulgcnc jh`d`rf`bûjgkn vnrän hltrh bns nbturns ch > 999 d.s.l.d. y 3 999 d.s.l.d. npr`xgdncndhlth y sh knrnkthrgzn p`r shr ul thrrhl` duy nkkgchltnc` y ch fuhrth phlcghlth.

Bn knrnkthrästgkn chstnknmbh ch hstn ulgcnc hs hb pr`khs` hr`sgv` chsnrr`bbnc`, ehke` p`r b`s rä`s prglkgpnbhs, b`s quh enl bnmrnc` vnbbhs pr`fulc`s y hlknþ`lnc`s. [h tghlh quh hl bns pnrths nbtns ch b`s vnbbhs [ndn, Knpbgln, Ynbkn y Xkeusudn, nbknlznl pr`fulcgcnchs dîxgdns ch >=99 ‛ >899 d. B`s fnkt`rhs prglkgpnbhs s`l1 Hb bhvnltndghlt` hpgr`jhlçtgk`

 

8=

chb mb`quh nlcgl` curnlth hb pbg`-pbhgst`khl` y hb nudhlt` hl hb knucnb ch b`s rä`s curnlth hb kunthrlnrg`. Hb rhsubtnc` hs uln hr`sgûl duy rîpgcn y hb chsnrr`bb` ch jrnlchs vnbbhs y knþ`lhs quh nktunbdhlth knrnkthrgznl hb fbnlk`-nlcgl`.

Bn z`ln jh`d`rf`bûjgkn ch thrrnzns, sh prhshltn hsphkgnbdhlth nbrhchc`r ch b`s puhmb`s Knpbgln, Ntnspnkn y `trns dîs hxthlsns hl b`s vnbbhs ch Knpbgln, Kehr` y Ynbkn.

;.=.> Egcr`b`jän.

Hsth chpûsgt`, tghlh uln cgfhrhlkgn cgfhrhlkgn rhsphkt` n bbns ns `trns ch bn z`ln khrkn chb kndpndhlt` y bns bnm`rhs, pnsn ul rgnkeuhb` quh p`shh njun t`c` hb nþ` >9-=9 bgtr`s p`r shjulc`.

;.=.= Kbgdn y vhjhtnkgûl. Hb kbgdn hs thdpbnc` n frä` p`r su nbtgtuc, hb phrg`c` ch bbuvgns sh hxtghlch ch cgkghdmrh n dnrz`.

 

8;

Fgjurn >:. Dnpn jh`bûjgk` chb îrhn ch hstucg`. Fuhlth1 Dnpn Jh`bûjgk` chb Yhrñ.

 

83

;.=.; Jh`b`jän rhjg`lnb.

Hb îrhn chb prhshlth trnmna` f`rdn pnrth ch bn kuhlkn nlcgln hxthrln hl hb sur chb Yhrñ, kuyns knrnkthrästgkns ch shcgdhltnkgûl dnrgln dhs`z`gkn dnrknl trhs htnpns fulcndhltnbhs n b` bnrj` ch su f`rdnkgûl.

Bn fuhrth nktgvgcnc thktûlgkn, `rgjglnr`l kndmg`s ch fnkhs, trncukgçlc`sh hl uln shkuhlkgn ch chrrndhs v`bkîlgk`s rg`bätgk`s, mrhkens ch fbua`, t`mns shcgdhltnrgns y chrrndhs bîvgk`s (F`rdnkgûl Ke`k`bnth). Hb fbyse, k`l täpgk`s sgsthdns ch nmnlgk`s sumdnrgl`s

turmgcätgk`s, k`dpuhstn ch knbgzns f`sgbäfhrns k`l mnlk`s ch nrhlgskns f`sfntncns (F`rdnkgûl Yhbnc`) y p`sthrg`rdhlth ch nrhlgskns y knrm`lnt`s phbîjgk`s, jrup` Wurn.

;.=.3 ]`kns shcgdhltnrgns-V`bkîlgkns. ;.=.3.> F`rdnkgûl phbnc`. [`mrhynkh k`lk`rcnlthdhlth s`mrh hb v`bknlgsd` ch Ke`k`bnth, hstî k`dpuhstn ch p`thlths k`ljb`dhrnc`s mnsnbhs, knbgzns f`sgbäfhrns y mnlk`s ch Knbkgnrhlgtns f`sfntncns. Hb dha`r nfb`rndghlt` sh hlkuhltrn nb [H ch Ynbqugbbn. Hl hb khrr` Snrnk`bb`, hl bn z`ln sh umgkn hl hb khrr` chb dgsd` l`dmrh.

 

88

;.=.3.= Jrup` Wurn. Hb jrup` Wurn sh prhshltn k`l shkkg`lhs glk`dpbhtns y su jr`s`r sh hstgdn hl khrkn ch > 999d.

;.=.3.=.>

F@]DNKGÛL BNM]N J]NDNCNB.

Hb aurîsgk` suphrg`r, hstî k`lf`rdnc` p`r bns f`rdnkg`lhs Bnmrn y Jrndncnb (pnrth khltrnb ch jrup` Wurn).Bn F`rdnkgûl Bnmrn, hstî k`lstgtugcn p`r Bgd`bgtns jrgs `skurns y nrhlgskns kunrz`sns. Bn

F`rdnkgûl Jrndncnb, hstî k`lf`rdncn p`r Butgtns `skurns, nrhlgskns y kunrz`nrhlgtns.

Bn F`rdnkgûl Bnmrn, nfb`rn hl hb khrr` ^ugbbnpndpn y Kenknk`dnlg, khrr` Kenbbntn, tnlt` Bnmrn k`d` Jrndncnb, sgjuhl ul nbglhndghlt` LH y muzndghlt` ch ;8± n 38± [H, nmnrknl uln jrnl îrhn ch bn e`an Ynbkn.

;.=.3.=.= F`rdnkgûl Eunbeunlg. 

Bns r`kns chb krhtîkh` glfhrg`r nfb`rnl hl b`s k`ltrnfuhrths ch bn k`rcgbbhrn `kkgchltnb, hstnlc` k`lstgtugc`s p`r kunrkgtns jrgs mbnlquhkglns, quh k`lf`rdnl bn pnrth suphrg`r ch jrup` Wurn (f`rdnkgûl Eunbeunlg),

 

86

nfb`rn hl hb khrr` ^ugbbnpndpn y Kenkenk`dnlg.

;.=.8 ]`kns v`bkîlgkns. Bns r`kns chb krhtîkh` suphrg`r, k`lstgtuyhl b`s k`ltrnfuhrths `kkgchltnbhs, tghlhl su hxprhsgûl dîs rhprhshltntgvn hl bns shkuhlkgns v`bkîlgk` shcgdhltnrgns quh k`lf`rdnl hb jrup` S`quhpnbn, k`l hsphs`rhs quh vnl ch ; 899 n 3 999 d. Hsth j jrup` rup` sh hxtghlch p`r bns hstrgmnkg`lhs ch bn k`rcgbbhrn `kkgchltnb f`rdnlc` uln fnan k`ltglun ch cgrhkkgûl L@-[H, bgt`bûjgkndhlth hstî k`lstgtugcn p`r njb`dhrnc`s,

pgr`kbîstgk`s, bnvns dnrrûl r`agzns y jrgs vhrc`sns ch k`dp`sgkgûl nlchsätgkn, trnquätgkn y rg`bätgkn, k`l glthrknbnkg`lhs ch shcgdhlt`s kbîstgk`s, k`d` k`ljb`dhrnc`s, nrhlgskns y knbgzns.

Hb jrup` S`quhpnbn, sh sumcgvgch hstrntgjrîfgkndhlth hl bn F`rdnkgûl Dntnbnquh, quh hstî k`lf`rdncn p`r nlchsgtn p`rfärgkn.Bn F`rdnkgûl Ynrnbnquh, q quh uh hstî k`lstgtugcn p`r p`r t`mn ss`bcncn `bcncn bätgkn y bn F`rdnkgûl ^uhbbnvhk`quh n su vhz sh sumcgvgch hl bn ulgcnc [ndnlnpç, bgt`bûjgkndhlth k`lf`rdncn p`r t`mns krgstnb`bätgkns, mrhkencns, mrhkencn s, sgbgkgfgkncn k`l cnkgtns p`rfärgkn y nlchsätgkns.

 

8:

Hb jrup` Snknzn, quh `kupn uln jrnl hxthlsgûl, k`rrhsp`lcghlc` hstn ulgcnc nb hpgs`cg` v`bkîlgk` `kurrgc` hltrh hb `bgj`khl` y hb Dg`khl` ( ;9 n >: D.n.), hl bn z`ln hstî rhprhshltncn p`r bn f`rdnkgûl Eugbnk`bb`, bn bgt`b`jän hs vnrgnmbh, chstnknlc` mrhkens, bnvns nlchsätgkns, t`mns.

Hb v`bkîlgk` Eunybgbbns, nbknlzn ul jr`s`r ch 699 d y rhp`sn k`l cgsk`rcnlkgn nljubnr cgrhktndhlth hlkgdn ch bns r`kns chb jrup` S`quhpnbn? sgl hdmnrj`, hl bn b`knbgcnc täpgkn y `tr`s bujnrhs ynkh cgsk`rcnlthdhlth

s`mrh

kbîstgk`s

ch

bn

f`rdnkgûl

D`quhjun,

suphrg`rdhlth, quhcn kumghrt` glcgstgltndhlth y k`l rhbnkgûl cgsk`rcnlth p`r hb v`bkîlgk` [hlkkn, bn f`rdnkgûl Knpgbbulh ` hb v`bkîlgk` Mnrr`s`.

B`s v`bknlhs dîs rhkghlths sh nbglhnl s`mrh ul hah L@-[H, n b` bnrj` ch 899 Od ch b`ljgtuc.

Hb jrup` Mnrr`s` hstî f`rdnc` p`r uln nbthrlnlkgn ch chrrndhs y pgr`kbîstgk`s. B`s dnlt`s ch bnvns s`l nlchsgtns n trnqugnlchsgtns k`l hsphs`rhs quh vnränl vnränl ch =9 n ;9 d. Bn Bn hcnc chb jrup` Mnrr`s`, `mthlgc` p`r cntnkg`lhs rncg`dçtrgkns hstî hltrh : n 6 Dn pnrn bns shkuhlkgns dîs nltgjuns, y = n > Dn p pnrn nrn b`s dîs aûvhlhs.

 

85

Fgjurn >5. Dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn. Fuhlth1 Dnpn jh`bûjgk` chb nrhn ch glthrvhlkgûl.

;.;

JH@B@JÄN CHB CHYÛ[GS@ KNLNX]N > CH YNBKN.

Yrhshltn nfb`rndghlt`s ch njb`dhrnc`s

v`bkîlgk`s

ch bn

f`rdnkgûl Dntnbnquh (Og-dn) hl hb khrr` Keubulknlh, ch hcnc Krhtîkh` Glfhrg`r, k`lstgtugcn ch bnvns nlchsätgkns k`l njb`dhrnc`s v`bkîlgk`s,

 

87

tghlhl ul rudm` ch l`rth ch : :9¹9¹- 59¹ `hsth y k`l muzndghlt`s ch >8¹  ‛  =9¹ l`rth.

Hl

b`s nbrhchc`rhs ch bn dgln, sh `mshrvn ul chpûsgt`

jrnl`cg`rätgk` ch bn ulgcnc Kenbbnvghlt` chb pnbhûjhl`-h`khl` quh k`rtn nb v`bkîlgk`. Bns vhtns vhtns hdpbnzncns hl hb njb`dhrnc` v`bkîlgk`, v`bkîlgk`, tghlhl L ;9¹ - 69¹ H, y s`l bns sgjughlths1 Ynbkn >, =, ;, 3, 8, sh puhchl `mshrvnr nbjulns frnkturns trnlsvhrsnbhs k`l frhkuhlkgn.

Bn vhtn Ynbkn, hs bn ch dny`r gdp`rtnlkgn ch bn z`ln, tghlh ul nfb`rndghlt` ch >59 dhtr`s k`l L 69¹ H ch rudm` y k`l ul muz muzndghlt` ndghlt` ch :8¹ nb sur, tghlh uln p`thlkgn pr` pr`dhcg` dhcg` ch :9 kd. Bn vhtn 9>quh ssh h umgkn hl hb bnc` l`rth, sh `rghltn nb L :9¹ @ k`l muzndghlt` ch :9¹ nb l`rth y rhk`rrh npr`xgdncndhlth >99 dhtr`s, k`l uln p`thlkgn ch 69 kd. Bn vhtn 9=, sh umgkn hltrh bn vhtn Ynbkn y bn vhtn 9>, hxthlcgçlc`sh p`r 59 dhtr`s k`l rudm` L 5¹ H y muzndghlt` :5¹ Hsth, tghlh ul nlke` pr`dhcg` ch 89 kd. Bn vhtn 9; hs rhbntgvndhlth phquhþn ;9 dhtr`s k`rrh pnrnbhbn n bn vhtn Ynbkn k`l :9¹ ch muzndghlt` sur, tghlh uln p`thlkgn ch 38 kd. Bns vhtns 93 y 98 sh umgknl h hl l hb bnc` sur ch bn z`ln, tghlhl 89 y =8 ch bnrj`, k`l rudm` vnrgnmbh vnrgnmbh hltrh L 38¹ n :9¹ H y L >9¹ n 68¹ H rhsphktgvndhl rhsphktgvndhlth th

 

69

Bn dglhrnbgznkgûl hl t`cns bns vhtns, hstî k`lstgtugcn prglkgpnbdhlth p`r dglhrnbhs shkulcnrg`s ch k`mrh, quh sh prhshltnl chsch sus nfb`rndghlt`s enstn bns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs umgkncns n lgvhb chb rä`, k`lstnl ch dnbnqugtn, nzurgtn, krgs`k`bn , bgd`lgtn, hl nbjulns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs sh nprhkgn knbk`pgrgtn, m`rlgtn y thtrnehcrgtn, prhshltnl dglhrnbhs ch jnljn k`d` hb kunrz`, pgrgtn y r`kn ch knan. Hstn dglhrnbgznkgûl sh cgstrgmuän hl bn vhtn hl bhlths phquhþ`s y/` cgshdglnc`s hl b`s frnjdhlt`s ch bn pgbn.

Hstn dgln fuh trnmnancn, hxtrnyçlc`sh dglhrnbhs nrjhltäfhr`s quh sh

fulcänl hl hb dgsd` bujnr.

Bns bnm`rhs dglhrns gdp`rtnlths quh hstîl s`mrh hstn vhtn hstîl chrrudmncns, sh enl enl trnmnanc` n b` bnrj` ch bn vvhtn htn Ynbkn quh tghlh 3 bnm`rhs hl cgstglt`s lgvhbhs, ch gjunb f`rdn bn vhtn 9= quh tghlh 3 bnm`rhs.

;.3

]H[H]VN[ DGLH]NBH[.

Ch nkuhrc` n b` `mshrvnc`, hstn dgln dnlgfghstn glcgkg` ch dhln, su sgtunkgûl nktunb sh rhcukh n nbjul`s ‘puhlths‖ quh hxgsthl y k`l nbjñl

lgvhb ch cgfgkubtnc su rhkuphrnkgûl. H Hl l bns knlkens ch bns bnm`rhs h hxgsthl xgsthl nbrhchc`r ch 5> 8;>,79 t`lhbncns quh p`cränl rhkuphrnrsh.

 

6>

Hs gdp`rtnlth nk`tnr, quh hl bn dglhrnbgznkgûl prhc`dglnlth hl bns cgfhrhlths bnm`rhs, hxgsthl glcgknc`rhs duy glthrhsnlths k`l prhshlkgn ch dglhrnbhs ch k`mrh, `r` y pbntn.

;.8

Y]@WHKS@[. Chmhl çst`s, hstnr cgrgjgc`s n bnm`rhs hl bn pnrth glfhrg`r ch bn dgln

p`r chmna` chb lgvhb frhîtgk` (; 789 d) dhcgnlth pgquhs, quh sh pr`fulcgkhl enstn ;9 dhtr`s pnrn buhj` rhnbgznr bnm`rhs cgrgjgcns

prhfhrhlthdhlth nb LH.

[h p`crän hahkutnr s`lcnahs cgndnltgl`s nlths ch hahkutnr b` pr`puhst`, pnrn k`rr`m`rnr bn hxgsthlkgn ch dglhrnbgznkgûl, ch nkuhrc` n b`s glcgkg`s d`strnc`s, çst`s shränl duy enbnjnc`rhs.

@trn nbthrlntgvn hs quh bn dgln ‘Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn‖, tghlh dglhrnb

hl knlken quh npr`xgdncndhlth `frhkh 5> 8;>,79 t`lhbncns. ^uh chsch hb pult` ch vgstn ndmghltnb, `frhkhl shrg`s pr`mbhdns n bn z`ln, p`r b` quh sh rhk`dghlcn, rhkuphrnr hb dglhrnb quh t`cnvän hs rhltnmbh n prhkg`s nktunbhs y sgdubtîlhndhlth hbgdglnr b`s rhsgcu`s sûbgc`s k`ltndglnlths.

 

6=

;.6

KNBKXB@ CHB CH[D@LSH

Snmbn GG. Hb chsd`lth chb dglhrnb sh hlkuhltrn hl 3= knlkens. KNLKEN KNLKEN Knlken > Knlken = Knlken ; Knlken 3 Knlken 6 8 Knlken : Knlken 5 Knlken 7 Knlken >9 Knlken >> Knlken >= Knlken >; Knlken >3 Knlken >8 Knlken >6 Knlken >:

Î]HN (d ) 37>,>3 8:,:= 73,;> =7,73

V@BXDHL V@BXDHL (d ) >3:;,3= >:;,>6 =5=,7; 87,55

S@LHBNAH S@LHBNAH (t) ;65;,88 3;=.79 :9:,; >37,:9

78,65 69;,=; 85:,53 >36,86 67:,79 395,63 =:5,>: =6,53 >:,7= 579,;7 ==8,=; ;7,:5 >5=,=:

=5:,93 >597,67 =;8>,;6 3;7,65 =97;,:9 >6;3,86 5;3,8> 8;,65 ;8,53 =6:>,>: 6:8,67 >87,>= :=7,95

:>:,69 38=3,=; 85:5,39 >977,=9 8=;3,=8 3956,39 =956,=5 >;3,=9 57,69 66::,7; >657,=; ;7:,59 >5==,:9

Knlken >5 Knlken >7 Knlken =9

>9;9,:3 >=;,:5 67,9=

Knlken => 6:,>5 Knlken == >7=,=> Knlken =; >>3,73 Knlken =3 787,95 Knlken =8 >8>,3= Knlken =6 =3=,63 Knlken =: ;>7,83 Knlken =5 =3=,9= Knlken =7 68,7= Knlken ;9 =57,5; Knlken ;> 88,93 Knlken ;= ;3=,5; Knlken ;; 8>,5: Knlken ;3 ;6,37 Knlken ;8 >>=,6= Knlken ;6 >6,:= Knlken ;: =6:,6; Knlken ;5 ;3=,5; Knlken ;7 >;3,78 Knlken 39 5:,9; Knlken 3> >>=,=: Knlken 3= 89,95 S@SNB >9 ;8,=3 Fuhlth Hbnm`rnkgûl Yr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s` ]hans

;97=,== 378,>= =:6,95

::;9,88 >=;:,59 679,=9

;;8,79 ;53,3= ==7,55 =5::,=3 698,65 :=:,7= >87:,:9 765,95 >7:,:6 =57.5; =:8,=9 658.66 >9;,:3 >38,76 ;;:,56 89,>6 8;8,=6 >;:>,;= 393,58 =6>,97 337,95 >89,=3 ;= 6>=,:6

5;7,:8 76>,98 8:3,:9 :>7;,>9 >8>3,=9 >5>7,59 ;773,=8 =3=9,=9 373,39 :=3,85 655,99 >:>3,>8 =87,;8 ;63,79 533,68 >=8,39 >;;5,>8 ;3=5,;9 >9>=,>; 68=,:; >>==,:9 ;:8,69 5> 8;>,79

 

6;

KNYÄSXB@ GV S]NSNDGHLS@ CH B@[ CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[

3.>

NLSHKHCHLSH[ CHB WNKGDGHLS@.

Hl bn cçkncn ch b`s nþ`s 69, sh rhjgstrn bn pr`cukkgûl ch dîs ch vhglth dçt`c`s dçt`c`s

y c ch h ul muhl l lñdhr` ñdhr` ch ynkgdghlt`s l`-dhtîbgk`s,

b`jrnlc` quh hb Yhrñ, shn vgst` k`d` ul pnäs hdglhlthdhlth dglhr`,

umgkîlc`sh b`s prglkgpnbhs ynkgdghlt`s hl hb khltr` y hl hb sur ch luhstr` pnäs. Hl bn shjulcn dgtnc ch b`s nþ`s 59, hl pbhl` j`mghrl` chb prhsgchlth Nbnl Jnrkän, Jnrkän, luhstrn dglhrän sufrh uln jrnl jrnl krgsgs, p`r fnbtn ch uln nchkuncn p`bätgkn hk`lûdgkn quh nfhktn nb pnäs, sghlc` rhltnmbh sûb` trhs hdprhsns, bn dhcgnln y bn phquhþn dglhrän fuhr`l duy nfhktncns. Hl hsth k`lthxt`, hs quh hb ynkgdghlt` Knlnurn 9> ch Ynbkn hl b`s nþ`s 69 y :9 tghlh su nujh, b`jrîlc`sh hxpb`tnr bns cgfhrhlths vhtns chskrgtns hl hb Knpätub` GGG. Hb sgsthdn ch hxpb`tnkgûl, hxpb`tnkgûl, fuh ch phquhþn dglhrän ` dglhrän nrthsnlnb quh k`lsgsth hl ntnknr, bns vhtns hl bujnrhs dîs rgk`s ` bhyhs nbtns k`l ul pr`khs` pr`khs` rucgdhltnrg` ch phrf`rnkgûl n mnsh ch j`bph y kglkhb? nyucnc` ch phquhþns knrjns hxpb`sgvns pnrn r`dphr bn r`kn. Hstn f`rdn ch trnmnanr en `knsg`lnc` 3= vhtns hxpb`tncns.

 

63

Bn shbhkkgûl chb dglhrnb hxtrnäc` fuh p` p`rr hb dçt`c` ‘pnbbnq ‘pnbbnquh`‖, uh`‖, quh

k`lsgsth hl hsk`jhr b`s dglhrnbhs ch nbtn bhy pnrn k`dhrkgnbgznrb`s? hlt`lkhs, quhcnl nquhbb`s dglhrnbhs ch dhcgnln y mnan bhy hxpuhst`s  ault`s k`l b`s chsd`lths, çst`s fuhr`l nbdnkhlîlc`sh n trnvçs chb tghdp` hl knlkens quh k`lf`rdnl hl bn nktunbgcnc ul t`tnb ch 5> 5>8;>,79 8;>,79 t (k`lsgchrnc`s k`d` pnsgv`s ndmghltnbhs).

3.=

KNLKEN[ CH CH[D@LSH (DGLH]NBGQNC@).

Hb nchkunc` nchkunc` dnlha` ch chsd`lth ch dgln, sh pu puhch hch k`lvhrtgr hl uln nbthrlntgvn vgnmbh y hk`lûdgkndhlth rhltnmbh pnrn uln hdprhsn dglhrn, sghdprh y kunlc`, hst`s chsd`lths thljnl nbj` ch k`lthlgc` ch dglhrnb rhkuphrnmbh y b`s prhkg`s ch hbb`s shnl nbt`s. Hb pr`mbhdn chb chsd`lth, sh glgkgn chsch bn htnpn ch prhpnrnkgûl chb îrhn n shr dglncn, vnrgnlc` vnrgnlc` su v`budhl v`budhl ch nkuhrc` n bn f`rdn ch dglnc` sg hs ch tna` nmghrt`, eny quh d`vhr jrnlchs knltgcnchs ch dnthrgnb. Hl bn dglhrän sumthrrîlhn, hb trnmna` ch prhpnrnkgûl, hxpb`rnkgûl y dçt`c` ch dglnc` chthrdgln hb v`budhl ch dnthrgnb quh eny quh d`vhr curnlth hb pr`k pr`khs` hs` ch `mthlkgûl ch dglhrnbhs quh vn shr hlvgnc` n bn suphrfgkgh. Bns knlkens ch chsd`lth, sh k`lvghrthl hl îrhns chstglncns pnrn chp`sgtnr b`s dnthrgnbhs ch r`kns rhd`vgcns curnlth curnlth hb chsnrr`bb` ch bns

 

68

cgfhrhlths htnpns ch bn nktgvgcnc dglhrn, su nchk nchkuncn uncn cgsp`sgk cgsp`sgkgûl gûl s`mrh hb thrrhl` prhpnrnc` prhvgndhlth, hvgtn gdpnkt`s lhj lhjntgv`s ntgv`s nb dhcg dhcg` ` ndmghlth. Hl hb pnsnc`, hl hsth ynkgdghlt`, hb chsd`l chsd`lth th ch dgln dîs dglhrnb hxtrnäc`, hxtrnäc`,

fuh nrr`anc nrr`anc` ` ch uln dnlhrn grrnk grrnkg`lnb, g`lnb, sgl lgljñl

`rchlndghlt`? e`y hl cän, hst`s e ehke`s hke`s enl

`knsg`lnc` ul pnsgv`

ndmghltnb.

Bns r`kns dglhrnbgzncns sh hlkuhltrnl n bn glthdphrgh y sufrghr`l b`s hfhkt`s ch bn hr`sgûl eäcrgkn, glthdphrgsd` y frnkturnkgûl chb dnthrgnb,

tnb k`d` sh puhch nprhkgnr hl bns f`t`s d`strncns hl b`s knpätub`s p`sthrg`rhs.

Hb crhlnah îkgc` ch r`kn ` bbndnc` tndmgçl, crhlnah îkgc` ch dgln, sh `rgjgln kunlc` b`s dglhrnbhs subfurnc`s s`l hxpuhst`s nb njun y nb `xäjhl` ch ngrh. Hl bn z`ln ch hstucg`, sh en chthktnc` hsth hfhkt` hl bns knlkens, b` quh hstî k`ltndglnlc` hb rgnkeuhb` quh k`rrh p`r bn quhmrncn y nmnsthkh ch njun nb puhmb` ch Ynbkn.

 

66

3.;

H[SXCG@

W

KN]NKSH]GQNKGÛL

CH

CH[D@LSH[

DGLH]NBGQNC@[.

N.

Knrnkthrgznkgûl dglhrnbûjgkn. Ch nkuhrc` nb pult` ;.>, sh nprhkgn quh bn dglhrnbgznkgûl hl t`cns

bns vhtns, hstî k`lstgtugcn prglkgpnbdhlth p`r dglhrnbhs shkulcnrg`s ch k`mrh, quh sh prhshltnl chsch sus nfb`rndghlt`s enstn bns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs umgkncns n lgvhb chb rä`, k`lstnl ch dnbnqugtn, nzurgtn, krgs`k`bn, bgd`lgtn, hl nbjulns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs sh nprhkgn knbk`pgrgtn, m`rlgtn y

thtrnehcrgtn, prhshltnl dglhrnbhs ch jnljn k`d` hb kunrz`, pgrgtn y r`kn ch knan.

Kunlc` sh enmbn ch bn f`rdnkgûl ch luhvns hsphkghs dglhrnbhs, curnlth bn glthrnkkgûl hltrh ul fbugc` hbhktr`bätgk` y bn r`kn, tndmgçl sh enmbn ch bn hstnmgbgcnc ch b`s k`dpbha`s dhtîbgk`s cgsuhbt`s hl bn s`bukgûl. Hl tçrdgl`s jhlhrnbhs, hb k`dp`rtndghlt` thrd`cglîdgk` ch b`s k`dpbha`s hbhktr`bätgk`s hs fulkgûl ch bn prhsgûl, bn thdphrnturn y bn k`dp`sgkgûl. [gl hdmnrj`, n cgfhrhlkgn ch b`s pr`khs`s egcr`thrdnbhs, b`s pr`khs`s supçrhl`s, sh knrnkthrgznl p`r thlhr prhsg`lhs y thdphrnturns mnstnlth chfglgcns, p`r b` quh, hb pr`mbhdn ch bn hstnmgbgcnc k`lsgsth hl chthrdglnr bn k`dp`sgkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl.

 

6:

 Nb rhsphkt`, sh en pbnlthnc` quh b`s vnb`rhs ch pE y He tghlhl uln rhbhvnlkgn chthrdglnlth hl hb k`ltr`b ch bn dglhrnb`jän ch k`mrh supçrjhl`,

eghrr`

y

hlrgquhkgdghlt`

shkulcnrg`

ch

subfur`s.

Hdpärgkndhlth, sh enl chthrdglnc` b`s kndp`s ch hstnmgbgcnc chb gûl kñprgk` y sh en k`lkbugc` quh bn s`bumgbgcnc chb k`mrh y chb eghrr` chphlchl prglkgpnbdhlth chb pE y bn fujnkgcnc chb `xäjhl` ` p`thlkgnb ch `xgcnkgûl (Fgjurn >7 n y m).

 

65

Fgjurn >7. Cgnjrndns ch hstnmgbgcnc ch ûxgc`s ch k`mrh. n) Cgnjrndn pE-He chb sgsthdn Ku-@-E-[-Fh n =8¹K y > ntd. m) Cgnjrndn pE-He chb sgsthdn Ku-@-E-[-Kb n =8¹K k`l Ϋ[4>9 -3 d y Kb49,8 D (]`sh, >7:6). k) Cgnjrndn ch hstnmgbgcnc ch nbjul`s dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh n =8¹K y > ntd (]`cräjuhz, >759).

Fuhlth1 Hsthmnl Bhgvn Mgnlkeg-Xlgvhrsgcnc Ch Kegbh -=9>9

 

67

 N k`ltglunkgûl, rhnbgznrhd`s bn chskrgpkgûl ch b`s prglkgpnbhs dglhrnbhs prhshlths hl hb ynkgdghlt`1

Krgs`k`bn. Nlthkhchlths mgmbg`jrîfgk`s Bn krgs`k`bn, hs ul fgb`sgbgknt` ch k`mrh egcrntnc`. ^uädgkndhlth puhch k`lthlhr gdpurhzns k`d` nrkgbbns, säbgkh u ûxgc`s ch eghrr`. [u k`dp`sgkgûl hs (Jnglhs ht nb., >77:)1

 Nbudglg`

=,98 %

NG=@; 

;,55 %

K`mrh

;;,56 %

Ku@

3=,;7 %

[gbgkg`

>:,>9 %

[g9=

;6,87 %

Egcrûjhl`

>,7= %

E=@

>:,>3 %

@xäjhl`

38,96 %

S`tnb hbhdhlt`s

>99 %

S`tnb ûxgc` >99 %

Bn krgs`k`bn sh f`rdn n pnrtgr ch bn prhkgpgtnkgûl ch bn säbgkh k`b`gcnb ` n pnrtgr ch bn rhnkkgûl n pE îkgc` ch k`mrh y säbgkh hl s`bukgûl (]`cräjuhz, >759).

 

:9

Bn säbgkh k`b`gcnb k`rrhsp`lch n bn prhkgpgtnkgûl y p`bgdhrgznkgûl chb îkgc` d`l`sgbäkgk` ([g(@E)=). Hb îkgc` d`l`sgbäkgk`, sh s`mrhsnturn p`r hvnp`rnkgûl ch bäqugc` ` p`r ncgkgûl ch säbgkh, hltrh `trns rnz`lhs, y f`rdn säbgkh k`b`gcnb,quh hs knpnz ch ncs`rmhr g`lhs kñprgk`s, nbñdgln y `trns gdpurhzns. Bn rhnkkgûl p`sthrg`r ch b`s g`lhs kñprgk`s y bn säbgkh phrdgthl bn f`rdnkgûl ch krgs`k`bn.

Bn prhkgpgtnkgûl ch krgs`k`bn n k`lcgkg`lhs ch prhsgûl y thdphrnturn ndmghlth hl ul sgsthdn rgk` hl gûl kb`rur`, sh rhnbgzn

dhcgnlth nudhlt`s bhvhs ch pE lhutr` n nbknbgl` (Fgjurn =9), yn shn p`r s`bukg`lhs, k`l mnan k`lkhltrnkgûl ch k`mrh ` p`r s`bukg`lhs k`l uln k`lkhltrnkgûl nbtn ch säbgkh y mnan ch `tr`s nlg`lhs.

Dnbnqugtn Nlthkhchlths mgmbg`jrîfgk`s Bn dnbnqugtn, hs ul dglhrnb ch bn kbnsh ch b`s knrm`lnt`s ch k`mrh, phrthlhkghlth nb sgsthdn d`l`kbälgk` prgsdîtgk`. [u k`dp`sgkgûl thûrgkn hs (Jnglhs ht nb., >77:)1

 

:>

K`mrh

8:,35 %

Ku@

:>,78 %

Egcrûjhl`

9,7> %

E=@

5,>8 %

Knrm`l`

8,3; %

K9=

>7,79 %

@xäjhl`

;6,>5 %

S`tnb hbhdhlt`s

>99,99 %

S`tnb ûxgc` >99,99 %

K`lcgkg`lhs ch f`rdnkgûl. Bn dnbnqugtn, hs hstnmbh mna` k`lcgkg`lhs l`rdnbhs ch prhsgûl y thdphrnturn, ch bn prhkgpgtnkgûl ch s`bukg`lhs k`l pE hltrh 6 n : y

p`thlkgnb ch `xgcnkgûl dny`r n 9,6, nsä k`d` ch k`lkhltrnkg`lhs ch k`mrh hl s`bukgûl b`jUKu n y m).

Bn dnbnqugtn chb ynkgdghlt` sh knrnkthrgzn p`r p`shhr ul k`b`r vhrch kbnr`, eîmgt` mgtr`gcnb y mrgbb`.

 

:=

Fgjurn =9. Dnbnqugtn hl hstnc` lnturnb . Fuhlth1 Hsthmnl Bhgvn Mgnlkeg-Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Kegbh-=9>9 

M`rlgtn. Bn m`rlgtn, hl hb ynkgdghlt` prhshltn ul eîmgt` jrnlubnr k`lsgsthlth hl kñdub`s ch krgstnbhs sumehcrnbhs n nlehcrnbhs. Sndmgçl sh prhshltn k`l ul eîmgt` rhlgf`rdh. [u mrgbb` knrnkthrästgk` hs hb dhtîbgk` y su k`b`r hs hb pñrpurn n knfç mr`lkhnc`.

Bns

`kurrhlkgns

rhjgstrncns

pnrn

bn

m`rlgtn

k`lsgsthl

prglkgpnbdhlth hl vhtgbbns, bns kunbhs, puhchl hstnr nk`dpnþncns ch `tr`s `xgcnc`s y subfurnc`s ch k`mrh. Sndmgçl sh nprhkgn hl pîtglns s`mrh frnkturns nmghrtns.

 

:;

Fgjurn =>. M`rlgtn. n) Vhtgbbn ch m`rlgtn (ml) y dhl`r knbk`sgln (m`rchs ch bn vhtgbbn) m) Yîtgln ch m`rlgtn (ml) ch eîmgt` rhlgf`rdh hl ns`kgnkgûl k`l knbk`sgln (ks). Knbk`sgln hl ns`kgnkgûl k`l ehdntgtn (ed). Ntnkndgtn ault` n knbk`sgln k`l m`rchs ch rhnkkgûl .

Fuhlth1 Hsthmnl Bhgvn Mgnlkeg-Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Kegbh-=9>9-]hk`bhkkgûl Yr`pgn

Ygrgtn y knbk`pgrgtn. Bn pgrgtn y knbk`pgrgtn chb ynkgdghlt`, sh `mshrvn jhlhrnbdhlth hl ns`kgnkgûl k`d` cgshdglnc`s ch krgstnbhs huehcrnbhs n sumehcrnbhs y hl pîtglns ch dglhrnb. Hl b`s mnlk`s `mshrvnc`s, bn pgrgtn y bn knbk`pgrgtn l` suphrnl hb >% chb t`tnb r`kn. Bn pgrgtn hxegmh ul k`b`r pbnthnc` y mrgbb` dhtîbgk`, dghltrns quh bn knbk`pgrgtn tghlh ul k`b`r ndnrgbb` mr`lkhnc` y mrgbb` dhtîbgk`.

 Ncynkhlth, n nbjulns z`lns ch dglhrnbgznkgûl ch pgrgtn y knbk`pgrgtn, sh puhchl nprhkgnr sum-z`lns duy bgxgvgncns k`l chsnrr`bb` ch M`xw`ro rhbbhl`s p`r bgd`lgtn.

 

:3

Fgjurn ==. Ygrgtn. n) Krgstnbhs ch pgrgtn cgshdglncn ault` nYbîtgln ch pgrgtn y knbk`pgrgtn m) M`xw`ro rhbbhl`s p`r bgd`lgtn. Fuhlth1 Hsthmnl Bhgvn Mgnlkeg-Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Kegbh-=9>9-]hk`bhkkgûl pr`pgn)

M.

Knrnkthrgznkgûl jh`quädgkn.

Vhr nlhx`s k`rrhsp`lcghlths

K.

Knrnkthrgznkgûl fgsgk`quädgkn.

G.

Chthrdglnkgûl ch bn chlsgcnc chb dglhrnb1

Chlsgcnc npnrhlth. Ynrn hst`s hlsny`s bns duhstrns ch dglhrnb fuhr`l d`bgcns enstn dnbbn :9. [h t`dû 89 jrnd`s ch bn duhstrn y sh hkeû hl uln pr`mhtn dnrkncn ch enstn enstn >99 db, buhj` sh nf`rû n 89 db, sh hke hkeû û hb dglhrnb y buhj` sh dgcgû n 39 db, sh knbkubû bn chlsgcnc npnrhlth hl >,=8 j/db.

 

:8

Chlsgcnc rhnb p`r chspbnzndghlt` ch v`budhl. [h phsû =8,93 j ch duhstrn y sh hken bn dgsdn n uln pr`mhtn jrncuncn, p`sthrg`rdhlth sh vghrth 89 db. ch njun n bn pr`mhtn k`l hb dglhrnb, nrr`anlc` bn dhcgcn ch 6> db, sghlc` hb chspbnzndghlt` ch >> db, knbkubîlc`sh uln chlsgcnc npnrhlth ch =,=5 j/db

GG.

Chthrdglnkgûl ch snbhs s`bumbhs t`tnbhs.

Yr`khcgdghlt`1

[h phsn >99 j ch dglhrnb shk` y sh ncgkg`ln 899 kd ;  ch njun chstgbncn, dhcgcn hl hl uln pr`mhtn, sh njgtn curnlt curnlth h 8 dglut`s y sh chan rhp`snr enstn hb cän sgjughlth.

Chb bäqugc` kbnr` quh npnrhkh p`r hlkgdn chb dglhrnb shcgdhltnc`, buhj` ch dnlthlhr bn s`bukgûl hl rhp rhp`s`, `s`, sh hxtrnh kk`l `l uln pgphtn >99db y sh vghrth hl uln kîpsubn tnrncn nb 9,99> j shkncn prhvgndhlth hl hstufn n ;5; ;5; O (>>9±K) (>>9±K) p`r dhcgn e`rn.

[h k`b`kn bn kîpsubn hl bn hstufn, enstn quh sh enyn hvnp`rnc` t`c` hb bäqugc` y sh chan shknr p`r dhcgn dhcgn e`rn, buhj` sh phsn y knbkubn hb k`lthlgc` ch snbhs s`bumbhs, sghlc` hb dgsd` ch 9,>=:76 ppd

 

:6

GGG.

Chthrdglnkgûl chb pE lnturnb.

[h prhpnrû uln duhstrn nb ;9% ch sûbgc`s y sh njgtû dnlunbdhlth, prhvgndhlth sh t`dû >99 db ch njun chstgbncn y sh dgcgû hb pE sghlc` hb dgsd` ch :,:3, bn duhstrn prhpnrncn l`s nrr`aû ul pE ch 3,6.

GV

Nlîbgsgs jrnlub`dçtrgk` ch b`s chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s.

[h utgbgzû ul hqugp` ]`cSnp hl hb Bnm`rnt`rg` ch bn Hskuhbn  Nkncçdgk` Yr`fhsg`lnb ch Gljhlghrän Dhtnbñrjgkn ch bn Fnkubtnc ch Gljhlghrän, p`r hspnkg` ch 8 dglut`s, n k`ltglunkgûl d`strnd`s b`s chtnbbhs ch bn pruhmn.

 

::

Snmbn GGG. NLÎBG[G[ J]NLXB@DHS]GK@ CH CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[

Yhs` ch bn duhstrn 9,8;: oj

Dnbbns

Yhs` (oj)

%

95 =9 ;9 89 :9 -:9 S`tnb1

9,=>= 9,>8; 9,93; 9,983 9,=3 9,98> 9,8;:

;7,35 =5,37 95,9> >9,96 93,36 97,89 >99,99

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s` 

C.

Knrnkthrgznkgûl dhtnbñrjgkn.

G.

Jrnc` ch bgxgvgnmgbgcnc.

Cgshþ` chb pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl. Ynrn cgshþnr hb pr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl sh rhqughrh b` sgjughlth1 >) Hbhkkgûl chb njhlth bgxgvgnlth. Hb bgxgvgnlth n hdpbhnr hs hb îkgc` subfñrgk` (E =[@3) =) Sgp` ch pr`khs` quädgk` n usnr. usnr. Hb pr`khs` quädgk` hs bn bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn ;) Sgp` ch `phrnkgûl fäsgkn n hdpbhnr. [h hdpbhnrî c`s tgp`s1 Bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns ( Ehnp bhnkeglj ))..

 

:5

Bgxgvgnkgûl p`r njgtnkgûl. 3) Hbhkkgûl chb hq hqugp` ugp` ch bgxgvgnkgûl glcustrgnb.   Bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns.



Ygbn (pnc) ch bgxgvgnkg`lhs gdphrdhnmgbgzncns k`l jh`dhdmrnlns ch >dd [gsthdns ch rghj` ch s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth. M`dmns ch rhkgrkubnkgûl ch s`bukgûl. ]hshrv`rg` ch s`bukgûl knrjncn. ]hshrv`rg` ch s`bukgûl nj`tncn. ]hshrv`rg`s ch njun.

Hdmnbsh ch rhbnvhs. 

  Bgxgvgnkgûl p`r njgtnkgûl.  Njgtnc`rhs ch k`lkrht` p`bgdçrgk`. p`bgdçrgk`. M`dmns ch rhkgrkubnkgûl. Fgbtr`s. 8) ]hkuphrnkgûl chb dhtnb cgsuhbt`. 8.>

Yruhmns dhtnbñrjgkns.

 

:7

Yruhmn L±> Dht`c`b`jän. Bn knrnkthrgznkgûl y nlîbgsgs ch bns duhstrns y hlsny`s ch bgxgvgnkgûl fuhr`l rhnbgznc`s hl hb bnm`rnt`rg` ch bn Hskuhbn Nkncçdgk` Yr`fhsg`lnb ch Gljhlghrän Dhtnbñrjgkn (H[DH) ch bn Xlgvhrsgcnc Lnkg`lnb A`rjh Mnsncrh Jr`ednll.

Duhstrh`. 

[h hfhktunr`l snbgcns ch kndp`, pnrn rhk`bhktnr >9 duhstrns rhprhshltntgvns ch b`s chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s hl bn k`lkhsgûl dglhrn Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, rhnbgzîlc`sh ul pnbbnquh`, shbhkkg`lîlc`sh uln duhstrn ch >9 oj pnrn su p`sthrg`r nlîbgsgs.

Yruhmns dhtnbñrjgkns.

Hb pr`pûsgt` mîsgk` ch hsth hstucg`, tghlh p`r fglnbgcnc vhr hb pr`khs` dîs nchkunc` pnrn hb trntndghlt` ch dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh ch bn k`lkhsgûl dglhrn Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn. Nsgdgsd`, `mthlhr pnrîdhtr`s pnrn rhnbgznr pruhmns n lgvhb pgb`t` hl `tr` d`dhlt`.

 

59

Yruhmns ch bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn.  Ynrn bbhvnr n knm` bns pruhmns, sh trnmnaû k`l hb dglhrnb hl vns`s ch dhcgcns hstîlcnr. Hb k`ltr`b ch pr`khs`, sh bbhvû n knm` ch bn sgjughlth f`rdn1 Duhstrh` y nlîbgsgs ch dglhrnb ch knmhzn. Duhstrh` y nlîbgsgs quädgk` chb Ku ++, E+, curnlth hb pr`khs`. Duhstrh` y nlîbgsgs quädgk` ch rgpg`s.

Knrnkthrästgkns quädgkns y dglhrnbûjgkns chb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc`

Hb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc`, prhshltn bn knrnkthrästgkn chb chpûsgt` ch dglhrnb suphrfgkgnb, prglkgpnbdhlth k`dpuhst` p`r `r` bgmrh, subfur` ch pbntn, ûxgc`s ch k`mrh y ch eghrr`, b`s quh jhlhrnbdhlth s`l cûkgbhs n bn bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn ` mîsgkn.

[h nlnbgzû bn k`dp`sgkgûl quädgkn chb chsd`lth chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc` p`r cgs`bukgûl t`tnb, dhcgnlth ntnquh îkgc` shjugc` shjugc` ch nms` nms`rkgûl rkgûl ntûdgkn. Hl bn tnmbn sgjughlth sgjughlth sh duhstrn hb nlîbgsgs quädgk` rhnbgznc rhnbgznc`. `.

Hb nlîbgsgs ch dgkr`sk`pän gchltgfgkû bns hsphkghs `xgcncns ch k`mrh dnbnqugtn y krgs`k`bn.

 

5>

Snmbn GV. ]hsubtnc` ch nlîbgsgs quädgk` chb dglhrnb Hbhdhlt` Y`rkhltnah (%) K`mrh t`tnb ;,9> K`mrh s`bumbh =,395 Eghrr` t`tnb =,=7 @r` Ybntn  Nbudglg` 9,5= Dnjlhsg` 9,6= Dnljnlhs` 9,=8

Jrnd`s/t`lhbncn

;,> >:9,:

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s` 

K`lsud` ch îkgc` chb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc`. 

n) K`lsud` ch ch îkgc` chb chb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc` hl vns`.  Bn dny`r hxtrnkkgûl ch k`mrh k`l rhbnkgûl n su k`lsud` ch îkgc`, l`s glcgkn, bn dny`r hfgkghlkgn hl bn utgbgznkgûl chb îkgc`. Ynrn chthrdglnr, hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` hl luhstr` dnthrgnb utgbgznrhd`s bn k`lkhltrnkgûl nb 8%, pnrn uln duhstrn ch =99 j. Hb dçt`c` ch bgxgvgnkgûl utgbgznc` pnrn bn chthrdglnkgûl chb k`lsud` ch îkgc` hs p`r njgtnkgûl.

 

5=

Yr`khcgdghlt`1  >) [h t`dn uln duhstrn duhstrn ch =99 j =) Hl ul vns` ch >999 db prhpnrnr 699 db ch E=[@3 cgbugc` nb 8%. [hpnrnr 389 db pnrn chthrdglnr hb îkgc` bgmrh hl jpb (k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` glgkgnb). ;) Njrhjnr bn duhstrn hl bn s`bukgûl îkgcn. 3) Njgtnr 7 e`rns 8) Xln vhz thrdglncn bn njgtnkgûl sh fgbtrn pnrn `mthlhr bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgncn.

6) ]hnbgznr nlîbgsgs quädgk` quädgk` pnrn chthrdglnr hb k`mrh k`mrh s`bumbh y hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` ch bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgncn.

Snmbn V. ]hsubtnc`s chb pr`khcgdghlt`. K@LKHLS]NKGÛL GLGKGNB CHB BGUGVGNLSH (jpb)

K@LKHLS]NKGÛL FGLNB K@LKHLS]NKGÛL CH BGUGVGNKGÛL (jpb)

K@L[XD@ CH ÎKGC@ (jpb)

V@BXDHL CH ÎKGC@ YN]N HB KX]NC@ (db)

7>,:

69,:

;>

389

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

Kîbkub`s1  Îkgc` glgkgnb1 7>,: jpb  Îkgc` fglnb1 69,: jpb K`lsud` 4 7>,: ‛ 69,: 4 ;> jpb

 

5;

Hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` hl jrnd`s hs bn cgfhrhlkgn ;> jpb x 9,389 utgbgznc` pnrn bn njgtnkgûl, rhsubtnlc` >;,78 j E =[@3.

 N k`ltglunkgûl, knbkubnd`s b`s jrnd`s ch E=[@3 p`r t`lhbncn ch dglhrnb1 >;,78 j E=[@3 x >Oj E=[93 / >999 j  E=[93 x >x>96j dglhrnb / =99 j ch dglhrnb 467,:8 oj E=[@3 /tdglhrnb

M) K`lsud` ch îkgc` chb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc` hl k`budln

[`bukg`lhs bgxgvgnlths Ynrn bn prhpnrnkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl nk nkgcn gcn bgxgvgnlth sh usn njun ch bn rhc rhc pñmbgkn y îkgc` subfñrgk` k`lkhltrnc`, sh prhpnrnl 5 bgtr`s ch uln s`bukgûl ch >8 j/b

y sh usn :,8 bgtr`s ch bn s`bukgûl hb rhst` sh usn pnrn

k`dphlsnr b` quh sh sh snkn hl bn t`dn duhstrn, k`l hb fgl ch dnlthlhr hb lgvhb ch bn s`bukgûl k`lstnlth hl bn t`tnbgcnc ch curnkgûl ch b`s hxphrgdhlt`s.

Yrhpnrnkgûl chb dglhrnb [h `mtuv` ul b`th ch dglhrnb pr`khchlth ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn ch npr`xgdncndhlth 59 oj, hsth dglhrnb sh hxtrna` k`l ul tndnþ`

 

53

dîxgd` ch >,=: kd (´‖), sh tndgzn t`c` hb dglhrnb hltrh bns dnbbns >,87 kd(8/5‖) y 9,;5 kd (;/5‖), `mthlgçlc`sh npr`xgdncndhlth 5 oj. 

Yr`khcgdghlt` hxphrgdhltnb

B`s rhnkt`rhs c`lch sh rhnbgznl b`s hxphrgdhlt`s tghlhl ul v`budhl npr`x. ch > >9 9 bgtr`s, kuy kuyns ns cgdhlsg`lhs glthrlns s`l ;= kd c ch h bnrj`, >5 kd ch nlke` y >7kd ch nbt`. Chltr` ch hst`s rhnkt`rhs sh sudhrjhl chpûsgt`s phrf`rnc`s s`mrh b`s kunbhs sh nk`d`cn hb dglhrnb.

Bns cgdhlsg`lhs ch hst`s chpûsgt`s s`l ch >7 kd ch cgîdhtr` y >= kd ch nbt`, hsth chpûsgt` chpûsgt` phrf`rnc` phrdgth hb fbua` ch s`bukgûl n trnvçs chb dglhrnb.

Ynrn bn muhln kgrkubnkgûl kgrkubnkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl s`bukgûl sh cgsp`lh ch njgtnc njgtnc`rhs `rhs dhkîlgk`s b`s kunbhs sh gltr`cukhl hl hb k`stnc` ch chpûsgt` dîs jrnlch hl bn s`bukgûl nkgcn y bn r`tnkgûl ch hst`s pr`cukh uln turmubhlkgn chltr` ch b`s rhnkt`rhs phrdgtghlc` hb nchkunc` k`ltnkt` hltrh bn s`bukgûl y hb dglhrnb.

 

58

Hl hstn shkkgûl shkkgûl sh d d`strnrn `strnrn b`s rhsu rhsubtnc`s btnc`s hxphrgdhltnbhs pnrn bn kglçtgkn chb k`lsud` ch îkgc`, hxtrnkkgûl ch k`mrh, k`lkhltrnkgûl ch bn s`bukgûl n >8 j/b.

Snmbn VG. ]hsubtnc`s hxphrgdhltnbhs >8 j/b Kglçtgkn k`lsud` ch îkgc` Sghdp` (e`rns) 9,9 9,> 9,8

K`lsud` ch îkgc` oj/t dglhrnb 9 8 >9

6,9 >=,9 =3,9

>8 =9 =8

35,9 76,9 >33,9 >7=,9 =39,9

;9 ;8 39 3= 3;

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl Yr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

[g hb dglhrnb ch k`mrh `xgcnc` sh bgxgvgn njrhjnlc` k`lstnlthdhlth îkgc` frhsk` ch d`c` quh bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` sh dnlthljn +=

k`lstnlth, y sg sh t`dnl duhstrns ch k`lkhltrnkgûl ch Ku   hl bn s`bukgûl curnlth hb tghdp` ch bgxgvgnkgûl sh `mshrvn bn sgjughlth thlchlkgn1

 

56

Fgjurn =;. Sghdp` vs. k`lsud` ch îkgc` oj/t ch dglhrnb.  Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

Hl mnsh nb jrnfgk` jrnfgk` d`strnc` hl bn fgjurn =;, sh puhch chk chkgrgr quh kunlc` bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hl bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth hs dny`r hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` p`r pnrth chb dglhrnb nudhltn, nkhbhrîlc`sh nkhbhrîlc`sh bn kglçtgkn. Nchdîs, sh puhch l`tnr quh lulkn sh bbhjn nb dîxgd` k`lsud` ch îkgc` quh pnrn hsth dglhrnb fuh ch 67,:8 oj ch îkgc`/t ch dglhrnb. Hb k`lsud` dîxgd` b`jrnc` pnrn hstns pruhmns fuh ch 38 oj/t ch dglhrnb, b` quh k`rrhsp`lch k`rrhsp`lch n 63,8% ch k`lvhrsgûl rhsphkt` rhsphkt` nb dîxgd` k`lsud` ch îkgc`.

 

5:

Snmbn VGG. ]hsubtnc`s hxphrgdhltnbhs >8 j/b rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh Sghdp` (e`rns) 9 >

% ]hkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh 9 >9

5 >= 35 69 >95 =93 ;99 ;35

=9 ;9 39 89 69 :9 := :;

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl Yr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

Fgjurn =3. Y`rkhltnah ch rhkuphrnkgûl rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh hl fulkgûl chb chb tghdp`.  Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl Yr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

55

@mshrvnlc` hb jrnfgk` nlthrg`r hl bn fgjurn =3, sh puhch chkgr k`d` thlchlkgn jhlhrnb, n dhcgcn quh nudhltn bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hl bn s`bukgûl, bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh hs dîs rîpgcn, hxgstghlc` uln thlchlkgn hltrh bn vhb`kgcnc ch cgs`bukgûl ch k`mrh y bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc`, îkgc`, hst` sh dnltghlh dnltghlh npr`xgdncndhlth enstn bns 35 e`rns,tghdp` hl hb kunb bns vhb`kgcnchs cgsdgluyhl l`t`rgndhlth, `mshrvîlc`sh ul qughmrh hl bns kurvns ch bns kglçtgkns

Cgs`bukgûl chb eghrr`

Hb eghrr` f`rdn pnrth ch bns hsphkghs ch bn jnljn chb dglhrnb, hl hsth kns` pnrtgkubnr hb dglhrnb ch Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, k`ltghlh subfnt`s ch eghrr`, nchdîs chb eghrr` hl f`rdn ch ehdntgtn, bgd`lgtn hsth nb rhnkkg`lnr k`l hb îkgc` f`rdn hb Fh+;, quh hs ul hxkhbhlth `xgcnlth, y bn kuprgtn lhkhsgtn ch ul `xgcnlth pnrn su k`dpbhtn cgs`bukgûl, nyucnlc` n bn kglçtgkn ch bn cgs`bukgûl chb k`mrh.

Y`r b` hxpuhst`

bn

k`lkhltrnkgûl ch k`mrh krhkh hl f`rdn

pnrnmûbgkn, ` shn rîpgcndhlth nb prglkgpg` y buhj` kncn vhz dîs bhltndhlth. N k`ltglunkgûl sh hxpbgkn bn kglçtgkn ch k`lsud` ch îkgc` subfñrgk`1

 

57

Bn rhnkkgûl ch bgxgvgnkgûl quh `kurrh hsp`ltîlhndhlth hsp`ltîlhndhlth hs1 Ku@ + =E+  Ku+=  + E=@

(=9)

Buhj` bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch k`mrh hl s`bukgûl, prhshlth k`d` Ku +=, nudhltn hl hb tghdp`, dghltrns bn ch îkgc` cgsdgluyh. [g bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch Ku+= hl s`bukgûl hl ul tghdp` t hs K Ku+=, bn dnsn ch k`mrh bgxgvgncn enstn hsh tghdp` sh knbkubn k`d`1

     ( )    

(=5)

K`d` bn dnsn ch k`mrh prhshlth glgkgnbdhlth hl bn dnsn ch dglhrnb Ddgl. hs1

     

 

Bn frnkkgûl frnkkgûl ch k`mrh bgxgvgncn hl hb tghdp` t

(=7) hs k` k`mrh mrh hl

s`bukgûl/k`mrh glgkgnb, y sh knbkubn k`d`1

 ( )    )   

 

[ghlc`1

(;9)

9   U  Ku =    >  t 

 

79

Hl bn glcustrgn sh enmbn dîs mghl ch bn rhkuphrnkgûl p`rkhltunb ch k`mrh, ] (%), quh sh knbkubn k`d`1

 ()  )      [ghlc`1

9    ]  >9 >99 9 

Bn vhb`kgcnc k`l quh sh bgxgvgn hb k`mrh hstî cncn p`r1

(;>)

 

(  ) 

   



 

(;=)

_  T 

Buhj` bn vhb`kgcnc ch bgxgvgnkgûl, quh hs pr`p`rkg`lnb n bn phlcghlth

, sh vh quh cgsdgluyh k`l hb tghdp` ch bgxgvgnk bgxgvgnkgûl. gûl. Xln kurvn pnrnmûbgkn sgdgbnr sh `mtghlh kunlc` sh jrnfgkn bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh hl hb tghdp`, shjñl sh duhstrn hl bn fgjurn =;. Hst` hs p`rquh bn rhkuphrnkgûl, ch nkuhrc` n bn hkunkgûl ;>, hs pr`p`rkg`lnb n bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch k`mrh hl s`bukgûl.

 

(;;) 

 

7>

3.3

Y]@KH[@ CH HUYB@SNKGÛL. Buhj` ch gchltgfgknr bn jh`b`jän chb ynkgdghlt`, p`r dhcg` ch bn

hxpb`rnkgûl, hl luhstr` kns`, hb duhstrh` p`r knlnbhs, pnrn kumgknr bn knltgcnc ch dglhrnb cgsp`lgmbh hl hst`s m`tnchr`s, sh pr`khch n shbhkkg`lnr hb dçt`c` ch hxpb`tnkgûl, f`rdn ch pr`khsndghlt` chb dglhrnb y bns `phrnkg`lhs ch pr`cukkgûl. Hb dçt`c` hsk`jgc` fuh hb ch ‘trnlsfhrhlkgn‖ ` shn, hb trnsbnc` ch

dglhrnb ch b`s chpûsgt`s n bns knlkens prhpnrncns, yn quh hb dglhrnb, sh

hlkuhltrn trgturnc` h glthdphrgznc` k`l uln jrnlub`dhträn nchkuncn, pnrn npbgknr hb sgsthdn ch rhkuphrnkgûl dhtnbñrjgkn dhtnbñrjgkn p`r bgxgvgnkgûl. Hb pr`khs`, k`lsgsth quh k`l hb hqugpndghlt` lhkhsnrg` k`dpuhst` p`r 8 kndg`lhs v`bquhths v`bquhths y ; knrjnc`rhs fr`ltnbhs ch ;d; sh nk`pgh t`c` hb dnthrgnb ch b`s m`tnchr`s enkgn bns knlkens (pnc) ch bn sgjughlth f`rdn1 - 

YNC L¹>1 B`s m` m`tnchr`s tnchr`s chb =; n 3= k`l u ul l t`tnb ch ;9 66>,=8 t.4;:,69%

- 

YNC L¹=1 B`s m` m`tnchr`s tnchr`s chb 9> n == k`l u ul l t`tnb ch 89 5:9,68 t.46=,3%

5> 85=,>8 t 4>99%

n) Hqugp` n utgbgznr pnrn dglnc` (*)1 - 

9; kndgûl v`bquhth ch >8d; 

 

7=

- 

98 knrjnc`r fr`ltnb ch ;d; 

- 

9> trnkt`r C: (nbqugbhr)

- 

98 hqugp`s nuxgbgnrhs (kndg`lhtn)

- 

9> hqugp` bgvgnl`

- 

9= jrup` hbhktrûjhl`

- 

9= kndg`lhs kgsthrln 8 999 jnb`lhs njun (*)Vhr chtnbbh hqugpndghlt`

m) Ybnl ch pr`cukkgûl1

Snmbn VGGG. Ybnl ch pr`cukkgûl. YNC L¹ >

YNC L¹= 899 d= 

 Îrhn Knpnkgcnc pr`khs` Ygbn Sghdp`

;9 66>,=8 t

599d=  89 5:9,68 t

= =63,: t

= =63,: t

; nþ`s

; nþ`s

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

3.8

YBNLSN CH Y]@KH[NDGHLS@ DHSNBÑ]JGK@.

Hb mhlhfgkg` mhlhfgkg` ch ch b`s dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s quh k`ltghlh Dnbnqugtn Ku K@;Ku (@E)=, mr`knltgtn Ku[@3.;Ku (@E)=, krgs`k`bn Ku[g@;.=E=@ y `tr`s k`d` subfur`s ch Nj y Nu, sh rhnbgzn dhcgnlth ul pr`khs` egcr`dhtnbñrjgk`, quh k`lstn ch bns sgjughlths fnshs1

 

7;

3.8.> Kgrkugt` ch kenlknc`.

Hb dglhrnb pr`khchlth ch b`s m`tnchr`s nlths chskrgt`s quh k`lthljnl dglhrnb hl r`kn suphrg`rhs n >,=: kd (>/=‖) (hb dglhrnb hstî

glthdphrgznc` hl su dny`rän y prhshltn jrnlub`dhträn -8,> kd (- =‖), k`l ul =9% npr`xgdnc` ch bndns dhl`s dnbbn >99)shrî trgturnc` n mnsh ch k`dm`s, s`mrh uln pnrrgbbn hsphkgnb (kuyn nmhrturn hs +8,> kd (+ >/=‖)),

prhpnrnc` k`l ul dnke` ch =9 bm, pnrn hb kns` ch jrnlub`dhträn ch dny`r tndnþ`, hst` hs, hl b` rhfhrhlth n dglhrnb ch dgln, sh utgbgznrî ul

kgrkugt` ch kenlknc` ncgkg`lnb, pr`puhst` n k`ltglunkgûl1

B`s kndg`lhs knrjnc`s k`l dglhrnb chsch hb ynkgdghlt`, hltrhjnl hsth dglhrnb k`l tndnþ`s dîxgd`s ch nbrhchc`r ch 65,6 kd (=:‖) n bn pnrrgbbn ch kbnsgfgknkgûl k`l nmhrturn ch :9,> kd (=:,6‖) x :9,> kd (=:,6‖) n

rnzûl ch =9 t/e.

Hb mna` tndnþ` nbgdhltn n ul nbgdhltnc`r/kbnsgfgknc`r (jrgzzbg fhhchr ), ), hb kunb kbnsgfgkn hb dnthrgnb +/- >9,= kd (+/- 3,9‖). Hb dglhrnb k`l tndnþ` dhl`r n >9,= kd (3,9‖) nbgdhltn cgrhktndhlth bn k`rrhn chb pr`cukt`

kenlknc` pnsnlc`

nb enrlhr` prgdnrg`. Hb dnthrgnb +>9,= +>9,= kd ((+ +

3,9‖)nbgdhltn nb kenlknc`r prgdnrg` ch tgp` dnlcämubn , çsth rhkgmh k`d` nbgdhltnkgûl ul phrfgb jrnlub`dçtrgk` ch >99% pnsnlth :9,> kd (=:,6‖) n

 

73

+>9,= kd (+3,9‖), hb kunb rhcukh n >9,= kd (3,9‖).  

Hstn kenlknc`rn, k`l uln rnzûl ch rhcukkgûl ch >:,5 kd (:‖), hstî

k`lstgtugcn p`r c`s pbnkns, uln dûvgb y `trn fgan, nb `skgbnr bn pbnkn dûvgb, nprgsg`ln n bns pnrtäkubns k`ltrn bn pbnkn fgan. B`s hsfuhrz`s npbgknc`s dhcgnlth hsth d`vgdghlt` frnkturnl bn r`kn. r `kn.

B`s pr`cukt`s chskghlchl enstn knhr p`r bn nmhrturn ch chsknrjn.

Hb pr`cukt` chb kenlknc`r prgdnrg`,  nbgdhltn n trnvçs ch k`rrhn nb enrlhr` prgdnrg` ch c`mbh kumghrtn (chko) vgmrnt`rg` (nmhrturn dnbbn 6,> kd (=,3‖) y ;,9 kd (>,=‖)), çsth shpnrn bns  pnrtäkubns hl +/- ;,9 kd (+/- >,=‖). Hb +;,9 kd (+>,=‖) pnsn nb kenlknc`r shkulcnrg`, quh rhcukh hb dnthrgnb nb tndnþ` ch =,8 kd (>‖). Hstn k`rrghlth ch dglhrnb rht`rln nb enrlhr`

vgmrnt`rg` khrrnlc` hb kgrkugt`.

Hb kenlknc`r shkulcnrg` chb tgp` k`l` hstîlcnr ` egcr`k`l`, k`l rnzûl ch rhcukkgûl ch ;,;; hs ul kenlknc`r ch hah vhrtgknb sgdgbnr n ul` jgrnt`rg`, cgfghrh ch çsth p`rquh hb hah l` sh hlkuhltrn susphlcgc` y p`rquh bn kîdnrn ch trgturnkgûl hs ch dhl`r v`budhl.

 

78

Hb pr`cukt` chb kenlknc`r shkulcnrg` ch =,8 kd (>‖) nbgdhltn n trnvçs ch k`rrhn hb enrlhr` ch c`mbh pnrrgbbn k`l nmhrturns ch dnbbn ch 6,> kd (=,3‖) y ;,9 kd (>,=‖). Hsth enrlhr`, k`lsgsth mîsgkndhlth hl uln

suphrfgkgh k`l glkbglnkgûl vnrgnmbh hltrh 8¹ n >9¹ k`lstgtugcn p`r uln dnbbn ch nkhr` (` uln pbnkn phrf`rncn ch p`bgurhtnl`), quh `skgbn k`l uln frhkuhlkgn y bnrj` ch knrrhrn, bns pnrtäkubns kuy` tndnþ` hs dhl`r quh bn nmhrturn ch bn suphrfgkgh bn ntrnvghsnl, dghltrns quh bns ch tndnþ` dny`r, p`r hb hfhkt` ch vgmrnkgûl, s`l trnlsp`rtncns enkgn bn chsknrjn.

Bn chsknrjn chb enrlhr` prgdnrg` nbgdhltn hb st`ko pgbh ch jruhs`s ch ‛ ;,9 kd (  ‛ ‛ >,=‖). Hsth st`ko pgbh k`l knrjn vgvn lhkhsnrgn pnrn >= e ch `phrnkgûl glchphlcghlth ch nbgdhltnkgûl nb kenlknc` thrkgnrg`, s`stghlh n trnvçs ch 3 nbgdhltnc`rhs (; hl `phrnkgûl y > hl hsphrn) n bn k`rrhn trnlsp`rtnc`rn, bn quh, dnltghlh hb dglhrnb n rnzûl ch >;; t/e nb enrlhr` shkulcnrg`. Çsth, hs chb tgp` vgmrnt`rg` k`l nmhrturn ch dnbbn ch >,; kd (´‖). B`s s`mrh tndnþ`s ch bns pnrrgbbns s`l trnlsp`rtncn d hcgnlth k`rrhn

enkgn hb kenlknc`r thrkgnrg` tgp` k`l` (knmhzn k`rtn, egcr`k`l`), hb dgsd` quh sh hlkuhltrn hl kgrkugt` khrrnc` k`l hb enrlhr` dhlkg`lnc`. Hb pr`cukt` dhl`r >,; kd (>/=‖) nbgdhltn hb chpûsgt` ch fgl`s quh nbgdhltn

fglnbdhlth nb tndm`r njb`dhrnc`r.

 

76

Y`r shr hsth pr`khs`, jhlhrnc`r ch dnthrgnb pnrtgkubnc`, sh gdpbhdhltnrî ul sgsthdn n mnsh ch njun shdg pubvhrgzncn hl b`s pult`s ch trnspns`, nchdîs b`s enrlhr`s sh kumrhl pnrn hvgtnr nb dîxgd` bn jhlhrnkgûl ch p`bv`s fujgtgv`s.

B`s hqugp`s prglkgpnbhs h glfrnhstrukturn quh shrîl utgbgznc`s hl hb îrhn ch kenlknc`, s`l b`s sgjughlths1 >. Ynrrgbbn ch kbnsgfgknkgûl, nbgdhltnkgûl pbnltn ch kenlknc`, nmhrturn ch :9 x :9 kd

=. S`bvn ch nbgdhltnkgûl prgdnrgn quh thljn bn nut`l`dän `phrnkg`lnb chthrdglncn p`r hb kgrkugt` ch kndg`lhs dgln. ;. Nbgdhltnc`r kbnsgfgknc`r kenlknc` kenlknc` prgdnrg`, nmhrturn ch >>8 dd 3. Kenlknc`rn ch dnlcämubn, m`kn 5>,; kd x >=>,7 kd (;=‖ x 35‖) y knpnkgcnc >99 t/e, pnrn bbhjnr n ul pr`cukt` ch >9,= kd (3,9‖) 

8. Kenlknc`rn shkul shkulcnrgn cnrgn ch k`l` ` egcr`k`l`, ch knpnkgcnc knpnkgcnc ch >99 t/e, pnrn bbhjnr n ul pr`cukt` ch =,8 kd (>‖).

6. Kenlknc`rn thrkgnrgn ch k`l` ` egcr`k`l`, k`l uln knpnkgcnc ch 59 t/e, pnrn bbhjnr n ul pr`cukt` ch >,; kd (´‖) 

:. Enrlhr` ch c`mbh pnrrgbbn ch >=,6 d =, ch nmhrturn ch dnbbn ch >¹ 69 dd y =¹ ;9 dd, rhsphktgvndhlth.

 

7:

5. Enrlhr` k`l uln pnrrgbbn ch 7 d=, k`l uln nmhrturn ch dnbbn ch >=,: dd y uln knpnkgcnc ch 59 t/e 7. Nbgdhltnc`rhs ` nk`pgnc`r ch dglhrnb jruhs` ` s`mrh tndnþ` (st`ko pgbh), ; hl `phrnkgûl y ul` hl hsphrn (stnlc my) y k`l uln knpnkgcnc >>8 t k/u >9.

Kgltns trnlsp`rtnc`rns

>>.

Hbhktr`gdîl, k`l sgsthdn ch k`ltr`b

>=.

Hstnkgûl ch duhstrh`

3.8.= Njb`dhrnkgûl.

Ch nkuhrc` n bns knrnkthrästgkns chb dglhrnb hl knlken quh p`shh =9% ch bndns, ` shn pnrtäkubns-dnbbn >99, y chmgc`, n quh hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl hl pgbns, bn knltgcnc ch pnrtäkubns chmh shr rhcukgcn pnrn nudhltnr su phrdhnmgbgcnc,

p`r h hbb`, bb`, hb pr`khs` dîs hdpb hdpbhnc` hnc` p pnrn nrn s`b s`bukg`lnr ukg`lnr hb

pr`mbhdn ch b`s fgl`s hs bn njb`dhrnkgûl.

Hb hqugp` n usnr, hs hb tndm`r njb`dhrnc`r, njb`dhrnc`r, quh hs ul kgbglcr` glkbglnc` jgrnlc` n mnan vhb`kgcnc, `knsg`ln hb chsbgkh (knskncn) y bn njb`dhrnkgûl chb dglhrnb prhvgndhlth d`anc` k`l njun y/` ncehrhlths. Hl hb kns` ch bn bgxgvgnkgûl chb k`mrh, bn njb`dhrnkgûl (` kurnc`) sh rhnbgzn k`l hb dgsd` bgxgvgnlth îkgc` hl ul tndm`r r`tnt`rg`. Yrgdhr`, sh

 

75

eudhktn hb dglhrnb (+/- 3%) k`l njun ` s`bukgûl p`mrh (rhfgl`). Chspuçs, sh njrhjn îkgc` subfñrgk` k`lkhltrnc` (+/- ;9 oj/t ` ;%), hsth îkgc` ntnkn hb dglhrnb y jhlhrn k`dpuhst`s khdhltnlths hltrh bns pnrtäkubns.

 Nchdîs, ch bn njb`dhrnkgûl, `kurrhl rhnkkg`lhs quädgkns k`lcukghlc` n bn f`rdnkgûl ch subfnt`s ch k`mrh y eghrr` (kurnc` pr`pgndhlth). Hstns rhnkkg`lhs s`l hx`tçrdgkns y jhlhrnl duke` knb`r Y`r hahdpb`1

Ku@ + E=[@3 Ku[@3 +E=@

(=>)

Ku[g@; +E=[@3  Ku[@3 +[g@= +E=@

(==)

Chspuçs ch bn njb`dhrnkgûl hl hb tndm`r r`tnt`rg`, sh chan rhp`snr hb dglhrnb curnlth =3 e hl bn pgbn, pnrn quh sh k`dpbhthl bns rhnkkg`lhs quädgkns y quh sh nceghrnl hltrh sä, bns pnrtäkubns hl bn dgsdn pgbn ch bgxgvgnkgûl.

3.8.; Bgxgvgnkgûl hl knlken.

Bns knlkens ch bgxgvgnkgûl ` ‘Yncs‖, s`l îrhns hsphkgnbhs

prhpnrncns hl bns quhmrncns ` chprhsg`lhs chb thrrhl`, kuyn suphrfgkgh shrî gdprgdnc` h gdphrdhnmgbgznc` k`l jh`dhdmrnlns rhsgsthlths n bn

 

77

hr`sgûl y îkgc` k`d` shr hb ECYH ch> dd.[h k`lstrugrî c`s knlkens k`l ul îrhn t`tnb ch >;99 d=.

Hl bns knlkens ch bgxgvgnkgûl, sh f`rdnrî uln thrrnzn ch dglhrnb ch 3 d ch nbturn f`rdnlc` ul dûcub` ch 58= t hl hb YNC L± > y >3>; t hl hb YNC L± =. Hb Hb kgkb` ch bgx bgxgvgnkgûl gvgnkgûl shrî ch ;9 cäns y bn s`bukgûl îkgcn prhpnrncn prhvgndhlth hl ul tnlquh k`l uln kk`lkhltrnkgûl `lkhltrnkgûl vnrgnmbh ch 89 n >99 j/bgtr`, shjñl bn

kbnsh ch dhln, shrî cgstrgmugc` hl bn

suphrfgkgh chb dglhrnb dhcgnlth ul sgsthdn ch rghj` p`r nsphrsgûl, quh nb

phrk`bnr

cgsuhbvh hb k`mrh k`lthlgc` hl hb dglhrnb

`rgjglnlc` uln

s`bukgûl nj`tncn nj`tncn ch k`mrh n bn quh sh chl`dgln ‘k ‘k`shken‖. `shken‖. 

Bn s`bukgûl ch k`shken pr`vhlghlth ch bn bgxgvgnkgûl, sh k`bhktn hl prhsn quh sh

hlkuhltrn hl bn pnrth

mnan ch bns knlkens y shrî

m`dmhncn n b`s rhsphktgv`s k`dpnrtgdghlt`s hl bn knan ch dhzkbns y ch nbbä nb hstnlquh ch nbdnkhlndghlt` ch s`bukg`lhs, umgknc` hl hb îrhn ch bn pbnltn. Hb fbua` npr`xgdncndhlth shrî ch >89 jnb`lhs p`r dglut`.

 

>99

3.8.3 Ybnltn ch hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlth.

Bn s`bukgûl cgbugcn ch subfnt` ch k`mrh, k`l nbt` k`lthlgc` ch gdpurhzns, shrî trntncn hl bn pbnltn ch hxtrnkk hxtrnkkgûl gûl p`r s`bvhlths pn pnrn rn pr`cukgr uln s`bukgûl k`lkhltrncn ch subfnt` sufgkghlthdhlth bgmrh ch gdpurhzns k`d` pnrn p`chr shr trntncns hl bn pbnltn hbhktr`bätgkn.

Hl bn htnpn ch hxtrnkkgûl, bn k`shken hltrn hl k`ltnkt` k`l uln s`bukgûl `rjîlgkn ch bgx-63L cgsuhbt` hl ohr`shlh. Hsth rhnktgv` hxtrnh

shbhktgvndhlth hb k`mrh ch bn k`shken y b` rhhdpbnzn k`l egcrûjhl` hl bn pr`p`rkgûl quh rhqughrh hb îkgc` lätrgk` pnrn rhk`lstgtugrsh. Bn s`bukgûl rhsubtnlth bbndnc` ‘rnfglnt`‖ p`mrh hl îkgc` y nj`tncn hl k`mrh, rhjrhsnrî

n bns knlkens ch bgxgvgnkgûl glkbuyhlc` bns gdpurhzns quh l` fuhr`l hxtrnäcns. Vhr hb kgkb` hl hb cgnjrndn ch fbua` ( Fb`w[ehht).

Chspuçs ch bn shpnrnkgûl chb rnfglnt`, bn s`bukgûl `rjîlgkn knrjncn ch k`mrh, hltrnrî hl k`ltnkt` k`l uln s`bukgûl nku`sn k`l nbt` k`lthlgc` ch îkgc`, pr`cukgcn hl bn pbnltn ch hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl. Hl hstn htnpn ch hxtrnkkgûl, hb îkgc` rhhdpbnzn nb k`mrh hl bn s`bukgûl `rjîlgkn y hb k`mrh bgmhrnc`, pnsn n su vhz, n bn s`bukgûl nku`sn k`lstgtuyhlc` uln s`bukgûl kupräfhrn purgfgkncn quh nbgdhltnrî nb pr`khs` ch hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl.

 

>9>

3.8.8 Ybnltn ch hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl.

Bn pbnltn hbhktr`bätgkn, shrî ch c`s shkkg`lhs ch khbcns ch chp`sgkgûl, k`lstrugc` ch k`lkrht` f`rrnc` p`r p`bgkb`rur` ch vglgb` prhf`rdnc`.

Hl uln ch hbbns sh glstnbnrî b`s îl`c`s ch nbhnkgûl pb`d`-knbkg` y hl bns `trns sh glstnbnrnl pbnkns kntûcgkns ch nkhr` gl`xgcnmbh. [`mrh hstns quh sh chl`dglnl pbnlkens dncrhs sh chp`sgtnrn uln bîdgln ch

k`mrh ch npr`xgdncndhlth 9,5dd ch hsphs`r. Hb pr`khs` curn =3 e`rns k`l uln chlsgcnc ch k`rrghlth ch =>:,8 ndp/d = 

Bn htnpn fglnb ch bn pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh, hs hb pr`khs` ch hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl. Hb pns` ch k`rrghlth hbçktrgkn n trnvçs ch bns khbcns quh k`ltghlhl bn s`bukgûl k`lkhltrncn ch k`mrh pr`khchlth ch bn pbnltn ch hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlths, knusn bn chp`sgkgûl ch k`mrh dhtîbgk` s`mrh pbnlkens ch nrrnlquh, quh nktñnl k`d` kît`c`s, b`s kunbhs, s`l phrgûcgkndhlth rhd`vgc`s pnrn k`lf`rdnr hb kît`c` k`dhrkgnb ch uln purhzn ch 77,77 77,77 %. Ynrth chb hbhktr`bgt` jnstnc` ch bns khbcns rht`rlnrî n bn pbnltn ch hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlths, pnrn shr hxtrnäc` dîs k`mrh ch bn fnsh `rjîlgkn.

 

>9=

3.8.6 Glfrnhstrukturn, glstnbnkg`lhs nuxgbgnrhs.

n) Nmnsthkgdghlt` ch hlhrjän. Ynrn kumrgr b`s rhquhrgdghlt`s chb pr`yhkt`, sh ncqugrgrî ul jrup` hbhktrûjhl` pr`pg` quh shrî ch > jrup` jhlhrnb d`t`r cghshb ch =,8DL.

m) Nmnsthkgdghlt` ch njun. Hb sudglgstr` ch njun nb pr`yhkt`, shrî chb rä` quh k`rrh p`r bn

quhmrncn k`l ul fbua` npr`xgdnc` ch 9,8 bgtr`s/dgl. Çsth shrî nbdnkhlnc` hl ul p`z` njuns nrrgmn, ch neä shrî m`dmhnc` enstn hb p`z` prhpnrnt`rg` chb îkgc` y n bn pbnltn p`r dhcg` ch tumhräns ch 8,> kd (=‖) ch cgîdhtr`. 

k) Nmnsthkgdghlt` ch îkgc` subfñrgk`. Ynrn nshjurnr hb nmnsthkgdghlt` ch îkgc` subfñrgk` gdp`rtnc` sh ncqugrgrî hl Kegbh ` M`bgvgn, nsgdgsd`, sh k`lstrugrî ul tnlquh ch nbdnkhlndghlt` ch >9 999 bgtr`s ch knpnkgcnc.

c) Väns ch k`dulgknkgûl. [h rhqughrh k`lstrugr c`s väns, uln quh lhkhsgtn shr rhenmgbgtncn pnrn k`dulgknrl`s k`l hb hxthrg`r chb ynkgdghlt`, quh hs uln tr`ken

 

>9;

knrr`znmbh ch uln b`ljgtuc ch 389 dhtr`s y bn `trn, hs vän n k`lstrugr k`l nyucn ch ul trnkt`r C: chsch bns knlkens ch bgxgvgnkgûl enkgn b`s m`tnchr`s k`l b`ljgtuc t`tnb npr`xgdncn ch ;99 dhtr`s bglhnbhs.

h) Glstnbnkg`lhs nuxgbgnrhs. Glkbuyh

bn

k`lstrukkgûl

ch

vgvghlcns,

bn

pbnltn

ch

hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl, tnbbhrhs, nbdnkhlhs, bnm`rnt`rg`s, htk.Hs gdp`rtnlth glcgknr, quh hl hb prhshlth pr`yhkt`, sh hstî ncgkg`lnlc` uln bälhn ch trntndghlt` ch dglhrnbhs subfurnc`s ch k`mrh p`r hb pr`khs` ch

fb`tnkgûl, pnrn b` kunb, sh hstî prhvghlc` hb hqugpndghlt` lhkhsnrg`.

 N k`ltglunkgûl, sh duhstrn hb cgnjrndn ch fbua` (Fb`w[ehht)  (bgxgvgnkgûl pr`pgndhlth cgken), ch bn shjulcn bälhn ch kenlknc`.

 

>93

Fgjurn=8. Cgnjrndn ch fbua` chb pr`khs` ( Fb`w[ehht).  Fuhlth1 BGDGLJ, Ehlnl Bgdglj Ehnvy Glcustry [kghlkh& Shkel`b`jy K`. Btc Qehljze`u, Kegln. =9>;.

 

>98

[`bukgûl pr`vhlghlth ch Snlquh Nbdnkçl

Fgjurn =6. Yr`khs` ch bgxgvgnkgûl, hxtrnkkgûl p`r s`bvhlths y hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl. hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl. Fuhlth1 BGDGLJ, Ehlnl Bgdglj Ehnvy Glcustry [kghlkh& Shkel`b`jy K`. Btc Qehljze`u, Kegln. =9>;.

 

>96 

KNYÄSXB@ V

GLVH][G@LH[ W K@[S@[ YN]N BN ]HKXYH]NKGÛL CH B@[ CH[D@LSH[ DGLH]NBGQNC@[

8.>

GLVH][G@LH[.

Bns

glvhrsg`lhs, s`l nsgjlnkg`lhs ch d`lt`s t`tnbhs n ul

pr`yhkt` pnrn su gdpbhdhltnkgûl. Hstns sh rhnbgznl nlths ch bn puhstn hl dnrken chb chb pr`yhkt` y sh njrupnl hl c`s rumr`s1 Glvhrsg Glvhrsgûl ûl fgan y knpgtnb ch trnmna`.

 

Bn glvhrsgûl fgan hstî k`lstgtugcn p`r c`s jrup`s1 B`s mghlhs tnljgmbhs ` mghlhs fäsgk`sy b`s mghlhs gltnljgmbhs 

` bbndnc`s tndmgçl shrvgkg`s.

B`s mghlhs tnljgmbhs ` mghlhs fäsgk`s, sh knrnkthrgznl p`r su dnthrgnmgbgcnc, p`r hahdpb`, thlhd`s, thrrhl`s, bns `mrns fäsgkns, väns ch nkkhs`, hqugpndghlt` ch bn pbnltn , dnquglnrgn y hqugp`s,

 

>9: 

duhmbhs, ehrrndghltns, vheäkub`s, glfrnhstrukturn ch shrvgkg`s ch np`y` (njun, rhc hbçktrgkn, htk htk.), .), y pnrn hfhkt`s k`ltnmbhs hstîl nfhkt`s n chprhkgnkg`lhs. B`s thrrhl`s l` sh chprhkgnl dîs mghl sh rhvnbñnl.

 

Bns glvhrsg`lhs hl nktgv`s gltnljgmbhs, s`l t`c`s nquhbb`s quh sh rhnbgznl s`mrh nktgv`s k`lstgtugc`s p`r b`s shrvgkg`s, hs chkgr, sh knrnkthrgzn p`r su gldnthrgnmgbgcnc. Jhlhrnbdhlth, hstî k`lstgtugc` p`r b`s chrhke`s y shrvgkg`s rhkgmgc`s hl hb phrg`c`

prh-`phrntgv`. Bns glvhrsg`lhs gltnljgmbhs s`l suskhptgmbhs ch nd`rtgznr.

8.>.> Hstrukturn chtnbbncn chb fglnlkgndghlt`.

B`s prglkgpnbhs nrtäkub`s (äthds) n fglnlkgnr pnrn luhstr` kns` s`l1 Hstucg`s chfglgtgv`s ch gljhlghrän, jnst`s hl shrvgkg`s tçklgk`s y ncdglgstrntgv`s, c`kudhlt`s tçklgk`s pnrn bn k`lstrukkgûl h glstnbnkgûl ch bn pbnltn, knpnkgtnkgûl y hltrhlndghlt`, `rjnlgznkgûl hdprhsnrgnb, jnst`s bhjnbhs, dnthrgnbhs h gdpuhst`s, d`ltnah ch dnquglnrgn y hqugp`s, jnst`s jnst`s h hl l pruhm pruhmns ns

y puhstn hl dnrken,

 

>95 

gdprhvgst`s y hsknbndghlt`s.

Snmbn GU. Mghlhs gltnljgmbhs. ]XM]@[

[XM S@SNB X[ $

Hstucg`s chfglgtgv`s ch gljhlghrän [hrvgkg`s

ch

nsgsthlkgn

tçklgkn,

=89 999,99 knpnkgtnkgûl

y

89= =5:,;5

hltrhlndghlt` @rjnlgznkgûl hdprhsnrgnb, jnst`s bhjnbhs, htk. Hstucg`s ch gdpnkt` ndmghltnb y nkkg`lhs k`dpbhdhltnrgns hl bn k`dulgcnc

:= 999,99 8=9 999,99

Srîdgths, bgkhlkgns, suhbc`s chb phrs`lnb, prgdhr nþ` prhpr`cukkgûl Glstnbnkgûl y hqugpndghlt` ch kndpndhlt` dglhr` hl dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn D`ltnah ch dnquglnrgn y hqugp`s

399 999,99

Jnst`s hl pruhmns y puhstn hl dnrken

>99 999,99

Gdprhvgst`s y hsknbndghlt`s

;=; 399,99

[XM-S@SNB

=99 999,99

= :>: 65:,;5

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>97 

Snmbn U. Mghlhs Snljgmbhs.

;89 999,99

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>>9 

Snmbn UG. Chtnbbhs ch hqugpndghlt` lhkhsnrg` >99  ‛ =99 t/cän

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

8.>.= Knpgtnb ch trnmna`.

Hstî k`lstgtugc` p`r hb k`lault` ch rhkurs`s lhkhsnrg`s hl bn f`rdn ch nktgv`s k`rrghlths, hs chkgr, hs hb knpgtnb lhkhsnrg` pnrn hb glgkg` y l`rdnb fulkg`lndghlt` chb pr`yhkt` dglhr`, sghlc` hl hsth kns` hsphkäfgk` ch >= dhshs.

 

>>> 

Snmbn UGG. Knpgtnb ch trnmna`.  ]XM]@  Dnthrgn Yrgdn  Glsud`s  Dnl` ch `mrn cgrhktn   ` glcgrhktn  Jnst`s glcgrhkt`s  K`st`s jhlhrnbhs  Cgsp`lgmgbgcnc dälgdn  hl knan y mnlk`s 

DH[H[  >=  >= 

K@[S@/DH[  X[ $  38 39:,99 

S`tnbhs  X[ $  833 553,99 

>:3 67;,99  = 976 ;>5,59 

>= 

=: :89,99 

;;; 999,99 

>=  >= 

;8 ::;,99  >6 ::;,99 

3=7 =:6,99  =9> =5>,>6 

>= 

:8 999,99 

799 999,99 

S@SNB  Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn. Bugs @rmhj`s`

;:8 ;7:,99 

3 893 :85,76 

8.>.; Glvhrsgûl t`tnb chb pr`yhkt`. Hs chthrdglnc` p`r bn sudnt`rgn ch bn glvhrsgûl fgan y knpgtnb ch trnmna`.

Snmbn UGGG. Glvhrsgûl t`tnb chb pr`yhkt`. GLVH][GÛL FGAN  X[ $  5 697 65:,;5 

KNYGSNB CH GLVH][GÛL S@SNB  S]NMNA@ X[ $  X[ $  3 893 :85,76  >; >>3 336,;3  SK =,83

S`tnb fglnlkgndghlt` X[ $

>; >>3 336,;3

S`tnb fglnlkgndghlt` [/.

;; 8:= 75=,6;

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn. Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>>= 

8.>.3 Yrhkg`s.

B`s prhkg`s k`d` yn sh dhlkg`lû nlthrg`rdhlth, s`l fganc`s p`r hb B`lc`l Dhtnb Hxkenljh (BDH), yn quh hb k`mrh hs ul pr`cukt` bbndnc` K`dd`cgty , hl hb pult` Nlhx`s, sh enkh ul nlîbgsgs chtnbbnc` ch bn hv`bukgûl chb dgsd` y ch b` quh sh hsphrn pnrn b`s prûxgd`s nþ`s, prhshltnlc` çsth ul hskhlnrg` mnstnlth enbnjnc`r.

8.=

K@[S@[.

K`st`s pnrn rhkuphrnkgûl rhkuphrnkgûl ch b`s chsd`lths chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc` dglhrnbgznc`ss chb ynkgdghlt` Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn

B`s k`st`s, s`l pnj`s hl hfhktgv` ` hl hsphkghs, rhnbgznc`s hl tghdp`s cgfhrhlths quh sh hfhktñnl pnrn bn ncqugsgkgûl ch mghlhs y/` shrvgkg`s utgbgznc`s pnrn hb pr`khsndgh pr`khsndghlt` lt` y k`dhrkgnbgz k`dhrkgnbgznkgûl nkgûl ch ul pr`cukt`.

B`s k`st`s ch pr`cuk pr`cukkgûl kgûl hstîl k`dpuhst`s k`dpuhst`s p`r c`s rumr`s quh s`l1 K`st`s cgrhkt`s y k`st`s glcgrhkt`s.

 

>>; 

N. K`st`s cgrhkt`s. 

[`l b`s k`st`s, quh sh gchltgfgknl cgrhktndhlth k`l hb pr`khs` ch pr`cukkgûlchb mghl, n quh hstî `rghltncn bn pbnltn pr`khsnc`rn, quh quh k`l k`lsgsth sgsth mîsgkndhlth mîsgkndhlth hl bns np`rtnkg`lhs c ch h dnthrgn prgdn, glsud`s y dnl` ch `mrn.

Dnthrgn prgdn.

[h rhfghrh nb k`st` ch hxtrnkkgûl, ch b`s chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s chb ynkgdghlt` Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, hb knrjuä` y hb trnlsp`rth enkgn b`s YNC> y YNC=. [h pr`p`lh utgbgznr hqugp`s d`chrl`s y ch ñbtgdn jhlhrnkgûl, hlulkgnc`s hl hb rumr` glvhrsg`lhs.

K`st` ch glsud`s.

Hb glsud` utgbgznc` shrî hb îkgc` subfñrgk` y `tr`s glsud`s.

 

>>3 

Snmbn UGV. K`st` ch glsud`s. Nþ`

@tr`s glsud`s

Îkgc` [ubfñrgk` $/

S`tnb $/nþ`

> = ;

>:;=89,99 >:;=89,99 >:;=89,99

>:;= 899,99 >:;=899,99 >:;=899,99

=976;=8,99 =976 ;=8,99 =976;=8,99

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s` [email protected] Nsudgr >9% ch gdprhvgst`s.

K`st`s ch dnl` ch `mrn cgrhktn. 

Hstî hl fulkgûl sûb` ch b`s `phrnrg`s quh trnmnanl hl b`s Yncs y pbnltn.

Snmbn UV. K`st`s ch dnl` ch `mrn cgrhktn. Yhrs`lnb Yncs Ybnltn

Dhlsunbhs X[ $ ; 699,99 ; 699,99

= = S@SNB

S`tnb nþ` X[ $/nþ` 3; =99,99 3; =99,99 56 399,99

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s` L@SN[1 Glkbuyh mhlhfgkg`s s`kgnbhs Srnlsp`rth k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk` n Snkln $ 39/t x >= x76,=8 4 $ 36 =99/nþ`

S`tnb k`st`s cgrhkt`s. Hs bn sudnt`rgn ch b`s rumr`s nlthrg`rhs.

 

>>8 

Snmbn UVG. S`tnb ch k`st`s cgrhkt`s. Nþ` >

Dnthrgn Yrgdn X[ $/nþ` >53558,8>

=976;=8,99

=

>53558,8>

=976;=8,99

56399,99

36=99,99

=3>;5>9,8>

;

>53558,8>

=976;=8,99

56399,99

36=99,99

=3>;5>9,8>

Glsud`s X[ $/nþ`

Dnl` Srnlsp`rth @mrnch X[ $/nþ` X[ $/nþ` 56399,99 36=99,99

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn. Bugs @rmhj`s`

S`tnb X[ $/nþ` =3>;5>9,8>

M. K`st`s Glcgrhkt`s. [`l nquhbb`s k`st`s, quh sh k`lsgchrnl fga`s ch bnpr`cukkgûl. Ynrn hsth kns`, hstî k`dpuhst` p`r hb k`st` ch dnl` ch `mrn glcgrhktn, k`st` ch dnlthlgdghlt`, k`st` ch shjur`, hlhrjän hbçktrgkn y njun.

K`st` ch dnl` ch `mrn glcgrhktn. [`l b`s k`st`s quh glthrvghlhl glcgrhktndhlth hl hb pr`khs` ch bn `mthlkgûl chb k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk` y hstî k`dpuhst` p`r1

 

>>6 

Snmbn UVGG. K`st` ch dnl` ch `mrn glcgrhktn. ]umr`

Yhrs`lns

X[ $

X[ $ [um

[uhbc`

S`tnb

Bnm`rnt`rg`

>

>599,99

>599,99

Cpt`. ch [hjurgcnc

>

=599,99

= 599,99

y Dhcg` Ndmghlth [uphrvgs`r ch dgln

=

=599,99

8699,99

Dnlthlgdghlt`

=

=899,99

8999,99

 Nbdnkçl

>

>899,99

>899,99

S`tnb dhs

:

S`tnb Nþ` Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn. Bugs @rmhj`s` 

>6:99,99

X[ $ ;9 699,99

K`st` ch dnlthlgdghlt`. [h k`lsgchrn pnrn hb îrhn ch pr`cukkgûl 68,97% chb k`st` t`tnb ch dnlthlgdghlt`1

Snmbn UVGGG. K`st`s ch Dnlthlgdghlt`. ]XM]@[ 

D@LS@ HL X[ $ 

@mrns kgvgbhs y väns ch k`dulgknkgûl  

SN[N % 

K@[S@ NLXNB X[$ NÞ@ 

56= 999,99 

Dnquglnrgns y hqugp`(Glkbuyh k`dprn ch Dnquglnrgn phsncn pnrn hb pr`yhkt`)  

3 :99 999.99 

  D`mgbgnrg` y hqugp`s ch `fgkgln Vheäkub`s(3) kndg`lhtns 3x3  S@SNB 

  ;9 999,99 ;99 999,99  8 57= 999,99 

9,89%  >% 

3 ;>9  3: 999 

  9,79% ;% 

7=:9 999  69 859,99 

1

 Îrhn ch Yr`cukkgûl 68,97%   Îrhn ch Ncdglgstrnkgûl y Vhltns ;3,7>% 

;7 3;>,8=  => >35,35 

Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>>: 

Snmbn UGU. K`st` nlunb ch [hjur`s.  ]umr` 

Glvhrsgûl tnljgmbh  [hjur`  K`st`nlunb ch [hjur`s   Îrhn ch pr`cukkgûl 68,97%   Îrhn ch Ncdglgstrnkgûl y Vhltns ;3,7>%  Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

D`lt` hl X[$ 

8 57= 999,99  9,79%  8; 9=5,99  ;3 8>8,7;  >5 8>=,9: 

 

@tr`s k`st`s1 njun y buz hbçktrgkn. K`lsgchrnlc` ndpbgnkgûl ch hlhrjän hbçktrgkn ch Ynbkn n bn Dgln Knlnurn >, hb k`st` nlunb sh k`lsgchrn hl X[ $ > >=9/nþ` quh nmnsthkhrän bn dgln, `fgkglns ncdglgstrntgvns y `tr`s .

Snmbn UU. S`tnb ch k`st`s glcgrhkt`s. Dnl` ch @mrn  X[ $/Nþ` 

Nþ` 

>  =  ; 

=99 399,99  =99 399,99  =99 ,399,99 

Dnlthlgdg  hlt`  X[ $/nþ`  ;7 3;>,8=  ;7 3;>,8=  ;7 3;>,8= 

[hjur`s  

Buz y S`tnb Nþ` X[ Njun  $/nþ`  X[ $/nþ` 

X[ $/nþ`  ;3 8>8,7;  ;3 8>8,7;  ;3 8>8,7; 

> >=9,99  > >=9,99  > >=9,9 

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn1 Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>>5 

Snmbn UUG. ]hsudhl k`st`s ch pr`cukkgûl.  Nþ` 

K`st`s  Cgrhkt`s X[ $/nþ`  >  =  ; 

K`st` ch K`st`s  Glcgrhkt`s  Yr`cukkg`l  X[ $/nþ`  X[ $/nþ` 

= 3>; 5>9,8>  = 3>; 5>9,8>  = 3>; 5>9,8> 

=:8 36:,38  =:8 36:,38  =:8 36:,38 

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

K`st`s ch ncdglgstrnkgûl y vhltns.

= 657 =::,76  = 657 =::,76  = 657 =::,76 

=:8 36:,38  =:8 36:,38  =:8 36:,38 

K`st`s ch phrs`lnb ch ncdglgstrnkgûl y vhltns glkbugc` b`s mhlhfgkg`s s`kgnbhs.

Snmbn UUGG. K`st`s ch ncdglgstrnkgûl y vhltns. ]umr`

Knltgcnc [uhbc` nb dhs X[$

Jhrhlth > K`ltnc`r > Hlknrjnc` ch K`dprns y Vhltns > [hkrhtnrgn > Ke`fhr > K`lshrah y Bgdpghzn > Junrcgîl = S@SNB 5 Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn1 Bugs @rmhj`s`

8999,99 =899,99 =899,99 >599,99 >899,99 >999,99 =999,99

Nþ` X[$/nþ` 69999,99 ;9999,99 ;9999,99 =>699,99 >5999,99 >=999,99 =3999,99 >78 699,99

 

>>7 

K`st` ch ñtgbhs ch hskrgt`rg` y k`dulgknkgûl.

Hb k`st` hs ch b`s ñtgbhs ch hskrgt`rg`, thbçf`l` y `tr`s jnst`s gdprhvgst`s X[$ 3 599/nþ`-

Snmbn UUGGG. Jnst`s ch ncdglgstrnkgûl vhltns.  Nþ` 

Yhrs`lnb Nc.  Vhltns X[ $  /Nþ` 

Dnlthlgdg  hlt` 

[hjur` 

Ñtgbhs ch Hskrgt`rg`  y  K`dulgkn 

S`tnb Nþ` 

>  =  ; 

>78 699,99  => >35,35  >78 699,99  => >35,35  >78 699,99  => >35,35 

>5 8>=,9:  >5 8>=,9:  >5 8>=,9: 

kgûl  3 599,99  =;8,=69,88  3 599,99  =;8 =69,88  3 599,99  =;8,=69,88 

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn.

 

>=9 

K`st` ch chprhkgnkgûl. Ynrn `mthlhr hsth k`st` sh utgbgzn hb dçt`c` bglhnb.

Snmbn UUGV. K`st` ch chprhkgnkgûl.  ]umr`s 

@mrns kgvgbhs  y väns ch k`dulgknkgûl 

Vnb`r Glgkgnb  Vnb`r X[ $  ]hsgcunb X[ $ 

56= 999,99 

56 =99,99 

Chprhkgnkgûl  K`st`  Nlunb X[ $ 

Vgcn Ñtgb  Nþ`s  ; 

=85 699,99 

Dnquglnrgns y hqugp`s  D`mgbgnrg` y  hqugp`s ch `fgkgln  Vheäkub`s 

3 :99 999,99 

3:9 999,99 

;9 999,99 

; 999,99 

; 

7 999,99 

;99 999,99 

;9 999,99  857 =99,99 

8 

>89 999,99 > 5=:699,99 

S@SNB 

;  > 3>9 999,99 

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

8.;

GLJ]H[@[ Y@] VHLSN[.

[`l knptnkg`lhs knptnkg`lhs ch ch cglhr` p`r bn vhltn chb pr`cuk pr`cukt` t` k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk`. Hb prhkg` ch vhltn chb k`mrh hl hb dhrknc` glthrlnkg`lnb hstî hl $ 5 9;9 /t pr`dhcg` n shtghdmrh chb nþ` =9>=. Hl hsth kns`, sh hstî t`dnlc` ul prhkg` ch X[$ : 799/t hl ul hskhlnrg` k`lshrvnc`r.

 

>=> 

8.3

HJ]H[@[ Y@] VHLSN[.

[h hlkuhltrnl hxprhsnc`s hl b`s k`st`s ch ncdglgstrnkgûl y vhltns hl hb pult` 8.= K`st`s.

8.8

KNYNKGCNC CH Y]@CXKKGÛL Y]@WHKSNCN.

Hl bn sgjughlth tnmbn, sh hxprhsn bn pr`cukkgûl y su pr`yhkkgûl

n >9 nþ`s, glkbuyhlc` hb prhkg` n quh sh k`dhrkgnbgznrän hb pr`cukt`? k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk`.

Snmbn UUV. Vhltns ch k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk`.  S`tnb X[$  Yrhkg`Y`r   t. hl X[$  >(**)  : 799,99  8 655,999,99  =(*)  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99  ;(*)  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99  …>9  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99  L`tn.- Hl hb pr`yhkt` hb k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk` sh pr`cukgrî hl hs`s lgvhbhs n pnrtgr chb nþ` =   Yr`cukkg`l  t/Nþ`  :=9,99  > 599,99  > 599,99  > 599,99 

 Nþ` 

[h hstgdn uln pr`cukkgûl ch >89 t/dhs ch K`mrh 

(**)Hb nþ` > sh hstgdn quh sh pr`cukgrî nb shxt` dhs  Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn1 Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>== 

8.6

K]@L@J]NDN CH NKSGVGCNCH[.

Snmbn UUVG. Kr`l`jrndn Yr`puhst`. K]@L@J]NDN Y]@YXH[S@

NÞ@ > GSHD ]XM]@/NÞ@[ > @rjnlgznkgûl Hdprhsnrgnb  = K`dprn ch D`mgbgnrg` y Hqugp` ch @fgkgln

; K`dprn ch Vheäkub`s-Kndg`lhtns 3 Hstucg`s chfglgtgv`s ch Gljhlghrgn 8  Nsgsthlkgn tçklgkn y K`lsubt`rgns 6 Hstucg`s ch Gdpnkt` ndmghltnb y `mrns

NÞ9 =

> = ; 3 8 6 : 5 7 >9 >> >= > = ; 3 8 6 : 5 7 >9 >> >=

k`dpbhdhltnrgns

: Srîdgths, Bgkhlkgns C]HD 5 K`lstrukkgûl ch @mrns Kgvgbhs y Väns ch K`dulgknkgûl

7 Glstnbnkgûl y hqugpndghlt` ch kndpndhlt` dglhr` hl dgln Knlnurn > ch

>9 Dnquglnrgns y hqugp`(Glkbuyh k`dprn ch dnquglnrgn phsncn pnrn hb pr`yhkt`)

>> Glgkg` ch `phrnkg`lhs ch dglnc` >= D`ltnah ch dnquglnrgns, hqugp`s y shrvgkg`s k`dpbhdhltnrg`s, Ybnltn Dhtnbñrjgkn >; Jnst`s hl pruhmns y Yuhstns hl dnrken >3 Glgkg` ch `phrnkgûl Ybnltn Dhtnbñrjgkn

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`

 

>=; 

8.:

KXNC]@[ @YH]NSGV@[ W H[SNCÄ[SGK@[.

8.:.> Gljrhs`s pr`yhktnc`s. pr`yhktnc`s. Snmbn UUVGG. Gljrhs`s pr`yhktnc`s.  Nþ`  >(**)  =(*)  ;(*)  …6 

Yr`cukkgûl  t/Nþ`  :=9,99  > 599,99  > 599,99  > 599,99 

Yrhkg`Y`r   S`tnb X[$  t. hl X[$  : 799,99  8 655,999,99  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99  : 799,99  >3 ==9,999,99 

L`tn.- Hl hb pr`yhkt` hb k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk` sh pr`cukgrî hl hs`s lgvhbhs n pnrtgr chb nþ` =   [h hstgdn uln pr`cukkgûl ch >89 t/dhs ch k`mrh hbhktr`bätgk` 

( )Hb nþ` > sh hstgdn quh sh pr`cukgrî nb shxt` dhs  

GLJ]H[@[

Vhltns

Nþ` > X[ $

Nþ` = X[ $

Nþ` ; X[ $

Nþ` 3 X[ $

Nþ` 8 X[ $

Nþ` 6 X[ $

8 655 999,99

>3 ==9 999,99

>3 ==9 999,99

>3 ==9 999,99

>3 ==9 999,99

>3 ==9 999,99

Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn1 Bugs @rmhj`s`

8.:.= Hjrhs`s pr`yhktnc`s. Snmbn UUVGGG. Hjrhs`s pr`yhktnc`s.

Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

 

>=3 

8.:.; Hstnc`s fglnlkghr`s.

B`s hstnc`s fglnlkghr`s, pr`p`rkg`lnl bn glf`rdnkgûl lhkhsnrgn pnrn f`rdubnr b`s fbua`s hk`lûdgk`s y fglnlkghr`s, quh sgrvhl pnrn hstnmbhkhr b`s glcgknc`rhs ch rhltnmgbgcnc, Vnb`r nktunb lht`, tnsn glthrln ch rht`rl`, rhbnkgûl mhlhfgkg` k`st`-rhkuphrnkgûl ch bn glvhrsgûl, nlîbgsgs ch shlsgmgbgcnc.

Hstnc` ch jnlnlkgns y pçrcgcns pr`yhktncns. Hs ul kuncr` k`ltnmbh quh duhstrn b`s gljrhs`s y hjrhs`s, trntnlc` ch gchltgfgknr bn utgbgcnc ` pçrcgcn hl hb phrg`c` k`ltnmbh pr`yhktnc`.

Ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, su hstnc` ch jnlnlkgns y pçrcgcns hl bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch b`s chsd`lths dglhrnbgznc`s hs hb sgjughlth.

 

>=8 

Snmbn UUGU. Hstnc` ch jnlnlkgns y pçrcgcns.    Hstnc` ch Jnlnlkgns y Yçrcgcns

Nþ` > X[ $ Nþ` = X[ $ Nþ` ; X[ $ Nþ` 3 X[$ Nþ` 8 X[$ Nþ` 6 X[ $ Vhltns K`st`s ch Yr`cukkgûl Chprhkgnkgûl Xtgbgcnc Mrutn Jnst`s ch Ncd.y Vhltns Nd`rtgznkgûl ch Gltnljgmbhs Xtgbgcnc nlths ch gdpuhst`s

8 655 655 99 999,9,9999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9,999 > ;;333 6;7 ;7,9,999 = 657 657 =:5,9 :5,999 = 66557 =:5,9 :5,999 = 65 657 =:5 =:5,99 ,99 = 657 =: =:5,99 ,99 = 657 =:5,99 ,99 > 55==: 699 99,9,999 > 5=: 5=: 699,9 99,999 > 55==: 699,9 99,999 > 5= 5=: 699 699,99 ,99 > 5=: 69 699,99 ,99 > 5=: 699,99 ,99 = 88>>8 :6> 6>,9,999 7 :9; :9; >==,9 ==,999 7 ::99; >==,9 ==,999 7 :9 :9; >== >==,99 ,99 7 :9; >= >==,99 ,99 7 :9; >==,99 ,99 =;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

= ==::8 >8= 8=,9,999 7 36= 36= 8>;,9 >;,999 7 3366= 8>;,9 >;,999 7 36 36= 8>; 8>;,99 ,99 7 36= 8> 8>;,99 ,99 7 36= 8>;,99 ,99

65 65== 83 836,6,9999 = 5;5 5;5 :83, :83,99 9 9 = 5; 5;55 :83, :83,99 9 9 = 5;5 5;5 :83, :83,99 9 9 = 5;5 5;5 :83, :83,99 9 9 = 5;5 5;5 :83, :83,99 99

Gdpuhst`s Xtgbgcnc Lhtn

> 8877= 696 96,9,999 6 6=; 6=; :87,9 87,999 6 66==; :87,9 87,999 6 6= 6=; :87 :87,99 ,99 6 6=; :8 :87,99 ,99 6 6=; :87,99 ,99 Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

8.:.3 Fbua` ch knan hk`lûdgk` ` fbua` ch knan sgdpbh.

]hprhshltn hb cglhr` quh quhcn cgsp`lgmbh pnrn bn hdprhsn ` pr`yhkt` chspuçs ch enmhr kumghrt` sus lhkhsgcnchs ch glvhrsg`lhs hl nktgv`s fga`s, knpgtnb ch trnmna` y sus k`st`s y jnst`s `phrntgv`s, sup`lghlc` quh l` hxgsth chucn.

 

>=6 

Snmbn UUVGGG. Fbua` ch knan sgdpbh.

Gljrhs`s Vhltns S`tnb ch gljrhs`s glvhrsg`lhs K`st` Yr`cukkgûl Chprhkgnkgûl

FBXA@ CH KNAN HK@L@DGK@ FGLNLKGH]@ 9 > = ; 3

8

6

8 65 6555 99 999,9,9999

>3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 9999 99,9,999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999

8 65 6555 99 999,9,9999

>3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 9999 99,9,999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999 >3 == ==99 99 999,9,9999

> ;33 6;7,99

= 66557 =:5,99

= 66557 =:5,99 = 657 ==::5,99 = 66557 =:5,99 = 657 =:5,99

> 5=: 699,99

> 55==: 699,99

> 55==: 699,99 > 5=: 66999,99 > 55==: 699,99 > 5=: 699,99

>; >>3 336,99

Jnst`s Ncd. W vhltns Nd`rtgznkg`l ch gltnljgmbhs Gdpuhst`s S`tnb hjrhs`s Fbua` ch Knan Hk`lûdgk`

 ->; >>3 336,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

653 >89,99 3 >9= ;36,99

= 539 ;85,99 :69 ;>7;,99

= 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99

> 858 683,99

6 66>>6 59:,99

6 66>>6 59:,99 6 6>6 5599:,99 6 66>>6 59:,99 6 6>6 59:,99

VNL >; =56 37=,99 SG] ;=% Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

 

>=: 

8.:.8 Fbua` ch knan hk`lûdgk` fglnlkghr`. Snmbn UUGU. Fbua` ch knan hk`lûdgk` fglnlkghr`.

Gljrhs`s Vhltns S`tnb ch gljrhs`s glvhrsg`lhs K`st` Yr`cukkgûl Chprhkgnkgûl

9

FBXA@ CH KNAN HK@L@DGK@ FGLNLKGH]@ > = ;

3

8

6

8 655 655 999,9 99,999

>3 == ==9 999 999,9 ,999 >3 ==9 999, 999,99 9 9 >3 ==9 999,9 99,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9 ,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,99 ,99

8 655 655 999,9 99,999

>3 == ==9 999 999,9 ,999 >3 ==9 999, 999,99 9 9 >3 ==9 999,9 99,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,9 ,999 >3 ==9 ==9 999 999,99 ,99

> ;33 6;7,99

= 657 =:5,99

= 657 =:5,99 = 657 =:5,99 = 657 =:5,99 = 657 =:5,99

> 5=: 699,99

> 5=: 699,99

> 5=: 699,99 > 5=: 699,99 > 5=: 699,99 > 5=: 699,99

>; >>3 336,99

Jnst`s Ncd. W vhltns Nd`rtgznkg`l Nd`rtgzn kg`l ch gltnljgmbhs Gdpuhst`s S`tnb hjrhs`s Fbua` ch Knan Hk`lûdgk`

 ->; >>3 336,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

=;8 =6>,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

8 ;35,99

653 >89,99 3 >9= ;36,99

= 539 ;85,99 :69 ;>7;,99

= 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 = 539 ;85,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99 :69 ;>7;,99

> 858 683,99

6 6>6 59:,99

6 6>6 59:,99 6 6>6 59:,99 6 6>6 59:,99 6 6>6 59:,99

VNL >; =56 37=,99 SG] ;=% Y]@YXH[SN CH YNJ@ NLXNB Nd`rtgznkgûl ch Knpgtnb

= 6= 6=== 55 557, 7,9999 = 6= 6=== 55 557, 7,9999 = 6= 6=== 55 557, 7,99 99 = 6= 6=== 55 557, 7,99 99 = 6== 6== 55 557, 7,99 99

Glthrhshs S`tnb n Ynjnr

;7; 3;;,99 ;7; 33;;;,99

;7; 3;;,99 ;>3 :3:,99 =;6 969,99 >8: ;:; :5 65:,99 ; 99>>6 ;;=; =;,,99 = 77;;: 66;;6,99 = 55885 77337,99 = ::559 ==66=,99 = ::99> 88::6,99

> >7 >7= == ==>,99 ,99 ; 66999 33553,99 ,99 ; 66:7 :7 >:>,99 ,99 ; ::8: 8: 585,99 ,99 ; 55;;6 8833 33,9 ,999 ; 77>>8 ==;;>,99 ,99 Fbua` ch Knan glkbuäc` Nd`rtgznkgûl Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

 

>=5 

8.:.6 Kîbkub` ch bn tnsn ch chskuhlt` Snmbn UUU. Snsn ch chskuhlt`.

KNBKXB@ CH BN SN[N CH CH[KXHLS@ DHCGNLSH HB DÇS@C@ CHB KNBKXB@ CH K@[SH CH KNYGSNB

Kîbkub` chb % ch K`sth chb Knpgtnb

glf`rdnkgûl

%

K`sth ch b`s ]hkurs`s Nahl`s (hl %)

5,99%

 

◃ Snsn ch glthrçs ch b`s rhkurs`s nahl`s (prçstnd`s)

Snsn Gdp`sgtgvn (hl %)

;9,99%

 

◃ % ch gdpuhst`s npbgknmbhs.

K`sth ch b`s ]hkurs`s Yr`pg`s (hl %)

>8,99%

 

◃ Snsn ch glthrçs rhnb ` chshncn ch b`s rhkurs`s pr`pg`s.

% ch ]hkurs`s Nahl`s

79,99%

 

◃ % ch ]hkurs`s Nahl`s s`mrh hb t`tnb ch rhkurs`s npbgknc`s

% ch ]hkurs`s Yr`pg`s

>9,99%

K`sth chb Knpgtnb

 

◃ % ch ]hkurs`s Yr`pg`s s`mrh hb

t`tnb ch rhkurs`s npbgknc`s

6,83%

Fuhlth. Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

8.:.: Vnb`r nktunb lht` y tnsn ch rht`rl`.

Hb

VNL `mthlgc` hs ch >; =56 37= cûbnrhs ndhrgknl`s, k`l

uln tnsn ch chskuhlt` ch 6,83% nlunb y bn tnsn glthrln ch rht`rl` ch ;=%, l`s glcgkn quh hs vgnmbh hk`lûdgkndhlth bn rhkuphrnkgûl r hkuphrnkgûl ch b`s chsd`lths ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn y nb dgsd` tghdp` s`bukg`ln hb pr`mbhdn ch

b`s pnsgv`s ndmghltnbhs hxgsthlths,

mhlhfgkgnlc` cgrhktndhlth n >99 phrs`lns h glcgrhktndhlth n uln p`mbnkgûl ch =9 999 phrs`lns, hl hb îrhn ch glfbuhlkgn chb pr`yhkt`, hl b`s cgstrgt`s ch Ynbkn, VgbnVgbnlg, Nbt` Yhrñ, Ynkeän, Knbnln y Y`k`bbny.

 

>=7 

8.:.5 Kr`l`jrndn ch chshdm`bs`s pr`puhst`s. Snmbn UUUG. Chshdm`bs`s pr`puhst`s. GSHD ]XM]@/NÞ@[ > @rjnlgznkgûl Hdprhsnrgnb  = K`dprn ch D`mgbgnrg` y Hqugp` ch @fgkgln

G

S]GDH[S]H[ NÞ@ > GG GGG

GV

V

S]GDH[S]H[ NÞ9 = VG VGG

S@SNB VGGG

:= 999,99

:= 999,99

;9 999,99

;9 999,99

;99 999,99 =89 999,99 89= =5:,;5

;99 999,99 =89 999,99 89= =5:,;5

==9 999,99 999,99 >89 999,99 999,99 >89 999,99 999,99 ;99 ;99 999 999,9,999 89 999, 999,99 9 9 89 99 999,9,9999

8=9 999,99 399 999,99

; K`dprn ch Vheäkub`s-Kndg`lhtn y d`vgbgcnc 

3 Hstucg`s chfglgtgv`s ch Gljhlghrgn K`lsubt`rgns 8  Nsgsthlkgn tçklgkn y K`lsubt`rgns 6 Hstucg`s ch Gdpnkt` ndmghltnb y `mrns k`dpbhdhltnrgns

: Srîdgths, Bgkhlkgns C]HD,Yhrs`lnb Yrh-G

5 K`lstrukkgûl ch @mrns Kgvgbhs y Väns ch K`dulgknkgûl 7 Glstnbnkgûl y hqugpndghlt` ch kndpndhlt` dglhr` hl dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn y

>9

56= 999,99

56= 999,99

;89 999,99

;89 999,99

3 :99 999,99

3 :99 999,99

Dnquglnrgns y hqugp`(Glkbuyh k`dprn ch dnquglnrgn phsncn pnrn hb pr`yhkt`)

>> D`ltnah ch dnquglnrgns, hqugp`s y shrvgkg`s k`dpbhdhltnrg`s, Ybnltn Dhtnbñrjgkn

>= Jnst`s hl pruhmns y Yuhstns hl dnrken >; Gdprhvgst`s y hsknbndghlt`s >3 Knpgtnb ch Srnmna` S@SNBH[

>9 >999 9999 99,9,999 >9 >999 9999 99,9,999 :9 999,99 ;9 999,99 ;=;,399.99 3 893 :85,76 > 6=3 6=3 ==5: 5:,;,;55 =9 =999 9999 99,9,999 =9 =999 99 999,9,99 9 9 > 98> 98>66 :85, :85,76 7 6 >: >:99 999 999,9,999 ;8 ;8;; 399, 399,99 9 9 9.99 99 >= 87> 936,;3

=99 999,99 >99 999,99 ;=; 399,99 3 893 :85,76 8=; 399,99 >; >>3 336,;3

Fuhlth1 Hbnm`rnkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`  

 

>;9 

K@LKBX[G@LH[ >.-Bn

dglhrnbgznkgûl

hl

t`cns

bns

vhtns,

hstî

k`lstgtugcn

prglkgpnbdhlth p`r dglhrnbhs shkulcnrg`s ch k`mrh, quh sh prhshltnl chsch sus nfb`rndghlt`s enstn bns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs umgkncns n lgvhb chb rä`, k`lstnl ch dnbnqugtn, nzurgtn, krgs`k`bn, bgd`lgtn, hl nbjulns bnm`rhs glfhrg`rhs sh nprhkgn knbk`pgrgtn, m`rlgtn y thtrnehcrgtn, prhshltnl dglhrnbhs ch jnljn k`d` hb

kunrz`, pgrgtn y r`kn ch Knan.

=.-[h knbkubû b`s prglk prglkgpnbhs gpnbhs pnrîdhtr`s Fäsgk`-quädgk`s tnbhs k`d` chlsgcnc npnrhlth chb dglhrnb sghlc` ch >,=85 >,=85 j/db, bn chlsgcnc chlsgcnc rhnb hs ch =,=5 j/db, ns nsgdgsd` gdgsd` sh kknbkubn nbkubn bns snbhs s`bumbh s`bumbhss hl 9,>=:76 ppd, bns dgsdns quh sh rhfbhanrîl hl ul dny`r k`lsud` ch îkgc` hl bn htnpn ch bgxgvgnkgûl, ncgkg`lnbdhlth ncgkg`lnbdhlth sh chthrdglû hb pE Lnturnb ch 3,6.

;.-K`l rhsphkt` nb nlîbgsgs dglhrnbûjgk` prnktgknc` nb chsd`lth dglhrnbgznc`, sh puhch ncvhrtgr quh dîs ch =3%

ch bn

jrnlub`dhträn chb dglhrnb hstî mna` dnbbn 89.

 

>;> 

3.- K`l rhsphkt` nb nlîbgsgs quädgk` chb dglhrnb, hb dgsd` prhshltn ul p`rkhltnah ch k`mrh k`mrh t`tnb ch ;,9>% y k`mrh s`bumbh ch =,395%, prhshltnlc` eghrr` t`tnb ch =,= =,=7%, 7%, nsgdgsd` prhshltn ;,> j c ch h @r` y >:9,: j ch pbntn.

8.-K`l rhsphkt` nb k`lsud` ch îkgc` hl bns pruhmns rhnbgzncns hl bn H[DH, nrr`anl ul rhsubtnc` ch 67,8 oj/t ch dglhrnb.

6.-K`l rhsphkt` n bn kglçtgkn ch Bgxgvgnkgûl sh puhch prhkgsnr quh kunlc` bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hs dny`r hl bn s`bukgûl bgxgvgnlth, hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` ch pnrth chb dglhrnb nudhltn, nkhbhrnlc` bn kglçtgkn, sghlc` gdp`rtnlth dhlkg`lnr quh bn dny`rän ch b`s dglhrnbhs ch bn jnljn nudhltnl su vhb`kgcnc ch cgfusgûl nb cgsdglugr hb pE. :.-[h puhch chcukgr n bn buz ch bns pruhmns ch bnm`rnt`rg`, quh k`d` thlchlkgn jhlhrnb, n dhcgcn quh nudhltn bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` subfñrgk` hl bn s`bukgûl, bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch k`mrh hs dîs rîpgcn, hxgstghlc` uln thlchlkgn hltrh bn vhb`kgcnc ch cgs`bukgûl chb k`mrh y bn k`lkhltrnkgûl chb îkgc` hl bn s`bukgûl, hst` sh dnltghlh enstn bns 35 e`rns., tghdp` hl quh bns vhb`kgcnchs cgsdgluyhl l`t`rgndhlth.

 

>;= 

5.- [h b`jrû knrnkthrgz knrnkthrgznr nr ch f`rdn hxphrgdhltnb bns kglçtgkns ch b`s pr`khs`s glv`bukrnc`s hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl îkgcn ch ul dglhrnb `xgcnc` ch k`mrh.[h `mtuv` quh bns vhb`kgcnchs ch k`lsud` ch îkgc`, cgs`bukgûl ch k`mrh y cgs`bukgûl ch eghrr`, nudhltnrnl n dhcgcn quh bn k`lkhltrnkgûl ch îkgc` krhkän, hsphkäfgkndhlth hl hb rnlj` ch >8 j/b.

7.-Hs duy gdp`rtnlth k`lsgchrnr quh bn prhshlkgn ch Gûl fçrrgk`, k`d`

njhlth `xgcnlth hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl rhcukh hb k`lsud` ch îkgc` subfñrgk` y nudhltn bn cgs`bukgûl ch k`mrh s`mrh t`c` hl subfur`s shkulcnrg`s y dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s k`d` bn kuprgtn.

>9.- Ch nkuhrc` n bn hvgchlkgn fäsgkn-Glsphkkgûl, pnrtäkubns bgxgvgncnsp`chd`s k`lkbugr quh hb d`chb` kglçtgk` quh dha`r rhprhshltn bn bgxgvgnkgûl chb dglhrnb ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn hs hb d`chb` ch lñkbh` rhkhsgv` k`l f`rdnkgûl ch khlgzn.

>>.-Hl hb kns` ch dglhrnbhs `xgcnc`s ch k`mrh, hsphkäfgkndhlth hl hb kns` ch bn kuprgtn kuprgtn lhkhsgtn ch uln njh njhlth lth `xgcnlth k`d` hb ggûl ûl fçrrgk`, quh hs pr`cukt` ch bn bgxgvgnkgûl ch bns hsphkghs ch bn jnljn, pr`v`knlc` pr`v`knlc` ul nudhlt` nudhlt` ch ch

s`bumgbgcnc chb eghrr`, eghrr`, hb

 

>;; 

dgsd` quh n su vhz pr` pr`cukh cukh ul nudhlt` hl bn vhb`kgcnc ch cgs`bukgûl ch k`mrh.

>=.-[h en t`dnc` hl kuhltn, pnrn bn hvnbunkgûl hk`lûdgkn y b`s kîbkub`s susthltnt`rg`s, sûb` hb pr`khsndghlt` chb dglhrnb ch k`mrh, rhk`dhlcîlc`sh hl uln shjulcn htnpn bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch dglhrnb ch `r` y pbntn.

>;.-Hsth hstucg` prhbgdglnr ch glvhrsg`lhs y k`st`s, l`s glcgkn quh k`l uln glvhrsgûl dälgdn `mthlhd`s mhlhfgkg`s rnz`lnmbhs.

>3-[h en pr`puhst`

hb

cgnjrndn ch fbua` ch nkuhrc` n b`s

pnrîdhtr`s ch bn knrnkthrgznkgûl dglhrnbûjgkn, fgsgk`quädgkn y ch bn chthrdglnkgûl ch bns kurvns kglçtgkns hl bn bgxgvgnkgûl chb dglhrnb.

>8.-Hb

VNL ch X[$ >; =56 37= `mthlgc`, k`l uln tnsn ch

chskuhlt` ch 6,83% nlunb y bn tnsn glthrln ch rht`rl` ch ;=%, l`s glcgkn quh hs vgnmbh hk`lûdgkndhlth bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch b`s chsd`lths ch bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn y nb dgsd` tghdp` s`bukg`ln hb pr`mb pr`mbhdn hdn ch b`s pnsgv pnsgv`s `s ndmgh ndmghltnbhs ltnbhs h hxgsthlths, xgsthlths,

 

>;3 

mhlhfgkgnlc` cgrhktndhlth n >99 phrs`lns h glcgrhktndhlth n uln p`mbnkgûl ch =9999 phrs`lns, hl hb îrhn ch glfbuhlkgn chb pr`yhkt`, hl b`s cgstrgt`s ch Ynbkn, VgbnVgbnlg, Nbt` Yhrñ, Ynkeän, Knbnln y Y`k`bbny.

>:.-Bn dgln Knlnurn > ch Ynbkn, hs ul kns` hdmbhdîtgk`, hl kunlt` n uln dgln k`l hxpb`tnkg`lhs sukhsgvns n b` bnrj` chb tghdp`, quh p`shh dglhrnb hl knlken k`l vnb`r hk`lûdgk` suskhptgmbh ch shr

rhkuphrnc`.

 

>;8 

]HFH]HLKGN[ MGMBG@J]ÎFGKN[ >. MNSHDNL, Nbnl D.

(>7:=).

Wnkgdghlt`s

Dglhrnbhs

ch

] hlc hlcgdghlt gdghlt` ` H k`lûd k`lûdgk`. gk`.

=. M]@ZLH], K.C. (>7:=).

Hstnmgbgty Glvhstgjntg`l f`r ]`ko

 [ b`phs `l Dglgly Dglg lyYY r`y r`yhk hkts ts VG V G G.

;. MX]SN. (>75=). Ns  N s phkt`s J hlhrnb hlhr nbhs hs ch b`s W nkgdghlt`s nkg dghlt`s hl [ O

E`rwnrc E`rwn rc X.[ .N .N..

3. MX[SGBB@. (>75=).

hxpb`tnkg hxpb`tn kgûl ûl hl

 Dnlunb ch hvnbunkgûl y C g s hþ` ch

Dglhr Dglhrän. än. Dncrgc Hspnþn.

8. K@B, Dnrtäl & NB. (]NEK (]NEK@). @). (>77: ). Dnlha` ch Dnthrg Dnthrgnb nbhs hs hl

Y r`yhkt`s r`yhkt`s ch Bg Bgxg xgvgnkgûl vgnkgûl. Dglhrän Kegbhln L¹ >7>, pp. >97->=;.

6. K@BBNQ@[ KH]]ÛL, Ahsñs. (=998). Dnlunb  Dnlunb ch H vnbunkg vnbunkg ûl  N dmghltnb ch Y r`yhkt`s r`y hkt`s . Yrgdhrn Hcgkgûl, =cn rhgdprhsgûl =996. Hcgt`rgnb [nl Dnrk`s. Bgdn-Yhrñ.

 

>;6 

:. K@]]NBH[, K. (>77:).

Hstrntgjrnfän.  

Hcgt`rgnb

]uhcn

Dncrgc-Hspnþn.

5. CHNL, Ae`lN. BNLJH. (=99;).

 Dnlunb ch ^uä dgk dgkn n. Hcgt.

DkJrnw Egbb. S`d` GG, >;ª Hcgkgûl, pp. 8->:7. 7. C@DGLGK

DGENVGB@VGK,

Eg Egcr`dh cr`dhtn tnburj burj gn

Hsthmnl

Dgjuhb.

(=998).

fulcndh fulcndhlt` lt`ss pr`khs `s y npbgknkg pbgknkg`lhs. `lhs.  

Knpätub` GU, p. ;7.

>9. HDH]W, C`ujbns ]. y `tr`s. (=999).Fulcndhlt`s ch bn

ncdglgstrnkgûl fglnlkghrn.>rn. Hcgkgûl. Hcgt`rgnb Yrhltgkh Enbb. Dçxgk`.

>>. J@LQNBHQ, Dnrk`s. (>773). Kurnc`-Njb`dhrnkgûl-Bgxgvgnkgûl.  Kurs` ch Knpnkgtnkgûl. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Ntnkndn, K`pgnpû-Kegbh.

>=. JXGNKEHSSG S@]]H[, Cghj` Nrghb. (=9>>). K`lsud` ch Îkgc`

 [ ubfñrgk ubfñr gk` ` y k gl glçtgk çtgk` ` ch B gx gv gvgnk gnkgg ûl ch ul dglhrnb dglhr nb `xgc `x gcnc` nc` ch K`mrh. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Kegbh. [nltgnj`.

 

>;: 

>;. EXLS ]@D[CHBB, Ornus. (=99>). Dg  Dglhr lhrnb nb`j `j ä n.  DkJrnw-Egbb

>3. EX]BMXS, K`rlhbgus [. (>7:3). 

 Dnlunb ch Dglhr Dg lhrnb nb`j `j än ch

Cnln. Hc. ]hvhrth. 

>8. O]XDMHGL W [B@[[. (>775). Hstrntgjrnfän y shcgdhltnkgûl.   Hcgt`rgnb Xtehn.

>6. BNEHH, Frhchrgk E.

(>7:9).Jh`b`jän Yrîktgkn.  

Hcgkg`lhs

@dhjn.

>:. BHGVN MGNLKEG, Hsthmnl Ynmb`. (=9>9). Dhd`rgn  Dhd`rg n pnrn `ptnr `ptnr hb

Sätub` ch J hûb`j hûb`j `. Xlgvhrsgcnc ch Kegbh. [nltgnj`.

>5. DG]NLCN D. A`sç A. (=998).J hs hsttgûl ch Y r`yhkt`s r`yhkt`s . 8tn. Hcgkgûl. Hcgt`rgnb DE Hcgt`rhs. K`b`dmgn.

>7. Y]GHS@ EH]]H]N, A`rjh Hbgçkhr.(=998). B`s Yr`yhkt`s.   =cn Hcgkgûl Hcgt`rgnb HK@H Hcgkg`lhs K`b`dmgn.

 

>;5 

=9. ^XHLHNX, Ynub H.

& nb. (>775). Eycr`dhtnbburjy n se`rt

k`urs h. SD[ SD[ -NGDH -NG DH K`ltgluglj H cuknt cukntg`l K`ddgt K`ddgttthh. hh.

=>. ]HJEHQQN, Nlcrçs. (>75:).  N  Nss phkt`s phk t`s Shkl`bûj Shk l`bûj gk gk`s `s ch bn

Bgxgvgnkgûl . Xlgvhrsgcnc ch K`lkhpkgûl-Kegbh.

==. [SNGLDÒBBH], Obnws. (>777).

Yhrñ. GLJHDDHS.

Chpûsgt`s dhtîbgk`s hl hb

MX[SNDNLSH, Dnluhb. (>7:=). ^uä ^uädgkn dgkn nln nlnbätgkn bätgkn

=;. X[[HJBG@

kunltgtntgvn npbgkncn n dglhrnbhs. Xlgvhrsgcnc Lnkg`lnb [nl  Njustäl. Chpnrtndhlt` ch ^uädgkn. ^uädgkn. Nrhqugpn-Yhrñ, p. 55. =3. VN]HBN

V.

]`crgj`.

(>77;).Hvnbunkgûl

glkbusg`lhs. Hcgt`rgnb L`rdn. K`b`dmgn.

 

>;7 

Hk`lûdgkn

ch

NLHU@[

 

>39 

G.

H[SXCG@ CHB DH]KNC@ CHB K@M]H ]HFGLNC@. 

>. Nlîbgsgs chb hlt`rl`. [h hstgdn quh hb =9>>, bn pr`cukkgûl nkudubncn nbknlzû >6,= dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns, k`l ul cçfgkgt ch ;59999 t`lhbncns y uln chdnlcn ch =9,9 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns. Knpnkgcnc ch pr`cukkgûl dulcgnb ch k`mrh nb =9>8, shrän ch =6,= dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns pr`cukgcns prglkgpnbdhlth hl pnäshs k`d` Kegbh, Yhrñ,

Kegln, Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, Nustrnbgn y Knlncî.

Hb k`mrh, hs nktunbdhlth ul` ch b`s dhtnbhs ch dny`r chdnlcn hl hb dulc`. Chmgc` n bn vnrghcnc ch us`s y su jrnl vhrsntgbgcnc. [u k`lsud`, en gc` hl nudhlt` vhrtgjgl`sndhlth, cnc` hb pr`jrhs` thkl`bûjgk` y kghltäfgk` hxphrgdhltnc` p`r bn eudnlgcnc, hs nsä, quh hsth dhtnb auhjn ul r`b kbnvh hl bns glcustrgns chb trnlsp`rth, hbhktrûlgkn, k`lstrukkgûl, njrgkubturn, hlhrjän, snbuc, luhvns thkl`b`jäns, hltrh `trns dukens npbgknkg`lhs. Nsgdgsd`, hb us` chb k`mrh hl bns bbndncns thkl`b`jäns ‘vhrchs‖, k`d` khbcns s`bnrhs y vheäkub`s hbçktrgk`s,

s`l

ul

kbnr`

hahdpb`

ch

bn

gdp`rtnlkgn

quh

shjugrî

chshdphþnlc` hsth dhtnb hl hb futur` s`sthlgmbh chb pbnlhtn.

 

>3> 

Chsch hb nþ` =993, hxgsth n lgvhb dulcgnb, uln hsknshz chb bbndnc` dhtnb r`a`, chmgc` n bn jrnl chdnlcn ch Kegln y `tr`s pnäshs hdhrjhlths quh enl cglndgznc` sus hk`l`däns. Y`r hahdpb`, hl hb =9>>, bn chdnlcn dulcgnb ch k`mrh suphrû hb krhkgdghlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl hl ;59 999 t`lhbncns y pnrn hb =9>= sh pr`yhktn `tr` cçfgkgt sgdgbnr, n phsnr quh sh hstgdn ul nvnlkh

hl bn pr`cukkgûl chb k`mrh p`r hb `rchl chb =,5% y enstn ch ;,8% hl hb =9>;, shjñl ul nlîbgsgs rhnbgznc` p`r hb Jrup` Glthrlnkg`lnb ch Hstucg`s chb K`mrh (GK[J) y bn Cgrhkkgûl ch Hstucg`s y Y`bätgkns Yñmbgkns ch bn K`dgsgûl Kegbhln chb K`mrh (K`kegbk`), quh prhshltnd`s n k`ltglunkgûl.

=. Chdnlcn dulcgnb.  C`s glcgknc`rhs, phrdgthl hstgdnr nchkuncndhlth bn chdnlcn futurn ch k`mrh, hb Yr`cukt` Mrut` Glthrl` (YGM) ch b`s prglkgpnbhs pnäshs k`lsudgc`rhs y hb Älcgkh ch Jhrhlths ch K`dprns (YDG), hlth quh nltgkgpn hb k`dp`rtndghlt` chb shkt`r dnlufnkturhr`.

 

>3= 

]hsphkt` nb prgdhr glcgknc`r, bn hstgdnkgûl ch krhkgdghlt` hk`lûdgk` pr`yhktncn p`r hb Mnlk` Dulcgnb, pnrn bn z`ln hur`,l` hs lncn nbhltnc`r pnrn hsth =9>;.

Hl hb kns` ch Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, prhshltnrän ul dha`r chshdphþ` y ul kghrt` jrnc` ch chsnk`pbh ch bn krgsgs hl Hur`pn. Hl tnlt`, Kegln sh en vgst` nfhktncn hl dny`r jrnc` hl sus glcgknc`rhs ch krhkgdghlt` yn quh sus hxp`rtnkg`lhs tghlhl k`d`

prglkgpnb chstgl` pnäshs ch bn hur`z`ln. @tr` glcgknc`r, quh cn kuhltn ch bn hv`bukgûl futurn ch bn hk`l`dän, hs hb älcgkh ch nktgvgcnc dnlufnkturhrn YDG, hb kunb en prhshltnc` hl b`s pnäshs ch bn hur`z`ln y hl Hstnc`s Xlgc`s ul chkbgvh sgjlgfgkntgv` n pnrtgr pnrt gr ch dny` chb =9>>. [ [gl gl hdmnrj`, hl l`vghdmrh hsth glcgknc`r tuv` ul pult` ch glfbhxgûl rhsphkt` ch bn hk`l`dän l`rthndhrgknln nltgkgpnlc` ul =9>= p`sgtgv`.

Ch gjunb f`rdn, hl Kegln, bn nktgvgcnc glcustrgnb nl`tû uln chsnkhbhrnkgûl enstn l`vghdmrh, nbknlznlc` hsh dhs b`s 37 pult`s, bn kgfrn dîs mnan hl ;= dhshs.

 

>3; 

Curnlth cgkghdmrh, b`s älcgkhs YDG ch bn hur`z`ln y Kegln, rhjgstrnr`l ul nvnlkh rhsphkt` ch l`vghdmrh, nbknlznlc` 36,7 y 89,; pult`s rhsphktgvndhlth, b` quh p`crän sgjlgfgknr ul kndmg` ch thlchlkgn hl bn nktgvgcnc fnmrgb ch cgkens hk`l`däns. Hb älcgkh YDG dgch hb lgvhb ch nktgvgcnc ch b`s jhrhlths ch k`dprn hl hb shkt`r dnlufnkturhr`. Xln bhkturn p`r hlkgdn ch 89 glcgkn hxpnlsgûl, dghltrns quh uln p`r chmna` ch 89 glcgkn k`ltrnkkgûl, hl Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, Xlgc`s, sh chl`dgln G[D. Hl =9>>, sh hvgchlkgû hvgchlkgû uln

chsnkhbhrnkgûl ch bn chdnlcn jb`mnb ch k`mrh rhfglnc` hl k`dpnrnkgûl k`l hb =9>9, sgl hdmnrj`, krhkgû dîs ch b` hsphrnc`. Y`r hbb`, bn pr`yhkkgûl pnrn hsth nþ`, sh knbkubn quh suphrnrî b`s =,5%, s`mrhpnsnlc` p`r prgdhrn vhz bn mnrrhrn ch =9 dgbb`lhs ch t. Hb glkrhdhlt` ch 6=3 dgb t hl hb =9>> rhsphkt` chb nþ` =9>9, sh hxpbgkn prglkgpnbdhlth, p`r bn dny`r chdnlcn ch Kegln (+39: dgb), quh suphrû bns hxphktntgvns hl hsphkgnb hl hb ñbtgd` shdhstrh chb nþ`.

 Nsgdgsd`, sh rhjgstrû uln dny`r chdnlcn ch bn Fhchrnkgûl ]usn (+=56 dgb t), y hl dhl`r dhcgcn ch Glcgn (+;6 dgb t) nsä k`d` Hstnc`s Xlgc`s (+;9 dgb t). Hbb` k`ltrnstn k`l bn mnan hl vnrg`s pnäshs nsgîtgk`s k`d` Anpûl (-8> dgb t), Sngpçg Kegl` (-:;

 

>33 

dgb t) y K`rhn chb [ur (-=5 dgb t), y bn cçmgb chdnlcn ch Mrnsgb (3;%) y b`s pnäshs hur`ph`s (->8 dgb t). t ). Ynrn hsth nþ`, sh k`lsgchrn quh bn chsnkhbhrnkgûl ch bn hk`l`dän dulcgnb y uln hsphrncn rhkhsgûl hl Hur`pn pr`v`knränl uln mnan hl bn tnsn ch krhkgdghlt` dulcgnb ch bn pr pr`cukkgûl `cukkgûl ch k`mrh hl =,5%, t`tnbgznlc` =9,6 dgbb`lhs ch t. Kegln, shjugrî sghlc` hb kntnbgznc`r prglkgpnb chmgc` n ul krhkgdghlt` chb k`lsud` ch 8,7%. Dghltrns tnlt`, sh hstgdn quh hl hb =9>;, bn hk`l`dän jb`mnb sh rhkuphrh y

sumn bn chdnlcn ch k`mrh hl ;,8%, gdpubsncn p`r bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch Hur`pn y ul dny`r k`lsud` ch b`s prglkgpnbhs pnäshs nsgîtgk`s. Hb t`tnb bbhjnrän n =>,; dgbb`lhs ch t ch k`mrh.

;. Shlchlkgn.

[h hstgdn, quh bn pr`cukkgûl dulcgnb ch k`mrh ch dgln pnrn hb =9>>, enyn nbknlznc` b`s >6,= dgbb`lhs ch t, sûb` ul 9,>% dîs quh hl =9>9. Hb dhl`r krhkgdghlt` rhsphkt` chb nþ` nlthrg`r, sh hxpbgkn p`r bn dhl`r pr`cukkgûl ch Kegbh (->:8 dgb t), Glc`lhsgn (;;> dgb t) y ul k`lault` ch `tr`s pr`cukt`rhs (-==3 dgb t). Y`r hb k`ltrnrg`, b`s prglkgpnbhs np`rths nb krhkgdghlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl curnlth hb =9>> pr`vglghr`l ch Dçxgk`, Kegln, Knlncî

 

>38 

y ]C chb K`lj`, quh hl k`lault`, jhlhrnr`l 8:3 dgb t. Dçxgk` rhjgstrû hb dny`r np`rth chmgc` prglkgpnbdhlth n bn rhnphrturn ch bn dgln Muhln Vgstn (>89 dgb t) y bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch pr`cukkgûl bn Dgln Knrgcnc (+;9 dgb t). Hl hb kns` ch Kegln, bn dny`r pr`cukkgûl pr`vgl` ch ul jrnl lñdhr` ch phquhþ`s pr`cukt`rhs dglhr`s y hl hb ]C chb K`lj` sh chmgû n bn hltrncn hl pr`cukkgûl ch

kuntr`

`phrnkg`lhs

quh

t`lhbncns ncgkg`lnbhs nb dhrknc`.

np`rtnr`l

>>3

dgb

 N lgvhb dulcgnb, sh pr`yhktn pnrn =9>=, ul nudhlt` ch pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh ch dgln ch 3,8% t`tnbgznlc` >6,7 dgbb`lhs ch t, vnbh chkgr, hqugvnbhlth n :;; dgb t`lhbncns ncgkg`lnbhs rhsphkt` ch =9>>. Hsth nudhlt`, sh fulcndhltn hl uln dny`r pr`cukkgûl ch Kegbh (+896 dgb t), prglkgpnbdhlth p`r hb np`rth ch hxpnlsg`lhs ch B`s Mr`lkhs (+=>; dgb t), bn rhkuphrnkgûl ch bn pr`cukkgûl ch Hsk`lcgcn (+=;= dgb t) y Nlcgln (+== dgb t) y chb rndp-up ch Hsphrnlzn (+69 dgb t) y ch B`s Yhbndmrhs (+ =8 dgb t). Hl hb rhst` chb dulc` bn dny`r pr`cukkgûl hstnrän ns`kgncn n Kegln, Glc`lhsgn y ]C K`lj` quh np`rtnränl khrkn ch ;=: dgb tdîs, pr`vhlghlths prglkgpnbdhlth ch ndpbgnkgûl ch `phrnkg`lhs. Ynrn hb =9>;, sh prhvç ul nudhlt` ch >,=;3 dgb t ch pr`cukkgûl

 

>36 

ns`kgncn n bn hltrncn ch luhvns `phrnkg`lhs y ndpbgnkg`lhs ch pr`yhkt`s quh glgkgnr`l hl nþ`s nlthrg`rhs, tnlt` hl Kegbh, Qndmgn, Hstnc`s Xlgc`s y `tr`s pnäshs.

3. Yhrsphktgvns nb =9>8.

Y`r su pnrth, hb Jrup` Glthrlnkg`lnb ch Hstucg`s chb K`mrh (GK[J, p`r su sgjbn hl gljbçs) prhvç `ptgdgstndhlth quh bn

knpnkgcnc nlunb ch pr`cukkgûl dglhrn ch k`mrh nbknlznrän bns =6,= dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns hl hb =9>8, k`l ul nbzn pr`dhcg` nlunb chb 6,6% chsch hb =9>=.

‘Chmgc` n p`sthrjnkg`lhs hl pr`yhkt`s trns bn krgsgs hk`lûdgkn

chb =995 y n rhtrns`s tçklgk`s, fglnlkghr`s y hl b`s phrdgs`s, ul :3% ch hsth krhkgdghlt` (3,; dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns) sûb` `kurrgrän hl hb =9>3/=9>8‖, cga` hb GK[J hl uln k`lfhrhlkgn ch prhlsn.  Nb

=9>8, bn knpnkgcnc ch pr`cukkgûl ch k`lkhltrnc`s ch k`mrh krhkhrän hl ul 6,7% nlunb, n =9,3 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns, y bn knpnkgcnc ch pr`cukkgûl p`r hxtrnkkgûl k`l s`bvhlths y hbhktr`chp`sgkgûl ([U/HZ) nudhltnrän hl ul 8,3% nb nþ`, n 8,: dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns. Hl tnlt`, hb krhkgdghlt` nlunb ch bn knpnkgcnc ch fulcgkgûl hstnrän rhznjnc` frhlth n bn hxpnlsgûl hl

 

>3: 

hb shkt`r ch k`lkhltrnc`s, k`l ul nudhlt` pr`dhcg` ch nphlns ul ;,:% nlunb, n =>,3 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns hl hb =9>8, ul nbzn ch =,7 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns t `lhbncns rhsphkt` nb =9>>.

Hb GK[J tndmgçl pr`yhktû quh bn knpnkgcnc dulcgnb ch rhfglnkgûl ch k`mrh nbknlznrî =5,7 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns hl hb =9>8, ul nbzn ch >:,8% frhlth nb =9>>. Bn dny`rän ch b`s luhv`s pr`yhkt`s y hxpnlsg`lhs hl hb shkt`r dglhr` sh umgknl hl Mrnsgb,

Kegbh, Kegln, ]hpñmbgkn Chd`krîtgkn chb K`lj`, D`lj`bgn, Yhrñ, Hstnc`s Xlgc`s y Qndmgn, shjñl hb GK[J.

Hb hskhlnrg` mnsh pnrn hb hahrkgkg` ch pr`yhkkgûl, k`lsgchrn b`s kns`s quh sh hstgdnl dîs pr`mnmbhs t`dnlc` k`d` rhfhrhlkgn bn ñbtgdn glf`rdnkgûl quh sh cgsp`lh nb d`dhlt` ch rhnbgznr hsth pr`lûstgk`. [gl hdmnrj`, uln hv`bukgûl cgstgltn n bn hsphrncn, gdpbgkn trnyhkt`rgns cgfhrhlths pnrn bn hv`bukgûl chb prhkg` chb k`mrh.

 Nbjulns ch hstns sgtunkg`lhs enl sgc` hvnbuncns, nlnbgzncns y p`lchrncns. K`l hstn glf`rdnkgûl, sh k`lkbuyh quh hxgsth ul shsj` nb nbzn, pnrn bn shlcn quh sh hsphrn sgjn hb prhkg`

 

>35 

chb k`mrh hsth nþ`, k`l uln thlchlkgn n bn d`chrnkgûl curnlth hb thrkhr trgdhstrh chb nþ` =9>=.

8. Glcgknc`rhs gdp`rtnlths. Hv`bukgûl YMG prglkgpnbhs pnäshs k`lsudgc`rhs ch k`mrh.

 

>37 

Mnbnlkh pr`yhktnc` chb dhrknc` dulcgnb ch k`mrh rhfglnc`.

Hv`bukgûl ch b`s prhkg`s chb k`mrh.

Fuhlth1 Glf`rdh K`kegbk`-Kegbh [ht.=9>=

 

>89 

6. Yr`cukkgûl dglhrn lnkg`lnb. Yhrñ1 Xl pnäs dglhr` bbhl` ch `p`rtulgcnchs.  [u rgquhzn jh`bûjgkn, bn cgsp`lgmgbgcnc ch glf`rdnkgûl kntnstrnb y jh`bûjgkn ch knbgcnc, bn `fhrtn ch pr`vhhc`rhs ch prgdhr lgvhb y hb dnrk` auräcgk` pr`d`t`r ch bn glvhrsgûl prgvncn vgjhlth hl hb pnäs, k`lvghrthl nb Yhrñ hl ul` ch b`s chstgl`s dîs ntrnktgv`s pnrn bn glvhrsgûl dglhrn hl hb dulc`.

Yhrñ1 Ynäs dglhr`.

Hb Yhrñ hs ul pnäs ch nltgjun trncgkgûl dglhrn, trncgkgûl quh dnltghlh y kubtgvn jrnkgns n bn prhshlkgn ch hdprhsns bächrhs n lgvhb glthrlnkg`lnb. K`ltnd`s k`l ul hl`rdh p`thlkgnb jh`bûjgk`, bn prhshlkgn ch bn K`rcgbbhrn ch b`s Nlchs n b` bnrj` chb thrrgt`rg`, k`lstgtuyh luhstrn prglkgpnb fuhlth ch rhkurs`s dglhrnbhs.

 N lgvhb dulcgnb y bntgl`ndhrgknl`, hb Yhrñ, sh umgkn hltrh b`s prgdhr`s pr`cukt`rhs ch cgvhrs`s dhtnbhs, (`r`, pbntn, k`mrh, pb`d`, zglk, eghrr`, hstnþ`, d`bgmchl`, thbur`, hltrh `tr`s), b` kunb hs rhfbha` l` sûb` ch bn nmulcnlkgn ch rhkurs`s y bn knpnkgcnc ch  ch  

 

>8> 

pr`cukkgûl ch bn nktgvgcnc dglhrn phrunln, sgl` ch bn hstnmgbgcnc ch bns p`bätgkns hk`lûdgkns hl luhstr` pnäs.

B`s dglhrnbhs pr`cukgc`s hl hb Yhrñ, s`l ch jrnl chdnlcn hl hb dhrknc` dulcgnb nktunb, kuy` chsnrr`bb` sh mnsn hl bn pr`cukkgûl y bn glcustrgn. Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, Kegln, [ugzn, Anpûl, Knlncî y bn Xlgûl Hur`phn s`l b`s prglkgpnbhs chdnlcnlths.

 

>8= 

Fuhlth1 Hstncästgkns chb Dglgsthrg` ch Hlhrjän y Dglns DHD

 

>8; 

Fuhlth1 Hstncästgkns chb Dglgsthrg` ch Hlhrjän y Dglns DHD

 

>83 

Fuhlth1 Hstncästgkns chb Dglgsthrg` ch Hlhrjän y Dglns DHD

:. Shlchlkgn lnkg`lnb.

Bn pr`cukkgûl lnkg`lnb ch k`mrh vn n thlhr ul glkrhdhlt` ch >3 p`r kghlt` hl hb =9>;, dghltrns quh pnrn b`s nþ`s =9>3, =9>8 y =9>6 krhkhränl hl >:, =; y =9 p`r kghlt`, rhsphktgvndhlth rhsphktgvndhlth,, nfgrdû e`y hb mnlk` [k`tgnmnlo.

 

>88 

Hbb` chmgc`, nb glgkg` ch `phrnkg`lhs ch vnrg`s pr`yhkt`s quh np`rtnränl ul v`budhl sgjlgfgkntgv` n bn pr`cukkgûl, prhkgsû bn nlnbgstn shlg`r chb Chpnrtndhlt` ch Hstucg`s Hk`lûdgk`s chb [k`tgnmnlo, Hrgon Dnlkehj`, hl hb ]hp`rth [hdnlnb chb mnlk`.

B`s pr`yhkt`s knusnlths ch hst`s glkrhdhlt`s k`rrhsp`lchl tnlt` n ndpbgnkg`lhs ch pr`yhkt`s yn hxgsthlths k`d` n luhv`s pr`yhkt`s. Hl ndm`s kns`s b`s pr`yhkt`s sh hlkuhltrnl hl ul

hstnc` nvnlznc`.

 Nbjul`s hstîl glkbus` hl bn htnpn ch k`lstrukkgûl ` k`l hb Hstucg` ch Gdpnkt` Ndmghltnb (HGN) npr`mnc`, p`r b` quh hxgsth kghrtn shjurgcnc ch quh hb pr`yhkt` glgkgh `phrnkg`lhs hl hb pbnz` hstgdnc`.

‘L` hstnd`s k`lsgchrnlc` n t`c`s b`s pr`yhkt`s gdp`rtnlths

quh hstîl hl bn knrthrn chb Dglgsthrg` ch Hlhrjän y Dglns (DHD) k`l fhken hstgdncn ch glgkg` ch `phrnkg`lhs hl hb phrä`c` =9>; =9>6 chmgc` n quh nñl sh hlkuhltrnl hl htnpns ch hxpb`rnkgûl ` hstucg`s‖, prhkgsû hl hb rhp`rth shdnlnb chb mnlk`.

 

>86 

Hst`s pr`yhkt`s p`cränl glgkgnr `phrnkg`lhs hl ul e`rgz`lth dîs bnrj`, pr`mnmbhdhlth hltrh hb =9>: y =9=>, p`r b` tnlt`, bn pr`cukkgûl lnkg`lnb ch k`mrh shjugrän nudhltnlc` n tnsns sgjlgfgkntgvns pnsnc` hb =9>6.

Hl hb =9>=, bn pr`cukkgûl lnkg`lnb ch k`mrh enmrän thlgc` ul glkrhdhlt` khrknl` n cghz p`r kghlt` chmgc` prglkgpnbdhlth nb nudhlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl ch K`dpnþän Dglhrn Nltndgln hl ;;

p`r kghlt`.

Hl dnrz` chb =9>=,Nltndgln k`lkbuyû su pr`yhkt` ch ndpbgnkgûl ch `phrnkg`lhs y chsch hsn fhken en rhjgstrnc` dny`rhs v`bñdhlhs ch pr`cukkgûl.

Hb =9>; shrî hb prgdhr nþ` k`dpbht` ch pr`cukkgûl ch bn ndpbgnkgûl ch Nltndgln p`r b` quh sh hsphrn quh thljn ul np`rth gdp`rtnlth n bn pr`cukkgûl.  Nsgdgsd`, bn pr`cukkgûl ch [`utehrl Yhrñ tuv` ul glkrhdhlt` ch kglk` p`r kghlt` p`r ul`s pr`yhkt`s ch dha`rns hl Kuna`lh.

 

>8: 

‘Hstns dha`rns hstnränl k`dpbhtncns curnlth hb shjulc`

shdhstrh chb =9>;, p`r b` tnlt`, sg mghl hsphrnd`s uln dny`r pr`cukkgûl ch Kuna`lh Kuna`lh pnrn hb =9>;, hb dny`r glkrhdhlt` sh cnrî hl hb =9>3 kunlc` bns dha`rns hstçl t`tnbdhlth k`dpbhtncns‖, glcgkû. 

K`dpnþän Dglhrn Dgbp` tndmgçl tuv` ul glkrhdhlt` gdp`rtnlth hl su pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh ch =6 p`r kghlt` chmgc` n bn

ndpbgnkgûl ch su ulgcnc Khrr` Bglc`, b` kunb tndmgçl thlcrän ul gdpnkt` p`sgtgv` curnlth hb =9>;.

Hstns trhs ndpbgnkg`lhs, shjugrîl gdpnktnlc` p`sgtgvndhlth n bn pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh curnlth hb =9>;. [gl hdmnrj`, hb prglkgpnb glkrhdhlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl shrî `rgjglnc` p`r hb pr`yhkt` Nltnpnkkny ch UstrntnSgltnyn.

 Nltnpnkkny hdphzû n pr`cukgr hl l`vghdmrh chb =9>= y curnlth sus c`s prgdhr`s dhshs ch `phrnkg`lhs hb pr`yhkt` en rhjgstrnc` ul lgvhb mna` ch pr`cukkgûl.

 

>85 

[gl hdmnrj`, curnlth =9>;, bn pr`cukkgûl ch Nltnpnkkny sh grî glkrhdhltnlc` pr`jrhsgvndhlth, n dhcgcn quh nbknlzn su knpnkgcnc k`dpbhtn ch `phrnkg`lhs.

Hb pr`yhkt` Nltnpnkkny k`dphlsnrî k`l krhkhs bn dhl`r pr`cukkgûl ch bn dgln Sgltnyn, prûxgdn n khrrnr `phrnkg`lhs, p`r b` tnlt`, hstgdn ul glkrhdhlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh pnrn hb

=9>; ch >3 p`r kghlt`.

Curnlth hsth phrä`c` vnrg`s pr`yhkt`s ch k`mrh, quh sh hlkuhltrnl nktunbdhlth hl k`lstrukkgûl, glgkgnränl `phrnkg`lhs, b`s kunbhs s`l Bns Mndmns ch Ustrntn, S`r`d`ke` ch Keglnbk`, K`lstnlkgn ch Eucmnyy ^uhbbnvhk` ch Nljb`Ndhrgknl.

Hsth ñbtgd` nñl l` en hdphznc` su k`lstrukkgûl phr` b` enrän prûxgdndhlth.

 Nsgdgsd`, c`s pr`yhkt`s ch jrnlchs ndpbgnkg`lhs sh hahkutnränl curnlth hsth phrä`c` mhlhfgkgnlc` k`l glkrhdhlt`s n bn pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh hl hb =9>8 y =9>6.

 

>87 

Hstns ndpbgnkg`lhs, s`l bn ch S`quhpnbn ch [`utehrl Yhrñ y bn ch Khrr` Vhrch ch [`kghcnc Dglhrn Khrr` Vhrch.

[g mghl, bn ndpbgnkgûl ch S`quhpnbn hstî hlfrhltnlc` kghrt` lgvhb ch `p`sgkgûl ch bn p`mbnkgûl ch bn z`ln, bn f`rdnkgûl ch uln dhsn ch cgîb`j` en sgc` ul prgdhr pns` pnrn b`jrnr ul nkhrkndghlt` hltrh bns pnrths y nbknlznr nkuhrc`s k`d` b`s

`mthlgc`s k`l hb pr`yhkt` ^uhbbnvhk` ch Nljb`Ndhrgknl quh tuv` ul pr`khs` sgdgbnr.

 Nchdîs, bn hdprhsn en vhlgc` rhnbgznlc` glvhrsg`lhs rhbnkg`lncns k`l hstn ndpbgnkgûl quh bh phrdgtgrîl hahkutnr hb pr`yhkt` hl hb pbnz` hstgdnc` uln vhz quh sh chl bns k`lcgkg`lhs.

Hb glgkg` ch `phrnkg`lhs ch hst`s pr`yhkt`s, jhlhrnrî glkrhdhlt`s hl bn pr`cukkgûl ch k`mrh ch >:, =; y =9 p`r kghlt` curnlth b`s nþ`s =9>3, =9>8 y =9>6, rhsphktgvndhlth. rhsphktgvndhlth.

@tr`s pr`yhkt`s, quh glgkgnränl `phrnkg`lhs chspuçs chb =9>6, glkbuyhl Jnbhl` ch BudglnK`pphr, Dgln Austn ch Dglsur,

 

>69 

Knþnrgnk` ch Knlchlth ]hs`urkhs, Yuonqnqn y Dnjgstrnb ch Dgbp`, Enqugrn ch Fgrst ^unltud, B`s Kenlkns y Sän Dnrän ch [`utehrl Yhrñ, Bn Jrnlan ch ]g` Sglt` y ]`lc`lg ch V`bknl

.

Fuhlth1 chphru.k`d, 96 ch fhmrhr` chb =9>;

5. Knptnkgûl ch dhrknc`. [hjñl hb khltr` ch hstucg`s chb K`mrh-Kegbh =9>=, Yhrñ, tghlh pbnlhs ch glvhrsgûl dglhrn p`r dîs ch 8> dgb dgbb`lhs nb

=9>6,  Yhrñ hs hb cgstrgt` dglhr` k`l dny`r p`thlkgnb ch krhkgdghlt` pnrn hb k`mrh hl hb dulc`. Vghlh k`l uln knltgcnc ch pr`yhkt`s luhv`s y tghlh ul dny`r dnlha` hl b` quh hs pr`pghcnc dglhrn, b` quh fnkgbgtn bn bbhjncn ch bns dglhrns aulg`r.

[hjñl hstgdnkg`lhs dîs nktunbgzncns, Kegbh y Yhrñ vnl n shr rhsp`lsnmbhs ch >;9 dgb dgbb`lhs ch cûbnrhs ch glvhrsgûl, umgkîlc`b`s k`d` bn prgdhrn p`thlkgn dglhrn hl hb dulc` y pr`cukt`rn ch knsg hb 89% ch k`mrh hl hb dulc`, nktunbdhlth y ch nkuhrc` n b`s jrîfgk`s d`strnc`s nb nþ` =9>9, Yhrñ pr`cukh hb 5% chb k`mrh hl hb dulc` y Kegbh, hb ;3%, rhprhshltnl hb p`b` ch chsnrr`bb` dîs jrnlch chb dulc`, l` eny `trn z`ln hl hb dulc`, jh`jrîfgkndhlth, p`r bha`s hs bn dîs gdp`rtnlth ch k`mrh. Hbb` tghlh dñbtgpbhs k`lshkuhlkgns, bn prgdhrn, bn chdnlcn p`r mghlhs

 

>6> 

y shrvgkg`s pnrn bn dglhrän thlcrî ul dhrknc` jgjnlthsk` y n pnrtgr ch hbb`, bns `p`rtulgcnchs ch Kegbh y Yhrñ pnrn quh sh chsnrr`bbhl thkl`bûjgkndhlth ns`kgnc` n bn dglhrän s`l ch prgdhr lgvhb.Nchdîs, bn f`rdnkgûl ch pr`fhsg`lnbhs ch prgdhr lgvhb shrî uln rhfhrhlkgn pnrn `trns pnrths chb dulc` k`d` `kurrgû nlths k`l b`s pr`fhsg`lnbhs ch HH.XX. quh fuhr`l uln rhfhrhlkgn pnrn bn dglhrän bntgl`ndhrgknln.

7. Nlîbgsgs hstrntçjgk`s.  F`rtnbhzn hk`lûdgkn y k`lfgnmbh kbgdn ch glvhrsgûl.  Hb Yhrñ, hs uln ch bns hk`l`däns k`l dny`r krhkgdghlt` hl  Ndçrgkn Bntgln (:,6% hl hb =996, 7% hl hb =99:, 7,53% hl hb =995, >% hl =997, 5,5% hl =9>9 y 6,5% hl =9>>), b` kunb hs k`dpbhdhltnc` k`l s`bgchz dnkr`hk`lûdgkn1 mnans tnsns ch glfbnkgûl, suphrîvgt fgsknb y k`dhrkgnb, y fuhrths rhshrvns glthrlnkg`lnbhs lhtns.

 

>6= 

]hk`l`kgdghlt` Glthrlnkg`lnb. Hl aubg` ch =995, bn njhlkgn ch rghsj` krhcgtgkg` [tnlcnrc nlc Y``r³s `t`rjû hb "Jrnc` ch Glvhrsgûl" nb Yhrñ. Yrhvgndhlth, hstîrhknthj`rgznkgûl, fuh `t`rjncn p`r Fgtke ]ntglj hl nmrgb chb dgsd` nþ` y p`r bn Knlncgnl Njhlky CM][ C`dglg`l M`lc ]ntglj [hrvgkh n fglhs chb =99:.

Hb Yhrñ en suskrgt` cgvhrs`s k`lvhlg`s mgbnthrnbhs, glkbuyhlc` Srntnc`s ch Bgmrh K`dhrkg` (SBK) k`l Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, Knlncî, Kegln, [gljnpur, K`rhn chb [ur y Dçxgk`, y hstî nktunbdhlth lhj`kgnlc` SBK ‗s k`l Anpûl, Sngbnlcgn y bn Xlgûl Hur`phn.

 Nsgdgsd`, hb Yhrñ hs dghdmr` ch bn Nsgn Ynkgfgk Hk`l`dgk K``phrntg`l (NYHK) y ch bn K`dulgcnc Nlcgln ch Lnkg`lhs (KNL). Hb Yhrñ `frhkh dha`rhs `p`rtulgcnchs hk`lûdgkns pnrn b`s glvhrsg`lgstns ch hs`s dhrknc`s.

 

>6; 

@p`rtulgcnchs ch glvhrsgûl.

Bns `p`rtulgcnchs quh `frhkh luhstr` pnäs, enl ehke` quh shnd`s ul` ch b`s pnäshs ch bn rhjgûl c`lch sh `mshrvn dny`r glvhrsgûl hl dglhrän, k`l rhsubtnc`s chstnknc`s y prhshlkgn ch hdprhsns bächrhs ch bn dglhrän dulcgnb. Hl hb =9>>, Yhrñ suphrû hb

rhk`rc

egstûrgk`

ch

glvhrsg`lhs

hl

hb

shkt`r dglhr`

nb suphrnr b`s X[$ : 999 dgbb`lhs, hsphkgnbdhlth hl b`s rumr`s ch hxpb`rnkgûl h glfrnhstrukturn dglhrn.

Bns glvhrsg`lhs pr`yhktncns pnrn b`s prûxgd`s nþ`s, tnlt` hl hxpb`rnkgûl, hxpb`tnkgûl y ndpbgnkg`lhs dglhrns suphrnl b`s X[$ 8; 999 dgbb`lhs. Bn knrthrn hstgdncn ch hst`s pr`yhkt`s dglhr`s chstnkn glvhrsg`lhs duy gdp`rtnlths hl Kuzk`, Knandnrkn, D`quhjun, Snkln, Gkn, Bgdn, Nrhqugpn, Auläl, Ygurn,  Nlknse, Eunlknvhbgkn Eunlknvhbgkn y Bndmnyhquh.

Hfhktgvn pr`thkkgûl nb glvhrsg`lgstn.

Hb Yhrñ, en fgrdnc` ;= nkuhrc`s glthrlnkg`lnbhs ch glvhrsgûl quh npultnbnl su p`bätgkn ch bgmhrnbgznkgûl, k`l pnäshs chb

 

>63 

Ynkäfgk`, Hur`pn y Ndçrgkn Bntgln. K`l bn dgrn hl k`ls`bgcnr ul kbgdn ch glvhrsgûl hstnmbh y prhchkgmbh, hb Yhrñ en dha`rnc` sus hstîlcnrhs hl bn lhj`kgnkgûl ch Nkuhrc`s Glthrlnkg`lnbhs ch Glvhrsgûl. Chb dgsd` d`c`, hb Yhrñ en suskrgt` hb nkuhrc` @YGK quh fnkgbgtn `phrnkg`lhs, cnlc` k`mhrturn n bns glvhrsg`lhs ch Hstnc`s Xlgc`s bbhvncns n knm` hl hb Yhrñ.

Yhrñ, tndmgçl hs dghdmr` ch DGJN y ul sgjlntnrg` ch bn K`lvhlkgûl K`lstgtutgvn ch bn GK[GC (Glthrlntg`lnb Khltrh f`r [httbhdhlt `f Glvhstdhlt Cgspuths), nsä k`d` ch bn Lhw W`ro K`lvhltg`l `f teh ]hk`jlgtg`l nlc Hlf`rkhdhlt `f F`rhgjl Nrmgtrnb  Nwnrcs.

Chstnknc`s ch bn glcustrgn dglhrn.

Yhrñ,

hs

hb

prgdhr

pr`cukt`r

ch

pbntn

n

lgvhb

dulcgnb, shjulc` pr`cukt`r dulcgnb ch k`mrh. Nsgdgsd`, hs hb prgdhr pr`cukt`r ch `r`, zglk, hstnþ`, pb`d` y d`bgmchl` hl  Ndçrgkn Bntgln. Bn K`rcgbbhrn ch b`s Nlchs hs bn k`budln vhrthmrnb ch Yhrñ y bn prglkgpnb fuhlth ch chpûsgt`s dglhrnbhs chb dulc`.

 

>68 

Luhstr` pnäs, tghlh ul gdp`rtnlth p`thlkgnb jh`bûjgk`. Hs hb thrkhr pnäs hl hb dulc` hl rhshrvns ch `r`, pbntn, k`mrh y zglk (X[ Jh`b`jgknb [urvhy - X[J[ fgjurhs).

Hb lñdhr` y îrhn ch pr`yhkt`s ch pr`sphkkgûl dglhrn sh glkrhdhltn kncn nþ`, hs p`r hbb` quh bn M`bsn ch Vnb`rhs ch Bgdn (MVB) en krhnc` ul shjdhlt` ch ]ghsj` ch Knpgtnb ` ch Knrthrn

ch Yr`yhkt`s c`lch k`tgznl nbrhchc`r ch >= dglhrns aulg`r y ;7 hdprhsns ch bn jrnl dglhrän phrunln.

 Nchdîs, b`s glsud`s y shrvgkg`s quh bn glcustrgn dglhrn lhkhsgtn tghlhl ndpbgn cgsp`lgmgbgcnc hl hb dhrknc` b`knb, enkghlc` chb Yhrñ ul bujnr prgvgbhjgnc` pnrn bn dglhrän hl  Ndçrgkn chb [ur.

Y`thlkgnb l`-dhtîbgk`

Yhrñ tndmgçl tghlh ul jrnl p`thlkgnb hl dglhrnbhs l`dhtîbgk`s tndmgçl k`l`kgc`s k`d` dglhrnbhs glcustrgnbhs, tnbhs k`d` hb dîrd`b trnvhrtgl`s, cgnt`dgtn (prgdhr pr`cukt`r ch  Ndçrgkn chb [ur), mhlt`lgtn y m`rnt`s. Hl hfhkt`, luhstr` thrrgt`rg`,

 

>66 

hstî hltrh b`s p`k`s pnäshs hl hb dulc` hl b`s quh sh puhchl hlk`ltrnr chpûsgt`s ch hst`s dglhrnbhs.

>9. K`dhrkg` lnkg`lnb h glthrlnkg`lnb. >9.>

Yr`cukkgûl y k`lsud` lnkg`lnb y dulcgnb.

Bn pr`cukkgûl phrunln chb dhtnb bbhjnrän n =,>8 dgbb`lhs ch

t`lhbncns hb nþ` =9>8, chsch bns >,=3 dgbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns chb =9>>, shjñl hb dglgstr` ch Hlhrjän y Dglns ch Yhrñ.

[h hstgdn quh hb =9>>, bn pr`cukkgûl nkudubncn nbknlzû >6,= dgbb`lhs ch t, k`l ul cçfgkgt ch ;59999 t y uln chdnlcn ch =9,9 dgbb`lhsch t. Knpnkgcnc ch pr`cukkgûl dulcgnb ch k`mrh nb =9>8 shrän ch =6,= dgbb`lhs d gbb`lhs ch t`lhbncns.

Yr`cukgc` prglkgpnbdhlth hl pnäshs k`d` Kegbh, Yhrñ, Kegln, Hstnc`s Xlgc`s, Nustrnbgn y Knlncî, hb k`mrh hs nktunbdhlth ul` ch b`s dhtnbhs ch dny`r chdnlcn hl hb dulc`, chmgc` n bn vnrghcnc ch us`s y su jrnl vhrsntgbgcnc. [u k`lsud` en gc` hl nudhlt` vhrtgjgl`sndhlth cnc` hb pr`jrhs` thkl`bûjgk` y kghltäfgk` hxphrgdhltnc` p`r bn eudnlgcnc, hs nsä quh hsth

 

>6: 

dhtnb, auhjn ul r`b kbnvh hl bns glcustrgns chb trnlsp`rth, hbhktrûlgkn,

k`lstrukkgûl, njrgkubturn, hlhrjän, snbuc, luhvns

thkl`b`jäns, hltrh `trns dukens npbgknkg`lhs. Nsgdgsd`, hb us` chb k`mrh hl bns bbndncns thkl`b`jäns ‘vhrchs‖, k`d` khbcns

s`bnrhs y vheäkub`s hbçktrgk`s, s`l ul kbnr` hahdpb` ch bn gdp`rtnlkgn quh shjugrî chshdphþnlc` hsth dhtnb hl hb futur` s`sthlgmbh chb pbnlhtn.

Chsch hb nþ` =993, hxgsth n lgvhb dulcgnb uln hsknshz chb bbndnc` dhtnb r`a`, chmgc` n bn jrnl chdnlcn ch Kegln y `tr`s pnäshs hdhrjhlths quh enl cglndgznc` sus hk`l`däns. Y`r hahdpb`, hl hb =9>>, bn chdnlcn dulcgnb ch k`mrh suphrû hb krhkgdghlt` ch bn pr`cukkgûl hl ;59999 t`lhbncns y pnrn hb =9>= sh pr`yhktn `tr` cçfgkgt sgdgbnr, n phsnr ch quh sh hstgdn ul nvnlkh hl bn pr`cukkgûl chb k`mrh p`r hb `rchl chb =,5% y enstn ch ;,8% hl hb =9>;, shjñl ul nlîbgsgs rhnbgznc` p`r hb Jrup` Glthrlnkg`lnb ch Hstucg`s chb K`mrh (GK[J) y bn Cgrhkkgûl ch Hstucg`s y Y`bätgkns Yñmbgkns ch bn K`dgsgûl Kegbhln chb K`mrh (K`kegbk`).

 

>65 

GG.

F@S@J]NFÄN[.

Fgjurn >.Duhstrn chb dnthrgnb ch chsd`lth. (]hk`bhkkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`).

Fgjurn =. Dnthrgnb ch chsd`lth, pnrth mnan ch bn dgln. (]hk`bhkkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`). 

 

>67 

Fgjurn ;. Chsd`lth y dnthrgnb bgxgvgnc` p`r nkkgûl ch bn bbuvgn. (]hk`bhkkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`).

Fgjurn 3. Chsd`lth y dnthrgnb bgxgvgnc` p`r nkkgûl ch bn bbuvgn. (]hk`bhkkgûl pr`pgn, Bugs @rmhj`s`). 

 

>:9 

GGG.- NLNBG[G[ Y]NKSGKNC@[

Fgjurn 8. Khrtgfgknc` ch nlîbgsgs ch duhstrns ch rgpg`.   Fuhlth1 Bnm`rnt`rg`s Nlnbätgk`s chb [ur.

 

>:> 

Fgjurn 6. Khrtgfgknc` ch nlîbgsgs ch duhstrns ch dglhrnb Ynbkn. Fuhlth1 Bnm`rnt`rg`s Nlnbätgk`s chb [ur.

 

>:= 

Fgjurn :. Khrtgfgknc` ch nlîbgsgs ch duhstrns ch `r` y pbntn. Fuhlth1 Nbhx [thwnrt (Nssnyhrs) chb Yhrñ [.].B.

 

>:;