PROYECTO CUANTITATIVO

UNIVERSIDAD DE YACAMBÚ VICERRECTORADO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSTGRADO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACION INVESTIGACION Y POSGRADO

EVALUACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL COMO ALTERNATIVA EN EL PROCESO PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE EN LA UNIDAD EDUCATIVA BASICA ³LA INMACULADA´. PERIODO PER IODO ESCOLAR 2010-2011. CUMANÁ, ESTADO. SUCRE. (PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN)

 Autora: María José Guerra Tutor: Mauricio Villabona

Cumaná, julio 2011

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ÍNDICE GENERAL

pp. RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN

CAPÍTULO I

EL PROBLEMA Planteamiento

del Problema

Objetivos del estudio

II

MARCO TEÓRICO  Antecedentes de la Investigación Bases Teóricas Teoría del Conductismo Conductismo Teoría del Constructivismo Construc tivismo Educación ambiental Características de la Educación Ambiental Definición de términos Bases Legales Sistemas de Variables

III

MARCO METODOLOGICO

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Muestra Técnicas e Instrumentos para la Recolección de Datos  Análisis de los Datos

Referencias Anexos Cuestionario A Cuestionario B

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UNIVERSIDAD DE YACAMBÚ VICERRECTORADO DE INVESTIGACION INVESTIGACION Y POSTGRADO POSTGRADO INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSTGRADO

Línea de Investigación: Educación Ambiental

EVALUACIÓN DE LA EDUCACIÓN EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL COMO ALTERNATIVA EN EL PROCESO PROCESO DE ENSEÑANZA Y APRENDIZAJE EN LA UNIDAD EDUCATIVA BASICA ³LA INMACULADA´. PERIODO PER IODO ESCOLAR 2010-2011. CUMANÁ, ESTADO. SUCRE.  Autor: María José Guerra Tutor: Mauricio Villabona Mes y año: Julio 2011

RESUMEN El proceso enseñanza aprendizaje debe permitir desde el desarrollo de los conocimientos, caracterizar, reflexionar y analizar la realidad para que el ser  humano sea capaz de transformarla de manera integral manteniendo el equilibrio armónico hombre ± naturaleza. Es así como la educación ambiental busca en el individuo una conciencia ambientalista y una visión global que haga comprender  que el futuro de la humanidad depende de su actuación, y de cómo valorar su entorno físico y natural. A partir de esta idea, el proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo: Evaluar la educación ambiental como alternativa en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el Liceo U.E.B ³La Inmaculada´. Período escolar  2010-2011. Cumaná, Estado. Sucre. Esta investigación es descriptiva, la recolección de los datos será a través de cuestionarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas, los cuales ayudaran a reconocer la necesidad de poner en práctica las bases que fundamentan la educación ambiental en el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en la institución educativa.

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INTRODUCCIÓN

El proceso enseñanza aprendizaje se considera como una herramienta de formación integral, pretendiendo que el hombre hombre desenvuelva una conducta en pro del desarrollo social, económico, político, cultural y psicológico para la humanidad, desempeñando una importante función en la progresiva implementación de nuevos paradigmas, encargándose de estimular el crecimiento de positivos estilos de relación del hombre con el medio ambiente. Dentro de este mismo orden de ideas, el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje es un conjunto de conocimientos y métodos que ayudan al desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de las facultades intelectuales, morales y físicas del ser  humano, evidenciando la importancia de la educación en la sociedad. La educación ambiental es uno de los medios más idóneos para permitir la integralidad del hombre en sociedad y a su vez análogo a la realidad de su entorno natural, pues, se fundamenta en la necesidad considerar el ambiente como un complejo armónico de componentes naturales y sociales en la vida del individuo, es en este aspecto donde radica su importancia, por lo tanto, es indispensable que tome posesión en las aulas de clase y en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, ya que es un proceso con objetivos, programas y bases bien sustentadas que se centran en la constitución de una visión ética en los individuos para con el ambiente y los recursos naturales, es decir formar al ser  humano para la vida. En base en lo antes expuesto, este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo general ³Evaluar la educación ambiental como alternativa en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el Liceo U.E.B ³La Inmaculada´. Período escolar  2010-2011. Cumaná, Estado. Sucre´.

Puesto

que la educación ambiental, se

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economía, política y medio biofísico.

Para

dar respuesta al objetivo general se

platearon los siguientes objetivos específicos: determinar si la educación ambiental es un tema que se toma en consideración en la elaboración de los proyectos de aprendizaje, comparar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la problemática que tienen los profesores y los estudiantes y finalmente finalmente conocer las actividades propuestas por los profesores y estudiantes hacia la conservación ambiental. Para

obtener información y analizar los objetivos trazados se realizaran

encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas, cuya indagación obtenida se razonará con el propósito de convertirlas en herramientas de investigación, partiendo de criterios preestablecidos que se puedan representar fácilmente a través de tablas donde se especifique la distribución absoluta y porcentual de los datos que luego serán esquematizados en gráficos de anillo. La estructura de este proyecto de investigación es de básicamente de cinco capítulos desglosados en: capitulo principal; donde se da a conocer la base del proyecto, incluye los objetivos y la justificación que llevó a la selección del tema. En el siguiente capítulo se desarrolla de forma analítica las diferentes concepciones o teorías existentes sobre la educación ambiental y el proceso enseñanza aprendizaje, además de las diferentes leyes y definiciones en torno a la investigación.

Posteriormente

en el capítulo III se expondrán las técnicas e

instrumentos que permitirán el análisis según las encuestas y las entrevistas semiestructuradas que se aplicaran y como se analizaran los datos.

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CAPÍTULO I EL PROBLEMA

Planteamiento Planteamiento del d el Problema

Desde que el hombre dejó de ser nómada, fue alterando el medio ambiente; al principio sólo recolectaba frutos, pero luego se dedicó a seleccionar y sembrar, a partir de entonces, el espacio se ha ido ocupando sólo con las plantas útiles para él sin tomar en cuenta el resto creando de esta manera la agricultura utilitaria. El hombre moderno, a través de los recursos de la tecnología, emplea productos químicos para eliminar los insectos y plantas que no le interesan, sin pensar que dichos productos no saben discriminar lo beneficioso o lo dañino, el hombre no tenía ni tiene consciencia de que éstos químicos afectan igualmente a las plantas y a las diversos ecosistemas existentes en el planeta, es por ello que los diferentes tipos de contaminación son los que generan fenómenos como el calentamiento global que es uno de lo fenómenos que en la actualidad ha ido incrementándose y que conduce al aumento de la temperatura normal y adecuada para todos los seres vivos, de aquí se genera el efecto invernadero que es un fenómeno natural que tiene como propósito fundamental regular la altas temperaturas existentes en el planeta y produce derretimiento de los casquetes

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Según el índice de ³Actuación Medioambiental´ 2010, presentado en el Foro Mundial de Davos en Suiza, ³Estados Unidos tiene una falta de reducción en sus emisiones de carbono y una mala política para reducir la contaminación´, lo que lo categoriza como uno de los países más contaminantes en el mundo. Por su parte, China e India, dos de los países más industriales, ³se sitúan en los puestos 121 y 123, del ranking mundial, lo que los coloca entre los menos ecológicos y más contaminantes según el estudio. El índice, elaborado por expertos de las universidades de Yale y Columbia, ubica en los primeros tres puestos a Islandia, Suiza y Costa Rica, galardón obtenido a razón de las inversiones en estructuras ambientales, buena calidad de aire, gestión de agua y de la biodiversidad. De la misma forma se destaca la lucha contra el cambio climático que llevan adelante estas tres naciones, situándose además

Panamá

entre los 5 mejores en

conservación ambiental en Latinoamérica´ (Revista La Estrella: 2010) Venezuela, al igual que los países de contexto mundial, presenta múltiples focos de contaminación, producto de un modelo desarrollista que se ha ido imponiendo paulatinamente desde ayer hasta hoy, afectando particularmente regiones de alta fragilidad y valor ecológico, con repercusiones ambientales y sociales cuantificables, esto se puede evidenciar en lo publicado por Ferrer en el año 2000 en el cual establece que:

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brevedad posible una concientización masiva de la población, entrenarla, capacitarla para la clasificación, transformación y aprovechamiento de los desperdicios, no sólo recoger botellas y latas para su comercialización. El apoyo didáctico debe ser gratuito y constante en todo el sector educativo nacional; se debe inculcar en los niños y jóvenes la pasión por la conservación y protección del ambiente a través de la lectura e investigación constantes. Los problemas ecológicos que el hombre enfrenta actualmente requieren para su solución de una mayor participación de la sociedad organizada y de una actitud individual ambientalista activa, en que la educación ambiental forme parte íntima de la cultura del hombre que le permita la supervivencia. La relación del hombre con su medio, implica conciencia y compromiso de construir en lo posible un mundo mejor. Por

ello la idea de educación ambiental nació a partir de la creciente

preocupación de las diferentes sociedades del mundo referente a los altos índices de contaminación, depredación y mal manejo de los recursos naturales que se han venido dando en gran parte del mundo. Esta educación ambiental puede ser  definida como ³Un campo emergente de la pedagogía, que todavía no logra permear apropiadamente las estructuras y prácticas de instituciones educativas oficiales en la región latinoamericana, si bien en los países industrializados está plenamente incorporado¨ (González-Gaudiano: 2003: 23) En México, una de las primeras definiciones oficiales de la educación

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tanto, la Educación Ambiental es la herramienta más importante para abordar el desafió que conlleva un cambio profundo en los hábitos y conducta en relación a la naturaleza y sus componentes. Los programas de Educación Ambiental, pueden definirse como el conjunto de actividades propuestas a los alumnos durante su etapa escolar, relacionadas con el conocimiento para adoptar un modo de vida en armonía con el entorno. Para

ello se debe considerar que las actividades propuestas deben guardar 

coherencia entre sí y considerar la estimulación integrada de las facultades cognitivas, valóricas y prácticas del estudiante. El estado Sucre posee al igual que muchos de los estados venezolanos un gran atractivo turístico, histórico y cultural, sin embargo se puede observar las diferentes calles y avenidas de las distintas comunidades llenas de basura, debido a que los habitantes de dichas comunidades arrojan desperdicios al medio sin considerar el gran daño que le causan al mismo y que además este tipo de acción afea el hermoso paisaje turístico que posee la entidad, todo esto por el no desarrollo por parte de los entes gubernamentales de actividades que fomenten dentro de éstas comunidades comunidades una conciencia ambientalista. Es por ello que la escuela juega un papel primordial y fundamental en el desarrollo de conductas favorables orientadas a valorar y cuidar el medio ambiente que habitamos, tomando en cuenta que durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los aspectos de la educación ambiental, lo más

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significativo de contaminación de suelo debido a la gran cantidad de basura que se encuentra depositada en los mismos, en su frente posterior encontramos una playa la cual esta bordeada por basura que genera un alto índice de contaminación de agua, toda esta basura es generada y arrojada al espacio ambiental por todos y cada uno de los integrantes de la comunidad que allí habita, todo este proceso de contaminación agranda a su vez los efectos de la contaminación alejándonos cada día más de alcanzar una alta y mejor calidad de vida. De aquí la importancia de los temas sobre educación ambiental para el conocimiento, reflexión y cambio de actitud conservacionista tanto de los estudiantes como para la comunidad en general es por ello que en todos los niveles de educación secundaria se hace necesaria la inclusión de horas en los proyectos de aprendizaje que permitan tratar temas ambientalistas de relevante importancia incluyendo actividades recreativas que le permitan a los estudiantes estar en contacto directo con el ambiente para lograr fijar en ellos amor hacia su entorno. El programa de educación ambiental debe establecer como propósito la capacitación y formación de valores, aptitudes y actitudes ambientalistas, favorables para ayudar a la conservación de nuestro ambiente. Se intenta promover los valores de la educación ambiental y utilizar  metodologías de trabajo que, sean las más eficaces para conseguir los objetivos previstos en un proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

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La educación ambiental es de suma importancia en el proceso educativo y ha surgido por los grandes problemas ambientales por los cuales estamos pasando en la actualidad. Por

todo lo anteriormente expuesto el objetivo principal de ésta

investigación es evaluar la educación ambiental como alternativa en el proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje en el Liceo U.E.B ³La Inmaculada´, período escolar  2010-2011 y con la realización de este proyecto de investigación se pretende dar  respuesta a las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuál es el nivel de conocimientos sobre la problemática ambiental que tienen los profesores y los estudiantes de esta institución?. ¿Cuáles son las actitudes hacia la conservación ambiental que tienen los estudiantes y que son promovidas por los profesores?. ¿La educación ambiental es un tema que se toma en consideración en la elaboración de los proyectos de aprendizaje.

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Objetivos del Estudio Objetivos General: Evaluar la educación ambiental como alternativa en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en el Liceo U.E.B ³La Inmaculada´.

Período

escolar 

2010-2011. Cumaná, Estado. Sucre.

Objetivos Específicos: y

Determinar si la educación ambiental es un tema que se toma en consideración en la elaboración de los proyectos de aprendizaje.

y

Comparar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la problemática ambiental a que tienen los profesores y los estudiantes

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Justificación La Educación Bolivariana Venezolana no puede subsistir al margen de los grandes problemas ambientales que en todo momento se presentan en las comunidades y en algunos casos las diferentes instituciones educativas, se hace necesario proponer alternativas de educación ambiental para disminuir en cierto modo el deterioro de nuestro medio, ya sea mediante el desarrollo de brigadas ambientales o cualquier otro tipo de acción que este encaminada a generar  factores que impulsen el desarrollo de conductas favorables en los estudiantes, mediante la formación de valores, aptitudes y actitudes ambientalistas, favorables para ayudar a la conservación de nuestro ambiente. De igual manera buscar  orientar y apoyar los planes o estrategias propuestas por los jóvenes que hacen vida en esta institución ya que de sus ideas pueden generarse nuevos proyectos que busquen encaminar al ciudadano a concientizar sobre la actitud que han tenido ante la problemática ambiental a nivel mundial, nacional, estadal y regional, más específicamente en la comunidad en la cual se encuentra ubicado este centro

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En líneas generales, los resultados del presente estudio sirven entonces como base para la implementación de políticas de educación ambiental en el desarrollo del contenido de los proyectos de aprendizaje; apoyados en el trabajo actitudinal y teniendo como marco la teoría del desarrollo sostenible. Ya que, las actitudes permiten un trabajo más consistente que el trabajo conductual y que el trabajo puramente cognitivo.

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CAPÍTULO II MARCO TEÓRICO Antecedentes de la Investigación Investigación Los antecedentes ³reflejan los avances y el estado actual del conocimiento en un área determinada y sirven de modelo o ejemplo para futuras investigaciones´ (Arias 2006 : 106). De acuerdo a la revisión bibliográfica, se encontraron investigaciones que sirven de referencia a la problemática planteada entre las cuales se destacan: destacan:

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muestra de 12.75 por medio de muestreo estratificado, para la recolección de la información emplearon la encuesta, la entrevista y la observación. Figueroa, R.; su investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la propuesta educativa ambiental como alternativa de solución a la problemática de contaminación por desechos sólidos domésticos, en la laguna de Piedras,

Punta

de

Municipio Tubores, Estado Nueva Esparta, la investigación refleja que la

población demuestra conocer la problemática ambiental pero de igual forma lanzan desechos sólidos a la laguna, producto de una conducta irresponsable, y por un sistema de valores inadecuados. Esto resalta la importancia de la

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aprendizaje sobre todo en los primeros años de la educación formal, sobre en la educación básica, con el fin de que desde temprana edad los estudiantes tengan conciencia de mantener un equilibrio ente la naturaleza y el ser humano. Población

1019, muestra 279 utilizando muestreo con estratificación proporcional y

como se incluyó a los docentes se hizo una correlación muestral de 357, es decir, una muestra A de 78 docentes mas una muestra B de 279 estudiantes para un total de 357. Las técnicas de recolección de datos fueron la entrevista y el cuestionario. La investigación proporciona al al estudio que la educación ambiental ambiental desempeña un papel esencial, a través de ella se puede comprender los problemas ambientales, impartiendo conocimientos y despertar conciencia que

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Bases Teóricas ³Las bases teóricas implican un desarrollo amplio de los conceptos y proposiciones que conforman el

punto de de vista o enfoque adoptado, adoptado, para

sustentar o explicar el problema planteado´. (Arias, 2006:107)  A continuación se presentan algunas teorías que sustentan la investigación y que están relacionadas con las variables en estudio.

Teoría del Conductismo

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y

Se concibe la enseñanza como un proceso que permite proporcionar 

contenidos o información a los alumnos, lo que puede orientar el aprendizaje hacia los aspectos más reproductivos en detrimento de los productivos.

y

Es frecuente utilizar la enseñanza programada que lleva a convertir el aula en

un lugar apropiado para la técnica instruccional sistemática.

El hombre es un ser biopsicosocial, nace con una dotación genética que lo condiciona biológica y psíquicamente, y además se desarrolla en un ambiente que

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El Construtivismo, dice (Méndez: 2002) ³es en primer lugar una epistemología, es decir una teoría que intenta explicar cuál es la naturaleza del conocimiento humano´. El constructivismo constructivismo asume que nada viene de nada. Es decir que

el

conocimiento previo da nacimiento a un conocimiento nuevo. El constructivismo sostiene que el aprendizaje es esencialmente activo. Una persona que aprende algo nuevo, lo incorpora a sus experiencias previas y a sus propias estructuras mentales. Cada nueva información es asimilada y depositada en una red de conocimientos y experiencias que existen previamente en el sujeto, como

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necesarias, tendientes a comprender y apreciar la relación mutua entre el hombre, su cultura y el medio biofísico circundante. La Educación Ambiental también incluye la práctica de tomar decisiones y formular un código de comportamiento

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y

La educación ambiental debe tener ante todo una práctica comunitaria, ya que

es en la vida diaria de la colectividad y frente a los problemas que en la misma se plantean, donde los individuos y los grupos sociales se sentirían interesados por la

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Definición de Términos Actitudes:

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Contaminación:

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³Es cualquier situación indeseable en el ambiente, que requiere de la acción humana para diagnosticarlo, manejarlo, controlarlo y corregirlo´ (Duque: 2002: 274)

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