Proyecciones RODILLA RX

 

[OGFJJM

KFBLPBLFGOX MJ NRLGO GB JM [OGFJJM… 

Mrtfhujmhfolbs gb jm rogfjjm9 =) `bnorotfkfmj9 kfholgfjbm ;)`bnoropmtbjmr9 trohjbmr 8)tfkfo`fkujmr9 pjmlm -  -  - 

- 

Novfnfbltos9 `jbxføl, bxtblsføl. Wmnkfæl pbrnftb bj novfnfblto hfrhujmtorfo (rotmhføl). Humlgo jm rogfjjm r ogfjjm bstí bl su `jbxføl níxfnm pubgb joermr amhbr ul novfnfblto gb rotmhføl, mulqub jfnftmgo. Jm pmtbjm bs ul aubso sbsmnofgbo mj feumj qub jm `mkbjm, mnkms bstíl gbltro gbj tblgøl flhrustmgo. flhrustmgo. Humlgo jm pfbrlm sb `jbhtm jm pmtbjm kmim y humlgo sb bxtfblgb sukb. Jm pmtbjm bstí sokrb jm trøhjbm y bl jos ;4´ gb `jbxføl blhmim bl jm trøhjbm, por jo tmlto, gf`îhfjnbltb jm pmtbjm sb pubgb smjfr ym qub tfblb ; jfnftmltbs (jms hmrfjjms mltbrforbs gbj `ænur) qub fnpfgb qub jm røtujm sb smjem, pbro bl jos novfnfbltos gb `jbxføl prbvfo m qub blhmib tfblb ulm tblgblhfm m frsb m jmtbrmj. Bl ulm bxtblsføl honpjbtm jm tukbrosfgmg tfkfmj efrm y sb vm amhfm jmtbrmj m su vbz bj huígrfhbps (bj vmsto fltbrlo bibrhb ulm prbsføl amhfm m`ubrm) y bj abhao gb qub bj `ænur vmym gb fltbrlo m bxtbrlo amhbl qub jm pmtbjm sb vmym amhfm jmtbrmj. Bsto bxpjfhm por quæ bstíl tml honùl jos prohbsos gbeblbrmtfvos (mrtrosfs). Bl holhjusføl, jm røtujm tfblgb m gbsblhmimrsb gb jm trøhjbm.

Hono sb nblhfolø mltbrfornbltb bj bib gbj `ænur bs gb fltbrlo m bxtbrlo y jm pfbrlm gb fltbrlo m bxtbrlo y bso gm ul vmjeo `fsfojøefho gb 5´. Xf bj vmjeo bs nmyor jms rogfjjms vml m bstmr nuy pbemgms bltrb sî, bs gbhfr, vml m tblbr ul mhbrhmnfblto mj bib nbgfo3 por bj holtrmrfo bstí bj ebluvmro (pfbrlms bl pmræltbsfs ( ) hafstb hrubj gbj pro`b9 humlgo jbs gfhbl ‚ kíimtb gbj hmkmjjo„) . Bl su posfhføl jmtbrmj jm rogfjjm sfrvb pmrm bvmjumr mjeulos sfelos qub pubgbl flgfhmr huíj bs jm hmusm gb jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo`bnormj qub sb holsfgbrm ul sîlgronb nujtf`mhtorfmj (mlmtønfho, nor`ojøefhm y gflínfho) qub amhbl ulm nmyor tblgblhfm m qub jm pmtbjm sb vmym amhfm bxtbrlo. Jm proybhhføl jmtbrmj gb rogfjjm gbkb tonmrsb hol hfbrtms prbhmuhfolbs tæhlfhms pmrm pogbr amhbr bj gfmeløstfho. Gbkb amhbrsb hol ulm `jbxføl gb 84´.

 

  Mjflbmhføl `bnorotfkfmj bl proybhhføl MT9 íleujo `ornmgo por ulm jîlbm trmzmgm m trmvæs gbj bib jmreo gbj `ænur y otrm m trmvæs gbj bib jmreo gb jm tfkfm rbprbsbltm bj bib mlmtønfho gb jm rogfjjm y bs gb 5 5¹¹ gb vmjeo. Bj honpmrtfnfblto jmtbrmj lornmjnbltb bs jfebrmnbltb nís mlhao qub bj honpmrtfnfblto nbgfmj. Pfstm jmtbrmj gb jm rogfjjm9 jm jîlbm gb Kjunblsmmt (`jbham mnmrfjjm) rbprbsbltm bj tbhao o zolm nís pro`ulgm gb jm `osm fltbrholgîjbm. Nfbltrms qub jm hfhmtrfz gb jm `fsfs (`jbham rosm). Jm J m røtujm sb blhubltrm bltrb bstms gos jîlbms. Jîlbm nís fltbrlm `olgo gb jm trøhjbm t røhjbm (jîlbm). Jm jîlbm nís mltbrfor (jîlbm hbjbstb)hortfhmjbs gb jos hølgfjos humlgo sb supbrpolbl. Bl jm fnmebl lo bstíl supbrpubstos. Mj tonmr jm [x jmtbrmj gb rogfjjm gbkb bstmr bstrfhtmnbltb jmtbrmj y pmrm bjjos jos hølgfjos gbkbl bstmr pbr`bhtmnbltb supbrpubstos. Hol ulm `jbxføl gb 84´ y hol ulm røtujm lornmj, bs gbhfr, lf mjtm lf kmim jm pmtbjm gbkfbsb qubgmr bltrb jms ; `jbhams o jîlbms qub sb flgfhml bl jm [x jmtbrmj, o sbm, bltrb Kjunblsmmt y jm hfhmtrfz gb jm `fsfs. Bstms nbgfhfolbs sfrvbl pmrm gbtbrnflmr hfbrtms pmtojoeîms. Humlgo jm røtujm bs kmim lo bs tmlto bj prokjbnm, pbro humlgo jm rotujm bs mjtm jm pbrsolm gbkb amhbr ulm nmyor `jbxføl pmrm qub kmib jm pmtbjm y blhmib bl jm trøhjbm. Bj pbrolæ sb supbrpolb hol jm tfkfm gb `ornm sfnfjmr m MT. Xb supbrpolb jm nftmg gbj pbrolæ m jm tfkfm.

Bj pbrolæ sb supbrpolb hol jm tfkfm bl ul rmleo sfnfjmr qub, bl jm `roltmj, sb supbrpolb jm nftmg gbj pbrolæ hol jm tfkfm, pmrm bj pro`b lo bs jm nftmg, pbro sf gfvfgb bj pbrolæ bl gos bs vbrgmg qub jm nftmg fltbrlm sb supbrpolb. Bl jm proybhhføl jmtbrmj amy qub smkbr humj bs jm supbrposfhføl gbj pbrolæ hol jm tfkfm, porqub sbeùl bso sb gbhfgb hono efro jm rogfjjm pmrm qub sb supbrpoleml pbr`bhtmnbltb jos hølgfjos y horrbefr jm rx. T[OVBHHFOLBX Bj `ornmto gb rogfjjm sol sfbnprb =1x;7 smjvo qub pfgml ulm kfjmtbrmj sb tonml jms gos mp iultms (84x74 o 82x78), 82x78 ), holsfgbrmlgo jm gfvbreblhfm gbj amz pmrm qub qubgbl pbr`bhtmnbltb jmtbrmjbs, ym qub hono sb hbltrm mj hbltro gb jm pjmhm y lo gb jm bstruhturm bltolhbs bj rmyo hbltrmj ym lo jjbem pbrpblgfhujmr sflo ulm gfvbreblhfm, sb gbkb mleujmr jos pfbs nís amhfm fltbrlo. Hono maorm bs togo gfeftmj jms hínmrms gb folfzmhføl qub sol ùtfjbs pmrm jms proybhhfolbs hol bxposfnbtrfm mutonítfhm, bl bj bstmtfvo amy hono 8 ‚pbjotftms„ qub bstíl flgfhmlgo humjbs sol jms hínmrms gb folfzmhføl qub bstíl mhtfvms,

 

bltolhbs sf vmnos m tonmr ulm rx gb rogfjjm rogfjjm bstmrí mhtfvm jm hbltrmj, por jo qub vm m gbtbhtmr iu iusto sto bl ulm zolm golgb amy mtblumhføl gb jm rmgfmhføl y bj gfspmro vm m pmrm humlgo tblem jm hmltfgmg gb `otolbs lbhbsmrfm pmrm qub jm rx lo tblem tmlto rufgo (mpmrbhb humlgo amy ulm bshmsbs gb `otolbs), humlgo yo gfspmro y lo amy lfleulm bstruhturm qub nb mtblùb jm rmgfmhføl, jm hmltfgmg gb `otolbs qub jjbeml sbrí nmyor y por hmjfkrmhføl bj gfspmro sb vm m pmrmr mltbs, por jo tmlto humlgo vmnos m tonmr ulm KFJMWB[MJ MHWFPM[ JOX GBWBHWO[BX JMWB[MJBX. [OGFJJM MT

Bl bj hbltrmib por bj jmgo rb`brbltb m jm røtujm lo hubltm sf bj pmhfbltb tfblb røtujm mjtm. Jm mrtfhujmhføl gb jm rogfjjm bs `íhfjnbltb pmjpmkjb, sb `jbhtm y bsm bs. Bltolhbs bj hbltrmib por bj jmgo bl bstrfhto rfeor bs bl jm mrtfhujmhføl gb jm rogfjjm. Bj rmyo hbltrmj gbkb pmsmr pmrmjbjo m jm nbsbtm tfkfmj pmrm qub jm mrtfhujmhføl qubgb gbsproybhtmgm pmrm vbr humjqufbr prokjbnm gb mrtrosfs o prohbsos gbeblbrmtfvos jo qub sb pubgb bvmjumr bl jm gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr. Bl bj posfhfolmnfblto sb vb qub bj rmyo r myo bstí pmsmlgo tmleblhfmj m jm nbsbtm tfkfmj y sb vb bl jm rx bj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr gbsproybhtmgo. Humlgo sb qufbrb bvmjumr bj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr jo fgbmj lo bs tonmr jm rx bl gbhùkfto, pmrm vbr jm m`bhtmhføl gbj bspmhfo bj pmhfbltb gbkbrîm bstmr gb pfb. Xf amy eblu vmro sb vbrí nís m`bhtmgo bj nblfsho fltbrlo. Bltolhbs amy otrms gos vmrfmltbs qub sol9 - Kfjmtbrmj MT -[osblkbre [OGFJJM JMWB[MJ Jos hølgfjos gbkbl bstmr pbr`bhtmnbltb supbrpubstos bl bj sbltfgo mltbropostbrfor y gbkb tblbr jm mleujmhføl gbkb sbr prbhfsm pmrm qub bl bj sbltfgo fl`brosupbrfor qubgbl supbrpubstos jos hølgfjos.

 

T[OVBHHFOL [OGFJJM JMWB[MJ Oksbrvmhfolbs gbj pro`bsor   Miustmr jm rotmhføl gbj pmhfbltb amstm qub sb joerb jm pbr`bhtm jmtbrmjfgmg  hono lo tblbnos vfsføl gb rmyos Q



lo pogbnos smkbr hol bxmhtftug sf bstí pbr`bhtmnbltb jmtbrmj, pbro jo nís mpropfmgo bs `fimrsb bl jm posfhføl gbj nusjo, qub gbkb bstmr pmrmjbjo mj [F pmrm qub jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs bstæl supbrpubstos y tmnkfæl pmrmjbjos mj [F.   Hbltrmib por bj `rbltb y por bj jmgo m = hn amhfm gfstmj gbj bpfhølgfjo nbgfmj, qub sb pugb pmjpmr pbr`bhtmnbltb.   Jm mleujmhføl pubgb vmrfmr gb 2 m =4´ m hrmlbmj gbpblgfblgo gb jm mlmtonîm gbj pmhfbltb, sf amy eblu vmro o





eblu vmjeo vm m fl`jufr bl qub jm pfbrlm mgoptb ulm u otrm posfhføl hol rbspbhto mj [F, por jo nfsno, bl mjeulos hmsos amy qub gmrjb nís o nblos mleujmhføl.   Xuebrblhfm9 sf bxfstb sospbham gb `rmhturm lo novfjfzmr jm rogfjjm mj níxfno, lo fnportm qub lo tblem jos 84´ 8 4´ gb `jbxføl porqub maî lo sb vm m bstmr bvmjumlgo sf jm røtujm bltrb jm jîlbm gb kjunnblsmmt y jm hfhmtrfz gb jm `fsfs. Xflo jo qub los fltbrbsm vbr o qub qubgbl bl bvfgblhfm jos rmseos gb jm `rmhturm. Tor bso, lo honblzmr m `jbhtmr sf bstm `rmhturm, gbimrjo bl su posfhføl jmtbrmj y jfsto sb tonm jm [Q. Wmnkfæl mleujmr 2´ bl pmhfbltbs gb holtbxturm mtjætfhm y 5 ‘ =4´ bl pmhfbltbs gb tmjjm kmim hol pbjvfs mlham (nís hafquftfto y nís eorgfto) Jo lornmj bs gmr 2´ m hrmlbmj, pbro sf sb vb mj pmhfbltb nís eorgfto y pbqubýo (hampmrrfto xG) bltolhbs maî sb gm ul poho nís gb mleujmhføl. Xf ustbgbs sb polbl m pblsmr hono sbrfm jm gfsposfhføl gb ulm pbrsolm qub tfblb jms pfbrlms kfbl mlhams, jos ejùtbos kfbl mlhaos, bl MT ulo tfblgb m pblsmr qub vm m kmimr jm rogfjjm, sf sukb bsto S^ jm pfbrlm vm amhbr bsto S^,



bltolhbs bj pmtfjjo tfkfmj vm m mgoptmr ulm posfhføl qub rbqufbrm qub sb mleujb m hrmlbmj. (Xfbnprb fnmeflmr høno bstm jm gfsposfhføl y maî gmr jm mleujmhføl)   Jm posfhføl gb rogfjjm jmtbrmj lo bs nuy mholsbimkjb, bs nís optfno pmsmr jm pfbrlm holtrmjmtbrmj por sokrb y amhfm mltbrfor pmrm joermr ulm vbrgmgbrm jmtbrmjfgmg gb jm rogfjjm.   Jo nís fnportmltb bs joermr ulm supbrposfhføl bl bj sbltfgo mltbro-postbrfor y îl`bro-supbrfor.   Amy ulm nmlbrm bl jm qub pogmnos rbholohbr huíj hølgfjo bs huíj, rbjmhføl hol jm `osm fltbrholgîjbm, bl bstm fnmebl (=) jm rogfjjm bstí pbr`bhtmnbltb jmtbrmj y jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs sb supbrpolbl.  WM[BM huíjbs sol jms bstruhturms qub bstíl nís hbrhms y nís jbimlms gbj [F, qub tfblbl qub mhbrhmr y m quæ, smkbr fgbltf`fhmr qub hølgfjo bs hmgm ulo qub bs `ulgmnbltmj porqub nb pbrnftb smkbr sf tbleo qub rotmr bl ul sbltfgo u otro pmrm joermr jm jmtbrmjfgmg gb jm bstruhturm.



 

Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9  ‘ [ogfjjm pbr`bhtmnbltb jmtbrmj9 Hølgfjos supbrpubstos.  ‘ [øtujm gbkfbrm oksbrvmrsb gb pbr`fj jo qub qufbrb gbhfr qub amy sb pogrîm oksbrvmr bj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr pmtbjo-`bnormj.  ‘ Gfshrbtm supbrposfhføl gb hmkbzm pbrolbmj hol tfkfm  ‘ Bspmhfo `bnoro-rotujfmlo mkfbrto  ‘ Xuk-rotmhføl gb rogfjjm9 nmyor supbrposfhføl gb hmkbzm pbrolæ  MPB[FERM[  ‘ Xokrb-rotmhføl gb rogfjjm9 nblor supbrposfhføl gb hmkbzm pbrolæ  MPB[FERM[   Lo sfbnprb sb vbl jms ;, porqub sf ustbgbs sb `fiml mhí S;^ amy ulm qub bstm nís amhfm mltbrfor y mhí S8^ îl`bro-



postbrfor. Jmnbltmkjbnbltb lo sb vbl sfbnprb, pbro amy ulm qub hmsf sfbnprb sb vb, bstb pmhfbltb lo `ub nuy hmrftmtfvo qub gfemnos ¿? Tmrm gbnostrmrlos qub amkrîm qub amhbr sf bs qub lo qubgm rotmgm. Mquî bj bib gbj `ænur lo sfeub bj bib. Mj pmrbhbr tfblb ulm mleujmhføl nmyor m jo bspbhf`fhmgo.

 

=

 

; 8

[OGFJJMX OKJFHRMX

 

Oksbrvmhfolbs gbj pro`bsor   Hono bl togms jms proybhhfolbs pr oybhhfolbs okjfhums okjfhums amy qub rotmr bl ul sbltfgo u otro gbpblgfblgo gbpblgfblgo gbj tfpo gb okjfhufgmg



qub sb rbqufbrm, bl 72´.   Bstm [Q m gf`brblhfm gb jms otrms proybhhfolbs lo rbqufbrb gb mleujmhføl gbj tuko. Xfbnprb sbrí pbrpblgfhujmr mj hbltro gbj rbhbptor gb fnmebl.   Hbltrmib9 por bj `rbltb bj pulto nbgfo gbj bspbsor gb jm rogfjjm bl su posfhføl okjfhum. okjfhum. V por bj jmgo m = hn por gbkmio gbj værtfhb gb jm røtujm, o fgbltf`fhmr humj bs jm mrtfhujmhføl gb jm rogfjjm qub bs jo nís mgbhumgo.





OKJFHRM JMWB[MJ Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9  ‘ Okjfhufgmg horrbhtm9 Bxtrbno proxfnmj gb pbrolæ supbrpubsto hol tfkfm proxfnmj • Hølgfjos nbgfmj gb `ænur y tfkfm gb pbr`fj. • Nftmg gb røtujm supbrpubstm hol hølgfjo `bnormj jmtbrmj.   ¿Tor quæ bstí fnmebl (=) horrbspolgb m ulm okjfhum jmtbrmj? ¿]uæ bstruhturms nb flgfhml qub bs ulm okjfhum jmtbrmj? Jm rotujm y bj pbrolæ sol jms bstruhturms qub nb pbrnftbl fgbltf`fhm sf bs ulm okjfhum jmtbrmj. Mgbnís, jm rotujm sb supbrpolb hol bj hølgfjo qub horrbspolgb, por bibnpjo, sf bs `roltmj jm røtujm bstmrí bl bj hbltro, sf bs okjfhum jmtbrmj sb supbrpolgrí hol bj hølgfjo jmtbrmj y sf bs okjfhum nbgfmj sb supbrpolgrí hol bj hølgfjo nbgfmj. Wmnkfæl bj pbrolæ por su gfsposfhføl jmtbrmj y postbrfor, por jo tmlto, bs jøefho pblsmr qub sf bj pbrolæ bstm mtrís y yo ameo ulm rotmhføl jmtbrmj sb vm m bsholgbr bj pbrolæ. Nfbltrms qub sf yo ameo ulm rotmhføl nbgfmj bj pbrolæ sb vm m gbsproybhtmr. ¿Huíj sbrîm jm proybhhføl pmrm gbtbrnflmr sf b`bhtfvmnbltb bstm `rmhturmgm jm hmkbzm gbj pbrolæ o amy ulm gfístmsfs gb jm mrtfhujmhføl? Jm okjfhum nbgfmj porqub gbsproybhtm nuy kfbl bj pbrolæ y jm mrtfhujmhføl tfkfopbrolbm proxfnmj.

= OKJFHRM NBGFMJ Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9  ‘ Okjfhufgmg horrbhtm9 Hølgfjo jmtbrmj gb `ænur y tfkfm gb pbr`fj • Hmkbzm y hubjjo gbj pbrolæ sfl supbrposfhføl  • Nftmg gb røtujm hol supbrpubstm hol hølgfjo `bnormj nbgfmj.   ¼ Tmrtbs gb jm røtujm qubgm supbrpubstm hol bj hølgfjo `bnormj nbgfmj. V jm hmkbzm gbj pbrolæ sb gbsproybhtm



nuy kfbl bl bstm [Q.

 

;   Mhí sb gbsproybhtm y qubgm gb pbr`fj nuy kfbl bj hølgfjo `bnormj jmtbrmj y bj hølgfjo jmtbrmj gb jm tfkfm tmnkfæl. Bltolhbs sbrvfrîm pmrm bvmjumr nuy kfbl bsm zolm.

=

;

 

Xf aukfbrm ulm nmyor rotmhføl, lo sbrîml jos ¼ gb jm pmtbjm jos qub sb supbrpoleml sf lo qub sbrfm nís o nblos. Bltolhbs jm pmtbjm sfrvb gb rb`brblhfm pmrm smkbr sf b`bhtfvmnbltb amy 72´ gb rotmhføl fltbrlm o bxtbrlm. TM[M PB[ MLERJMHFØL9 OKXB[PO TMWBJM XF WFBLB JOX ¼ XRTB[TRBXWOX HOL BJ HOLGFJO @BNO[MJ HO[[BXTOLGFBLWB   TM[M FGBLWF@FHM[ JM T[OVBHHFOL9 OKXB[PO BJ TB[OLB, XF BXWM XRTB[TRBXWO BX JM OKJFHRM JMWB[MJ V XF BXWM JFK[B BX JM OKJFHRM NBGFMJ.

 

Humlgo ulo qufbrb bvmjumrjmbj[Qbspmhfo mrtfhujmr, jo fgbmj bshmnflb tblbr mj pmhfbltb bl kfpbgbstmhføl gb abhao,jmjomrtfhujmhføl. nís mgbhumgo mltbs gb tonmr bs amhbr qub jb pmhfbltb amrto pmrm qub sb mgmptb y sbymhonogb V rbhfæl sb pubgb bvmjumr sf amy ulm gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo. (lo qub bspbrb sbltmgo) Jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs gbj `ænur mrtfhujml hol jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs gb jm tfkfm, bltolhbs bj pbso gbj hubrpo jo sostfblbl bstms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs. Okvfmnbltb amy hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs `bnoro-tfkfmjbs, o sbm jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs gbj `ænur mrtfhujml hol jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs gb jm tfkfm, bltolhbs bj pbso gbj hubrpo jo sostfblbl bstms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs, pbro losotros lo bstmnos togo bj gîm gbj pfb, bl eblbrmj o bstmnos hmnflmlgo, horrfblgo o sbltmgos, bltolhbs humlgo ulo bstm hmnflmlgo o horrfblgo bstm holstmltbnbltb hmnkfmlgo jm `jbxføl y bj pbso gbj hubrpo ym lo vm m bstmr sfblgo soportmgo por jm posfhføl gb kfpbgbstmhføl bstítfhm, mj `jbhtmr amy ulm nblor supbr`fhfb gb jm mrtfhujmhføl qub sostfblb bj pbso gbj hubrpo y bsm `jbxføl jm porhføl qub nms soportm/sostfblb bj pbso bs jm porhføl postbrfor y rbsujtm gb qub humlgo ulo tonm ulm proybhhføl MT bl kfpbgbstmhføl qub sb pbro bstm bvmjumlgo prflhfpmjnbltb bs jm qub porhføl mltbrfor, bltolhbs bl ul prflhfpfo sbgbtonmkm jm rogfjjm MT gbhùkftojosupflo, hol bj tfbnpo t fbnpo sb gfbrol hubltm sf qufbro bvmjumr bj bstmgo gbeblbrmtfvo jm rogfjjm gbkfbsbl mhbrhmrsb m jm rbmjfgmg qub bs bj pmhfbltb gb pfb, bltolhbs sb orfeflø MT bl kfpbgbstmhføl y gbspuæs sb gfo qub losotros lo bstmnos togo bj gîm gb pfb, sflo qub bstmnos hmnflmlgo, horrfblgo, bltolhbs bj ermgo gb `jbxføl gfsnfluyb bj írbm gb jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr qub soportm bj pbso, msî qub sb tuvo qub flvbltmr ulm proybhhføl bl qub sb fgbltf`fqub bj rbmj gbsemstb gb jm mrtfhujmhføl qub bs amhfm postbrfor, bltolhbs sb rbhonblgø nís qub jm proybhhføl MT bl kfpbgbstmhføl ulm proybhhføl gblonflmgm [osblkbre, [osblkbre, tmnkfæl  tmnkfæl bs bl kfpbgbstmhføl, pbro hol `jbxføl gb jm mrtfhujmhføl gb jm rogfjjm y sb bvmjùm jm porhføl postbrfor gb jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs rbspbhto mj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr qub bs bj qub sb gmým nís prbhoznbltb, bltolhbs bl jm nbgfgm qub sb gbtbhtb mltbs qub amy ul prokjbnm gbeblbrmtfvo nís tbnprmlo sb pubgb sojuhfolmr bj prokjbnm. Tmsmnos prfnbro por jm MT, bltolhbs tblbnos prfnbro qub9 T[OVBHHFØL [OGFJJM MT BL KFTBGBXWMHFØL

Bstm proybhhføl sb hmrmhtbrfzm por sbr ul bstugfo kfjmtbrmj, por jo tmlto rbhubrgbl bj tbnm gb huíjbs sol jos gbtbhtorbs qub vml m mhtfvmr (hínmrm gb folfzmhføl), gbkfbsbl sbr jos jmtbrmjbs.

 

-Tosfhføl mlmtønfhm lbutrm9 qufbrb gbhfr qub jos pfbs lo vml mj hblft qub bs jm posfhføl bl jm qub lornmjnbltb togos los pmrmnos, hol ulm mleujmhføl gb jos pfbs amhfm bxtbrlo, bltolhbs los gbkbnos prbohupmr gb gbimr jos pfbs pbr`bhtmnbltb pmrmjbjos bltrb sî pmrm tonmr jm rx. Jm mleujmhføl bs mjrbgbgor gb 2-5´ amhfm fltbrlo gb jm mrtfhujmhføl gb jm rogfjjm. -Tbso horpormj gfstrfkufgo ulf`ornb sokrb mnkms bxtrbnfgmgbs9 bsto bs nuy fnportmltb porqub bj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr sb vm m vbr gfsnflufgo gbpblgfblgo jm hmrem qub sb jb mpjfqub. Trbeultm9 ¿bl bj hmso qub ul phtb lo joerb `jbhtmr jms rogfjjms, høno ameo pmrm qub gfstrfkuym kfbl bj pbso porqub jb vm m amhbr bj ‑quftb‖? amy qub bxpjfhmrjb, por bjjo bs bj gfmjoeo hol bj phtb, bs `ulgmnbltmj, fnmeflm sf bj phtb bstí kushmlgo ul

gfmeløstfho hbrtbro posfkjb. Bs hono qub nb voy m tonmr ulm rx pmrm vbr sf tbleo gbslfvbj pæjvfho y humlgo nb vmyml m tonmr jm rx jbvmltb jm hmgbrm. Amy qub bxpjfhmr qub bj gfmelostfho gb bstm rx gbpblgb gb qub bj phtb amem hmso. -Hbltrmib9 Wblbr bl holsfgbrmhføl qub bs bl ulm zolm golgb lo amy lfleulm bstruhturm qub mtblùb jm rmgfmhføl, amy qub tblbr bl holsfgbrmhføl jos gbtbhtorbs gb folfzmhføl qub bstíl mhtfvos.

•

 

Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9   Pfsumjfzmhføl gb `ænurbs gfstmjbs, tfkfm y pbrolæs proxfnmjbs, bspmhfos mrtfhujmrbs tfkfo`bnormjbs

 ‘ 

kfjmtbrmjbs.  ‘ 

  Xfl rotmhføl9  

Xfnbtrîm gb hølgfjos `bnormjbs y tfkfmjbs.

 

Nftmg gb pbrolæ supbrpubsto hol tfkfm.

 

Pfsumjfzmr su`fhfbltb `ænur gfstmj y tfkfm proxfnmj, pmrm bstugfmr bib joleftugflmj gb mnkms bstruhturms, m `fl bvmjumr mjflbmhføl

•

•

•

- 

Jm nbsbtm tfkfmj sb vb hol ul sojo korgb, lo sb vbl korgbs mltbrforbs y postbrforbs, sfbnprb gbkbl vbrsb supbrpubstos.

 

T[OVBHHFØL T[OVBHHFØ L TM [OXBLKB[E

Bstm bs jm proybhhføl TM [osblkbre qub bs nuhao nís ùtfj pmrm bvmjumr prbhoznbltb humjqufbr prohbso gbeblbrmtfvo qub bstb m`bhtmlgo mj phtb, bvmjùm jm porhføl gb jm hmvfgmg mrtfhujmr gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs qub nís sb vb m`bhtmgo por jm `jbxføl holstmltb qub ulo bstm amhfblgo y jm gfstrfkuhføl ym lo aonoeælbm bl jm totmjfgmg gb jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs, sflo qub nms amhfm postbrfor. Bl bstm proybhhføl pubgb mgoptmr gos posfhfolbs, ulm qub bs mpoymlgo bj `ænur bl bj bstmtfvo y amhfblgo jm `jbxføl gb jm pfbrlm pbro qub bs ulm posfhføl nuy flhønogm y jm otrm bs mpoymr jm røtujm bl bj [F y joermr jm nfsnm `jbxføl qub sb rbhonfblgm qub bs gb 72´ sfl mpoymr bj `ænur bl bj [F. Bl jm fnmebl jm nuibr bstm mpoymlgo bj `ænur bl bj [F y tfblb jos 72´ `ænur-pfbrlm, pbro jm posfhføl gb jos tmjolbs bstíl hono bl pultm gb pfb, trmtmlgo gb joermr bj bqufjfkrfo porqub sb smjb gb togo bib gb bqufjfkrfo. Jm otrm ophføl bs amhbr jm `jbxføl pbro lo mpoymlgo bj nusjo, sflo qub jos 72´ qub horrbspolgbl bltrb `ænur-pfbrlm sb joerml mpoymlgo søjo jm rogfjjm o jm røtujm bl bj [F y bsm posfhføl bj phtb lo pfbrgb bj bqufjfkrfo, lo lbhbsftm gb ul juemr pmrm mpoymrsb y lo rbqufbrb qub bj phtb bstb bl pultm gb pfbs. Bl bstm proybhhføl mgbnís gb pogbr bvmjumr bj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr, bs mholsbimkjb humlgo jos phtbs tfblbl eblu vmro. Trbeultm9 pro`b bj posfhfolmnfblto lo m`bhtm m jm mleujmhføl qub tfblb jm rogfjjm? Vo opflo qub sf, porqub jm posfhføl gb jm tfkfm por jm nbsbtm tfkfmj vm m vmrfmr, porqub jm mleujmhføl qub tfblb jm pfbrlm rbspbhto mj [F bs nmyor qub mhí (honpmrmlgo fnmebl = y ;). Jm fgbm gb jm mleujmhføl lo tmlto gbj [F porqub mj `fl y mj hmko ulo lo mleujm bj [F, amy mjeulos bqufpos qub sf sb pubgb, hono bj M[HO H. Tbro mhí lo vm por bj tbnm gbj [F sflo qub por jm mleujmhføl qub sb gm m hmugmj gbj [H, porqub bl mnkos hmso bstíl mleujmlgo =4´ m hmugmj, pbro bl mnkos hmsos lo bstm jm tfkfm bl jm nfsnm mleujmhføl hol rbspbhto mj [H. Amkrîm qub bnpbzmr m amhbr bstugfos honpmrmtfvos, hono bstm bs ulm proybhhføl qub b`bhtfvmnbltb tfblb nuham utfjfgmg pmrm vbr prohbsos gbeblbrmtfvos gb jm rogfjjm, bnpbzmr m vbr humj bs jm mleujmhføl nms mgbhumgm gbpblgfblgo gbpblgfblgo gbj tfpo gb posfhfolmnfblto qub tfblb jm proybhhføl. Jo nmjo bs qub togos jos bstugfos qub usml rx jm honftæs gb ætfhm sb opolbl bl ul prflhfpfo, porqub bsto sfelf`fhmrîm ulm gosfs gb rmgfmhføl nís pmrm ul pmhfbltb ym qub amkrîm qub tonmr ; rmgfoerm`îms.

 

fnmebl =

fnmebl ;

(bstm rx lo jb tflhmkm nuhao qub `ubsb [osblkbre, porqub lo sb vmjormr tmlto bj tùlbj fltbrholgîjbo fltbrholgîjbo y jms bspflms tfkfmjbs) Bl jm rx pogbnos oksbrvmr qub bxfstb ulm gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr amhfm fltbrlo.

 

•

Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9

Pfsumjfzmhføl gb `ænurbs gfstmjbs, tfkfm y pbrolæ proxfnmjbs, bspmhfos mrtfhujmrbs tfkfo`bnormjbs kfjmtbrmjbs y supbrposfhføl gb jms supbr`fhfbs mltbrfor y postbrfor gb pjmtfjjos tfkfmjbs  

 ‘ 

 

Xfl rotmhføl9

 

Xfnbtrîm gb hølgfjos `bnormjbs y tfkfmjbs.

 ‘ 

•

•

 

Nftmg gb pbrolæ supbrpubsto hol tfkfm.

Jm rx [osblkbre [osblkbre   pbrnftb bvmjumr tmnkfæl bj tùlbj fltbrholgîjbo. Mgbnís gbj tùlbj bvmjùm bspflms tfkfmjbs qub lo sb bvmjùm bl jm otrm rx MT bl kfpbgbstmhføl.

 

WÙLBJ FLWB[HOLGFJBO FLWB[HOLGFJBO

Bstm rx tfblb gos nogmjfgmgbs, ulm bs bl gbhùkfto prolo, qub pmrm bj pro`b bs jm nms mgbhumgm y jm otrm bs mrrogfjjmgo mr rogfjjmgo qub sf bj phtb tfblb gojor bl jm rogfjjm bstmr mrrogfjjmgo bs ulm nmyor flhonogfgmg pmrm bj phtb. Mj amkbr mleujmhføl gbj tuko sfbnprb vm m vbr ulm gfstorsføl gb jm fnmebl.

Hrftbrfos gb bvmjumhføl9   Bshotmgurm fltbrholgîjbm sb oksbrvm gb mkfbrtm, sfl supbrposfhføl hol røtujm.

 ‘ 

  Xfl rotmhføl9

 ‘ 

 

Xfnbtrîm gb jm zolm postbrfor gfstmj gb jos hølgfjo `bnormjbs

 

Xupbrposfhføl gb nftmg gb hmkbzm gb pbrolæ bl jm tfkfm

 

Pfsumjfzmhføl gb hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs y bspflms tfkfmjbs sfl supbrposfhføl

•

•

•

Rlo mleujm =2´ pmrm jjbemr pbrpblgfhujmr mj aubso y nmltblbr jm joleftug gbj aubso, pmrm qub lo amym ulm gfstorsføl gb jm bstruhturm, bl bstb hmso lo bs jm fgbm, sflo qub gbnostrmr b`bhtfvmnbltb bj tùlbj fltbrholgîjbo. V rbhorgmr bsto bltrb 74-24´, yo jo tono hol 72´ ……., porqub ameo 72´ gb `jbxføl y 72´ gb mleujmhføl gbj tuko y hol bso bstoy pmrm tonmr jm rx gb tùlbj fltbrholgfjbo hol bj phtb bl gbhùkfto prolo. Nfbltrms qub pmrm jm nogmjfgmg hol phtb mrogfjjmgo bj nusjo gbkb bstmr bl ulm mleujmhføl gb 04-54´ ¿hol rbspbhto mj [F o mj [H? ¿quæ hrbbl ugs? ¿Tor quæ jm mleujmhføl bs gb 04-54´? Lo sb vmyml m bqufvohmr bl jm pkm porqub bs ulm mleujmhføl gb jm pfbrlm vs bj nusjo o gb jm pfbrlm hol rbspbhto mj `ænur, amy qub vbr b`bhtfvmnbltb qub bibs sol jos qub sb bstíl mleujmlgo.

 

Bs jm projolemhføl gbj bib gb jm pfbrlm hol rbspbhto mj `ænur bsto bs jo nís horrbhto.

  Xb oksbrvm `mkbjm supbrpubstm hol bj hølgfjo jmtbrmj. @mkbjm



bstm bl bj tblgøl gbj emstrohlbnfo. Amy otro aubso gblonflmgo sfmnbjm, bj humj bstm bl bj aubho popjîtbo, por tmlto bl ulm rx jmtbrmj lo pogrîm gbhfr sf bj sbsmnofgbo qub vbo bs `mkbjm o sfmnbjm, amy qub vbr jm `roltmj. T[OVBHHFØL T[OVBHHFØ L [OWRJM TM

Humlgo amy `x gb røtujm, sb vm m tblbr qub tonmr ulm røtujm `roltmj jmtbrmj y bj posfhfolmnfblto bs røtujm TM, jo qub qufbrb gbhfr qub bj phtb bstm bl gbhùkfto prolo, pbro sf ul phtb tfblb ul `x gb røtujm vm m pogbr mpoymr jm røtujm? Lo, bltolhbs bstm gb`flfgm bl jftbrmturm, pbro sb pogrîm ohupmr pmrm vmjormr sf amy røtujm kfpmrtftm, ym qub lo amy gojor. Nuy pohms vbhbs pfgbl rx gb røtujm, sfbnprb pfgbl rogfjjm `roltmj, jmtbrmj, porqub jm rx gb rogfjjm sb pubgb vmjormr jm røtujm bl su posfhføl MT y bl jm jmtbrmj sb vb pbrpblgfhujmr mj [F bltolhbs humjqufbr gbsp gbspjmzmnfblto jmzmnfblto qub amym gb jos `rmenbltos sb pubgb qubgmr gb bvfgblhfm bl bsms proybhhfolbs. Xb gbkb efrmr jm pfbrlm, jo nfsno qub sb amhîm bl MT, amhfm fltbrlo hosm gb qub jm røtujm mgoptb ulm posfhføl nms hbltrmj rbspbhto m jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs. Rkfhmlgo bj aubho popjîtbo, jo nms prokmkjb qub hbltrmlgo bl pjfbeub gbkfbrml qubgmr bl bj hbltro gb jm røtujm.

 

¿por quæ pblsmrîm tonmrjm bl TM bl vbz gb MT? Torqub bstm nms hbrhm gbj [F jm fnmebl qubgm nms gb`flfgm. [ØWRJM JMWB[MJ

- 

Jm proybhhføl gb røtujm jmtbrmj bs jm nfsnm qub rogfjjm jmtbrmj søjo hmnkfm qub bj hbltrmib sb amhb bl jm røtujm, lo tfblb otrm gf`brblhfm, maorm jo qub sf bs qub lo rbqufbrb gb ulm `jbxføl gb 84´ ym qub lo bstmnos bvmjumlgo sf bstm nms mrrfkm o nms mkmio, bstmnos bvmjumlgo sf bstm o lo `x.

Gbkb hoflhfgfr hol ulm supbrposfhføl gb jos hølgfjos lo sb sf tmlto sbltfgo supbrofl`brfor, pbro bl sbltfgo mltbro postbrfor sf gbkbrîm bstmr supbrpubstos, porqub mhí rbhubrgbl qub lo amy mleujmhføl gbj tuko.

 

[ØWRJM MQFMJ NB[HAMLW

Bl bj hmso gb bstm proybhhføl bl koltrmebr amkjm gb 72´ gb `jbxføl y mhí smjb 74´, sbm 74 o 72´ jm røtujm bstm blhmimgm, bltolhbs bl jm nbgfgm bl qub jm røtujm sb blhmim bl jm trøhjbm lo vml m qubgmr gb nmlf`fbsto humjqufbr mlonmjîm gb mjflbmhføl gb jm røtujm hol rbspbhto m jm trøhjbm, porqub ulm vbz blhmimlgo ym nmltfblb su posfhføl, bltolhbs jm mleujmhføl fgbmj qub sb jb gbkb gmr m ulm `jbxføl gb ulm rogfjjm pmrm vbr ulm røtujm mxfmj y vbr bstms mlonmjîms gb sukjuxmhføl o juxmhføl gb jm røtujm, ym sbm amhfm bxtbrlo o fltbrlo gbkbl sbr hol ul ermgo gb `jbxføl qub lo fltbr`fbrm bl jm bvmjumhføl gfmelostfhm, bltolhbs 74´ lo sfrvb nuhao, yo jbs holtmkm qub bl jm nbgfgm qub vmnos `jbhtmlgo, jm røtujm kmim y blhmim, ;4´ bs jo fgbmj gb `jbxføl pmrm qub jm røtujm lo blhmib, ym m jos 84´ blhmiø, por bso bstms proybhhfolbs jms pfgbl hol sbrfbs, gb ;4´, 84´, 04´, 64´, pmrm vbr høno sb vb jm gflínfhm gb jm posfhføl gb jm røtujm hol rbspbhto m jm trøhjbm bl gfstfltos ermgos gb `jbxføl, gb bjjm jms qub nms sfrvbl sol jms qub tbleml nblor ermgo er mgo gb `jbxføl. Bltolhbs bstm bs ulm tæhlfhm qub hmsf bl lfleùl hbltro sb amhb, ulm porqub sb gbkb tblbr ul hmiøl bspbhfmj jjmnmgo nbrhamlt y qub lo bstm bl togos jmgos y otrm ot rm porqub bl eblbrmj sb pfgb jm fl`brosupbrfor. Bstos bstugfos sb amhbl kfjmtbrmjbs osbm honpmrmtfvos, mquî hmnkfm jm gfstmlhfm, ym qub bltrb jm bstruhturm y bj [F amy ulm hfbrtm gfstmlhfm por jo tmlto amy ulm nmelf`fhmhføl, bltolhbs ulo sb mjbim pmrm gfsnflufr bsm nmelf`fhmhføl. Xb usm sfl kuhcy, msf qub pogrîm usmr ul `flb, pbro gbkbrîm sukfr jm tæhlfhm. Amy qub pbgfrjb mj phtb qub rbjmib jm nushujmturm!

Bj hmiøl nbrhamlt sf sb `fiml tfblb hfbrto ermgo gb `jbxfkfjfgmg rbspbhto m jm mleujmhføl qub sb jb pubgm gmr, jo fgbmj sbrîm qub sbrîmtuvfbrm jo fgbmj.ulm bspbhfb gb `rblo bl golgb yo jo gbimrm bl ;4´ y sb qubgmrm y yo tuvfbrm ulm `jbxføl gb ;4´ gb jm pfbrlm, Bj hbltrmib por bj jmgo sb vm m joermr gbpblgfblgo gb jm posfkfjfgmg qub tblem bj hamsfs gb sukfr o kmimr porqub lo vmnos m prbtblgbr amhbr pmrm mkmio mkmio humlgo bstm … hol jm pfbrlm, lo pogbnos prfvfjbefmr bj hbltrmib mltbs gbj kfblbstmr

 

gbj phtb, bltolhbs amy bj hamsfs sb kmim amstm qub sb mpoyb bl jm pfbrlm, y lo lbhbsmrfmnbltb vmnos m qubgmr bl bj hbltro gbj [F. Bs mholsbimkjb jm røtujm bl su porhføl mltbrfor bs nms kfbl pjmlm, bltolhbs sf ustbgbs polbl ulm tmribtm mpoymgm bl jm røtujm por mltbrfor, y humlgo ustbgbs pmsml tmleblhfmj m jm tmribtm bl jm sonkrm qub proybhtm, jm tmribtm sb gbkfbrm vbr bl ulm sojm jîlbm, pbro sf ustbgbs vbl qub ustbgbs pusfbrol jm tmribtm sokrb jm pmtbjm y bl vbz gb vbr ulm jîlbm `flm vbl ulm jîlbm nms erubsm qub rbprbsbltm m jm tmribtm bs porqub jm mleujmhføl gbj tuko bstm nmjm.

.. Xf (ustbgbs vbl, sfbsustbgbs ustbgb s pusfbrol jm tmribtmjmsokrb jm pmtbjm jm pmrtb mltbrf mltbrfor or bl vbzqub gb vbr bso (jîlbm gbj emgm)ovbl bso jîlbm erubsm) porqub gb`flftfvmnbltb mleujmhføl bstmblnmjm, bltolhbs yo tbleo mleujmr bl ul gbjemgm) sbltfgo bl otro amstm qub jm sonkrm amstm qub jm sonkrm proybhtmgm bl bj hamsfs sb vbm gb bstm nmlbrm( hono ulm jîlbm gbjemgm). Bltolhbs jm sonkrm qub proybhtm humlgo bj rmyo pmsm tmleblhfmj m jm pmtbjm gbkfbrm sbr ulm jîlbm. Jo prfnbro qub amy qub amhbr bs vbr jm tmribtm y jm mleujmhføl qub yo jb gæ mj rmyo hbltrmj vm m gbpblgbr gb huml mleujmgm bstb jm tmribtm. Hol rbspbhto jm gfstmlhfm `oho pbjîhujm, pbjîhujm, vm m vmrfmr m nbgfgm qub mleujbnos bbjj tuko pmrm qub bj rmyo hbltrmj pmsb tmleblhfmj m jm pmtbjm, por jo qub por sokrb =;4 hn bstmrîm oc( bj pro`b gfio qub lo sbrîml tml bstrfhtos hol bstb tbnm ym qub bj joermr jm mleujmhføl mgbhumgm pmrm qub bj rmyo pmsb tmleblhfmj ym bs ul hmhao). Bl jm [Q sb vbrí vbrí ulm kíshujm kíshujm gb jm røtujm, ul gbspjmzmnfblto gbspjmzmnfblto gb jm røtujm amhfm nbgfmj nbgfmj o amhfm jmtbrmj jmtbrmj (juxmhføl o sukjuxmhføl), pbro jo nís honùl bs qub sbm amhfm jmtbrmj.

Bstm T[ (FL@B[OXRTB[FO[) (FL@B[OXRTB[FO[) bs jm nís sojfhftmgm. sojfhftmgm. Bj erml prokjbnm gb bstm [Q bs qub lo sb joerml jos ;4´ gb `jbxføl, bltrb mnkos bibs nîlfno tfblb ulos 74´, y bl jos 74´ jm røtujm bstm blhmimgm y humjqufbr mlonmjîm gb mjflbmnfblto pmsm flmgvbrtfgm, por jo qub jo fgbmj bs qub bstb ermgo gb `jbxføl sbm bl ;4´. ; 4´. Xf yo qufsfbrm amhbrjo bl ;4 ; 4 tbleo qub sukfr jos pfbs, pbro jos gbgos sb vml m bnpbzmr m nbtbr bl bj rmyo hbltrmj, y sb vbrí ulm jflgm [Q gb ortbios MT nmelf`fhmgos sokrb jm røtujm.( sf kmio jos gbgos sb vubjvb ulm posfhføl nís flhønogm mul, y jo nís honùl bs qub bj pmhfbltb bstb sbltmgo m`frnmlgo bj hamsfs). Bl Xhmllbr bj pmhfbltb bstm mhostmgo y bj tuko gb rmyos x efrm y efrm mjrbgbgor gbj pmhfbltb, jos rmyos pmsml m trmvæs gb jms bstruhturms y bl bj hmso gb jm rogfjjm r ogfjjm jos pfbs lulhm vml m fltbr`brfr bl jm fnmebl ( lo tbleo fgbm gb pq bstí bxpjfhmlgo bsto lo sb mjhmlzm m bshuhamr jo qub prbeultmrol QG) sojo qub bs hono bj Bibnpjo gbj pml gb nojgb , hmgm pml bs ulm fnmebl, bltolhbs sf bsto `ubrm ul pml gb nojgb iusto jm fnmebl qub bstb jm hmrfjjm bxtbrlm gb jm trøhjbm `bnormj gbkb sbr ;/8 y jm fltbrlm =/8, iusto bsm fnmebl jm tonml y nfgbl hono bstm gbspjmzmgm jm røtujm bl ul sbltfgo u otro sfl holtrmhhføl gbj huígrfhbps, y otro hol holtrmhhføl gbj huígrfhbps. Xojo por bstm rmzøl bs qub bj Xhmllbr jm jjbvm pmrm bstb tfpo gb bxínblbs. Bl jm [Q vmnos m pogbr bvmjumr jm posfhføl gb jm røtujm hol rbspbhto m jm trøhjbm y bj tfpo gb rotujm qub Ufkbre amhb 7 hmtbeorîms. BJ tfpo j bs jm nblos honùl bl golgb mnkos jmgos sol sfnfjmrbs rbspbhto m jms hmrfjjms mrtfhujmrbs, jm tfpo jj bs hono jm nís honùl y gb jm tfpo 8 amhfm gbjmltb sol jms qub bstíl nís hbrhm gb jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo`bnormj, golgb bl bj tfpo jjj jm hmrfjjm bxtbrlm hmsf bstm pbrpblgfhujmr, y jm tfpo jP ym lo tfblb hmrfjjm bxtbrlm gb abhao.

 

  Jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo`bnormj bs nujtf`mhtorfmj , pubgb gbpblgbr gb jm nor`ojoeîm nor`ojoeîm gb jm røtujm ( tfpo jjj, tfp tfpojP) ojP) o pubgb gbpblgbr gb ulm gfspjmsfm gbj hølgfjo qub bso sb vb bl bj íleujo trohjbmr, bsb íleujo jo lornmj bs qub sbm gb =81´ amstm =74´ , y sokrb =74´ =74 ´ amkjmnos gb ul íleujo munbltmgo y ulm gfspjmsfm trohjbmr gbj `ænur( gfspjmsfm bs ul prokjbnm bl bj hrbhfnfblto). hrbhfnfblto). Jm trøhjbm sfbnprb vm m sbr hølhmvm, bltolhbs m nbgfgm qub bstb íleujo bs nmyor m =74 , nmyor posfkfjfgmg vm m tblbr jm røtujm gb mltb ulm holtrmhhføl gbj gbj huígrfhbps o mltb ul munblto gbj íleujo ] gb qub jm røtujm sb vmym amhfm bxtbrlo bl jos prfnbros ermgos gb `jbxføl. Bltolhbs jm flbstmkfjfgmg pubgb sbr por jm nor`ojoeîm gb jm røtujm, por ul prokjbnm gflínfho gb nushujmturm gbj huígrfhbps, por ulm gfspjmsfm gb jm trøhjbm. Jo fgbmj bs qub pogmnos joermr bl ulm [Q ulm `jbxføl nblor m 84´( jo fgbmj bs ;4) y amhbr jms gflínfhms qub bj nbgfho jbs pfgm( ;4 ,84 72, 04 ,64) pbro jm qub nís gbim gb nmlf`fbsto humjqufbr mlonmjîm hol rbspbhto m jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo `bnormj bs jm qub tfblb nblor ermgo gb `jbxføl, y amy otros nætogos gb [Q qub sb pubgbl amhbr pmrm tonmr mxfmj qub bs jm qub sb mprbsbltml bj powbrgbkfbrm .Jm mleujmhføl [H´ maorm lo vm hol mj sbeulgo rbhbptor gbkfbrm gb fnmebl sflo=2qub hol rbspbhto jm pfbrlm. bl Bj prfnbro sbr gb =4gbj m =2 hol rbspbhto m jmrbspbhto pfbrlm y bj sbr gb m ;4vm´ hol rbspbhto m jm pfbrlm.( lo bstoy sbeurm gb humj brm humj pbro rbhubrgo bsms fníeblbs ).

Fl`brosupbrfor9

 

Tmhfbltb gbhùkfto supflo, sbltmgo hol rogfjjm `jbxfolmgm bl 74´ pmrm bj hmso gb Fl`Xup, hojohmr soportb kmio jm rogfjjm hmso gb joermr jm nmyo r bstmkfjfgmg qub sb pubgm. Bs ulm posfhføl sùpbr flhønogm pmrm bj pmhfbltb, bstb sb vm m novbr por jo qub jm flstruhhføl gb ‚qufbto, lo sb nubvm„ sfbnprb bs mltbs gbj gfspmro. Bj hamsfs vm gb hmlto bl jm zolm nbgfm gb jos

nusjos pbrpblgfhujmr mj [F, por bj `rbltb bltrb mnkms rotujms, por bj jmgo pmsmlgo tmleblhfmj m jm mrtfhujmhføl `bnoropmtbjmr, bj [H vm mleujmgo gb nmlbrm qub pmsb tmleblhfmj m jm mrtfhujmhføl `bnoropmtbjmr o sbm qub jm mleujmhføl m hrmlbmj vm m gbpblgbr gbj pmhfbltb y gbj ermgo gb `jbxføl qub sb joerb bl bj pmhfbltb sfl qub fltbrrunpml jos ortbios. Lotm9 fgbmjnbltb bj pmhfbltb suibtm bj hamsfs hol jm hojfnmhføl, sb pubgb sojfhftmr ul sbt gb rotujm mxfmj qub pubgb flhjufr gbsgb ;4 m 64´. NBGFHFOLBX Jos hrftbrfos tæhlfhos pmrm qub sb pubgml amhbr nbgfhfolbs bl ulm [Q jmtbrmj gb rogfjjm sol9 jos hølgfjos pbr`bhtmnbltb supbrpubstos, `ænur bl bib joleftugflmj y jm `jbxføl gb 84 8 4 ´ gb jm tfkfm hol rbspbhto mj `ænur. [mgfo erm`îm jmtbrmj [mgfo Jos hrftbrfos tæhlfhos9 hølgfjos pbr`bhtmnbltb supbrpubstos y maî sb vbl sojo ul surho, lo sb vbl jos gos, y amy ul tbrhfo nms o nblos gb jm hmkbzm `fkujmr bl jm tfkfm supbrpubstos. Bj `ænur bstí bl bj bib joleftugflmj y amy ulm `jbxføl gb 84´ gb jm tfkfm hol rbspbhto mj `ænur. Hol bso jm røtujm gbkfbrm qubgmr bltrb jm jîlbm gb Kjunblsmmt y jm hfhmtrfz `fsfs bl jos hmsos lornmjbs. 7 nùshujos hol`ornml bj huígrfhbps, bj humj bs bj nís `ubrtb gbj hubrpo aunmlo y qub tfblb ulm tblgblhfm gb jjbvmr jm røtujm amhfm bxtbrlo. Jo qub amy qub amhbr bs `ortmjbhbr kmsto fltbrlo hosm gb qub bsb bibrzm jm `ubrzm lbhbsmrfm pmrm qub lo sb vmym jm røtujm amhfm bxtbrlo. Bltolhbs ulm gb jms hmusms, hono amkjmnos qub bs nujtf`mhtorfmj, bs qub amy ulm rotujm mjtm. Bltolhbs bstm pmrtb gb jms nbgfhfolbs vm m sbrvfr pmrm gbtbrnflmr sf b`bhtfvmnbltb amy ulm rotujm mjtm o lo jm amy.

Xb tonm hono rb`brblhfm ulm rmgfoerm`îm jmtbrmj hol jos hrftbrfos qub ym bvmjumnos, b vmjumnos, sb vml m mtrmsmr ulms jîlbms o ulms nbgfhfolbs pmrm amhbr ul îlgfhb. ]ub bl prfnbr hmso bs bj îlgfhb gb Flsmjj Xmjvmttf bj humj vm m tonmr bj gfínbtro níxfno gb jm røtujm, bs jm prfnbrm nbgfhføl qub sb vm m tonmr. Nfbltrms qub jm gb Hmtol vm m tonmr jm joleftug sojo gb jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr postbrfor gb jm pmtbjm (bl jm fnmebl lo sb vb kfbl, pbro bl bj pmpbr qub blvfmrí sb vbrí) bl ulo sb vb bj b j gfínbtro níxfno gb jm røtujm (Flsmjj Xmjvmttf) nfbltrms qub bl b l otro sojo jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr (Hmtol). Jm otrm nbgfhføl qub sb tonm bs gbsgb bj værtfhb gb jm røtujm m jm tukbrosfgmg mltbrfor gb jm tfkfm. Amkjmnos gb rotujm mjtm humlgo bs nmyor m =.;, mgbnís jm røtujm mjtm sb msohfm m ul jfemnblto rotujfmlo

 

jmreo. Rl îlgfhb bs Q/V, por jo tmlto, bl bj lunbrmgor vm bj (M) y bj vmjor gbj gfínbtro (K) vm bl bj gblonflmgor. Hol bsto sb gfhb qub sf bs nmyor m =.; bs røtujm mjtm, y sf bs nblor m 4.1 bs røtujm kmim. Bl bj hmso gbj îlgfhb gb Hmtol jms nbgfhfolbs sol otrms, amkjmnos gb jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr, por ul jmgo, y gbsgb bsb nfsno pulto vml m fr m jm porhføl nís mltbro-supbrfor gb jm nbsbtm tfkfmj. Bltolhbs sb tfblb otrm nbgfhføl [otujm mjtm nmyor m =.8 y rotujm kmim nblor m 4.0 Amy mjeulms rotujms qub tfblbl ulm pronflbltb nuy prolulhfmgm amhfm fl`brfor, lo bs qub jm røtujm bstb mjtm o kmim, sflo qub tfblb ulm pronflbltb, pmrm bstb hmso pmrtfhujmr gb pmhfbltbs sb bstmkjbhfø bj îlgfhb gb Xmjvmttf nogf`fhmgo, golgb vml m vbr bj gfínbtro níxfno gb jm røtujm y gbsgb bj korgb nís fl`brfor gb jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr gb jm pmtbjm amstm jm tukbrosfgmg mltbrfor gb jm tfkfm sb amhb bstb îlgfhb. V pmrm rotujm mjtm sojmnbltb sb gm bstb îlgfhb qub sbrîm nmyor m ;.

Bsb aubso pubgb sbr o lo jm `mkbjm

Bstm rmgfoerm`îm jo ùlfho qub gbnubstrm bs bj bib gb `ubrzms qub sb proguhbl bl jm bxtrbnfgmg fl`brfor. Bj rbhto mltbrfor pmrtb su orfebl bl jm bspflm fjfmhm mltbro supbrfor, bltolhbs jos bibs gb `ubrzms pmrtbl gbsgb maî. Bstm lo bs jm rmgfoerm`îm nís flgfhmgm bstm porqub lo bstí bl kfpbgbstmhføl, gbkfbrm sbr bl kfpbgbstmhføl. Xb vm m trmzmr ulm jîlbm qub vm gbsgb jm bspflm fjfmhm mltbro supbrfor amstm jm røtujm bl su porhføl nbgfm, bs gbhfr, jm røtujm sb gfvfgb bl gos y gbsgb maî amstm jm bspflm fjfmhm mltbro supbrfor. Bj otro bib qub sb vm m bvmjumr bs

 

gbsgb bsb nfsno pulto, qub bs bj pulto nbgfo gb jm røtujm, amhfm jm tukbrosfgmg mltbrfor gb jm tfkfm. Bso vm gbimlgo gb nmlf`fbsto bj vmjeo gb jm bxtrbnfgmg fl`brfor. Bj `ænur vfblb gb jmtbrmj m nbgfmj amhfm mkmio y gbsgb jm røtujm amhfm jm tukbrosfgmg mltbrfor gb jm tfkfm, bl rbmjfgmg bs bj bib gb jm pfbrlm, pbro lo tfblb qub vbr hol bj vmjeo `fsfojøefho mltbrfornbltb nblhfolmgo. Bltrb mnkos bibs sb gbkb tonmr ulm mleujmhføl gb =2´, mhí bstíl bjbvmgos porqub jo tonmrol gbsgb bj otro jmgo. Tbro sf bs =14´ maî sb gbkb hmjhujmr huílto gbkfbrm sbr sf bs hmjhujmgo por bj otro jmgo, bs =14 nblos =21. Jo qub pfgb bstm rmgfoerm`îm bs vbr høno bstí mhtumlgo bj bib gb `ubrzms hol rbspbhto m jm røtujm qub jm bstí jjbvmlgo amhfm bxtbrlo. Lo bs ulm rmgfoerm`îm gb rogfjjm, bs ulm rmgfoerm`îm gb bxtrbnfgmg fl`brfor.

Nbgfhfolbs qub sb pubgbl amhbr bl jm røtujm mxfmj, bstí bj íleujo trohjbmr qub sb pmsm por hmgm vbrtfbltb mrtfhujmr, jm bxtbrlm, jm fltbrlm, sf jo pmsmnos tmleblhfmj sb `ornm bj íleujo trohjbmr, qub bl holgfhfolbs lornmjbs bs gb =81´, nís gb =74´ amkjm gb ul bxhbso gb mleujmhføl, sb msohfm m jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo-`bnormj hol ulm gfspjmsfm gb jms vbrtfbltbs. Jubeo m bsb íleujo sb jb vm m trmzmr u ulm lm kfsbhtrfz, jubeo gb jm kfsbhtrfz pmsm otrm jîlbm qub vm m pmrtfr gbsgb bstb b stb nfsno pulto qub bs jm nmyor pro`ulgfgmg gbj surho y sb vml m fr mj værtfhb gb jm røtujm, amhfm postbrfor okvfmnbltb. Bsb værtfhb pogrîm bstmr amhfm bxtbrlo gb jm kfsbhtrfz o amhfm fltbrlo gb jm kfsbhtrfz, jm nmyor tblgblhfm gb jm røtujm bs frsb amhfm m`ubrm, bltolhbs tfblb ul nblor rmleo gb mhbptmkfjfgmg sf bs qub bj værtfhb gb jm røtujm bstí amhfm bxtbrlo gb jm kfsbhtrfz nmyor m 0´, amkjmnos gb ulm sukjuxmhføl bxtbrlm. V sf bs qub bj værtfhb gb jm røtujm hono bl bstb hmso, bstí amhfm fltbrlo gb jm kfsbhtrfz sb mhbptm amstm ==´ pmrm amkjmr gb ulm sukjuxmhføl pmtbjmr fltbrlm. Jo prfnbro qub amy qub amhbr pmrm amkjmr gbj íleujo gb holerublhfm gb Nbrhamlt bs trmzmr bj íleujo trohjbmr m pmrtfr gb jm pro`ulgfgmg gb jm trøhjbm y bj bib tmleblhfmj m mnkms vbrtfbltbs mrtfhujmrbs, bl bsm trmzmnos jm kfsbhtrfz y jubeo otrm rbhtm bltrb pro`ulgfgmg gb jm trøhjbm y bj værtfhb gb jm røtujm y sb vm `ornmlgo ul íleujo bltrb jm kfsbhtrfz y bj værtfhb. Xf bj værtfhb bstí amhfm bxtbrlo y bj íleujo bltrb bstms gos rbhtms bs nmyor m 0´, sb amkjm gb ulm sukjuxmhføl bxtbrlm rotujfmlm. Nfbltrms qub sf bstb værtfhb hono bl bstb hmso bstí amhfm fltbrlo hol rbspbhto m jm kfsbhtrfz, sb mhbptm amstm ==´ pmrm amkjmr gb ulm sukjuxmhføl rotujfmlm amhfm fltbrlo.

 

  Bl jm fnmebl sb lotm qub amy ul prokjbnm gb mleujmhføl gbj tuko. Amy otrms nbgfhfolbs qub sb rbmjfzml bl jm rmgfoerm`îm jmtbrmj gb rogfjjm y bs nuy ùtfj qub sb joerb fgbltf`fhmr m qub horrbspolgbl bsms jîlbms gblsms qub sb vbl bl jm rmgfoerm`îm. Jm qub bstí nís amhfm postbrfor bs bj surho y jms qub bstíl nís amhfm mltbrfor sol jms hortfhmjbs mltbrforbs gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs qub bstíl supbrpubstos.

 

NBGFHFOLBX BL JM [MGFOE[M@FM JMWB[MJ GB [OGFJJM HOL 84´ GB @JBQFØL Jm jîlbm qub bstí nís m postbrfor bs bj surho y jm qub bstí nís m mltbrfor sol jms hortfhmjbs gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs qub bstíl supbrpubstos. Gbsgb bj surho m jm hortfhmj amy ulm gfstmlhfm qub sb pubgb nbgfr, bstm lo sb nfgb bl humjqufbr jmgo (lo bs jo nfsno tonmrjm ul poho nís mrrfkm o nís mkmio). Tmrm holohbr bj juemr bxmhto sb trmzml rbhtms, rbhtms, =.  Jm prfnbrm sb trmzm tmlebltb m jos ùjtfnos =4 hns gb jm gfí`fsfs `bnormj. ;.  Tbrpblgfhujmr m jm mltbrfor sb trmzm otrm, vm bl bj korgb nís supbrfor ‘ postbrfor gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs. Jm fgbm bs qub jm rx bstæ honpjbtmnbltb jmtbrmj hosm gb qub jos hølgfjos bstæl supbrpubstos y msî fgbltf`fhmr bj korgb sup  ‘  post gb mnkos hølgfjos, lo nb sfrvb qub bstæ ulo nís mrrfkm y bj otro nís mkmio. 8.  M jm mltbrfor sb jb trmzm otrm ot rm rbhtm m hmugmj =2´. Humlgo jm 8rm jîlbm mtrmvfbsm bsm gfstmlhfm bltrb bj `olgo gb jm trøhjbm y jms hortfhmjbs mltbrforbs pogbnos amhbr jm nbgfhføl horrbhtm. Humlgo bj surho bstí nís m postbrfor sfelf`fhm qub mj trøhjbm bstí nís pro`ulgm, sf bj surho bs nís mltbrfor jm vbrtfbltb lo tfblb tmltm pro`ulgfgmg y jm røtujm tfblb nís prokmkfjfgmgbs gb su`rfr gbspjmzmnfbltos. Xf jm gfstmlhfm bs nblor m 8nn tblbnos rogfjjm flbstmkjb. Bl jm trøhjbm amy ul bspojøl (bspojøl trohjbmr, smjfbltb, kunp), sf bstí nís m mltbrfor sb holsfgbrm ulm hmusmj gb flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo ‘ `bnormj. Wmnkfæl sb tonm nbgfgm. =.  Wmlebltb m jm gfí`fsfs mltbrfor. ;.  Bl pulto golgb bj bspojøl sokrbpmsm m jm tmlebltb sb amhb jm nbgfhføl. Xf jm smjfbltb bs nmyor m 8 nn, jm pro`ulgfgmg trohjbmr lo bs tml mhbltumgm. Xb pubgb bvmjumr bj sfelo gb bltrbhruzmnfblto qub amkjm ul poho gb jm gfspjmsfm gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs. Bj `olgo gb jm trøhjbm lo gbkfbrm bltrbhruzmrsb hol jms hortfhmjbs mltbrforbs gb jos hølgfjos, bl ulm rx jmtbrmj sb pubgb bvmjumr qub ulo gb jos hølgfjos (prflhfpmjnbltb bj bxtbrlo) o kfbl jos gos sb bltrbhruzml hol bj `olgo gb jm trøhjbm. Amy ulm hjmsf`fhmhføl (bl pmpbr) qub amkjm mhbrhm gb jm flbstmkfjfgmg pmtbjo  ‘  `bnormj, rbhorgmr qub jm trøhjbm lo gbkfbsb bltrbhruzmr hol jms hortfhmjbs mltbrforbs gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs. (GRGO HOL BXWM BQTJFHMHFØL, HONTJBNBLWM[ HOL TMTB[)

 

Jm pmtbjm bl holgfhfolbs lornmjbs gbkfbrm tblbr ulm posfhføl bl jm humj, sf trmzmnos ulm jîlbm tmlebltb qub ulm jm porhføl nís mltbrfor gb jos hølgfjos `bnormjbs y pmsmnos otrm tmlebltb m jm hmrfjjm mrtfhujmr postbrojmtbrmj gb jm pmtbjm, bstms jîlbms lo gbkfbrml iultmrsb lulhm amhfm bxtbrlo (bl holgfhfolbs lornmjbs). Jo lornmj bs qub jm mpbrturm qub sb eblbrm bltrb bstms gos rbhtms tblem ul hfbrrb amhfm fltbrlo y lo amhfm bxtbrlo. Bsto amkjm sokrb jm kíshujm pmtbjmr  humlgo jm pmtbjm tfblb ul efro amhfm bxtbrlo.

Amy pmtojoeîms lo trmunítfhms (gbeblbrmtfvms, fl`bhhfosms, tunormjbs) qub pubgbl m`bhtmr tmlto mj aubso hono m jms mrtfhujmhfolbs, bibnpjos9   Mrtrftfs rbunmtofgb9 eblbrmjnbltb kfjmtbrmj, Fnmeblojoeîm nuy sfnfjmr m otrms pmtojoeîms. Amy ostbopblfm



pbrfmrtfhujmr (aubso sb vubjvb nís rmgfojùhfgo, trmkbhujmgo bstí nís sbpmrmgo), gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr.   Mrtrftfs sæptfhm9 eblbrmjnbltb fpsfjmtbrmj, bj prohbso fl`bhhfoso bs bl ul sojo jmgo. Xb vb ostbopblfm, gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr, pbrgfgm gb gb`flfhføl por gbstruhhføl gbj aubso sukholgrmj, munblto gb jms pmrtbs kjmlgms.   Gbpøsfto gb hrfstmjbs gb hmjhfo9   Mrtrosfs9 `ornmhføl gb ostbo`ftos, gfsnfluhføl gbj bspmhfo mrtfhujmr, bshjbrosfs sukholgrmj (ebogms).



 

Mrtrftfs rbunmtofgb

Mrtrftfs sæptfhm

Gbpøsfto gb hrfstmjbs híjhfhos

Mrtrosfs

B`bhto gorsmj gb jm røtujm9 zolm rmgfojùhfgm (vbrtfbltb jmtbrmj)

 

 

  Jbsfolbs tunormjbs kblfelms o nmjfelms9 amy gb b`bhtos `fkrosos (pubgb bvojuhfolmr bl ul `fkronm lo osf`fhmltb



humlgo hrbhb m jm nbgujm) gm ulm Fnmeblojoeîm bshjbrøtfhm bl jos korgb, fnmebl rmgfojuhfgm hol hortfhmjbs jfsms kfbl gb`flfgms (humlgo amy ostbojfsfs sb msohfm nís m nmjfelfgmg sfl bnkmreo sb tfblb t fblb qub amhbr bstugfo m trmvæs gb kfopsfm pmrm hol`frnmrjo).

(Amy sfelos rmgfojøefhos qub sfrvbl pmrm vbr roturm r oturm gbj jfemnblto hruzmgo mltbrfor (KRXHM[). 

[otujm kfpmrtftm9 kfpmrtftm9 lo bs qub bstæ `rmhturmgm sflo qub tfblb ; porhfolbs hol korgbs bshjbrøtfhos y jfsos (bl ulm `rmhturm sb lotm qub lo amy ul korgb bshjbrøtfho, jfso lf kfbl gb`flfgo).

Amy `rmhturms qub sb vbl por kmlgms bshjbrøtfhms, amy gf`brblhfms bl jm hmusm. Bl jm prfnbrm rx amy ulm `rmhturm pmtojøefhm por flsu`fhfblhfm (ostbopblfm), jm otrm sb gm bl  iøvblbs qub qub amhbl bibrhfhfos bibrhfhfos hono bj kmscbtkmjj kmscbtkmjj bl bj humj fnpmhtml holstmltbnbltb hol togo bj pbso bl bj subjo, sb amhbl nfhro`rmhturms bl bj trmkbhujmgo y jubeo por `mtfem sb proguhb jm `rmhturm.

Bl`brnbgmg gb Oseoog Xhajmttbr9 Xhajmttbr9 ostboholgrftfs qub tmnkfæl sb proguhb m tbnprmlm bgmg, mvujsføl gb jm tukbrosfgmg mltbrfor gb jm tfkfm.