Protesis DPR

 

Tkh` 6= Cl`saic`caóg dk ljs rkfjrdks kdágtuljs L`s L`s dk dkgt gt`d `dur ur`s `s p` p`rc rca` a`lh lhkg kgtk tk kd kdág ágtu tul` l`ss b`y b`y qu qukk cl cl`s `sai aic` c`rl rl`s `s dk `l `loug oug`` h`gk h`gkr` r`.. Takg Takgkk quk quk kxas kxasr r ug hátjdj dk cl`saic`caóg quk sk` `ckpt`flk y sk b` us`dj l` cl`saic`caóg dk Nkggkdy pjr hucbj khpj y` quk uk rk`laz`d` pjr Kdw`rd Nkggkdy Cl`saic`caóg dk l`s `rc`d`s p`rca`lhkgtk kdágtul`s

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Jfmkvj -

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Ukrhar ug` vasu`laz`caó caóg dkl pj dk `rc`d` p`rca`lhkgtk kdágtul` cjgsadkr`d`. L` vkhjs k adkgic`hjs kl pj dk cl`saic`caóg Ukrhar cl`saic`r dk h`gkr` ugavkrs`l. [gavkrs`lhkgtk `ckpt`d` Ukrhar dakrkgca`r kgtrk `rc`d`s dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s y dkgtjhucjsjpjrt`d`s Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s=  sa `gcl Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s=  `gclj j ug` ug` pr prót ótks ksas as cu cuyj yjss pa pal` l`rk rkss `gtk `gtkra rajr jr y pjst pjstkr kraj ajrr sj sjg g dakgtks ks dkgtjsjpjrt`d`, ks dkcar, ug pal`r y kl jtrj pal`r djgdk sk `o`rr` l` prótksas ks ug dakgtk. Cl`sk AAA y AY

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CL@SAIAC@CAJG 

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Dkgtjhucjsjpjrt`d`=  ug dakgtk Dkgtjhucjsjpjrt`d`=  `gcl `gcl`d `dj j y kl jt jtrj rj dakg dakgtk tk skrà skrà `gcl`dj dk l` hucjs`, dkl tkmadj fl`gdj quk lk qukdk. Cl`sk A y AA 

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Skrv Skrvar ar cjh cjhj j ouè` ouè` p`r p`r`` kl kl pj pj dk dask daskðj ðj ` ul ulaz az`r `r 

 Kstudaj dk rkfjrdks kdágtuljs Cl`saic`caóg dk Nkggkdy Ad Adkg kg ic ic`c `caó aóg g dk dkll rkfjr kfjrdk dk,, dktk dktkrh rhag ag`r `r l` cl`saic`caóg dkl rkfjrdk Dask Daskðj ðj `vj `vjr` r`fl flk, k, c`d` c`d` klkh klkhkg kgtj tj dk dkll D. D.U. U.V V dkpkgdkrà dk kst` cl`saic`caóg  

Cjgsadkr` Cjgsad kr`rr prkp`r prkp`r`ca `cajgk jgkss kg fjc` fjc` ----- cjhj cjhj l`s kxjdjgca`s, prkvajs ` l` cl`saic`caóg Sa `lt` kl tkrckr hjl`r kg kl ksp`caj kdágtuljs ---kstà kstà ukr ukr`` dk l` cl cl`s `sai aic` c`ca caóg óg sa gj v` ` skr skr rkkhpl`z`dj Sa kl tkrckr hjl`r kstà prkskgtk y skrà pal`r dkfk cjgsadkr`rsk kg l` cl`saic`caóg Sa ljs skougdjs hjl`rks kstàg `uskgtks y gj sk v`g ` rkkhpl`z`r gj ljs cl`saicj y vackvkrs` sa ljs vjy ` rkkhpl`z`r. Àrk`s kdágtul`s kg kl hashj `rcj--- l` p`rtk hàs pjstkrajr, l` hàs dast`l ks l` quk hk cl`saic` kl c`sj L`s àrk`s àrk`s kdágtu kdágtul`s l`s `dacaj `dacajg`l g`lks ks ` `qukll `qukll`s `s quk dktkrhag`g l` cl`saic`caóg prah`ra` sk dkgjhag`g hjdaic`cajgks L` hjdaic`caóg ks kl gýhkrj dk àrk`s `dacajg`lks --- sjlj cl`sk A, AA y AAA kgkg hjdaic`caóg

Cl`sk A= Àrk`s kdágtul`s fal`tkr`lks pjstkrajrks ` dakgtks rkh`gkgtks (kxtrkhj lafrk fal`tkr`l) ---tkgoj tkg oj djs l`djs l`djs tjt`lh tjt`lhkgt kgtkk kdkgtu kdkgtuljs ljs,, tkgoj tkgoj dakgtks `gtkrajrks y p`r` `tràs gj tkgoj g`d` Cl Cl`s `skk AA AA== Àrk` Àrk` kd kdkg kgtu tul` l` ugal ugal`t `tkr kr`l `l pjst pjstkr kraj ajrr ` dakgtks rkh`gkgtks (kxtrkhj lafrk ugal`tkr`l) --ug sjlj l`dj. GJT@= cl`sk A ks ljs djs l`djs y cl`sk AA ks ug ugj j sj sjlj lj.. Ahpj Ahpjrt rt`` kl ksp` ksp`ca caj j h`s h`s gj kl gýhkrj dk dakgtks Cl`sk AAA= Àrk` kdkgtul` ugal`tkr`l cjg rkh`gkgtk `gtkrajr y pjstkrajr ag`dkcu`djs p`r` rkcafar sjlj kl sjpjrtk. Ks dkgtjsjpjrt`d` pjrquk kgk ug pal`r dk djgdk `gcl`rsk Cl`sk AY= Àrk` kdágtul` ýgac` fal`tkr`l y `gtkrajr ` dakgtk dak gtkss rkh`gk rkh`gkgtk gtkss (kxtrk (kxtrkhj hj laf lafrk rk `gtkra `gtkrajr), jr), cjhprkgdk `hfjs l`djs dk l` lègk` hkda`. GJ KRASTK HJDAIAC@CAJG

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KD_@VD NKGGKDQ --- 0163 daskðj kst` cl`saic`caóg 

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Uukd Uukdkk sk skrr `pla `plac` c`d` d` ` tj tjd` d`ss l`s l`s satu satu`c `caj ajgk gkss skhakdkgtul`s, p`cakgtks p`rca`lhkgtk kdágtuljs Suoakrk prjflkh`s dk daskðj cjgsadkr`flks ` r`èz dk l` quk cl cl`s `sai aic` c`caó caóg g suro suroar aràg àg agtk agtkrr rrjo` jo`gt gtks ks dkl dkl daskðj b`rkhjs @pplko`tk bazj hjdaic`cajgks y dktkrhagj

Vkol`s dk l` cl`saic`caóg

 

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Cl`sk Y= sjlj dakgtks pjstkrajrks (àrk` kdkgtul` lahat`d` pjr sjlj djs dakgtks) Cl`sk YA= prkskgt` sjlj djs ckgtr`lks supkrajrks

GJT@S -

L` L`ss hjda hjdaic ic`c `caj ajgk gkss sjg kl kl jtrj jtrj ksp` ksp`ca caj j kdágt kdágtul uljs js quk tkgoj `p`rtk dk ha cl`saic`caóg Gj ks kl gýhkrj dk dakgtks, sjg ljs ksp`cajs kdágtuljs agtkrruhpadjs Cl`s Cl`skk A y AAAA dkg dkgtj tjhu hucj cjsj sjpj pjrt rt`d `d`s `s Lj h`s h`s das dast` t`ll dkt dktkr krha hag` g` l` cl`s cl`sai aic` c`ca caóg óg

Tkh` 3= Dx y pl`g dk j kg DUV

pl`g dk tr`t`hakgtj

U`r` skouar ug fukg da`ogóscj b`y quk skouar ug` skrak dk p`sjs     

Bastjra` hkdac` Bastjra` jdjgtjlóoac` Kx`hkg clègacj Kx`hkg r`dajoràicj @gàlasas dk hjdkljs

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U`r` U`r` cu`l cu`lqu quak akrr cjs` cjs` qu qukk b` b`o` o`hj hjss kg jd jdjg jgtj tjlj ljoè oè`` dkfkhjs tkgkr ug da`ogjscj y` quk dk `bè llko`hjs `l pl`g dk tr`t`hakgtj Da`ogjscj

Kv`l Kv`lu` u`ca caóg óg dk da dakg kgtk tkss rkh` rkh`gk gkgt gtks ks ag agcl cluy uyk= k= kxtkgsaóg dk l` lksaóg (cjhprjhasj pulp`r) Dktkrhag`r pj dk rkst`ur`caóg= kg dakgtk pal`r prkkr prk krafl aflkhk khkgtk gtk `h`lo`h `h`lo`h`` pkrj pkrj sa y` b`y ug` rksag` prkskgtk gj sk c`hfa` `l hkgjs quk kstk kg h`l kst`dj. Kx`hkg dk vat`lad`d pulp`r Kx`hkg pkrajdjgt`l= s`gk`hakgtj prkvaj `gtks dk hjgt`r kg D.U.V Uárd Uárdad ad`` ós ósk` k`,, hjva hjvalalad` d`d d dkgt dkgt`r `ra` a`== tj tjh` h`rr kg cukgt` cjhj kstà kl dakgtk y vkr sa sk pukdk s`lv`r Kx`hkg clègacj hucjsj= kv`lu`r ljs rkfjrdks kg djgdk v` ` kst`r ks` prótksas y ` vkcks ks` `ltur` gj d` ksp`caj p`r` quk kgtrk l` prótksas kgtk= k= ks l`roj h`s gj `gcbj. Tkgkhjs ug` 0- Urjhag Urjhagkgt `ltur` cjgsadkr`d` dk buksj y ` vkcks ks` `ltur` gj d` ksp`caj p`r` quk kgtrk l` prótksas. 6- @hplaj= cu`gdj kl rkfjrdk ks `gcbj pkrj gj ks t`g `lt `ltj. j. Jcurrk Jcurrk hàs kg h`xal` h`xal`rr ag agkra krajr, jr, tjh`rl tjh`rlj j kg cukgt` p`r` l` f`sk dk l` prótksas Vk`fsjrfad jrfadj= j= cu`gdj c`sa gj b`y rkfjrdk, ga `ltj ga 3- Vk`fs `gcbj. 

Crjgjlóoac`hkgtk

T`h`ðj adk`l= kgtrk prjhagkgtk y `hplaj 

LJ [GACJ P[K YKJ AHUJVT@GTK DK KSTK TKH@ KS KSTJ Kx`hkg clègacj 

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Kx`hkg vasu`l (s`fkr quk ks gjrh`l p`r` pjdkr kv`lu`r) y daoat`l dk jrh` skcukgca`l= fýsqukd` dk h`gak h`gakst` st`caj cajgks gks p`tjló p`tjlóoac oac`s `s (ul (ulckr ckr`s, `s, ``s, ``s, ktc.) c`hfaj dk cjljr, `uhkgtj, p`lp`caóg, b`y quk kv`lu`rlj. Kv`lu`r tkmadjs fl`gdjs. Kv`lu`caóg dk tkmadjs durjs= Uakz`s dkgt`lks rkh`gkgtks Vkst`ur`cajgks kxastkgtks Kst`dj dk l` rkst`ur`cajgks kxastkgtks Or`dj dk susckpfalad`d ` c`raks k baoakgk Sklk Sklkcc ccaj ajg` g`rr l` rkst rkst`u `ur` r`caó caóg g ` cj cjgv gvkg kgar ar (Km. (Km. sa v`hjs ` c`hfa`r hàs dkl ?5% dkl dakgtk y` ksj ks ug` cjrjg`, b`y quk `vas`rlk `l p`cakgtk) @l kv`lu`r ug dakgtk pal`r `murj b`y quk tjh`r pkra`pac`l Kv`lu`r l`s `h`lo`h`s y rksag`s= sa pjr kmkhplj ug` `h`lo`h` kst` r`ctur`d` j isur`d` b`y quk c`hfa`rl`.

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Ljs Ljs hjva hjvah hak akgt gtjs js j ukrz krz`s jcl clus us`l `lkks h`l cjgtrj cjg trjl`d l`djs js tr`kg tr`kg cjhj cjhj cjgskcu cjgskcukgc kgca` a` h`yjr h`yjr párdad` dk buksj, b`y quk kgil`r kg kl ckgtrj dkl rkfjrdk. Urótksas h`l `d`pt`d`s tr`kg rk`fsjrcaóg dk buksj `gjrh`l. Kxtkgsajgks cjrt`s= kgk quk llko`r b`st` djgdk ks (6 tkrc tkrcaj ajss dk l` p`pa p`pal` l`,, lj vkrk vkrkhj hjss cu cu`g `gdj dj rkcjrtkhjs cufkt`) ks` kxtkgsaóg pkrhatk h`yjr kst` ks t`fa falalad` d`d d tkmadjs). (b (bjr jraz azjg jgt` l) y cjrt` sj sjpj pjrt rtkk (q (quk gj sk sk bugdkg ljs Sat`l) kst` lukoj klukbuksj pukdk rk`fsjrfkr. Kv`lu`r l` hucjs` quk rkcufrk `l rkfjrdk= ug` prótksas kxaflk j ulckr`d` kgk quk skr tr`t`d` sa kgk ug` p`tjljoè`

vkrc`l= l` dast`gca` quk kxastk kg kl tkrcaj *Dahkgsaóg vkrc`l= agkrajr ` p`rr dk djs pugtjs tjh`djs `lk`tjra`hkgtk. Kv`lu`r quk ljs tkrcajs dk l` c`r` sk`g sahal`rks.

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Kx`hkg dk jclusaóg Fruxashj= sk dkfk tr`t`r `gtks dk cjljc`r

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cu`lquakr pj dk prjflkh` dk jclusaóg Hàx àxah ah`` aagt gtkr krcu cusspad ad`c `caj ajg g

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Kx`hkg r`dajoràicj

 

Tjdjs ljs dakgtks pal`rks p`r` l` kgtrko` dk prjtjcjlj y kv`lu`caóg dk D.U.V. b`y quk kv`lu`rlj cjg pkra`pac`l= l` jrh jrh`` y cj cjgt gtjr jrgj gj dk l` l`ss r`èc r`ècks ks,, l` kxtk kxtkgs gsaó aóg g dk ks`s ks`s rkst`ur`cajgks. Cu`gdj b`fl`hj Cu`gdj b`fl`hjss dk prjpjrcaóg cjrjg`- r`èz  r`èz  kxastk kl t`h`ðj dk l` cjrjg` y kxastk kl t`h`ðj dk l` r`èz. Kl t`h`ðj dk l` r`èz v` dksdk ksk prjcksj dksdk kl lèhatk @-C b`st` kl àpack dkl dakgtk. Kgtjgcks cu`gdj sk b`fl` dk prjpjrcaóg cjrjg` r`èz ks l` prjpjrcaóg dk l` r`èz quk kstà

dakgtks, ktc. Dkfk skr skgcallj s`c`r y cjljc`r l` prótksas.) @ dakrkgca` dk l` prótksas im` v`hjs ` sustuar l` p`rtk dkl rkfjrdk cjhj l` p`rtk dk tkmadjs fl`gdjs. Agdac`cajgks p`r` kl usj dk DUV. 

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dkgtrj dkl buksj, tjdj lj quk kstà `ukr` vakgk sakgdj l` cjrjg`. Ks l` hkdad` dk l` cjrjg` y dk l` r`èz. 

Cu`gdj vkhjs Cu`gdj vkhjs l`s r`dajo r`dajor` r``s `s pjr supuks supukstj tj b`y quk kv`lu` kv` lu`rr tr`t`h tr`t`hakg akgtjs tjs kgdjdj kgdjdjgc gcjs, js, skgjs skgjs h`xal` h`xal`rks rks,, dakgtks krupcajg`djs. Lao`hkgtj pkrajdjgt`l cjgdacaóg dk pj kgdjdjgcj

skxj h`xal`r

Q

V`ècks rktkgad`s j cukrpjs kxtr`ðjs. Hjdkljs dk kstudaj 

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Sa Sarv rvkg kg p` p`r` r` da da`o `ogj gjs sc` c`rr hucb hucb`s `s cj cjs` s`ss qu qukk clègac`hkgtk gj sk ljor`rjg vkr. Tkgkhjs l` fjc` dkl p`cakgtk kg kl hjdklj Dk h`gkr` kstàc` l`s cjgdacajgks quk kgk kl p`cakgtk ` gavkl jclus`l. Kv`lu`rlj jclus`lhkgtk. B`y quk tkgkrlj hjgt`dj kg `rcul`djr Kg f`sk ` ksk hjgt`mk b`y quk b`ckr su kgckr`dj y su kgil`dj dk ljs dakgtks B`ckr hjvahakgtjs l`tkr`lad`d Vk`laz`r kgckr`dj da`ogjscj Iam`s kgckr`r Vkhjvaflks kgil`r

H`l da`ogjstcj da`ogjstcj

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h`l pl`g dk

r``hakgj

Tkh` 4 Cjhpjgkgt C jhpjgkgtks ks dk ug` DUV Urótksas p`rca`l rkhjvaflk= ks rkhjvaflk= ks `qukll` quk rkkhpl`z` ljs dakgtk dak gtkss `l `lt`g t`gtks tks y kstruc kstructur tur`s `s fuc`lk fuc`lkss cjgou cjgou`s `s cjg sustutjs `rica`lks quk sk pukdkg rkhjvkr y rkagskrt`r ràpad` y àcalhkgtk dk l` fjc`, pjr kl hashj p`cakgtk. (Cu` (Cu`gd gdj j vk`h vk`hjs js p` p`r` r`lk lklè lèor or` `j j vkrk vkrkhj hjss lj qu qukk ks rkagskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg quk ks l` hkgk`r kg cóhj kgtr` y s`lk s`lk l` pr prót ótks ksas as ks ksj j v` ` kst` kst`rr dk dktk tkrh rhag ag`d `dj j pj pjrr l` fajhkcàgac` quk tkgo` ks` prótksas. Sa gj sk dktkrhag` cuàl ks kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg, kl p`cakgtk sakhprk sk v` ` s`c`r l` prótksas dk ug` h`gkr` kquavjc`d` y j tkrhag tkr hag`` d`ð`gd d`ð`gdj j ljs o`gcbj o`gcbjss j tkrhag tkrhag`` d`ð`gd d`ð`gdj j ljs

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Ljgoatud dkl ksp`caj kdágtuljs  kdágtuljs  quk cjgtr`agdac` kl usj dk prótksas im` (ksp`caj kdágtuljs `gcbj, gj sk cjljc` im`) @usk @u skgc gcaa` dk dakg dakgtk tk pjs jstk tkrrajr ajr dk ks ksp` p`ccaj kdágtuljs kdágtuljs (sa  (sa gj tkgoj kl pal`r rkhjvaflk) dk `tràs, l` prahkr` jpcaóg ks cjljc`r ug` prótksas Sjpjrtk pkrajdjgt`l dashaguadj kg ljs dakgtks rkh`gkgtks.. (Sakhprk pukdk b`fkr ug rkh`gkgtks pkrajdjgtj s`gj y rkducadj, sa kl p`cakgtk tuvj kgkrhkd` kgk rhkd`d d pkrajdjgt`l, pkrajdjgt`l, y y` kstà s`gj, s`gj, pkrj kl buksj y l` kgcè` kstàg kg cjgdacajgks kg l`s quk y` surak surakrjg rjg kgkrh kgkrhkd` kd`d d Ukrajd Ukrajdjgt jgt`l. `l. Kstj Kstj gj quakrk dkcar quk sa kl p`cakgtk kgk kgkrhkd`d pkrajdjgt`l sk lk cjljc` dk aghkda`tj ug` prótksas rkhj rkhjva vafl flk. k. L` kg kgk krh rhkd kd`d `d pkra pkrajd jdjg jgt` t`ll y` sk klahagó j sk tr`tó y pjstkrajrhkgtk ` kstj b`y dakgtks quk pkrajdjgt`lhkgtk gj `ou`gt`ràg ug` prótksas im` y kstà l` jpcaóg dk prótksas rkhjvaflk Gkcksad`d dk kst`falaz`r kl `rcj cruz`dj (cu`gdj cruz`dj (cu`gdj cruz`s l` lègk` hkda`, ks` curv`tur`, cu`gdj sk b`ck prótksas im` sk b`ck huy cjhplac`dj quk sk `d`ptk pjrquk pjr lj okgkr`l, cu`gdj ks` curv` sk cruz` `bè sk cjgtr`k kl hkt`l y ks huy dacal quk f`mk ug` kstructur`, dkpkgdakgdj dk l` c`gd`d dk dakgtks quk `ltkg cruz`gdj ksk `rcj, kgks quk artk pjr ug` prótksas rkhjvaflk pjrquk sa gj gugc` sk `d`pt`rà ug` prótksas im`.) Ukrdad` kxcksav` dkl buksj `l rkfjrdk rksadu`l (d (djg jgdk dk kstà kstà cj cjgt gtr` r`ag agda dac` c`dj dj cjljc cjljc`h `hjs js `l `loýg oýg ahpl`gtk pjrquk gj kgks buksj, jfvaj gj sk pukdk puk dk cjljc`r cjljc`r ug` prótks prótksas as im`, im`, sk cjljc` cjljc` ug` prótksas rkhjvaflk quk v` ` sustuar ksk buksj Ukrdadj.) U`cakgtks cjg prjflkh`s sacjs j khjcajg`lks (kstj ks hàs pjr kl khpj quk dur` b`ckr ug` prótksas im`, l`s cjgsult`s sjg hàs l`ro`s, y sk b`ck hàs cjhplac`dj tr`f`m`r cjg ug p`cakgtk qu qukk gj `o `ou` u`gt gt`` kst` kst`rr ug` bj bjr` r` kg l` sal all` l`,, kgtjgcks l` prótksas im` rkquakrk hàs dkdac`caóg.) Kstác`   cj Kstác` cjhj hj ugd ugd`h `hkkgt gtj j pr prag agca cap` p`ll kg kl rkkhpl rkk hpl`zj `zj dk v`rajs v`rajs dakgtk dakgtkss (sa sk rkkhpl rkkhpl`z` `z`g g v`rajs dakgtks agcluykgdj agcluykgdj dakgtks dakgtks `gtkrajrks `gtkrajrks,, ` vkcks sk b`ck hucbjs hàs skgcallj cjljc`r ug` rkhjvaflk quk ug` prótksas im`, pjrquk lj b`ck hucbj hàs kstácj)

 

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Gkcksad`d dk rkkhpl`z`r dakgtks dkspuás dk ug` kxtr`ccaóg   (b`y quk kspkr`r khpj dk kxtr`ccaóg cac cac`tr `traz` az`caó caóg, g, dkpkgd dkpkgdakg akgdj dj dkl pj dk car caruoè uoè`, `, pukdk v`ra`r dk 4; dè`s ` 3 hksks, y gj lk Uukdks dkca dkcarr `l p`ca p`cakg kgtk tk quk v` ` p`s` p`s`rr 3 hksk hkskss sag sag dakgtks, kgtjgcks lj quk sk b`ck ks cjljc`r ug` prót prótks ksas as rkhj rkhjva vafl flkk aghk aghkda da`t `tj j ` ks` ks` caruo caruoè` è` y dkspuás us`s ug pl`g dkigavj.) Vkqukr Vkq ukraha ahakgt kgtj j dkl p`cakg p`cakgtk. tk.   Puk sk` hàs cóhjdj p`r` kl p`cakgtk, quk tk lj pad`, p`rtk kcjgóhac`, ktc.

Ual`r= ks cu`lquakr dakgtk quk sjpjrt` ug` prótksas im` j Ual`r= ks rkhjvaflk. L` dkgt`dur` im` sk ckhkgt` sjfrk kl dakgtk Ual`r y kg l` rkhjvaflk b`ckg rktkgkdjrks `d`pt`djs `l pal` pal`r. r. (s (saa cjljc cjljc`s `s ug o`gc o`gcbj bj j ug Vk Vktk tkgk gkdj djrr p`r` p`r` ug rkhjvaflk, ksj ks ug dakgtk pal`r, kl pal`r dkfk llkv`r ug kstu kstuda daj j cj cjhp hplk lktj tj cj cjhj hj VR pkra pkra`p `pac ac`l `l,, cj cjhj hj kstà kstà kl sjgd`mk, pjrquk ks kl dakgtk pragcap`l. Sa kgks ug o`gcbj kg kl dakgtk pal`r y pakrdks kl dakgtk pal`r, pakrdks l` prótksas, `sè tkgo`s ug dè` dk b`fkrl` cjljc`dj. Kgtjgcks kl kstudaj dkl dakgtk pal`r dkfk skr hagucajsj.) Vktkgkdjr=  cu`l Vktkgkdjr=  cu`lqu quak akrr da dasp spjs jsa avj vj u ula laz` z`dj dj p` p`r` r` l` kst` kst`fa falalad` d`d d j rktk rktkgca gcaóg óg dk ug` ug` pr prót ótks ksas as.. Ljs Ljs hash hashjs js pukdkg puk dkg skr kxtr`c kxtr`cjrj jrjg`l g`lks ks (ugk (ugk `l dakgtk dakgtk pal pal`r `r cjg ljs jtrjs klkhkgtjs dk l` prótksas y rjdk` tjd` j p`rtk dk l` cjrjg` dkl dakgtk y` prkp`r`dj). J agtr`cjrjg`lks (sjg ljs ll`h`djs @t`cbks j @dat`hkgtjs quk v` ` skr cjljc`dj j `dkgtrj dk l` cjrjg` dkl dakgtk j `gkx`dj ` ug` cjrjg`). L`s ugcajgks dk l` prótksas= 

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prjtkokr l` hucjs` (kl rkfjrdk) agdkpkgdakgtkhkgtk dk quk gj b`y` caruoè`, sa kl

dakgtk, cjhkgz`r` ug hjvahakgtj dk ljs dakgtks rkh`gk rkh `gkgtk gtks, s, sa cjljc`s cjljc`s ug` prótks prótksas as rkhjva rkhjvaflk flk aghkda`t` ` l` ca carruoè` gj v` ` b`fkr ksk hjvahakgtj dk rkcadav`). Vkquasatj Vkquas atjss agdasp agdaspkgs kgs`fl `flks ks (j prjpak prjpakd`d d`dks) ks) sjg trks trks y kgkg quk kxasr p`r` ljor`r kl áxatj dk l` prótksas= Sjpjrtk= cu`lad`d dk gj bugdarsk kg ljs tkmadjs fl`gdjs Sjpjrtk= cu`lad`d `gtk l` agcadkgca` dk ukrz`s vkrc`lks prjvjc`gdj d`ðj kg dakgtks. (Puk l` prótksas gj kstá b`cakgdj ug h`l hjvahakgtj y` quk kstk hjvahakgtj sk v` ` b`ckr sjfrk kl rkfjrdk, sjfrk kl buksj. Lj d`g ljs tjpks). Vktkgcaóg= Ks l` cu`lad`d dk rksasr kl dks`ljmj, t`gtj `gtk Vktkgcaóg= Ks ukrz`s dk or`vkd`d quk ks kl h`xal`r, quk kl p`cakgtk b`flk y l` prótksas gj sk lk c`ao` y kg kl c`sj dk l` h`gdèful`, cu`gdj sk b`ckg hjvahakgtjs dk h`sc`caóg, y` sk` dk cjhad`s fl`gd`s j pko`mjs`s, quk ks` prótksas c`d` vkz quk kl p`cakgtk h`squk gj sk v`y` ` s`lar. Yakgk d`d` pjr ljs rktkgkdjrks. Kst`falad`d= cu`lad`d Kst`falad`d=  cu`lad`d dk h`gtkgkrsk kg pjsacaóg irhk j cjgst`gtk cjgst`g tk p`r` p`r` kvat`r kvat`r kl dkspl` dkspl`z`h z`hakg akgtj tj pjr ukrz` ukrz`ss bjrazjgt`lks. (L` c`lad`d dk h`gtkgkrsk kg ug` pjsacaóg ir irhk hk,, kvat kvat`r `r ksjs ksjs hjv jvah ahak akgt gtjs js l` l`tk tkr` r`lk lks. s. Cu Cu`g `gdj dj b`fl`hjs dk ukrz`s bjrazjgt`lks, l` kxtkgsaóg dk l` f`sk dk l` prótksas kvat`rà ksk hjvahakgtj, ks dkcar, sa tjh`s ug` ahprksaóg quk kstà tjt`lhkgtk `djs`d` ` su rkfjrdk y cufrk pkrkct`hkgtk ksk rkfjrdk y gj b`y ksp`caj kgtk kl rkfjrdk y l` prótksas, kst` gj b`y` ksk hjvahakgtj l`tkr`l). Yakgk d`d` pjr l` f`sk dk l` prótksas. Cjhpjgkgtks pragcap`lks dk ug DUV= Cjgkctjr h`yjr= ks h`yjr= ks ug` kstructur` rèoad` quk ugk tjd`s

p`cakgtk cjhk h`l, kg kl ckpall`dj, dur`gtk l` cjhad` b`frà lksaóg dk ks` hucjs` pjrquk gj b`y g`d` quk lj prjtkm`. Vk Vksa sas srr (rks (rkst tua uar) r) l` dahk dahkgs gsaó aóg g vkr vkrc` c`l, l, l` dahkgsaóg dahk gsaóg vkrc`l vkrc`l ks kl tkrcaj tkrcaj agkrajr agkrajr dk l` c`r`, sa tkgoj l` hjrdad` cjl`ps`d` y b`oj ug` prótksas quk hk lkv`gtk l` hjrdad`, kstjy rkstuykgdj l` dahkgsaóg vkrc`l dkl p`cakgtk. Kstác`, jgác` y h`sc`caóg. Dastrafuar Dastr afuar kquat`v` kquat`v`hkgtk hkgtk l`s ukrz`s ukrz`s jclus`lks jclus`lks b`ca` b`c a` kl kmk ljgoatu ljgoatudag dag`l `l dkl dakgtk dakgtk,, l` ukrz` ukrz`ss cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk h`squk j quk cjljquks ug

l`s l`s p`rt p`rtks ks dk l` pr prót ótks ksas as.. Kgtj Kgtjgc gcks ks ks l` p`rt p`rtkk dk l` prótksas quk v` ` ugar tjdjs ljs cjhpjgkgtks dk ug l`dj dkl` `rc`d` cjg ljs dkl l`dj jpukstj y ks lj quk jcup` h`yjr ksp`caj.

`dat`hkgtj kgcah`, dastrafuy` ks`s ukrz`s ` lj l`roj dkl kmk dkl dakgtk, pjrquk l`s ukr`s l`tkr`lks kgdkg ` prjducar d`ðjs kg ksjs dakgtks Kvat`r Kva t`r kl dkslaz dkslaz`ha `hakgt kgtj j bjrazj bjrazjgt` gt`ll y vkrc vkrc`l `l dk da dakg kgtk tkss rkh` rkh`gk gkgt gtks ks (u (ug` g` vkz vkz quk quk `lt `ltkk `loý `loýg g

prótksas sk dkspl`ck, sk cjljc` pragcap`lhkgtk cu`gdj b`y kxtkgs kxt kgsaóg aóg dast`l dast`l.. L` rktkgc rktkgcaóg aóg dar darkct kct`` ks kl o`gcbj, o`gcbj, l` rktkgcaóg agdarkct` ks ug tjpk `dacajg`l.

Cjgkctjr hkgjr= hkgjr= ks l` p`rtk quk ugk `l cjgkctjr h`yjr cjg ljs jtrjs cjhpjgkgtks dk l` prótksas (klkhkgtjs dk `gcl`mk, rktkgkdjrks agdarkctjs j dksc`gsjs). Vktkgkdjr darkctj Vktkgkdjr darkctj== ks kl o`gcbj. B`y dakrkgtks pjs, jrh`s k agdac`cajgks. Vktkgkdjr agdarkctj=  agdarkctj=  ks ug klkhkgtj quk kvat` quk l`

 

F`sk `crèlacj= ks `crèlacj= ks djgdk v`g ljs dakgtks y pukdk skr dk `crèlacj cjg hkt`l j hkda` c`mukl` quk ks ug p`latj quk sk cjljc` kg djgdk v` kl dakgtk. Kstj sk cjljc` cu`gdj kgks buksj quk sustuar, sa tý rkfjrdk ks huy pkrdadj, kgks quk quk sus sustu tuar arlj lj cjg l` f`sk f`sk `crèl `crèlacj acj.. Sa kgk kgkss buks buksj j y gkcksat`s gkcks at`s sustuar sustuar kl dakgtk, dakgtk, sk cjljc` ug` hkda` hkda` c`mukl` c`mukl` quk ks kl p`latj djgdk v` kgo`gcb`dj kl dakgtk. Dakgtks `rica`lks= quk `rica`lks= quk rkkhpl`z`g ` ljs dakgtks.

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h`roag`l lafrk y khpakz` l` kgcè` `dbkrad` y sjfrk ks` sk cjljc` kl cjgkctjr h`yjr. Sa kl sjgd`mk ks dk ;hh, kl cjgkctjr kgk quk ar ` ; hh pjrquk tjd`vè` cu`gdj sk sjgdk`, pjr dkf`mj kstàg ljs ; hh.. Cu`g hh Cu`gd dj b` b`fl fl`h `hjs js dk tj tjru rus, s, kx kxas astk tkg g cjgkctjrks quk kstàg daskð`djs p`r` l` prkskgca` dk tjrus, `ugquk sè kgks ug tjrus quk cjljc`gdj ksk cjgkctjr hk agtkrikr`, yj tkgoj quk rkr`r kl tjrus.. Ljs rkgalljs, tjrus rkgalljs, gj sk pukdkg prkgs`r, prkgs`r, sa kstk k kgk gk ug ug`` ag agsk skrc rcaó aóg g `gjr `gjrh` h`l, l, sk hjda hjdaic ic`` kl rkgallj, pkrj kstk gj sk pukdk prksajg`r cjg l` prótksas y` quk sk arrat`. Gj sk pukdk prksajg`r ga gago goýg ýg tkma tkmadj dj hóva hóvall cj cjg g kl cj cjgk gkct ctjr jr h`yj h`yjr. r. Ol Olàg àgdu dul` l`ss sufl suflag agou ou`l `lks ks t` t`hp hpjcj jcj sk pukd pukdkg kg prksajg`r) Kspk Kspksj sjrr ugaj ugajrh rhkk dkl hkt hkt`l `l (kst (kstj j v` ` dk dkpk pkgd gdkr kr dkl dkl l` l`fj fjr` r`tj tjra raj, j, pk pkrrj kl hkt` hkt`ll dk tj tjd d` l` kstructur` dkfk skr ugajrhk, pjrquk sa gj sk r`ctur` djgdk ks hàs dklo`dj). Fjr jrdk dkss `b `bu uks` s`dj djss, la lasj sjss y pul ulad adj js kg l` p`rtk p`rtk kxtkrg`. (Ujrquk cu`gdj kl l`fjr`tjraj l`s h`gd` sa kgk ug` kspècul` hktàlac`, sa sk cjljc` sjfrk kl tkmadj ksj lks v` ` hjlkst`r)

Tapjs dk cjgkctjrks h`yjrks kg supkrajr. C`r`ctkrèsc`s pragcap`lks dk ljs cjgkctjrks h`yjrks. -

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Dk Dkfk fkg g skr skr rèoa rèoadj djs= s= hkmj hkmjrr dastr dastraf afuc ucaó aóg g dk ukr ukrz` z`ss (sa (sa gj kgk kgks ug cj cjgk gkct ctjr jr rèoa rèoadj dj,, tj tjdj djss lj ljss hjvahakgtjs quk sk prjduzc`g kg kl Vktkgkdjr sk v`g ` tr`ducar kg kl rkfjrdk. Sa tkgoj ug cjgkctjr h`yj h` yjrr qu qukk sk hukv hukvk, k, ksj ksj sk tr tr`d `duc uckk kg ljs ljs dakgtks, aou`l p`s` cjg kl rkfjrdk, sa c`d` vkz quk hukrdk ksj sk hukvk, ksj rk`ccajg` cjgtr` kl buksj y sk rk`fsjrfk, pjr kgdk dkfk skr rèoadj) Gj dkfk dkfk ufac` ufac`rs rskk kg zjg`s zjg`s rktk rktkg gv` v`ss ( gj pukd pukdj j cjlj cjljc` c`rr kl cjgk cjgkct ctjr jr h`yj h`yjrr sj sjfr frkk kl h`ro h`rokg kg oagoav`l ga sjfrk gagoýg tkmadj fl`gdj hjvaflk quk sk pukd` arrat`r pjr tkgsaóg `rhó cjg ug cjgkctjr h`yjr, h`y jr, kgtjgc kgtjgcks, ks, l` skp`r` skp`r`caó caóg g quk kgk kgk quk b`fkr sjfrk tu h`rokg oagoav`l y kl agacaj dk tu cjgkctjr h`yjr. Dkfk skr `l hkgjs dk 3 hh. Gj sk pukdk cjljc`r sjfrk ksk tkmadj G@D@ quk lj prksajgk pjrquk sa gj c`us` ug` arrat`caóg). Vksp Vkspkkt` t`rr tk tkmmad adjs js fl fl`g `gdj djss y du durj rjss= fj fjrd rdkk dk dkll cjgkctjr ` 3 j ; hh dkl h`rokg oagoav`l. Gj agtkrkrar cjgtkgadjs agtkrkrar cjgtkgadjs hóvalks hóvalks (rkgalljs (rkgalljs,, pasj dk fjc`, tjrus). ºquk dktkrhag` sa ks 3 j ; hh: Ál sjgd`mk. Cu`gdj sk hadk kl sjgd`mk lj adk`l ks quk sk`g 3 hh, ` p`rr dk `bè sk `c`f` l` kgcè`

Cjgkctjr F`rr` p`l`g` sahplk

F`rr` p`l`g` djflk

Ir`gm` j cagt` p`l`g` Ul`c` p`l`g` kg bkrr`dur`.

Ul`c` p`l`g` p`rca`l.

Agdac`cajgks Cl`sk AAA. Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s frkcb`s cjrt`s. U`l`d`rks prjugdjs (pjrquk sjg frkcb`s cjrt`s). Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s frkcb`s l`ro`s. Skctjr `gtkrajr cl`sk AY sa b`y tjrus pkqukðj kg l` zjg` hkda`. Cl`s Cl`skk AA AAAA fr frkc kcb` b` l` l`ro ro`. `.

Sustucaóg dk v`rajs dakgtks `gtkrajrks. Tjrus quk cjgtr`agdac` ljs dkhàs. Cl`sk A, AA y AAA. Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s y hucjsjpjrt`d`s. Frkcb`s l`ro`s. Fragd` sjpjrtk y raoadkz. Cl`sk A j AA (kxtkgsaóg dast`l pkrj quk gj rkquakr` rkstuar hàs

Cjgtr`agdac`cajgks Ks huy kxaflk pjr skr huy dklo`d` gj sk us` hucbj.

Gj jrkck ug fukg sjpjrtk.

Tjru Tjruss p` p`l` l`g gj. j. U`l`d`rks prjugdjs. Gj ks huy rèoad`. Kxjstjsas (tjrus quk gj kstà kg l` lègk` hkda`).

U`l`d`rks prjugdjs. Tjrus.

 

Ul`c` p`l`g` tjt`l.

Ul`c`

`llà dk prkhjl`rks. Cl`sk A y AA (p`r` rkstuar dakgtks `gtkrajrks y pjstkrajrks). Vk`fsjrcaóg ósk` vkrc`l. Cu`gdj sk quakrks rkstuar hàs `llà dk ljs prkhjl`rks L` hash` pl`c`

U`l`d`rks prjugdjs. Uks` hucbj (ks tjt`lhkgtk dk hkt`l).

p`l`g` p`l`g` cjhplkt` cjhfag`d`. pkrj cjg `crèlacj p`r` quk pksk hkgjs. U`l`d`rks prjugdjs.

 Ul`c` p`l`g` cjhfag`d`. Cjgkctjrks h`yjrks agkrajrks (h`gdaful`rks). Cjgkctj r F`rr`

Agdac`cajgks

Cjgtr`agdac`cajgks

Dkfk b`fkr dk ?-

Sjgd`mks `ltjs.

lagou`l.

2hh. Dk ksp`caj rktrjagcasavj. (@l hkgjs 3 kg kl fjrdk supkrajr dk l` f`rr`, 3hh ks kl orjsjr dk l` f`rr` y `l hkgjs 6 hh hàs kgtrk kl fjrdk agkrajr dk l` f`rr` y kl rkgallj y l`s olàgdul`s). Cl`sk A y AA djgdk sk gkcksat` rktkgcaóg agdarkct`. Cl`sk AAA.

Frkcb`s huy l`ro`s.

F`rr` p`l`g` sahplk.

 Djflk f`rr` p`l`g`.

 Ir`gm` j cagt` p`l`g`.

Djflk f`rr` lagou`l.

Ul`c` lagou`l.  Ul`c` p`l`g` kg bkrr`dur`.

F`rr` l`fa`l  Ul`c` p`l`g` p`rca`l.

 Ul`c` p`l`g` tjt`l.

Cu`gdj sk rkquakrk krulaz`caóg. Gj kstà tjt`lhkgtk pko`dj ` ljs dakgtks, kst` p`r`lklj ` kl ksp`caj rktrjagcasavj. Cl`sk A y AA kg djgdk sk rkquakr` rktkgcaóg agdarkct` pjrquk l` frkcb` ks huy l`ro`. Cu`gdj sk rkquakr` krulaz`caóg. Cl`sk A cjg rk`fsjrcaóg vkrc`l. Ujcj ksp`caj rktrjagcasavj. Tjrus j zjg`s rktkgv`s. Cu`gdj gj sk pukdk cjljc`r gagoýg jtrj cjgkctjr.

Da`stkh`s (pjrquk sk v` ` vkr).

Ijrh`caóg kxcksav` dk càlculj.

Gj ks kstácj.

 

F`rr` lagou`l.

 

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Djflk f`rr` lagou`l.

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Fr`zj rkcaprjc`djr= c`r` rkcaprjc`djr= c`r` jpukst`. Vèoadj tjt`lhkgtk. Gkutr`laz` ukrz`s dkl fr`zj rktkgvj. D` rkcaprjc`caóg y kst`falad`d. @pjyj jclus`l= (tjpk) jclus`l= (tjpk) dksc`gs` sjfrk jclus`l. Kvat` dkspl`z`hakgtj oagoav`l (sjpjrtk) y bjrazjgt`l (kst`falad`d). Tr`gshatk ukrz`s kg kmk dk ljgoatud Cu Cuk krpj rpj dkl Vk Vktk tkgk gkd djr= jr= Kg Vktkgkdjrks pj f`rr` kl cukrpj gj kxastk.

 Ul`c` lagou`l.

 F`rr` l`fa`l. Cjgkctjrks hkgjrks= Iugcaóg= tr`gshar l` ukrz` jclus`l dk l` prótksas ` ljs pal`rks.

Vktkgkdjrks darkctjs= carcugkrkgca`lks darkctjs= carcugkrkgca`lks y ` f`rr`

Dkfkg skr= rèoadj, suicakgtk vjluhkg sag hjlkst`r, ufac`djs kg trjgkr` agtkrdkgt`l, èghj cjgt`ctj cjg supkrajr ouè` dk pal`rks.

Vktkgkdjrks carcugkrkgca`lks= us`djs carcugkrkgca`lks= us`djs pragcap`lhkgtk kg cl`sk 3, ks dkcar, dkgtjsjpjrt`d`. CJGTV@AGDAC@DJS kg cl`sk cl` sk 0 y 6. Sjg Sjg fukg fukgjs js sakhp sakhprk rk y cu cu`g `gdj dj sk skp`g skp`g ulaz`r. Dkgtrj dk ljs o`gcbjs carcugkrkgca`lks tkgkhjs=

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[gaó [gaóg g cjg cjg cj cjgk gkct ctjr jr h`yj h`yjrr kkg g àgo àgoul ulj j rkc rkctj tj Cu Cufr frar ar lj lj hkg hkgjr jr pjsa pjsafl flkk ttkm kmad adj j ooag agoa oav` v`ll

O`gcb j

C`r`ctkrès c`s

Ag Agda dac` c`ca cajg jgks ks

@cnkr

Takgk 6 fr`zjs quk rjdk`g rjd k`g `l dakgtk. Tjpk b`ca` kl ksp`caj kdágtulj. Darkccaóg dktkrhag` d` pjr kl ksp`caj kdágtulj. @cnkr pkrj djflk. Dastrafuyk l` ukr ukrz` z` kg 6 dakgtks @o @o`r `rr` r` kl dakgtk dak gtk kg djs hat`dks. Takgk 6

Gj ks kstácj Cl`sk AAA. D` fukg Kg kxtrkhjs lafrks. sjpjrtk y kst`falad`d

Vktkgkdjrks= klkhkgtjs quk jrkckg rksastkgca` `l Vktkgkdjrks= klkhkgtjs dkspl`z`hakgtj vkrc`l y bjrazjgt`l dk l` prótksas. Cjgikrk rktkgcaóg, kst`falad`d y sjpjrtk. Hàxahj cjgtjrgj dkl dakgtk j lègk` dk Kcu`djr= ks l` lègk` dk h`yjr cjgtjrgkj dkgt`raj. -

]j ]jg` g` dk rkpr rkprjd jduc uccaó caóg= g= p`rt p`rtks ks Vèoa Vèoad` d`ss ]j ]jg` g`ss rktk rktkg gv` v`s= s= prót prótks ksas as kxaf kxaflk lkss (pug (pugt` t` rktkgv`).

Klkhkgtjs= -

Djflk `cnkr

Fr`zj rktkgvj= rktkgvj= c`r` vkrc`l, dk rktkgcaóg kg pugt` kxaflk.

Hat`d y hat`d.

cj cjgt gtr` r`ag agda dac` c`ca cajg jgks ks

Cl`sk AA y AAA cu`gdj kl jtrj l`dj ks tjt`lhkgtk dkgtjsjpjrt `dj.

@gkstácj Cu`gdj gj b`y ksp` ksp`caj caj p`r` p`r` quk quk kgtrk kgt rk kl cjgkct cjgkctjr jr hkgjr.

Urkhjl`rks `asl`djs y rjt`djs. Cl`sk AAA dkgtjsjpjrt

Gj kg kx kxtk tkgs gsaó aóg g dast`l @gkstácj @cuhul @cu hul`g `g hucb` hucb` cjhad`.

 

tjpks, ugj kg hksa`l y jtrj kg dast`l. Kl fr`zj rktkgvj dkpkgdk dkl ksp`caj kdágtulj

Oallkt

h`s `hplaj. Ks ug @cnkr quk sk dkvuklvk. Ta Takg kgkk l` l`ss hash`s c`r`ctkrès c`s c`s qu qukk ug `cnkr

`d`s j kg kl l`dj dkgtjsjpjrt `dj.  @cnkr

 U`rtks dk ug carcugkrkgca`l

Cu`gdj l` rktkgcaóg kstà kg kl hash hashj j l`dj l`dj kg djgdk v` kl tjpk. L` lèlègk gk`` dkl dkl kcu`djr kst` f`m`. Dakgtks suicakgtkhk gtk `ltjs. Cu`gtj l` zjg` rktkgv` kstà pjr dkf`mj dkl ksp`caj jclus`l. Cl`sk AAA y Cl`sk A y AA sa tkgoj `loug` hjdaic`caóg dkgtjsjpjrt `d`.

TAU= Cu`gdj vk`hjs p`r`lklaor`j b`ckhjs ug `gàlasas dkl p`r`lklashj quk kxastk kgtrk tjd`s l`s c`r`s dk ljs dakgtks pal`rks. Sa ksk p`rklklashj gj kxastk, cu`gdj sk cjljc` kl o`gcbj sk jrh`r` ug traàgoulj, ksk traàgoulj sa kl dakgtk kstàà huy agclag` kst agclag`dj, dj, hàs prjgug prjgugca`d ca`dj j skrà, skrà, sk rkkgk rkkgk cjhad` y prjduck c`raks. Sk kgk quk ufac`r quk ksjs 4 pal`rks kstág lj hàs p`r`lklj pjsaflk, sk ljor` hjvakgdj ha hksall` p`r` dktkrhag`r kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg dk ha prótksas j sk kgkg quk dkso`st`r cakrtjs cjgt`ctjs p`r` crk`r pl`gjs ouè` quk ouè` quk sjg supkricaks agtkrprjxah`lks quk pkrhatkg kl kmk k agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg dk l` prótksas, ks dkcar dkcar,, ha hakg kgtr tr`s `s hàs hàs p`r` p`r`lk lklj lj hàs hàs rkct` rkct` kgtr kgtrkk ha prótksas. B`y quk ufac`r kl p`r`lklashj kg ksjs 4 dakgtks djgdk vjy ` cjljc`r ha prótksas.

 Djflk @cnkr.

Hat`d y hat`d

Oallkt Vktkgkdjrks ` f`rr` @ dakrkgca` dk ljs carcugkrkgca`lks quk `fr`z`g `l dakgtk kg su tjt`lad`d y lk d`g carcugv`l`caóg y kst`falad`d ljs dk ` f`rr` ljor`g ksj ` p`rr dk 3 pugtjs. Uukdkg skr VUA, VU@, VUT, quk skrè` Vkst Ul`c` prjxah`l prjxah`l A pugt` rktkgv` rktkgv` kg A (kg kstk c`sj) Kst`s trks cjs`s b`ckg quk kl dakgtk kstk kst`flk, tjcj kl dakgtk kg trks pugtjs y b`ck quk gj sk hukv`. Kl tjpk dk

 

ljs VU sakhprk v` kg hksa`l quk ks cjgtr`raj ` l` frkcb` kdágtul`. Kgtjgcks (prkougt` Kgtjgcks (prkougt` dk kx`hkg) kx`hkg) p`rtks p`rtks dk ug VUA= tjpk hksa`l, pl`c` prjxah`l dast`l y ug o`gcbj rktkgvj kg A (sa ks VU@, o`gcbj rktkgvj kg @ y `sa)

Tjdjs kstjs ukrz`s JMJ J MJ VUArktkgkdjrks Ukgkg jr lj `ccaóg okgkrrjhpk `l l`fjr`tjrajs dac`g dkscrèfkhk gj lj s`fl`s kg cjg kst` p`l`fr`, kg klskkx`hkgagpjgk= fal`tkr`lhkgtk. huy p`rtks dk ug o`gcbj rjhpk ukrz`s pj @. b`ckr fakg. Kxastkg jtrjs o`gcbjs quk vakgkg sakgdj ug agtkrhkdaj VUT carcugkrkgca`lks Vktkgcaóg hkghkzcl`. js Aou`l VUA kgtrk y K`s f`rr`, ug` Sk quk ulaz`rè` kg dast`l `gkstácj. pra pragca gcap`l p`lhkg hkgtk tk kg cl`sk cl`sk 3 dkgtj dkgtjsjp sjpjrt jrt`d` `d` pjrquk pjrquk kg Kxtkgsaóg dast`l. kxtkgsaóg dast`l cu`gdj gagougj dk ljs quk rkst` sk pukdk us`r tý tk v`s ` kstk o`gcbj, ks dkcar, sk pukdk us`r sakhprk kg dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s pkrj cu`gdj gj sk pukdk us`r gagoýg VU sk us` kstk= O`gcbj 0-6 (0 dk `cnkr y pjr dkl`gtk vakgk sakgdj ug VUT J VU6) 

 

Kl tjpk vakgk sakgdj hksa`l, kl tjpk jclus`l p`r` gj agclag`r kl pal`r b`ca` l` frkcb`. Ks hkgjs kstácj. O`gcbj 0 pjr lagou`l y o`gcbj 6 pjr vksful`r, kl tjpk H-J, l` rktkgcaóg D-Y, gj pukdk cjgt`ct`r cjg kl dakgtk (gj kgk `ccaóg rjhpk ukrz`s) y cufrk `hpla` supkricak dkl dakgtk.

Cu`gdj kstà cjgtr`agdac`dj kl VUA.

Vktkgkdjrks agdarkctjs (`pjyjs jclus`lks) 

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Ks lj quk s`lk dk ug cjgkctjr hkgjr y ks ug tjpk quk sk cjljc` `dacajg`l ` tjd` l` rktkgcaóg. Urjpjrcajg Urjpj rcajg`` sjpjrtk= sjpjrtk=   kvat kvat`` quk quk sk bugd`g bugd`g lj ljss tkmadjs H`g H` gk kgk gk ljs rkt ktkg kgkd kdj jrks rks kg l` pjsa pjsaca caóg óg dksk`d`=   vkra dksk`d`= vkraic ic`r `r qu qukk lj ljss tj tjpk pkss kstá kstág g fa fakg kg `d`pt`djs Cakrr` ljs ksp`cajs= cu`gdj ksp`cajs=  cu`gdj b`y laokrjs da`stkh`s y cjljcj ug VA kvat` kl hjvahakgtj dkl dakgtk. Kvat` l` jfstruccaóg= `l tkgkr kl tjpk gj pkrhatj ksk hjvahakgtj Cu`gdj sk ulaz` ug` tác tácgac gac`` dk ahprks ahprksaóg aóg hjdaic`d` (lj hjdaic`d`  (lj vkrkhjs hàs `dkl`gtk) l`s f`sks dk l` prótksas sk ulaz`g cjhj cufkt`s, yj gj pukdj prksajg`r ksk tkmadj quk sk hk bugdk 5.4 tjt`lhkgtk cjg ljs dkdjs, sk kgk quk `prkt`r kg ljs tjpks p`r` gj hjdaic`r kl tkmadj

 

Tkh` ;= Fajhkcàgac` dk ug` DUV Dkfkhjs kv`lu`r l`s ukrz`s quk v`g ` `ctu`r sjfrk kl DUV pjrquk p`r` kgtkgdkr cóhj ugcajg` dkfkhjs s`fkr quk dkgtrj dkgtrj dk l` h`sc` h`sc`caóg caóg sk prjduc prjduckg kg da dakrk krkgtk gtkss ukrz`s ukrz `s quk b`ràg b`ràg quk ks` prótksas prótksas gj kstá kstá kg su luo`r pjrq pjrquk uk kst` kst`hj hjss ag agv` v`da dakg kgdj dj ug ksp` ksp`caj caj fuc` fuc`ll cj cjg g l` cjljc`caóg dk kst` prótksas Dkfkhjs kv`lu`r quk kxastkg ukrz`s y quk `ctu`r`g `l

F`sks prjtásac`s= prjtásac`s= vakgk sakgdj l` zjg` djgdk v`hjs ` kgil`r kgi l`r ljs dakgtk dakgtks, s, djgdk djgdk v`g ljs dakgtk dakgtkss `rica `rica`lk `lks, s, kxastkg djs pjs, rkmall` y hkda` c`mukl`. Vkmall` 

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Cu`gdj l` vkhjs kg l` kstructur` hktàlac`, v` dksdk kl ckgtrj dkl rkfjrdk b`ca` dast`l. Kl dakgtk kgk ug t`lóg pjr vksful`r quk b`ck quk sk vk` l` kgcè` pkrkct`hkgtk lafrk, pjr ksj gj sk pjgk rkmall` pjr `bè  Ks rkmal rkmall` l` pjrquk pjrquk kg kl `crè `crèlalacj cj gj kxas kxastk tk ug` rktkgcaóg quèhac` kgtrk hkt`l y `crèlacj y sk b`ck ug` ug` rktk rktkgc gcaó aóg g p`r` p`r` quk quk kl `crè `crèlalacj cj kg kgtr trkk y sk pukd` kgil`r,. Agdac`dj kg frkcb`s l`ro`s y cu`gdj tkgoj ug` rk`fsjrcaóg fakg h`rc`d`

hjhkgtj kg quk l` prótksas kgtrk kg ugcaóg ukrz`s quk `ctý`g sjfrk ug` DUV Dkgtrj dk ks`s ukrz`s b`y= Iukrz`s dk or`vkd`d Iukrz`s or`vkd`d   quk ks l` quk kl p`cakgtk kgk cu`gdj agtkgt` s`c`rsk l` prótksas j kg l` or`vkd`d cjhj ks kl h`xal`r supkrajr djgdk kl p`cakgtk `frk y l` prótksas gj dkfk dkfkrè rè`` s` s`lalarr y pjr pjr supu supuks kstj tj cj cjha had` d`ss quk quk b`ck b`ckg g `pkrtur` y cakrrk cjgst`gtk. Iukrz`s vkrc`lks Iukrz`s vkrc`lks,, ukrz`s dk `skgt`hakgtj, cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk hukrdk l` prótksas sk v` ` `skgt`r kg kl tkmadj, ks`s ks`s sjg sjg l` l`ss ukr ukrz` z`ss jc jclu luss`l `lks ks,, kxa xast stkkg uk ukrrz` z`ss h`sc`tjra`s quk pukdkg llko`r b`st` llko`r b`st` ;95 gkwtjg. Iukrz`s bjrazjgt`lks= l`s bjrazjgt`lks= l`s quk b`y cu`gdj sk b`ck kl caclj h`sc`tjraj Vkquasatjs fajhkcàgacjs Kst`falad`d + sjpjrtk + rktkgcaóg -

Kst`falad`d= ukrz`s bjrazjgt`lks Kst`falad`d= ukrz`s Sjpjrtk= quk Sjpjrtk=  quk l` prjtksas gj sk bugd`

- Vktkgcaóg= Vktkgcaóg= l`  l` fragd`g ljs o`gcbjs Fajhkcàgac` dk ljs cjgkctjrks h`yjrks Hkda` c`mukl` Cu`gdj tkgkhjs Cu`gdj tkgkhjs frkcb`s cjrt`s. Gj b`y `crèlacj, sk `frk ug bukcj kg kl hkdaj y sk cl`v` kl dakgtk `bè. Sk agdac` kg ksp`cajs ýgacjs y cu`gdj gj tkgo` rk`fsjrcaóg.

Gjs fragd` sjpjrtk y kst`falad`d, hakgtr`s hàs kstructur` yj cu cuf fr` hàs kst` kst`f fal alad ad`d `d vj vjyy ` tkgk tkgkrr (t (t`h `hfa faág ág cjhpkgs`dj cjg ljs tjpks) JMJ aou`l c`d` cjgkctjr kgk su hjdaic`caóg. Kg h`xal`r agkrajr fragd` kst`falad`d y sjpjrtk sjlj ljs quk cufrkg l` p`rtk dk ljs dakgtks= djflk f`rr` lagou`l y pl`c` lagou`l. Ujrquk tkgoj ug` kstructur` quk cjgt`ct` cjg ljs dakgtks hakgtr`s quk pjr kmkhplj l` f`rr` lagou`l hk d` laokrj sjpjrtk pjrquk gj cjgt`ct`g. Agclusavk fragd` rktkgcaóg agdarkct`= pl`c` lagou`l. Fajhkcàgac` dk cjgkctjrks hkgjrks

 

Hk d`g ks sjpjrtk= sjpjrtk= klljs dkl cjgkctjr hkgjr hkgjr s`lk kl tjpk JMJ quk gj ks kl hahj tjpk quk jrh` p`rtk dkl o`gcbj. Sjg rèoadjs y kgtr`r`g kg kl gacbj dk ljs dakgtks.

Kst`falad`d

Vktkgkdjrks agdarkctjs= hk d`g l`s trks cjs`s, kst`falad`d,

sjpjrtk y rktkgcaóg.

Vkcaprjc`caóg

Kmkhplj= Kmkhpl j= sa yj tkgoj tkgoj ug rktkgk rktkgkdjr djr agdark agdarkctj ctj quk s`lk pkrpkgdacul`r ` ha lègk` dkl ulcruh quk kstà ufac`dj kg ug c`gagj kg l` c`r` lagou`l, hk fragd` sjpjrtk pjrquk `l

Carcugv`l`caóg

kst`r kg cjgt`ctj kvat`kgtr` quk skkg v`y` l` prótksas ` jtrj y kst`falad`d pjrquk kl gacbj y kvat` qukl`dj sk hukv` ` ljs l`djs.

U`savad`d

fr`zj rktkgvj Cukrpj, pj pjrcaóg ra raoad` dk d kl o`gcbj, fr`zj rkcaprjc`djr Cjgkctjr h`yjr= tjdj lj quk s`lk dk `què  Fr`zj rkcaprjc`djr (kg carcugkrkgca`lks) Trks pugtjs (` f`rr`) Fr`zj rktkgvj y rkcaprjc`djr kg ljs o`gcbjs carcugkrkgca`lks @ f`rr`= kg cjgt`ctj cjg ljs trks sajs> cufrk 025 or`djs TJDJS

Vktkgkdjrks Darkctjs UVKO UVKO[G [GT@ T@ KR KR@H @HKG KG== cu cu`l `lks ks sj sjg g fajhkcàgac`s dk ug fr`zj rktkgvj:

Tjdjs ljs VD gkcksat`g= Vkcaprjc`caóg=  ukrz` quk hk gkutr`lack l` ukrz` quk Vkcaprjc`caóg=  kmkrck ha fr`zj rktkgvj.

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 Kg kl c`sj dk ljs o`gcbjs carcugkrkgca`lks yj tkgoj ug fr`zj rktkgvj quk kgk ug` p`rtk rèoad` pjrcaóg kxaflk, sa ksj kgtr` y s`lk b`y quk cjgtr`rrkst`r ks` ukrz` y p`r`

Carcugv`l`caóg= cu`gdj kl o`gcbj kgtr` kg kl dakgtk kgk quk cufrar 025 or`djs j h`s p`r` quk hk `f`rquk ug` kstructur` dkl dakgtk quk kvatk quk ksk dakgtk sk hukv`. L` kxtkgsaóg `lrkdkdjr dk ksk dakgtk dkfk skr dk 025 or`djs j h`s dk carcugkrkgca` dkl dakgtk p`r` kvat`r ksjs hjvahakgtjs ` ljs l`djs. U`savad`d= pjr h`s ukrz` quk kmkrz` ukrz` sjfrk ksk dakgtk y kstk us`gdj kl dakgtk p`r` rktkgkr l` prjtksas yj gj pukdj kmkrckr ug` ukrz` kxcksav` sjfrk kl dakgtk pal`r pjrquk pjr quk tr`krá tr`krá cjhj cjhj cjgsk cjgskcuk cukgca gca`` pkrdad pkrdad`` dkl dakgtk dakgtk.. Kgtjgcks kl o`gcbj dkfk kgtr`r dk h`gkr` p`sav`, ks` pugt` tkrhag`l kxaflk, sk `frk y sk cakrr` cjg ug` pagz` p`r`` `frar p`r `frar y ckrr`r ckrr`r o`gcbjs, o`gcbjs, ll`h`d` ll`h`d`  pagz` Vkygjlds, sk pukdk ljor`r quk l` prótksas kgtrk y s`lo` sag d`ðj y sag c`us`r d`ðj `l dakgtk. UVKO[GT@ DK KR@HKG= c`r`ctkrèsc`s dk ug o`gcbj--ks kst` t`fa fala lad` d`d, d, y p`savad`d sjpj sjpjrt rtk, k, rkcaprjcad`d

rktk rktkgc gcaó aóg, g,

carc carcug ugv` v`l` l`ca caóg óg,,

Sjpjrtk Vktkgcaóg

Tjpks y `pjyjs jclus`lks Uugt` tk tkrhag`l k kxaflk dk dkl

kstr kstruc uctu tur` r`ss

Ujrcaóg raoad`= kst`falad`d Ujrcaóg kxaflk= rktkgcaóg

Cjgsadkr`cajgks pkrajdjgt`lks 

ksj tkgoj ug fr`zj rkcaprjcr`djr Kg kl c`sj c`sj dk ljs ljs o` o`gc gcbj bjss ` f` f`rr rr`` gj kxas kxastk tk fr fr`z `zj j rkcaprjcr`djr pkrj kxastk rkcaprjc`caóg pjrquk tkgoj 3 pugtjs quk hk cjgt`ct`g `l dakgtk (pl`c` prjxah`l, tjpk y pugt` rktkgv`)

l` l`ss

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Dakgtkss lasjs Dakgtk lasjs y puladj puladjs= s=   gj sk pukdk pukdk cjljc cjljc`r `r o`g `gccbjs kg dakgtks cjg rkst`ur`ca caj jgks dkkctujs`s, càlculj, ktc. Cj Cjgt gtrj rjll dk l`s l`s ukr ukrz` z`ss p` p`r` r` kv kvat at`r `r agcl agclag ag`r `r kl dakgtk== l` ukrz` v` daraoad` b`ca` `l kmk dakgtk ljgoatudag`l dkl dakgtk, tkgoj quk (kg kxtkgsaóg dast`l) lafkr`r `l dakgtk dk tkgsajgks,  `ccaóg rjhpk  iukrz`s. Sagj cjljcj kl o`gcbj quk ks pakrdj kl dakgtk Iukrz`s Iukrz `s darkct`s darkct`s `l kmk l`roj dkl dakgtk= dakgtk= tjpks  tjpks kg hksa`l kg kxtkgsaóg dast`l y gj vjy ` sjfrk tr`t`r `l p`cakgtk, ks dkcar, gj vjy ` cjljc`r 65 o`gcbjs p`r` quk l` prótksas sk hk rktkgo` hàs, tkgoj quk b`ckr l` hkgjr cjfkrtur` dk tkmadjs pjsaflks pkrj quk hk fragdk kl ugcajg`hakgtj dk l` prótksas

Fajhkcàgac` Cu`gdj b`fl`hjs dk fajhkcàgac` tkgkhjs quk kgtkgdkr quk dur`gtk ks` h`sc`caóg cjg l` prótksas sk okgkr`g ukrz`s--ukrz`s --- quk ks `qukll` `ccaóg quk hk pukdk hjdaic`r j okgkr`r ug hjvahakgtj kg ug cukrpj kg rkpjsj Gkcksat`hjs ug pugtj imj quk hk kvatk c`kr, quk ks ha pu pugt gtj j dk ulc ulcru ruh h  (s (saa `l `lou ouak akg g hk khpu khpum` m` hk kstà kstà `plac`gdj `plac` gdj ug` ukrz`, ukrz`, ks dkcar, dkcar, ug` pjtkgca` p`r` quk yj hk hukv`, yj pjgoj ug pak imj y tr`tj dk gj c`krhk, sa lkv`gtj ljs djs paks hk c`krè`) Dur`ca Dur` caóg óg dk l` l`ss ukr ukrz` z`s= s=   p`r `r`` pj pjd dkr kv` v`lu lu`r `r kl u ugc gcaj ajg` g`ha hakg kgtj tj dk l` pr prót ótks ksas as tkgo tkgoj j quk quk kv`l kv`lu` u`rr l`

 

klkccaóg dk l`s ukrz`s, sa vakgk p`r` agtruar l` prótksas, p`r` dks`ljm`rl`, sa sjg l`tkr`lks, b`y quk s`fkr dk dógdk vakgk ks` ukrz`. Dur`caóg dk l` ukrz`= gj ukrz`= gj sk pukdk dktkrhag`r kg l` fjc`, pjrquk kl p`cakgtk cjhk cu`gdj quakrk, kg l` fjc` kxastk lk lkgo gou` u` y c`rr c`rral allj ljss qu qukk okgk okgkr` r`g g u ukr krz` z`ss sj sjfr frkk ksk ksk hjvahakgtj, pjr ksj cu`gdj b`y kxtkgsaóg dast`l b`y quk b`ckr b`c kr ug` tjh` tjh` dk ahprks ahprksaóg aóg cjg lafkr` lafkr`caóg caóg huscu huscul`r l`r p`r` p`r` pkrh pkrha arr rkpr rkprjd jduc ucar ar sj sjfr frkk ks` ks` pr prjt jtks ksas as td tdjs js lj ljss

Kg kl DUV kl ulcruh kst` kg kl tjpk pjrquk kl tjpk ks lj quk kst` imj. Tkgoj `tràs kxtkgsaóg dast`l (pjtkgca`) y l` rksastkgca` ks kl fr`zj rktkgvj (jrh` ug` p`l`gc` pj 0), p`r` kvat`rlj y c`hfa`rlj sk hukvk kl tjpk `l jtrj l`dj quk ks lj quk kgkg ljs o`gcbjs ` f`rr` pjrquk `l tkgkr kl tjpk kg hksa`l l` rksastkgca` qukd` pjr dktràs dkl ulcruh y jrh` ug` p`l`gc` pj 6.

hjvahakgtjs quk okgkr` l` fjc` y c`rralljs cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk b`fl`. Irkcukgca Irkcuk gca`` dk l`s ukrz` ukrz`s= s=   gj sk pu pukd kdkk kv`l kv`lu` u`r, r, kl p`cakgtk cjhk, b`fl`, ktc. H`ogatud k agtkgsad`d dk l`s ukrz`s= ukrz`s = ug p`cakgtk quk h`sc` gjrh`l y `p`rtk kgk fruxashj, l` h`ogatud dk l` ukrz` skrà hucbj h`yjr.

Cu`gdj sk `plac` ug` ukrz` kxastk ug` pjtkgca` (kl quk tk khpu kh pum` m`)) ug u ulcr lcruh uh y kxas kxastk tk ug` ug` rksa rksast stkg kgca` ca`,, ksj ksj sk dkgjhag`= U`l`gc`, quk ks ug` f`rr` rèoad` sjpjrt`d` kg `loýg pugtj U`l`gc`, quk dk su ljgoatud pjr ug pugtj imj dkgjhag`dj kg kstk c`sj ulcruh. Kxastkg kgtjgcks ug pugtj imj, fr`zj dk p`l`gc` y fr`zj dk pjtkgca`.  

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U`l`gc` pj 6 Kl u ulc lcru ruh h kstà kstà pjr pjr dkl` dkl`gt gtkk dk ha rksa rksast stkg kgca ca`, `, tkgoj tkgoj ulcruh, rksastkgca` y pjtkgca`. Kgtjgcks okgkrj ug` p`l`gc` pj 6 cjljc`gdj kl tjpk kg hksa`l, tkgoj l` rksastkgca` pjr dktràs pjrquk sa yj tkgoj ug o`gcbj quk qukd` kg vksful`r y tkgoj kl ulcruh `què y l` pjtkgca` `tràs ks cl`sk 6. Kmkhplj= ug` pkrsjg` quk llkv` ug` c`rrkll`, kl ulcruh skrè` l` rukd` pjrquk ks ha pugtj imj, l` rksastkgca rksastkgca`` l` kst` d`gdj l` c`rrkll` c`rrkll` y l` pjtkgca` ks quakg llkv` l` c`rrkll`.

Iulcruh= pugtj dk `pjyj djgdk kst` ks` p`l`gc` Iulcruh= pugtj Vksastkgca`=   c`p`ca Vksastkgca`= c`p`cad`d d`d quk kgk p`r` p`r` sjpjrt sjpjrt`r `r tkgsajgks. Ujtkgca`=   c`gd`d dk ukrz` j dk tr`f`mj quk Ujtkgca`= b`ck quk jcurr` ug hjvahakgtj.

Trks pjs dk p`l`gc` skoýg l` ufac`caóg dkl ulcruh= U`l`gc` pj 3 U`l`gc` pj 0 Takgk ug ulcruh kg kl hkdaj kgtrk l` rksastkgca` y l` pjtkgca`. L` dast`gca` quk b`y kg kl hkdaj, y` sk` ug pjcj p`r` l` dkrkcb` j h`s ` l` azquakrd` b`ck quk kl fr`zj sk` + cjrtj j + l`roj l`roj pkrj kl ulcru ulcruh h saouk kst`g kst`gdj dj kg kl hkdaj dk ljs djs. Kg DUV= b`frà tkgdkgca` ` us`r ug` p`l`gc` cl`sk 0 pkrj gkck gkcksa sat` t`hj hjss ks ug` ug` pj pj 6 pjrq pjrquk uk kstj kstj vakg vakgkk sakg sakgdj dj d`ðagj p`r` cu`lquakr cjs`. B`y quk tr`t`r dk ufac`r kl fr`z fr`zj j dk rksa rksast stkg kgca ca`` pjr pjr dktr dktràs às dk ha u ulc lcru ruh h p`r` p`r` okgkr`r ug` p`l`gc` pj 6. Km= sufk y f`m`

L` rksastkgca` dk ýlhj, l` pjtkgca` y kl ulcruh. Tkgkhjs kl ulcruh pjr dkl`gtk dk l` pjtkgca`. Kg fjc` pjr lj okgk okgkr` r`ll kstk kstk p pj j dk p` p`l` l`gc gc`` sk okgk okgkr` r` ks ` ga gavk vkll h`gdaful`r. Kmkhplj= ug` pkrsjg` pksc`gdj.

 

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Kg ug` ug` p`l` p`l`gc gc`` kl fr fr`z `zj j dk rksa rksast stkg kgca` ca` vakg vakgkk sakgdj l` ljgoatud quk b`y dksdk kl ulcruh b`st` ha rksastkgca`. Kl fr fr`z `zj j dk pj pjtk tkgc gca` a` ks lj qu qukk b` b`yy dk dksd sdkk kl ulcruh b`st` ha fr`zj dk pjtkgca`

Sakhprk quk kl fr`zj dk pjtkgca` sk` h`s l`roj quk kl fr`zj dk rksastkgca` l` vkgt`m` hkcàgac` skrà b`ca` kl fr`zj dk pjtkgca`, ks dkcar, sa yj tkgoj ha o`gcbj `què  cjrcj hakgtr`s + l`roj sk` ha fr`zj dk pjtkgca` ksk ks kl quk v` ` o`g`r sjfrk ha fr`zj dk rksastkgca`. [g c`glavkr vakgk sakgdj ks` kxtkgsaóg dast`l, prjtksas quk `tràs gj kgk g`d` JMJ kstj ks p`r` dkgtjhucjs dkgtj hucjsjpjrt jpjrt`d`s, `d`s, sk jrh` ug` p`l`gc` p`l`gc` pj 0 sa yj cjljcj ha tjpk b`ca` kl ksp`caj kdágtulj ºPuá tkgoj quk ljor`r cu`gdj tkgoj ug` kxtkgsaóg dast`l: Puk kl ulcruh hk qukdk pjr dkl`gtk dk ha rksastkgca`, sk cjljc` ug o`gcbj cjg tjpk kg hksa`l quk sjg ljs pjs ` f`rr`s pj pjrq rquk uk ljs ljs carc carcug ugk krk rkgc gca` a`lk lkss v`g v`g b` b`ca ca`` kl ksp` ksp`ca caj j kd kdág ágtu tulj lj,, pjr pjr ks ksj j gj sk pjgk pjgkg g carc carcug ugk krk rkgc gca` a`lk lkss kg ksp`caj kdágtulj pjrquk kxastk ug` vkgt`m` fajhkcàgac` quk tkgkhjs quk h`gtkgkr. JMJ T`hfakg b`y quk tjh`r kg cukgt` quk ljs dakgtks sjg c`p`cks dk rksasr kst`s ukrz`s dkl kmk ljgoatudag`l dkl dakgtk pkrj kg ukrz`s l`tkr`lks sk cjhplac` pjrquk kl dakgtk gj ks c`p`z dk sjpjrt`r ks`s ukrz`s bjrazjgt`lks. Tkgkhjs quk `plac`r ug` ukrz` `l dakgtk pkrj quk gj sk` d`ðag` p`r` ál. Kl ckgtrj dk h`s` dkl dakgtk kstà dakgtk  kstà ufac`dj hàs j hkgjs kg kl tkrcaj hkdaj dk l` r`èz, sa yj tkgoj kl sjpjrtk dkl buksj dashaguadj ha ckgtrj dk h`s` Q` gj ks kg ksk saj, kgtjgcks kl dakgtk sk agclag`. ºUjr quá gj pukdj us`r dakgtks dakgtks cjg sjpjrtk pkrajdjgt`l pkrajdjgt`l pkrdadj: Ujrquk kl dakgtk sk hk rjt`, sk hk agclag`. Ujr ksj kgk b`fkr ug` prjpjrcaóg 0=0 p`r` hègahj us`r ug dakgtk pal`r. @ su vkz kg tjdj kl rkhjvaflk sk kmkrck ug` p`l`gc`, pjrquk tkgoj sajs djgdk kst` `o`rr`dj kl dakgtk, l` prjt prjtks ksas as,, pkrj pkrj t` t`hf hfaá aág g tk tkgo goj j ug` ug` u ukr krz` z` quk quk hk l` khpum` b`ca` `dkgtrj y jtr` quk hk l` s`c`, kgtjgcks kg ha rkhjvaflk cjhplkt` yj tkgoj quk kst`flkckr cuàl ks ha lègk` dk ulcruh----lagk` ulcruh----lagk` im` djgdk hk rjt` l` prjtksas ºCóhj l` dktkrhagj: Ks ug` lègk` ah`oag`ra` quk cjgkct` ljs `pjyjs jclus`lks y quk v` ` dktkrhag`r kl kmk sjfrk kl cu`l rjt` l` prjtksas

Ksk pugtj djgdk hk v` ` rjt`r l` prjtksas b`rà quk l`s ukrz`s rkc`ao`g sjfrk ksk pugtj quk vakgk sakgdj kl kmk dkl dakgtk. Sk cjljc` cjljc` ug` rktkgc rktkgcaóg aóg agdark agdarkct` ct` p`r` p`r` cjgtr` cjgtr`rrk rrkst` st`rr ukrz`s cu`gdj tkgo` hucb`s lègk`s dk ulcruh, quk ar` pkrpkgdacu pkrpk gdacul`r l`r ` ks` lègk` dk ulcruh ulcruh p`r` quk l` prjtksas prjtksas gj sk bugd` j sk s`lo` SAKHUV SAK HUVKK kg kxtkgs kxtkgsaóg aóg dast`l dast`l usj rktkg rktkgkdj kdjrr agdark agdarkctj ctj pj pjrq rquk uk cu cu`g `gdj tkgo tkgoj jsa 4tkgoj pu pugt gtjs js dj djgd gdkk sk hk kstà ks tà bugdakgdj l` dj prjtksas, ug` dkgtjsjpjrt`d` cjg ljs tjpks, ug l`dj cjgtr`rrkst` ` jtrj y `sè. Kg ug` prjtks prjtksas as ` kxtkgs kxtkgsaóg aóg dast`l dast`l b`y hjvah hjvahakg akgtjs tjs dk rjt`caóg, b`y ug` agkst`falad`d pjrquk b`y ug l`dj djgdk gj tkgoj o`gcbj sjfrktjdj sa ks cl`sk 0 y 6 Dkfadj ` l` dakrkgca` dk `skgt`hakgtj, ks dkcar, quk sk hk bugdk h`s quk lj quk kstàg kg ljs dakgtks, b`y quk fusc`r ksk pugtj dk `pjyj, pkrpkgdacul`r ` ha lègk` dk ulcruh. Kl kmk quk p`s` ` tr`vás dk ksjs tjpks dk ljs pal`rks hàs pjstkrajrks ks ha lègk` dk ulcruh ºCóhj b`oj p`r` kvat`r quk quk l` pr prjt jtks ksas as sk hk vukl vuklqu quk: k: Vktk Vktkgc gcaó aóg g ag agda dark rkct` ct` pkrpkgdacul`r ` l` lègk` dk ulcruh. Vktkgcaóg agdarkct` kg cl`sk 6-------pkrpkgdacul`r ` l` lègk` dk ulcruh Hjvahakgtjs kg DUV 0. Kg kl hjvahakgtj vkrc`l dk l` prjtksas, ks dkcar, cu`gdj cu` gdj l` prjtks prjtksas as sk `sa `sakg kgt` t` quk kl p`cakg p`cakgtk tk h`sc` h`s c`,, quk sk bugdk bugdk,, ksk ksk bugdah bugdahakg akgtj tj skrà skrà rksa rksas sdj dj pjr pjr l` jrh jrh`` dkl dkl rkfj rkfjrd rdk, k, hakg hakgtr tr`s `s hkgjs rkfjrdk tkgoj sk kgk quk fusc`r l` hkmjr ahprksaóg pjsaflk.B`y quk fusc`r l` hkmjr c`lad`d dk sjpjrtk, kx`ctud `l `mustk dk l` prjtksas. ºUjr quá: Cu`gdj l`s prjtksas kgkg hucbj khpj kstj sk khpakz` ` pkrdkr pjrquk kl buksj sk khpakz` ` rk`fsjrfkr kgtjgcks vkg ks`s prjtksas quk “f`al`g‘ y gj b`y kst`falad`d pjr gagoýg l`dj pjrquk kl rkfjrdk djgdk sk `ou`gt`f` l` prjtksas y` kstà h`s f`matj kgtjgcks tkgoj quk rkllkg`r l` prjtksas y sa gj sk pukdk b`y quk b`ckr jtr`. Sk rkllkg` cjg `crèlacj. 6. Cu Cu`g `gdj dj ks ug hjva hjvaha hakg kgtj tj kg skgd skgdj j cjgtr` cjgtr`ra raj j quk l` prjtksas sk v` ` s`lar y` kst`rà rksasdj pjr kl fr fr`z `zj j rktk rktkg gvj vj j l` pugt pugt`` rktk rktkg gv` v` pjr pjr l` `ccaóg `cca óg dk ksjs ksjs cjgkct cjgkctjrk jrks, s, rktkgc rktkgcaóg aóg agdark agdarkct` ct` quk kvat` quk l` prjtksas sk s`lo`

 

3. Kxas Kxastk tkg g hjva hjvaha hakg kgtj tj dk rjt`caó rjt`caóg g quk quk t`hf t`hfaá aág g sk okgkr` kg kstk hjvahakgtj y` quk b`y ug caclj h`sc`tjraj. Cu`gdj l` kxtkgsaóg dast`l sk hukvk ks` ukrz` v` ` rkc`kr sjfrk kl dakgtk. B`y quk rkf` rkf`ss`r (rkf (rkf`m `m`r `r)) pjr jrqu qukk kstj stj okgk okgkr` r` ug hjvahakgtj `lrkdkdjr dkl dakgtk.

cjg kl rjdallj `g`laz`djr y `sè pjdkhjs dktkrhag`r kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg ug` vkz quk dktkrhag`hjs kl p`r`lklashj adk`l `prkt`hjs fakg kg djgdk gjs qukdó kl hjdklj. 

Ks Kstk tk hjvaha hjvahakgt kgtj j skrà skrà rksas rksasdj dj pjr rao raoadk adkzz dk ljs cjgkctjrks h`yjrks y hkgjrks y tjdj lj rèoadj quk kstà `o`rr`gdj `l dakgtk Kl hjvahakgtj dk rjt`caóg sk okgkr` `lrkdkdjr dk ksk kmkk dk km dkll da dakg kgtk tk.. Kg Kgtj tjgc gcks ks ha hakg kgtr tr`s `s sk kvat kvatkk ksk ksk hjvahakgtj, hkgjs sk hjvkrà kl dakgtk.

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Kmk dk agskrcaóg= ks dksdk kl hjhkgtj kg kl quk l` prótksas kgtr` kg cjgt`ctj cjg kl prahkr dakgtk b`st` quk l` prótksas sk `sakgt` cjhplkt`hkgtk (kgtr`r) Kmk dk rkhjcaóg= dksdk quk l` prótksas dkm` ljs tkmad tkmadj j b`st` b`st` quk kstà kstà cjhplk cjhplkt`h t`hkgt kgtkk `ukr `ukr`` ( s`c`r )

 L`s prótksas ` kxtkgsajgks sakhprk tkgdràg ug laokrj hjvahakgtj, pkrj sa `p`rtk gj tkgoj ljs agdac`djrks cjrrkctjs, sk hjvkrà `ýg hàs.

Sa sk tr`f`m` cjg kl pl`gj lj hàs p`r`lklj `l pasj, kgks ug pl`gj pl` gj pkrpkg pkrpkgdac dacul` ul`rr `l kmk bjrazj bjrazjgt` gt`l,l, sa lj agclag agclag`hj `hjss b`ca` `dkl`gtk l`s zjg`s rktkgv`s v`g ` skr kg jrh` dk H y sa lj agclag`hjs b`ca` `tràs v`g ` skr kg jrh` dk D.

Kg l`s dkgtjs dkgtjsjpj jpjrt` rt`d`s d`s ks jtr` jtr` bastjr bastjra` a` da dakrk krkgtk gtk pjrquk tkgoj 4 pugtjs dk `pjyj pkrj kg kxtkgsaóg da dast st`l `l sa gkck gkcksa satj tj `y `yud ud`` quk quk sj sjg g l`s l`s rktk rktkgc gcaj ajgk gkss agdarkct`s pkrpkgdacul`r ` ha lègk` dkl ulcruh.

Sk dkfk `gjt`r b`ca` djgdk kstà kl kmk dk agskrcaóg dk l` prótks pró tksas as p`r` p`r` gjic` gjic`rlk rlk `l p`cakg p`cakgtk tk cjhj cjhj cjljc` cjljc`rsk rsk l` pr prót ótks ksas as p` p`r` r` qu qukk gj l` ukr ukrck ck y gj l` rj rjhp hp`, `, p` p`r` r` dktkrh dkt krhag` ag`rr kl kmk dk agskrc agskrcaóg aóg y rkhjca rkhjcaóg óg `p`rtk `p`rtk dk

Dkpkgdakgdj dkl l`roj dk l` frkcb` kdágtul` dkcadj sa cjljc`r j gj rktkgcaóg agdarkct` pkrj pjr lj okgkr`l kg dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s gj gkcksatj VA.

agcla agclag` g`rr kl hjdk hjdklj lj,, ks` ks` ag agcl clag ag`c `caó aóg g tk lj v` v`g g ` d`r d`r 4 `ctjrks=

JMJ cu`gdj ks cl`sk 6 quk ug l`dj ks dkgtjsjpjrt`dj tkgoj quk fusc`r ug` rktkgcaóg agdarkct`. Ks`s sjg l`s prjtksas hàs cjhplac`d`s pjrquk ug l`dj sk cjhpjrt` tjt`lhkgtk dakrkgtk `l jtrj. Tkh` 9 p`r`lklèor` p` r`lklèor`j j

0.

pl`gjs ouè`s dk c`r`s prjxah`lks

0.

àrk`s rktkgv`s

6.

agtkrkrkgca`s

3.

kstác`

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Kl p`r`lklèor`j sk f`s` kg djs pragcapajs= 

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hàs p`r`lklj tkgo`hjs ljs pal`rks hkmjr v` ` kgtr`r l` prótksas, sa v`hjs ` t`ll`r kstjs pl`gjs sjlj pukdkg skr skr kg ksh` ksh`lt ltkk gj pu pukd kdkg kg ll llko ko`r `r ` dk dkg gg` g`,, sk hjdaic` kl kmk dk agskrcaóg p`r` gj tkgkr quk t`ll`r y dkso`st`r t`gtj kl dakgtk

Kl dk l`s p`r`lkl`s= pkrhatk dktkrhag`r djs zjg`s p`r`lkl`s Kl dk l` t`gokgtk= gjs pkrhatk rjdk`r l` supkricak dkl dakgtk y `sè dktkrhag`r kl hàxahj cjgtjrgj

U`sjs p`r` hjgt`r kl `gàlasas dk p`r`lklaor`rj.  

  

hjgt`r kl hjdklj kg l` hksall`. dktkrhag`r dógdk kstà kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y kl kmk dk Vkhjcaóg dktkrhag`r kl h`xahj cjgtjrgj c`lafr`caóg trapjdaz`cajg

Cjljc`hjs kl hjdklj kg l` hksall` y lj `must`hjs p`r` quk gj sk s`l s`lo` o` hakgtr hakgtr`s `s rk`laz rk`laz`hj `hjss ljs hjvaha hjvahakgt kgtjs, js, p`rkgdj dk ug pl`gj pkrpkgdacul`r cjljc`hjs kl rjdallj `g`laz`djr y kg f`sk ` ksj cjhkgz`hjs ` hjvkr l` hksall`

 Dktkrhag`caóg dk pl`gjs ouè`s, ljs pl`gjs ouè`s sjg supkri sup kricak cakss pr prjxa jxah`l h`lks ks dk ljs dakgt dakgtks ks pal pal`rk `rkss quk dktkrhag`g kl Kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg hakgtr`s

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agtkrkrkgca`s= b`y zjg`s quk, `ugquk kl o`gcbj gj sk` kl agdac`dj, hjdaic`gdj kl kmk dk agskrcaóg sk pukdkg puk dkg laf lafkr kr`r `r cakrt` cakrt`ss agt agtkr krkr krkgc kgca`s a`s,, cjhj cjhj pjr kmkhplj khagkgca`s.

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kstá kstác c`= `= dkfk dkfkhj hjss skr skr lj hàs hàs kstá kstác cj j pjsa pjsafl flk, k, dkfkhjs agtkgt`r cjljc`r o`gcbjs kstácjs

[g` vkz dktkrhag`dj kl kmk dk agskrcaóg `prkt`hjs kl hjdklj ` l` hksall` p`r` quk gj sk hukv`, dktkrhag`hjs kl hàxahj cjgtjrgj y lukoj c`lafr`hjs, p`r` llko`r ` kstk p`sj tjdj lj dkhàs kgk quk kst`r fakg, cu`gdj tjdj

 

kstà fa kstà fakg kg trap trapjd jdaz az`h `hjs js,, cj cjg g kl rj rjda dall llj j `g`l `g`laz az`d `djr jr h`rc`hjs kg 3 pugtjs cjg ug l`paz djgdk kstà kl hjdklj, trapjdaz`hjs p`r` quk cu`gdj s`qukhjs kl hjdklj dk l` hksa ksall ll`` lj pj pjd` d`h hjs vjlv vjlvkkr ` pj pjgk gkrr cj cjg g l` hash hash`` `goul`cajg y quk c`lck. T`hfaág p`r`lklaz`hjs= 

sk us` kg prótksas im` cjhj pjr kmkhplj kg cjrjg`s

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cu`gdj sk us`g rktkgkdjrks agtr`cjrjg`lks.

Tkh` ?= DASKÐJ DUV [g` vk [g` vkzz quk quk sk sklk lkcca ccajg jg`h `hjs js o`gc o`gcbj bjs, s, p`s` p`s`hj hjss pjr pjr p`r` p`r`lk lklèlèor or` `j j y s` s`fk fkhj hjss lj quk quk v`hj v`hjss ` b`ckr b`ckr y y` tkgkhj tkg khjss kl c`sj pl`gtk pl`gtk`dj `dj dkfkhj dkfkhjss daskð` daskð`rlj rlj,, j sk` b`ckr kg kl hjdklj (kl hjdklj gjs v` ` pkrhar b`ckr ug ksqukh ksq ukh`` y ug dafumj dafumj kg l`fjr`tj l`fjr`tjraj raj p`r` p`r` quk b`o` l` kstructur` hktàlac`) Gkcksat`hjs ks quk tjdj kstk adk`l p`r` pjdkr ar ` l` fjc`, prahkrj b`ckrlj kg kl hjdklj, daskð`r kg kl hjdklj lj quk v`hjs ` b`ckr p`r` lukoj ar ` fjc` p`r` b`ckr ksjs `pjyjs, ksjs dksc`gsjs. Kgtjgcks… ºPuá ks ug daskðj: Ks dask daskð ð`r kg jrh` jrh` y dkt`l kt`llk lk l`s l`s kstr struc ucttur ur`s `s y cj cjhp hpjg jgkg kgtk tkss dk l` prót prótks ksas as p`rc p`rca` a`ll rkhj rkhjva vafl flk. k. Yk l` da`pjsav` y dack “kstj ks lj quk v` ` vkgar dkl l`fjr`tjraj bkcbj prkva`hkgtk kl dafumj‘. Tjdj kstj lj tkgkhjs quk b` b`ck ckrr `gtk `gtkss dk l` tjh` tjh` dk ah ahpr prks ksaj ajgk gks, s, cu`l cu`lqu quak akrr prjckdahakgtj dkigavj ustkdks kgkg quk b`ckr kstj prkva`hkgtk. Kg l` pràcc` lj quk v`hjs ` b`ckr ks daskð`r kg f`sk ` gukstrj gukstr j hjdklj hjdklj,, ks dkcar, dkcar, v`hjs v`hjs ` tr`kr tr`kr ljs hjdklj hjdkljss p`rca`lhkgt p`rca` lhkgtkk kdágtuljs kdágtuljs y `llè cl`saic`rkh cl`saic`rkhjs, js, s`frkhjs s`frkhjs quk o`gcbj pjgkr, `sè cjhj tjdj lj quk bacahjs kg kl c`sj dkl p`rca`l y `dkhàs lj v`hjs ` dafum`r. Tjdj kstj lj v`hjs ` b`ckr `gtks dk tjh`r ahprksajgks dkig dkiga av` v`ss y hucb hucbj j hàs hàs `gtk `gtkss dk tj tjc` c`rr l` fjc` fjc` dkl dkl p`cakgtk pjrquk sa y` yj kg kl hjdklj jfskrvj quk b`y ug` rkst`ur`caóg y dkfj t`ll`r 6hh y ks` rkst`ur`caóg kg l` r`daj hk hadk 6 hh y` yj sá quk vjy ` pkrdkrl` cu`gdj v`y` ` t`ll`r kl tjpk, kgtjgcks yj GJ pukdj dkm`r ug pkd`catj dk rksag` rksag` `bè, tkgoj quk vkr quk sjlucajgj… sjlucajgj… Ujrquk sa yj dkmj kl pkd`catj dk rksag` y kstk sk c`k, l` kstructur` hktàlac` y` gj hk v` ` cu`dr`r. Kgtjgcks Kgtjgc ks sakhpr sakhprkk tjh`r tjh`r kg cukgt` cukgt` kst`fa kst`falad lad`d `d (tkgkr (tkgkr cl`rj cl` rj quk GJ sao saogai gaic` c` tkgkr tkgkr l` c`p`cad c`p`cad`d `d dk sjpjrt sjpjrt`r `r

ukrz`s y` quk kxastkg v`ra`s y c`d` ug` ks dasgt` cjg su c`p` c`p`ca cad` d`d d dk rksa rksas srr y` sk` sk` vkr vkrc` c`l, l, bjra bjrazj zjgt gt`l `l y dk bugdahakgtj) sjpjrtk y rktkgcaóg. Ujr supukstj v`hjs ` pl`g pl`gtk tk`r `r quk quk lj ljss rktk rktkgk gkdj djrk rkss da dark rkct ctjs js hk v` v`g g ` d`r d`r VKTKGCAJG. L`s pugt`s tkrhag`lks kxaflks, ljs o`gcbjs y tjd`s ks`s pugt`s hk d`g rktkgcaóg. Fr`zj rkcaprjc`djr hk d` rkcaprjc`caóg. Kl sjpjrtk cjhj lj pukdkg vkr, lj d` ljs tjpks ljs cu`lks tkgk tkgkhj hjss quk quk da dafu fum` m`rr (k (kst stjs js v` v`g g kg cjljr cjljr rj rjmj mj). ). Lj Ljss klkh klkhkg kgtj tjss rè rèoa oadj djss dk l` kstr kstruc uctu tur` r` ks dkca dkcar, r, pl pl`c `c`s `s prjxah`lks prjxah `lks d`g kst`falad` kst`falad`d. d. Kxtkgsaóg Kxtkgsaóg `dkcu`d` dk l`s f` f`sk skss -7 Kstj Kstj lj v` v`hj hjss ` vkr vkr ao aou` u`ll cu cu`g `gdj dj vk`h vk`hjs js dkt`ll`d`hkgtk l` tjh` dk ahprksaóg, b`st` djgdk kgk quk llko`r l` tjh` dk ahprksaóg pkrj ks` cjfkrtur` dk ljs tkma tkmadj djss fl fl`g `gdj djss d` kst` kst`fa falalad` d`d d ` l` pr prót ótks ksas as,, ` vkck vkckss vkrkhjs quk b`y prótksas quk b`ckg kg jtr`s p`rtks quk l`s dk `f`mj sjg cjrc`s, ksj kgk quk llko`r b`st` l` p`pa p`pal` l` p`r` p`r` quk quk l` pr prót ótks ksas as gj sk hukv hukv`` kg skg skgdj dj bjrazjgt`l. Kgtjgcks l` jclusaóg dk ljs dakgtks `rica`lks t`hfaág kgk quk tkgkr l` `g`tjhè` y kgk quk b`fkr jclus jcl usaó aóg g kg kgtj tjgc gcks ks cu cu`g `gdj dj l` pr prót ótks ksas as sk khpa khpakz kz`` ` dkso dkso`s `st` t`rr lj ljss da dakg kgtk tkss kst` kst` sk khpa khpakz kz`` ` pkrd pkrdkr kr ks` ks` kst`falad` kst`f alad`d. d. L`hkgt`flkh L`hkgt`flkhkgtk kgtk gj b`y h`gkr` dk quk ug DUV sk` ktkrgj, ksj sk vk kg kl tkh` dk – Vkp`r`cajgks dk DUV- ` vkcks llko` kl p`cakgtk cjg ug rkhjvaflk dk b`ck 65 `ðjs y dack quk gj sk lj quakrk c`hfa`r kgtjgcks tkgkhjs quk vkr quk ks lj quk kg rk`lad`d pjdkhjs rkulaz`r kg ksjs rkhjvaflks pkrj pjr lj okgkr`l kg ug pkrajdj dk 4 ` ; `ðjs ljs dakgtks sk khpakz`g ` dkso`st`r y l`s f`sks djgdk kst` sjpjrt`d` b`y ug prjcksj dk rksjrcaóg `lvkjl`r (GJ SK DACK VK@FSJVCAJG) kg kl tkmadj isajlóoacj dkl p`cakgtk y y` l` prótksas gj `d`pt` kg ksjs c`sjs. Kgtjgcks l` prótksas pakrdk kst`falad`d. U`r` p`rr ` daskð`r lj prahkrj quk tkgoj quk b`ckr ks cl`saic`r. L` lègk` dk Iulcruh= Lègk` Iulcruh= Lègk` ah`oag`ra` quk ugk ljs dakgtks pal pal`rk `rkss pra pragca gcap`l p`lks. ks. Kll Kll`` ugk ljs tjpks tjpks hàs dast`l dast`lks. ks. Sk pukdkg tkgkr v`ra`s lègk`s dk Iulcruh. L` dkigav` v` ` skr skr l` dk lj ljss pal al`r `rks ks hàs hàs uk ukrt rtks ks… … ºCóhj Cóhj lj sá: V`dajor``s pkra`pac`lks. Skra`g kgtjgcks ljs hàs dast`lks y ljs hàs ukrtks. Bjrazjgt`lhkgtk sk v` ` tkgkr. Ukrj  m`hàs kg l` hash` bkha`rc`d`. bkha`rc`d`. Kxtrkhj Kxtr khj Lafrk Lafrk== U`s` U`s` pj pjrr lj ljss da dakg kgtk tkss jc jclu luss`l `lks ks h`s h`s prjxah`lks `l ksp`caj kdágtulj. - Kg Cl`sk AAA ugj dk ljs `pjyjs jclus`lks dk ljs djs pal`rks hàs ukrtks da`ojg`lhkgtk jpukstjs

 

- Kg Cl`sk AA p`s` pjr ljs kxtrkhjs jclus`lks dkl dakgtk vkcagj `l kxtrkhj lafrk y pjr kl da`ojg`lhkgtk jpukstj ` kstk. Tý kgks quk p`rr dk tu kxtrkhj lafrk - Cl`sk AY dakgtks `gtkrajrks SKC[KGCA@ DKL DASKÐJ Gj pjdk pjdkhj hjss `o `ork rko` o`rr kl klkh khkg kgtj tjss quk quk gj v`y` v`y`hj hjss ` ulaz`r, pjr kmkhplj kg ks` cl`sk AY pjgkrtk ` fusc`r ºPuá rktkgkdjrks agdarkctjs: Cl`sk A y AA SAKHUVK llkv`g rktkgcaóg agdarkct` ºpjr quá: Ujrqukk tý kgks quk kvat`r Ujrqu kvat`r kl vjlc`hakgtj vjlc`hakgtj dk l` prótksas prótksas kgtjgc kgt jgcks ks kgk kgk quk kxasr kxasr ks` ks` rktkgc rktkgcaóg aóg agdark agdarkct` ct` sag khf`roj t`hpjcj pukdks sjfrktr`t`r `l p`cakgtk pjrquk sa tý v`s ` sustuar sjg 6 dakgtks g`d` hàs kgtjgcks fusc`s ug` rktkgcaóg quk kvatk l` rktkgcaóg agdarkct`. Tkgkhjs quk us`r làpaz prahkrj pjr ksj gjs pusj kl làpaz pjrq pjrquk uk `gtk `gtkss dk da dafu fum` m`rr cjgkc cjgkctj tjrr h`yj h`yjrr v` kg @][L @][L tkgkhjs quk b`ckrlj kg làpacks p`r` gj kquavjc`rgjs y h`gd`rlj `sè ` l`fjr`tjraj cjg sus tjpks kg VJMJ

o`gcbj y kl jtrj ug` rktkgcaóg agdarkct`, ksj sk b`ck sjfrktjdj cu`gdj tkgkhjs ug`s frkcb`s cjrt`s L`s cl`sks AA tkgkhjs ug` lègk` dk ulcruh y` tjt`lhkgtk da`ojg`l y sk khpakz` ` fusc`r kl pal`r. JMJ kll` gjs damj `gtks quk kl pugtj djgdk v` l` rktkgcaóg agdarkct` kgk quk skr ug dakgtk ukrtk. Ujr kmkhplj sa tkgkhjs ug c`gagj (pjr sus r`ècks oruks`s y l`ro`s) y ug l`tkr`l, kl l`tkr`l gj ks hàs ukrtk. [gj pukdk pjgkr djs tjpks, sk pukdk s`c`r dk l` lègk` dk ulcruh ug tjpk `cà y jtrj `cà. L` cl`sk AAA pjr supukstj kgkg 4 pugtjs dk `pjyj, `què yj gj tkgoj quk fusc`r gagoug` rktkgcaóg agdarkct` pjrquk tkgo tkgoj j 4 pu pugt gtjs js… … dk kl kllj ljss hk `gcl `gclj j y `dkh `dkhàs às sj sjg g carcugkrkgca`lks Lj hashj p`s` cjg l` Cl`sk AY pjrquk sjg dkgtjsjpjrt`djs kl prjflkh` ks cu`gdj y` ks dkgtjhucjs dkgtj hucjsjpjrt jpjrt`dj `dj pjrquk pjrquk tkgoj kl cjhpjrt`ha cjhpjrt`hakgtj kgtj dkl tkmadj y kl dk ljs dakgtks. Sakhprk b`y quk tr`t`r dk fusc`r ljs pal`rks jpukstjs hàs ukrtk.

Kgtjgcks ºCuàl ks l` skcukgca` dk kstk daskðj: Lj prahkrj quk gjsjtrjs tkgkhjs quk dafum`r kg gukstrj hjdklj y daskð` das kð`rr sjg ljs `pjyjs `pjyjs jclus`lk jclus`lkss pjrquk pjrquk kstjs v`g ` dkpk dkpkgd gdkr kr l` hjrd hjrdad ad`` dkl dkl p`cak p`cakgt gtk, k, sa tý kgk kgkss quk quk hjdaic`r `loýg dakgtk ksj lj v` ` dktkrhag`r tu `pjyj jclus`l, rktkgkdjrks, cjgkctjr h`yjr, cjgkctjr hkgjr y daskðj dk l`s f`sks.

L` …. dkl rktkgkdjr pjr supukstj v` ` dkpkgdkr dk su lègk` dk hàxahj cjgtjrgj y dk djgdk kstà l` rktkgcaóg (kll` lj kxplacj cu`gdj daj p`r`lklèor`j)

ºPuá ks lj quk yj vjy ` dafum`r:

@pjyjs j tjpks sagoul`rks

L` lègk` dkl Iulcruh -7 Hk d`rà ` hè ljs `pjyjs jclus`lks pk pkrp rpkkgd gdac acul ul`r `rks ks ` ks ks`` lè lègk gk`` dkl u ulc lcru ruh h qu qukk sjg sjg rktkgkdjrks agdarkctjs, `pjyjs j tjpks sagoul`rks cu`gdj sk` gkcks`raj lj quk kll` gjs damj dk quk gj pjdkhjs sjfrktr`t`r `l p`cakgtk, daskðj dk pl`c`s prjxah`lks kg kl c`sj quk sk`, daskðj dk ljs rktkgkdjrks darkctjs, daskðj dk ljs cjgkctjrks hkgjrks y daskðj dk ljs cjgkctjrks h`yjrks y pjr ýlhj kl daskðj dk l`s f`sks prjtásac`s

Cu`gdj v`hjs ` b`ckr ug` cl`sk AY lj adk`l ks fr`zj rktkg rkt kgvj vj cuyj cuyj cjgtjr cjgtjrgj gj dkfk dkfk skouar skouar l` `g`tjh `g`tjhè` è` dkl dakgtk pjrquk sa gj kl o`gcbj sk v` ` p`rr. Cu`gdj llko`

Ljs `pjyjs jclus`lks -7 Sa ufac`g kl hjdklj kgkg quk cu`dr`r l` jclusaóg pjrquk p`s` quk sa kl p`cakgtk hukrdk `sè … y daskð`g ksk tjpk `sè … Cu`gdj vk` l` kstructur` khpakz` ` skr `lt` y cjhakgz`g ` rkf`m`r b`st` dkm`rlj kg ug` l`hagat` dk hkt`l kg dè` dk agst`l`rlj sk r`ctur`. Ljs `pjyjs dk l` Cl`sk A sk satý`g pkrpkgdacul`rks ` su lègk` dk ulcruh. T`hfaág v`hjs ` vkr quk cu`gdj sk kgk cl`sk A quk tkgkhjs ljs tjpks `sè … p`r` tu gj tkgkr quk t`ll`r kl hashj dakgtk b`cks jtrj tjpk kgtjgcks sufks ug sjlj cjgkctjr hkgjr cjg djs `lkc`s ug` ks kl tjpk dkl

L` cl`saic`caóg A y AA dk Nkggkdy cjg f`rr`

kl daskðj dkl l`fjr`tjraj tkgkhjs quk vkr ksj. Sa vakgk rkctj v` ` qukd`r skp`r`dj dkl dakgtk L` ugcaóg dkl Cjgkctjr H`yjr ks ugar l`s f`sks, kg lagou`l l`s f`sks cjhakgz`g… Skð`l` da`pjsav` y dack kstj quk kstà `què sk ll`h` lègk`s dk dktkrhag`caóg hk dktkrhag`g djgdk v` kl hkt`l y djgdk khpakz` kl `crèlacj, pjr lj okgkr`l ks` kstructur` hktàlac` lj dafum`hjs kg l` c`r` dast`l dk tu ulhj pal`r. Cu`gdj gjsjtrjs v`hjs ` b`ckr ks`s kstructur`s sjfrk tjdj cu`gdj ks cl`sk A y AA kgkg quk tjh`r kg cukgt` ug`s cjs`s quk sk ll`h`g zjg` dk sjpjrt sjp jrtkk pra prah`r h`raj, aj, skcugd skcugd`ra `raj j y zjg`s zjg`s dk `la `lavaj vaj.. Kg kl h`xal`r supkrajr k agkrajr cu`gdj tjh`g ahprksajgks b`y quk tkgkr ks`s p`rtks pjrquk b`y zjg`s quk gj sk tk v`g ` hjdaic`r y quk v`g ` d`rtk tu kst`falad`d prah`ra` ` l` prótksas. Kl sjpjrtk skcugd`raj sjg kstructur`s quk sk hjdaic`g pkrj quk sk h`gkgkg kg fjc`. L`s zjg`s dk

  

`lavaj sjg ks`s quk sjfrks`lkg, prjhagkgtks y quk b`y quk `lava`r… Cjljcàgdjlk kg kl hjdklj ug pjquatj dk ckr` p`r` quk kl f`mk y s`lo` kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg dk l` kstructur` sk` tjt`lhkgtk àcal. ]jg`s dk sjpjrtk prah`raj kg kl h`xal`r agkrajr vakgk sakgdj zjg` dk rkfjrdk, p`pal` y kl surcj vksful`r, zjg` dk vafr`caóg y rkpas` fuc`

UVKU@V@CAJG DK L@ FJC@ Urahkrj dkfkhjs prkp`r`s l`s f`sks prk prjtásac`s= I`sk pkrajdjgt`l I`sk quarýroac`. I`sk kgdjdjgtac`. kgdjdjgtac`. I`sk jrtjdógcac`. Vkst`ur`djr` Ujr km= Gj sk pukdk b`ckr ug tjpk sa `l p`cakgtk b`y q kxtr`krlk ug dakgtk, j takgk c`lculj.     

]jg`s ]jg `s dk sjpjrt sjpjrtkk skcugd skcugd`ra `raj j vakgkg vakgkg sakgdj sakgdj l`s zjg`s zjg`s haljbajdk`s (pjr lj okgkr`l sk tjc` kg kl p`cakgtk y sk sakgtk cjhj ug buksatj `bè), p`rkdks l`tkr`lks dkl p`l`d`r y sa gjsjtrjs gj `lava`hjs ks` zjg` ksj lk v` ` c`us`r ug` ulckr` `l p`cakgtk

I`sk agaca`l

]jg`s dk `lavaj sjg tjrus y rkgalljs, kg h`xal`r supkrajr -7 Vuo`s, V`k, U`pal` Agcasav` sjg zjg`s dk `lavaj pjrquk sjg zjg` zjg`ss `g`t `g`tóh óhac ac`s `s qu qukk sa kl p` p`ca cakg kgtk tk l`s l`s kgk kgk huy huy prjhagkgtks gjsjtrjs dkfkhjs `lava`r l` zjg`

Cjgtrjl dk agikccaóg Urkvkgcaóg Khkrokgca`s. I`sk agtkrhkda`

Cu Cu`g `gdj dj tk tkgk gkhj hjss kxtr kxtrkh khjs js lafr lafrks ks l` r`y` r`y` sk tr tr`z `z`` dk `hfjs l`djs Vkquasatjs

Skcukgca` dkl pl`g dk tr`t`hakgtj=

  





-Takgk quk skr rèoadj

Caruoè` cu`gdj ks gkcks`raj lj cu`l llkv` 4; dè`s dk cac`traz`caóg p`r` pjdkr tjh`r ug` ahprksaóg dkiagatav`. Tjrus, ktc. Kgdj Kg djdj djgc gca` a`== sa b`y b`y ug` ug` ah ah`o `okg kg `pac `pac`l `l y cu`gdj ks ug dakgtk pal`r b`y quk prkp`r`rlj prkv prkva` a`hk hkgt gtk. k. Dkfk Dkfkg g b`ck b`ckrs rsk k pruk prukf` f`s s dk vat`lad`d. Da Dakg kgtk tks s kxtr kxtrua uadj djs= s= jmj jmj cjg cjg kstj kstj,, b`y b`y quk quk kv`lu`r sa sk lk b`rà ug dkso`stk sklkctavj, kxtr`c kxt r`ccaó caóg, g, cjrjg cjrjg` ` pjrqu pjrquk k cjgt`c cjgt`ct` t` cj cjg g l` kstruc kst ructur tur` ` hktàl hktàlac` ac`.. Sk pukdk pukdk cjrrko cjrrkoar ar cjg jrtjdjgca`. I`sk iag`l 

-Gj dkfk agtkrkrar cjg ljs tkmadjs hóvalks - Sjlj dkfk prjducar laokr` prksaóg sjfrk kl p`l`d`r JMJ sa kll` dack quk v` ` rkb`falat`r b`st` kl 9 saogaic` quk pjgdrà b`st` kl 9. Jtrj kmkhplj tkgoj kl 04 03 06 00 60 66 63 64 gj tkgoj h`s g`d` g`d` y vjy ` rkb`fal rkb`falat` at`rr b`st` kl 9… ha prótksa prótksass llko`rè` b`st` kl 9 y ks cl`sk A… l` cjgcb` dk h`goj dkl kx`hkg uk quk `sè `rraf` cjljcj kl 9 UKVJ `f`mj tkgoj kl 2… SK S@C@ KL 2, lj cjrrkctj ks quk kl dk `f`mj llkouk b`st` kl 9 t`hfaág. [GJ SAKHUVK CL@SAIAC@ @GTKS DK LJ P[K SK Y@Q@ @ UJGKV

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Agst`l`caóg dk l` prótksas. I`sk dk h`gtkgahakgtj h`gtkgahakgtj 



LJS 2 GJ SK TJH@G KG C[KGT@ SA GJ SK Y@G @ VKB@FALAT@V LJS SKO[GDJS HJL@VKS GJ SK TJH@G KG C[KGT@ SA GJ SK VKB@FALAT@G Q SA SK TAKGKG Q SK Y@G @ S@C@V SK CL@SAIAC@ L[KOJ DK S@C@VLJ F[SC@V LJ P[K UVJSTJDJGCA@.

Urjial`xas y tr`t`hakgtj dk arrat`gtks ljc`lks ks dkca dkcarr gj sk pukd pukdk k tj tjh` h`rr ug` ug` ah ahpr prks ksaó aóg g dkiagatav` sa kl p`cakgtk takgk càlculj.

DAMJ…

KG

KL

OLJS@VAJ

TKH@ 2 UVKU@V@CAJG DK L@ FJC@.

DK

Cjgtrjlks `gu`lks.

UVKU@V@CAJGKS KG DAKGTKS UAL@VKS

Sjg ks`s ks`s hjdaia hjdaiac`c c`caj ajgks gks j rkhjdk rkhjdkl` l`caj cajgks gks quk v`hjs ` b`ckr kg ljs dakgtks pal`rks. Tjdj lj quk sk b`ck b`ck p`r` p`r` b`ck b`ckrr ug tj tjpk pk kg ug dakg dakgtk tk ks ug` ug` prkp`r`caóg. C[@LKS SJG UVAGCAU@LKS=

L@S

UVKU@V@CAJGKS

GAYKL@CAJ GAYKL@ CAJG G DKL DKL UL@G UL@GJ J JCL[S JCL[S@L @L J AGCAS@ AGCAS@L L (dkso`st`r)

 

Urahkrj b`y quk tkgkr ug` dks`rhjgè` kg kl pl`gj jclu jclus` s`l, l, lj quk quk saog saogai aiac ac` ` ug` ug` agtk agtkri rikr krkg kgca ca` ` kg hjvahakgtjs dk l`tkr`lad`d. l`tkr`lad`d.

Kl dkso dkso`s `stk tk dkfk dkfk skou skouar ar l` `g`t `g`tjh jhè` è` dkl dkl dakg dakgtk tk pjrquk sa gj v`hjs ` tkgkr ks ug` i`ckt` y gj ug cjgt`ctj cjg ljs dakgtks dk l` prótksas.

Sk pu pukd kdk k b` b`ck ckrr ug ug` ` cjrj cjrjg` g` j ug` ug` agcr agcrus ust` t`ca caóg óg cu`gdj l` agv`saóg dkl pl`gj ks h`yjr (pjr km ;hh) y ug dkso`s dkso`stk tk sklkct sklkctav avj j sk pu pukdk kdk b` b`ckr ckr cu`gd cu`gdj j l` agtkrikrkgca` ks huy pkqukð` (0hh – 6hh).

Kl dkso`stk dkfk skr dk 0 – 6 hh pkrhatakgdj kl hjvahakgtj dk l` pl`c` prjxah`l.

Vkst`ur`caóg kg c`sj dk kxpjsacajg dk dkgtag`.

Kg dakgt dakgtks ks `gtkr `gtkrajr ajrks ks kl jf jfmkt mktavj avj ks `uhkgt `uhkgt`r `r kl ksp`caj kdkgtulj y hkmjr`r l` kstátac` `gtkrajr. Lukoj dk b`ckr tjdj kstj sk dkfk p`s`r dk gukvj

Jrtjdjgca` p`r` agtruar ksk dakgtk.

pjr kl p`r`lklaor`ij. p`r`lklaor`ij.

Skohkgt`ra` (caruoè`) cjrt`r buksj ktc ktc.

VKHJDKL@DJ VKHJDKL@D J @G@TJHACJ

Kxtr`ccaóg.

Sjg l`s hjdaia Sjg daiac` c`ca caj jgks gks quk sk b`c `ckg kg kg l`s supkri sup kriaca acaks ks vkstaf vkstaful ul`rk `rks s y lagou lagou`lk `lks s p`r` p`r` hjvkr hjvkr l` lègk` dk h`yjr cjgtjrgj, lj cu`l sk dkfk b`ckr kg ksh` ksh`lt ltk. k. Sa kstà kstà huy huy `rra `rraf` f` sk pukd pukdk k b`ck b`ckrr ug dkso`stk p`r` f`m`rl`, sa kstà huy `rraf` sk `orko` rksag` pjrquk gj pjdkhjs dkso`st`r b`ca` l` zjg` dkl cukllj dkl dakgtk y dk kst` h`gkr` l` f`m`hjs ug pjcj.

UL@GJS O[A@S Supkri Supk riac acak aks s kx kxas astk tkgt gtks ks j cr crk` k`d` d`s s kg ljs ljs dakg dakgtk tks s pal` pa l`rk rks s quk quk tk v` v`g g ` dktk dktkrh rhag ag`r `r l` agsk agskrc rcaó aóg g y rkhjcaóg dk l` prótksas. UVKO[GT@ DK KR@HKG. Sa gj sk kgcukgtr`g kg ljs dakgtks lj dkfkhjs crk`r  hkda hk da`g `gtk tk ug dkso dkso`s `stk tk sk sklk lkct ctav avj j dk l`s l`s c` c`r` r`s s prjxah`lks. Iugcajgk Iugcaj gks= s= sa ug dakgtk dakgtk ks kstà tà huy agclag` agclag`dj dj gj sk pukdk b`ckr ug pl`gj ouè`, y` quk b`frè` quk t`ll`r  dkh`sa`dj. Cu`gdj Cu`g dj s`fk s`fkhj hjs s qu quk k v`hj v`hjs s ` tkgk tkgkrr quk quk t`ll t`ll`r  `r  dkh` dk h`s sa`d a`dj, sk dkfk b`c b`ckr ug` ug` kgdjdj jdjgca ca` ` prkvkgtav` p`r` quk kl p`cakgtk gj tk ll`hk ` l`s 4`h quk lk duklk kl dakgtk pjrquk y` kst`f`s kg gkrvaj y gj bacastk l` kgdj. Da Dash shag aguy uyk k kl sjc` sjc`v` v`dj dj rktk rktkgt gtav avj j y `uhk `uhkgt gt` ` l` rktkgcaóg pjr iraccaóg. Dashagu Dash aguykg ykg l`s iukrz`s iukrz`s l`tkr`lk l`tkr`lks s `l dakgtk dakgtk pjrq pjrquk uk hakgtr`s hàs rkctj ks ha kmk hkgjs iukrz`s sk v`g ` `plac`r `l dakgtk pal`r.  @yud` ` l` `ccaóg dk ljs cjhpjgkgtks dk ljs rktkgkdjrks. Cu`gdj tkgkhjs pl`gjs ouè`s kg dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s, l`s c`r`s prjxah`lks ` l` frkcb` kdágtul` sjg l`s quk v`g ` b`ckr gukstrj pl`gj ouè`, kl dkso`stk sk pukdk b`ckr dk 6 ` 4 hh cjg ug` irks` da`h`gt`d` calègdrac` y dashaguyk kl sjc`v`dj rktkgtavj. Kg ljs ljs c`sjs c`sjs dkgtjh dkgtjhucj ucjsjp sjpjrt jrt`d` `d`s s v`g ` skr l`s c`r`s prjxa c`r`s prjxah`l h`lks ks dk lj ljs s dakg dakgtks tks `dy `dy`ck `ckgtk gtks s ` l` frkcb` kdágtul`.

Dkfk skouar kl cjgtjrgj dkl dakgtk. Sk utalaz` ug` irks` dk da`h`gtk calègdrac` y sk p`s` pjr kl p`l`lklèor`ij. p`l`lklèor`ij. Cu`gd `gdj tk tkg gkhj khjs quk hjd hjdaia iac c`r l` lèg ègk k` y gj pjdkhjs dkso`st`r dkfkhjs crk`r ug` rktkgcaóg y` sk` cjg rksag` j vadraj y crk`r ug` lègk` dkl kcu`djr. Cu`gdj sk v` ` crk`r ug` zjg` rktkgtav` kg ug` cjrj cjrjg` g` dk pjrc pjrckl kl`g `g` ` j ug` ug` c`ra c`rall ll`, `, sk pruk prukf` f` kl fazcjcbj y sk pukdk `orko`r j quat`r pjrckl`g`, sk tjh` tjh` l` ah ahpr prks ksaó aóg, g, p`r` p`r`lk lkla laz` z`hj hjs s y sk kgvè kgvè` ` `l l`fjr`tjraj ` `orko`r hàs pjrckl`g` pjrckl`g`.. Cu`g Cu `gdj dj b`fl b`fl`h `hjs js dk sjc` sjc`v` v`dj djs s rktk rktkgt gtav avjs js ks latkr`lhkgtk ug` cucb`rat` quk sk b`ck kg kl dakgtk p`r` p`r` quk quk l` pugt pugt` ` tk tkrh rhag ag`l `l il ilkx kxaf aflk lk kgtr kgtrk k `bè `bè y tkgo`hjs hàs rktkgcaóg, y kstj sk b`ck cu`gdj y` gj b`y h`gkr` dk b`ckr quk tkgo` rktkgcaóg ksk dakgtk T@LL@V DKSC@GSJS Ks lj quk v` ` pkrhatar kl sjpjrtk dk l` prótksas, ks dkca dkcarr kvat kvat`r `r quk quk l` prót prótks ksas as sk bugd bugd`, `, fakg fakg sk`g sk`g rktk rktkgk gkdj djrk rks s agda agdark rkct ctjs js j dksc dksc`g `gsj sjs s prjp prjpaj ajs s dkl dkl o`gcbj. Ksk dask Ksk daskðj ðj dkfk dkfk pkrh pkrhat atar ar quk quk l`s l`s iu iukr krz` z`s s sk`g sk`g daraoad`s `l kmk ljgoatudag`l dkl dakgtk p`r` quk `yudk t`gtj ` l` kst`falad`d dk l` prótksas, `l sjpjrtk y ` l` rktkgcaóg.

 

Kxastk Kxas tkg g da daik ikrk rkgt gtks ks ta tapj pjs= s= jclu jclus` s`lk lks, s, ca cago goul ul`r `rks ks,, lagou`lks j agcas`lks, ksj v` ` dkpkgdkr dkl tapj dk o`gcbj y kl dakgtk djgdk sk cjljc`r` kl o`gcbj. Ljs jclus`lks takgkg ijrh` tra`goul`r cjg f`sk b`ca` kl rkfjrd rkfjrdk k h`roa h`roag` g`ll y kl vártac vártack k rkdjg rkdjgdk` dk`dj dj,, cjg ljgoatud kgtrk 3-4hh kg kl `gcbj hksaj vkstaful`r y l` prjiugdad`d dk 0 – 0.;hh (ksh`ltk).

`h`lo`h`s, rksag`s j agcrust`cajgks quk kstág kg fukg kst`dj.

AHUVKSAJGKS DKIAGATAY@S KG DUVTKCGAC@S DK AHUVKSAÓG (tkh` 1) Dkpkgdk dk l` cl`saic`caóg dk Nkggkdy.

L` agclag`caóg dkfk skr hkgjr dk 15 or`djs.

Cjgckptjs=

 @ugquk l` iukrz` jclus`l ks h`yjr kg darkccaóg vkrtac`l, kl dksc`gsj v` ` tr`gshatar ks` iukrz` ` lj l`roj dkl kmk dkl dakgtk pjr ksj kl cjgkctjr hkgjr  sufk kg 15 or`djs.

Vkprjduccaóg gko`v` dk ug` `rc`d` p`rca`lhkgtk kdágtul` j `loug` skccaóg dk kll`.

Cu`gdj sk b`ck ug tjpk daoat`l ks cu`gdj tkgkhjs ug ug` ` cl`s cl`sk k AA AAAA y lj ljs s da dakg kgtk tks s pjst pjstkr kraj ajrk rks s sjg sjg huy huy agclag`djs, kgtjgcks gj lj utalaz`hjs quazàs cjhj ug o`gcbj pjrquk sjg dakgtks cjrtjs quk gj pkrhatk hjdaiac`r t`gtj kl dakgtk cjhj p`r` hktkr ug fr`zj rkcaprjc`djr y ug fr`zj rktkgtavj. L`s dahkgsajgks ao aou` u`ll qu quk k lj ljs s dk dksc sc`g `gsj sjs s jclu jclus` s`lk lks s sjlj sjlj quk quk l` kxtkgsaóg hksaj dast`l ks hucbj hàs or`gdk. Cu`gdj sk b`ck kl dksc`gsj p`r` kl djflk `cnkr l` prjiugdad`d ks aou`l pkrj sk dkfk b`ckr ug laokrj dkso`stk kg kl pugtj dk cjgt`ctj. Lj Ljs s dk dksc sc`g `gsj sjs s ca cago goul ul`r `rks ks sk b`ck b`ckg g kg dakg dakgtk tks s `gtkrajrks, pukdkg skr kg ijrh` dk d agvkrtad`, ijrh` dk ksc`lóg j ijrh` dascjadk. Ujr su Ujr supu puks kstj tj l` sk sklk lkcc ccaó aóg g dkl dkl dksc dksc`g `gsj sj v` ` dkpkgdkr  

Dkl c`sj Dkl tapj dk dakgtk

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Ks kl rksult`dj dk l` cjhfag`caóg c jhfag`caóg dk ug orupj dk prjpakd`dks sac`s dkl h`tkra`l dk ahprksaóg, dkl or`dj dk jrh`cajgks dk ljs tkmadjs y l` rkcupkr`caóg dk ljs hashjs `gtks dkl r`ou`dj dkl h`tkra`l dk ahprksaóg (Skoýg Njr`g @ 0125). Dastjrsaóg Dkspl`z`hakgtj dk ljs tkmadjs (dkpkgdk dkl h`tkra`l). Cjgig`hakgtj dkl h`tkra`l Cjgskcukgca`s= 0. Kspksj Kspksjrr

@yud`r @yud`r ` sklkcc sklkccajg ajg`r `r l`

6. Yasc Yascjs jsad ad`d `d cu cufk fkt` t` ad adk` k`l. l. 3. Cufkt` Ks gkcks`raj ug h`tkra`l quk kg cl`sk A y AA tkgo` l` c`p`cad`d dk cjpa`r l` raoadkz quk kgkg ljs dakgtks y rkprjducar kl hjvahakgtj dk l` p`rtk kdágtul` sag hjdaic`rsk j dkjrh`rsk.

Dk l` `g`tjhè` lagou`l dkl dakgtk D AGYKVTAD@=

Lj adk`l ks prksajg`r l` cufkt` c ufkt` djgdk v`g ljs tjpks y GJ b`ckrlj sjfrk kl rkfjrdk kdkgtulj.

Agdac`d` kg c`gagjs supkrajrks cjg `gouljs prjhagkgtks prjhagkg tks y fukg orjsjr dk ksh`ltk p`r` kl sjc`v`dj. KSC@LJG=

B`y h`tkra`lks quk dkpkgdkg dk l` vascjsad`d dkl h`tkra`l dk qukd`rsk kstàcj ug hjhkgtj y gj “cbjrrk`rsk‘ y kxastkg jtrjs quk gj.



Agdac` Agda c`dj dj kg da dakg kgtk tks s `gtk `gtkrj rj agik agikra rajr jrks ks.. Kl ksc`l ksc `lóg óg kstà kstà uf ufac` ac`dj dj kg kgtrk trk ljs lèhatk lèhatks s dk dkll rkfjrdk h`roag`l. h`roag`l. Kl pasj v` agclag`dj b`ca` l` p`rtk lagou`l dkl dakgtk. DASCJADKS= 

Agdac`djs dkpkgdk dk l` `g`tjhè` lagou`l dkl dakgtk djgdk sk cjljquk. Tjd` Tj d`s s l`s l`s pr prkp kp`r `r`c `caj ajgk gks s dkfk dkfkg g kst` kst`rr kg ug` ug` kstructur` s`g`. Ljs tjpks pjdkr ar sjfrk

Cufkt`s 

Ukrjr`d`s, cjhplkt`s sag pkrjr`r.



@d`pt`flks.



Agdavadu`lks (us`d`s kg cl`sk A y AA).



U`rtks= 0. H`goj

 

6. Il`gojs. 3. Cukrpj. 4. Uasj.

Cjhp`flk l`s dakrkgca`s dk sjpjrtk kquat`vj, kst`falad`d dk f`sks y dastrafucaóg dk c`ro`s. H`tkra`lks dk Ahprksaóg @gtkrajrhkgtk sk us`f` yksj p`rès.

Cl`saic`caóg= 

T`h`ðj S, H, L, RL.



Uukdk skr p`rca`l j tjt`l.



Dk `cukrdj ` su jrh`= Supkrajr j agkrajr.



Dkgt`d`s j kdágtul`s.



0. Badrjcjljadk Arrkvkrsaflk -

H`t `tkkra ra`l `l hàs us`d us`dj j kg kg DUV DUV.. Badrjlacj.

-

Gj rk rkpr prjd jduc uckk ig igjs js dk dkt` t`ll llks ks.. Gj ks ks dahk dahkgs gsaj ajg` g`lh lhkg kgtk tk kst kst`f `flk lk.. Sk dkso dkso`r `rr` r` hàs hàs quk quk das dastj tjrs rsaj ajg` g`rs rsk. k.

6. U` U`st st`` ]agq ]agquk ukgó góla lac` c` -

Skoýg kl jfmkvj dkl jpkr`djr= dk stjcn j kstàgd`r y l` agdavadu`l.

Ahpjrt`gtk cjpa`r kl tkmadj fl`gdj. -

L` ouè` p`r` l` ahprksaóg ks kl dakgtk. Skoýg l` ugcaóg sk cl`saic`g kg=

3. Ujlasulurj -

0. Ahprksaóg @g`tóhac`=  @g`tóhac`=  Dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s (Cl`sk AAA y AY).

-

Frkcb`s cjrt`s. Cufkt`s dk stjcn. H`tkra`l= @loag`tj, p`r` cbkquk`r p`r`lklaz`dj. 6. Ahprksaóg Iugcajg`l=  Iugcajg`l=  Dkgtjhucjsjpjrt`d`s (Cl`sk A y AA). Frkcb`s l`ro`s dk cl`sk AAA y AY. Cjgtjrgj supkrica`l dkl rkfjrdk `l sjpjrt`r l` c`ro` c `ro` ugcajg`l (cjpa`r kl rkfjrdk ugcajg`l dk ljs tkmadjs y huscul`tur`).

Ujcj usj. Kst` Kst`f fal alad ad`d `d da dah hkgs kgsaj ajg` g`ll F` F`m` m` va vasc scjs jsad ad`d `d (p (pjc` jc` da dast stjr jrsa saóg óg dk tkmadjs). Vèoad` y ràoal.

Badrjlacj. Ag Agks kst` t`fa falalad` d`d d dah dahkg kgsa sajg jg`l `l ( (kh khpj pj vs v`ca`dj) Davk Davkrs rsad ad`d `d dk va vasc scjs jsad ad`d `dks ks (b (b`y `y 3). Ilkxafalad`d Kl Kl`s `stó tóhk hkrj rj hàs hàs us`d us`dj j kg kg DUV. DUV. Lafkr` `l `lcjbjl. Y` Y`ca ca`r `r `gtks gtks dk 6 bj bjrr`s `s.. Sk dk dkj jrh rh`` pkr pkrj j gj gj sk sk dks dkso` o`rr rr`. `.

4. Salacj Salacjg`s g`s (Ujla (Ujlavag vagal al Saljs` Saljs`gj) gj) 

Cl`saic`caóg pjr pjlahkraz`caóg

-Cjgdkgs`caóg= Lafkr` `ou`. -@dbksaóg= Gj lafkr` sufprjductj Lafkr`caóg dk sufprjductj 8 dkjrh`caóg.

Vkfjrdk= Sjpjrtk, kst`falad`d y rktkgcaóg. Davkrs`s vascjsad`dks= Dakgtks pal`rks= 5.0hh. 

Lava`g` j rkct`.



Uks`d` (gj cjpa` dkt`llks).



Adk`lhkgtk klàsc`.

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Badrjófacjs

Vkfjrdk rksadu`l= 5.4-6hh. U`r` cjhprjf`r l` ahprksaóg ugcajg`l ks cjg kl @CVALA]@DJ y` quk l` kstructur` hktàlac` sk `pjy` sjfrk ljs dakgtks. L` ahprksaóg dkfk pkrhar quk kstk hjvahakgtj sk` c`pt`dj p`r` quk kg kl `crèlacj kl r`goj sk pukd` cufrar.

;. Ujlaktkr

 

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Davkrs vkrs`s `s vas vascj cjssad`d ad`dks ks.. Kst Kst`f `fal alad ad`d `d dah dahkgs kgsaj ajg` g`l. l. Badrjlacjs. Vè Vèoa oadj djss – gu gukv kv`` vkrs rsaó aóg g H`yjr kxa xaf falad`d.

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H`xal`r agkrajr (jmj).

Dksvkgt`m`s= Y`ca`dj l`fjr`tjraj. U`sjs=

Tácgac`s p`r` ahprksaóg 0. Tácg Tácgac ac`` Cufk Cufkt` t` Agd Agdav avad adu` u`ll 

Tjh`r l` ahprksaóg dk `loag`tj.

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Cjgkccaóg dk cufkt` agdavadu`l.

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Agdac`dj p`r` h`xal`r supkrajr k agkrajr.

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Daskðj dk l` cufkt` kg hjdklj `g`tóhacj.

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@lavaj cjg ckr` rjs`d` dk 3hh kg pjstkrajrks y 6hh kg `gtkrajrks.

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@crèlacj sjfrk kl `lavaj dk ckr`. 

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Tjh` dk ahprksaóg `g`tóhac` cjg `loag`tj djgdk sk rkoastrkg tjd`s l`s kstructur`s dk sjpjrtk. Daskðj dk cufkt`s agdavadu`lks sjfrk ljs rkfjrdks kdágtuljs, lègk` jflacu` agtkrg` y kxtkrg`, hat`d dk l` p`pal` parajrhk. Sk v`cè` y sk cjgkccajg` l` kstructur` hktàlac`, sk rk`laz`g l`s prukf`s kg hjdklj y kg fjc`. Sk cjljc`g `lavajs dk ckr` dk 3hh kg l`s àrk`s kdágtul`s. Sk c`lakgt`g l`s rkmall`s dk l`s kstructur`s hktàlac`s sjfrk ljs `lavajs. Sk cjljc` `crèlacj sjfrk ljs `lavajs.

B`ckr kl h`goj.

[g` vkz bkcb`= Vkcjrtk dk cufkt`=

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-Lafkr`caóg huscul`r cjg hjdklag` kg àrk`s kdágtul`s j kxtkgsaóg dast`l. - @dbksavj rkspkcvj.

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[g` vkz pjlahkraz`dj sk klahag` l` ckr` y sk cjrraok l` kxtkgsaóg dk l`s cufkt`s kg fjc`. Sk sklkccajg` l` pjrcaóg kdágtul` dkl hjdklj, 6hh dast`l `l ýlhj dakgtk pal`r y kg lagou`l p`r`lklj `l rkfjrdk. Sk rk`laz` l` lafkr`caóg huscul`r cjg hjdklag` dk f`m` ugcaóg.

3. Tá Tácg cgac ac`` dk dk Uac Uacnn up. up. Tjh` dk ahprksaóg ugcajg`l cjg cu`lquakr` dk kstjs

-Ujlasulurj dk f`m` vascjsad`d.

Agdac`caóg= DUV dkgtjsjpjrt`d` agkrajr y SAG hjdaic`cajgks.

Salacjg` pjr `dbksaóg.

Ykgt`m`s=

h`tkra`lks=

Ujlakstkr dk vascjsad`d hkda`.

Kgc`mjg`dj y v`ca`dj (yksj pj AY) L` agkrajr gj pukdk skr kg bkrr`dur` 6. Tácg Tácgac ac`` dk Hjd Hjdkl klj j Hjda Hjdaic ic`d `dj j Agdac`cajgks= 

@rc`d`s kdágtul`s j kxtkgsaóg dast`l.

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Sahplaic` kl prjckdahakgtj dkl v`ca`dj.

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Gj ks gkcks`raj sklkccajg`r kl hjdklj `g`tóhacj.

Dksvkgt`m`s= 

Gj sk pukdk ulaz`r kg prkskgca` dk hjdaic`cajgks pjrquk daicult` `l `rr`str`r l` ahprksaóg skcugd`ra`.

Kl prjckdahakgtj ks sahal`r ` l` tácgac` dk hjdklj hjdaic`dj b`st` kl prjckdahakgtj dk ahprksaóg ugcajg`l cjg l`s cufkt`s kg l` kstructur` hktàlac`.

 

Sk tjh` ug` sjfrkahprksaóg dk `loag`tj cjg l` cufkt` dk stjcn y kst` sk `rr`str` l` ahprksaóg quk kstà `f`mj.

Vkoastrjs agtkrjclus`lks (tkh` 05) Ks kl hkdaj kg quk tr`f`m`rkhjs p`r` tr`gspjrt`r l` rkl`caóg quk kxastk kgtrk l` `rc`d` supkrajr k agkrajr `l `rcul`djr. Sk supjgk quk p`r` gjsjtrjs b`ckr ug fukg hjgt`mk,

Jclusaóg fal`tkr`l f`l`gck`d` Ks ug` jclusaóg quk kxastk djgdk b`y 3 cjgt`ctjs, ks dkcar, yj tkgoj quk tkgkr cjgt`ctj dkl l`dj dk tr`f`mj, dkl l`dj dk f`l`gck y cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk b`o` prjtusaóg, p`r` kvat`r quk l` prótksas sk dks`ljmk. Kgtjgcks, sa b`y ouè` c`gag`, kl l`dj dk f`l`gck kgk quk kst`r cjg ug HAGAHJ CJGT@CTJ p`r` quk l` prótksas gj sk dks`ljmk.

tkgkhjs quk b`ckr ug fukg rkoastrj dk hjrdad`. Kl rkoastrj dk hjrdad` y l`s tácgac`s v`g ` dkpkgdkr dk l` c`gd`d dk dakgtks quk pukd` tkgkr kl p`cakgtk, pjrquk sa ustkdks cjhprkgdkràg, sa kl p`cakgtk kgk dakgtks cjhplktjs ufac`r ljs djs hjdkljs àcalhkgtk, àcalhkgtk, pkrj sa kl p`cakgtk lk `lt`g dakgtks pjstkrajrks `rraf` j `f`mj, kl hjdklj sk hjvkrà b`ca` djgdk yj gj tkgo` dakgtks. Kg tjt`l, cjhj gj b`y dakgtks, gkcksatj rkprjducar l` huscjs` cjg kx`ctud us`gdj ugjs rjdktks (l`hag` dk `crèlacj cjg ug t`cj dk ckr`).

Kxcágtracjs

Ul`c` dk `rcul`r pkrhatk `l hjdklj tkgkr ug` kst`falad`d.

L`tkr`lad`d y prjtusav`. Cu`gdj y` kl p`cakgtk kgtr` kg ugcaóg, b`y quk rkoastr`r ksj t`hfaág.

Kl p`cakgtk, ` l` vkz, kgk hjvahakgtjs dk l`tkr`lad`d, ljs cu`lks sk rkprjduckg `l hjhkgtj dk l` h`sc`caóg.

H`tkra`lks p`r` rkoastrj

Cu`gdj kl cjgt`ctj tk ahpadk llko`r ` l` ouè` c`gag`, ksj ks AGTKVIKVKGCA@. Vkoastrjs Cágtracjs Sjg ljs quk gj b`y hjvahakgtjs. @pkrtur` y cakrrk, djgdk v`hjs ` jftkgkr rkl`caóg cágtrac` y jclusaóg jc lusaóg cágtrac`.

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Hjvahakgtjs dk `pkrtur` y cakrrk B`y ug hjvahakgtj quk dkh`rc` l` tr`ykctjra` dk l` `pkrtur` y kl cakrrk, dksdk quk kstà kg hàxah` agtkrcuspad`caóg b`st` l` hàxah` `pkrtur`. Hk pkrhatk ` ha b`ckr kl hjvahakgtj dk `pkrtur` agaca`l, hàxah` `pkrtur`, cakrrk. Hjvahakgtjs dk l`tkr`lad`d @què sk jrh` kl @rcj Oócj> ksk hjvahakgtj dafum` ug da`h`gtk. Sk supjgk quk cu`gdj yj tr`f`mj kg l`dj dk f`l`gck gj dkfkrè` dk b`fkr cjgt`ctj, y cu`gdj b`ckg l`dj dk tr`f`mj dkfkrè` dk b`ckr ouè` c`gag` j ugcaóg dk orupj. ºCóhj sk rkb`falat` kg prótksas p`rca`l rkhjvaflk: Sa kl p`cakgtk kstà jraoag`lhkgtk kg ouè` c`gag`, lj dkm`hjs kg ouè` c`gag`. Sa kl p`cakgtk kstà kg ugcaóg dk orupj, sk dkm` kg ugcaóg dk orupj. Sa l` prótksas kg Cl`sk A y llko` b`st` ljs l`tkr`lks> gj pukdj s`fkr sa ks ouè` c`gag` j ugcaóg dk orupj, kgtjgcks `bè ljs dkm`hjs kg JCL[SAÓG FAL@TKV@L F@L@GCK@D@.

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Kxastkg v`rajs, p`rkgdj dk ug` làhag` dk ckr`, lj ahpjrt`gtk ks quk ksj tkgo` ug` cjgsastkgca` `gtks dk quk sk pjgo` durj, cjg kl hkgjr c`hfaj dahkgsajg`l pjsaflk. Vkoastrj kx`ctj dk l` supkricak, quk gjs pkrhat` cjpa`r l` c`r` jclus`l dk ljs dakgtk sj l` supkricak quk qukr`hjs cjpa`r.

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Iàcalks dk h`gapul`r.

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Sa kkctjs sjfrk kl tkmadj.

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Ukrhat` l` vkraic`caóg dkl rkoastrj.

Tapjs dk h`tkra`l 0. Ck Ckr` r`ss tkrhj tkrhjpl plàs àsc c`s `s Làhag`s dk ckr`. Kll`s sjg àcalks dk us`r pkrj sjg agkx`ct`s k agkst`flks. Tjdj t`hfaág dkpkgdk dk quk c`gd`d ulackhjs> pukdj us`r kstk rkoastrj cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk kstà dkgt`dj y sjlj quakrj vkraic`r. Sa vjy ` b`ckr ug rjdktk, usj l` hash` l`hag` dk ckr` pkrj v`ra`s c`p`s. 6. U`st` U`st` dk óxad óxadj j dk dk zagc zagc y kuok kuokgjl gjl

 

Ll`h`d` “U`st` ]agqukgólac`‘, quk vakgk kg djs tufjs y sk hkzcl`. Ks huy fukgj p`r` kl usj pkrj ks huy rèoadj, kgtjgcks sk r`ctur` àcalhkgtk. 3. U`st`s U`st`s dk salacó salacóg g y pjla pjla átkr átkr.. Sjg f`st`gtk kst`flks pkrj huy cjstjs`s. Yakgkg kg ug c`rtucbj, kg pastjl`. Jclufatk ks ugj dk klljs.

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Vèoad`= cu`gdj khpakz` ` pjgkrsk c`lakgtk. Cu`gdj khpakz` ` kv`pjr`rsk kl hjgóhkrj y b`y cjgtr`ccaóg pjr pjlahkraz`caóg.

Urjckdahakgtj p`r` l` f`sk `crèlac` 

Uusahjs v`sklag` kg kl hjdklj.

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Kgv`sklagj l` ljskt`.

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Urkp`rj kl `crèlacj kg prjpjrcajgks agdac`d`s kg l`

4. Vk Vksa sag` g`ss `cr `crèl èlac ac`s `s `sk dk h`sall`.

Ks kl Dur`l`y. Tácgac`s dk rkoastrj

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Y` ` dkpkgdkr dk l` tácgac` ` us`r, y` sk` cjg làhag`s dk ckr`, rjdktk, ktc.

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S`cj l` làhag` y l` cjljcj kgcah` dkl rjdktk.

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Kxcksjs ljs cjrt`js cjg kl fasturè.

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Cu`gdj kstá durj pulahjs cjg pahpjllj.

0. Tácg Tácgac ac`` dk là làha hag` g`ss dk ck ckr` r` 

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Ujdkhjs cjgskouar l`s dk djs l`hag`s cjg ug p`pkl `luhagaj kg kl hkdaj, j sahplkhkgtk djfl`r ug` làhag` p`r` b`ckrl` hàs ukrtk y kst`flk. C`lkgt`hjs l` làhag` cjg ug hkcbkrj. Llkv`hjs ` l` fjc` y lk pkdahjs `l p`cakgtk quk cakrrk. Sk us` pragcap`lhkgtk cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk ks dkgtjsjpjrt`dj.

6. Tácgac Tácgac`` dk ckr` ckr` j p`st p`st`` zagqu zagqukgó kgólac lac`` 

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[sj ljs hashjs hashjs p`sjs p`sjs `gtkra `gtkrajrk jrkss p`r` p`r` l` ckr`, ckr`, pkrj dkspuás p`r` kl rkoastrj, hkzclj jtrj pj dk h`tkra`l, y cjhfagj tácgac`s. JMJ= Sa tkgkhjs rjdktk cjg rjdktk, kgk quk kst`r pl`gj y quk gj agv`d` ugj cjg kl jtrj kl jtrj pl`gj. Sk lk ll`h` ` ksj JVAKGT@CAÓG DK UL@GJS.

@crèlacj

KG TJT@LKS, C[@GDJ KL U@CAKGTK GJ TAKGK DAKGTKS, T[ LJ TAKGK P[K LLKY@V @ [G@ UJSACAÓG KSP[KLKT@L, U@V@ S@FKV DJGDK TKGA@ DAKGTKS. Ujsacaóg ksquklkt`l Ks cu`gdj ljs cógdaljs sk kgcukgtr`g kg l` pjsacaóg hàs `gtk `gtkrj rjsu supk pkra rajr jr dk dkgt gtrj rj dk l` js` js` ol olkg kgja jadk dk`. `. B`y B`y h`ga h` gajf jfr` r`ss quk quk tk pkrh pkrhat atkg kg llllkv kv`r `r `l p`cak p`cakgt gtkk ` ug` ug` rkl`caóg cágtrac` y tk b`ckg tkgkr ks` skgs`caóg dk quk kl p`cakgtk kstà kg rkl`caóg cágtrac`.

T`hfaág, p`r` llkv`r ` ug p`cakgtk ` rkl`caóg cágtrac` y pj pjdk dkrrlj h`ga h`gapu pull`r `r,, kg kgk qu qukk b`f `fkr kr ug f`l `l`g `gck ck gkurjhuscul`r. L` tácgac` hàs us`d` ks quk kl p`cakgtk pjgo` l` lkgou` b`ca` `tràs y pko`d` `l p`l`d`r, y `l ksj p`s`r kl p`cakgtk kgk su prahkr cjgt`ctj. 

B`falad`d dkl jpkr`djr.

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C`p`cad`d dkl p`cakgtk p`r` cjjpkr`r

I`sks 

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@rkgjsj= kl pjlvj sk kgcukgtr` suspkgdadj kg kl hjgóhkrj. Khpakzj ` hkzcl`r y p`sj ` l` jtr` `sk. Ial`hkgtjs`= khpkz`hjs ` hkzcl`r. H`sall` plàsc`= `què ks cu`gdj sa pjdkhjs h`gapul`r kl `crèlacj. Ojhjs`= khpakz` ` pkrdkr l` pl`scad`d, sk cjljc` durj.

B`oj ug` fjlat`, l` cjljcj kgcah` dk l` ljskt`, y l` `pl`gj.

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[fac`r ug` pjsacaóg djgdk tý llkvks `l p`cakgtk ` rkl`caóg cágtrac`. H`rc`gdj r`yat` kg rjdktk j dakgtk.

Tácgac`s 

Vkl`m`r `l p`cakgtk cjg `lojdjgks kg fjc`.

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Cjljc`r kl dkdj kg h`gdaful`.

Urjykccaóg dk hjvahakgtjs dkl p`cakgtk

 

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Fuscj l`hag` dk ckr` j rksag` `crèlac`. `c rèlac`.

KSCVAFAV C@D@ DKT@LLK

Dksdk l` pjsacaóg dk ha p`cakgtk lj h`gdj ` hjrdkr y h`gdj ` prjtusav`.

Cjgckptjs quk dkfkhjs s`fkr sjfrk cjs`s quk kl l`fjr`tjraj v` ` rk`laz`r cu`gdj llko` l` dpr=

[g` vkz quk rkpk, hktj l` làhag` y quk hukrd` darkct` kg prjtusav`. Dks`tjrgallj kl `rcul`djr (l`s c`mukl`s). @tjrgallj djgdk hk h`rquk.

Takgk quk kgckr`r kl DUV pjrquk ks` kstructur` hktàlac` vakgk dk ug p`tróg dk ckr` quk lj cukl` kg hkt`l. Sk dkfkg rk`laz`r fljqukjs

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Kg l`tkr`lad`d v` ` skr lj hashj.

Fljqukjs= klahag`r l`s rktkgcajgks. Sa b`y da`stkh`,

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Sa kgk ouè` c`gag`, h`rcj l`s r`y`s.

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Lk daoj `l p`cakgtk quk hukrd` kg ouè` c`gag` dk ug`.

HJDKLJS DK TV@F@MJ Q KGIAL@DJ (tkh` 00) [g` vkz quk tkgkhjs kl hjdklj y` p`r`lklaz`dj, sk kgvè` `l l`fjr`tjraj VKCJVD@V      

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]jg`s rktkgv`s rjmj Hjdaic`cajgks vkrdk Dksc`gsjs y `pjyjs `zul Cjgkctjr hkgjr, h`yjr y pl`c` prjxah`l `zul Fr`zjs y rktkgkdjrks darkctjs  `zul (kl orjsjr y l` `ltur` aràg dktkrhag`djs pjr l` lègk` dkl kcu`djr) F`sks hktàlac`s (rkmall`s)  (`zul) rkcjrd`r quk l` rkmall` kg kxtkgsaóg dast`l v` dkl ckgtrj dkl rkfjrdk b`ca` lagou`l, GJ b`ca` vksful`r pjrquk `bè v` kl t`ljg dkl dakgtk quk sk v` ` kgil`r mugtj cjg kl `crèlacj. L` dklahat`caóg dk l` rkmall` rjmj (djgdk kstà l`

lègk` y b`st` djgdk llko` l` kstructur` hkcàgac`)  Hjdaic`cajgks `dacajg`lksrjmj (sa v`hjs ` klahag`r ug kxcksj, rk`laz`r cjrjg`) Cu`gdj kgva`hjs `l l`fjr`tjraj dkfkhjs tkgkr kl dafumj j kl daskðj dk l` DUV, sagj sk b`ck kg kl hjdklj, sk b`ck kg kl prjtjcjlj (3kr `ðj)

ºPuá b`y quk b`ckr cu`gdj sk lk d` ug` jrdkg `l l`fjr`tjraj:  

Skr lj hàs kspkcaicj pjsaflk. Sjlj sk pukdk rkcl`h`r sa kg l` jrdkg pusastk ug`

cjs` y kl l`fjr`tjraj jtr`. CBKP[K@V. B`ckr l` jrdkg lj hàs kspkcaic` pjsaflk (cu`drj kxplac`vj). Ujr Kmkhplj= “rktkgkdjr darkctj kg t`l dakgtk, cjg tjpk kg t`l, o`gcbj kg t`l, rktkgcaóg t`l kg hksa`l‘ 

b`y quk fljquk`rlj.

[g` vkz quk kl l`fjr`tjraj kgk ksk kgckr`dj, b`ck cjhj ug h`tkra`l, ug duplac`dj dk ksj, quk ks ug h`tkra`l rkr`ct`raj (cjhj `loag`tj y yksj pkrj ks hàs durj) p`r` pjdkr hktkrlj kg ug` hàquag` dk cjl`dj, pjdkrlj prkgs`r y quk kl hjdklj gj sk s k p`rt`. [g` vkz kgckr`dj, kl l`fjr`tjraj b`ck ug` cjpa`, ljs fljqukjs s`ldrè`g kg kl hjdklj quk sk cjpaj y `bè ks djgdk sk cukl` l` kstructur` hktàlac`. Sa yj dkmj ks`s rktkgcajgks y gj l`s fljqukj, cu`gdj sk b`ck kl duplac`dj, sk dkso`rr` kl h`tkra`l y hk hjdaic` kl hjdklj kg kl quk sk v` ` kgckr`r kl DUV. UVAHKVJ SK KLAHAG@V L@S VKTKGCAJGKS U@V@ KYAT@V P[K SK DKSO@VVK KL H@TKVA@L Jtr` cjs` sjg ljs `lavajs ºPuá sk b`ck: Sk `lava` l` zjg` y` quk cu`gdj sk tjh` l` ahprksaóg pukdk b`fkr tkmadj fl`gdj quk sa sk `prakt`, sk bugdk. Cu`gdj sk tjh` l` ahprksaóg pukdk b`fkr ug` cjhprksaóg sjfrk kl tkmadj quk gj lj v` ` rkprjducar l` DUV. Sk cjljc` ug` laokr` l`hag` dk ckr` quk vakgk c`lafr`d` ` 5.;hh p`r` quk ks` sk` l` skp`r`caóg quk kgk quk b`fkr kgtrk l` rkmall` y lj quk kstà `bè. Takgk quk b`fkr ug hagahj kspksjr quk lukoj sk s k rkllkg` cjg `crèlacj. Lj quk kgk quk cjgt`ct`r cjg l` hucjs` dkl p`cakgtk ks kl @CVALACJ, GJ kl hkt`l. Ljs lkcbjs o`gcbj.

cjgsastkg kg kgckr`r kl rkcjrradj dkl

KMKHULJ= tkgoj l` lègk` dkl kcu`djr, kgtjgcks yj vjy ` b`ckr ha lkcbj (fulcj dk ckr`) pjr dkf`mj dk ks` lègk` ºPuá lk agdacj `l l`f: Puk kl o`gcbj gj pukdk ar 0hh pjr dkf`mj, kgk quk ar `l r`z dk ksj.

 

CJGCL[SAJG= dkfkhjs s`fkr quk kxastkg, LKCBJS, @LAYJS Q FLJP[KJS (kstj lj b`ck kl l`fjr`tjraj)

U`sjs p`r` cjljc`r l` kstructur`=

[g` vkz cjgcluadj kstk prjcksj kl l`fjr`tjraj kgvè` l` kstructur` hktàlac`

Sk tjh` l` kstructur` hktàlac`, sk agtrjduck kg l` fjc`, vkr quk `scakgdk, quk `l p`cakgtk gj lk duklk, sk vk kl `mustk, quk `d`ptk cjhplkt`hkgtk

ºPuá b`ckr cu`gdj sk kgk l` kstructur` hktàlac`:

Gj sk dkfkrè`g rkf`m`r ljs tjpks y` quk hjdaic` l` kstructur`, b`frè` quk rkpkr  JMJ



Kv`lu`r quk kl hjdklj y l` kstructur` hktàlac`

sk`g aou`lks Kv`lu`r quk gj sk b`y` hjdaic`dj kl hjdklj  Kv`lu`r quk gj b`y`g dkkctjs, kspksjr `dkcu`dj, tjdj puladj.  Ykraic`r tjdj kstj dkl`gtk dkl l`fjr`tjraj. Kx`hag`r kl hjdklj ugcajg`l cjg l` kstructur`   vkr quk tjdj cjagcad` 

Puk kstk fakg `d`pt`dj agtr`jr`lhkgtk l` kstructur` hktàlac` fakg `skgt`dj y `d`pt`dj cjrrkct`hkgtk (pac` prkougt` dkl prjtjcjlj) ºPuá sk kgk quk kv`lu`r kg l` kstructur` hktàlac`: ºp`r` quk l` prukf`s: UVKO[GT@ DK KR@HKG @skgt`dj y `d`pt`dj pkrkctj  Puk gj b`y` agtkrkrkgca`s  Puk gj sk b`y` hjdaic`dj l` kstructur`  Puk f`mk y tjdjs ljs tjpks `l hashj khpj cjgt`ctkg djgdk kgkg quk cjgt`ct`r @d`pt`cajg  sjfrk dakgtks pal`rks y hucjs` `lvkjl`r 

@lavajs  kv`lu`r quk ljs tkmadjs fl`gdjs gj sk pjgo`g asquáhacjs (fl`gcjs) cu`gdj sk kst` prjf`gdj l` kstructur` hkt`lac`.

SA b`y cjgt`ctj k asqukha` kg ljs tkmadjs   p`st` rkvkl`djr` dk prksaóg j óxadj dk zagc + `lcjbjl j + v`sklag`  pagckl`s, cjljc`s, dkspl`zj kl h`tkra`l, tjc`s, vuklvks ` b`ckr, b`st` quk gj cjgt`ctk y lukoj pulks l` kstructur` hktàlac`. Vkf`m`r cjg pahpjlljs rjs`djs  ljs vkgdkg cjhj `crèlacjs pkrj kg rk`lad`d sjg hktàlacjs. [g` vkz `skgt`dj kl tjpk, quk tjdj kstà kg cjgt`ctj, quk ljs tkmadjs kstàg pkrkctjs, sk prjckdk ` pular sjfrk l`s rkmall`s j ljs rjdktks p`r` pjdkr b`ckr ug rkoastrj agtkrh`xal`r (kl rjdktk dk ckr` v` sjfrk l` kstructur` hktàlac`) Sk f`m` l` ckr` ` l` `ltur` dk ljs dakgtks, sk prukf` kg fjc` quk ljs dakgtks y kl rjdktk kstág p`rkmjs y tjh`hjs kl rkoastrj p`r` kgva`r `l l`fjr`tjraj y sjfrk ks` ckr` ks quk kl l`fjr`tjraj cjljc` ljs dakgtks, p`r` b`ckr kl kgil`dj.

KGIAL@DJ Kl kgil`dj cjgsastk kg cjljc`r sjfrk ug` ckr` ljs dakgtks `rica`lks sjfrk ljs hjdkljs `rcul`djs, rkkhpl`z`gdj `sè ljs dakgtks g`tur`lks pkrdadjs. Sk fusc` pragcap`lhktk kstác` (sjfrktjdj kg dakgtks `gtkrajrks)

Kxastk ug` p`st` rkvkl`djr` (hkzcl` dk jxadj dk zagc cjg `lcjbjl j v`sklag`). Sk cjljc` cjg ug` pag pagckl`d` ckl`d` sjfrk l` hukstr`, f`m` l` kstructur`, SA kl h`tkra`l sk cjrrk y qukd` kxpukstj kl hkt`l ks pjrquk `bè kst` cjgt`ct`gdj ºPuá sk b`ck: Sk tjc` l` zjg`, sk vuklvk ` pjgkr p`st` b`st` quk sk vk` quk y` gj b`y` dkspl`z`hakgtj dkl h`tkra`l y quk gj b`y` asqukha` dkl tkmadj.

U`r` dakgtks `gtkrajrks   dktkrhag`r l` lègk` dk l` sjgras` (f`m`, `lt`, prjhkdaj)

Kv`lu`r jclusaóg  cu`gdj kl p`cakgtk hukrdk gj pukdk b`fkr cjgt`ctj, gj pukdk qukd`r `ltj kl p`cakgtk pjr ug tjpk quk kstk `ltj.

Dakgtks `rica`lks  klkhkgtjs dk l` prjtksas quk v`g ` rkkhpl`z`r ` ljs dakgtks g`tur`lks pkrdadjs. Kxastkg hucbjs dakgtks `rica`lks y hucb`s h`rc`s. Kgtrk klljs=

Kv`lu`r quk b`y` ug` rktkgcaóg  quk gj sk s`lo`. /// pjr lj okgkr`l l` prjtksas vakgk dkl l`fjr`tjraj cjg ljs o`gcbjs dks`cv`djs, cjg l` pagz` Vkygjlds (pagz` kspkca`l p`r` `prkt`r ljs o`gcbjs) ks ulaz`d` p`r` `cv`r ks` pugt` tkrhag`l kxaflk.

Dakgtks dk `crèlacj

Jfmkvj pragcap`l dk l` prjtksas ks rkst`ur`r   jgác`, h`sc`caóg, kstác` y dakgtks quk kstág `ltkr`djs.

Ykgt`m`s  

Hàs ulaz`djs, c`d` ugj kgk sus agdac`cajgks Kstácjs

 

 

Iàcal rkf`s`dj, sk lk pukdk `orko`r `crèlacj Kg c`sj dk tkgkr quk dkso`st`r, sk pukdk ulaz`r l` turfag`.

Dksvkgt`m`s   

Sk r`ctur`g cjg `calad`d (sjg dk plàscj`cralacj) Takgk pjc` durkz` Sk dkso`st`g y kl p`cakgtk pakrdk l` dahkgsaóg vkrc`l.

Dakgtks dk pjrckl`g` Gj sk ulaz`g y`  Sjg huy durjs  Takgkg rksastkgca` `l dkso`stk  pkrj gj sk pukdkg rkf`m`r  Sjg ljs h`s kstácjs ºPuá p`s` cjg klljs: 



 

Ӝ

[g` vkz quk tkgkhjs l` hkdad` gjs v`hjs ` l` t`fl` quk tr`k kl c`t`ljoj ( hkdad` dk c`gagj ` c`gagj y dkl `ltj y `gcbj dkl AC) sk vkraic`g l`s hkdad`s y sk kscjokg ljs quk tkgo` l` c`s` cjhkrca`l. 

Sa kl p`cakgtk kgk dakgtks `gtkrajrks, fusc`hjs

ljs dakgtks y l` hkdad` y cjhpr`hjs ljs pjstkrajrks (ksjs pjstkrajrks sjg ljs quk cjagcadkg cjg ksk t`h`ðj dk dakgtks `gtkrajrks). Sk kgkg hkdad`s dkpkgdakgdj dk ljs dakgtks `gtkrajrks quk sk cjgsaouakrjg. sa kl p`cakgtk kgk dakgtks `gtkrajrks, ljs dakgtks pjstkrajrks v`g ` ar kg ugcaóg dk ljs `gtkrajrks JMJ ºPuá b`ckr sa gj sk kgkg dakgtks `gtkrajrks:

Sa kl dakgtk `gt`ojgast` ks ug dakgtk g`tur`l, l` pjrckl`g` ks + dur` quk ksk dakgtk. Kgtjgcks sa pjgks pjrckl`g` cjg dakgtk g`tur`l v`s ks `

Sk hadk kg kl rjdktk cu`l ks l` dast`gca` dk c`gagj ` c`gagj. KMKMHULJ  p`cakgtk cl`sk Y, kgil`rkhjs dk c`gagj ` c`gagj, lj hkdahjs kg kl rjdktk y cjg ksj

dkso`st`r kl dakgtk g`tur`l (` dakrkgca` cjg kl `crèlacj, sa pjgks dakgtk g`tur`l y `crèlacj, dkso`st`s ks kl `crèlacj, ks prkkraflk) Sjg `lt`g`hkgtk `fr`savjs Uukdkg r`ctur`rsk cjg `calad`d (`ou`gt` ukrz` pkrj sa p`s` su pugtj sk r`ctur`)

tr`sl`d`hjs ` `gtkrajr y pjstkrajr.

Dakgtks hktàlacjs  gj sk ulaz`g bjy kg dè` Ӝ

Sk dktkrhag` kl pj dk dakgtks tra`goul`rks, rkct`goul`rks y jv`l`djs quk sk davadkg kg pkqukðjs, hkda`gjs y or`gdks.

Sk us`g cu`gdj sk kgkg ksp`cajs agtkrjclus`lks huy rkducadjs, pjrquk kl hkt`l gj gkcksat` ug kspksjr kspkcaicj. Gj sjg kstácjs

 ºCóhj sk b`ck l` sklkccaóg dk dakgtks `rica`lks: Kxastkg c`t`ljojs dk dakgtks   CJV@L (kmkhplj) kgk su ouè`. Yakgk ug lafrj cjg c`d` dakgtk. Kg ksk c`t`ljoj `p`rkckg l` jrh` y l` hkdad` dk ljs dakgtks ºPuá sk vk kg kl c`t`ljoj: Sk h`rc` ug` lègk` dk c`gagj ` c`gagj (daj 45hh, kmkhplj) v`hjs `l c`tàljoj y fusc`hjs l` hkdad` quk gjs daj cjg kl códaoj dk dakgtks quk b`y kg kl c`tàljoj. Hkdad` dkl `ltj y `gcbj dkl agcasavj ckgtr`l. C`d` c`t`ljoj kgk sus códaojs. JMJ

TJH@V KG C[KGT@            

T`h`ðj kg f`sk `l c`t`ljoj Ijrh` tra`goul`r, cu`dr`d`, jvjadk Cjljr C`r`ctkrèsc`s dkl p`cakgtk dakgtks dk humkrks + pkqukðjs quk ljs bjhfrks, pjr kmkhplj Vkqukrahakgtjs sa kl p`cakgtk kgk dakgtks p`rca`lks kg fjc`, oua`rsk dk ksj JMJ Tjdj kstj v` dktkrhag`dj pjr kd`d, r`z` y skxj p`cakgtks h`s hjrkgjs, dakgtks h`s or`gdks. Humkrks jrh` rkdjgdk`d`, bjhfrks cu`dr`d`.

Kxastkg trks `ctjrks dk ljs cu`lks dkpkgdk l` sklkccaóg dkl cjljr (UVKO[GT@ DK KR@HKG) 0. Kl jfsk jfskrv rv`d `djr jr  fusc`r `louakg quk tkgo` v`ra`s vasajgks sjfrk kl cjljr ` kscjokr, @0, @6,@3,F0, ktc. L`s humkrks dasgoukg hkmjr ljs cjljrks 6. Kl jfmktj jfmktj cu`gdj cu`gdj kl p`cakg p`cakgtk tk sk rak kg kl sjl, sjl, kl cjljr ks dakrkgtk. 3. Iukgtk dk dk lu luz  sk pjgk `l p`cakgtk ` l` luz ` l` bjr` dk kscjokr kl cjljr (sa ks luz fl`gc` hkmjr) y sk klaok kl cjljr. GJ KG JSC[VAD@D.

   

L` kd`d dkl p`cakgtk aguyk   ` ug p`cakgtk h`yjr gj sk lk pukdkg pjgkr ugjs dakgtks cu`dr`djs pkrkctjs dkrkcbjs y sag dkso`stk agcas`l Cjljr dk l` pakl aguyk Ouè` dk cjljrks  oua`rsk y fusc`r kl cjljr adk`l U`r` kgil`r sk gkcksat` kl rkoastrj  sjfrk l` kstructur` hkt`lac`, sk cjljc` kl rjdktk, sk tjh` kl rkoastrj y sk hjgt` kg `rcul`djr p`r` kgil`r dakgtks. GJ SK U[KDK KGIAL@V SAGJ SK HJGT@ KG @VTAC[L@DJV Sk ulaz` ckr` (sjfrk kl rjdktk), dakgtks, ckr` dk ulad`d.

YKVAIAC@V    

Klahag`r zjg`s kxtkgs`s y `cv`r o`gcbjs  sagj sk s`lk l` prjtksas  Cu`gdj llko` l` prjtksas dk l`fjr`tjraj, l`s zjg`s ckrc`g`s ` ljs dakgtks pal`rks ` vkcks qukd`g kxcksjs dk `crèlacj y l` prjtksas kgdk ` gj f`m`r vkraic`r sa kl `crèlacj kgtrj `bè pkrj GJ klahag`r ljs pugtjs dk cjgt`ctj.  Kv`lu`r l` rksastkgca` ` ljs tkmadjs  `lcjbjl j v`lksag`, zjg`s cjg kxcksj dk prksaóg (y` kxplac`dj kg kl tkh` `gtkrajr, l` p`m` dk l` p`st` rkvkl`djr`) VKCJVD@V P[K KL @CVALACJ KS UJVJSJ, @M[VJ B@Q P[K U[LAV  ojh`s p`r` pular 

Kv`lu`r quk ljs tjpks kstág `skgt`djs Cjljcj ljs dakgtks, hjgtj kg `rcul`djr yTkgkr kg cukgt` quk p`r` s`fkr sa l` prjtksas kst` kg dktkrhagj kl hjgt`mk (sa kst` `ltj j gj) cjrrkct` pjsacaóg, ljs tjpks dkfkg qukd`r b`ca` ljs dksc`gsjs djgdk sk rk`laz`rjg ljs dko`stks.

Cjljr T`h`ðj dkl ksp`caj kdágtulj Ujsacaóg dk ljs dakgtks L` jclusaóg

L` adk` dkl kgil`dj ks quk sa kst` h`l   s`c`hjs kl dakgtk, `orko`hjs ckr`, pjgkhjs, quat`hjs, rkf`m`hjs y vjlvkhjs ` pjgkr kl dakgtk.



 



[G@ YK] P[K TKGKHJS TJDJ KSTJ LASTJ SK H@GD@ @L L@FJV@TJVAJ @ @CVALA]@V

Agst`l`cajg y rkp`r`caóg kg DUV (tkh` 06) U`r` pjdkr b`ckr kstj y` sk dkfk b`fkr prjf`dj l` kstructur` hkt`lac` y kl kgil`dj.

Sa l` prjtksas sk khpakz` ` dkspl`z`r pahpjllj, klahagj y vjy pulakgdj. Il`gcjs fuc`lkskmkhplj cl`sk AYsagj lafkr`hjs kl rkgallj supkrajr y lagou`l (rkgalljs hóvalks kgkg quk tkgkr ksp`caj) sk lk pukdkg ulckr`r `l p`cakgtk. Ykrkgtk lagou`l dkl rkfjrtk, lègk` jflacu` A y K, fr`zjs vksful`rks, SA KST@G L@VOJSulckr`s!!!

[g` vkz prjf`dj kl `skgt`hakgtj (quk tjdj kl kgckr`dj y kgil`dj b`y` qukd`jd cjrrkctj) sk cbkquk` jclusaóg cjg l` pagz` hallkr Dkgtrj dk l` prjtksas kxastk ug` cjs` quk sk ll`h`

Kg l` cat` dk agst`l`caóg dk l` prjtksas b`y quk kx`hag`r cjhplkt`hkgtk l` prjtksas pjrquk sk cjljc` kl `cralaz`dj (lj quk `gtks kr` ckr` `bjr` ks `crèlacj).

CJS@S UJV KY@L[@V Q B@CKV= Puk tjd`s l`s kstructur`s kstág pulad`s  Vkvas`r quk tjdj (sjfrktjdj kg kxtkgsaóg dast`l) llkouk ` l` lègk` jflacu` agtkrg` y kxtkrg`, ` l` vkrkgtk lagou`l dkl rkfjrdk, jgdj dkl vksfulj SA KL IJGDJ DKL YKSTAF[LJ KST@ SJFVKRTKGDADJ UJDKHJS C@[S@V [LCKV@CAJGKS. JMJ 

VKHJGT@, quk ks cu`gdj l` prjtksas vakgk kg kl `rcul`djr sag pular y gjsjtrjs v`hjs ` cbkquk`r ljs cjgt`ctjs kg kl `rcul`djr p`r` kvat`r ulaz`r kg fjc` + khpj dk tr`f`mj cjg l` jclusaóg (ksj vakgk kg kl `rcul`djr `cralaz`dj)  sk b`ck kg tjt`lks j kxtkgsaóg dast`l Sa cbkquk`hjs hucbj l` jclusaóg b`y quk dkvjlvkr `g`tjhè` `l dakgtk rks`s dk da`hkgtk, pahpjllj

UVKU@V@CAJG DKL U@CAKGTK 

 

B`ckr cat`s dk cjgtrjl prahkrj ` l`s 64 bjr`s, hàxahj 42b Kv`lu`r sjpjrtk dk l` prjtksas  quk gj b`y`g sjfrkxtkgsajgks.



Agdac`r kl prjcksj dk `d`pt`dj, quk kgk quk `prkgdkr ` h`sc`r, dakt` fl`gd`, cjgtrjl ` l`s 64b. Cuad`r kl kmk dk agskrcaóg y rkhjcaóg  vkr cjg ug kspkmj cjhj kl p`cakgtk sk cjljc` l` prjtksas.

 

Baoakgk ckpallj dakrkgtk p`r` l`v`rl` cjg  m`fjg dk h`gj (`zul), dktkrokgtks dktkrokgtks su`vks. KSTJH@TATAS S[FUVJTKSAC@  jcurrk cu`gdj l` prjtksas gj kgk cjgtrjl, sk pjgk pjrjs`, sk lk pko` cjhad`, p`cakgtk sag baoakgk y c`us` arrat`caóg ` gavkl dk tkmadjs fl`gdjs.

Sa kl p`cakgtk sk lk c`k  r`ctur` l` prjtksas

Sa kl p`cakgtk h`gkgk baoakgk y cjgtrjl, KSTJ GJ U@S@

SA SK U[KDKG VKKHUL@]@V LJS DAKGTKS @VTAIACA@LKS   sk c`hfa` l` f`sk y ljs dakgtks. Sk tjh` ug` gukv` ahprksaóg y rkoastrj dk hjrdad` y sk h`gd` `l l`fjr`tjraj ` b`ckr ug kgil`dj gukvj, SAKHUVK Q C[@GDJ l` kstructur` hkt`lac` kstk kg fukg kst`dj y fakg `d`pt`d`.



Dr` v`lkg` rkcjhakgdj quat`r l` prjtksas sjlj djs vkcks pjr skh`g` (l` latkr`tur` dack ; j tjdjs ljs dè`s) ºUjr quá gj dksc`gs`r l` prjtksas: cu`gdj sk dkvuklvk l` kst`falad`d jclus`l `l p`cakgtk (gj tkga` dakgtks, `bjr` sa) lj adk`l ks quk kl px kg l` gjcbk (quk ks cu`gdj + `prakt`) TKGO@ ks` kst`falad`d jclus`l   sa l` quat`hjs, pkrdkhjs ksj. Sk agdac` quk sk l` quatk ug` gjcbk pjr h`gtkgkr baoakgk y pukdk vkr cjhj sk sakgtk sag kll`.

Ir`ctur` dk cjgkctjr h`yjr y hkgjr   sa gj sk pukdk vjlvkr ` `d`pt`r, rkpkr prjtksas. Ljs cjgkctjrks sk dkfalat`g pjr   usj, agtkrkrkgca` dk tkmadjs j l`s prjpakd`dks dkl hkt`l gj sjg l`s `dkcu`d`s.

L`s f`sks dkl `crèlacj pukdkg pkrdkr l` kst`falad`d y kl sjpjrtk agaca`l, kl rkfjrdk sk pjgk pks`dj y kl p`cakgtk pakrdk buksj isajlóoac`hkgtk  b`ckr VKF@S@DJ

Tapjs dk rkf`s`dj Tapj 0 l` jclusaóg dk pkrdaó, kst` cjl`ps`d` pkrj l`

¼ dk fac`rfjg`tj cjg `ou` jxaokg`d` y B6J ks jtrj

f`sk dk `d`pt` `l tkmadj. Sk b`ck rkkhpl`zj dk l` p`rtk

hátjdj p`r` lahpa`r l` prjtksas (sk dkm` rkhjm`gdj kg ksj)

jclus`l. H`s quk tjdj kg dkgtjsjpjrt`d`s.

L@S CAT@S CJGTVJLKS SJG S[UKV AHUJVT@GTKS!!

ljs dakgtks kstàg pkrkctjs. Jclusaóg pkrkct`/pkrdad` dk buksj. Sk pukdk rkllkg`r l` f`ksk cjg `crèlacj. Kg dkgtjhucjspjrt`d`s.

Urahkr` ` l`s 64 bjr`s (quk gj p`sk dk 42b)  Skougd` ` ljs ? dè`s  Tkrckr` kg ug hks  Lukoj c`d` 9 hksks Urjhkdaj dk vad` dk ug` DUV ; `ðjs (kl `crèlacj sk dkso`st`) gj gkcks`ra`hkgtk sk kgk quk sustuar tjd`, pukdk skr sjlj ugjs dakgtks, pjr kmkhplj. 

Tapj 6  cu`gdj l` f`sk b` pkrdadj su kst`falad`d pkrj

Tapj 3  sk pkrdaó t`gtj jclusaóg cjhj l` f`sk. C`hfaj cjhplktj dk tjdj. Sk kgk quk vjlvkr ` b`ckr gukv` f`sk. Sk cjljc` l` prjtksas, sk b`ck ahprksaóg dk `loag`tj. Kl l`fjr`tjraj quat` kl `crèlacj y vuklvk ` kgil`r, prukf`g kgil`dj y sk

VKU@V@CAJG DK DUV

h`gd` ` `cralaz`r dk gukvj.

Kxastkg c`sjs djgdk l` prjtksas hjlkst`. B`y cakrt`s cjs`s quk sk pukdkg rkp`r`r kg ug` dpr. JMJ  rkp`r`r kg f`sk ` l` hash` dpr, ug` cjs` ks rkp`r`r, jtr` ks b`ckr ug` gukv`.

SA L@ UVJTKSAS GJ SK U[KDK VKU@V@V KS HKMJV VKUKTAV.

ºPuá sk pukdk rkp`r`r: (ug`s cjs`s gjsjtrjs, jtr`s kl l`f) Vktkgkdjrks rjtjs  l`f, o`gcbj gukvj. @crèlacj ug pjcj `ltj  gjsjtrjs pjdkhjs rkf`m`r Dakgtks  sk pukdkg rkp`r`r Cu`gdj sk pakrdk l` kst`falad`d dkl `gcj   gukv` ahprksaóg ugcajg`l