Ing. Imtiaz Ahmed Khan Ph.D Scholar KOD,FT, TUL
[email protected]
Introduction Clothing is a primary and fundamental need of
mankind . Clothing gives a feeling of self confidence and comfort and the wearer feels physically, psychologically and socially at ease. Mainly used to cover and protect body.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Factors Affecting Clothing Requirements Social Status and Economic Background Environment , Weather Age and Health conditions Occasion , Activity
Faith and Ethnicity
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Textiles Materials for Every Need Optimized moisture
management Better heat flow control Improved thermal insulation Breathability High performance in hazard protection Environmental friendly
Increased abrasion
resistance Health control and healing aid Body control Easy care High aesthetic appeal Enhanced handle High/low visibility
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Protective Clothing Nowadays safety and protective textile have become an
integral part in one or other form. Safety and protective textile refer to garment and other fabric related items designed to protect the wearer from harsh environmental effects that may result in injury or death. Protective textiles are a part of technical textiles that are defined as comprising all those textile-based products which are used principally for their performance or functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics. Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
TWELVE SEGMENTS OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES APPLICATION WISE
AGROTECH (AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY) BUILDTECH (BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION) CLOTHTECH (SHOES AND CLOTHING) GEOTECH (GEOTEXTILES, CIVIL ENGINEERING) HOMETECH (FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERY, INTERIOR FURNISHING, HOUSEHOLD TEXTILES, FLOOR COVERING) INDUTECH (FILTERATION, CLEANING AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES) PROTECH (PERSON AND PROPERTY PROTECTION) MEDTECH (MEDICAL, HEALTHCARE AND HYGIENE) MOBILTECH (AUTOMOBILES, SHIPPING, RAILWAYS AND AEROSPACE) OEKOTECH (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION) PACKTECH (PACKAGING) SPORTTECH (SPORT AND LEISURE) Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Classification of Protective Clothing Classifying personal protective textiles or clothing is
complicated because no single classification can clearly summarize all kinds of protection. Overlap of the definitions is common since there are so many occupations and applications that even the same class of protective clothing often has different requirements in technique and protection.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Further Classification Personal protective textiles can be further classified
according to the end-use functions such as thermal (cold) protection, flame protection, chemical protection, mechanical impact protection, radiation protection, biological protection, electrical protection and wearer visibility.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Schematic Classification of Protective Textiles
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Schematic flow chart of materials and technologies for manufacturing of Protective Textiles
Steps in selection of protective clothing materials
Step 1: Assess hazards Type of hazard(s)
Severity of the hazard
Step 2: Identify relevant standards, specifications or guidelines With well defined performance requirements Not well defined performance requirements
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Steps in selection of protective clothing materials
Step 3 Screen materials based on protection performance of fabrics, e.g. •
• • • •
Cold climate protection performance Chemical protection performance Biological protection performance Flame and thermal protection performance Mechanical protection performance
Step 4 Select materials based on other major factors • Job performance • Comfort • Cost • Durability • Use, care & maintenance Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
We will study some aspects related to: Heat & Flame protection clothing Mechanical protection clothing Extreme cold protection Chemical & Biological protection Radiation protection Electrical protection High visibility Protection (we will study today only highlighted topics)
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Thermal Protective Clothing
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Which includes personal protective clothing and gear
such as respirators, face masks, and other controls, forms a barrier between the person and the hazardous environment and prevents the wearer from injury and harm .
Firefighter’s Concerns Firefighters are exposed to many hazards associated with their work environment such as: Toxic substances in the ambient air high radiant heat intensities hot flames are common risks in fire extinguishing work.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Criteria that define heat and/or fire performance Once heat is absorbed by a textile fiber, it may
promote physical or chemical change or both. All organic fiber forming polymers will eventually thermally degrade at or above a threshold temperature often defined as the pyrolysis temperature, Tp. Level of damage to skin provides a relatively severe, yet survivable, performance criterion level for protective clothing.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Human Skin One of the primary objectives in the design of fire-
fighting clothing is the prevention of thermal damage to the skin. To properly understand test methods for the evaluation of fire-fighting clothing, one must have a sound understanding of the affects of thermal exposure on the skin. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
The Human Skin
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Skin Damage Skin burns are evaluated by ranking the level to which
the skin has been damaged. Several scales exist to evaluate skin burns and the most common is to rank by first, second, third degree or higher degrees.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Degree of burns (skin damage)
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Superficial (First Degree) First degree burns are appropriately the most
superficial. The thermal damage in this case only affects the epidermis. The physical signs of a first degree burns include redness and some pain
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Partial Thickness (Second Degree) A second degree burn occurs when the epidermis is
destroyed at the burn location. A superficial second degree burn does not damage the dermis. If the dermis is damaged, the trauma is considered a deep second degree burn. Physically, the skin will appear red, blistered, moist, and will be painful. A pale white color will appear under the blisters if the burn is deep.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Full Thickness (Third Degree) Third degree burns occur when both the epidermis
and dermis suffer complete necrosis. This burn extends below the hair follicle depth. Damage may also penetrate the subcutaneous tissue. The skin is unable regenerate on its own, and will appear gray in color, charred, and have a leathery texture.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Fourth Degree and Beyond Although it is common to discuss first, second, and
third degree burns exclusively, the rating system does extend to a sixth degree. Fourth degree burns are those which require skin grafts to heal the patient. Fifth degree burns are those in which the muscle is damaged. Sixth degree burns damage the bone.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Rate of Skin Damage The normal human skin temperature at the surface is
32.5oC, and thermal damage will begin when the temperature at the base of the epidermis, approximately 80-μm below the surface, is increased above 44oC. Damage to the skin is a function of the skin temperature, and the period of time when this temperature is greater than 44oC. The rate of damage to the skin increases logarithmically, such that the rate of damage at 50oC is 100 times greater than the rate of damage at 45oC Regardless of the mode of application of the heat flux, the temperature rise, and therefore the 2nd degree burn tolerance time, are related to the amount of heat absorbed by the skin.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
· Routine conditions: Air temperature up to 50±60 ºC radiant heat flux up to1.4±1.6 kW/m2.
· Hazardous conditions: Air temperature from 50 ºC to 300 ºC radiant heat flux
from 1.4 kW/m2 to 8 kW/m2.
· Emergency conditions: Air temperature from 300 ºC to 1000 ºC radiant heat flux from 8 kW/m2 to 200 kW/m2
Firefighters garments or Proximity suit The term garment, when referring to firefighter
turnout gear, is defined as the coat, trouser, or coverall elements of the protective ensemble designed to provide minimum protection to the upper and lower torso, arms, and legs, excluding the head, hands, and feet.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Proximity suit Fire proximity suit is a heat-reflecting metallic finished fabric, used
in outer layer of fire-fighting applications. It is manufactured from vacuum-deposited aluminized material. It can be exposed in extreme heat such as aircraft fires and some chemical fires. Aluminised fire proximity suit are designed for rescue operations and places at a temperature ranging 6000F. The outer layer of these suit being aluminized helps to reflect about 90% heat.
1930’s
1930’s
1937-43’s modern
1937-43’s modern
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
suit:- The outer surface of the proximity suit is made by a mirror polished aluminised finish. Collar:- The collar is designed to be twice the height in the rear as in the front. Sleeves:- The sleeves of the coat are designed to act as zippered vent opening in pit. Front fastener:- The coat is opened and closed by both a backway zipper covered by a Velcro closure.
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
There are three basic types of proximity suits: Approach suit—used for work in the general area of high temperatures such as steel mills. (Ambient heat protection up to ~200 °F )
Rescue suit—used for aircraft rescue and fire fighting (AR-FF)
& for kiln
work. (Kiln suit ambient protection upto 700 °F)
Entry suit—used for entry into extreme heat and situations requiring protection from total flame engulfment. Most commonly made of ”Zetex” and not aluminized. Entry suit ambient protection ~700 °F for short duration and prolonged radiant heat up to 600 °F .
Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL
Material that used for proximity suits proximity suits are made-up of fire resistant fibres mainly aramids
such as Nomex and Kevlar, Polybenzimidazol (PBI) fibres(
