Protective Clothing

Ing. Imtiaz Ahmed Khan Ph.D Scholar KOD,FT, TUL [email protected]

Introduction  Clothing is a primary and fundamental need of

mankind .  Clothing gives a feeling of self confidence and comfort and the wearer feels physically, psychologically and socially at ease.  Mainly used to cover and protect body.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Factors Affecting Clothing Requirements  Social Status and Economic Background  Environment , Weather  Age and Health conditions  Occasion , Activity

 Faith and Ethnicity

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Textiles Materials for Every Need  Optimized moisture

   



management Better heat flow control Improved thermal insulation Breathability High performance in hazard protection Environmental friendly

 Increased abrasion

     

resistance Health control and healing aid Body control Easy care High aesthetic appeal Enhanced handle High/low visibility

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Protective Clothing  Nowadays safety and protective textile have become an

integral part in one or other form. Safety and protective textile refer to garment and other fabric related items designed to protect the wearer from harsh environmental effects that may result in injury or death.  Protective textiles are a part of technical textiles that are defined as comprising all those textile-based products which are used principally for their performance or functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics. Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

TWELVE SEGMENTS OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES APPLICATION WISE            

AGROTECH (AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY) BUILDTECH (BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION) CLOTHTECH (SHOES AND CLOTHING) GEOTECH (GEOTEXTILES, CIVIL ENGINEERING) HOMETECH (FURNITURE, UPHOLSTERY, INTERIOR FURNISHING, HOUSEHOLD TEXTILES, FLOOR COVERING) INDUTECH (FILTERATION, CLEANING AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL USES) PROTECH (PERSON AND PROPERTY PROTECTION) MEDTECH (MEDICAL, HEALTHCARE AND HYGIENE) MOBILTECH (AUTOMOBILES, SHIPPING, RAILWAYS AND AEROSPACE) OEKOTECH (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION) PACKTECH (PACKAGING) SPORTTECH (SPORT AND LEISURE) Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Classification of Protective Clothing  Classifying personal protective textiles or clothing is

complicated because no single classification can clearly summarize all kinds of protection. Overlap of the definitions is common since there are so many occupations and applications that even the same class of protective clothing often has different requirements in technique and protection.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Further Classification  Personal protective textiles can be further classified

according to the end-use functions such as thermal (cold) protection, flame protection, chemical protection, mechanical impact protection, radiation protection, biological protection, electrical protection and wearer visibility.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Schematic Classification of Protective Textiles

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Schematic flow chart of materials and technologies for manufacturing of Protective Textiles

Steps in selection of protective clothing materials

Step 1: Assess hazards Type of hazard(s)

Severity of the hazard

Step 2: Identify relevant standards, specifications or guidelines  With well defined performance requirements  Not well defined performance requirements

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Steps in selection of protective clothing materials

Step 3 Screen materials based on protection performance of fabrics, e.g. •

• • • •

Cold climate protection performance Chemical protection performance Biological protection performance Flame and thermal protection performance Mechanical protection performance

Step 4 Select materials based on other major factors • Job performance • Comfort • Cost • Durability • Use, care & maintenance Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

We will study some aspects related to: Heat & Flame protection clothing Mechanical protection clothing Extreme cold protection  Chemical & Biological protection  Radiation protection  Electrical protection High visibility Protection (we will study today only highlighted topics)

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Thermal Protective Clothing

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  Which includes personal protective clothing and gear

such as respirators, face masks, and other controls, forms a barrier between the person and the hazardous environment and prevents the wearer from injury and harm .

Firefighter’s Concerns Firefighters are exposed to many hazards associated with their work environment such as:  Toxic substances in the ambient air  high radiant heat intensities  hot flames are common risks in fire extinguishing work.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Criteria that define heat and/or fire performance  Once heat is absorbed by a textile fiber, it may

promote physical or chemical change or both. All organic fiber forming polymers will eventually thermally degrade at or above a threshold temperature often defined as the pyrolysis temperature, Tp.  Level of damage to skin provides a relatively severe, yet survivable, performance criterion level for protective clothing.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Human Skin  One of the primary objectives in the design of fire-

fighting clothing is the prevention of thermal damage to the skin.  To properly understand test methods for the evaluation of fire-fighting clothing, one must have a sound understanding of the affects of thermal exposure on the skin.  The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

The Human Skin

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Skin Damage  Skin burns are evaluated by ranking the level to which

the skin has been damaged. Several scales exist to evaluate skin burns and the most common is to rank by first, second, third degree or higher degrees.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Degree of burns (skin damage)

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Superficial (First Degree)  First degree burns are appropriately the most

superficial. The thermal damage in this case only affects the epidermis. The physical signs of a first degree burns include redness and some pain

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Partial Thickness (Second Degree)  A second degree burn occurs when the epidermis is

destroyed at the burn location. A superficial second degree burn does not damage the dermis. If the dermis is damaged, the trauma is considered a deep second degree burn. Physically, the skin will appear red, blistered, moist, and will be painful. A pale white color will appear under the blisters if the burn is deep.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Full Thickness (Third Degree)  Third degree burns occur when both the epidermis

and dermis suffer complete necrosis. This burn extends below the hair follicle depth. Damage may also penetrate the subcutaneous tissue. The skin is unable regenerate on its own, and will appear gray in color, charred, and have a leathery texture.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Fourth Degree and Beyond  Although it is common to discuss first, second, and

third degree burns exclusively, the rating system does extend to a sixth degree. Fourth degree burns are those which require skin grafts to heal the patient. Fifth degree burns are those in which the muscle is damaged. Sixth degree burns damage the bone.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Rate of Skin Damage  The normal human skin temperature at the surface is

32.5oC, and thermal damage will begin when the temperature at the base of the epidermis, approximately 80-μm below the surface, is increased above 44oC.  Damage to the skin is a function of the skin temperature, and the period of time when this temperature is greater than 44oC. The rate of damage to the skin increases logarithmically, such that the rate of damage at 50oC is 100 times greater than the rate of damage at 45oC  Regardless of the mode of application of the heat flux, the temperature rise, and therefore the 2nd degree burn tolerance time, are related to the amount of heat absorbed by the skin.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

· Routine conditions: Air temperature up to 50±60 ºC radiant heat flux up to1.4±1.6 kW/m2.

· Hazardous conditions: Air temperature from 50 ºC to 300 ºC radiant heat flux

from 1.4 kW/m2 to 8 kW/m2.

· Emergency conditions: Air temperature from 300 ºC to 1000 ºC radiant heat flux from 8 kW/m2 to 200 kW/m2

Firefighters garments or Proximity suit  The term garment, when referring to firefighter

turnout gear, is defined as the coat, trouser, or coverall elements of the protective ensemble designed to provide minimum protection to the upper and lower torso, arms, and legs, excluding the head, hands, and feet.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Proximity suit  Fire proximity suit is a heat-reflecting metallic finished fabric, used    

in outer layer of fire-fighting applications. It is manufactured from vacuum-deposited aluminized material. It can be exposed in extreme heat such as aircraft fires and some chemical fires. Aluminised fire proximity suit are designed for rescue operations and places at a temperature ranging 6000F. The outer layer of these suit being aluminized helps to reflect about 90% heat.

1930’s

1930’s

1937-43’s modern

1937-43’s modern

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

suit:- The outer surface of the proximity suit is made by a mirror polished aluminised finish. Collar:- The collar is designed to be twice the height in the rear as in the front. Sleeves:- The sleeves of the coat are designed to act as zippered vent opening in pit. Front fastener:- The coat is opened and closed by both a backway zipper covered by a Velcro closure.

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

There are three basic types of proximity suits: Approach suit—used for work in the general area of high temperatures such as steel mills. (Ambient heat protection up to ~200 °F )

 Rescue suit—used for aircraft rescue and fire fighting (AR-FF)

& for kiln

work. (Kiln suit ambient protection upto 700 °F)

 Entry suit—used for entry into extreme heat and situations requiring protection from total flame engulfment. Most commonly made of ”Zetex” and not aluminized. Entry suit ambient protection ~700 °F for short duration and prolonged radiant heat up to 600 °F .

Ing.Imtiaz Ahmed Khan KOD, TUL

Material that used for proximity suits  proximity suits are made-up of fire resistant fibres mainly aramids

such as Nomex and Kevlar, Polybenzimidazol (PBI) fibres(