Proses Produksi "Sheet Metal Cutting"
June 15, 2019 | Author: Sapril Arikanoshiki | Category: N/A
Short Description
Jurusan Teknik Meisn Fakuultas Teknik Universitas Mataram....
Description
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 1.1 Landa andasa san n Teo Teori ri
Prose Prosess Metal Metal formin forming g (prose (prosess pemben pembentuk tukan an logam), logam), merupa merupaka kan n Proses pembentukan (forming) adalah proses mengubah bentuk logam dengan suatu gaya pada arah tertentu tanpa menyisakan serpih.Proses pemb pemben entu tuka kan n terg tergan antu tung ng pada pada sifat sifat plast plastic icit ity y (pla (plast stisi isita tas) s),, yakn yaknii kemampuan kemampuan mengalir sebagai padatan tanpa merusak sifat-sifatnya. Proses forming diklasikasikan menjadi 2 yaitu !. Cold working adalah deformasi di ba"ah kondisi proses reco#ery tidak aktif. $iasanya suhu kerja kurang dari %.& kali suhu leleh benda kerja. 2. Hot working' deformasi dilakukan dilakukan di ba"ah kondisi kondisi temperatur dan laju strain (regangan) di mana rekristalisasi terjadi simulatan dengan deformasi. ntuk mencapai ini, suhu deformasi biasanya di atas %. kali titik cair material pada skala suhu absolut (*el#in atau +ankine) 1) Cold Cold Work Working ing.. Cold working adalah deformasi plastis logam di ba"ah suhu
rekristalisasi. Proses biasanya pada suhu kamar, tetapi penaikan suhu ringan biasa digunakan untuk meningkatkan keuletan dan mengurangi kekuatan. A. *eunggulan cold "orking di baningkan dengan hot "orking antara lain !. idak idak dipe diperlu rluka kan n panas panas 2. Permuak Permuakan an akhir akhir yang diper diperolehl olehlebih ebih bagus bagus &. *ontro ontroll dimensi dimensi lebih lebih bagus bagus sehing sehingga ga sediki sedikitt ttida idak k memerlu memerluka kan n pemesinan lanjutan . Produk Produk memiliki memiliki kemampua kemampuan n reproduksi reproduksi dan mampu mampu tukar yang lebih bagus /. 0ifat kekuatan, kekuatan, kelelahan dan keausan keausan ditingkatkan ditingkatkan melalui strain hardening . 0ifat 0ifat terara terarah h dapat dapat diberik diberikan an 1. Problem Problem kontami kontaminasi nasi diminimisasi diminimisasi *elemahan dari cold "orking sendiri antara lain B. *elemahan !. iperlukan gaya yang lebih besar untuk memulai dan menyelesaikan proses cold "ork 2. iperlukan iperlukan perangk perangkat at yang lebih lebih berat berat dan lebih kuat kuat &. *ur uran ang g keul keulet etan an . Permuk Permukaan aan logam logam harus harus bersih bersih bebas bebas sisik /. 3n 3nne neal al anta antara ra mung mungki kin n dipe diperlu rluka kan n untu untuk k meng mengk kompe ompenn-sa sasi si hilang keuletan yang menyertai strain hardening . Pemberia Pemberian n sifat yang terarah terarah mungkin mungkin merusak merusak 1. egangan sisa yang tak diinginkan mungkin diproduksi diproduksi
!
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2) Hot Working orking
4ot "orking didenisikan sebagi deformasi plastis logam di atas suhu rekristaliasinya. 5ang perlu diingat bah"a beda material beda suhu rekristalisasinya. Misalnya tin timah putih (0n) pada suhu kamar, baja pada suhu 2%%% %6, tung tungst sten en pada pada suhu suhu samp sampai ai % %%% %% %6 belu belum m mencap mencapai ai daerah daerah hot hot "orkin "orking.* g.*ena enaik ikan an suhu suhu berpen berpengar garuh uh terhad terhadap ap penurunan tegangan yield logam dan meningkatkan meningkatkan keuletannya. 3dapun keuntungan dan kerugian 4ot 7orking antara lain A. *euntungan 4ot 7orking !. Pada suhu hot "orkin "orking, g, rekri rekrista stalisa lisasi si mengel mengelimi iminas nasii efek efek dari dari stra strain in hard harden enin ing g (pen (penge gera rasan san rega regang ng)) sehin sehingg gga a tida tidak k ada ada keniakan signikan dalam kekuatan yield atau kekerasan atau penurunan keuletan. 2. *ur#a stress-str stress-strain ain sebenarny sebenarnya a mendatar mendatar di atas titik yield yield dan defo deform rmas asii dapa dapatt dipa dipak kai meng mengub ubah ah seca secara ra dr drast astic ic bent bentuk uk loga logam m tanp tanpa a tak takut akan akan retak etak atau atau dipe diperl rluk ukan an gaya gaya yang yang sangat besar. &. Mengurangi Mengurangi atau menghilan menghilangkan gkan ketidak ketidakhomo homogena genan n kimia"i . Pori-p ri-po ori dapat dilas atau dire ireduksi ukurannya sel selama deformasi /. 0tru 0trukt ktur ur meta metalu lurg rgis is dapa dapatt diub diubah ah untu untuk k meni mening ngk katka atkan n sifat sifat akhir . Pada ada baja baja pada pada suhu suhu rekri ekrist stal alis isas asii defo deform rmas asii terj terjad adii pada pada struktur *rista austenit 688 yang lemah dan ulet dari pada ferrit $88 yang kuat dan stabil pada suhu rendah B. *erugian 4ot 7orking. !. 0uhu tinggi tinggi dari hot "orking "orking meningka meningkatkan tkan reaksi reaksi logam logam dengan sekitarnya 2. olera eransi yang miskin karena pemendekan termal dan kemungkinan kemungkinan pendinginan yang tidak uniform &. 0truktur 0truktur metalurgis metalurgis mungkin mungkin juga tidak tidak uniform uniform *arena *arena ukuran ukuran butir akhir tergantung pada reduksi, suhu pada akhir deformasi dan faktor yang lain yang yang ber#ariasi sepanjang benda kerja kerja Metal 6orming di bedakan menjadi 2 macam proses A. HEET !ETAL !ETAL P"#E P"#E 1. !eta !etall C$tti C$tting ng
0etelah bentuk 9 bentuk kasar dari suatu produk selesai dibuat (terutama melalui proses pengecoran), maka langkah 9 langkah yang sering mengikutinya adalah proses pemotongan logam (metal cutting). alam alam prose prosess ini akan akan terjad terjadii prose prosess pemoto pemotonga ngan n atau atau lebih lebih tepat tepat diseb disebut ut deng dengan an pr pros oses es :per :perau auta tan n; 9 loga logam m deng dengan an meng menggu guna nak kan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
$any $anyak ak jeni jeniss pr pros oses es pemo pemoto tong ngan an loga logam m yang yang dik dikenal enal,, dan dan berik erikut ut ini ini akan akan dije dijela lask skan an bebe beberrapa apa dian dianttaran arany ya yang ang cu cuk kup dik dikenal enal,, dida didala lam m pr pros oses es peng pengola olaha han n loga logam m sepe sepert rtii pemb pembub ubut utan an,, pengdrilan penggerindaan, dan lain 9 lain Proses pembubutan (turning) merupakan pemotongan logam yang dilaksanakan dengan jalan memutar (turning) benda kerja dan kemudian memotong merautnya dengan memakankan sebuah pisau pahat potong ke benda kerja tersebut. Proses perautan disini umumnya dilaksanakan melalui sebuah mesin bubut (engine lathe) dan meliputi proses facing, contour turning, threading, parting, drilling, knurling, dan lain 9 lain abel abel !.!.! 3llo"ance allo"ance t > tebal bakalan, in, (mm) $erikut ini rumus untuk menghitung banyaknya produk yang dihasilkan.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
? > lebar plat, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) Pproduk > panjang produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) ?produk > lebar produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) produk > diameter produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) b. ntuk ntuk Perseg Persegii Panj Panjang ang Pplat Pplat N I × atau Pproduk Pproduk Lproduk Lproduk
|
=
||
|
N II
|
=
||
|
Pplat Pplat × Lproduk Lproduk Pproduk Pproduk
an untuk menghitung gaya untuk proses punching, yaitu F = S t L dimana 6 > =aya pemotongan (@) 0 > tegangan geser (Mpa) ? > panjang tepi potong in(mm) t > tebal bakalan in(mm) 0edangkan untuk menghitung ukuran ukuran punch dan die, yaitu Blanking punch diameter = Db – 2c dimana Db > ukur ukuran an diamet diameter er untuk lubang Db Hole die diameter > > Dh – 2c Dh > ukur ukuran an diam diamet eter er untu untuk k lubang Dh
&. $lan lanking king Prose Prosess pemoto pemotonga ngan n sheet sheet metal metal sepanj sepanjang ang gambar gambaran anku kur#a r#a tert tertut utup up dala dalam m satu satu step step untu untuk k memi memisa sahk hkan an bagi bagian an dari dari sek sekelil elilin ing g bakalan. a. n ntu tuk k li ling ngka kara ran n Pplat Pplat N × Dproduk Dproduk Dproduk Dproduk dimana P > panjang plat, (mm, cm, m, dsb.)
|
=
||
|
? > lebar plat, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) Pproduk > panjang produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) ?produk > lebar produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.) produk > diameter produk, (mm, cm, m, dsb.)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
. $endi ending ng Proses bending adalah proses pembengkokan atau pelengkungan suatu material.0elama operasi bending, logam pada sisi dalam bidang netral dimampatkan ditekan sementara itu logam pada sisi luar bidang netrl mengalami regangan. 4asil pembengkokan pembengkokan pelat yang baik dapat dihasilkan dengan mempertimbangkan hal-hal sebagai berikut !. Periksa terlebih dahulu terutama dies, atau sepatu s epatu pembentuk, sudut pembengkokan yang diinginkan. 2. andailah sisi bagian tepi pelat yang akan dibengkokkan. &. Posisi tanda pembengkokan pembengkokan ini harus sejajar s ejajar dengan dien pembengkok. . Penjepitan pelat harus kuat /. 3tur sudut pembengkokan pembengkokan sesuai dengan sudut pembengkokan yang dikehendaki dikehendaki . 0esuaikan dies landasan dengan bentuk pembengkokan pembengkokan yang diinginkan. 1. Mulailah proses pembengkokan pembengkokan dengan memperhatikan sisisisi yang akandibengkokan, akandibengkokan, hal ini untuk menjaga agar lebih dahulu mengerjakan posisi ntuk menghitung proses bending, diperlukan suatu rumus untuk menganalisanya, diantaranya SB
Á Á b Á b
=
−
dimana Á > sudut dalam produk Á > sudut dalam perkakas produk
ntuk menghitung kelonggaran bending BA = 2 π
A 360
imana
( R + Kbat )
+ > sudut bengkok 3 > sudut bending t > tebal bakalan * ba ba> faktor untuk mengetimimasi adanya strenght
an untuk menghitung gaya bending, dengan cara berikut ini
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
t > tebal bakalan, in. (mm) > dipensi die terbuka < bending, * bf bf > !,&&, dan edge bending, * bf bf > %,&& /. ra"ing ra"ing adalah operasi pembentukan sheet-metal yang digunakan untuk membuat cup-shapet (mangkok), boA-shaper (kotak), atau kur#a lain lain yang yang lebih lebih komplek omplek,, bagian bagian-ba -bagia gian n bentuk bentuk lubang lubang.. Bni dil dilak akuk ukan an dengan penempatan suatu sheet-metal blank mele"ati suatu die ca#ity dan dan kemud emudian ian dila dilak kukan ukan pene penek kanan anan ke die die terb terbuk uka a deng dengan an suatu suatu pukulan alam perhitun perhitungan gan proses proses dra"ing, dra"ing, dibutuhk dibutuhkan an analisa analisa berupa berupa rumus, diantaranya DR =
Do Df
ntuk mencari r reduksi, yaitu D b Df r D b −
=
0eda 0edang ngka kan n untu untuk k menc mencar arii gaya gaya dr dra" a"ing ing,, digu diguna naka kan n ru rumu muss sebagai berikut F =π D p t ( TS )
(
D b D f
−0.7
)
imana 0 > tensile strength, MPa. MPa.
B. BUL% !ETAL !ETAL P"#E P"#E
Merupakan proses pembentukan logam dengan merubah bentuk prol prol biasan biasanya ya dil dilak akuk ukan an dengan dengan hot "orkin "orking, g, kare karena na defor deformas masii yang yang dikehendaki sangat besar. Proses ini terdiri dari forging, rolling eAtruding dan dan dra"ing, serta #ariasi dari keempat proses tersebut. $ulk Metal Proses di bagi menjadi bagian yaitu !. 6org 6orging ing (P (Penempa enempaan) an) Meru Merupa paka kan n pr pros oses es peng penger erja jaan an loga logam m seca secara ra plast plastis is deng dengan an memberikan gaya kompressi pada logam yang akan dibentuk, baik secara manual maupun dengan mesin.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
=ambar !.!.! Cperation6orging Cpen die forging (a), closed die forging (impression die forging(b), and Dashless forging (c) alam garis besar, forging di bedakan menjadi 2, yaitu !. Cpen Cpen die die for forging ging,, adal adalah ah pene penemp mpaa aan n yang yang dila dilak kukan ukan deng dengan an meletakkan benda kerja diantara die yang berbentuk datar, atau Dat die atau atau yang yang berben berbentuk tuk sederh sederhana ana.. Prose Prosess ini diguna digunaka kan n untuk untuk produk yang berukuran besar dengan produkti#itas rendah. Perhitungan Perhitungan regangan sebenarnya dapat di hitung dengan h o ε ln dimana E > regangan yang sebenarnya sebenarnya h f =
ho > tinggi benda kerja a"al hf > tinggi benda akhir setelah terjadi penekanan, atau tinggi produk. 0edangkan gaya tempa adalah 6 > * f .5f . 3 dimana 6 > gaya tempa ( @ ) * f > 6aktor keamanan penempaan 5f > > 6lo" stress lbin2(Mpa) 3 > ?uas bidang kontak antara benda kerja dengan die, 2 2 in ( mm ) ntuk open die factor, karena efek rasio h dan gesekan, maka forging shaft factor untuk open die dapat dicari sebagai berikut 0.4 D * f f > > ! F dimana G > koefisien gesek. h > diam diamet eter er atau atau panj panjan ang g konta ontak k deng dengan an permukaan die (mm) h > tinggi benda kerja (mm)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
2. 8lose die forging, merupakan operasi penempaan yang menggunakan sepasang die block yang secara presisi membentuk benda kerja yang diinginkan, die block dibuat melalui pemesina atau casting.
6orging. &a'(ar 1.1.* 8lose ie 6orging.
=ambar !.!. Penempaan tanpa Dash !) 0aat a"al kontak dengan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
abel abel !.!.& abel abel @ilai keamanan keamanan penempaan ( * f f ) )
2. Pengero engerolan lan (+ (+olling olling)) Pengerolan Pengerolan adalah proses deformasi plastis dimana ketebalan bahan dikurangidengan menekan menekan bahan tersebut menggunakan dua rol yang saling berhadapan..Proses berhadapan..Proses pengerolan dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu pengerolan panas (hot rolling) dan pengerolan dingin (cold rolling).
=ambar !.!./ =ambar proses pengerolan. alam alam prose prosess penger pengerola olan n terdap terdapat at bebera beberapa pa jenis jenis tipe tipe roll roll yang yang digunakan diantaranya Mill roll dan ring roll. Mill +oll
igunakan untuk proses pengerolan palat lembaran, plat strip, foil, coil, rail,dan baja prol.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
=ambar !.!. KAtrusi tidak langsung a. Padat b. berongga 0ela 0elain in meto metode de eAtru Atrusi si lang langsu sung ng dan dan tida tidak k lang langsu sung ng,, ada ada juga juga metode lainnya, diantaranya dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu sebagai berikut !. KAtrusi KAtrusi 4idrostatik 4idrostatik metode metode yang menggunak menggunakan an tekanan tekanan Duida sebagai gayanya untuk menekan billet melalui cetakan. 2. KAtrus KAtrusii umbuk umbukan an metode metode eAtrusi eAtrusi yang yang memanf memanfaat aatka kan n gaya gaya tumb tumbuk uk sebag sebagai ai teka tekana nan n untu untuk k mend mendor oron ong g bil bille lett mele mele"a "ati ti cetakan. alam perencanaan eAtrusi, dibutuhkan perhitungan-perhitungan yang akurat. $erikut $erikut ini adalah rumus-rumus dalam perhitungan, yaitu Ao 2 2 r x = Af dimana Ao > ?uas penampang billet a"al, in (mm ) ?uas penampang setelah eAtrusi, eAtrusi, in2(mm2) Af > ?uas A > Bn r A ntuk menghitung tekanan untuk menekan billet, yaitu > Nf Bn Bn rA dimana N f > > tegangan alir rata-rata (Mpa)
*emudian, untuk menghitung tekanan ram pada direct eAtrution 2 L
> Nf ( F Do )
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
=ambar !.!.1. Proses "ire dra"ing. 0eki 0ekila las, s, pr pros oses es "i "irre dr dra" a"in ing g terl terlih ihat at miri mirip p deng dengan an ekst ekstru rusi, si, namu namun n yang yang memb membed edak akan an adal adalah ah pada pada "i "ire re dr dra" a"in ing g bend benda a kerja erja mele"ati die terbuka melalui tarikan, sedangkan pada ekstrusi, benda kerja mele"ati die dengan tekanan. ujuan ujuan utama dari penarikan ka"at adalah untuk mengecilkan diameter batang ka"at, "ire rod. $atang ka"at berdiameter ! direduksi dengan memberi gaya tarik melalui cetakan menjadi ka"at berdiameter 2. 0ehingga terjadi redukasi area atau pengurangan luas penampang. Pada prose prosess dra"in dra"ing, g, prubah prubahan an ukura ukuran n benda benda kerja (redu (reduksi ksi)) dinyatakan dalam r. r > reduksi luasan dalam dra"ing 3% > ?uas penampang benda kerja a"al, in 2(mm2) 3f > > ?uas penampang benda kerja setelah proses, in2(mm2) Perbedaan diameter sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan disebut draft, dinyatakan dengan rumus. d > % 9 f imana d > draft ( selisih diameter sebelum dan sesudah proses ) in,(mm) % > iameter a"al sebelum prose, in (mm) f > > iameter akhir setelah proses, in (mm) nuk nuk mencar mencarii tegang tegangan an nyata nyata pada pada prose prosess dra"in dra"ing, g, dinyat dinyatak akan an dalam rumus.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
yang yang relat elatif if tipi tipiss anta antara ra !! !! in (%, (%, mm) mm) dan dan ! ! in (!mm (!mm). ). $ila $ila ketebalan bahan tersebut lebih dari ! in disebut pelat. Tiga katagori $ta'a +enger,aan loga' le'(aran *
!. pemo pemoto tong ngan an (cutting), 2. pemb pemben engk gkok okk kan (bending), &. pena penari rik kan (drawing). Perk erkakas kas -an -ang (ia (iasa le'(aran ada 2 -ait$ * a. pons ( punch punch), dan b. ceta cetak kan (die).
dig$ dig$na naka kan n
dala dala' '
+en +enger, ger,aa aan n
loga loga' '
mumnya operasi logam lembaran dikerjakan dengan mesin kempa ( pre&& pre&&), pada temperature dingin. 3. CPK+ CPK+30B PKMCC PKMCC@=3 @=3@ @ 1.
Proses Pe'otongan /$tting)
Pada setiap pemotongan benda kerja, akan selalu nampak adanya kesam esamaa aan n pr prin insip sip yang yang akan akan cer cermati mati bers bersam ama. a. Pada ada peng penger erja jaan an pemotongan ka"at, batangan baja, baja prol ataupun sheet metal, pasti terdapat sepasang gaya yang dipergunakan untuk memotong itu. an gaya gaya itu akan akan bekerj bekerja a secara secara bersam bersama-s a-sama ama,, berla" berla"ana anan n arah arah dengan jarak yang relatif kecil, maka gaya tersebut kita sebut dengan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
$ila jarak ruang (clearance) antara punch dan die benar, maka dua garis retakan saling bertemu sehingga dihasilkan pemotongan yang baik.
&a'(ar 1.2.1 *Pengguntingan Pengguntingan logam lembaran diantara dua tepi potong
&a'(ar 1.2.2* *arakteristik tepi guntingan lembaran bendakerja
*arak *arakter terist istik ik tepi tepi guntin guntingan gan lemba lembaran ran sepert sepertii yang yang ditunj ditunjukk ukkan an dalam dalam gambar !.2.2, dibagi atas
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
yang yang merupa merupaka kan n bagia bagian-b n-bag agian ian dari dari opera operasi si kempa' empa' Pisa Pisau u poton potong g dalam gambar !.2.&.b sering dibuat miring untuk mengurangi gaya potong yang dibutuhkan.
&a'(ar 1.2.*Cperasi pengguntingan (a) pandangan samping, (b)
pandangan depan
&a'(ar 1.2. (a) $lanking dan (b) punching Blanki king ng adala !. Blan adalah h opera operasi si pemot pemoton onga gan n logam logam lembar lembaran an sepan sepanjan jang g suatu suatu garis garis tertut tertutup up (misal (misalnya nya bulat, bulat, segiem segiempa pat, t, dan sebaga sebagainy inya), a), dima dimana na poto potong ngan an yang yang dipi dipisa sahk hkan an dari dari bend bendak aker erja ja meru merupa paka kan n benda bendak kerja untuk untuk opera operasi si berik berikutn utnya. ya. Potonga otongan n yang yang dipisa dipisahk hkan an tersebut disebut blank (lihat gambar !.2..a) unching ing miri 2. Punch mirip p deng dengan an blanking, tetapi tetapi potongan potongan yang dipisahk dipisahkan an
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
cleara ranc nce e (a cleara ranc nce e terlal &a'(ar 1.2.3 3kibat dari clea ( a) clea terlalu u kecil, ecil, (b) clearance terlalu besar (a) $ila clearance terlalu kecil, maka garis keretakan cendrung untuk tidak
saling ketemu, sehingga gaya yang dibutuhkan menjadi lebih besar' cleara ranc nce e terlal (b) (b) $ila $ila clea terlalu u besar, besar, logam logam akan akan terjep terjepit it antar antara a tepi tepi poton potong g punch dan die, sehingga sehingga terbentuk terbentuk burr yaitu yaitu sudut sudut tajam tajam pada pada tepi tepi potong lembaran. "lea "leara ranc nce e yang yang benar benar tergan tergantun tung g pada pada jenis jenis dan keteba etebalan lan logam logam lembaran, yang dapat dinyatakan dengan rumus c = at
dimana c >jarak ( allo"ance ), danruang (clearance), in (mm), t>ketebalan lembaran, in (mm) a>kelonggaran (allo"ance) adalah h rasio rasio antar antara a cleara clearance nce dengan ketebalan lembaran yang Allowanceadala besarnya ditentukan sesuai dengan jenis logam seperti ditunjukkan dalam tabel !.2.! abel abel !.2.!@ilai allowance untuk tiga kelompok logam lembaran
Metal =roup
3llo"ance
!!%%0 and /%20 alluminium alloys, alltempers
%.%/
2%20 and %!0 alluminium alloys' brass,all tempers' soft cold-rolled steel,
%.%%
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Uk$ran punch Uk$ran punch dan die $nt$k *
!. blank ($lat (dalam operasi blanking) dengan diameter Db adalah iameter punch > Db – 2c iameter die > Db 2. L$(ang B$lat (dalam operasi punching) dengan diameter Dh adalah iamet iameter er punch > Dh iamet iameter er die > Dh F 2c 3g 3gar ar &lug atau blank &lug atau dapat dapat terlepa terlepass dari die, mak maka die harus dibuat dengan jarak ruang mele meleba barr kelua eluarr ( angular hingga ga !,/ !,/ Qpada pada seti setiap ap angular clearance clearance) %,2/Qhing sisinya seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.2.1
&a'(ar 1.2.5* Rarak Rarak ruang ruang melebar keluar keluar ( angular clearance ) &a-a +otong cutting cutting force) force) *=aya potong dalam pengerjaan logam
lembaran dapat ditentukan dengan F = S.t.L
dimana F > gaya potong, lb (@), S > kekuatan geser ( &hear &trength) logam lembaran, lbin 2 (MPa), t > ketebalan lembaran, in (mm), dan L > panjang tepi potong, in (mm).
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
&a'(ar 1.2.7 *(a) Slotting, (b) perforating, dan (c) notching
a. Slotting adalah operasi punching dengan lubang potong bentuk memanjang atau persegi seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.!.a. b. Perforating adalah operasi punching logam lembaran dalam bentuk pola lubang yang banyak, yang dilakukan secara serentak, seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.!.b. c. otching adalah pemotongan logam pada bagian tepi lembaran atau strip, sedang d. se!inotching adalah pemotongan logam pada bagian dalam lembaran, seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.!.c. Se!inotching hampir sama dengan operasi punching atau &lotting
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Shaving adalah operasi pepengguntingan yang dilakukan dengan clearance
sangat kecil untuk mendapatkan dimensi yang akurat dan tepi potong yang halus dan lurus, seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.!!.a. Sha(ing biasanya dilakukan sebagai operasi penyelesaian. Fine Fine blan blank king ing adalah adalah opera operasi si pepeng pepenggun guntin tingan gan yang yang digun digunak akan an untuk untuk membuat blank dari bahan lembaran dengan toleransi yang ketat, tepi lurus
dan halus dengan sekali tahapan, seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar !.!!.b. Pada a"al siklus, bantalan tekan ( pre&&ure pad) yang memiliki proyeksi-< digunak digunakan an untuk untuk memegang memegang bendakerja bendakerja degang degang gaya F h$ kemudi kemudian an punch diturunkan dengan kecepatan lebih rendah dari kondisi normal agar tidak clrearance e yang lebih kecil agar diperoleh dimensi dan terjadi terjadi distorsi, distorsi, dan clrearanc tepi potong sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Proses ini biasa dilakukan pada lembaran yang tipis.
8. P@8 P@84B 4B@= @=C CC? C?
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
tipis.0edangkan pada gambar yang ketiga kita lihat bah"a sisi potong meru erupak pakan suat suatu u bang angunan unan garia aria yang yang tert ertutup utup..Mak Maka daera aerah h pergeseran pergeserannyap nyapun un merupaka merupakan n prol prol yang tertutup. tertutup.ntuk ntuk itu keadaan keadaan yang demikian sering dinamakan dengan :dieshearing sheet metal;.an prin pr insip sip ini inila lah h yang yang digu diguna nak kan dala dalam m perk perkak akas as punc punchi hing ng tool tool.. Pada ada kenyata enyataann annya ya di lapang lapangan, an, gaya gaya 9 gaya gaya ini akan akan diberi diberika kan n oleh oleh sisi sisi potong yang tajam dari alat potong bagian atas dan bagian bah"a alat potong yang lain. 0edangkan jarak antara dua gaya tersebut adalah merupakan clearance yang harus ada .Pada gambar diba"ah ini seperti pada =ambar !.2.!& ini proses sheet metal shearing atau pemotongan lembaran pada logam. apat dijelaskan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Penggun unaa aan n clea cleara ranc nce e yang yang lebi lebih h besar besar dari dari teba teball &a'(ar &a'(ar 1.2.1 Pengg material yang akan di punch srta potong sisi punch yang tumpul. Pada "aktu punch ditekan ke ba"a, maka pelat akan cenderung membengkok membengkok halini akibat ujung punch diee yang tumpul. emikian juga cleara clearance nce yang yang besar besar akan akan memud memudahk ahkan an bengk bengkokn oknya ya pelat pelat terseb tersebut. ut. 3pab 3p abil ila a tek tekanan anan punc punch h dita ditamb mbah ah posis posisii pela pelatt akan akan menj menjad adii #ert #ertic ical al diantara punch dan die akibatnya pelat akan terpotong karena tarikan. 0ehingga pembengkokkan pembengkokkan dan regangan mulur karena tarikan.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
a. Pada Pada wakt waktu u punc punch h mene meneka kan n bend bendaa kerja kerja,, sebel sebelum um mater materia iall terse tersebu butt menc mencap apai ai batas batas lumernya jika beban penekanan dari punch dihilangkan maka material akan kembali seperti semula.hal ini akibatkan oleh sifat elastis yang dimiliki material. b. Apabila penekanan material diteruskan sampai material mencapai batas lumernya maka material terasebut akan mulai retak. Keadaan ini dinamakan “plastis deformation” c. elanjutnya semakin dalam langkah penekananpunch maka pelat tersebut akan semakin retak. retak. Keretak Keretakan an ini diakib diakibatka atkan n oleh oleh sisi poton potong g punch punch dan die yang yang tajam, tajam, yang yang semakin lama semakin panjang sehingga dapat saling bertemu dan dengan demikian terpotonglah pelat tersebut sesuai dengan bentuk kontur dari punch maupun die nya.
&a'(ar 1.2.14* a. Punch b. Material c. ie
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Panjang anjang langk langkah ah punch punch yang yang menyeb menyebabk abkan an terpot terpotong ongnya nya pelat pelat dinamakan penetrasi. Pada dasarnya adalah panjang dari bagian yang berb erbent entuk rad radius ius deng dengan an denga engan n bagia agian n yang ang berb berben entu tuk k luru luruss meng mengki kila lap p pad pad perm permuk ukaa aan n poto potong ng.$ .$esa esarn rnya ya pene penetr trasi asi ini bias biasan anya ya dinyatakan dengan prosentase dari teal material yang akan dipotong. Radi hal ini sering dipakai sebagai patokan atau dasar untuk menentukan panj panjan ang g pene peneka kana nan n pada pada bebe bebera rapa pa jeni jeniss mate materi rial al.. 0ema 0emaki kin n keras eras materialnya maka akan semakin berkurang panjang penetrasunya.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
&a'(ar 1.2.17 * =ambar $urr
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
material.initerjadi karena robekan dari sisi tajam punch dan die tidak saling bertemu dengan sempurna hingga face tidak rata, karena itu ukuran yang dikehendaki berkurang.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
produk.kedua prose situ menghasilkan produk ring washer. Piercing menghasilkan lubang ukuran dalam, dan lanking menghasilkan blank 0 ukuran luarnya.material yang keluar dari di pada proses piercing disebut ”slug 0 rest piece” karena merupakan sisa yang dibuang. #. pring ack etiap material bila diberikan gaya punya kecendeungan kembali ke posisi semula. ?ni disebut dengan spring back. esar beda tergantung jenis material dan tebalnya. Pada proses piercing dan blanking terjadi daya spring back. 1. 5kuran Punch dan 6ie
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Kuningan
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
gaya E tekanan F luasan bidang potong : gaya E kekuatan geser F keliling potong F tebal
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
disimp disimpulk ulkan an dengan dengan gambar gambar grafik grafik berikut berikut yaitu yaitu besarny besarnyaa luasan luasan dari dari masing masing
masing masing
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
sehingga gaya yang diperlukan menjadi lebih kecil. 6engan demikian dapat diketahui besar
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
View more...
Comments
