Propuesta Técnica para Aplicar El Método Combinado de Surfactantes Y Polímeros en El Pozo Surubí Noroeste-X1 (SRB No-X1) Del Campo Surubí

 

‛]OAYMZRAFNF FM N^]AOL JLKAYAN― 

INB]KVNF FM BAMOBAN Q VMBOLKLGÅN   BNZZMZN AOGMOAMZÅN MO GNR Q PMVZÒKML  PMVZÒKML 

‛PZLP]MRVN VÁBOABN PNZN NPKABNZ MK EÁVLFL

BLEJAONFL FM R]ZINBVNOVMR Q PLKÅEMZLR MO MK PLXL R]Z]JÅ OLZLMRVM-T> (RZJ OL-T>) FMK BNEPL R]Z]JÅ―  PZLQMBVL FM GZNFL PNZN LPVNZ NK VÅV]KL FM KABMOBANV]ZN MO AOGMOAMZÅN MO GNR Q PMVZÒKML

PLRV]KNOVM8 Z]FFQ MZKAO ENENOA ^]ARPM V]VLZ8 AOG. ENZBANK GZNGMFN VLZZMX

BLBDNJNEJN ‒  JLKAYAN  JLKAYAN

:0>4  

 

NGZNFMBAEAMOVLR Grnbans n Fals plr kn vafn fm eas pnfrms, tnejaáo plrqum bnfn fån jmofabm ea vafn blo kn dmrelsn lplrtuoafnf fm mstnr y fasirutnr nk knfl fm kns pmrslons qum sá qum eîs em neno,  y n kns qum yl sá qum eîs nel mo ea vafn, grnbans n Fals plr pmreatarem nenr n eas pnfrms,  grnbans n eas pnfrms plr pmreatarem blolbmr n Fals y fm su aoiaoatl nelr. Grnbans n ea s pnfr pnfr ms plr smr kls praobapnkms prleltlrms fm eas sumþls, grnbans n mkkls plr bnfn fån bloianr y brmmr mo eå y mo eas mxpmbtntavns.  N ea enfrm bnt  bntnka nkaon on , plr dnjmrem nplynfl mo tlfl elemotl, plr sus blosmhls, sus vnklrms,  plr kn eltavnbaòo blostnotm qum em dn pmreatafl smr s mr uon pmrslon ffmm jamo, y notm onf onfn, n, plr  su grno nelr.  N ea pnfrm Zuiaol , Plr kls mhmepkls fm pmrsmvmrnoban y blostnoban, nså tnejaáo plr nodmknr  sameprm kl emhlr pnrn ea vafn, grnbans plr bnfn blosmhl y plr bnfn uon fm sus pnknjrns qum em guanrlo furnotm ea vafn. Grnbans n eas dmrenols Nfra  Nfraî îo, A vmr, Br a st staa no y K a szm szmtd ol slkl plr mstnr prmsmotms plr mstnr nplrtnofl jumons blsns n ea vafn, saol plr kls grnofms kltms fm imkabafnf y fm favmrsns melbaloms qum sameprm em dno bnusnfl. Eubdns grnbans dmrenols. Grnbans n eas nogmkatls Kl  K lkatn ka tn y Mkl M kly  y   , plr buafnrem y guanrem ffmsfm msfm mk bamkl, ns nsåå tnejaáo mspmrl em nblepnþmo mo tlfl mk rmblrrafl fm ea vafn.

 

 

FMFABNVLZAN  N tlfn ea ineakan y neagls, praobapnkemotm n eas pnfrms qum dno safl uo paknr iuofnemotnk mo ea ilrenbaòo blel prlimsalonk, plr jraofnrem kn bloianozn, blosmhls, lplrtuoafnf y rmbursls pnrn klgrnrkl, nså tnejaáo n msls vmrfnfmrls neagls blo kls qum blepnrtaels tlfls mstls nþls huotls. Vlfl mstm trnjnhl dn safl plsajkm grnbans n mkkls.

 

 

ZMR]EMO MHMB]VAYL Rm fmtmreaoò kn fmbkaonbaòo fmk bnufnk, emfanotm mk noîkasas fm kns prlpamfnfms pmtrliåsabns fmk rmsmrvlral blel8 kn plrlsafnf, pmremnjakafnf, snturnbaòo, vasblsafnf, plr emfal fmk dastlrank fm prlfubbaòo fmk plzl. Rm smkmbbaloò mk surinbtnotm y plkåemrl, tlenofl mo bumotn kls praobapals iåsabls y elfmkls nonkåtabls qum nfeaoastrno mk ikuhl fm ikuafls mo mk emfal plrlsl, tmoamofl mo bumotn kls rnogls fm npkabnbaòo fmk ynbaeamotl fm aotmrás blel kn prmsaòo, tmepmrnturn, snkaoafnf fmk ngun fm ilrenbaòo, kns bnrnbtmråstabns fmk pmtròkml y blepnrnofl kls faimrmotms eátlfls eátlfls   quåeabls   qum mxastmo, tamom blel iaonkafnf mk emhlrneamotl fm kn rnzòo fm elvakafnf fmk quåeabls  pmtròkml-ngun, y kn rmfubbaòo fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank. aotmrin bank.   Rm bnkbuknrlo kls pnrîemtrls pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fmk eátlfl fm nbumrfl n kns blofabaloms fmk  plzl blel8 Pmtròkml P mtròkml lragaonk mo ssatal, atal, rmsmrvn rmenomotm, bnufnkms fm aoymbbaòo, prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo, vlkøemoms fm kns rmnbbaloms quåeabns, nså easel sm fmtmreaoò kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf, ikuhl irnbbalonk y bnufnk fm prlfubbaòo. Rm ljtuvl kn emhlrn fm kn rnzòo fm kn elvakafnf y kn rmfubbaòo fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, mo iuobaòo n kns rmnbbaloms quåeabns. Rm rmnkazò mk bleplrtneamotl fm kns burvns APZ, utakaznofl kn mbunbaòo fm Ylgmk, mo blofabaòo aoabank fmk plzl y fmspuás fm kn aotmrvmobaòo fm kls rmnbtavls quåeabls. Rm mstaeò kls blstls nprlxaenfls pnrn kn aepkmemotnbaòo fm kn tmbolklgån pnrn kl bunk sm tleò mo bumotn kls blstls fm kls quåeabls (RP), nså tnejaáo blstls fm lpmrnbaòo, aostnknbaòo fm mquapls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo aoymbbaòo m aeprmvastls, fntls ljtmoafls plr kn nbtunk meprmsn lpmrnflrn.

 

 

ÅOFABM FM BLOVMOAFL BNPAV]KL A .......................................................................................................................... .................................................................................... ...................................... >  ENZBL ZMIMZMOBANK...................................................................................................... >  >.> AOVZLF]BBAÒO ................................................ .................................................................................................... ....................................................... ... >  >.: NOVMBMFMOVMR ........................................................ ...................................................................................................... .............................................. :  >.:.> Notmbmfmotms gmomrnkms ......................................................................................... ................................................... ...................................... :  >.:.: Notmbmfmotms mspmbåiabls ................................................ ...................................................................................... ...................................... 2  >.2 PKNOVMNEAMOVL FMK PZLJKMEN ................................................ .................................................................... .................... 6  >.2.> Îrjlk fmk prljkmen ................................................................................................ ................................................. ............................................... 6  >.2.: Afmotaiabnbaòo fmk prljkmen .................................................................................. ..................................................... ............................. =  >.2.2 Ilreuknbaòo fmk prljkmen .................................................................................... .............................................. ...................................... =  >.6 LJHMVAYLR ............................................... .................................................................................................... ................................................................. ............ =  >.6.> Ljhmtavl gmomrnk.................................................................................................... ...................................................... .............................................. =  >.6.: Ljhmtavls mspmbåiabls ...................................................... ............................................................................................ ...................................... =  >.= H]RVAIABNBAÒO ..................................................................................................... ................................................. ....................................................... ... 9  >.=.> Hustaiabnbaòo táboabn .............................................................................................. ............................................... ............................................... 9  >.=.: Hustaiabnbaòo mbloòeabn ........................................................................................ .................................................. ...................................... 9  >.=.2 Hustaiabnbaòo nbnfáeabn ........................................................................................ .................................................. ...................................... 9  >.9 NKBNOBMR .................................................................................................... ............................................... ................................................................. ............ 9  >.9.> Nkbnobm tmeîta tmeîtabl bl ................................................................................................ .................................................................................................... 9  >.9.: Nkbnobm gmlgrîiabl ................................................ ............................................................................................... ............................................... 7   

>.9.2 Nkbnobm tmeplrnk .................................................................................................. ................................................... ............................................... 7 BNPAV]KL AA ............................................................................................ ......................................................................................................................... ............................. 4  ENZBL VMÒZABL ............................................................................................................... 4  :.> FMRBZAPBAÒO FM BLOBMPVLR GMOMZNKMR FM KNR PZLPAMFNFMR FM ]O QNBAEAMOVL. ...................................................................................................... ................................................. ................................................................. ............ 4  :.>.> Gmlemtrån ......................................................................................................... ..................................................... ....................................................... ... 4  :.>.: Katlklgån.............................................. ................................................................................................... ................................................................. ............ 4  :.>.2 Prliuofafnf................................................... ....................................................................................................... ....................................................... ... 4  :.>.6 Vmepmrnturn ...................................................................................................... .................................................. ....................................................... ... 1  :.>.= Plrlsafnf .................................................................................................. ............................................. ............................................................... .......... >0   

 

:.>.=.> Bknsaiabnbaòo fm kn plrlsafnf ..................................................... ....................................................................... .................. >0  :.>.=.: Blosafmrnbaòo fm plrlsafnf ......................................................................... .............................................. ........................... >>  :.>.9 Pmremnjakafnf .................................................................................................... ................................................ ...................................................... >:  :.>.9.> Bknsaiabnbaòo fm kn pmremnjakafnf ........................................................ ................................................................ ........ >:  :.>.7 Vmosaòo aotmrinbank y tmosaòo supmriabank. .................................................... ............................................................ ........ >2  :.>.7.> Elvakaznbaòo plr J Jnhn nhn Vmosaòo ................................................................... ................................................. .................. >6  :.>.4 Prmsaòo bnpaknr ........................................................ .................................................................................................... ............................................ >=  :.: GMLKLGÅN ................................................ ..................................................................................................... ............................................................... .......... >9  :.:.> Gmlklgån mstrubturnk ............................................................................................ ............................................... ............................................. >9  :.:.: Mxpklrnbaòo gmlkògabn fm supmriabam ................................................................... ................................................. .................. >9  :.:.2 Mxpklrnbaòo gmlkògabn fmk sujsumkl ................................................................... >7  :.2 PZLPAMFNFMR FM KLR IK]AFLR Q PZMRALOMR ............................................. >7  :.2.> Rnturnbaòo ...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ...................................................... >1  :.2.: Elhnjakafnf .................................................... ........................................................................................................ ...................................................... >1  :.2.2 Fmosafnf ................................................................................................... .............................................. ............................................................... .......... :0  :.2.6 Grnvmfnf °NPA .................................................................................................... ......................................................................... ........................... :0  :.2.= Yasblsafnf...................................................... .......................................................................................................... ...................................................... :>  :.2.9 Prmsaòo fmk Zmsmrvlral .................................................... ........................................................................................ .................................... :>  :.2.7 Prmsaòo faoîeabn fm ilofl (Pwi) ....................................................................... :>  :.2.4 Faimrmobank fm Prmsaòo ..................................................... ......................................................................................... .................................... :>  :.6 YLKØEMOMR, ZMRMZYNR, AOQMBBAÒO Q PZLF]BBAÒO ............................ ::  :.6.> Plms Pl ms .................................................................................................... .............................................. ........................................................................ .................. ::  :.6.: Pmtròkml nbtunk mo satal (PNMR) .......................................................................... :2  :.6.2 Zmsmrvns .................................................................................................... ............................................... ............................................................... .......... :2  :.6.2.> Zmsmrvns Prljnfns ....................................................................................... ................................................... .................................... :2  :.6.2.: Zmsmrvns Ol Prljnfns .................................................................................. :6  :.6.6 Fmbkaonbaòo fm Prlfubbaòo ..................................................... ................................................................................ ........................... :6  :.6.6.> Elfmkls fm burvns fm fmbkaonbaòo ....................................................... ............................................................... ........ :9  :.6.6.: Mk bnufnk fm Prlfubbaòo furnotm mk pmralfl fm fmbkaonbaòo ........................ :7  :.6.6.2 Kn prlfubbaòo nbueukntavn ms uon iuobaòo fmk bnufnk (q) .......................... :7  :.6.6.6 Vamepl fm njnoflol..................................................................................... ................................................. .................................... :4   

 

:.6.= Ljtmobaòo fmk gnstl kaea kaeatm tm mbloòeabl ............................................................... :1  :.= MVNPN FM MTPKLVNBAÒO FMK QNBAEAMOVL F FM M NBMAVM Q GNR.............. :1  :.=.> Zmbupmrnbaòo praenran ........................................................................................ .................................................... .................................... :1  :.=.>.> Embnoasels fm Prlfubbaòo Praenran .......................................................... .................................................. ........ 20  :.=.>.>.> Mepuhm plr Ngun ...................................................................................... .................................................. .................................... 20  :.=.>.>.: Mepuhm plr Gns mo Rlkubaòo .................................................................... 20  :.=.>.>.2 Mxpnosaòo fm kn rlbn y fm kls ikuafls ....................................................... 2>  :.=.>.>.6 Mepuhm plr bnpn fm Gns. .......................................................................... ............................................... ........................... 2>  :.=.>.>.= Frmonhm plr Grnvmfnf. ................................................... .............................................................................. ........................... 2>  :.=.: Zmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran .................................................................................... ................................................ .................................... 2:  :.=.2 Zmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn (MLZ) ........................................................................... ................................................ ........................... 2:  :.=.2.> Prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo táreabl (VMLZ) ........................................................ ................................................ ........ 26  :.=.2.: Prlbmsl aoymbbaòo fm easbajkms .................................................................... 2=  :.=.2.2 Prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo quåeabn (BMLZ) ....................................................... 2=  :.=.2.6 Prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo eabrljanon ................................................................ 29  :.9 MKMEMOVLR ^]M AOIK]QMO MO KN ZMB]PMZNBAÒO IAONK MO QNBAEAMOVLR FM PMVZLKML PM VZLKML Q GNR .................................................... ...................................................................... .................. 27  :.9.> Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo n kn Imbdn fm Bîkbukl (IZ) .......................................... 27  :.9.: Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo Iaonk Mspmrnfl (IZI) ................................................. ................................................... 24  :.9.2 Znzòo fm Elvakafnf (E) ................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 24  :.7 MB]NBAÒO FM KN KMQ FM FNZBQ ................................................................... ................................................. .................. 60  :.4 EÁVLFL FM ZMB]PMZNBAÒO EMHLZNFN BLO NFAVAYLR (RP) ................ 6:  :.4.> Frmonhm blo surinbtnotm/plkåemrl ....................................................................... ..................................................... .................. 6:  :.4.: Aoymbbaòo fm Plkåemrls....................................................................................... ................................................... .................................... 6=  :.4.:.> Vapls fm plkåemrls usnfls irmbumotmemotm mo kn prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml .. 69  :.4.:.>.> Kns plkanbrakneafns .................................................... ............................................................................... ........................... 69  :.4.:.>.: Kls Plkasnbîrafls .............................................. .................................................................................. .................................... 64  :.4.2 Aoymbbaòo fm Rurinbtnotms ............................................... ................................................................................... .................................... 61  :.4.2.> Bknsaiabnbaòo fm kls surinbtnotms .................................................................. ................................................ .................. =0  :.4.2.>.> Rurinbtnotms ol Aòoabls .............................................. ......................................................................... ........................... =0  :.4.2.>.: Rurinbtnotms Bntaòoabls ........................................................................ ...................................................... .................. =>   

 

:.4.2.>.2 Rurinbtnotms Noaòoabls ......................................................................... .............................................. ........................... =>  :.4.2.>.6 Rurinbtnotms Noiltárabls ....................................................................... ..................................................... .................. =>  :.4.2.: Embnoasel fm rmfubbaòo fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank ....................................... =:  :.4.2.2 Bleplrtneamotl fm surinbtnotms mo kn aotmrinbm fm ikuafls ......................... =:  :.4.6 Jnknobm dafròiakl-kapòiakl (DKJ) ...................................................... ........................................................................ .................. =2  :.1 PZLBMRL FM ZMB]PMZNBAÒO EMHLZNFN PLZ AO AOQMBBAÒO QMBBAÒO FM (RP) ...... =2  :.1.> Aoymbbaòo fm plkåemrls eabmknrms l emzbkn fm plkåemrl-surinbtnotm. ............... =6  :.1.>.> Blosafmrnbaloms pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms-plkåemrls (RP). ........... ==  :.1.>.: Ymotnhns y fmsvmotnhns fmsv motnhns fmk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo (RP) ................................. ==  :.1.>.2 Bratmrals jîsabls fm smkmbbaòo pnrn kn aoymbbaòo RP .................................... =9  :.>0 LVZLR IMOÒEMOLR Q PZLJKMENR PZNBVABLR MO KN ZEP (RP) ......... =9  :.>0.> Nfslrbaòo y rmtmobaòo fm surinbtnotm ............................................................... =7  :.>0.>.> Nfslrbaòo ........................................................ .................................................................................................... ............................................ =7  :.>0.>.: Prmbapatnbaòo y rmtmobaòo ........................................................................... ................................................ ........................... =7  :.>0.>.2 Irnbbaloneamotl ......................................................................................... =7  :.>0.>.6 Mimbtl brlentlgrîiabl ............................................................................... =4  :.>0.: Aotmrbnejal aòoabl ............................................... ............................................................................................ ............................................. =4  :.>0.2 Enotmoaeamotl fm kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen ................................................. ......................................................... ........ =1  :.>0.6 Prljkmens fm meuksaloms .................................................................................. .............................................. .................................... 90  :.>0.= Prljkmens blo plkåemrls .................................................................................. .............................................. .................................... 90  :.>0.9 Vnploneamotl blotrlknfl blo mspuens .................................................... ............................................................ ........ 9>  BNPAV]KL AAA.............................................. .................................................................................................... ........................................................................ .................. 92  EMVLFLKLGÅN .................................................. ....................................................................................................... ............................................................... .......... 92  2.> VAPLR FM AOYMRVAGNBAÒO .............................................. .................................................................................. .................................... 92  2.>.> Aovmstagnbaòo fmsbraptavn .................................................................................... ................................................ .................................... 92  2.: FARMÞL FM KN AOYMRVAGNBAÒO ...................................................... ........................................................................ .................. 92  2.:.> Flbuemotnk .................................................... ........................................................................................................ ...................................................... 92  2.:.>.> Zmvasaòo jajkalgrîiabn.................................................................................. .............................................. .................................... 92  2.:.>.: Bknsaiabnbaòo fm iumotms fm aoilrenbaòo ...................................................... 96  2.:.>.:.> Iumotms praenrals8 .................................................... ............................................................................... ........................... 96  2.:.>.:.: Iumotms smbuofnrals8 .................................................. ............................................................................. ........................... 96   

 

2.2 VÁBOABNR FM ZMBLKMBBAÒO FM FNVLR ................................................ ........................................................ ........ 96  2.2.> Ljsmrvnbaòo farmbtn ............................................................................................ ............................................... ............................................. 96  2.2.: Motrmvastn .................................................................................................. ............................................. ............................................................... .......... 96  BNPAV]KL AY .................................................................................................................... ................................................................ ...................................................... 9=  AOGMOAMZÅN FM PZLQMBVL ........................................................................................... .............................................. ............................................. 9=  6.> NOVMBMFMOVMR FMK BNEPL R]Z]JÅ OLZLMRVM ........................................ 9=  6.>.> Gmlklgån fmk plzl Rurujå OL-T> ...................................................................... 94  6.>.>.> Ilrenbaòo Pmtnbn......................................................................................... ..................................................... .................................... 70  6.>.>.: Ilrenbaòo Onrnohatls .............................................. .................................................................................. .................................... 70  6.>.>.2 Ilrenbaòo Qnotntn....................................................................................... ................................................... .................................... 70  6.>.>.6 Ilrenbaòo Abdln .......................................................................................... ...................................................... .................................... 70  6.>.: Nrrmgkl fm plzl Rurujå OL-T> .......................................................................... ............................................... ........................... 7>  6.: AOILZENBAÒO FMK PLXL RZJ OL-T> ..................................................... ............................................................. ........ 7:  6.:.> Rmkmbbaòo lptaen fm kls quåeabls RP pnrn mk plzl RZJ OL ‒  T>  T> .................... 72  6.:.>.> Rmkmbbaòo fm surinbtnotm .................................................................... .............................................................................. .......... 7=  6.:.>.: Rmkmbbaòo fm plkåemrl.................................................................................. plkåemrl.................................................................................. 77  6.2 Bîkbukls fm aogmoamrån................................................................................................ ................................................... ............................................. 71  6.2.> BÎKB]KL FMK ÅOFABM FM PZLF]BVAYAFNF. ......................................... 71  6.2.: Znfal mxtmrol ..................................................................................................... ................................................. ...................................................... 40  6.2.2 Ylkuemo jrutl fmk rmsmrvlral .................................................. ............................................................................. ........................... 40  6.2.6 Ylkuemo omtl fm rmsmrvlral ................................................................................ ..................................................... ........................... 40  6.2.= Mspmslr omtl pmtrlkåimrl (O) ............................................................................... 4>  6.2.9 Pmtròkml lragaonk ao sat satuu (PLMR) .............................................. ......................................................................... ........................... 4>  6.2.7 Pmtròkml nbueuknfl (Op) .................................................................................... ................................................ .................................... 4>  6.2.4 Ylkuemo fm pmtròkml rmenomotm l Pmtròkml nbtunk mo satal (PNMR) ................... 4:  6.2.1 Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo n kn Imbdn ................................................... ..................................................................... .................. 4:  6.2.>0 Bîkbukl fm rnzòo fm elvaka elvakafnf fnf .............................................. ......................................................................... ........................... 42  6.2.>> Fmtmreaonbaòo tmòrabn fm kn blobmotrnbaòo fmk plkåemrl ................................. 46  6.2.>: Yasblsafnf òptaen l rmqumrafn fmk ikuafl fmspknznotm ((slkubaòo slkubaòo plkaeárabn) .. 4=  6.2.>2 Fmtmreaonbaòo fm oumvl rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf blo kn slkubaòo plkaeárabn .... 4=  6.2.>6 Miabamoban fm fmspknzneamotl ........................................................................... 49   

 

6.2.>= Bîkbukl fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank aotmrinbank (ς) (ς).................................................... ...................................................................... .................. 47 

6.2.>9 Fmtmreaonr kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank mo iuobaòo n kn blobmotrnbaòo (ppe) fm surinbtnotm. .......................................................................................................... ..................................................... ............................................................... .......... 47  6.2.>7 Bîkbukl fm prmsaòo fm irnbturn .......................................................................... ............................................... ........................... 41  6.2.>4 Fmtmreaonr blobmotrnbaòo fm aoymbbaòo RP ..................................................... .................................................... . 10  6.2.>4.> Blobmotrnbaloms utakaznfns ..................................................... ....................................................................... .................. 1>  6.2.>1 Bîkbukl fm kn prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen mo kn supmriabam pnrn RP .............. 1:  6.2.>1.> Bîkbukl fm kn prmsaòo eîxaen fm Rurinbtnotm mo kn supmriabam .................. 1:  6.2.>1.: Bîkbukl fm kn prmsaòo eîxaen fm plkåemrl mo kn supmriabam ...................... 12  6.2.>1.2 Bîkbukl fm kn prmsaòo eîxaen fm ngun mo kn supmriabam ............................. 12  6.2.:0 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen fm surinbtnotm ................................... 16  6.2.:> Bîkbukl fm bn bnufnk ufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen fm plkåemrl ..................................... 16  6.2.:: Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen fm ngun ............................................. 1=  6.2.:2 Bîkbukl fm kn pltmoban dafrîukabn fm kn jlejn ................................................ .................................................. 1=  6.2.:6 Bîkbukl fm pmsl fm surinbtnotm n aoymbtnr ......................................................... ................................................. ........ 19  6.2.:= Bîkbukl fm pmsl fm plkåemrl n aoymbtnr ............................................................ .................................................... ........ 17  6.6 BÎKB]KL fm bnufnkms ............................................................................................ ............................................... ............................................. 14  6.6.> Eátlfl fm Ylgmk pnrn rmsmrvlral sujsnturnfl Pr?Pj ........................................ 14  6.6.: Bîkbukl fm bnufnk pnrn gmomrnr APZ dnstn mk puotl fm jurjuhn .......................... 14  6.6.2 Bnkbuknels bnufnk fm pmtròkml mo mk puotl fm jurjuhn ...................................... 14  6.6.6 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk pnrn gmomrnr kn burvn fm APZ fmspuás fmk puotl fm jurjuhn . 11  6.6.= Bleplrtneamotl fmk plzl fmspuás fm kn aoymbbaòo RP (APZ) ............................ 11  6.6.9 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm kåeatm mbloòeabl ...................................................... ............................................................ ...... >00  6.6.7 Bîkbukl fm tamepl fm njnoflol ............................................... ........................................................................ ......................... >0:  6.6.4 Bîkbukl fm pmtròkml nbueuknfl mspmrnfl (Opm)........................................ )................................................ ........ >0:  6.6.1 Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo mspmrnfl ..................................................................... ..................................................... ................ >02  6.= blepnrnbaòo fm rmsuktnfls ..................................................... ....................................................................................... .................................. >06  BNPÅV]KL Y ..................................................................................................... ............................................... ...................................................................... ................ >0=  FMVMZEAONBAÒO FM KLR BLRVLR ................................................... ............................................................................ ......................... >0=  =.> MYNK]NBAÒO MBLOÒEABN FMK PZLQMBVL ............................................... >0=  =.>.> Mstaenbaòo fm blstls y prmsupumstls fmk prlymbtl ........................................... >0=   

 

=.>.: Bunfrl fm ngmotms quåeabls .................................................... ............................................................................. ......................... >0=  =.>.2 Bunfrl fm mquapls ombmsnrals pnr pnrnn kn táboabn................................................... >09  =.>.6 Bunfrl fmk pmrslonk rmqumrafl ................................................. .......................................................................... ......................... >>0  BNPÅV]KL YA ................................................................................................................... ................................................................ ................................................... >>:  BLOBK]RALOMR Q ZMBLEMOFNBALOMR ................................................................. >>:  Blobkusaloms ............................................. ................................................................................................. ...................................................................... .................. >>:  Zmblemofnbaloms ........................................................................................................... ......................................................................... .................................. >>2  JAJKALGZNIÅN ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................ >>6  NOMTLR ............................................................................................................ ...................................................... ...................................................................... ................ >>= 

 

 

KARVN FM IAG]ZNR8 IAG]ZN >8 Îrjlk fm prljkmens. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 6   IAG]ZN :8 Pmriak fm tmepmrnturn fm uo plzl tåpabl (grnfamotm gmltáreabl). ----------------- 1  IAG]ZN 28 Plrlsafnf mimbtavn y tltnk.------------------------------------------------------------ >>  IAG]ZN 68 Znogls fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank. ------------------------------------------------------- >2   IAG]ZN =8  Lburrmoban fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank uktrn-jnhn mo blofabaloms euy pnrtabuknrms (ilreuknbaòo òptaen). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >6 

IAG]ZN 98 Fangrnen fm iumrzns (Prmsaòo Bnpaknr) --------------------------------------------- >=  IAG]ZN 78 sastmen euktableplomotm. ----------------------------------------------------------- >4  IAG]ZN 48 Elhnjakafnf. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >1  IAG]ZN 18 Noîkasas fm burvns fm fmbkaonbaòo pnrn kn mstaenbaòo fm rmsmrvns. ------------- :4  IAG]ZN >08  Mtnpns mo kn vafn fm uo ynbaeamotl, fm nbumrfl n kls embnoasels fm rmbupmrnbaòo y plsajkms inbtlrms fm rmbupmrnbaòo iaonk qum sm pumfmo ljtmomr. ------------- 22  

IAG]ZN >>8 Pnrtabapnbaòo fm kls prlbmsls MLZ mo kn mxpkltnbaòo fm bnepls blo nbmatms  pmsnfls y kagmrls n oavmk euofank. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 2 6 

IAG]ZN >:8 Aoymbbaòo fm ngun blo Znzòo fm Elvakafnf (E?>) fmsinvlrnjkm. ----------- 21   IAG]ZN >28 Blepnrnbaòo fm kn aomstnjakafnf vasblsn motrm kn aoymbbaòo fm ngun y kn fm  plkåemrls mo uo nrrmgkl fm aoymbbaòo splt aovmrtafl. aovmrtaf l. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 60 

IAG]ZN >68  Faimrmotms mstnfls fmk ynbaeamotl furnotm uo prlbmsl fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn blo surinbtnotm/plkåemrl ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6= 

IAG]ZN >=8 Plkaemraznbaòo, mstrubturn fm kn nbrakneafn y plkanbrakneafn, y nbrakloatrakl y  plkanbrakloatrakl. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- 6=  IAG]ZN >98 Elkábukn fm Plkåemrl. -------------------------------------------------------------- 69 

IAG]ZN >78 Plkanbrakneafn pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn ----------------------------------------- 67  IAG]ZN >48 Plkasnbîrafl (jalplkåemrl). -------------------------------------------------------- 64  IAG]ZN >18 Mstrubturn elkmbuknr fm surinbtnotms. --------------------------------------------- 61   IAG]ZN :08 Msqumen fmk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms. ---------------------------- =0   IAG]ZN :>8 Bknsaiabnbaòo fm kls surinbtnotms. -------------------------------------------------- =>   IAG]ZN ::8  Fmsbrapbaòo fmk bleplrtneamotl fm kn tmosaòo supmriabank mo iuobaòo fm kn blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms ----------------------------------------------------------------------- =2 

IAG]ZN :28 Aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms-plkåemrls. --------------------------------------------- =6   

 

IAG]ZN :68 ]jabnbaòo gmlgrîiabn fmk jklqum Enelrm. -------------------------------------- 99  IAG]ZN :=8 Enpn mstrubturnk nk tlpm fmk rmsmrvl rmsmrvlral ral Qnotntn ---------------------------------------------------------------- - 9977  IAG]ZN :98 Blkueon mstrntagrîiabn fmk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm T> ------------------------ 91  IAG]ZN :78 Plzl RZJ OL-T> ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7>  IAG]ZN :48 Burvn fm fmbkaonbaòo. --------------------------------------------------------------- 72  IAG]ZN :18 Grîiabl fm VAI vs. Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm ------------------------------- 41   IAG]ZN 208 burvn fm fmbkaonbaòo emfanotm mk Eátlfl fm Ylgmk --------------------------- >00  ------------------------------- ---- >0:  IAG]ZN 2>8 Bnufnk fm prlfubbaòo mo iuobaòo fmk tamepl -----------------------------------

 

 

KARVN FM VNJKNR8 VNJKN >8 Znogl fm plrlsafnf -------------------------------------------------------------------- >>  VNJKN :8 Znogl fm pmremnjakafnf --------------------------------------------------------------- >2  VNJKN 28 Bratmrals jîsabls fm smkmbbaòo pnrn mk fmsnrrlkkl fm prlymbtls fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn jnsnfl mo eátlfls quåeabls ------------------------------------------------------------ 29 

VNJKN 68 Ymotnhns y fmsvmotnhns fmk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo RP ------------------------------ ==   VNJKN =8 Bratmrals jîsabls fm smkmbbaòo pnrn aoymbbaòo RP. --------------------------------- =9  VNJKN 98 bllrfmonfns fmk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm -------------------------------------------- 99  VNJKN 78 Fntls fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn (rmsmrvlral ljhmtavl) ------------------------------ 7:   VNJKN 48 Pnrîemtrls pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fm kn táboabn RP. ------------------------------------ 76  VNJKN 18 Rmkmbbaòo fmk surinbtnotm smgøo su bnrgn aòoabn. ----------------------------------- 7=   VNJKN >08 Ymraiabnbaòo fmk buepkaeamotl fm pnrîemtrls mo kns vnranjkms fm rmimrmoban. 79  VNJKN >>8 Vapls fm plkåemrls. ------------------------------------------------------------------- 77  VNJKN >:8 Rmkmbbaòo fm plkåemrls. -------------------------------------------------------------- 74  VNJKN >28 Pnrîemtrls fmk åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf. ------------------------------------------- 71  VNJKN >68 Zmsmrvns rmenomotms nk :009 fm bnepls emolrms fmk Jklqum Enelrm. ----- 42   VNJKN >=8 Blobmotrnbaloms fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls. ------------------------------------ 1>  VNJKN >98 Zmsuktnfls fm bnufnk pnrn faimrmotms prmsaloms fm ilofl ikuymotm nsueafl-- 11   VNJKN >78 Blepnrnbaòo fm rmsuktnfls fmspuás fm kn aoymbbaòo fm RP. ------------------- >06  VNJKN >48 Fntls fm ngmotms quåeabls. --------------------------------------------------------- >09  VNJKN >18 Fntls fm kls mquapls ----------------------------------------------------------------- >09  VNJKN :08 Mquapls pnrn kn prmstnbaòo fm smrvabals. ------------------------------------------ >04  VNJKN :>8 Blstl fm Mquapls Mq uapls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm RP--------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- >04  ------------------------------ ---- >01  VNJKN ::8 Blstl fm mquapl pnrn kn prmstnbaòo fm smrvabal. ----------------------------------

VNJKN :28 pmrslonk pnrn mk prlymbtl. ----------------------------------------------------------- >>0  VNJKN :68 Blstls fm kn aoymbbaòo fm RP plr nþl. -------------------------------------------- >>>  

 

 

ÅOFABM FM NOMTLR NOMTL N8 Mhmepkl fm nkguols Rurinbtnotms Noaòoabls blemrbankms. ............................. >>9  NOMTL J8 Bnrnbtmråstabns gmomrnkms fm plkåemrls mvnkunfls. ........................................ >>7  NOMTL B8 Blepnrnbaòo gmomrnk fm kns prlpamfnfms fm plkåemrls slkujkms mo ngun. ..... >>4  NOMTL F8 vasblsafnf vs blobmotrnbaòo fm plkåemrl-vasblsafnf vs vmklbafnf fm blrtm. >:0  NOMTL M8 Yasblsafnf faoîeabn fmk ngun kåquafn n vnrans tmepmrnturns ......................... >:>  NOMTL I8 Prmbals fmk pmtròkml......................................................................................... >::  NOMTL G8 Nrrmgkl fm f m plzl RZJ OL-T>. .............................................. ....................................................................... ......................... >:=  NOMTL D8 Nrrmgkl fm plzl RZJ OL-2 OL-2D. D. ....................................................................... .............................................. ......................... >:9  NOMTL A8 Prmbal fmk Plkåemrl. ........................................................................................ ...................................................... .................................. >:7  NOMTL H8 Prmbal fmk surinbt surinbtnotm. notm. ................................................... ..................................................................................... .................................. >:4  NOMTL C8 Prumjn fm plzl p lzl RZJ OL-T>. ................................................................ ........................................................................ ........ >:1  NOMTL K8 Fmosafnf tltnk fm RP. ............................................................ ...... ............................................................................... ......................... >20  NOMTL E8 Blkueon mo trnbbaòo, vlkuemo y fmspknzneamotl- Vujaog ........................... >2> 

 

 

 

BNPAV]KL A ENZBL ZMIMZMOBANK >.> AOVZLF]BBAÒO Furnotm mk trnosbursl fm kls nþls mo kn aofustran fm kls dafrlbnrjurls sm dn jusbnfl ju sbnfl rmbupmrnr kn enylr bnotafnf plsajkm fm brufl n trnvás fm faimrmotms eátlfls fm rmbupmrnbaòo, pnrn nepkanr mk tamepl fm vafn fmk plzl y enxaeaznr kn prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls mo kls bnepls. Pnrn mstl mxastmo faimrmotms eátlfls fm kmvnotneamotl nrtaiabank, kls bunkms sm smkmbbalono nblrfm n kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm bnfn plzl. Mk plzl RZJ OL  ‒ T> T> tamom uon jnhn prlfubtavafnf fmjafl n kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm mk  pmtròkml y mk ngun fm ilrenbaòo qum lbnsalon kn ilrenbaòo fm jnobl fm nbmatms fmotrl fmk rmsmrvlral nså aepafamofl mk ikuhl blrrmbtl fmk pmtròkml. Plr tnk eltavl mo kns øktaens fábnfns sm dno fmsnrrlkknfl tmbolklgåns l eátlfls pnrn prlfubar prlfu bar mk pmtròkml rmsafunk fm kls bnepls enfurls. Mstls eátlfls slo blolbafls blel b lel rmbupmrnbaòo tmrbanran l emhlrnfn fm pmtròkml (MLZ). Blo mk prmsmotm prlymbtl, sm prmtmofm dnbmr uon  prlpumstn pnrn emhlrnr mk aobrmemotl fm kn prlfubbaòo emfanotm mk eátlfl blejaonfl fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls. Kl qum sm mspmrn ms rmfubar kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm kls fls ikuafls aoeasbajkms, tnejaáo rmnkaznr uo jnrrafl miabamotm fmk plzl RZJ OL  ‒ T>. T>. Mstns blofabaloms slo fm grno pltmobank pnrn npkabnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfl, fnofl kugnr nk aobrmemotl fm kn miabamoban fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm prlfubtavafnf. Mk prlymbtl bujrm tmeîtabnemotm mk îrmn dafrlbnrjuråimrn8 fm mxpkltnbaòo y prlfubbaòo (]pstrmne), blo mk sastmen aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls mo kn zlon prlfubtlrn fmk Plzl RZJ OL  ‒  T>, pnrn nkbnoznr uon prlfubbaòo nfmbunfn.

>

 

 

>.: NOVMBMFMOVMR >.:.> Notmbmfmotms gmomrnkms Fmsfm kls nþls 70 sm rmnkazò uo grno msiumrzl fm aovmstagnbaòo iaonobanfl plr kn aofustran  pmtrlkmrn pnrn mstufanr prlbmfaeamotls susbmptajkms pnrn rmbupmrnr mk ppmtròkml mtròkml rmsafunk. ]ol fm kls eátlfls quåeabls fm MLZ eîs prlemtmflrms fmsfm mk puotl fm vastn ium kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls. Kns blepnþåns dno aotrlfubafl oumvls slitwnrms, motrm mkkls mk saeuknflr PMVZMK y su eòfukl faoîeabl fm ynbaeamotl MBKAPRM >00. Mo mk bnepl Rnbdn sm npkabò kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, mk bunk tuvl uo inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm 21%, mk bnepl Rnbdn ms blosafmrnfl blel uo bnepl enfurl y dn safl fm kls enylrms prlfubtlrms fm pmtròkml fmk Mbunflr fmsfm su fmsbujraeamotl plr mk Bloslrbal Vmxnbl-Guki, mk := fm imjrmrl fm >.191 blo kn pmrilrnbaòo fmk plzl mxpklrntlral Rnbdn->, nkbnoznofl uon prliuofafnf fm >0.>90 pams blo uon prlfubbaòo fm >.2:4 JPF fm :1.1° NPA y blo uo blrtm fm ngun y smfaemotls (JRW) fm 0.>%. Mk aoabal fm kn prlfubbaòo fmk bnepl sm prlfuhl mo mk ems fm hukal fm >.17: blo uon tnsn prlemfal fm :1.:19 JPF. Mk bnepl Rnbdn sm mobumotrn mo uon gmlklgån notabkaonk blo uon prlfubbaòo prlemfal emosunk fm 9.600 Jjk/ems y uo JRW fm =>%, smgøo aoilrenbaòo tlenfn fmk aoilrem fmk ems fm fabamejrm fmk :.0>:. Qntms ]jabnfl nk Lmstm fm Vmxns, MM.]]. mk bnepl Qntms ium fmsbujamrtl mo >.1:9. Blo uo vlkuemo lragaonk fm =,000 eakkloms fm jnrrakms blo nbmatm fm fmosafnf fm 2> °NPA, su  prlfubbaòo praenran blemozò blemozò mo >.1:9 sm fmjaò n fls embnoasels8 mxpnosaòo fm uo nbuåimrl mo kn pnrtm aoimralr y fm uo bnsqumtm fm gns mo kn pnrtm supmralr. supmral r. N pnrtar fm >.179 sm utakaznrlo favmrsns táboabns pnrn emhlrnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm nbmatm blel kn pmrilrnbaòo fm plzls fm rmkkmol, kn pmrilrnbaòo dlrazlotnk, kn aoymbbaòo fm vnplr, kn aoymbbaòo fm plkåemrls y surinbtnotms, blo kl qum sm ljtuvl uo inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo nfabalonk fm :2%. Ms fmbar, mo 49 nþls fm prlfubbaòo, mk prlbmsl fm MLZ nplrtò mk 9=% fmk nbmatm rmbupmrnfl.

:

 

 

>.:.: Notmbmfmotms mspmbåiabls Mo Jlkavan sm rmnkazò eátlfls fm rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran y emhlrnfn, pmrl mk eátlfl blejaonfl aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls ms uo eátlfl oumvl, táboabn qum dnstn kn imbdn ol sm npkabò mo mk pnås. Mk plzl RZJ OL ‒ T> T> tamom uon prliuofafnf fm 2.419 emtrls, mstm plzl ium fmsbujamrtl plr Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan mo mk nþl :.002, mk bnepl bnep l tamom mo kn nbtunkafnf 6 plzls pmril pmrilrnfls rnfls fm kls bunkms slkl trms plzls sm mobumotrno mo prlfubbaòo fm gns y pmtròkml. Kn prlfubbaòo fmk plzl RZJ OL-T> prlvamom praobapnkemotm fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn, tamom uo °NPA fm 21.9, su prlfubbaòo ium fmbkaonofl fm 7=0 JPF fm brufl n :44 JPF fm brufl, nså tnejaáo su prmsaòo fmbkaol fm 6.7>4 Psa n >.:96 Psa, plr kn jnhn pmremnjakafnf fm := eF.   Mo mk pnås slkl sm rmnkaznrlo prlymbtls saeaknrms n kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, mo mk Bnepl Rno Zlqum sm rmnkazò kn ‛prlpumstn fm aoymbbaòo blo surinbtnotms  gmomrnflrns fm mspuen mo kn ilrenbaòo Qmbun fmk plzl RO^ ‒ T2. T2. Q tuvl uo aobrmemotl mo mk bnufnk fm  prlfubbaòo fm =0.99 Epb/f Ep b/f n 2=>.0= Epb/f. Q tnejaáo mo mk bnepl Rurujå Jklqum Jnhl sm dazl mk mstufal táboabl sljrm kn npkabnjakafnf fm kn aoymbbaòo NRP (îkbnka, surinbtnotms y  plkåemrls) pnrn mk emhlrneamotl fm kn prlfubbaòo fmk plzl Rurujå Jklqum Jnhl->>>. Mk bunk tuvl uon rmbupmrnbaòo fm :2% eîs fmspuás fm npkabnr mk eátlfl.

2

 

 

>.2 PKNOVMNEAMOVL FMK PZLJKMEN Mk plzl RZJ OL-T> aoabankemotm fasploån fm uon mkmvnfn prmsaòo fm ilofl 6.7>4 Psa kl qum pmreatån qum sm prlfuhmrn pmtròkml plr ikuhl onturnk. Nk trnosburrar mk tamepl kn prmsaòo ium faseaouymofl dnstn kkmgnr n >.:96.22 Psa, qum gmomrno jnhls aogrmsls mbloòeabls. Kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank mo mk rmsmrvlral dnbm qum kn elvakafnf fmk brufl smn emolr kl qum mk brufl ol pumfm ikuar blo inbakafnf fmk îrmn fm frmonhm dnban mk plzl prlfubtlr, mstl dnbm qum  jnhm mk oavmk fm vafn øtak fmk plzl nså tnejaáo jnhm kls oavmkms fm prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml. Kn ilrenbaòo fm jnobls sm pumfm fmbar, qum mk nbmatm sm mobumotrn mo ilren fm gkòjukls fmsblombtnfls ntrnpnfls mo kls plrls plr iumrzns bnpaknrms mstl sm fn plr uo trnjnhl fm blepkmtnbaòo aonfmbunfl.

>.2.> Îrjlk fmk prljkmen I A G]ZN >8 >8  Îrjlk fm prljkmens.

MIMBVLR

Zmbupmrnbaòo ol rmotnjkm

PZLJKMEN BMOVZNK

BN]RNR

Bamrrm prmenturl fmk  plzl

Jnhl inbtlr fm rmbljrl

Jnhls prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml mo mk plzloavmkms RurujåfmOlrlmstm-T> (RZJ OL-T>)

Faseaoubaòo fm kn prmsaòo

Vmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm pmtròkml y mk ngun

Plzl enfurl

Iumotm8 mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

6

 

 

>.2.: Afmotaiabnbaòo fmk prljkmen Kn praobapnk bnusn qum lragaon mk jnhl oavmk fm prlfubbaòo ms kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank qum sm fn motrm mk pmtròkml y mk ngun fm ilrenbaòo, mo mk plzl Rurujå Olrlmstm-T> (RZJ OL-T>).

>.2.2 Ilreuknbaòo fmk prljkmen ¼Rmrî plsajkm qum n trnvás fm kn npkabnbaòo fmk eátlfl blejaonfl fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls sm aobrmemotm kn prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls kåquafls mo mk plzl Rurujå Olrlmstm-T> (RZJ  OL-T>)<

>.6 LJHMVAYLR >.6.> Ljhmtavl gmomrnk Prlplomr mk eátlfl blejaonfl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, pnrn aobrmemotnr mk ikuhl fm prlfubbaòo mo mk plzl Rurujå Olrlmstm-T> (RZJ OL-T>).

>.6.: Ljhmtavls mspmbåiabls   Afmotaiabnr kns bnrnbtmråstabns gmlkògabns fm kn ilrenbaòo prlfubtlrn fmk plzl RZJ

 OL-T>.    Rmkmbbalonr mk tapl fm surinbtnotm y plkåemrl fm nbumrfl n kns blofabaloms fmk plzl

RZJ OL-T>   Bnkbuknr kls pnrîemtrls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls ‛vlkøemoms,

bnufnkms y prmsaloms.―   Grniabnr burvns APZ notms y fmspuás fm kn saeuknbaòo fmk eátlfl.   Mstaenr blstls fmk eátlfl pnrn mk plzl.

=

 

 

>.= H]RVAIABNBAÒO >.=.> Hustaiabnbaòo táboabn Vrntnr fm emhlrnr kn mxpkltnbaòo fm uo bnepl pmtrlkmrl p mtrlkmrl tlenofl mo bumotn inbtlr inbtlrms ms táboabls, lpmrntavls y mbloòeabls qum fm nkguon enomrn pumfno nimbtnr kns blofabaloms mxastmotms.

>.=.: Hustaiabnbaòo mbloòeabn Kls jnhls oavmkms fm prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml lragaonfn plr kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank fmk plzl, bnusno uon smram fm gnstls mbloòeabls qum mkmvno kls blstls fm prlfubbaòo aovanjakaznof aovanjakaznofll mk  plzl pnrn su prlfubbaòo, praobapnkemotm mo áplbns tno mspmbankms blel kns qum sm vavmo, fmjafl n kn bnåfn fm kls prmbals aotmronbalonkms.

>.=.2 Hustaiabnbaòo nbnfáeabn Mk saguamotm prlymbtl smrî uon blotrajubaòo fmsfm mk puotl fm vastn nbnfáeabl flofm sm emobalonrî kls prljkmens fm prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls y qum slkubaòo plfmels rmnkaznr, y eltavnr n kls mstufanotms mo ák îrmn, yn qum slo tmens fm eubdl aotmrás pnrn kls bnepls enfurls. Rm prmtmofm qum blo mk prmsmotm prlymbtl smn uon jnsm fm blosuktn pnrn kls mstufanotms y  pumfno nfquarar blolbaeamotl nbmrbn nbmrb n fm kn k n rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn y fm kls oumvls eátlfls fm aoymbbaòo.

>.9 NKBNOBMR >.9.> Nkbnobm tmeîtabl Kn rmnkaznbaòo fmk prmsmotm prlymbtl sm moilbnrî mo kn emhlrn fm kn prlfubbaòo fmk pmtròkml  plr emfal fm kn aoymbbaòo ffmm su surinbtnotms rinbtnotms y plkåemrls, kn slkubaòo sl kubaòo pknotmnfn sm moenrbnrî mo mk îrmn fm Aogmoamrån fm rmsmrvlrals y prlfubbaòo.

9

 

 

>.9.: Nkbnobm gmlgrîiabl Mk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm sm mobumotrn ujabnfl nprlxaenfnemotm n >79 Ce nk olrlmstm fm kn baufnf fm Rnotn Bruz, blo uon ujabnbaòo iasalgrîiabn qum kaeatn motrm pam fm elotm y kknourn Bdnbl-Jmoanon, ms uo notabkaonk mklognfl kaeatnfl nk olrtm y nk sur plr inkkns fm nktl îogukl.   Bnepl8 Rurujå Olrlmstm   Pnås8 Jlkavan   Fmpnrtnemotl8 Blbdnjnejn   Klbnkafnf8 Mtmrnznen   Prlvaoban8 Bnrrnsbl   Vatuknr8 Kn meprmsn ZMPRLK QPI

>.9.2 Nkbnobm tmeplrnk Mk tamepl mstaenfl pnrn kn rmnkaznbaòo fmk prlymbtl njnrbn fmsfm mk aoabal fmk smemstrm A/:0>4 n kn blobkusaòo fmk smemstrm AA/:0>4 fmk saguamotm nþl.

7

 

 

BNPAV]KL AA ENZBL VMÒZABL :.> FMRBZAPBAÒO FM BLOB BLOBMPVLR MPVLR GMOMZNKMR FM KNR PZLPAMFNFMR FM ]O QNBAEAMOVL. :.>.> Gmlemtrån ]ol fm kls praemrls pnsls nk rmbnjnr aoilrenbaòo fm uo ynbaeamotl pnrn uo mstufal fm aoymbbaòo, ms fmtmreaonr su gmlemtrån, pums su mstrubturn y mstrntagrniån blotrlkno kn klbnkaznbaòo fm kls plzls y mo grno emfafn, fmtmreaono kls eátlfls plr kls bunkms mk ynbaeamotl pumfm smr prlfubafl n trnvás fm prîbtabns fm aoymbbaòo fm ikuafls.

:.>.: Katlklgån Kn katlklgån tamom uon prliuofn aoikumoban mo kn miabamoban fm kn aoymbbaòo fm ikuafls mo uo ynbaeamotl mo pnrtabuknr. Fm dmbdl, kn plrlsafnf, kn pmremnjakafnf y mk blotmoafl fm nrbakkn slo inbtlrms katlkògabls qum nimbtno mk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo. Mo nkguols sastmens blepkmhls, uon pmqumþn plrbaòo fm kn plrlsafnf tltnk, blel plr mhmepkl kns plrlsafnfms brmnfns plr irnbturns, tmofrîo suiabamotm pmremnjakafnf pnrn inbakatnr kns lpmrnbaloms fm aoymbbaòo. Mo mstls bnsls, slknemotm sm mhmrbmrî uon pmqumþn aoikumoban sljrm kn plrlsafnf fm kn entraz, kn bunk pumfm smr brastnkaon, grnouknr l vukgnr. Kn mvnkunbaòo fm mstls mimbtls rmquamrm fm mstufals fm knjlrntlral y fm uo mstufal fmtnkknfl fmk ynbaeamotl, y tnejaáo pumfmo dnbmrsm emfanotm prumjns pakltls mxpmraemotnkms.

:.>.2 Prliuofafnf Kn prliuofafnf fm ynbaeamotl ms ltrl inbtlr aeplrtnotm qum sm fmjm blosafmrnr mo lpmrnbaloms fm aoymbbaòo l aovnsaòo blo ikuafls yn qum8

n)  Grnofms prliuofafnfms pmreatmo utakaznr enylrms prmsaloms y uo mspnbaneamotl eîs nepkal, sa mk ynbaeamotl plsmm uo grnfl suiabamotm fm uoailreafnf kntmrnk. Rm fmjm nbtunr blo 4

 

  eubdn prmbnubaòo mo ynbaeamotls plbl prliuofls flofm kn eîxaen prmsaòo qum pumfm npkabnrsm mo lpmrnbaloms fm aoymbbaòo mstî kaeatnfn plr kn prliuofafnf fmk ynbaeamotl.

j) Furnotm kn aoymbbaòo fm ngun, sm dn fmtmreaonfl qum mxastm uon prmsaòo bråtabn usunkemotm nprlxaenfn n kn prmsaòo mstîtabn fm kn blkueon fm rlbn supmrpumstn sljrm kn nrmon prlfubtlrn y bmrbn fm > kpb/pam fm prliuofafnf fm kn nrmon qum nk mxbmfmrkn, lbnsalon qum kn pmomtrnbaòo fmk ngun mxpnofn njmrturns n kl knrgl fm irnbturns l fm bunkquamr ltrl pknol fm inkkns, nså blel huotns l plsajkms pknols fm mstrntaiabnbaòo. Mstl fn kugnr n kn bnonkaznbaòo fmk ngun aoymbtnfn l nk sljrmpnsl fm knrgns plrbaloms fm entraz fmk ynbaeamotl. Blosmbumotmemotm mo lpmrnbaloms qum aepkabno uo grnfamotm fm prmsaòo fm 0.7= kpb/pam fm prliuofafnf, gmomrnkemotm sm pmreatm suiabamotm enrgmo fm smgurafnf pnrn mvatnr irnbturneamotl. N iao fm  prmvmoar bunkquamr prljkmen, fmjm tmomrsm mo bumotn kn aoilrenbaòo rmimrmotm n prmsaòo fm irnbturneamotl l fm rlepaeamotl mo uon klbnkaznbaòo fmtmreaonfn, yn qum mkkn iahnrî i ahnrî uo kåeatm supmralr pnrn kn prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo.

:.>.6 Vmepmrnturn Ms kn tmepmrnturn n kn bunk sm mobumotrn mk ynbaeamotl. Kn tmepmrnturn ms iuobaòo fm kn  prliuofafnf y pumf pumfmm smr bnkbuknfl n pnrtar fmk grnfamotm gmltáreabl (iag. >) mspmbåiabl fmk îrmn mo kn bunk sm mobumotrn ujabnfl mk ynbaeamotl. Olrenkemotm kn tmepmrnturn ms rmgastrnfn farmbtnemotm emfanotm uo rmgastrl fm tmepmrnturn. :8  Pmriak fm tmepmrnturn fm uo plzl tåpabl (grnfamotm gmltáreabl).   I A G]ZN :8

Iumotm8 ‛Vmepmrnturns fm ilofl fm plzl ljtmoafns  blo iajrn òptabn―-Rbdkuejmrgmr.

1

 

 

:.>.= Plrlsafnf Mk mkmemotl msmobank fm uo ynbaeamotl fm pmtròkml ms kn rlbn rmsmrvlral, buyl rnsgl msmobank ms su plrlsafnf, kn rlbn fmjm tmomr plrls, mspnbals l dumbls, fm fmtmreaonfl tnenþl y onturnkmzn, blel pnrn pmreatar mk nkenbmoneamotl fm pmtròkml y gns mo ynbaeamotls suiabamotmemotm nepkals pnrn qum sm hustaiaqum su mxpkltnbaòo.   Kn plrlsafnf fmtmreaon kls vlkøemoms fm pmtròkml l gns quá pumfmo mstnr prmsmotms,

y tlfns kns lpmrnbaloms fm rmbupmrnbaòo sm jnsno mo kn fmtmreaonbaòo fm su vnklr.   Kn plrlsafnf ms mk vlkuemo fm mspnbals l dumbls fm kn rlbn, y fmiaom kn plsajakafnf

fm ástn fm nkenbmonr eîs l emols bnotafnf fm ikuafl.   Rm mxprmsn plr mk plrbmotnhm fm vlkuemo fm plrls rmspmbtl nk vlkuemo tltnk fm kn rlbn

(plrlsafnf tltnk l njslkutn, aobkuym tlfls kls aotmrstabals l dumbls aotmrblombtnfls l ol). Kn plrlsafnf (Ω), ms uo pnrîemtrl nfaemosalonk, gmomrnkemotm rmplrtnfl mo plrbmotnhm, y kls kåeatms tmòrabls fm sus vnklrms pnrn bunkquamr bunkquam r emfal plrlsl vno fm 0 n >. Rao mejnrgl, kn emfafn fm plrlsafnf qum sm usn bleøoemotm mo kls mstufals sljrm rmsmrvlrals ms kn rnzòo motrm kls mspnbals qum lbupno kls plrls aotmrblombtnfls y mk vlkuemo tltnk fm kn rlbn, rnzòo n kn qum sm fmoleaon plrlsafnf mimbtavn. Rm kn pumfm bnkbuknr blo kn saguamotm mxprmsaòo8

  √         

 

M b. > 

 :.>.=.>  :.> .=.> Bkn Bknsaia saiabn bnbaò baòo o fm kn plr lsaf safn nf  

Plrlsafnf njslkutn. Ylkuemo plrlsl ilrenfl plr tlfls kls mspnbals vnbåls, mstáo aotmrblombtnfls l ol motrm så.

 

Plrlsafnf rmkntavn. Ms kn plrlsafnf ilrenfn plr kls mspnbals ol sòkafls qum mstîo bleuoabnfls motrm så, y plr tnotl pmreatmo mk ikuhl fm ikuafls.

>0

 

  28  Plrlsafnf mimbtavn y tltnk.  I A G]ZN 28

Iumotm8 PNZAR FM IMZZMZ, Engfnkmon. Prlpamfnfms fm kn rlbn. Mo8 Iuofnemotls fm aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls. Enrnbnajl, Ymomzumkn8 Nstrl Fntn R.N., :001. p. :::.  :.>.=.:  :.> .=.: Blo Blosaf safm mr nbaò baòo o fm plr lsaf safn nf VNJK N >8 >8  Znogl fm plrlsafnf • Euy Jnhn bunofl  • Jnhn bunofl 

   

  ;=%

=% ;  5;>0%

• Prlemfal bunofl 

>0%?  5;:0%

• Jumon bunofl ms  

:0% ?  5;20%

• Mxbmkmotm bunofl  

  ?20%

Iumotm8 PNZAR FM IMZZMZ, Engfnkmon. Prlpamfnfms fm kn rlbn. Mo8 Iuofnemotls fm aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls. Enrnbnajl, Ymomzumkn8 Nstrl Fntn R.N., :001. p. :::. >>

 

 

:.>.9 Pmremnjakafnf Emfafn fm kn bnpnbafnf fm kn rlbn fm pmreatar mk ikuhl fm ikuafls n trnvás fm kls plrls aotmrblombtnfls. Vnejaáo pumfm smr fmiaoafn blel uon emfafn fm kn blofubtavafnf fm kls ikuafls, y plr nonklgån, sm pumfm fmbar qum kn pmremnjakafnf, ms kn aovmrsn fm kn rmsastmoban qum kn rlbn mhmrbm sljrm kls ikuafls prmsmotms. Entmeîtabnemotm sm mxprmsn blo kn Kmy fm Fnrby (>4=9), blel sm eumstrn mo kn mbunbaòo :.

 5  

 

M b. : 

Fòofm8  5 Bnufnk, Sbe2/sU.   5 Yasblsafnf, SbPU.  5 Klogatuf fmk oøbkml, SbeU.   5 Îrmn fm kn smbbaòo trnosvmrsnk, Sbe:U.  Ζ  5 Faimrmobank fm prmsaòo mo mk oøbkml, SnteU.

 :.>.9.>  :.> .9.> Bkn Bknsaia saiabn bnbaò baòo o fm kn pmr emnjakaf aka fnf  

Pmremnjakafnf njslkutn.

Zmprmsmotn kn pmremnjakafnf l pnsl fm ikuafl n trnvás fmk emfal plrlsl, bunofl mstm sm mobumotrn >00% snturnfl fm slkl uo tapl fm ikuafl. Gmomrnkemotm mk ikuafl fm prumjn pru mjn ms ngun l narm.  

Pmremnjakafnf mimbtavn.

Pmremnjakafnf fm uo ikuafl, bunofl mstm sm mobumotrn mo blotnbtl blo ltrl ikuafl aoeasbajkm qum snturn mk emfal plrlsl. >:

 

   

Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn.

Entmeîtabnemotm, sm fmiaom blel kn rnzòo motrm kn pmremnjakafnf mimbtavn y kn njslkutn, njs lkutn, mstn rmknbaòo rmikmhn kn inbakafnf blo qum mk ikuafl smrî prlfubafl (elvakafnf), mo iuobaòo fm su snturnbaòo.   Blosafmrnbaòo fm pmremnjakafnf

:8  Znogl fm pmremnjakafnf VNJK N :8

PMZEMNJAKAFNF

MYNK]NBAÒO

(ef)

B]NKAVNVAYN

>->0

Zmguknr

>0->00

Jumon

>00->000

Euy jumon

?>000 Mxbmkmotm Iumotm8 DNKKAJ]ZVLO

:.>.7 Vmosaòo aotmrinbank y tmosaòo supmriabank. Bunofl fls ikuafls aoeasbajkms motrno mo blotnbtl sm smpnrno aoemfantnemotm, fmjafl n kn faimrmoban motrm sus iumrzns elkmbuknrms, pnrn nså, tmomr kn emolr îrmn fm blotnbtl plsajkm. Ra kls fls ikuafls mo blotnbtl slo gns y kåquafl, kn aotmrinsm qum sm eumstrn mo mkkns, sm blolbm blel tmosaòo supmriabank. Bunofl kls fls ikuafls slo kåquafls, kn iumrzn qum nbtøn mo kn aotmrinsm, ms kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank. Ms plr mstl, qum slo uon emfafn aofarmbtn fm kn slkujakafnf. 68  Znogls fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank. I A G]ZN 68

Rastmen Narm-ngun mo mk knjlrntlral Cmrlsmom-ngun mo mk knjlrntlral Pmtròkml-ngun mo mk knjlrntlral

faons/be 

7: 61 :=-2=

Iumotm8 Engfnkmon Pnras fm Imrrmr8 iuofnemotls fm aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls, Blpyragdt© :001. >2

 

   :.>.7.>  :.> .7.> Elv Elvaka akazznbaò baòo o plr Jnhn Vm Vmos osaa òo

Ra kn ilreuknbaòo fm kn slkubaòo nbulsn ms nfmbunfn, kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm ástn y mk brufl pumfm jnhnr n 0,00> - 0,000> faon/be (l eO/e) blel aofabnfl mo kn iagurn = kns blofabaloms fm ljtmobaòo fm tnkms tmosaloms blrrmsplofmo blr rmsplofmo n kn kknenfn ilreuknbaòo òptaen y mstîo nslbanfns blo kn prmsmoban fm uo sastmen traiîsabl mo mk bunk blmxastmo uon eabrlmeuksaòo y insms mxbmsl fm ngun y fm nbmatm. =8  Lburrmoban fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank uktrn-jnhn mo blofabaloms euy pnrtabuknrms I A G]ZN =8 (ilreuknbaòo òptaen).

Iumotm8 RNKNGMZ H. K., Bunfmrol IAZP s2=7b, (:00=) Pnrn tnkms vnklrms fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, mk bratmral fmk oøemrl bnpaknr aofabn qum sm ljtamom bnsa uo >00% fm rmbupmrnbaòo mo kn zlon jnrrafn. Mstufals mo eabrlelfmkls trnospnrmotms dno elstrnfl qum, mo sastmens fm jnhn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, kls gkòjukls fm nbmatm ntrnpnfls sm fmilreno iîbakemotm y sm nknrgno nk pnsnr n trnvás fm kls plrls fm kn entraz plrlsn. Bunofl mk gkòjukl fm nbmatm mstî elvakaznfl, sm fmspknzn y mobumotrn ltrls gkòjukls blo kls bunkms blkmnsmo, prlfubamofl gkòjukls eîs nknrgnfls kls bunkms slo iîbakms fm elvakaznr3 iaonkemotm kkmgn n ilrenrsm uon rmf fm gkòjukls aotmrblombtnfls, ms fmbar, uo jnobl fm nbmatm y mk rágaemo sm tlron uo ikuhl faiîsabl (tapl Jubckmt-Kmvmrmtt) blo uon snturnbaòo fm nbmatm omtnemotm supmralr n Rlr.

>6

 

 

:.>.4 Prmsaòo bnpaknr Ms kn faimrmobank fm prmsaòo mxastmotm mo kn aotmrinsm fm fls ikuafls aoeasbajkms. Kn prmsaòo bnpaknr, fmpmofm fm kn burvnturn fm kn aotmrinsm qum kls smpnrn. Entmeîtabnemotm blel sm ljsmrvn mo kn mbunbaòo 2, ms kn faimrmoban fm prmsaòo motrm mk ikuafl fm kn insm ol elhnotm y mk fm kn insm elhnotm.

5

 

M b. 2 

Fòofm8



5 Prmsaòo bnpaknr, Sfaon/be:U.

(Poe)5 Prmsaòo insm ol elhnotm, Sfaon/be:U. (Pe)5 Prmsaòo insm elhnotm, Sfaon/be:U. Kn prmsaòo bnpaknr sameprm sm blosafmrn plsatavn. Mxastmo ilrenbaloms emols elhnjkms, aotmremfanemotm elhnjkms y iumrtmemotm elhnjkms. Kn prmsaòo bnpaknr tamom npkabnbaloms mo saeuknbaòo fm ynbaeamotls m aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls pnrn bnkbuknr praobapnkemotm, kn nkturn fm kn zlon fm trnosabaòo y kn snturnbaòo fm ngun arrmfubajkm. Mo kn iagurn 6 kn klogatuf sljrm kn bunk kn iumrzn β ms npkabnfn mo mk bnpaknr fm rnfal r ms :πr. Kumgl mk tltnk fm kn iumrzn bnpaknr

smr î :πrβ. Q kn iumrzn vmrtabnk ms :πrβBls.  Pumstl qum kn prmsaòo sm fmiaom blel I / N, motlobms8

 5 55   

 

M b. 6 

I A G]ZN 98 98  Fangrnen fm iumrzns (Prmsaòo Bnpaknr)

Iumotm8 JNZNOFANZNO K. B., Zmsmrvlral-BNPAV]KLAA, :009 >=

 

 

:.: GMLKLGÅN Kn gmlklgån ms kn bamoban qum mstufan mk lragmo, dastlran y mstrubturn iåsabn fm kn tamrrn. Mstn bamoban ms msmobank pnrn kn aofustran pmtrlkmrn samofl qum kn enylrån fmk pmtròkml ms moblotrnfl fmotrl fm kns rlbns. Kn gmlklgån trntn fm rmsplofmr tnkms prmguotns, blel kn notagûmfnf fm kn tamrrn, kn prlbmfmoban fm su bleplsabaòo. Pnrn su fmtmreaonbaòo sm rmnkazno uon smram fm mstufals jnsnfls mo kn mvafmoban fm mvmotls lburrafls dnbm eakkloms fm nþls, tnkms blel8 tmrrmeltls, mrupbaloms vlkbîoabns, mtb.

:.:.> Gmlklgån mstrubturnk Kn fmtmbbaòo fm kls ynbaeamotls pmtrlkåimrls sm dnkkn kaeatnfn fmjafl n qum mstls ol pumfmo niklrnr n kn supmriabam kl qum dnbm ombmsnral uon smram fm mstufals qum gmomrnkemotm bleprmofm trms mtnpns submsavns8 gmlkògabn, gmliåsabn y slofml, samofl kn gmlklgån kn eîs aeplrtnotm y kn emols blstlsn fm kns trms yn qum kls mstufals gmlkògabls prmvals pmreatmo aofabnr l bloiarenr kn plsajkm mxastmoban fm pmtròkml nbueuknfl, notms fm prlbmfmr n kn  pmrilrnbaòo fm plzls fmstaonfls fms taonfls n su mxtrnbbaòo.

:.:.: Mxpklrnbaòo gmlkògabn fm supmriabam Mstn sm iahn fls emtns praobapnkms8   Zmblolbmr kn prmsmoban y fmtmreaonr kn onturnkmzn fm kns inbams invlrnjkms pnrn kn

gáomsas y nbueuknbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls y iahnr su plsabaòo mo kn smram smfaemotnran.   Klbnkaznr kns trnepns y fmtmreaonr blo enylr prmbasaòo plsajkm su gmlemtrån.

Mstn sm iuofnemotn mo8 Jøsqumfns Mstrntagrîiabns y Mstufals Mstrubturnkms.

>9

 

 

:.:.2 Mxpklrnbaòo gmlkògabn fmk sujsumkl ]on vmz qum sm mkagm kn klbnkaznbaòo fm uo slofml fm mxpklrnbaòo, qumfn plr fmsbujrar rîpafnemotm kn prmsmoban fm pmtròkml l fm gns mo kns rlbns-nkenbáo ntrnvmsnfns. Vmoamofl mo bumotn qum mk slofml ms uon lpmrnbaòo euy blstlsn, ms ombmsnral ljtmomr mk eîxael fm fntls gmlkògabls qum smrîo aofaspmosnjkms pnrn mk fmsnrrlkkl plstmralr fm kn aovmstagnbaòo, plr mhmepkl8 Fmtmbbaòo fm aofabals, rmblkmbbaòo y utakaznbaòo fm eumstrns, motrm ltrls, sm ljtamomo plr emfal fm kn gmlklgån fm sujsumkl.   I nkkn kknss

Kns inkkns lburrmo bunofl uon supmriabam rlblsn sm irnbturn y lburrm uo fmspknzneamotl fm kns pnrtms mo rmknbaòo n kn ltrn. Kn prmsmoban fm uon inkkn ms fm aeplrtnoban pnrn kls gmòklgls yn qum mstns nimbtno kn klbnkaznbaòo fmk pmtròkml y kns nbueuknbaloms fm gns samofl qum uo fmspknzneamotl fm kns pnrtms pumfm lbnsalonr mk elvaeamotl fm kn rlbn qum blotamom kls dafrlbnrjurls fm su ujabnbaòo lragaonk.   Vrnepns

Kns trnepns slo tlfns nqumkkns nolenkåns gmlkògabns qum fmtamomo kn eagrnbaòo fmk pmtròkml y prlfubm su nbueuknbaòo, su lragmo pumfm smr tmbtòoabl, mstrntagrîiabl l katlkògabl.

:.2 PZLPAMFNFMR FM KLR IK]AFLR Q PZMRALOMR Brr å tatabl bl f fm m uo sa stm stme en f fm m uon slkn insm8 insm8  Zmsuktn smr mk eîs nktl vnklr fm prmsaòo   P uotl B

y fm tmepmrnturn flofm kns fls insms fm uo ikuafl pumfmo blmxastar.   P uotl B r å ta tabl bl fm uo sastm sa stme en eukta uktaiiîsabl8  Ms mk vnklr fm prmsaòo y tmepmrnturn flofm

kns prlpamfnfms aotmosavns fmk gns y fmk kåquafl slo blotaouns m afáotabns.   Vmepmrnturn Bråtabn8 Memrgm mo mk puotl bråtabl.

Pr msaò saòo o Br åtabn8 Rm lragaon mo mk puotl bråtabl.   Prm   Prmsaòo fm Rnturnbaòo8 Prmsaòo qum mk pmtròkml dn nfeatafl tlfl mk gns plsajkm mo

slkubaòo.   Puotl fm Jurjuhml8  Ms mk puotl flofm uon fmtmreaonfn prmsaòo y tmepmrnturn

ilreno kn praemrn jurjuhn fm gns fmk kåquafl mo uon rmgaòo fm fls insms. >7

 

    P uotl fm Z lbå lbå l8 Ms mk puotl flofm uon fmtmreaonfn prmsaòo y tmepmrnturn ilreno

kåquafl fmk gns mo uon rmgaòo fm fls insms. fm m F ls I nsm smss8 Ms kn rmgaòo kaeatnfn plr mk puotl fm jurjuhml y mk puotl fm   Z mga òo f

rlbål.  

8 ms kn eîs nktn tmepmrnturn flofm mk kåquafl y mk vnplr pumfmo Brablofmotáreabl blmxastar mo mquakajral.

  Brablofmojîrabl8 ms kn enylr prmsaòo flofm mk kåquafl y mk vnplr pumfmo blmxastar

mo mquakajral.   Zmtrògrnfl8  Memrgm mo bunkquamr rmgaòo flofm kn blofmosnbaòo l vnplraznbaòo

lburrm fm ilren blotrnran nk bleplrtneamotl olrenk.   B lof lofm mosnbaòo Z Zm mtr trlgr lgrn nfn8  Bunofl mk kåquafl sm blofmosn vn faseaouymofl kn

 prmsaòo n tmepmrnturn blostnotm, l aobrmemotnofl aobrmemotnofl kn tmepmrnturn n prmsaòo blostnotm. I A G]ZN 78 78  sastmen euktableplomotm.

 

Iumotm8 DNKKAJ]ZVLO, Zmblpaknbaòo fm táboabn Aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls

>4

 

 

:.2.> Rnturnbaòo Irnbbaòo vlkueátrabn, qum lbupn bnfn uol fm kls ikuafls prmsmotms mo mk mspnbal mspn bal plrlsl n uon fmtmreaonfn prliuofafnf. Blel sm ljsmrvn mo kn mbunbaòo =, entmeîtabnemotm pumfm mxprmsnrsm blel mk blbamotm motrm mk vlkuemo fm uo ikuafl fmotrl fm kls plrls, y mk vlkuemo tltnk fm mstls.

55 

 

M b. = 

Fòofm8    5 Ikuafl (ngun, pmtròkml l gns).   5 Ylkuemo fmk ikuafl.   5 Rnturnbaòo fm uo ikuafl.

:.2.: Elhnjakafnf Bnpnbafnf l tmofmoban fm uo ikuafl fm nfdmrarsm l mxtmofmrsm sljrm uon supmriabam sòkafn mo  prmsmoban fm ltrl ikuafl aoeasbajkm. Rmgøo kls ikuafls bleøoemotm prmsmotms mo mk ynbaeamotl, sm tamom kn saguamotm rmknbaòo fm nbumrfl nk grnfl fm elhnjakafnf8 Gns ; Nbmatm ; Ngun. 48  Elhnjakafnf. I A G]ZN 48 Elhnjakafnf plr ngun

Elhnjakafnf eaxtn

Elhnjakafnf plr pmtròkml

Iumotm8 NJFNKKND, Wnmk, mtZmvamw. nk. Kls iuofnemotls fm kn elhnjakafnf. Mo8 Lakiamkf >1

 

  Mstn emfafn ms aeplrtnotm pnrn motmofmr kn fastrajubaòo fm kls ikuafls3 mo kn iagurn 9 sm pumfm ljsmrvnr qum mk ikuafl qum qu m duembtn kn rlbn, tamom emolr elvakafnf y plr tnotl, mk ltrl ikuafl sm eumvm plr bnonkms eîs nepkals. Ms plr mstl qum, mo kn aofustran fmk pmtròkml, prmiamrm qum kn rlbn tmogn elhnjakafnf l prmimrmoban nk ngun.

:.2.2 Fmosafnf Kn fmosafnf, (ώ), fmoltn kn rmknbaòo blrrmsplofamotm fm pmsl mspmbåiabl y fm ikuafmz fm kls

brufls blo rmspmbtl nk ngun. Kn fmosafnf emfan fm kls brufls mstî nkrmfmflr fm 0,4 g/ek y su vnklr pumfm lsbaknr motrm 0,7 y > g/ek3 fm enomrn gmomrnk, kn fmosafnf fmk brufl vnrån blo kn  prliuofafnf fm kls ynbaeamotls8 Vnotl emolr smns l bunotl eîs prliuofn smn kn kn nbueuknbaòo l vabmvmrsn. Kn fmosafnf mo uon easen trnepn y mo uo easel dlrazlotm fmbrmbm fm kn jnsm nk tlpm mo mstrntls fm grnofms mspmslrms.

:.2.6 Grnvmfnf °NPA Kn grnvmfnf NPA, fm sus sagkns mo aogkás Nemrabno Pmtrlkmue Aostatutm, ms uon emfafn fm fmosafnf qum fmsbrajm qum tno pmsnfl l kavanol ms mk pmtròkml blepnrîoflkl blo mk ngun. Ra kls grnfls NPA slo enylrms n >0, ms eîs kavanol qum mk ngun, y plr kl tnotl ikltnrån mo mstn. Kn grnvmfnf NPA ms tnejaáo usnfn pnrn blepnrnr fmosafnfms fm irnbbaloms mxtrnåfns fmk  pmtròkml. Kn iòreukn usnfn pnrn ljtmomr kn grnvmfnf mspmbåiabn fmk kåquafl fmravnfn fm kls grnfls NPA ms kn saguamotm8

 5  5 . >2>.= 

M b. 9 

Fòofm8 GM 5 Grnvmfnf mspmbaiabn fmk ikuafl n 90l I

:0

 

 

:.2.= Yasblsafnf Kn vasblsafnf ms kn rmsastmoban qum tamom mk ikuafl nk elvaeamotl. Kn vasblsafnf sm mxprmsn mo uon uoafnf fmoleaonfn Bmotaplasm (bp).   Y a sblsa sblsaf fnf fm fmkk Pm P mtr tròkm òkml l (λl) 

Mstn vasblsafnf sm kn fmtmreaon blel pnrtm fmk noîkasas P.Y.V.3 plr fmjnhl fmk puotl fm  jurjuhml su vnklr faseaouym, eamotrns qum, plr mo mobaen baen fm mstm ms tm kåeatm su vnklr nuemotn blo rmspmbtl n kn prmsaòo. Kn vasblsafnf fmk pmtròkml nuemotn bunofl kn tmepmrnturn faseaouym y nuemotn kn prmsaòo y snkaoafnf, mo bnejal faseaouym blo mk nuemotl fm kn tmepmrnturn y prmsaòo.

:.2.9 Prmsaòo fmk Zmsmrvlral Mstn ms kn prmsaòo prlemfal fm rmsmrvlral qum qu m sm nsuem blel kn prmsaòo mstîtabn fmsnrrlkknfn fmsnr rlkknfn n uon fastnoban fmk plzl agunk nk rnfal fm frmonhm. Pnrn enylrms fastnobans qum (rm), kn prmsaòo sm enotamom blostnotm.

:.2.7 Prmsaòo faoîea faoîeabn bn fm ilofl (Pwi) Ms kn prmsaòo qum fmsnrrlkkn mo kn bnrn fm kn ilrenbaòo, l smn mo kns pnrmfms fmk plzl flofm sm mobumotrno kls puoznfls. Mstn sm pumfm fmtmreaonr blo Mosnyls fm Ilrenbaòo, Pmriakms fm Prmsaòo l blo Rmoslrms fm Ilofl. Ru vnklr pumfm vnranr pnrn plzls blo bamrtn prlxaeafnf y nimbtnfls n kn easen ilrenbaòo fmjafl nk fnþl qum sm dnyn mo mk vlkuemo fm rlbn mo kns bmrbnoåns fmk plzl.

:.2.4 Faimrmobank fm Prmsaòo Ms kn faimrmoban motrm kn prmsaòo mstîtabn fmk rmsmrvlral y kn prmsaòo faoîeabn fm ilofl (Pr  ‒  Pwi). Mstn aoikuym mo mk fmsmepmþl fmk plzl, yn qum uon grno faimrmoban fm prmsaòo ols aofabn blel ms kn pmremnjakafnf qum tamom kn ilrenbaòo, yn qum mstn ms aovmrsnemotm prlplrbalonk n kn faimrmoban fm prmsaòo. :>

 

 

:.6 YLKØEMOMR, ZMRMZYNR, AOQMBBAÒO Q PZLF]BBAÒO :.6.> Plms Mk pmtròkml lragaonk ao satu mstî fmiaoafl blel kn bnotafnf nbueuknfn fm pmtròkml aoabank qum sm dnkkn mo mk mspnbal plrlsl fm kn rlbn rmsmrvlral. Mstm bîkbukl pumfm smr rmnkaznfl emfanotm mk Eátlfl Ylkueátrabl l blo utakaznbaòo fm uon Raeuknbaòo Entmeîtabn. Mk Eátlfl Ylkueátrabl sm kl rmnkazn blo nyufn fm enpns asòpnbls y kls rmsuktnfls fm mstufals pmtrliåsabls prlemfals plofmrnfls fmk rmsmrvlral, mxprmsnfl plr emfal fm kn saguamotm mbunbaòo8

Fòofm8

∗∗∗∗√  5 

M b. 7  

 PLMR8 Pmtròkml Lragaonk Mo Ratal (jnrrakms olrenkms) (O) 77=48 Inbtlr fm blovmrsaòo fm nbrms-pam n j  jn nr r a kms kms   N8 Îrmn fmk rmsmrvlral mo nbrms   pams  d8 Mspmslr fm kn ilrenbaòo qum blotamom mk rmsmrvlral mo  pam Ω8 P lrlsafnf lrlsafnf (fmbaenk, ol plrbmotnhm)

Rw8 Rnturnbaòo fm ngun (fmbaenk, ol plrbmotnhm) Rl5 (>-Rw)  Jla8 Inbtlr fmk vlkuemo fm ilrenbaòo (inbtlr nfaemosalonk pnrn mk bnejal fm vlkuemo motrm mk rmsmrvlral y blofabaloms mstîofnr mo kn supmriabam)

::

 

 

:.6.: Pmtròkml nbtunk mo satal (PNMR) Rm fmiaom blel kn faimrmoban motrm mk Pmtròkml Lragaonk Mo Ratal y mk pmtròkml nbueuknfl iasbnk emfafl mo supmriabam.

  :.6.2 Zmsmrvns

M b. 4 

 5

Kns rmsmrvns mstîo fmiaoafns blel nqumkkns bnotafnfms fm pmtròkml kns bunkms notabapnfnemotm sm blosafmrno blemrbankemotm rmbupmrnjkms fm uon nbueuknbaòo blolbafn mo uon imbdn fmtmreaonfn. Vlfns kns mstaenbaloms fm rmsmrvns aovlkubrno uo grnfl fm aobmrtafuejrm, kn bunk fmpmofm praobapnkemotm fm kn bnotafnf fm aoilrenbaòo fm gmlklgån m aogmoamrån bloianjkm y fasploajkm nk tamepl fm kn aotmrprmtnbaòo fm msls fntls. Mk grnfl rmkntavl fm aobmrtafuejrm blofubm n bknsaiabnr jîsabnemotm kns rmsmrvns mo8 prljnfns y ol prljnfns. Kns ol prljnfns tamomo emols bmrtmzns fm smr rmbupmrnfns qum kns prljnfns y n su vmz sm sujbknsaiabno mo  prljnjkms y plsajkms.  :.6.2.>  :.6 .2.> Z msm smrr vns Prl Pr ljnfns

Kns rmsmrvns prljnfns slo nqumkkns bnotafnfms fm pmtròkml kns bunkms, plr noîkasas gmlkògabls y fm aogmoamrån, pumfmo smr mstaenfns blo uon bmrtmzn rnzlonjkm fm smr blemrbankemotm rmbupmrnjkms. Ra sm mepkmn mk eátlfl fmtmreaoåstabl mxastm uo nktl grnfl fm bloianjakafnf mo kns bnotafnfms n smr rmbupmrnfns. Ra sm mepkmn mk prljnjakåstabl, fmjm mxastar uo 10% fm  prljnjakafnf qum kns bnotafnfms qum sm rmbupmrmo smrîo smr îo agunk l en enylr ylr qum kns mstaenfns. Mo gmomrnk kns rmsmrvns sm blosafmrno prljnfns bunofl kn inbtajakafnf fm prlfubar blemrbankemotm mstî bloiarenfn plr kns prumjns fm prlfubbaòo y fm ilrenbaòo.   Z msmr smrvn vnss Z menom nomotm otmss

Fmotrl fm kns rmsmrvns prljnfns tmomels kns rmsmrvns rmenomotms, qum ms mk vlkuemo fm dafrlbnrjurls emfafl n blofabaloms ntelsiárabns, qum qumfn plr prlfubarsm mbloòeabnemotm fm uo ynbaeamotl n fmtmreaonfn imbdn, blo kns táboabns fm mxpkltnbaòo npkabnjkms. Mo ltrn ilren, ms kn faimrmoban motrm kn rmsmrvn lragaonk y kn prlfubbaòo nbueuknfn fm dafrlbnrjurls mo uon imbdn mspmbåiabn. :2

 

   :.6.2.:  :.6 .2.: Z msm smrr vns Ol Prl Pr ljnfns

Kns rmsmrvns ol prljnfns mstîo jnsnfns mo kns easens táboabns y slofmls qum kns prljnfns, slkl qum kns aobmrtafuejrms táboabns, blotrnbtunkms, mbloòeabns l rmgukntlrans, mxbkuymo n kns easens fm smr bknsaiabnfn blel prljnfns. Kns rmsmrvns ol prljnfns n su vmz pumfmo smr  prljnjkms y plsajkms. Kns rmsmrvns ol prljnfns pumfmo smr mstaenfns nsueamofl blofabaloms iuturns blofabaloms mbloòeabns faimrmotms fm nqumkkns qum prmvnkmbmo nk tamepl mo qum sm mstaeno.   Z msmr smrvn vnss P r lj ljnj njkms kms

Kns rmsmrvns prljnjkms slo nqumkkns rmsmrvns ol prljnfns mo kns bunkms mk noîkasas fm kn aoilrenbaòo gmlkògabn y fm aogmoamrån sugamrm uon nktn prljnjakafnf fm qum pumfno smr rmbupmrnfns. Bunofl sm npkabno eátlfls prljnjakåstabls, fmjmrån dnjmr nk emols =0% fm  prljnjakafnf qum sm prlfuzbno kns bnotafnfms qum sm rmbupmrmo smno agunkms l mxbmfno kn suen mstaenfn fm rmsmrvns prljnfns eîs kns prljnjkms. Kns rmsmrvns prljnjkms aobkuymo nqumkkns qum slo notabapnfns n prumjns fm prlfubbaòo, nqumkkns qum npnrmbmo mo kls rmgastrls, rm gastrls,  pmrl plr kn inktn fm fntls fm oøbkmls oøbk mls l prumjns fmiaoatavns y kns bunkms ol slo noîklgns n kns nrmons prlfubtlrns l nk fm kns îrmns fm rmsmrvns prljnfns, rmsmrvns ntrajuajkms n iuturls trnjnhls fm rmnblofabaloneamotl.   Z msm smrr vn vnss Plsa Plsaj jkms

Kns rmsmrvns plsajkms slo nqumkkns rmsmrvns ol prljnfns mo kn bunkms mk noîkasas fm kn aoilrenbaòo gmlkògabn y fm aogmoamrån sugamrm qum su rmbupmrnbaòo ms emols inbtajkm qum kn fm kns rmsmrvns prljnjkms. Mepkmnofl eátlfls prljnjakåstabls fmjmrån mxastar nk emols mk >0% fm prljnjakafnf fm qum kns bnotafnfms rmbupmrnfns agunknrîo l mxbmfmrîo kn suen fm kns mstaens fm rmsmrvns prljnfns eîs kns prljnjkms eîs kns rmsmrvns plsajkms.

:.6.6 Fmbkaonbaòo fm Prlfubbaòo Kn párfafn fm momrgån fm kls ynbaeamotls, gmomrnkemotm sm rmikmhn mo fmbkaonbaòo fm kn tnsn fm prlfubbaòo fm kls easels. Kls ynbaeamotls prlfubmo plr kn momrgån blotmoafn l aotrlfubafn mo kls easels. Mstn momrgån ms rmprmsmotnfn plr kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl, kn bunk :6

 

  arî faseaouymofl fmsfm qum sm plom mo mxpkltnbaòo mk praemr plzl dnstn su ngltneamotl iaonk, l plr rnzloms mbloòeabns (mk pmtròkml prlfubafl ol pngn kl aovmrtafl y gnstnfl mo mk easel mo nkgøo elemotl). Kn tnsn fm prlfubbaòo fm uo plzl /ynbaeamotl mxpmraemotn uon fmbkaonbaòo onturnk blo mk tamepl, n blosmbumoban praobapnkemotm, fm kls saguamotms inbtlrms8   Ngltneamotl fm kls ikuafls (rmsmrvns) nslbanfls nk îrmn fm frmonhm fmk plzl.   Faseaoubaòo fm kn momrgån (prmsaòo).   Aobrmemotl fmk blrtm fm ngun (nvnobm fm kls irmotms fm ngun).   Aobrmemotl fm kn rmknbaòo gns-pmtròkml (ngltneamotl onturnk l nvnobm fm kn bnpn fm

gns).   Faseaoubaòo fm kn mimbtavafnf fm kn mstaeuknbaòo rmnkaznfn nk plzl.   Fmtmralrl fm kn miabamoban fm kls mquapls embîoabls nslbanfls nk plzl, qum pumfno

aoikuar sljrm kn tnsn fm prlfubbaòo. Kls inbtlrms notms emobalonfls vno n fmpmofmr fm kns saguamotms bnrnbtmråstabns fmk ynbaeamotl, plzl y inbakafnfms fm supmriabam.   Qnbaeamotls8 Plrlsafnfms, pmremnjakafnfms, mspmslr fm nrmon omtn, snturnbaloms,

vasblsafnfms, vlkuemo, mspnbaneamotl, irnbturns (onturnkms m aofubafns) y embnoasels fm prlfubbaòo.   Plzls8 Faîemtrl, fnþl n kn ilrenbaòo, aotmrvnkl fm blepkmtnbaòo, nbueuknbaòo fm

kåquafl y prliuofafnf.   Inbakafnfms fm supmriabam8 Vnenþl fmk rmfubtlr y prmsaòo mo mk bnjmznk. ]on mxprmsaòo gmomrnkaznfn pnrn kn fmbkaonbaòo fm kn tnsn pumfm smr blel sagum8

 

 5 5 

 

M b. 1 

Flofm  F8 Åofabm fm Fmbkaonbaòo q8 Vnsn fm prlfubbaòo, jnrrakms plr fån, ems l nþl :=

 

  t8 Vamepl mo fåns, ems l nþl  C8 Blostnotm l inbtlr fm prlplrbalonkafnf o8 Mxplomotm fm fmbkaonbaòo qum fmiaom mk tapl fm burvn. Kn fmbkaonbaòo pumfm smr blostnotm l vnranjkm mo mk tamepl, tmoamofl praobapnkemotm trms ilrens jîsabns pnrn kn fmbkaonbaòo fm kn prmsaòo8  :.6.6.>  :.6 .6.> Elf Elfm mkls kls fm bur bur vns fm fmbkaonb kaonba òo   F mbkaon bka onba baò òo M xpl xplom omoba oban nk/ k/B B lostn ostnotm otm ( o50)

 F  Fa  blo bloss tnot 

>0 M b. >0

Kn fmbkaonbaòo mxplomobank ms kn eîs nepkanemotm mepkmnfn mo kn Aofustran Pmtrlkmrn plr kns saguamotms rnzloms8 Kn enylrån fm kls plzls sagumo uo gnstl fm fmbkaonbaòo blostnotm mo grno pnrtm fm su vafn  prlfubtavn.

  F mbkaon bka onba baò òo D a pmr jòkabn (o≠>) 

  F

q 

o

F  a  q a 

M b. >> >>

  F mbkaonb bkaonbaa òo N Nrr eòoabn oa bn ( o5> o5>))

q   q  a 

 F  F  a 

M b. >: >:

Flofm Fa ms kn fmbkaonbaòo aoabank fmk bnufnk. :9

 

   :.6.6.:  :.6 .6.: M k bn bnuf ufn nk fm Prl Pr lfub ubbaò baòo o furn urnot otm m mk pmr alf alfl l fm fmbk bkaa on onbaò baòo o   Fmbkaonbaòo mxplomobank

  5 

√ 

M b. >2 

  F mbkaon bka onba baò òo d daa pmr jòkabl

q (t ) 

qa >/ o

>  oFa t  

M b. >6 >6

bka onba baò òo nr eòoabl oa bl   F mbkaon

q (t ) 

qa

>  Fa t  

M b. >= >=

 :.6.6.2  :.6 .6.2 K n prlf rlfub ubbaò baòo o nbu bue eukn ukntta vn ms uon iuob iuobaòo aòo fmk bn bnuf ufn nk (q)   Fmbkaonbaòo mxplomobank



  

qa  q  Fa

M b. >9 >9 

  F mbkaon bka onba baò òo d daa pmr jòkabl



 > >      Fa (>  o  )   q ao > q o >  o

 

qa

M b. >7  >7  

:7

 

 

  F mbkaon bka onba baò òo nr eòoabl oa bl



 

qa  Fa

ko(q a / q )

M b. >4 >4 

 :.6.6.6  :.6 .6.6 Vam Va mepl fm njnofl oflol   Fmbkaonbaòo mxplomobank

  q a  t n    ko    Fa  qn  >

>1 M b. >1

  F mbkaon bka onba baò òo da pmr jòkabn ka bn o     qa >     > t n   oFa   qn   

M b. :0 :0

bka onba baò òo nr eòoabl oa bl   F mbkaon

t n 

>  qa

 >     Fa  qn 

M b. :> :>

I A G]ZN 18 18  Noîkasas fm burvns fm fmbkaonbaòo pnrn kn mstaenbaòo fm rmsmrvns.

Iumotm8 dttps8//www.knbleuoafnfpmtrlkmrn.ble/:001/0>/burvns-fm-fmbkaonbao-fm Iumotm8  dttps8//www.knbleuoafnfpmtrlkmrn.ble/:001/0>/burvns-fm-fmbkaonbao-fm  prlfubbao.dtek.    prlfubbao.dtek. :4

 

 

:.6.= Ljtmobaòo fmk gnstl kae kaeatm atm mbloòeabl Rmn grîiabnemotm l nonkåtabnemotm kns burvns fm fmbkaonbaòo tamomo qum elstrnr uon mxtrnplknbaòo fm prlfubbaòo smn mquavnkmotm n kls gnstls fm kn easen. Pnrn mstl sm fmjm fmtmreaonr mk vnklr fmk kåeatm mbloòeabl8

.. 5 √ ⁆þ

 

M b. :: 

Fòofm8 q K. M.5 Gnstl kaeatm mbloòeabl, (e2/nþl). B5 Blstl mstaenfl fm lpmrnbaòo nk kåeatm mbloòeabl, ($/nþl). L 5 Prmbal fmk pmtròkml plr emtrl bøjabl, ($/e2). R 5 Elotl fm rmgnkåns, aepumstls, mtb. ($/e2).

:.= MVNPN FM MTP MTPKLVNBAÒO KLVNBAÒO FMK QNBAEAMOVL FM NBMAVM Q GNR. Mo kn aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls, mo gmomrnk sm blosafmrn qum mxastmo trms mtnpns fm mxpkltnbaòo mo kn vafn fm kls easels8

:.=.> Zmbupmrnbaòo praenran Praemrn mtnpn fm kn prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls, flofm kn momrgån fmk ynbaeamotl onturnk, (frmonhm plr gns, mk frmonhm plr ngun l mk frmonhm grnvatnbalonk), fmspknzn kls dafrlbnrjurls fmk ynbaeamotl fmsfm mk plzl dnban kn supmriabam. Aoabankemotm, kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl ms blosafmrnjkmemotm eîs mkmvnfn qum kn prmsaòo fmk ilofl fmk plzl fmotrl fm ák. Mstn mkmvnfn  prmsaòo faimrmobank onturnk mepuhn kls dafrlbnrjurls fmsfm mk plzl dnban kn supmriabam. Ol ljstnotm, n emfafn qum kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl faseaouym fmjafl n kn prlfubbaòo kn easen fm agunk ilren prlbmfm prmsaòo faimrmobank. Pnrn rmfubar kn prmsaòo fmk ilofl fmk plzl l aobrmemotnr kn prmsaòo faimrmobank pnrn nuemotnr kn prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls, ms ombmsnral :1

 

  aepkmemotnr uo sastmen fm kmvnotneamotl nrtaiabank, tnkms blel uon jlejn fm vnrakkn, uon  jlejn mkábtrabn suemrgajkm l uon aostnknbaòo fm kmvnotneamotl nrtaiabank plr gns. Kn  prlfubbaòo utakaznofl mk kmvnotneamotl nrtaiabank ssmm blosafmrn blel rmbupmrnbaòo praenran. Kn mtnpn fm rmbupmrnbaòo praenran nkbnozn su kåeatm bunofl kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl ms tno  jnhn qum kls åofabms fm pr prlfubbaòo lfubbaòo ol slo mbloò mbloòeabls, eabls, l bunofl kns prlplrbaloms fm gns l ngun mo kn blrramotm fm prlfubbaòo slo fmensanfl mkmvnfns. Furnotm kn rmbupmrnbaòo  praenran, sm prlfubm sòkl uo pmqumþl plrbmotnhm fm kls dafrlbnrjurls aoabankemotm mo mk kugnr, tåpabnemotm nkrmfmflr fmk >0% pnrn kls ynbaeamotls fm pmtròkml. Kn rmbupmrnbaòo  praenran tnejaáo sm fmoleaon prlfubbaòo praenran.  :.=.>.>  :.= .>.> Em Embn bnoase oasel ls fm Prl Pr lfubbaò ubbaòo o Prae Pr aen nr an

Kn rmbupmrnbaòo praenran rmsuktn fm kn utakaznbaòo fm kns iumotms fm momrgån onturnk prmsmotms mo kls ynbaeamotls pnrn mk fmspknzneamotl fmk pmtròkml dnban kls plzls prlfubtlrms. Vnkms iumotms slo8 mk mepuhm plr ngun, mk mepuhm plr gns mo slkubaòo, kn mxpnosaòo fm kn rlbn y fm kls ikuafls, mk mepuhm plr bnpn fm gns y frmonhm plr grnvmfnf. (Imrrmr, :00>)

:.=.>.>.> Mepuhm plr Ngun  Rm prmsmotn bunofl fmjafl n kn faseaoubaòo fm prmsaòo mo mk ynbaeamotl, sm lragaon kn mxpnosaòo fm uo nbuåimrl qum kl sujynbm, fmspknznofl fm ástn enomrn mk pmtròkml dnban kls  plzls prlfubtlrms. Kn miabamoban fm mstm tapl fm mepuhm mstî blotrlknfn praobapnkemotm praob apnkemotm plr mk tnenþl fmk nbuåimrl y kn pmremnjakafnf fm kn rlbn ynbaeamotl. Fnfl qum kn bleprmsajakafnf fmk ngun ms pmqumþn, sm rmquamrmo fm nbuåimrls fm grno tnenþl pnrn qum mxastn uo mepuhm dafrîukabl mimbtavl. Vnejaáo sm rmquamrm fm pmremnjakafnf nktn, fm tnk enomrn qum mxastn uon rîpafn bleuoabnbaòo motrm mk ynbaeamotl y mk nbuåimrl.

:.=.>.>.: Mepuhm plr Gns mo Rlkubaòo  ]o ynbaeamotl fm pmtròkml ol tamom bnpn fm gns aoabank sa kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl ms enylr n kn prmsaòo fm jurjuhml. N emfafn qum mk pmtròkml ms prlfubafl, mk pmtròkml rmenomotm, plr smr bleprmsajkm, sm mxpnofm pnrn kkmonr mk mspnbal vnbål qum vn qumfnofl fmtrîs, kl qum bnusn uon faseaoubaòo mo kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl. Bunofl kn prmsaòo faseaouym dnstn mk puotl fm jurjuhml, mk gns fasumktl bleamozn n smpnrnrsm fmk pmtròkml y blel mstm gns kajrm ms eîs 20

 

  bleprmsajkm qum mk pmtròkml, kn prmsaòo fmbkaonrî eîs sunvmemotm, mstm prlbmsl sm blolbm blel mepuhm plr gns mo slkubaòo y su miabamoban fmpmofm mo grno pnrtm fm kn bnotafnf fm gns fasumktl.

:.=.>.>.2 Mxpnosaòo fm kn rlbn y fm kls ikuafls  Bunofl mk pmtròkml ms nktnemotm sujsnturnfl, eubdn fm kn momrgån fmk ynbaeamotl sm nkenbmon plr kn bleprmsajakafnf fm kn rlbn y fm kls ikuafls3 blel blosmbumoban, kn prmsaòo fmbkaon rîpafnemotm n emfafn qum sm mxtrnmo kls ikuafls dnstn qum sm nkbnozn kn prmsaòo fm  jurjuhml. Motlobms, mk mepuhm plr gns mo slkubaòo sm trnosilren mo kn iumotm fm momrgån pnrn mk fmspknzneamotl fm kls ikuafls.

:.=.>.>.6 Mepuhm plr bnpn fm Gns.  Bunofl uo ynbaeamotl tamom uon bnpn fm gns euy grnofm, fmjm mxastar uon grno momrgån nkenbmonfn mo ilren fm gns blepraeafl, mk bunk prlvlbn kn mxpnosaòo fm kn bnpn n emfafn qum kls ikuafls sm mxtrnmo fmk ynbaeamotl, fm elfl qum mk pmtròkml sm fmspknzn plr mk mepuhm fmk gns nyufnfl plr mk frmonhm plr grnvmfnf. Kn mxpnosaòo fm kn bnpn fm gns mstî kaeatnfn  plr mk oavmk fmsmnfl fm kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl y plr kn prlfubbaòo fm gns fmspuás qum kls blols fm gns kkmgno n kls plzls prlfubtlrms.

:.=.>.>.= Frmonhm plr Grnvmfnf.  Mk frmonhm plr grnvmfnf pumfm smr uo eátlfl praenral fm prlfubbaòo mo ynbaeamotls fm grno mspmslr qum tamomo uon jumon bleuoabnbaòo vmrtabnk y mo kls qum tamomo uo enrbnfl  juzneamotl. Mk frmonhm plr grnvmfnf ms uo prlbmsl kmotl plrqum mk gns fmjm eagrnr n kn pnrtm eîs nktn fm kn mstrubturn l nk tlpm fm kn ilrenbaòo pnrn kkmonr mk mspnbal ilrenkemotm lbupnfl  plr mk pmtròkml y bbrmnr rmnr uon bnpn smbuofnran fm gns. Kn eagrnbaòo fmk gns ms rmkntavnemotm rîpafn blepnrnfn blo mk frmonhm fmk pmtròkml, fm ilren qum kns tnsns fm pmtròkml slo blotrlknfns plr kn tnsn fm frmonhm fmk pmtròkml. (Imrrmr, :00

2>

 

 

:.=.: Zmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran Rmguofn mtnpn fm prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls furnotm kn bunk uo ikuafl mxtmrol, blel ngun l gns, sm aoymbtn mo mk ynbaeamotl n trnvás fm plzls fm aoymbbaòo ujabnfls mo kn rlbn qum tmogno bleuoabnbaòo fm ikuafls blo kls plzls prlfubtlrms. Mk prlpòsatl fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran ms enotmomr kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl y fmspknznr fmspknz nr kls dafrlbnrjurls dnban mk plzl. Kns táboabns fm rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran eîs bleuoms bleu oms slo kn aoymbbaòo fm gns y kn aouofnbaòo blo ngun. Olrenkemotm, mk gns sm aoymbtn mo mk bnsqumtm fm gns y mk ngun sm aoymbtn mo kn zlon fm prlfubbaòo pnrn jnrrmr mk pmtròkml fmk ynbaeamotl. Furnotm kn mtnpn fm rmbupmrnbaòo  praenran, pumfm blemoznr uo pr prlgrnen lgrnen fm enotmoaeamotl fm kn prmsaòo, pmrl ms uon ilren fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn. Kn mtnpn fm rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran nkbnozn su kåeatm bunofl mk ikuafl aoymbtnfl (ngun l gns) sm prlfubm mo bnotafnfms blosafmrnjkms fm kls plzls  prlfubtlrms y kn prlfubbaòo fmhn fm smr mbloòeabn. Mk usl submsavl fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo  praenran y kn rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran mo uo ynbaeamotl ffmm pmtròkml prlfubm nkrmfmflr fmk >=% nk 60% fmk pmtròkml lragaonk mxastmotm mo mk kugnr.

:.=.2 Zmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn (MLZ) Eátlfl pnrn emhlrnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml qum usn táboabns sliastabnfns qum nktmrno kns  prlpamfnfms lragaonkms fmk pmtròkml. Bknsaiabnfns nkguon vmz blel uon tmrbmrn mtnpn fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml qum sm mimbtunjn fmspuás fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran, smbuof nran, kns táboabns mepkmnfns furnotm kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn pumfmo rmnkemotm aoabanrsm mo bunkquamr elemotl furnotm kn vafn prlfubtavn fm uo ynbaeamotl fm pmtròkml. Ru prlpòsatl ol ms slknemotm rmstnurnr kn prmsaòo fm kn ilrenbaòo, saol tnejaáo emhlrnr mk fmspknzneamotl fmk pmtròkml l mk ikuhl fm ikuafls mo mk ynbaeamotl. Kls trms tapls praobapnkms fm lpmrnbaloms fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn slo8 Kn npkabnbaòo òptaen fm bnfn tapl fmpmofm fm kn tmepmrnturn, kn prmsaòo, kn prliuofafnf, kn zlon prlfubtavn omtn, kn pmremnjakafnf, mk pmtròkml rmsafunk y kns snturnbaloms fm ngun, kn  plrlsafnf y kns prlpamfnfms fmk ikuafl fmk ynbaeamotl, tnkms blel kn grnvmfnf NPA y kn vasblsafnf. Kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn tnejaáo sm blolbm blel rmbupmrnbaòo fm  pmtròkml nepkanfn l rmbupmrnbaòo tmrbanran y sm njrmvan njr mvan MLZ.

2:

 

  I A G]ZN >0 >08   Mtnpns  Mtnpns mo kn vafn fm uo ynbaeamotl, fm nbumrfl n kls embnoasels embnoa sels fm rmbupmrnbaòo y plsajkms inbtlrms fm rmbupmrnbaòo iaonk qum sm pumfmo ljtmomr.

Iumotm8 Bleasaòo Onbalonk fm Dafrlbnrjurls (Eáxabl), ‛Inbtlrms fm Zmbupmrnbaòo fm

Nbmatm y Gns mo Eáxabl", 6 fm Huoal fm :0>0. 22

 

  I A G]ZN >> >>8  Pnrtabapnbaòo fm kls prlbmsls MLZ mo kn mxpkltnbaòo fm bnepls blo nbmatms  pmsnfls y kagmrls n oavmk euofank.

BZ]FLR PMRNFLR %

BZ]FLR KAGMZLR %

=% =%

:=% 6=% 20%

10%

Zmb. Pra rae enran

Zmb. Rm Rmbuofnran

Zmb. Emhlrnfn

 Zmb.  Zm b. Pra raen enra ran n

Zmb. Zm b. Rmb mbuo uof fnr nran an

Zmb. Emhlrnfn

Iumotm8 Bleasaòo Onbalonk fm Dafrlbnrjurls BOD, Mk iuturl fm kn Prlfubbaòo fm Nbmatm mo Eáxabl8 Zmbupmrnbaòo Nvnoznfn y Emhlrnfn, :0>:  :.=.2.>  :.= .2.> Prl Pr lbm bmsl sl fm aoymbb aoymbbaa òo táre reaa bl (VM (V M LZ LZ))

Váreaol gmomrnk pnrn prlbmsls fm aoymbbaòo qum aotrlfubmo bnklr mo uo ynbaeamotl. Kn rmbupmrnbaòo táreabn sm utakazn pnrn prlfubar pmtròkmls mspmsls y vasblsls blo grnvmfnfms NPA emolrms qum :0. Mstls pmtròkmls ol pumfmo ikuar ik uar n emols qum sm kls bnkamotm y sm rmfuzbn su vasblsafnf kl suiabamotm pnrn pmreatarkms ikuar dnban kls plzls prlfubtlrms. Furnotm kn rmbupmrnbaòo táreabn, mk pmtròkml brufl suirm bnejals iåsabls y quåeabls fmjafl n kls mimbtls fmk bnklr sueaoastrnfl. Kns prlpamfnfms iåsabns tnkms blel kn vasblsafnf, kn grnvmfnf mspmbåiabn y kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank slo nktmrnfns. Kls bnejals quåeabls aovlkubrno faimrmotms rmnbbaloms tnkms blel mk brnquml, qum ms kn fmstrubbaòo fm kls moknbms bnrjlol-bnrjlol pnrn gmomrnr blepumstls fm pmsl elkmbuknr eîs jnhl y kn fmsdafrlgmonbaòo, kn bunk ms kn rupturn fm moknbms bnrjlol-dafrògmol. Kn rmbupmrnbaòo táreabn ms uon rnen aeplrtnotm fm kls  prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn y pu pumfm mfm sujfavafarsm mo fls tapls8 ao aoymbbaòo ymbbaòo fm ikuafls bnkamotms, tnk blel kn aoymbbaòo fm vnplr (aoymbbaòo fm vnplr l aoymbbaòo båbkabn fm vnplr), y prlbmsls fm aouofnbaòo blo ngun bnkamotm y blejustaòo mo satal. 26

 

 

:.=.2.: Prlbmsl aoymbbaòo fm easbajkms  (Easbajkm8 Zmkntavl n uon blofabaòo mo kn qum fls l eîs ikuafls pumfmo emzbknrsm mo tlfns kns prlplrbaloms y ilrenr uon slkn insm dlelgáomn.) Váreaol gmomrnk pnrn prlbmsls fm aoymbbaòo qum aotrlfubmo gnsms easbajkms mo mk ynbaeamotl. ]o prlbmsl fm fmspknzneamotl easbajkm enotamom kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl y emhlrn mk fmspknzneamotl fmk pmtròkml fmjafl n qum sm rmfubm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm mk pmtròkml y mk ngun. Mk mimbtl fm kn aoymbbaòo fm gns ms saeaknr n kn fm uo frmonhm plr gns fasumktl. Mk fmspknzneamotl easbajkm ms uon rnen aeplrtnotm fm kls prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn. Kls gnsms aoymbtnfls aobkuymo gns kabunfl fm pmtròkml (KPG), blel mk prlpnol, emtnol n nktn prmsaòo, emtnol moraqumbafl blo dafrlbnrjurls kagmrls, oatrògmol n nktn prmsaòo y faòxafl fm bnrjlol SBL:U mo blofabaloms fmk ynbaeamotl nfmbunfns fm tmepmrnturn y  prmsaòo. Mk ikuafl eîs bleøoemotm utakaznfl pnrn mk fmspknzneamotl easbajkm ms mk faòxafl fm bnrjlol plrqum rmfubm kn vasblsafnf fmk pmtròkml y ms emols blstlsl qum mk gns kabunfl fm pmtròkml. Mk fmspknzneamotl easbajkm tnejaáo sm fmoleaon frmonhm plr gns easbajkm, frmonhm easbajkm l aouofnbaòo easbajkm  :.=.2.2  :.= .2.2 Prl Pr lbm bmsl sl fm aoymbb aoymbbaa òo quåe uåeaa bn (BM (B M LZ LZ))

Váreaol gmomrnk pnrn prlbmsls fm aoymbbaòo qum utakazno slkubaloms quåeabns mspmbankms. Rm utakazno sustnobans eabmknrms, nkbnkaons y saeaknrms nk hnjòo pnrn rmfubar r mfubar kn tmosaòo supmriabank motrm mk pmtròkml y mk ngun mo mk ynbaeamotl, eamotrns qum sm mepkmno plkåemrls tnkms blel  plkanbrakneafn l plkasnbîrafls pnrn emhlrnr kn miabamoban fmk jnrrafl. Kns slkubaloms quåeabns sm jlejmno n trnvás fm plzls fm aoymbbaòo mspmbankemotm fastrajuafls pnrn elvakaznr mk  pmtròkml qum dn qumfnfl rmzngnfl fmspuás fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo praenran l smbuofnran. Kn aouofnbaòo quåeabn ms uo bleplomotm praobapnk fm kls prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml emhlrnfn y pumfm sujfavafarsm mo aouofnbaloms plr plkåemrls eabmknrms m aouofnbaloms nkbnkaons. Mk prlbmfaeamotl gmomrnk fm uon aouofnbaòo quåeabn aobkuym uo prmknvnfl (ngun fm jnhn snkaoafnf), uon slkubaòo (eabmknr l nkbnkaon), uo rmfubtlr fm elvakafnf y, iaonkemotm, uo ikuafl aepukslr (ngun), qum fmspknzn kns sustnobans quåeabns y mk jnobl fm pmtròkml rmsuktnotm dnban plzls prlfubtlrms. Mk prmknvnfl y mk rmfubtlr fm elvakafnf slo ikuafls lpbalonkms. 2=

 

  VNJK N 28 28  Bratmrals jîsabls fm smkmbbaòo pnrn mk fmsnrrlkkl fm prlymbtls fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn jnsnfl mo eátlfls quåeabls  Eátlfl 

° NPA  

Yasblsafnf (bP)  

Pmremnjakafnf (eF)   :

 :6   Aoymbbaòo Plkåemrlsfm

? >= 

Aoymbbaòo fm :: ‒ 21   R ur urinbtnotms inbtnotms := 

Vmepmrnturn (°I)  

 R l (%)  

:

>0 ‒ >,000 

:;½;>02bP) ?>02 sasa (>0 (>0;½;>0 ?>0 bP) 

; >70 

?20 

2 ‒ >=.9 

=0 ‒ 90 

>:: ‒ >== 

62.= ‒ =2 

Aoymbbaòo fm  Î kbnka  :9 

>= ‒ 2= 

; >=0 

; >,000 

; :00 

 ‒ 

Aoymbbaòo  R P :7  

? :0 

; >=0 

; =0 

; :=0 

? 20 

Aoymbbaòo  N R P :4 

? :0 

; 2= 

? >00 

; :00 

? 6= 

Iumotm8 FLONKFRLO, Mrkm B.3 BDAKAOGNZANO, Gmlrgm Y. y QMO, Vmd Iu. Modnobmf lak rmblvmry aohmbtalo wntmrs. Mo8 Modnobmf lak rmblvmry, A8 Iuofnemotnks nof nonkysms. Nestmrfne, Vdm Omtdmrknofs8 Mksmvamr, >14=. p. >44.  :.=.2.6  :.= .2.6 Prl Pr lbm bmsl sl fm aoymbb aoymbbaa òo ea brl brlj ja non

Prlbmsl fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn mo mk bunk sm usno eabrllrgnoasels mo uo ynbaeamotl pnrn emhlrnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml. Kls eabrllrgnoasels pumfmo aoymbtnrsm mo mk ynbaeamotl l pumfm nuemotnrsm kn pljknbaòo fm uo eabrllrgnoasel mxastmotm mo mk ynbaeamotl emfanotm kn aoymbbaòo fm outramotms prmimrafls plr msm eabrllrgnoasel. Kls eabrllrgnoasels emhlrno kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml plr vnrals emfals8 (>) emfanotm kn kajmrnbaòo fm gnsms y mk aobrmemotl fm kn prmsaòo fmk ynbaeamotl3 (:) plr kn fmsbleplsabaòo fm elkábukns eîs pmsnfns mo bleplomotms fm bnfmons eîs pmqumþns, fnofl blel rmsuktnfl kn rmfubbaòo fm kn vasblsafnf fmk pmtròkml3 y 2) emfanotm kn prlfubbaòo fm tmosalnbtavls onturnkms qum pumfmo emhlrnr mk ikuhl fm pmtròkml nktmrnofl kns prlpamfnfms aotmrinbankms fmk sastmen qum bleprmofm mk pmtròkml brufl, kn snkeumrn y kns rlbns.

29

 

 

:.9

MKMEMOVLR ^]M AOIK]QMO MO KN ZMB]PMZNBAÒO IAONK MO

QNBAEAMOVLR FM PMVZLKML Q GNR Mk vnklr l mstaenbaòo fmk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm uo ynbaeamotl ms mo iuobaòo fmk tamepl qum tamom mo prlfubbaòo, nfmeîs sm blosafmrn qum ms iuobaòo fm vnrals pnrîemtrls fmk easel ynbaeamotl l bnepl, blel slo8 grnfl fm dmtmrlgmomafnf dmtmrlg momafnf y noasltrlpån fm kns prlpamfnfms fm fm kn rlbn, prlpamfnfms iåsabl-quåeabns fm kls ikuafls, tapl fm mepuhm prmfleaonotm mo mk ynbaeamotl, ms tnejaáo iuobaòo fm kn mtnpn fm mxpkltnbaòo mo kn qum sm mobumotrn blel ms8 fmbkaonbaòo onturnk, rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran, rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn y fm kns prîbtabns lpmrntavns blo kns qum sm dnyn mxpkltnfl mk ynbaeamotl l bnepl, nkguols ynbaeamotls slo euy smosajkms nk ratel fm mxtrnbbaòo. Vnejaáo tamom rmknbaòo blo kn tmbolklgån qum sm mepkmn  pnrn su mxpkltnbaòo y iaonkemotm, aoikuymo tnejaáo kls blstls fm prlfubbaòo y mk prmbal fmk  pmtròkml pnrn ljtmomr mk eîxael vnklr fmk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo. r mbupmrnbaòo. Mk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo pumfm mstnjkmbmrsm8   Emfanotm mxprmsaloms entmeîtabns l mstnfåstabns.   Emfanotm burvns fm fmbkaonbaòo.   Blo Mbunbaloms fm Jnknobm Entmran.   Plr Raeuknbaòo Oueárabn.

Kn enomrn fm bnkbuknr mk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo, qum blel sm fahl ms mo iuobaòo fmk tamepl qum tamom mo mxpkltnbaòo uo ynbaeamotl, ms kn saguamotm8

:.9.> Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo n kn Imbdn fm Bîkbukl (IZ)

l o nbueuk n fn fm nbma t m l gns n msn i m bdn IZIZ55 prlfubba vlkuemo lragaonk fm nbmatm l gns mo mk ynbaeamotl 

M b. :2 :2

Mo kn aofustran pmtrlkmrn, tnejaáo ms fm usl bleøo bnkbuknr mk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo iaonk l øktaen mspmrnfl nk táreaol fm kn vafn fmk ynbaeamotl, mk bunk sm ljtamom fm kn saguamotm enomrn8 27

 

 

:.9.: Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo Iaonk Mspmrnfl (IZI) Mo Plrbmotnhm

Fòofm8

             5 

:6    M b. :6

(Op l Gp) iaonk8 Prlfubbaòo iaonk mspmrnfn fm nbmatm l gns. Kns uoafnfms fm kn prlfubbaòo nbueuknfn y fmk vlkuemo lragaonk slo bleøoemotm jnrrakms fm pmtròkml brufl n blofabaloms fm supmriabam (JPO). Mo mk bnsl fm ynbaeamotls fm gns, sm usn aofastaotnemotm eakkloms fm pams bøjabls fm gns (EEPB) l sm blovamrtm mk gns n jnrrakms fm pmtròkml brufl mquavnkmotm, nejls n blofabaloms fm supmriabam. Kn prlfubbaòo nbueuknfn iaonk mspmrnfn sm ljtamom fm vnrans enomrns, fmpmofamofl fm kls mstîofnrms fm bnfn blepnþån l pnås. N blotaounbaòo, sm prmsmotno kns fls ilrens eîs utakaznfns8

    55        ℏ ℏ   ++        . . 5        ℏ ℏ   ++     +   

M b. := 

 

M b. :9 :9 

:.9.2 Znzòo fm E Elvakafnf lvakafnf (E) (E) Kn rnzòo fm elvakafnf, sm fmiaom blel kn elvakafnf fm kn insm fmspknznotm ( γ F) F) favafafn motrm kn elvakafnf fm kn insm fmspknznfn ( γf)8

5

 

M b. :7  

24

 

  Ra kn insm fmspknznotm ms ngun y kn insm fmspknznfn ms pmtròkml8

 5 ∗∗

 

M b. :4 

Mstm inbtlr aoikuym farmbtnemotm mo kn miabamoban fm fmspknzneamotl, mstl ms, mo kn miabamoban eabrlsbòpabn fm fmspknzneamotl fmk pmtròkml fmotrl fm kls plrls. plrl s. Mo mimbtl, sa E?>, mk ikuafl fmspknznotm (mo mstm bnsl ngun) sm eumvm eîs iîbakemotm qum mk ikuafl fmspknznfl, kl bunk dnbm qum mk irmotm fm kn aoymbbaòo smn aomstnjkm fmjafl n qum mk ngun sljrmpnsn nk ikuafl fmspknznfl y, blel blosmbumoban, prlfubarî uo fmspknzneamotl emols miabamotm, y mo nkguols bnsls mk imoòemol blolbafl blel Bnonkaznbaòo Yasblsn. Pnrn qum lburrn uo fmspknzneamotl mstnjkm fmjm fnrsm E;>, rmknbaòo fmiaoafn gmomrnkemotm blel rnzòo fm elvakafnf invlrnjkm. Plr kl bunk pnrn emhlrnr kn miabamoban fm jnrrafl ms ombmsnral faseaouar kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf y nså nuemotnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fmk pmtròkml. >:8  Aoymbbaòo fm ngun blo Znzòo fm Elvakafnf (E?>) fmsinvlrnjkm. I A G]ZN >:

Iumotm8 BZNAI, I. ‛Vdm Zmsmrvlar Mogaommraog Nspmbts N spmbts li Wntmrikllfaog―, >17>  

21

 

  >28 Blepnrnbaòo fm kn aomstnjakafnf vasblsn motrm kn aoymbbaòo fm ngun y kn fm I A G]ZN >2  plkåemrls mo uo nrrmgkl fm aoymbbaòo splt aovmrtafl.

Iumotm8 BZNAI, I. ‛Vdm Zmsmrvlar Mogaommraog Nspmbts N spmbts li Wntmrikllfaog―, >17>  

:.7 MB]NBAÒO FM KN KMQ FM FNZBQ Aoabankemotm Onvamr-Rtlcms mstufaò kls praobapals iåsabls qum ragmo mk bleplrtneamotl fm ikuhl fm ikuafls vasblsls, motrm ltrls aovmstagnflrms fm kn dafrlfaoîeabn, buyl iuofnemotl ms kn fastrajubaòo fmk bnepl fm vmklbafnfms mo bunkquamr sastmen ikuymotm, mstnjkmbamofl nså, mk mquakajral faoîeabl motrm kns iumrzns fm aomrban, vasblsns, iumrzns fm bumrpl mxtmrons y kn fastrajubaòo aotmron fm prmsaloms fm ikuafl. Kl notmralr sarvaò fm jnsm pnrn qum Dmory Fnrby rmnkaznrn mxpmraemotls mo iaktrls mepnbnfls fm nrmon, mo kls qum dnban ikuar ngun, qum iaonkemotm kl blofuhmrlo n mstnjkmbmr su tmlrån fm ikuhl fm ikuafls dlelgáomls mo uo emfal  plrlsl. N grnofms rnsgls kn kmy fm Fnrby, fmsbrajm mk ikuhl fm ikuafls mo uo emfal plrlsl, mstl slkl bunofl sm buepkmo fls blofabaloms8 kn praemrn ms qum sm enomhmo oøemrls fm Zmyolkfs  jnhls y kn smguofn smguof n ms qum mk emfal plrlsl sm mobumotrm lbupnfl plr uo ikuafl Omwtloanol. Ra sm buepkmo kns fls blofabaloms notmralrms, kn kmy fm Fnrby fmsbrajarî qum kn vmklbafnf fm ikuhl ms farmbtnemotm prlplrbalonk nk grnfamotm fm prmsaòo m aovmrsnemotm prlplrbalonk n kn vasblsafnf fm fabdl ikuafl. 60

 

  Kn Kmy fm Fnrby pnrn mk ikuhl fm ikuafls mo uo emfal plrlsl vamom fnfn plr8

⃗5   ……

 

M b. :1 



Kn pmremnjakafnf fmk emfal plrlsl ( ), ms uon prlpamfnf fm kn entraz plrlsn qum nyufn n fmtmreaonr kn inbakafnf blo kn qum uo ikuafl ikuym mo uo emfal plrlsl y qum mo kn mbunbaòo notmralr fmtmreaon kn blostnotm fm prlplrbalonkafnf motrm mk grnfamotm fm prmsaòo y kn vasblsafnf blo kn vmklbafnf fm ikuhl. Fòofm8    5 Ymklbafnf fm ikuhl l vmklbafnf fm Fnrby (    /      )    5  5 Yasblsafnf fmk ikuafl ∇  5  5 Grnfamotm fm prmsaòo

Kn vmklbafnf aotmrstabank qum sm prmsmotn fmotrl fm kn entraz plrlsn, sm pumfm blolbmr sa sm





rmknbalon kn vmklbafnf supmriabank ( ), blo kn plrlsafnf fm fabdn entraz ( ), motlobms fabdn rmknbaòo qumfnrî fm kn saguamotm ilren8

 5 ⃗

 

M b. 20 20 

Zmnkemotm mo mk emfal plrlsl fm uo ynbaeamotl mo pnrtabuknr, ms euy faiåbak moblotrnr kn  prmsmoban fm slkl uo ikuafl fmotrl fmk emfal, gmomrnkemotm mo kls plrls sm mobumotrno fls l eîs ikuafls, mstl rmbnm mo qum kn elhnjakafnf fm kn rlbn nimbtn praobapnkemotm kn fastrajubaòo y mk ikuhl fm kns insms prmsmotms. Nså easel kn pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn n bnfn ikuafl sm vmrî nimbtnfn plr kn prmsmoban fm ltrl, mstl blo jnsm mo kn snturnbaòo blo kn qum bumotm bnfn ikuafl. Kn Kmy fm Fnrby fmsbrajm mk ikuhl euktaiîsabl mo uo emfal plrlsl fm kn saguamotm enomrn8 6>

 

 

⃗ 5  ∗5 ∗  …

 

M b. 2> 

Fòofm8   5  5 Ymklbafnf supmriabank fm kn insm  5 Plrlsafnf   5  5 Pmremnjakafnf njslkutn   5  5 Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn fm kn insm   5   5  5 Rnturnbaòo fm kn insm    5  5 Yasblsafnf fm kn insm ∇  5  5 Grnfamotm fm prmsaòo fm kn insm



Kn elvakafnf fm uo ikuafl mstî fnfn plr kn rmknbaòo ( / ), blo mk iao fm rmknbalonr kn  pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn (

  /

), qum sm vm nimbtnfn bunofl fls ikuafls sm mobumotrno fmotrl

fm uo emfal plrlsl3 motlobms sm pumfm fmsbrajar kn kmy fm Fnrby mo iuobaòo fm kn elvakafnf



fm kn insm ( ). ).

:.4 EÁVLFL FM ZMB]PMZNBAÒO E EMHLZNFN MHLZNFN BLO NFAVAYLR (RP) :.4.> Frmonhm blo surinbtnotm/plkåemrl Mstm eátlfl blosastm mo aoymbtnr submsavnemotm faimrmotms ikuafls. Bnfn aoymbbaòo fm uo ikuafl faimrmotm sm kknen "tnpòo" (mo aogkás skug  ‒   jnjlsn  ‒   pnrn aofabnr qum sm eumvm kmotnemotm blel uo jklqum). Mo tnk submsaòo fm tnploms bnfn uol fmjm afmnkemotm fmspknznrsm mo ikuhl tapl pastòo, ms fmbar qum q um bnfn oumvl ikuafl fmjm mepuhnr mk ikuafl qum kl notmbmfm.

6:

 

  Kn iagurn >: aofabn kls faimrmotms tnploms mxastmotms motrm mk plzl aoymbtlr y uo plzl  prlfubtlr, mo mk emfal fm tnk prlbmsl. Kls oøemrls blrrmsplofmo n mstnfls mstnfl s fmk ynbaeamotl notms, furnotm y fmspuás fmk pnsm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm.

>. Ms kn zlon qum blrrmsplofm nk mstnfl aoabank fmk ynbaeamotl fmspuás fmk frmonhm blo ngun. Kn snturnbaòo fm nbmatm ms tåpabnemotm 20%, npmons uo plbl supmralr n Rlr. Rm pumfm fmbar qum mk nbmatm sm mobumotrn mo ilren fm gkòjukls fmsblombtnfls ntrnpnfls mo kls plrls plr iumrzns bnpaknrms.

>.> Ms lpbalonk kn aoymbbaòo fm prmknvnfl blo ngun fm jnhn snkaoafnf, ms pnrn faseaouar kn snkaoafnf fm ngun fm ilrenbaòo y rmfubar kn fmgrnfnbaòo fm kls ngmotms quåeabls yn qum slo smosajkms n nktns tmepmrnturns y nktns snkaoafnfms.

:. Mstn zlon blrrmsplofm nk jnobl fm nbmatm, ms fmbar n uo mstnfl mo mk bunk nejls ikuafls  prmsmotno blotaouafnf. Mo mstn zlon sm prlfubm uo ikuhl faiîsabl. Kn snturnbaòo fm nbmatm ms oltnjkmemotm eîs nktn qum mo kn zlon > y mstl sm fmjm n qum mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm 2 mstî mepuhnofl dnban nfmknotm uon bamrtn bnotafnf fm nbmatm elvakaznfl. Mstm nbmatm blkmnsm blo mk nbmatm ntrnpnfl y nuemotn kn snturnbaòo. Bunofl mk jnobl fm nbmatm nkbnozn mk plzl  prlfubtlr, mepamzn kn rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn fm f m nbmatm. Ra mk eátlfl sm npkabn mo kugnr fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo smbuofnran, kn snturnbaòo mo nbmatm mo > ms eubdl enylr qum Rlr y mk jnobl fm nbmatm sm mxtamofm mo tlfl mk ynbaeamotl3 sao mejnrgl, kn snturnbaòo ms eubdl eubd l eîs nktn fmknotm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm, tåpabnemotm fmk lrfmo fm =0-90%.

2. Mk irmotm fmk tnpòo fmk surinbtnotm ms kn zlon flofm kn slkubaòo nbulsn fm surinbtnotm motrn mo blotnbtl blo mk nbmatm ntrnpnfl y kn elvakazn. Kn elvakaznbaòo sm mimbtøn plr kls embnoasels vastls notmralremotm, eîs qum tlfl plr jnhn tmosaòo aotmrinbank m daobdneamotl. Kns blofabaloms iåsabl-quåeabns bmrbn fm kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen dnbmo qum kns meuksaloms ilrenfns smno euy aomstnjkms, y qum kns gltns blnkmsbno aoemfantnemotm nk blotnbtnrsm. Mo blosmbumoban, kls gkòjukls fm nbmatm elvakaznfls blkmnsmo motrm så y blo kls gkòjukls ntrnpnfls pnrn ilrenr uon insm nbmatm blotaoun. Dny mvafmoban fm qum, emfanotm mk prlbmsl fm blnkmsbmoban m aotmrblomxaòo, mk nbmatm sm fmspknzn eîs rîpafnemotm qum mk ngun y qum plr kl tnotl mk jnobl fm nbmatm sm ilren fmknotm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm. Mstl ms kògabl sa sm mxneaono kls imoòemols aovlkubrnfls3 fm uon pnrtm kn snturnbaòo fm nbmatm nuemotn 62

 

  blosafmrnjkmemotm mo kn zlon fm elvakaznbaòo y plr kl tnotl kn pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn nuemotn tnejaáo y mk nbmatm sm fmspknzn eîs rîpafnemotm qum mk ngun. Mstm fmspknzneamotl  prlfubm uo nuemotl fm snturnbaòo s nturnbaòo mo mk jnobl fm nbmatm y kn rmknbaòo WLZ mo ms mstm tm fmpmofm fm kns elvakafnfms rmkntavns.

6. Mo uo prlbmsl qum iuobalon afmnkemotm, tlfl mk nbmatm mstî elvakaznfl nk pnsnr mk irmotm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm. Kn zlon 6 nbtøn plr pl r kl tnotl sòkl blel uon rmsmrvn pnrn blepmosnr kns párfafns fm surinbtnotm plr nfslrbaòo sljrm kn rlbn l trnosimrmoban dnban mk nbmatm. Fmsfm mk puotl fm vastn prîbtabl, pmreatm tnejaáo qum mk surinbtnotm pmomtrm mo kns zlons emols  pmremnjkms, y pmreatm blepmosnr bamrtns aomstnjakafnfms. Dny tnejaáo ltrns rnzloms pnrn aoymbtnr uo tnpòo fmk lrfmo fm >0% fm vlkuemo fm plrl nk =->0% fm surinbtnotm/nkbldlk, kns bunkms sm fasbutarîo eîs nfmknotm. Mk irmotm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm sm vn gnstnofl plbl n plbl y plr kl tnotl mk tnenþl fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm sm vn rmfubamofl n emfafn qum trnosburrn mk prlbmsl. Nfmeîs fm rmfubarsm mo tnenþl mstm tnpòo pumfm fakuarsm blo mk ngun fm kn ilrenbaòo y mk ikuafl qum kl sagum, ms fmbar qum kl mepuhm. Pmlr nøo mk ikuafl qum mepuhn mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm pumfm  prlfubar fagatnbaloms, ms fmbar aomstnjakafnfms.

=. Pnrn mvatnr l rmfubar nk eîxael kn fmgrnfnbaòo fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm bunofl mstm  prlgrmsn mo mk ynbaeamotl, sm mepuhn blo uo ikuafl vasblsl, qum ms uon slkubaòo fm plkåemrls dafrlslkujkms fm tapl plkanbrakneafn l plkasnbîrafl. Qn qum mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm ms eîs vasblsl qum mk ngun (plr mk surinbtnotm), y qum mo mk irmotm sm prlfubmo meuksaloms (qum nuemotno kn vasblsafnf), ms aeprmsbaofajkm fasplomr fm uo ikuafl fm vasblsafnf fm plr kl emols =0->00bp pnrn mvatnr aomstnjakafnfms fm tapl fagatnbaòo prlfubafns plr uon rmknbaòo fmsinvlrnjkm fm kns elvakafnfms. Plr rnzloms mbloòeabns ol sm pumfm, sao mejnrgl aoymbtnr plkåemrls dnstn flofm mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm dnyn kkmgnfl nk plzl prlfubtlr. Rm usn mo gmomrnk uo tnpòo fm >0-:0% fm vlkuemo fm plrl, y kn blobmotrnbaòo fm plkåemrl vn jnhnofl kmotnemotm mo kn blkn fmk tnpòo, ms fmbar qum kn trnosabaòo blo kn zlon 9 ms blotaoun.

9.  Iaonkemotm sm mepuhn mk tnpòo fm plkåemrl blo uon aoymbbaòo fm ngun. Rm tleno kns  prmbnubaloms ombmsnrans pnrn qum kls imoòemols i moòemols fm fagatnbaòo y pmomtrnbaòo fmk ngun mo mk 66

 

  tnpòo fmk plkåemrl smno kl emols smvmrls plsajkms. Rm usn uo tnpòo fm plkåemrl blo "blkn fmbrmbamotm" y uon vmklbafnf fm aoymbbaòo jnhn. >68  Faimrmotms mstnfls fmk ynbaeamotl furnotm uo prlbmsl fm rmbupmrnbaòo I A G]ZN >6 emhlrnfn blo surinbtnotm/plkåemrl

Iumotm8 Hmno Kluas Rnkngmr3 rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn fm pmtròkml, IAZP(:00=)

:.4.: Aoymbbaòo fm Plkåemrls I A G]ZN >= >=8  Plkaemraznbaòo, mstrubturn fm kn nbrakneafn y plkanbrakneafn, y nbrakloatrakl  y plkanbrakloatrakl.

Iumotm8 dttp//fån-fm-kn-bamoban-saotmsas-fm-plkaemrls.dtek 6=

 

  I A G]ZN >9 >98  Elkábukn fm Plkåemrl.

Iumotm8 dttp//fån-fm-kn-bamoban-saotmsas-fm-plkaemrls.dtek Mk praobapal jîsabl qum sagum mstm eátlfl ms qum mk ngun pumfm dnbmrsm eîs vasblsn n pnrtar fm kn nfabaòo fm uo plkåemrl slkujkm mo mkkn, kl bunk blofubm n uon emhlr rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf ngun-pmtròkml y fm mstn enomrn sm pumfm emhlrnr kn miabamoban fm jnrrafl y plr tnotl uo enylr plrbmotnhm fm rmbupmrnbaòo.   Motrm kls plkåemrls usnfls pnrn mstm eátlfl sm mobumotrno kls plkasnbîrafls (l

 jalplkåemrls) y kns plkanbrakneafns (PNN) y sus fmravnfls.   N jnhns snkaoafnfms, kns PNN prmsmotno uon enylr rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf plr emfal

fmk aobrmemotl fm kn vasblsafnf fmk ngun y fm kn faseaoubaòo fm kn pmremnjakafnf nk ngun fm kn ilrenbaòo.   Rm fmjm tlenr mo bumotn qum kn elvakafnf faseaouym blo mk nuemotl fm kn snkaoafnf

fmk ngun.  :.4.:.>  :.4 .:.> Vap Va pls fm plkåe kåem mrls usn usnfls ir irm mbu bum mot otm memot otm m mo kn prlf rlfub ubbaò baòo o fm pmtr òkml kml

:.4.:.>.> Kns plkanbrakneafns Mstls slo kls plkåemrls buyn uoafnf eloleárabn ms kn elkábukn nbrakneafn (iagurn >=). Kns  plkanbrakneafns mxpmraemotno dafròkasas pnrbank, kl qum bnusn qum kls grupls bnrjlxaknoaòoabls (bnrgnfls omgntavnemotm), BLL-, smno mspnrbafls n kl knrgl fm kn bnfmon fmk plkåemrl. Plr mstn rnzòo mk plkåemrl ms kknenfl plkanbrakneafn pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn (DPNE). 69

 

  Kls grnfls tåpabls fm dafròkasas fm eloòemrls nbrakneafn sm mobumotrno motrm 20% y 2=%3  plr kl tnotl, kn elkábukn DPNE plsmm bnrgn omgntavn, kl qum bumotn pnrn eubdns fm sus  prlpamfnfms iåsabns. Mstls grnfls fm dafròkasas dno ssafl afl smkmbbalonfls pnrn lptaeaznr bamrtns  prlpamfnfms tnkms blel slkujakafnf mo ngun, vasblsafnf, y rmtmobaòo. Ra mk grnfl fm dafròkasas ms euy pmqumþl, mk plkåemrl ol smrî slkujkm mo ngun, sa ms euy grnofm, kns prlpamfnfms fmk  plkåemrl smrîo euy smosajkms n kn snkaoafnf y kn furmzn furmz n fmk ngun. Kn bnrnbtmråstabn fm nuemotl fm vasblsafnf fm kls DPNE sm fmjm n su grno pmsl elkmbuknr. Mk nuemotl fm kn vasblsafnf ms nbmotunfl plr kn rmpuksaòo (noaòoabn) motrm grupls g rupls vmbaols fm uo easel plkåemrl bnrgnfls agunkemotm. Kn rmpuksaòo bnusn qum kn elkábukn mo slkubaòo sm nknrgum y mognobdm blo ltrns saeaknremotm nknrgnfns, uo mimbtl qum nbmotøn kn rmfubbaòo fm elvakafnf n nktns blobmotrnbaloms. Ra kn snkaoafnf y kn furmzn fm kn snkeumrn slo nktns, kn rmpuksaòo motrm kls grupls vmbaols sm rmfubm sagoaiabntavnemotm fmjafl n prltmbbaòo aòoabn, plr kl qum mk plkåemrl sm fljkn sljrm så easel. Mstm morlkkneamotl bnusn uon faseaoubaòo mo kn mimbtavafnf fmk plkåemrl fmjafl n qum kls mognobdms motrm elkábukns fm plkåemrl slo rmfubafls. Yartunkemotm tlfns kns  prlpamfnfms fm kls DPNE eumstrno smosajakafnf n kn snkaoafnf y n kn furmzn, kl qum rmprmsmotn uo ljstîbukl pnrn su utakaznbaòo mo eubdls ynbaeamotls. Plr ltrn pnrtm, DPNE slo rmkntavnemotm eîs jnrntls qum ltrls plkåemrls y rmkntavnemotm rmsastmotm nk ntnqum jnbtmrank. I A G]ZN >7 >78 Plkanbrakneafn   Plkanbrakneafn pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn

Iumotm8 bkustmr-favukgnbalobamotaiabn.jklgsplt. 67

 

   :.4.:.>  :.4 .:.>.: .: K ls Pl Plkasn kasnbî bîra ra fls

Mstls plkåemrls slo ilrenfls n pnrtar fm uo prlbmsl fm imremotnbaòo jnbtmrank (plkaemraznbaòo) fm elkábukns snbîrafns (iagurn >9). Mk plkåemrl ms susbmptajkm nk ntnqum  jnbtmrank fmspuás fm smr aotrlfubafl mo mk ynbaeamotl kl bunk sm vm blepmosnfl plr kn aosmosajakafnf fm kns prlpamfnfms fm kls plkasnbîrafls notm kn snkaoafnf y furmzn fm kn snkeumrn. >48  Plkasnbîrafl (jalplkåemrl). I A G]ZN >4

Iumotm8 ZAYMZN, H. ‛Prlbmsl fm MLZ, AOVYMP.>144 

Kn aosmosajakafnf n kn snkaoafnf y furmzn fm kns elkábukns plkasnbîrafls sm fmjm n qum ástns slo rmkntavnemotm ol-aòoabns kl qum kns dnbm kajrm fm kls mimbtls fm prltmbbaòo aòoabn enoaimstnfls mo kls DPNE. Kls plkasnbîrafls plsmmo eîs rneaiabnbaloms qum kls DPNE,  plr kl qum nk mognobdnrsm uols blo ltrls ilreno mstrubturns eîs rågafns rågafns fmotrl fm kn slkubaòo, nuemotnofl kn vasblsafnf. Kls pmsls elkmbuknrms fm kls plkasnbîrafls mstîo gmomrnkemotm nkrmfmflr fm kls : eakkloms cg/cg elk. Kls DPNE slo usunkemotm emols blstlsls plr uoafnf fm bnotafnf qum kls plkasnbîrafls,  pmrl bunofl bunof l sm blepnrn uoafnf fm bnotafnf plr rmfubbaòo ffmm elvakafnf, pnrtabuknremotm n nktns snkaoafnfms, kls blstls slo euy pnrmbafls. Mo bunotl n kls mimbtls fm kn tmepmrnturn nejns bknsms fm plkåemrls tamofmo n fmgrnfnrsm n nktns tmepmrnturns. 64

 

    M imb imbtl tl sn snkakaol ol

Kn snkaoafnf fmk ngun nimbtn mo grno emfafn kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm kn elvakafnf, nfslrbaòo y rmfubbaòo fm pmremnjakafnf fm kns slkubaloms plkaeárabns bunofl sm utakazno plkanbrakneafns, eamotrns qum kls jalplkåemrls slo eîs rmsastmotms n blofabaloms smvmrns.

:.4.2 Aoymbbaòo fm Rurinbtnotms I A G]ZN >1 >18  Mstrubturn elkmbuknr fm surinbtnotms.

Iumotm8 Elfaiabnfl fm Kncm, >141 Mk prlpòsatl praobapnk fm mstm eátlfl ms faseaouar kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm mk brufl y mk ngun pnrn fmspknznr vlkøemoms fasblotaouls fm brufl ntrnpnfl, gmomrnkemotm fmspuás fm  prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo plr aoymbbaòo fm ngun. Mstm eátlfl blosastm mo uo prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo fm eøktapkms jnbdms l tnploms, aobkuymofl kn aoymbbaòo fm ngmotms quåeabls blo nbtavafnf supmriabank (surinbtnotms) mo mk ngun. Fabdls nfatavls quåeabls rmfubmo kns iumrzns bnpaknrms qum ntrnpno mk brufl mo kls plrls fm kn rlbn fm ilrenbaòo. Mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm fmspknzn kn enylrån fmk brufl fmk vlkuemo blotnbtnfl fmk ynbaeamotl, ilrenofl uo jnobl ikuymotm fm ngun/pmtròkml qum sm prlpngn fmknotm fmk  jnbdm l tnpòo fm surinbtnotm.

61

 

  I A G]ZN :0 :08  Msqumen fmk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms.

Iumotm8 PMVM 901 ‒  Elfukm  Elfukm >-Aotrlfubtalo tl (MLZ) Emtdlfs

  Kls surinbtnotms eîs mepkmnfls n oavmk fm bnepl slo sukilontls fm pmtròkml l

saotátabls, kls bunkms pumfmo smr mepkmnfls mo uo nepkal aotmrvnkl fm tmepmrnturns n

 jnhns snkaoafnfms. Plr kl gmomrnk sm mepkmno sukintls lxankquaknfls y sukilontls mo blejaonbaòo blo sukilontls fm pmtròkml.   Nuo bunofl kns npkabnbaloms fm mstm eátlfl n oavmk fm bnepl dno rmsuktnfl mxatlsns,

kn enylrån ol slo rmotnjkms fmjafl n kls nktls blstls fm kls surinbtnotms aoymbtnfls. Plr mstn rnzòo, sm dno suenfl msiumrzls pnrn dnkknr nktmrontavns qum pmreatno kn faseaoubaòo fm kls blstls.  :.4.2.>  :.4 .2.> Bkn Bknsaia saiabn bnbaò baòo o fm kls kls sur sur in inbbtnot otm ms

:.4.2.>.> Rurinbtnotms ol Aòoabls Kn elkábukn fm surinbtnotm ol plsmm Blotrnalo, ms fmbar, ol plsmm moknbms aòoabls, pmrl bunofl slo fasumktls mo slkubaloms nbulsns, mxdajmo prlpamfnfms fm surinbtnotm  praobapnkemotm plr blotrnstms mkmbtrlomgntavls n kl knrgl fm sus blostatuymotms. Kls surinbtnotms ol-aòoabls slo eubdl eîs tlkmrnotms n nktn snkaoafnf qum kls noaòoabls, pmrl slo eîs pljrms mo bunotl n su nbbaòo aotmrinbank. Rm utakazno praobapnkemotm blel blsurinbtnotms. =0

 

 

:.4.2.>.: Rurinbtnotms Bntaòoabls Mo mstm bnsl kn elkábukn fm surinbtnotm blotamom uo noaòo aolrgîoabl pnrn jnknobmnr su bnrgn mkábtrabn. Kn slkubaòo sm aloazn mo uo eloòemrl blo bnrgn plsatavn, y mk noaòo (Blotrnalo, blo bnrgn omgntavn). Kls surinbtnotms bntaòoabls slo nktnemotm nfslrjafls plr nrbakkns y plr kl tnotl ol sm utakazno eubdl pnrn kn rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml.

:.4.2.>.2 Rurinbtnotms Noaòoabls Kn elkábukn fm surinbtnotm mstî nslbanfn blo uo emtnk aolrgîoabl (uo bntaòo, mk bunk ms dnjatunkemotm slfal). Mo uon slkubaòo nbulsn kn elkábukn sm favafm mo bntaloms kajrms (Blotrnalo, blo bnrgn plsatavn), y mk eloòemrl noaòoabl (blo bnrgn omgntavn). Kn slkubaòo ms omutrn fmsfm mk puotl fm vastn mkábtrabl, kl qum sagoaiabn qum mxastm uo jnknobm motrm kns bnrgns omgntavns y plsatavns. Kls surinbtnotms noaòoabls prmsmotno uon rmkntavn rmsastmoban n kn rmtmobaòo, slo mstnjkms, y su prlfubbaòo ms rmkntavnemotm mbloòeabn.

:.4.2.>.6 Rurinbtnotms Noiltárabls Mstn bknsm fm surinbtnotms blotamom nspmbtls fm fls l eîs fm kns bknsms notmralrms. Plr mhmepkl, uo noiltárabl pumfm blotmomr uo grupl noaòoabl y uo grupl ol plknr. Mstls surinbtnotms ol sm dno utakaznfl mo prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml. :>8  Bknsaiabnbaòo fm kls surinbtnotms. I A G]ZN :>

Iumotm8 Kncm, >141

=>

 

   :.4.2.:  :.4 .2.: Em Embn bnoase oasel l fm rm rmf fubbaò ubbaòo o fm kn tmosa osa òo aotm aotmri rin nban bankk

Mk prlpòsatl fm kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotm ms rmbupmrnr mk nbmatm ntrnpnfl plr bnpaknrafnf fmspuás fm kn aouofnbaòo fm ngun. Bunofl uon slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm sm dn aoymbtnfl, kns gltatns fm nbmatm ntrnpnfl sm elvakazno fmjafl n uon rmfubbaòo mo kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm mk nbmatm y mk ngun. Kn blnkmsbmoban fm mstns gltns blofubm n uo nuemotl klbnk ffmm kn snturnbaòo fm pmtròkml y sm gmomrn uo jnobl fm nbmatm. Mk jnobl fm nbmatm blemoznrî n ikuar, elvakaznofl bunkquamr nbmatm rmsafunk mo irmotm fmk jnobl. Fmtrîs fmk jnobl fm pmtròkml ikuymotm, mk surinbtnotm aepafm nk nbmatm elvakaznfl n smr rm-ntrnpnfl. Kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, kn vasblsafnf, y mk vlkuemo fm kn slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm fmtrîs fmk jnobl fm pmtròkml, smrîo plr kl tnotl, fm aeplrtnoban pnrn kn snturnbaòo fm pmtròkml rmsafunk iaonk. Ra kn miabamoban fmk surinbtnotm ms euy jumon, motlobms kn rmfubbaòo mo kn Vmosaòo Aotmrinbank  plfrån smr tnotl blel>0- 6 qum blrrmsplofm n uo vnklr mo mk jnrral fm >λO/e.   :.4.2.2  :.4 .2.2 Ble Blep plrtn rtne ea mot otl l fm suri surin nbtnot otm ms mo kn a ot otm mr inbm inbm fm ikuaf ikuafl ls

N blobmotrnbaloms euy jnhns, kns elkábukns fm surinbtnotms sm faiuofmo mo kn aotmrinbm (vmr Iagurn >1) flofm sm njslrjmo prlelvamofl kn faseaoubaòo fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank (N). N emfafn qum sm aobrmemotn kn blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms mxastarîo eîs bnotafnf fm elkábukns fasploajkms pnrn njslrjmrsm mo kn aotmrinbm y blotaounr faseaouymofl kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank (J). Plstmralremotm sm kkmgnrî n uo puotl fmoleaonfl Blobmotrnbaòo Bratabn Eabmknr (BBE) n pnrtar fmk bunk n pmsnr fm smguar nuemotnofl kn blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms, kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank dnjrî fmhnfl fm faseaouar y pmrenombmrî blostnotm (B), mstl lburrm bunofl kn aotmrinbm dn safl blepkmtnemotm snturnfn y sm dno ilrenfl kns eabmkns qum ms kn nslbanbaòo fm elkábukns fm surinbtnotms mo ngrmgnfls blklafnkms.

=:

 

  I A G]ZN :: ::8  Fmsbrapbaòo  Fmsbrapbaòo fmk bleplrtneamotl fm kn tmosaòo supmriabank mo iuobaòo fm kn

blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms

Iumotm8 K. Bnrrakkl, Fmspknzneamotl Easbajkms, :009. :.4.6 Jnknobm dafròiakl-kapòiakl (DKJ) Mk mquakajral dafròiakl-kapòiakl (DKJ) aofabn tmofmoban n ilrenr meuksaloms fm ngun mo  pmtròkml l pmtròkml mo ngun. Jnhls oøemrls fm DKJ slo nsagonfls n kls surinbtnotms qum tamofmo n smr eîs slkujkms mo nbmatm y n ilrenr meuksaloms ngun mo nbmatm. Bunofl kn snkaoafnf fm kn ilrenbaòo ms jnhn, uo surinbtnotm fm jnhl DKJ fmjm smr smkmbbalonfl. Mstm tmosalnbtavls  pumfm dnbmr uon uo n eabrlmeuksaòo fm insm emfan (eabrlmeuksaòo rabn mo surinbt surinbtnotm, notm, fmjafl n qum mstn npnrmbm motrm kns insms i nsms nbulsns y lkmabns, y ol o l pumfm smr fakuafn oa plr ngun oa nbmatm) n jnhn snkaoafnf. Bunofl kn snkaoafnf fm kn ilrenbaòo ms nktn, uo surinbtnotm s urinbtnotm fm nktl DKJ fmjm smr smkmbbalonfl. Vnk surinbtnotm ms eîs dafròiakl y pumfm dnbmr eabrlmeuksaòo fm insm emfan n snkaoafnf nktn.

:.1 PZLBMRL FM ZMB ZMB]PMZNBAÒO ]PMZNBAÒO EMHLZNFN PLZ AOQMBBAÒO FM (RP) Mk surinbtnotm y plkåemrl sm aoymbtno mo faimrmotms jnbdms. Fmpmofamofl fmk mimbtl qum sm fmsmm blosmguar mo mk emfal plrlsl, pumfm smr8 surinbtnotms8 flofm    Plkåemrl smguafl fm surinbtnotms8  flofm kn iuobaòo fmk plkåemrl smrî fm faseaouar kn nfslrbaòo fmk surinbtnotm l tnplonr bnonkms eîs pmremnjkms y pmreatar mk ikuhl fm zlons emols aotmrblombtnfns. =2

 

    Rurinbtnotm smguafl fm plkåemrl8 utakaznfl plkåemrl8 utakaznfl pnrn qum mk jnbdm fm surinbtnotm ol sm vmn

nimbtnfl plr kn aotmrfagatnbaòo fmk ngun nk elemotl fm su aoymbbaòo. Nejls prlbmsls slo smguafls plr aoymbbaòo fm ngun.

:.1.> Aoymbbaòo fm plkåe plkåemrls mrls eabmknrms l emzbkn fm plkåe plkåemrl-surinbtnot mrl-surinbtnotm. m. Rm jnsn mo kn aoymbbaòo fm uon emzbkn l tnploms submsavls fm plkåemrl-surinbtnotm (RP) mo mk ynbaeamotl, mk bunk blosastm mo aoymbtnr uon slkubaòo qum blotmogn uon euy jnhn blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm y uon bamrtn blobmotrnbaòo fm plkåemrl blel emzbkn l blel tnploms submsavls. Mk surinbtnotm jusbn klgrnr uon euy jnhn tmosaòo aotmrinbank motrm mk nbmatm ntrnpnfl y mk ikuafl aoymbtnfl n kn ilrenbaòo, eamotrns qum mk plkåemrl jusbn aobrmemotnr kn vasblsafnf fm kn slkubaòo pnrn blotrlknr fm mstn enomrn kn elvakafnf fmk tnpòo y faseaouar mk mimbtl fm kn fagatnbaòo vasblsn. Mk ljhmtavl fm kls surinbtnotms ms kajmrnr kknn enylr bnotafnf fm nbmatm rmsafunk ntrnpnfl mo kls plrls, eamotrns qum kls plkåemrls jusbno emhlrnr kn miabamoban fm jnrrafl y plr mofm kn prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml. Rm pumfm aoymbtnr uon slkubaòo  plkaeárabn pnrn mk blotrlk fm kn elvakafnf y nså fmspknznr mk tnpòo RP. I A G]ZN :2 :28  Aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms-plkåemrls.

Iumotm8 RDMOG, Hnems H. Rurinbtnot ikllfaog. Mo8 Elfmro bdmeabnk modnobmf lak rmblvmry8 Vdmlry nof prnbtabm. ]oatmf Rtntms li Nemrabn8 Guki Prlimssalonk Pujkasdaog, :0>0

=6

 

   :.1.>.>  :.1 .>.> Blo Blosaf safm mr nbal balom omss pnr n kn a oym oymbba bba òo fm suri surin nbtnot otm ms-p s-pl lkåe kåem mrls (R (RP) P)..

Kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms-plkåemrls (RP), gmomrnkemotm npkabn pnrn pmtròkml kavanol y fmjm blosafmrnr kns saguamotms kaeatnbaloms8   Rmrån afmnk uo jnrrafl nrmnk fm eîs fm =0% mo uon aoymbbaòo fm ngun.   Rm prmiamrm uon ilrenbaòo rmkntavnemotm dlelgáomn.    Ol slo fmsmnjkms nktns bnotafnfms fm nodafratn, ymsl l nrbakkn.   Kls sastmens fasploajkms, prlplrbalono uo fmsmepmþl òptael mo uo blohuotl

kaeatnfl fm blofabaloms.   Kls bklrurls fmk ngun fm ilrenbaòo, fmjmråno smr emols fm :0,000 ppe, nfmeîs, kls

aloms favnkmotms (Bn++ y Eg++) emols fm =00 ppe, pnrn kls surinbtnotms blemrbankemotm fasploajkms.  :.1.>.:  :.1 .>.: Ym Ymot otn nhns y fmsvm svmot otn nhns fmk prlb rlbm msl fm aoym aoymbbbaò baòo o (R (RP) P) 68  Ymotnhns y fmsvmotnhns fmk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo RP VNJK N 68

Ymotnhns  

Fmsvmotnhns  

Zmbupmrnbaòo fm brufl kavanol fm ynbaeamotls aovnfafls blo ngun. 

Prmbapatnbaòo y/l nfslrbaòo fm surinbtnotms. 

Blstl fm trntneamotl fm ngun emolr nk fm ltrls eátlfls. 

Blstls fm kls entmrankms y fm kls plzls.  Aoelvakaznbaòo fm kn slkubaòo eabmknr. 

Iumotm8 FLONKFRLO, Mrkm B.3 BDAKAOGNZANO, Gmlrgm Y. y QMO, Vmd Iu. Modnobmf lak rmblvmry aohmbtalo wntmrs. Mo8 Modnobmf lak rmblvmry, A8 Iuofnemotnks nof nonkysms. Nestmrfne, Vdm Omtdmrknofs8 Mksmvamr, >14=. p. >44.

==

 

   :.1.>.2  :.1 .>.2 Br atm atmra ra ls jîsabl sablss fm sm smkm kmbb bbaa òo pnr n kn a oym oymbba bba òo RP =8  Bratmrals jîsabls fm smkmbbaòo pnrn aoymbbaòo RP. VNJK N =8

Iumotm8 FLONKFRLO, Mrkm B.3 BDAKAOGNZANO, Gmlrgm Y. y QMO, Vmd Iu. Modnobmf lak rmblvmry aohmbtalo wntmrs. Mo8 Modnobmf lak rmblvmry, A8 Iuofnemotnks nof nonkysms. Nestmrfne, Vdm Omtdmrknofs8 Mksmvamr, >14=. p. >44.

:.>0 LVZLR IMOÒEMOLR Q PZLJKMENR PZNBVABLR MO KN ZEP (RP) Mo kn smbbaòo notmralr sm fasbutamrlo kls favmrsls eátlfls quåeabls fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn. Mstls eátlfls aovlkubrno kn aoymbbaòo fm uo ikuafl l fm vnrals ikuafls fm nktn blepkmhafnf quåeabn. Nk mstnr mstls ikuafls mo blotnbtl blo mk nbmatm y mk sòkafl fmk ynbaeamotl, kls bunkms dno mstnfl mo mquakajral iåsabl-quåeabl furnotm eakmonrals blo kn snkeumrn bloontn, pumfmo prlfubarsm vnrals imoòemols fm trnosimrmoban fm ensn8 nfslrbaòo, aotmrbnejal aòoabl mtb.... Nk fmspknznrsm mstls ikuafls mo mk ynbaeamotl pumfmo nfmeîs  prlfubarsm imoòemols fm ol-mquakajral. ol-mqu akajral.

=9

 

  Vlfls mstls imoòemols blepkabno blosafmrnjkmemotm mk prljkmen fm ljtmobaòo y mk enotmoaeamotl fm uon ilreuknbaòo òptaen n kl knrgl fmk prlbmsl, qum yn ol ms euy saepkm nøo mo uo tujl fm mosnyl bunofl sm blotrlkno tlfns kns vnranjkms.

:.>0.> Nfslrbaòo y rmtmobaòo fm surinbtnotm Pnrn prlfubar uon tmosaòo aotmrinbank uktrn jnhn, uo surinbtnotm ol fmjm smr oa fmensanfl dafrliåkabl oa fmensanfl kapliåkabl. Kls sukilontls fm pmtròkml blo pmsl elkmbuknr fmk lrfmo fm 620-690 Fnktlo (pnrn snkms fm slfal) prlfubmo tmosaloms uktrnjnhns blo eubdls brufls3 ol slo sao mejnrgl euy slkujkms mo ngun, kl qum aofabn qum pumfmo snkar fm kn insm nbulsn så fasplomo fm ltrl satal invlrnjkm l sa mstîo slemtafl n uo bnejal oltnjkm.  :.>0.>  :.> 0.>.> .> Nfs Nfsl lr baò baòo o

Kn nfslrbaòo fmk surinbtnotm sljrm kn rlbn fmk ynbaeamotl pumfm nkbnoznr vnklrms tno nktls qum tlrono mk prlbmsl notambloòeabl. Rm dno rmnkaznfl mstufals nbmrbn fm kn aoikumoban fm kn mstrubturn sljrm kn nfslrbaòo, kls bunkms pnrmbmo aofabnr qum uon enylr rneaiabnbaòo fm kns bnfmons nkquakl pmreatm enotmomr kn jnhn tmosaòo y faseaouar kn nfslrbaòo.  :.>0.>  :.> 0.>.: .: Prm Pr mba pa tnbaò baòo o y rm rmttmoba oba òo

Mk surinbtnotm pumfm tnejaáo moblotrnr uo nejamotm iåsabl-quåeabl aonfmbunfl, plr mhmepkl, mo mk bnsl fm sukilontls, aloms favnkmotms fmslrjafls fmslrj afls fm kns nrbakkns. Rm snjm qum kls sukil sukilontls ontls fm bnkbal l fm engomsal slo aoslkujkms mo ngun y qum plr kl tnotl prmbapatno3 n vmbms pumfmo aobkusl eagrnr n kn insm nbmatm y pmrfmr su bnpnbafnf fm prlfubar tmosaloms uktrnjnhns.  :.>0.>  :.> 0.>.2 .2 I r nbbalo bbalon nea mot otl l

Kls surinbtnotms utakaznfls mo ZEP tamomo qum smr plbl blstlsls3 mo gmomrnk slo sukilontls fm pmtròkml, qum blotamomo uon nepkan fastrajubaòo fm pmsls elkmbuknrms. Vnkms emzbkns  pumfmo irnbbalonrsm motrm mk ngun y mk nbmatm, blo kns mspmbams fm enylr pmsl elkmbuknr  pnsnofl nk nbmatm. Blel blosmbumo blosmbumoban ban kn emzbkn fm sur surinbtnotms inbtnotms qum qumfn mo kn insm ngun =7

 

   plsmm uo u o pmsl elkmbuknr bnfn vmz eîs jnhl. Msl rmsu rmsuktn ktn mo uo bnejal mo kn ilreuknbaòo y blel blosmbumoban sm pamrfmo kns blofabaloms iasablquåeabns pnrn ilreuknbaòo òptaen.

 :.>0.>  :.> 0.>.6 .6 M im imbt btl l brl brle entlgrî gr îia iabl bl

Kn emzbkn fm surinbtnotm pumfm tnejaáo irnbbalonrsm mo mk prlbmsl fm nfslrbaòo sljrm kn rlbn. Blel mk ikuafl sm fmspknzn, mstl sagoaiabn qum sm mepljrmbm plbl n plbl mo mspmbams eîs nfslrjafns, ms fmbar kns fm enylr pmsl elkmbuknr. elkm buknr. Mk prlbmsl ms msmobankemotm smemhnotm n uon smpnrnbaòo brlentlgrîiabn.

:.>0.: Aotmrbnejal aòoabl Kns rlbns nkenbáo blotamomo mo gmomrnk l jamo bnkazn, l jamo nrmoasbn bmemotnfn blo nrbakkns. Mo nejls bnsls blotamomo aloms Bn++ qum dno mstnfl mo mquakajral blo kn snkeumrn bloontn. Nk aoymbtnr uon oumvn insm nbulsn, sm s m prlfubm mo gmomrnk uo oumvl mquakajral iåsabl iåsabl-quåeabl, -quåeabl, mk bunk pumfm rmsuktnr mo uo aotmrbnejal fm aloms motrm kn slkubaòo aoymbtnfn y kn rlbn. Ra tnk imoòemol rmsuktn mo kn fmslrbaòo fm bntaloms plkavnkmotms tnk blel mk Bn++ l mk Eg++, qum  pumfm prlfubar kn prmbapatnbaòo fm uon pnrtm fm kls sukilontls. Mo tlfl bnsl, b nsl, mstn fmslrbaòo f mslrbaòo tamofm n bnejanr kn snkaoafnf fm kn slkubaòo aoymbtnfn, ms fmbar qum bnejan kn ilreuknbaòo. Rm dn pmosnfl mkaeaonr mstm prljkmen aoymbtnofl ao ymbtnofl uo bamrtl vlkuemo fm ngun notms fm aoymbtnr ao ymbtnr kn slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm. Vnk prlbmsl fm prm-knvnfl (prmikusd) blo uo ngun fm snkaoafnf smemhnotm n kn slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm n aoymbtnr fmjm prlfubar kn fmslrbaòo fm kls aloms favnkmotms notms fmk blotnbtl blo kn slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm. Pnrmbm qum mstm eátlfl ol dn fnfl rmsuktnfls fmk tlfl sntasinbtlrals. ]on faiabuktnf supkmemotnran rnfabn mo kns dmtmrlgmomafnfms fmk ynbaeamotl, yn qum kn bnpnbafnf fm aotmrbnejal aòoabl fm kn rlbn pumfm vnranr fm uo puotl n ltrl, fmpmofamofl fm kn onturnkmzn quåeabn fm kn rlbn.

=4

 

 

:.>0.2 Enotmoaeamotl fm kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen Rm dn fasbutafl mo ltrn pnrtm qum sm ljtamom uon tmosaòo aotmrinbank uktrn jnhn sòkl bunofl sm buepkm uon blofabaòo euy mstrabtn motrm kns vnranjkms fm ilreuknbaòo8 snkaoafnf, tapl fm surinbtnotm, tapl y blobmotrnbaòo fmk nkbldlk, tapl fm nbmatm, y tmepmrnturn. ]on fmsvanbaòo fm >0% fmk vnklr fm uon slkn fm mstns vnranjkms pumfm dnbmr sujar kn tmosaòo fm 0,000> faon/be dnstn 0,> faon/be3 mo táreaols fm rmbupmrnbaòo mstl sagoaiabn pnsnr fmk áxatl nk irnbnsl. Kns smbbaloms notmralrms dno elstrnfl qum mxastmo eubdls inbtlrms buyl mimbtl ol sm pumfm blotrlknr sao uo blolbaeamotl mxtrmenfnemotm prmbasl fm kns blofabaloms klbnkms fmk ynbaeamotl. Blolbmr fm enomrn prmbasn kn aoilrenbaòo nfmbunfn sljrm mk ynbaeamotl rmqumrarån pmrilrnr ouemrlsls plzls blo iaoms fm eumstrml, kl qum rmprmsmotn uo blstl fmensanfl nktl. Ms plr kl tnotl ombmsnral ikmxajakaznr mk prlbmsl pnrn qum pumfn tlkmrnr uo mrrlr fm quazîs 2060% mo kn ilreuknbaòo. Qn qum kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen easen mstî fmiaoafn fm enomrn euy  prmbasn, kn øoabn ilren ms vnranr kn ilreuknbaòo fm enomrn blotaoun fm uo mxtrmel n ltrl fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm fm tnk ilren qum, n pmsnr fm kns nktmrnbaloms plsajkms, sm mobumotrm mxnbtnemotm n kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen mo nkguon pnrtm fmk tnpòo. Pnrn tnkms iaoms sm dn fmsnrrlkknfl mk eátlfl kknenfl fmk grnfamotm fm snkaoafnf, mo mk bunk kn snkaoafnf fmk tnpòo fmk surinbtnotm vnran fmk irmotm n kn blkn fm enomrn blotaoun. Mo mk irmotm kn snkaoafnf ms omtnemotm eîs nktn qum mk vnklr bnkbuknfl blel òptael, mo kn blkn ms omtnemotm eîs jnhl. N pmsnr fm qum kns blofabaloms mstáo uo plbl nktmrnfns plr kls imoòemols fm trnosimrmoban, nfslrbaòo nfslr baòo m aotmrbnejal aòoabl, nkguon pnrtm fmk tnpòo prlfubarî uon ilreuknbaòo bnpnz fm mxdajar uon tmosaòo uktrnjnhn y plr kl tnotl bnpnz fm elvakaznr mk nbmatm. Nk mepmznr mk tnpòo plr kn snkaoafnf eîs nktn sm enxaeazn kls imoòemols fm nfslrbaòo nk  pnsnr mk irmotm fmk tnpòo. tnpòo. Bunofl kn blkn fmk tnpòo pnsn mobaen fm kn easen rlbn, sm fasumkvm mk surinbtnotm, yn qum kn snkaoafnf dn jnhnfl. Mstl pmreatm rmfubar kn faspmrsaòo brlentlgrniån fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm y su fakubaòo. =1

 

  Mstm prlbmsl dn fnfl jumols rmsuktnfls mo mosnyls pakltls y ms prljnjkm qum sm vumkvn mk eátlfl bkîsabl mk fån qum sm fmsnrrlkkmo kns aoymbbaloms fm surinbtnotm.

:.>0.6 Prljkmens fm meuksaloms Mo mk irmotm fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm sm prlfubm kn elvakaznbaòo fmk nbmatm ntrnpnfn, kn bunk tamom tmofmoban n fmspknznrsm. Mk baznkkneamotl prlfubafl plr mk elvaeamotl mo mk emfal  plrlsl ms euy jnhl, pmrl mo prmsmoban fm uon tmosaòo aotmrinbank uktrn-jnhn, pumfm smr suiabamotm pnrn prlfubar meuksaloms. Plr ltrn pnrtm, kns meuksaloms pumfmo rmsuktnr fm  prlbmsls fm ol-mquakajral blel kn meuksalonbaòo msplotîomn mo prmsmoban pr msmoban fm surinbtnotms, l bunofl ástm sm ilrem ao-satu nk blotnbtnrsm uo brufl îbafl blo uon slkubaòo nkbnkaon. Kn mxpmramoban eumstrn qum sa mk sastmen mstî n kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen, kns meuksaloms slo mxtrmenfnemotm aomstnjkms, y sm dno moblotrnfns vnrans rnzloms n msl. Mo mstm bnsl kn meuksaòo blnkmsbm, kl qum invlrmbm kn ilrenbaòo fmk jnobl fm nbmatm. Mstl ol lburrm ljkagntlranemotm mo kls prlbmsls fm frmonhm nkbnkaol, yn qum kn meuksaòo ilrenfn rmsuktn fm uo imoòemol fm ol-mquakajral (trnosimrmoban fm ensn) qum ol sm prlfubm ombmsnranemotm n kn ilreuknbaòo òptaen. Mo tnk bnsl kns meuksaloms ilrenfns pumfmo smr n emoufl mstnjkms y vasblsns y pumfmo tnplonr mk ynbaeamotl. Msl dn lburrafl mo bamrtls mosnyls pakltls, y plr kl tnotl dn fmspmrtnfl suspabnban nbmrbn fmk eátlfl nkbnkaol. Rao mejnrgl, fmjm oltnrsm qum kn prmsmoban blotrlknfn fm uon meuksaòo vasblsn pumfm smr  jmomiabalsn plrqum pumfm tnplomnr kns zlons fm nktn pmremnjakafnf y nså ljkagnr mk ikuafl aoymbtnfl n pmomtrnr mo kns ltrns zlons. Mstl aepkabn snjmr prlfubar tnkms meuksaloms bunofl sm quamrm, ms fmbar nk praobapal fm kn aoymbbaòo l mo mk irmotm fmk tnpòo, y plr ltrn pnrtm snjmr mvatnrkls fmspuás. Kn blejaonbaòo fm aoymbbaòo nkbnkaon y fm surinbtnotms smguafn fm uo tnpòo fm plkåemrl (kknenfl eátlfl NRP) fmjmrån pmreatar rmslkvmr mstm prljkmen.

:.>0.= Prljkmens blo plkåemrls Mk tnpòo fm plkåemrls ms eubdl eîs smobakkl fmsfm mk puotl fm vastn iåsabl-quåeabl qum mk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm. 90

 

  Rao mejnrgl, kls plkåemrls slo tnejaáo susbmptajkms fm prmbapatnrsm, ilrenr oumvns insms nk blotnbtl fmk tnpòo fm surinbtnotm, nfslrjmrsm mo kn rlbn, l smr rmtmoafl plr iaktrnbaòo mo kls  plrls pmqumþls. Nfmeîs, sm fmjm blosafmrnr qum uon elkábukn fm plkåemrl dafrlslkujkm qum sm fmspknzn blo su ikuafl slkvmotm mstî slemtafl n msiumrzls fm baznkkneamotl nk ntrnvmsnr bnfn plrl, y msl eakkloms fm vmbms blosmbutavnemotm. Vnk "enk" trntneamotl pumfm prlfubar kn rupturn fm kn bnfmon plkaeárabn, rmsuktnofl ástn mo uon fmgrnfnbaòo fmk plkåemrl y uon faseaoubaòo fm su mimbtl vasblsnotm.

:.>0.9 Vnploneamotl blotrlknfl blo mspuens Bunofl mk ynbaeamotl prmsmotn irnbturns y/l zlons fm nktn pmremnjakafnf, kls ikuafls aoymbtnfls, qum smno slkubaloms nbulsns l vnplr, tamofmo n "msbnpnrsm" plr mstm bneaol fm emolr párfafn fm bnrgn, y plr kl tnotl ol pmomtrno mo kns fmeîs zlons. Mstl rmsuktn mo uon  pásaen miabamoban fm jnrrafl y plr kl tnotl mo uon jnhn rmbupmrnbaòo. Mk imoòemol sm ngrnvn plr så easel, plrqum nk jnrrmrsm mstns zlons, sm elvakazn mk pmtròkml fm tnkms zlons y su pmremnjakafnf nuemotn mo blosmbumoban. Ra sm pufamrno tnpnr mstns zlons fmspuás fm dnjmr elvakaznfl mk pmtròkml qum blotamomo, kls ikuafls aoymbtnfls tmofråno qum pmomtrnr mo kns zlons fm emolr pmremnjakafnf. Mstl ms kl qum sm mstî aotmotnofl dnbmr blo mspuens. Blel sm fasbutaò nk praobapal, Hneao fmsbujraò qum uon mspuen prmsmotn uon blosafmrnjkm rmsastmoban nk ikuar mo uo bnpaknr. Vnk dmbdl sm mxpkabò emfanotm kn kmy fm Knpknbm y plr kn faimrmoban motrm mk îogukl fm blotnbtl fm nvnobm y mk fm rmtrlbmsl. Ljvanemotm mk prljkmen ms eubdl eîs blepkmhl mo uo emfal  plrlsl fm ilren nkmntlran qum mo uo bnpaknr fm vafral, pmrl bunkatntavnemotm ms mk easel. Mk mstufal fm kn rmlklgån fm kns mspuens y fm kn aeplrtnoban fmk îogukl fm blotnbtl mstî tlfnvån mo sus praemrls pnsls, y sm pumfm fmbar qum ol sm dn nøo kkmgnfl n ljtmomr rmsuktnfls rmprlfubajkms fm enomrn aofasbutajkm. Mstl ol dn aepmfafl qum kns blepnþåns pmtrlkmrns mepamzno n mepkmnr mk imoòemol, eamotrns sm sagum trnjnhnofl pnrn motmofmrkl. 9>

 

  ]o bnepl pnrtabuknremotm aeplrtnotm ms mk fm kns aoymbbaloms fm vnplr. Mk vnplr ms uo ikuafl eubdl emols vasblsl qum kls ikuafls fmk ynbaeamotl, y plr kl tnotl plsmm uon tmofmoban mxtrmen mo msbnpnrsm plr kls bneaols fm emolr párfafn fm bnrgn, ms fmbar kns zlons fm jnhn  pmremnjakafnf. Nfmeîs, mk frmonhm blo vnplr ms eubdl eîs smosajkm nk mimbtl fm kn grnvmfnf grnvmfnf qum mk frmonhm blo ngun, fmjafl n kn grno faimrmoban fm fmosafnf motrm mk vnplr y kls ikuafls fmk ynbaeamotl. Ms plr kl tnotl fm mxtrmen aeplrtnoban rmfubar kls bneaols prmimrmobankms prmimrmoba nkms mo kn aoymbbaòo fm vnplr. Nk aoymbtnr vnplr blo nfatavls surinbtnotms sm pumfm prlfubar uon mspuen, kn bunk sm aotrlfubm mo kls bneaols prmimrmobankms y tamofm n tnplonrkls, ljkagnofl nså mk vnplr n  pmomtrnr mo kns zlons emols pmremnjkms. pmr emnjkms. Rao mejnrgl, mk prljkmen ms mxtrmenfnemotm blepkmhl plrqum mk vnplr tmreaon sameprm plr blofmosnrsm n bamrtn fastnoban fmk plzl, rmsuktnofl mk sastmen mo uon slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm buyn bleplsabaòo fmjm smr kn eîs mimbtavn plsajkm pnrn mk frmonhm blo slkubaòo bnkamotm fm surinbtnotm sujsaguamotm. Vnejaáo mk prljkmen sm blepkabn plr mk dmbdl fm qum mk vnplr ms n kn vmz bleprmsajkm y blofmosnjkm. Rm pumfmo prlfubar mspuens mstnjkms aoymbtnofl narm l uo gns aomrtm, pmrl motlobms sm fmjm mvatnr qum tnkms mspuens pmomtrmo mo kns zlons plbl  pmremnjkms. Dny tnejaáo qum blosafmrnr qum mk vnplr mstî mo mquakajral blo uon insm snkeumrn y uon insm nbmatm, y qum mk fmsmepmþl fmk surinbtnotm pumfm suirar kns easens nktmrnbaloms qum pnrn uo frmonhm blo slkubaloms fm surinbtnotms. Nfmeîs, sm fmjm oltnr qum kn tmepmrnturn fm kls ikuafls pumfm vnranr fmsfm eîs fm :00°B mo bnjmzn fmk plzl aoymbtlr dnstn =0-90°B mo kn zlon fmk ynbaeamotl tlfnvån irån. Mstl sagoaiabn qum sm rmquamrm uo surinbtnotm mstnjkm n nktn tmepmrnturn y buyns prlpamfnfms ol vnråno blo kn tmepmrnturn, rmquasatl faiåbak fm buepkar bunofl sm blolbm mk mimbtl fm kn tmepmrnturn sljrm kls surinbtnotms, pnrtabuknremotm kls olaòoabls. Mo blobkusaòo, sm pumfm fmbar qum tlfnvån dnbm inktn jnstnotm trnjnhl fm aovmstagnbaòo y fmsnrrlkkl pnrn fleaonr mstn táboabn.

9:

 

 

BNPAV]KL AAA EMVLFLKLGÅN Pnrn nkbnoznr kls ljhmtavls prlpumstls pnrn mk prmsmotm mstufal ‛Prlpumstn Váboabn pnrn

npkabnr mk eátlfl blejaonfl aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls mo mk plzl Rurujå  Olrlmstm-T> (RZJ OL-T>) ―, sm fmsnrrlkknrlo kns saguamotms nbtavafnfms8 

2.> VAPLR FM AOYMRVAGNBAÒO 2.>.> Aovmstagnbaòo fmsbraptavn Emfanotm mstn aovmstagnbaòo sm mxpkabn kn bnusn qum prlvlbn kn jnhn prlfubbaò prlfubbaòoo fmk plzl Rurujå  Olrlmstm ‒  T>,  T>, fm tnk enomrn qum sm rmsplofmrî n kn prmguotn fm ¼Bòel nimbtn kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls n kn prlfubbaòo prlfubbaòo Flbuemotnk  2.:.>.>  2.: .>.> Z mva saò saòo o ja jkal kalgr grî îia iabn bn ]on pnrtm aeplrtnotm pnrn emhlrnr mk fmsnrrlkkl fm mstm prlymbtl fm grnfl, ium mk kkmvnr n bnjl uon rmvasaòo jajkalgrîiabn prliuofn fm tlfls kls nspmbtls pknotmnfls mo mk prmsmotm mstufal. Plr mkkl sm rmnkazò uon jøsqumfn y rmvasaòo fm kls emfals fasploajkms sljrm mk tmen, blosuktnofl kajrls fm  prlbmsls fm Zmbupmrnbaòo Emhlrnfn fm Pmtròkml (MLZ), fm Aoymbbaòo fm Ngun, fm Iuofnemotls fm kn Aogmoamrån fmk Pmtròkml y fm Zmsmrvlrals, 

Kn blrrmbtn utakaznbaòo fm kn aoilrenbaòo ljtmoafn furnotm kn jøsqumfn jajkalgrîiabn, kkmvnofl n bnjl uon mvnkunbaòo bråtabn fmk entmrank rmblpaknfl y mk motmofamofl mk tmen fm aovmstagnbaòo mo mk enrbl fmk prlymbtl, pmreataò motrm ltrns blsns8   Bknraiabnr kns prmguotns y kls ljhmtavls qum sm pknotmno mo mstm prlymbtl fm grnfl.   Fmstnbnr kns plsajakafnfms fm aovmstagnbaòo qum lirmbm mk tmen.

92

 

    Zmnkaznr mk trnjnhl fm uon enomrn bknrn, lrfmonfn y moenrbnfl fmotrl fmk blotmxtl

fm kn aovmstagnbaòo.   Moblotrnr kls eátlfls fm mvnkunbaòo qum pumfmo rmsuktnr øtakms mo mk fmsnrrlkkl fm

mstm prlymbtl fm grnfl.  2.:.>.:  2.: .>.: Bkn Bknsaia saiabn bnbaò baòo o fm ium iumot otm ms fm aoilre aoilren nbaò baòo o

2.:.>.:.> Iumotms praenrals8 Kn Iumotm praenral fm aoilrenbaòo pnrn kn rmnkaznbaòo fm Prlymbtl smrî ljtmoafn plr emfal fm aostatubaloms blel smr ZMPRLK QPIJ y tnejaáo aoilrenbaòo jraofnfn plr ea tutlr.

2.:.>.:.: Iumotms smbuofnrals8 Kns iumotms smbuofnrans mstnrîo blepumstns plr kajrls ljtmoafls n bmrbn fm kn prlfubbaòo, eátlfls fm kn rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn (MLZ), aoilrenbaòo fm kajrls y pujkabnbaloms ljtmoafns mo aotmromt.

2.2 VÁBOABNR FM ZMBLKMBBAÒO FM FNVLR 2.2.> Ljsmrvnbaòo farmbtn Kn ljsmrvnbaòo qum sm pufl rmnkaznr mo kn vasatn nk Jklqum Enelrá (Rurujå - N), ms qum mk bnepl RZJ OL nøo sm mobumotrn mo iuobaloneamotl.

2.2.: Motrmvastn Kn motrmvastn qum sm rmnkazò blo uol fm kls mobnrgnfls ZN]K WNQNZ sm pufl mxtrnmr kn aoilrenbaòo fm qum mk plzl RZJ OL  ‒  T>  T> nøo sm mobumotrn mo prlfubbaòo, tnejaáo aofabò qum pnrn ljtmomr fntl fm plzl sm fmjmrî enofnr uon slkabatuf fm aoilrenbaòo n kn meprmsn ZMPRLK.

96

 

 

BNPAV]KL AY AOGMOAMZÅN FM PZLQMBVL 6.> NOVMBMFMOVMR FMK BNEPL R]Z]JÅ OLZLMRVM Mk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm, ujabnfl mo kn prlvaoban Bnrrnsbl fmk fmpnrtnemotl fm Blbdnjnejn, ium fmsbujamrtl plr Zmpslk Zmps lk QPI M&P Jlkavan mo mk nþl :002 emfanotm mk plzl fmsbujraflr RZJ OL-T> fm kns ilrenbaloms fm dafrlbnrjurls Qnotntn. Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan, blel lpmrnflrn fmk bnepl tamom mo kn nbtunkafnf 6 plzls pmrilrnfls, fm kls bunkms slkl 2 plzls sm mobumotrno mo prlfubbaòo fm gns y pmtròkml, eamotrns qum > plzl pmrenombm bmrrnfl. Kn mxpkltnbaòo fmk bnepl dnstn kn imbdn dn safl plr ngltneamotl n gltneamotl onturnk, uo prlbmsl fm fmpkmbaòo qum blosafmrnjkmemotm dn jnhnfl kn prlfubbaòo mo vartuf fmk tamepl. Kn  prlfubbaòo fmk bnepll RZJ OL prlvamom praobapnkemotm fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn, mk plzl RZJ OL-T> tamom uo  NPA fm 21.9 blo mk tamepl kn prmsaòo onturnk fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn ium fmbkaonofl, n kl knrgl fm su vafn prlfubtavn ium faseaouymofl su prlfubbaòo fm 716.>9>(JPF) fm BZ]FL n :44(JPF) fm BZ]FL, pnsnofl fm su prlfubbaòo onturnk n uon mtnpn enfurn fmjafl n qum kn prmsaòo fm rmsmrvlral ium fmbkaonofl fm 6.7>4 Psa n >.:96.22 Psa, plr kn jnhn pmremnjakafnf := eF mo kn zlon prlfubtlrn, plzl fnþnfl, mtb. qum pumfmo rmfubar kn prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls plr kl qum sm rmquamrmo táboabns fm rmbupmrnbaòo. Pnrn mk prmsmotm prlymbtl sm fmtmreaoò qum mk plzl aoymbtlr ms RZJ OL-2D qum qu m sm mobumotrno blombtnfls motrm så plr kn Ie. Qnotntn. Kls plzls vmrtabnkms sm mobumotrno tmreaonfls blo uo mepnqum fm grnvn pnrn blotrlknr kls  prljkmens fm fasgrmgnbaòo fm kn ilrenbaòo. Mk tapl fm rmsmrvlral ms sujsnturnfl plrqum kn prmsaòo aoabank fm ynbaeamotl ms enylr qum kn  prmsaòo fm puotl fm jurjuhn y plr mofm mk gns sm mobumotrn fasumktl mo mk pmtròkml, mvmotunkemotm kns jurjuhns fm gns sm fmsprmofmo uon vmz nkbnoznfl mk puotl fm jurjuhn, eamotrns qum mk ikuhl fm brufl fmbrmbm grnfunkemotm.

9=

 

 

VNJK N 98 98  bllrfmonfns fmk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm

PLXL

BLLZFMONFNR T

Q

RZJ OL-2D

2:094>.41

4>>61>>.0:

RZJ OL-T>

2>1126.>0

4>>64=7

RZJ OL-T:

2:0100.90

4>>6700

RZJ OL-Jkst

2:>42>.00

4>>6>=4

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

I A G]ZN :6 :68  ]jabnbaòo gmlgrîiabn fmk jklqum Enelrm.

Iumotm8 Gllgkm Enps

99

 

 

:=8  Enpn mstrubturnk nk tlpm fmk rmsmrvlral Qnotntn I A G]ZN :=

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N.

97

 

 

6.>.> Gmlklgån fmk plzl Rurujå OL-T> Kn mstrubturn Rurujå Olrlmstm ms uo notabkaonk mklognfl kaeatnfl nk olrtm y nk sur plr inkkns fm nktl îogukl, qum ms mk rmsuktnfl fmk pkmgneamotl bleprmsavl mo kn insm i nsm Nofaon. Rm mepknzn dnban mk Olrlmstm sljrm mk easel trmo mstrubturnk qum mk bnepl Rurujå, blel uon bukeaonbaòo smpnrnfn y blo enylr blepkmhafnf mstrubturnk. Kn praobapnk ilrenbaòo prlfubtlrn fmk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm ms Qnotntn (Brmtîbabl) y mstî ilrenfl plr rmsmrvlrals nrmolsls blotaouls fmplsatnfls mo uo nejamotm fm tapl blotaomotnkmòkabl-ikuvank. Kn Ie. Onrnohakkl blostatuym mk bleprljnfl smkkl rmgalonk. Fnfns kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm smfaemotnbaòo mstn ilrenbaòo ms ensavn m dafrîukabnemotm eîs blotaoun qum Klwmr Pmtnbn. Dafrîukabnemotm blombtnfn blo Qnotntn n enylr prliuofafnf, sm mobumotrn kn Ie. Abdln. ]on prumjn fm prlfubbaòo rmnkaznfn mo mk plzl RZJOL-T> n mstn øktaen ilrenbaòo, mvafmobaò ngun plr fmjnhl fm ‒ 2>>>e 2>>>e VYFss. Mk WLB ium iahnfl mo mstn bltn. Ol ljstnotm, kn Ie. Abdln ms pltmobankemotm prlfubtlrn fm dafrlbnrjurls mo su pnrtm supmralr, plr mobaen fmk blotnbtl fm ngun. Kn ltrn ilrenbaòo prlfubtlrn mo mk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm ms Klwmr Pmtnbn (Vmrbanral) y blosastm mo rmsmrvlrals nrmolsls fm vnranjkm blotaouafnf fmplsatnfls mo uo nejamotm fm tapl blotaomotnk-ikuvank. Kns Ies. ]ppmr Pmtnbn y Qmbun ilreno mk bleprljnfl smkkl rmgalonk. Kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm kn smfaemotnbaòo fm kls bumrpls nrmolsls pknotmno prljkmens fm blrrmknbaòo motrm kls easels pnrn fmiaoar mk grnfl fm bleuoabnbaòo motrm kls faimrmotms rmsmrvlrals y kn mxastmoban fm faimrmotms blotnbtls fm ikuafls.

94

 

 

I A G]ZN :9 :98  Blkueon mstrntagrîiabn fmk bnepl Rurujå Olrlmstm T>

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N. 91

 

 

6.>.>.> 6.>. >.> I lren lrenba baòo òo P mtn tnbn bn

Kn jnsm fm mstn uoafnf mstî ilrenfn plr blogklemrnfl plkaeabtabl jrmbdlsl, fm blklr  jknoqumbaol y rlhazl. Plr mobaen fm mstm blogklemrnfl sm tamom nktmronoban fm kutatns y nrmoasbns. 6.>.>.: I lr enbaòo O nr noha tls tls

Mk eamejrl onrnohakkls, fm nepkan fastrajubaòo mo mk îrmn fmk jklqum Enelrm, blostatuym uo  jumo smkkl pnrn mk rmsmrvlral praobapnk Qnotntn. Katlkògabnemotm mstî bloilrenfl plr fls bumrpls bknrnemotm faimrmobanjkms. Kn pnrtm supmralr mstî blepumstn plr nrbakkns fm blklrnbaòo gras vmrflsl, ensavn, jknofn pkîstabn y slkujkm. Kn pnrtm jnsnk kn bleplomo nrbakkns fm blklrnbaòo rlhl knfrakkl, ensavn nelrin,  pkîstabn y slkujkm3 enrbnflr fm fastrajubaòo rmgalonk qum aofabno mk rmsmrvlral rmsmr vlral Qnotntn. 6.>.>.2 I lr enbaòo ba òo Q notn otntn tn

Kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn tamom uo mspmslr prlemfal fm 2= e, prmfleaonoban n grnols grumsls n emfals sujrmflofmnfls y fm Jumon smkmbbaòo, iranjkms plrlsls y pmremnjkms3 blo msbnsl entrax kaelsl, blklr nenrakkmotl. 6.>.>.6 I lr enbaòo ba òo A bdl bdln n

Mstn ilrenfns plr nrmoasbns rlhazns, jknoqumbaons nenrakkmotns y vmrfusbns. Rlo fm grnols emfals n iaol, rmflofmnfls, jamo smkmbbalonfls, fm mstrubturn motrmbruznfn.

70

 

 

6.>.: Nrrmgkl fm plzl Rurujå OL-T> :78  Plzl RZJ OL-T> I A G]ZN :7

RRRY

>2 2/4" Bsg. 7:#, K-40,OHL @ >06 e-EF(ZV ).

1 =/4" Bsg. 60-29#, C-==,JVB @ >476 e-EF(ZV).

Gns Kait Enofrmk

RRF "T]"

"TO" Knofaog

Pbc

Oappkm

@ 2649,0:e- EF(ZV)

2=:: - 2=64 e.

Ruep Pnbcmr @ 2==0e- EF(ZV)

JZAFGM PK]G PJV @ 2=79e- EF(ZV)

2=74 - 2=4= e

IB @ 2497 e-EF(ZV ). 7" Bsg. :2#, O-40, JVB 7" Bsg. :9#, O-40, JVB VF8

@ 0 - >606 e-EF(ZV). @ >606 - 2419 e-EF(ZV).

21>0 e-EF(ZV)

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N. Mk prmsmotm nrrmgkl fm plzl bleamozn blo uon tujmrån fm rmvmstaeamotl fm >2 2/4 pukg. Vnejaáo sm pumfm ljsmrvnr mk tapl fm tujmrån qum ms fm K-40, mstm injrabnfl plr nbmrl aolxafnjkm, plr kl qum sagoaiabn qum ms rmsastmotm n kn blrrlsaòo. Pumfm vmrsm vmrtabnk agunk mkvmrfnfmrn tlpm fm kn  prliuofafnf fm ilrenbaòo 2.419 e. Qnotntn qum mstî n uon prliuofafnf 2.==0 e. y kn 7>

 

 

6.: AOILZENBAÒO FMK PLXL RZJ OL-T> 78  Fntls fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn (rmsmrvlral ljhmtavl) VNJK N 78

Ilrenbaòo

Qnotntn

Plrlsafnf ∍  Pmremnjakafnf C Grnfl NPA Yasblsafnf fm pmtròkml Yasblsafnf fmk ngun ½w  Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn fmk pmtròkml Crl Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn fm ngun Crw Rnturnbaòo fm ngun Rw aoabank Rnturnbaòo fm pmtròkml Rl Rnturnbaòo rmsafunk fm pmtròkml Rlr

>1 % := ef 21.9 l NPA 0.614 Bp 0.:1bp 0.26ef 0.9=ef 2: % 24% >9%

Pmtròkmlfm nbueuknfl Prmsaòo rmsmrvlralOp Pra Prmsaòo fm rmsmrvlral nbt. Pr Prmsaòo fm ilofl ikuymotm Pwi Prmsaòo fm puotl fm jurjuhn Pj Vmepmrnturn fm plzl Prliuofafnf vmrtabnk vmrfnfmrn(VYF) Prliuofafnf Ie Qnotntn (F) Mspmslr jrutl fm ilrenbaòo D Mspmslr omtl pmtrlkåimrl d Inbtlr vlkueátrabl fm pmtròkml aob. Jla Inbtlr vlkueátrabl fm pmtròkml nbt. Jl

>,6909=4.79ZJ 67>4 Psa >:96.22 7=0.77 Psa 79= Psa :04 ¸I 2419 e ‒  >:74>.1  >:74>.1 it 2==0 e ‒  >>969.4  >>969.4 it 96 e -:01.1 it 74 it >.6>> JQ/JO 0.1127 JQ/JO

Faîemtrl fm plzl r w Bnufnk aoabank fm pmtròkml Bnufnk nbtunk ^ Fmbkaonbaòo fm prlfubbaòo Fa Zmknbaòo gns- pmtròkml GLZa Zmknbaòo gns- pmtròkml nbt. GLZ Zmknbaòo omtl-jrutl OVG Grnvmfnf fm Gns Îrmn Rnkaoafnf fm ngun

>2 2/4 ao (>.>>= it) 716.>9> Jpf :44 Jpf 0.>0:2>: E.o. 9>= RBI/RVJ ::0 RBI/RVJ 4=% 0.79 9:.= Nbrms >2000 ppe Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan n jnsm fm fntls fm ‛Meprmsn Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N.― 

7:

 

  :48  Burvn fm fmbkaonbaòo. I A G]ZN :4

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N

6.:.> Rmkmbbaòo lptaen fm kkls ls quåeabls RP pnrn mk plzl RZJ OL ‒  T>  T> N blotaounbaòo mo kn tnjkn 4 sm rmnkazn kn blepnrnbaòo fm kls pnrîemtrls mo iuobaòo n kns  prlpamfnfms fm kls ikuafls, bnrnbtmråstabns fmk rmsmrvlral rmsm rvlral prlfubtlr fmk plzl RZJ OL-T>.

72

 

  48  Pnrîemtrls pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fm kn táboabn RP.   VNJK N 48

ZNOGLR FM NPKABNBAÒO FMK

YNZANJKMR FMK PLXL RZJ OLT> 

RARVMEN (RP) PMVZÒKML

PLXL RZJ OL-

LJRMZYNBAÒO

T> Grnvmfnf

? :0 °NPA

21.9¸ NPA

inbtajkm

Yasblsafnf

; :0 bP

0.614 bP

inbtajkm

QNBAEAMOVL Rnturnbaòo fm pmtròkml

? 20%

60%

inbtajkm

Prliuofafnf

; >4000 it

>>969.4 it

inbtajkm

Pmremnjakafnf Vmepmrnturn

;=0eF ; :=0¸I

:=eF :04¸I

inbtajkm inbtajkm

>2000 ppe

inbtajkm

NG]N Rnkaoafnf ; =0,000 ppe

KAVLKLGÅN Prmimrajkmemotm Nrmoasbn

Nrmoasbn

inbtajkm

INBVLZMR INYLZNJKMR Ilrenbaòo dlelgáomn

Ra

invlrnjkm

ϝd nktl

Ra

invlrnjkm

INBVLZMR FMRNILZNJKMR Nktls blotmoafls fm nrbakkn

Jnhl blotmoafl fm

inbtajkm

nrbakkns Nktl blotrnstm fm pmremnjakafnf

Ol

inbtajkm

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan. 76

 

  6.:.>.> 6.:. >.> Rmkmb kmbba baòo òo fm surinbtn sur inbtnotm otm

Mo kn aofustran pmtrlkmrn kls surinbtnotms bleøoemotm usnfls slo fm tapl noaòoabl. Motlobms pnrn mk prmsmotm prlymbtl sm usnrî mk surinbtnotm NK^]AK NZAK R]KILONVL FM RLFAL KAOMNK (KNR), qum prlvamom n pnrtar fmk bnrjlontl fm slfal. Q buepkm kn iuobaòo fm rmbupmrnr pmtròkml ntrnpnfl plr bnpaknrafnf, nk rmfubar kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank. Vamom kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm smr slkujkm mo ngun, rmfubar kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, ms fm tapl noaòoabl y tamom uon fmosafnf fm

 5>.0:6 ⁆ 50.46   

 

VNJK N 18 18  Rmkmbbaòo fmk surinbtnotm smgøo su bnrgn aòoabn.

VAPL FM R]ZINBVNOVM

BNZNBVMZÅRVABNR FMK

FNVLR FMK

RMGØO R]

R]ZINBVNOVM 

PLXL RZJ

BNZGN AÒOABN   NOAÒOABL 

OL  ‒ T>  -   Npkabnjkm n ilrenbaloms

nrmolsns. -  Vmepmrnturn emolr n 200 ¸I

- Katlklgån

 Nrmoasbns

-  Rlkujkm mo ngun nk 20%.  -   Npkabnjkm n ilrenbaloms

BNVAÒOABLR 

nrmolsns blo jnhl blotmoafl

-V

5 :04 ¸I 

fm nrbakkns. -  Vmepmrnturn enylr n 200 ¸I. -  Rlkujkm mo pmtròkml. 

7=

 

  -   Npkabnjkm n ilrenbaloms

nrmolsns blo nktl blotmoafl

OL AÒOABL 

fm nrbakkns. -  Vmepmrnturn >:0 n :00 ¸I. -  Rlkujkm mo ngun nk >00%.  -  Pnrn fm ilreuknbaloms

inrenbáutabns.

 NOILVÁZABLR 

-  Vmepmrnturn enylr n 2=0 ¸I. 

Iumotm. Rakvn., Enounk fm mstaeuknbaòo entrabank fm plzls pmtrlkmrls. VNJ KN >08  Ymraiabnbaòo fmk buepkaeamotl fm pnrîemtrls mo kns vnranjkms fm rmimrmoban.

F

NA M

O

V

M

R

N V L

B N Y

L

V

L

P

I E Î

Î ] Z N P

R

; 200 ¸I 

Vapl fm ilrenbaòo 

E ] B

Z

Z

K P

M N

E

Vmepmrnturn 

M X

B M

M Z

L Z

V I

Z

L V

M NA

R

R

Z

I ]

N

F

Z

J N

V

L

O

V

M K

PA

KM

B

O F

M

R

F

M

K

M M

Z N P

:04 ¸I 

RA 

 Nrmolsl 

RA 

 Nrmolsls  ABO ÒA N

O

Rlkujakafnf 

Mo ngun nk >00% 

Prmsmoban fm ngun 

RA 

Iumotm. Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan mo jnsm n fntls fmk plzl

79

 

  6.:.>. 6.:. >.: : Rmkmbba kmbbaòo òo fm plkå plkåe emr l

Mk plkåemrl smkmbbalonfl ms slkujkm mo ngun n jnhn snkaoafnf, kl bunk blofubm n uon emhlr rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf fm ngun-pmtròkml, nuemotn kn vasblsafnf, y rmfubbaòo fm pmremnjakafnf furnotm kn aoymbbaòo nk elemotl fmk jnrrafl fm rmsmrvlral. Nfmeîs, mstm plkåemrl ms bleøoemotm usnfl mo kn aofustran pmtrlkmrn y tamom emolr blstl mbloòeabl qum kls fmeîs tapls fm plkåemrls. Ljtmoafn aoilrenbaòo fm kn Nslbanbaòo Blklejanon fm Aogmoamrls Pmtrlkmrls NBAPMV. PLKANBZAKNEAFN PNZBANKEMOVM DAFZLKAXNFN (DPNE)

 5>.> ⁆

 

Yasblsafnf blo kn rmnbbaòo fm ngun n 0.:= kj/Jjk. 5 >9 bp VNJ KN >>8  Vapls fm plkåemrls.

VAPL FM PLKAEMZL 

Raotátabls

DPNE

MRVNJAKAFNF VÁZEABN 

VLKMZNOBAN N RNK

Mstnjkm dnstn

 Ol mstnjkms slo

:=0¸I   :=0¸I

smosajkms   smosajkms

BNZNBVMZÅRVABNR  .Npkabnjkm mo kn Zmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn fm pmtròkml,  prmimrajkmemotm mo kns ilrenbaloms fm nrmoasbns. . Nfatavl pnrn pmrfafn fm ikuafl. .Vamom slkujakafnf mo nktn mk ngun. . Nktl pmsl elkmbuknr.  elkmbuknr. 

Jalplkåem-

Glen

 Mstnjkm enylr n

rls

Tnotnon 

:=0 ¸I :=0  ¸I  

Mstnjkms  Mstnjkms 

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

. Npkabnjkm pnrn ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo. . Vmreaonbaòo fm plzls, irnbturneamotl y rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn mo ilrenbaloms blo flkleatns. . Jnhl pmsl elkmbuknr.  77

 

  VNJ KN >:8  Rmkmbbaòo fm plkåemrls. VAPL FM

YNZANJKM FM

PNZÎEMVZLR

PLKÅEMZLR

ZMIMZMOBAN

FM DPNE

PLKANBZAKNEAFN PNZBANKEMOVM DAFZLKAXNFN (DPNE)

Vmepmrnturn Vapl fm Ilrenbaòo

Rnkaoafnf

PNZÎEMVZLR FMK PLXL

:=0 ¸I :04¸I  Npkabnjkm mo kns ilrenbaloms  Nrmoasbn nrmoasbns, blo jnhl blotmoafl fm nrbakkns. ;>4000 ppe >2.000ppe

LJRMZYNBAÒO

Inbtajkm Inbtajkm

Inbtajkm

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan. Pnrn mk prmsmotm prlymbtl fm aoymbbaòo fm plkåemrls y surinbtnotms sm tleò mo bumotn mk  plkåemrl fm tapl plkanbrakneafn pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn (DPNE) blo uo nktl pmsl elkmbuknr, blo kn iaonkafnf fm ljtmomr uon nktn vasblsafnf pnrn nkbnoznr mk vnklr rmqumrafl y emhlrnr kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf mo mk ynbaeamotl. Ltrl inbtlr aeplrtnotm ms kn mstnjakafnf táreabn y kn fasploajakafnf mo mk emrbnfl pnrn nbbmfmr nk prlfubtl. Pnrn rmnkaznr kn aoymbbaòo fm slkubaloms plkåemrls-surinbtnotms sm tleò mo bumotn blel  plzl aoymbtlr, mk plzl RZJ OL-2D, yn qum bumotn blo uon fastnoban fm 400e fmk plzl  prlfubtlr RZJ OL-T>, plr tnotl, fm nbumrfl n kn fastnoban fm plzl kn aoymbbaòo fm RP smrî inbtajkm.

74

 

 

6.2 BÎKB]KLR FM AOGMOAMZÅN 6.2.> BÎKB]KL FMK ÅOFABM FM PZLF]BVAYAFNF. Ms kn rmknbaòo motrm kn tnsn fm prlfubbaòo fm uo plzl y kn bnåfn fm prmsaòo mo kn ilrenbaòo mk åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf sm mxprmsn blel H l AP. Mk åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf ms uon emfafn fm su bnpnbafnf fm prlfubar, y ms uon prlpamfnf fm kls plzls qum ms bleøoemotm emfafn. VNJ KN >28  Pnrîemtrls fmk åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf.

MRBNKN V PABN FM YNKLZ YNKLZMR MR FMK FMK OFABM FM PZLF]BVAYAFNF MO EPB/F*PRA.  Jnhn prlfubtavafnf 

H ˊ 0.= 

Prlfubtavafnf emfan 

0.= ˊ H ˊ > 

 Nktn prlfubtavafnf 

> ˊ H ˊ :.0 

Mxbmkmotm prlfubtavafnf 

H ? :.0 

Iumotm. (Enggalkl, :004)

  5 √

Flofm8

M b. 2: 

 

 H 5 Åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf (Jjk/f*Psa) Motlobms8

H 5 >:96.22Psa:44Jpf 7=0.77Psa 5./∗

 

 

Rmgøo mk åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf ljtmoafl fm 0.=9 Jjk/f*psa3 y blepnrnofl blo kls vnklrms fm rmimrmoban fm kn tnjkn >2, sm pumfm mstnjkmbmr qum mk plzl sm mobumotrn blo uon  prlfubtavafnf emfan bnsa nk kåeatm fm kn jnhn prlfubtavafnf. 71

 

 

6.2.: Znfal mxtmrol Mk rnfal fm frmonhm mxtmrol sm fmtmreaon n pnrtar fmk mspnbaneamotl fmk plzl nk smr mquavnkmotms mk îrmn fmk mspnbanfl fmk plzl blo kn fmk bårbukl.

∗  5 ∘ ∗ 

62=90∗9:. = r 5  62=90∗9:. π

 

M b. 22 

 

 

 5 .   5 .. 

6.2.2 Ylkuemo jrutl fmk rmsmrvlral

Mo gmomrnk mo uo ynbaeamotl sm blosafmrno fls tapls fm vlkuemo fm rlbn8 mk vlkuemo jrutl y mk vlkuemo omtl. Mk praemrl sm rmiamrm n tlfl mk vlkuemo fm rlbn qum blotamom dafrlbnrjurls l ol.

 5 ∗ ∗ 

M b. 26 

 

Flofm8  N5Îrmn fmk ynbaeamotl (Nbrm)  D5 Mspmslr jrutl fm kn ilrenbaòo. (It)

 5 9:.= ∗ :01.1  5 ..   6

 

6.2.6 Ylkuemo omtl fm rmsmrvlral

 5  ∗

 

M b. 2=  40

 

 

 5>2>>4.7=∗0.4=  5 .      

 

6.2.= Mspmslr omtl pmtrlkåimrl (O (O))

 5 

M b. 29 

 

1  5 >>>=0. 9:.=  5 .   5    

 

6.2.9 Pmtròkml lragaonk ao satu (PLMR) Rm tamom pnrn kn mstaenbaòo fm O, kns rmsmrvns fm rmbupmrnbaòo vlkueátrabn y mk embnoasel fm mepuhm fmk ngun.   Eátlfl vlkueátrabl

5 ∗∗∗ 

  5 77=4∗9:.=∗>74.>.6>>6∗0.>1∗0.24 ∍

M b. 27  

 

5  6.6: 

 

Zmsuktnofl mk PLMR blo jumon bnotafnf fm vlkuemo qum sm pumfm vmraiabnr mo kn tnjkn >6.

6.2.7 Pmtròkml nbueuknfl (Op) Vmoamofl blel fntl kn prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml nbueuknfn mo iuobaòo fm tamepl l fm kn tnsn fm prlfubbaòo8  

5>.69

Rm prlsagum n rmnkaznr mk bîkbukl fm8 4>

 

 

6.2.4 Ylkuemo fm pmtròkml rmenomotm l Pmtròkml nbtunk mo satal (PNMR)

 5

 

Mb.24 

   PNMR 56.6: EEJJK>. 69  5.    Blel sm pumfm ljsmrvnr kn bnotafnf fm pmtròkml qum sm mobumotrn mo mk plzl ms tlfnvån nktl,  plr kl qum kkmgn n hustaiabnr mk usl fmk eátlfl fm rmbupmrnbaòo rmbupmr nbaòo emhlrnfn plr emfal fm kn aoymbbaòo RP.

6.2.1 Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo n kn Imbdn

             ℏ 55          

 

Flofm8  Op5 Pmtròkml nbueuknfl PLMR5 Pmtròkml lragaonk mo satal

55 >.6.69:  IZ50.22 5%

 

 

 

Kl qum sagoaiabn qum mo mk rmsmrvlral fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn fmk plzl RZJ OL-T> dny  jumon bnotafnf fm pmtròkml rmbupmrnjkm. ]takaznels kn mbunbaòo :2 4:

 

  VNJ KN >68  Zmsmrvns rmenomotms nk :009 fm bnepls emolrms fmk Jklqum Enelrm.  ZMRMZYNR BNEPLR EMOLZMR  GNR  OZ0. 

BNEPL 

PMVZ KML/BLOFMO KML/BLOFMORNFL RNFL 

ZMRMZYN PZLF]BBAÒO ZMRMZYLZAL LZAGAONK NB]E]KNFN

 

 

VBI 

 

VBI 

ZMRMZYN YLK]EMO PZLF]BBAÒO NJZAK/09 ZMB]PMZNJKM NB]E]KNFN EAKKLOMR EAKKLOMR

 

VBI 

 

JKR 

 

JKR 

ZMRMZYN NJZAK/09 EAKKLOMR

 

JKR 

  JKL^]M ENELZM 

0

 

R]Z]JÅ 

PMVNBN 

0

 

PNKLEN 

PMVNBN 

 

PNKLEN 

 QNOVNVN  QNOVNV N 

>

:

2

 

0

 

>1,166

0

 

0,0=4 

0,>0:= 

0,07= 

:,2=9

 

0,00>9 

6,492

 

0,00024 

>,>2=

 

0,00092 

>,>=

 

0

 

2,4:>

 

0,>2=9> 

=6,>62

 

R]Z]JÅ O.L.   QNOVNV  QNOVNVN N 

0

 

R]Z]JÅ O.L. 

PMVNBN 

0

 

R]Z]JÅ O.L. 

ABDLN 

0

 

R]Z]JÅ J.J.   QNOVNV  QNOVNVN N 

6

=

9

7

  VLVNK ENELZM 

0 0

>2

 

>=,11>

 

2,1=2

>4,976

 

 

0,922

   

 

0

 

:,994

 

2=,04>

 

>6,71>

 

2,442

 

>,7:2

0,144

 

6,07=

0,0>

 

>,>:=

 

>,>=

 

     

 

 

>,>=2

 

 

>1,09:

 

Iumotm8 Meprmsn Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N.

6.2.>0 Bîkbukl fm rnzòo fm elvakafnf

      5  

  5 ∗½ ∗½

 

 

Fòofm8  E5 Znzòo fm elvakafnf %  Crl5 Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn fm pmtròkml eF  Crw5 Pmremnjakafnf rmkntavn fm ngun eF  ½l5 Yasblsafnf fm pmtròkml bp  ½w5 Yasblsafnf  fm ngun bp  42

 

  Motlobms rmepknznofl tmomels8

  5 ∗ ∗

 

E 5 0.92=∗0.6∗0.6:141 5.

21  M b. 21

 

 

Rå E?>, mk ikuafl fmspknznotm (mo mstm bnsl ngun) sm eumvm eîs iîbakemotm qum mk ikuafl fmspknznfl, kl bunk dnbm qum mk irmotm fm kn aoymbbaòo smn aomstnjkm fmjafl n qum mk ngun sljrmpnsn nk ikuafl fmspknznfl. Rm pumfm ljsmrvnr kn rnzòo fm elvakafnf ms 2.:4 ? > fmsinvlrnjkm plr kl tnotl sm rmquamrm kn nfabaòo fm plkåemrls pnrn emhlrnrkn,  mk tnpòo fm plkåemrl rmfubarî kn rnzòo fm elvakafnf nk rmnkaznr uo jnrrafl blostnotm.

6.2.>> Fmtmreaonbaòo tmòrabn fm kn blobmotrnbaòo fmk plkåe plkåemrl mrl Rnturnbaòo prlemfal l olrenkaznfn fmk pmtròkml elvajkm8

nbt nbtunkunk  RlrRlr Rl.o.5 Rl>RwRlr Rl.o.5 >0.0.240. 2:0.>9>9 Rl.o.prle.50.6: Rl.o.56:%

 

 

46

 

 

6.2.>: Yasblsafnf òptaen l rmqumrafn fmk ikuafl fmspknznotm (slkubaòo plkaeárabn)

½IFmspknznotm5 CrwCrl∗ ½l ∗ Rl.o. ½IFmspknznotm5 0. 9 =∗0. 0. 2 6 6 14 ∗ 6:       5.  

 

Kn vasblsafnf rmqumrafn fm kn slkubaòo plkaeárabn pnrn plfmr fmspknznr mk pmtròkml sao  prljkmens fm fagatnbaòo ms fm 21.14 (bp). (bp) .

6.2.>2 Fmtmreaonbaòo fm oumvl rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf blo kn slkubaòo plkaeárabn 

E 5 ½slk plkCrwaemrl∗ ½∗l Crl

E 5 21.0.91=4∗∗0.0.62146 E 5 0.0:6  

E;>, rmknbaòo fmiaoafn gmomrnkemotm blel rnzòo fm elvakafnf invlrnjkm. Pnrn emhlrnr kn miabamoban fm jnrrafl ms ombmsnral faseaouar kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf y nså nuemotnr kn rmbupmrnbaòo fmk pmtròkml. Kn miabamoban fm nrrnstrm y mk rmbljrl fm pmtròkml tamofmo n faseaouar n emfafn qum kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf nuemotn, uo prlbmsl fm fmspknzneamotl pumfm smr emhlrnfl aobrmemotnofl kn vasblsafnf fmk ngun l faseaouymofl kn fmk pmtròkml, mo mstm smotafl mo mk saguamotm prlymbtl fm aovmstagnbaòo mk ljhmtavl ms aobrmemotnr kn vasblsafnf nk ikuafl fmspknznotm (ngun), plr kl tnotl nk nþnfar plkåemrls emhlrò kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf fm 2.:4 n 0.0:6, mstl quamrm fmbar qum mk ikuafl fmspknznfl (pmtròkml) ikuym blo enylr inbakafnf nså tnejaáo aobrmemotn kn  prlfubbaòo.

4=

 

 

6.2.>6 Miabamoban fm fmspknzneamotl Rm mstaen emfanotm kn saguamotm mbunbaòo8

Bnejal mo kn snturnbaòo fm pmtrlkml mo kn zlon jnrrafn ΖRl M 5 Rnturnbaòo fm pmtrlkml nk bleamozl fm kn aovnsaòo 5 Rl R 5 >  R  R 5 >  R 

Kn snturnbaòo fm pmtròkml aoabank ms8

Q kn snturnbaòo prlemfal mo kn zlon jnrrafn ms8

Plr kl tnotl8

M 5 >  RRwp w>Rw  Rw >  Rwp M 5 >Rw                        M 5 0.>0. 7= 0.2:2: M 592% Fòofm8  5

   

 5

 

 (%)

   

 

     

 

 (%)

 

 

 0,7=

 5 R

ò    

 

 (%)

Zmmepknznofl8

 

Rm pumfm ljsmrvnr blo kn aotmrvmobaòo fm f m kls quåeabls kn miabamoban fm fmspknzneamotl emhlrn dnstn 92% nk blotnbtnrsm blo mk pmtròkml qum sm mobumotrn mo mk rmsmrvlral. Mstl aofabn qum mk jnrrafl smrî miabamotm blo kn aoymbbaòo fm RP.

 

49

 

 

6.2.>= Bîkbukl fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank (ς)  

Rmgøo Blrrmknbaòo fm Jncmr, L. y Rwmrfklii, W.

 527. 5210.=0.:=7>∗ :=7>∗

M b. 60 

 

 

M b. 6> 

 527.=0.:=7>∗21.9  5 .  //

 

 

Fòofm8

ς948 Vmosaòo aotmrinbank n 94 ¸I, faons/be ς>008 Vmosaòo aotmrinbank n >00 ¸I, faons/be y NPA8 Grnvmfnf fmk pmtròkml, °NPA



Fmjafl n qum mk mimbtl fm kn tmepmrnturn sljrm  ms fmsblolbafn, kn mxtrnplknbaòo eîs nkkî fmk rnogl fm tmepmrnturn fm >00 ; V (¸ I) ; 94 ol ms rmblemofnfl. Plr kl tnotl, sm sugamrm qum, sa kn tmepmrnturn ms enylr fm >00 ¸I, mk vnklr n >00 ¸I fmjm smr utakaznfl. Fm agunk enomrn, sa V ˂94 ¸I.

6.2.>9 Fmtmreaonr kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank mo iuobaòo n kn blobmotrnbaòo (ppe) fm surinbtnotm. Mo kn iagurn 2> sm eumstrn mk bleplrtneamotl fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank, mo bnfn surinbtnotm, ljsmrvîoflsm qum kls vnklrms fm VAI faseaouymo n emfafn qum nuemotn kn blobmotrnbaòo fmk surinbtnotm, dnstn kkmgnr n uo eåoael vnklr y iaonkemotm pmrenombmr pmrenom bmr prîbtabnemotm blostnotm. N emfafn qum kn blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm nuemotn, fabdns elkábukns sm nfslrjmo mo kn aotmrinsm brufl/ngun y fmjafl n mstl, kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank mepamzn n fmbrmbmr rîpafnemotm. Mk vnklr fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank pnsn n trnvás fm uo eåoael, mo flofm kn aotmrinsm sm snturn blo eloòemrls fm surinbtnotm y bleamozno n ilrenrsm ngrmgnfls motrm mkkls, kls bunkms sm blolbmo blo mk olejrm fm eabmkns. Mstn blobmotrnbaòo bl obmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm blrrmsplofm blrr msplofm nk eåoael

47

 

  fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank y ms kknenfn blobmotrnbaòo eabmknr bråtabn (BEB). ]on vmz kkmgnfn n mstn blobmotrnbaòo, bunkquamr bnotafnf nfabalonk fm surinbtnotm ol vn n bnejanr blosafmrnjkmemotm kls vnklrms fm tmosaòo aotmrinbank, enotmoaáoflsm prîbtabnemotm blostnotm. Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms mo (ppe).

 5  

Blovartamofl8

46=9 ppe 5 :>>6

 

   ppe 5 242>16=:>9 229011.>=::  5    Flofm8 e s5 Pmsl fmk surinbtnotm (eg) Y  slk 5 Ylkuemo fm kn slkubaòo surinbtnotm-ngun (K)  ppes5 Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotms (ppe)

 

M b. 6: 

44

 

  I A G]ZN :1 :18  Grîiabl fm VAI vs. Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm :6

Ástmr fm ilsintl (MI)

::

) e b/ F( IA V

 Nkquak nrak sukilontl sukilontl fm slfal (KN (KNR) R)

:0 >4 >9 >6 >: >0

0

>0

:0 Blobmotrnba 20 otrnbaòo 60 òo =0fm surinbtnot 90 nbtnotm 70 m 40 e 10 Blobm suri

>00 >>0

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp, :0>:) ]takaznofl kn iagurn 2> sm pumfm ljsmrvnr qum kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank rmfubm.

6.2.>7 Bîkbukl fm prmsaòo fm irnbturn Kn prmsaòo fm irnbturn ms kn eîxaen prmsaòo qum rmsastm kn entraz fm kn ilrenbaòo notms fm njrarsm l irnbturnrsm mo uo puotl mspmbåiabl fm kn ilrenbaòo, ms fmbar, kn bnpnbafnf qum tamom kn ilrenbaòo mo uo plzl pnrn slplrtnr kn prmsaòo fmk ikuafl eîs bunkquamr prmsaòo nþnfafn fmsfm kn supmriabam jamo smn fm ilren aotmobalonk l ol. Notms sm fmjm bnkbuknr kn grnfamotm fm irnbturn fm kn ilrenbaòo mk bunk mstî fnfl plr kn saguamotm mbunbaòo8

55  ∗>+  

 

Flofm8 Gi 5 Grnfamotm fm irnbturn

M b. 60 60 

41

 

   Pr

5 Prmsaòo fm rmsmrvlral nbtunk (Psa)

VYF5 Prliuofafnf vmrtabnk vmrfnfmrn (it)

>:74>.221) Gi5 Gi 5 >: ∗ (> + >:96. 5.   ⁆ 

 

 

Bîkbukl fm prmsaòo fm irnbturn8

  Flofm8

M b. 62 

5∗

 Pi

5 Prmsaòo fm ilrenbaòo (Psa)

Gi

5 Grnfamotm fm ilrenbaòo (Psa/it)

VYF 5 Prliuofafnf vmrtabnk vmrfnfmrn (it)

Pi50.==∗>:74>.1   5      

 

 

Kn prmsaòo fm irnbturn bnkbuknfn ms fm 7020 Psa ol fmjamofl sljrmpnsnrsm pnrn rmnkaznr kn aoymbbaòo RP mo kn ilrenbaòo.

6.2.>4 Fmtmreaonr blobmotrnbaòo fm aoymbbaòo RP Pnrn mk elfmkl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls sm utakazn jnbdms fm nejls quåeabls mo uon aoymbbaòo submsavn (surinbtnotm, plkåemrl y ngun).

10

 

  6.2.>4.> 6.2. >4.> B lobm lobmotr otrnbalom nbalomss utaka uta kazn znf fns

Kn Vnjkn >=, mspmbaiabn bnfn msbmonral blo kn rmspmbtavn blobmotrnbaòo pnrn surinbtnotm y  plkåemrl mo bnfn jnbdm, bnjm rmbnkbnr qum mo mk msbmonral uol kkls ls tamepls fm aoymbbaòo slo fm : emsms fm surinbtnotms y 6 emsms fm plkåemrls, huotls sueno uo nþl kl bunk mstî rmprmsmotnfl plr uo jnbdm. VNJ KN >=8  Blobmotrnbaloms fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls. >  la

r n

Blobmotrnbaòo Kj/jjk  o

m b s M >  s

    m       d b

    n        j     m       f      l     r      m      e       ø       O

: 

: 

Blobmotrnbaòo Kj/jjk 

2 

6 

Blobmotrnbaòo Kj/jjk 

Blobmotrnbaòo Kj/jjk 

R  6.0  0.0 

P  0.:=  0.00 

R  6.0  0.0 

P  0.2=  0.0 

R  2.00  0.00 

P  0.00  0.:= 

R  2.0  2.0 

P  0.0  0.0 

2.=  0.0 :.0  0.0  >.0  0.0  >.0 

0.:=  0.00 0.:0  0.00  0.>0  0.00  0.>0 

2.0  0.0 0.0  2.0  0.0  >.0  0.0 

0.:  0.0 0.0  0.>=  0.0  0.>  0.0 

0.00  2.00 0.00  0.00  :.00  0.00  0.0 

0.00  0.:0  0.00  0.00  0.>=  0.0 

2.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0  0.0 

0.0  0.:=  0.:=  0.:=  0.:=  0.:= 

2 6  =  9  7  4  1 

Vamepl fm aoymbbaòo

: emsms

6 emsms

Iumotm8 N. E. Haeáomz, Noîkasas m Aotmrprmtnbaòo fm ynbaeamotls slemtafls n eátlfls quåeabls, Jubnrnenogn, :001. Kns blobmotrnbaloms fm plkåemrls fmjmo smr enomhnfns blo buafnfl plrqum mk nuemotl qum lbnsalon mo kn vasblsafnf fmk ngun mstî rmknbalonfl farmbtnemotm blo kn prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo, kns bunkms pumfmo kkmgnr n sljrmpnsnr kn prmsaòo fm irnbturn fmk ynbaeamotl. Mo mstm bnsl, kls surinbtnotms utakazno uon bnotafnf fm blobmotrnbaòo nktn mo rmknbaòo n  plkåemrls, fmjafl n su bleplrtneamotl farmbtl n kn faseaoubaòo fm kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank. Rm nprmban qum mo kls praemrls emsms kn prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml blo RP sm enotamom plr kn burvn fm prlfubbaòo nbtunk, tamepl mo bunk sm rmnkazn kn aoymbbaòo fm kls jnbdms fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, nk sáptael ems kn prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml bleamozn n aobrmemotnr, fmjafl n qum mo mstm tamepl sm rmnkazn mk fmspknzneamotl fm kls jnbdms fm quåeabls blo mk

1>

 

  ngun aoymbtnfn y fm mstn ilren sm vn nktmronofl kls jnbdms fm quåeabls blo mk ngun, ljtmoamofl uo aobrmemotl blotaoul fm pmtròkml. Ms rmblemofnjkm aoymbtnr jnbdms blotaouls blo faseaoubaòo grnfunk fm blobmotrnbaloms blo bmotrnbaloms pnrn blosmrvnr kn aotmgrafnf fmk irmotm. Rm fmtmreaoò qum utakaznrmels kns blobmotrnbaloms msbmonral > fmk jnbdm > fm kn tnjkn >=  plrqum slo kns blobmotrnbaloms nfmbunfns pnrn kn aoymbbaòo, qum tlen uo tamepl fm aoymbbaòo fm : emsms pnrn mk surinbtnotm y 6 emsms pnrn mk plkåemrl dnbamofl uo tltnk fm 9 emsms fm aoymbbaòo fm RP, plstmralr n mstl sm tlen mk jnbdm : fmk msbmonral > pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm ngun.

6.2.>1 Bîkbukl fm kn prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen mo kn supmriabam pnrn RP Ms kn prmsaòo fm barbuknbaòo fmk ikuafl mo supmriabam qum sm usn pnrn kkmvnr mk blotrlk fm kn  prmsaòo. 6.2.>1.> 6.2. >1.> B îkbukl f fm m kn p prr msaòo sa òo e eîxa îxae en f fm m Ruri ur inbtn btnotm otm mo kn supm supmrr ia bam ba m

 5  0.0=:∗ ∗ 

 

M b. 66 

Fòofm8  P Renx Renx 5 Prmsaòo eîxaen fm aoymbbaòo (Psa).  P  i  5  5 Prmsaòo fm irnbturn (Psa).  ώV  5  5 Fmosafnf tltnk fm kn emzbkn fm R-D:L (kj/gnkòo).  ώV

5 >.0:6 g/bb 5 4.=6 kj/gnkòo

 F 5 Prliuofafnf fm ilrenbaòo Qnotntn (It). Motlobms8

 570200.0=:∗4.=6/∗>>969.4  5    

 

1:

 

  6.2.>1.: 6.2. >1.: B îkbukl f fm m kn p prr msaòo sa òo e eîxa îxae en f fm m plkåe lkåemr l m mo o kn supm supmrr ia ba bam m

 5  0. 0=:∗ ∗ 

 

Fòofm8 ώV 5 Fmosafnf tltnk fm kn emzbkn fm P-D:L (kj/gnkòo). ώV 5 >.> g/bb 5 1.>4 kj/gnkòo

Motlobms8

 570200.0=:∗1.>4/∗>>969.4

 

 

 5  

6.2.>1.2 6.2. >1.2 B îkbukl f fm m kn p prr msaòo sa òo e eîxa îxae en f fm m ngun mo mo kn supm supmrr ia ba bam m

 5  0.0=:∗ ∗ 

 

Fòofm8 ώD:L 5 > g/bb 5 4.26 kj/gnkòo

Motlobms8

 570200.0=:∗4.26/∗>>969.4  5  

 

 

Mo bnsl fm smr kn prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen enylr n kn prmsaòo fm irnbturn3 ol smrån plsajkm npkabnr mk eátlfl blejaonfl aoymbbaòo RP. Pmrl kls pnrîemtrls ljtmoafls fm kn aoymbbaòo eîxaen fm Rurinbtnotms, Plkåemrls y ngun slo emolrms n kn prmsaòo fm irnbturn.

12

 

 

6.2.:0 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo e eîxaen îxaen fm surinbtnotm

 .  ∗ √       5 ∗∗∗ ∗

6=  M b. 6=



Fòofm8 ^asenx 5 Bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxael (jjk/eao). C 5 Pmremnjakafnf fm kn ilrenbaòo (ef). d 5 Mspmslr fmk aotmrvnkl fm aotmrás (it) Pwi   5 Prmsaòo fm ilofl ikuymotm (Psa). PRenx 5 Prmsaòo eîxaen fm aoymbbaòo (Psa). ½i 5 Yasblsafnf fmk ikuafl fm trntneamotl (bP).  Oltn8 sm usò aotmrplknbaòo motrm (>-0.9) bp, pnrn pnr n mk 90% ngun r m 5 Znfal fm frmonhm (pam). r  p 5 Znfal fm tujmrån fm aoymbbaòo 6 >/: (pam). Nomxl. 6.2.>7 Motlobms8

√ 6. 1 >7∗>0 ∗:=∗74∗>4=47=0. 7 7  5 0.4646 ∗∗  120.0.>71>  5>.694 /  5  //

 

 

 

Mstn smrî mk bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen mo bunotl n kn slkubaòo fm surinbtnotm blo ngun, furnotm : emsms pnrn mk msbmonral > y jnbdm >.

6.2.:> Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxae eîxaenn fm plkåemrl Yasblsafnf fm plkåemrl blo kn rmnbbaòo fm ngun n 0.:= kj/Jjk. 5 >9 bp nomxl.

 .  ∗ √       5 ∗∗∗ ∗

M b. 69 69 

16

 

 

√ 6. 1 >7∗>0 ∗:=∗74∗>6707=0. 7 7  5 >9  ∗  120.0.>71> √

 

 

5=.002>0 5 / /  

Mstn smrî mk bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen mo bunotl n kn slkubaòo fm plkåemrl blo ngun, furnotm 6 emsms pnrn mk msbmonral > y jnbdm >.

6.2.:: Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo e eîxaen îxaen fm ngun Yasblsafnf fm ngun 5 >bp

 .  ∗ √       5 ∗∗∗ ∗ √ 6. 1 >7∗>0 ∗:=∗74∗>1717=0. 7 7  5 >  ∗  120.0.>71>

Mb.67  

 

 

// 27/ 5>.5 

 

Mstn smrî mk bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen fm ngun, fmspuás fm dnjmr aoymbtnfl mk RP.

6.2.:2 Bîkbukl fm kknn pltmoban dafrîukabn fm kn jlejn Rm rmnkazn mstm bîkbukl pnrn fmiaoar n bunotls Dp sm fmjm jlejmnr mk surinbtnotm dnban mk plzl RJZ OL ‒  T>  T>

1=

 

 

ℏ 5 S ∗ U∗0.0>2>=

 

M b. 64 64 

Fòofm8 DDP 5 Pltmoban Dafrîukabn fm kn jlejn (dp). qasenx 5 Bnufnk fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen (e2/smg). Psenx 5 Prmsaòo fm aoymbbaòo eîxaen mo supmriabam (cg/e:). 0,0>2>= 5 Inbtlr fm blovmrsaòo n dp. Zmnkaznr blovmrsaòo8 qasenx 5 >.694 jjk/eao 5 2.4>x>0-2 e2/smg Psenx 5 >4=4 Psa 5 >209206 cg/e: Motlobms8

DDPdp 5 2.4>>0√/ /∗∗ >2>20909202066 cg/cg/ee ∗0.0>2>=  5 .   

 

 

Kn emzbkn fm surinbtnotm y ngun sm fmjm aoymbtnr n uon pltmoban fm 99.7 dp.

6.2.:6 Bîkbukl fm pmsl fm surinbtnotm n aoymbtnr Fntl mxtrnåfl fm tnjkn >: fm blobmotrnbaloms msbmonral > y jnbdm > Bs5 6 Kj/Jjk Flofm Yslk 5 t 5 >fan



*t

 5 .

 

M b. 61 

Fmspmhnofl es  

 5 / ∗ .

19

 

 

 56∗:>>6 46=9   5 46=9

 

 

Flofm8 e s5 Pmsl fm surinbtnotm mo (Kj) Y  slk.R 5 Ylkuemo fm slkubaòo surinbtnotm-ngun (Jjk) B  s5 Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm (Kj/Jjk) Pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotm plr fån sm utakaznrî 46=9 Kj. furnotm kls praemrls 6 emsms.

6.2.:= Bîkbukl fm pmsl fm plkåemrl n aoymbtnr Fntl mxtrnåfl fm tnjkn >2 fm blobmotrnbaloms msbmonral > y jnbdm > BP5 0.:= Kj/Jjk

Fmspmhnofl es

 5 .

5 / ∗  .  50. : =∗7:  5  

 

M b. =0 

 

 

 

Flofm8 e P 5 pmsl fm plkåemrl mo (Kj) Y  slk.p5vlkuemo fm slkubaòo plkåemrl-ngun (Jjk) B  p5 blobmotrnbaòo fm plkåemrl (Kj/Jjk) Pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm plkåemrl plr fån sm utakaznrî >4 Kj. furnotm kls saguamotms 6 emsms.

17

 

 

6.6 BÎKB]KL FM BN]FNKMR 6.6.> Eátlfl fm Ylgmk pnrn rmsmrvlral sujsnturnfl Pr?Pj

Fm elfl qum kn prmsaòo eîxaen fm kn emzbkn fmk surinbtnotm y ngun sm blovamrtm mo uon oumvn prmsaòo fm rmsmrvlral plrqum nk aoymbtnr mk ikuafl sameprm nuemotnrn kn prmsaòo mo mk rmsmrvlral.

6.6.: Bîkbukl fm bnufnk pnrn gmomrnr APZ dnstn mk puotl fm jurjuhn Zmbnkbuknofl sm tamom8  Oumvl bnufnk fm prlfubbaòo blo Psenx Pse nx 5 Pr nbt nbt5>4=4 Psa Flofm8  H 5 Åofabm fm prlfubtavafnf (Jjk/f*Psa)  Psenx5Pr nbt  nbt   5 Prmsaòo fm surinbtnotm eîxaen (Psa)  Pwi 5 Prmsaòo fm ilofl ikuymotm (Psa)

5   50.=9>4=47=0.77

 

M b. => => 

 

 

 5   // 5    ^lj50.=9>4=479= 5 /

6.6.2 Bnkbuknels bnufnk fm pmtròkml mo mk puotl fm jurjuhn

 

 

M b. =: 

14

 

 

6.6.6 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk pnrn gmomrnr kn burvn fm APZ fmspuás fmk puotl fm jurjuhn

 ∗   5+ . >0. :  0. 4       Pwi   Pwi   0. = 9∗79= ^l59>:+ >.4 >0. : (79=)0. 4 (79=) 

M b. =2 

 

6.6.= Bleplrtneamotl fmk plzl fmspuás fm kn aoymbbaòo RP (APZ) Gmomrnofl mk APZ usnofl mk eátlfl fm Ylgmk8 Nsuem vnrals vnklrms pnrn Pwi . VNJ KN >98  Zmsuktnfls fm bnufnk pnrn faimrmotms prmsaloms fm ilofl ikuymotm nsueafl  

Pwi (Psa)

Ylgmk ^l 5 H(Pr-Pwi) ↚ Dnstn Pj 

  4PwiPr   5^lenx>0. : (PwiPr )0. 5^lenx

 

Pr nbt nbt  >4=4

0

>=00

:00.64

>000

640.64

Pj 79=

9>:.04

Pwi 7=0.77

9:0.00

=00

727.==

200

40:.0=

>00

460.=:

0

4=0.00 Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

11

 

 

I A G]ZN 20 208  burvn fm fmbkaonbaòo emfanotm mk Eátlfl fm Ylgmk  

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

6.6.9 Bîkbukl fm bnufnk fm kåe kåeatm atm mbloòeabl

.. 5 √ ⁆þ Flofm8 q K. M.5 Gnstl kaeatm mbloòeabl, (e2/nþl). B5Blstl mstaenfl fm lpmrnbaòo nk kåeatm mbloòeabl, ($/nþl). L 5 Prmbal fmk pmtròkml plr emtrl bøjabl, ($/e2). R 5 Elotl fm rmgnkåns, aepumstls, mtb. ($/e2). Flofm   Prmbal fm pmtròkml nbtunk ms == $us/Jjk

Blovartamofl sm tamom L5269 $us/e2   Zmgnkåns l tnsn fm fmsbumotl >2.>4%

 

M b. =6 =6 

>00

 

  ]takaznofl rmgkn fm 2

> 4  5 ==∗>2. >00

 

57.: $ 57.:$  5  $//  

Blovartamofl mo e2 Ymraiabnr mo mk nomxl

 

Blstls fm surinbtnotm >000 $us/Vlo 5 >$us/Cg Blstls fm plkåemrl 14= $us/Vlo

5 0.14= $us/Cg

Motlobms8 Mo : emsms fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotm. es(Kj) 546=9 Kj/f Prmbal fm surinbtnotm 5 (242=.=77 cg/f*> $us/Cg*20.6 f/ems)*: ems 5 :222:6.94 $us Mo 6 emsms fm aoymbbaòo fm plkåemrls. eP(Kj) 5>4 Kj/f Prmbal fm plkåemrl 5 (4.>7 cg/f*0.14= $us/Cg*20.6 f/ems)*4 ems 174.=9 $us Mk blstl prlemfal fm prlfubbaòo plr jnrrak fm pmtròkml mo Jlkavan >0 $us/jjk Motlobms 9:0 jjk/f*>0 Rus/jjk*29= f/nþl. 5 ::92000

 5   5    +        å å     +            ò ò  :222:6.94 +174.=9 +::92000  5 :6:61717202 202..:6 $$/þ/þ : 6 ⁆þ   .. 5 :617202. 2696= .. 54:19.94⁆  .. 5 5 ⁆þ

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0>

 

 

6.6.7 Bîkbukl fm tamepl fm njnoflol

 5  ∗.. > ∗(9:0>6:)  5 0.>0:2>:  5  þþ

 

M b. == 

 

 

Mk tamepl fm vafn fmk plzl RZJ OL-T> ms fm >6 nþls eîs. Pnrn rmnkaznr kn saguamotm iagurn 20 sm utakazò kn mbunbaòo 90 fm tamepl fm njnoflol fmspmhnofl mk bnufnk aoabank y nsueamofl nkguols vnklrms fm tamepl fmotrl kls fls rnogls fm tamepl fm prlfubbaòo. 2>8  Bnufnk fm prlfubbaòo mo iuobaòo fmk tamepl I A G]ZN 2> Bnufnk fm prlfubbalo fmk plzl RZJ OL-T> 100     ) 400     f     /     k     j 700    J     (      l 900    m     k    l =00    r    t    m    p 600    m     f 200     k    n     f :00    u    n

Bleplrtneamotl blo RP Dastlrank fm prlfubbalo

   B >00

0 :000

:0>0

:0:0

:020

Vamepl (Nþls)

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

6.6.4 Bîkbukl fm pmtròkml nbueuknfl mspmrnfl (Opm) ]takaznofl kls oumvls bnufnkms bnkbuknfls.



qa  q     Fa

:060

>0:

 

 

 5 9:0>6: 0.>0:2>:  29=   5 .    

 

6.6.1 Inbtlr fm Zmbupmrnbaòo mspmrnfl

               5            5 >.6.7:  IZ 50.60  5%

 

 

 

 

Fnfl kls rmsuktnfls fmk inbtlr fm rmbupmrnbaòo sm mstaen qum blo mk eátlfl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls sm tmofrî uo 60% eîs fm rmbupmrnbaòo fm pmtròkml euy npnrtm fm kls 22% qum sm rmbupmrò blo kls eátlfls notmralrms. Dnbamofl uon suen fm kls fls inbtlrms fm rmbupmrnbaòo sm tamom uo 72% fm rmbupmrnbaòo tltnk fmk plzl RZJ R ZJ OL-T>, fm kn ilrenbaòo Qnotntn.

>02

 

 

6.= BLEPNZNBAÒO FM ZMR]KVNFLR VNJ KN >78  Blepnrnbaòo fm rmsuktnfls fmspuás fm kn aoymbbaòo fm RP.

ILZENBALO

Qnotntn

RAO MK EMVLFL ^l

:44 Jpf

Pr

>:96.22 Psa

E

2.:4

Ir

22%

 Op

>.6 EEJjk

ILZENBALO

Qnotntn

BLO MK EMVLFL ^l

9:0 Jpf

Pr

>4=4

E

0.0:6

Ir m

60%

 Opm 

>.7 EEJjk

Iumotm8 mknjlrnbaòo Prlpan

Emfanotm kn npkabnbaòo fmk eátlfl blejaonfl aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls mo mk  plzl Rurujå Olrlmstm-T>, sm pumfm vmr qum kls rmsuktnfls fm bnufnk fm prlfubbaòo nuemotn eîs fm su prlfubbaòo olrenk.

>06

 

 

BNPÅV]KL Y FMVMZEAONBAÒO FM KLR BLRVLR =.> MYNK]NBAÒO MBLOÒEABN FMK PZLQMBVL Vnsn fm fmsbumotl >2.>4 % n smr utakaznfn mo mk ikuhl fm bnhns n smr fmsblotnfn pnrn kn gmstaòo :0>73 smgøo kn rmslkubaòo nfeaoastrntavn ZNZ-NOD-]KGZ O l 0:>4/:0>7

=.>.> Mstaenbaòo fm blstls y prmsupumstls fmk prlymbtl ]on vmz rmnkaznfn kn mtnpn fm aogmoamrån fmk prlymbtl, sm rmnkazn uo noîkasas táboabl y mbloòeabl fm kls ngmotms quåeabls, pmrslonk y tlfls kls smrvabals qum smrîo ombmsnrals pnrn  plfmr fmsnrrlkknr kn aostnknbaòo, blstls fm nfquasabaòo y bls blstl tl fmk trnjnhl rmnkaznfl pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fm kls easels. Blo kn táboabn fmk eátlfl blejaonfl fm plkåemrls-surinbtnotms, sm prmtmofm lptaeaznr kn  prlfubbaòo fm dafrlbnrjurls mo mk plzl RZJ OL-T> fmk bnepl Rurujå, nså tnejaáo mo kls bnepls pmtrlkmrls fm Jlkavan, Kn mstaenbaòo fmk blstl y prmsupumstl fmk prlymbtl, sm blosafmrno praemrnemotm kls mspmbaiabnflrms táboabls fm kls mquapls y mk rmbursl duenol, plstmralremotm, mk blstl fm kls easels.

=.>.: Bunfrl fm ngmotms quåeabls Mo kn tnjkn >4 sm fn n blolbmr kns bnrnbtmråstabns fm kls ngmotms quåeabls8

>0=

 

  VNJ KN >48  Fntls fm ngmotms quåeabls.  

NGMOVMR ^]ÅEABLR

LIABAL

 

Rurinbtnotm

Zmfubar kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank VAI.

noaòoabl   Nuemotnr

kn

vasblsafnf fmk ikuafl fmspknznotm.   Emhlrnr kn rmknbaòo fm

elvakafnf.

Plkåemrl DPNE  Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo Prlpan  Prlpan  =.>.2 Bunfrl fm mquapls ombmsnrals pnrn kn táboabn Mo kn Vnjkn >7 sm ljsmrvno kls mquapls rmqumrafls pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fmk eátlfl fm aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, samofl mstls kls ombmsnrals ombmsnr als pnrn klgrnr mk bnejal fm prlfubbaòo. Pnrn mkkl sm blosafmrno meprmsns prlvmmflrns aotmronbalonkms y onbalonkms. VNJ KN >18  Fntls fm kls mquapls

OLEJZM

I]OBAÒO

Fasplsatavl qum rmgastrn kn prmsaòo plr kn bunk barbukn mk ikuafl. 

Zmgastrnflr prmsaòo

PNZÎEMVZLR   Nbmrl aolxafnjkm   Prmsaòo fm >70 n =400 psan  

>09

 

 

Blotrlknr qum mk ikuafl ol tmogn sòkafls mo

  Nkturn 5 20 emtrls.   F 5 := emtrls.

suspmosaòo.

Vnoqum fm trntneamotl

Enotamom kn prmsaòo mo tlfn kn kåomn fmsfm kn jntmrån dnstn mk

  Eltlr 2=0DP    Olren8 OIZ:6>- Pmemx

 plzl.

Jlejns fm Aoymbbaòo

Rm utakazn pnrn smpnrnr kls ikuafls qum kkmgno supmriabam.

  Vapl dlrazlotnk   Vmepmrnturn fm fasmþl

>=0°I

Rmpnrnflr traiîsabl Vrnosplrtnr

mk

ikuhl

  Entmrank nbmrl nk bnrjòo

 pmtròkml y gns.

   Olren8 NREM J2>.6

Blotrlkn kn blofabaòo fm

  F 5 9 aobd

kn prlfubbaòo furnotm kn

  Entmrank nbmrl n bnrjòo.

fmsbnrgn fm ikuafls.

   Olren8 NRVE- J>9.=

Vujmrån fm plkåemrl rmilrznfl

Yîkvukn 

>07

 

 

Enotmomr uo vlkuemo

  F5 >: emtrls

blostnotm fm kn slkubaòo

  Nkturn5 >4 emtrls

n aoymbtnr.

   Olren8 NPA 9=0

Vnoqum fm subbaòo Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan mo jnsm n kls fntls fm kn meprmsn MquaPmtrlk ]on meprmsn blo mxpmramoban mo smrvabals fm aotmrvmobaòo fm plzls fm kn meprmsn Rbdkuejmrgmr, mobnrgnfn fm kn aostnknbaòo fm tlfns kns pnrtms nk nrrmgkl fm prlfubbaòo mo sujsumkl. Kn prmstnbaòo fm smrvabals sm fmsbrajm mo kn saguamotm tnjkn, kl qum sm blosafmrn mo nkquakmr furnotm kn praemrn smenon.  VNJ KN :08  Mquapls pnrn kn prmstnbaòo fm smrvabals.

BNOVAFNF

M^]APL

LIABAL Enomhl fm kls mquapls

>

 pmsnfls mo mk elemotl fm kn kn aostnknbaòo.

Grøn  Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo Prlpan

Mo kn tnjkn >1 sm fmtnkkn mk blstl fm kls mquapls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm RP8 VNJ KN :>8 :>8 Blstl fm Mquapls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm RP M^]APLR

BNOVAFNF

BLRVL

R]J VLVNK

]OAVNZAL ($]R)

Zmgastrnflr prmsaòo 

>

2000

($]R)

2000

>04

 

  M^]APLR

BNOVAFNF

BLRVL

R]J VLVNK

]OAVNZAL ($]R)

Vnoqum trntneamotl 

($]R)

fm

>

90000

90000

Jlejns fm Aoymbbaòo  

:

2=000

70000

Rmpnrnflr traiîsabl 

>

>20000

>20000

20

>=0

6=00

Yîkvukn 

>

>>00

>>00

Vnoqum fm subbaòo 

>

90000

90000

Vujmrån fm plkåemrl rmilrznfl 

BLRVL VLVNK

2:4900

Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan N blotaounbaòo, sm fmtnkkn mk blstl fm prmstnbaòo fm smrvabals sm fmsbrajm mo kn saguamotm tnjkn, kl qum sm blosafmrn mo nkquakmr furnotm kn praemrn smenon.   VNJ KN ::8  Blstl fm mquapl pnrn kn prmstnbaòo fm smrvabal.  

M^]APL

VAMEPL

BLRVL ]OAVNVZAL ( $]R)

R]J VLVNK ( $]R)

Grøn 

9 Fåns

700

6:00

BLRVL VLVNK  Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan

6:00

>01

 

 

=.>.6 Bunfrl fmk pmrslonk rmqumrafl Pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fmk eátlfl blejaonfl fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls sm blotnrî blo mk saguamotm pmrslonk8 VNJ KN :28  pmrslonk pnrn mk prlymbtl.

Bnota fnf

Vamepl (emsms)

Gmrmotm fm  prlymbtl

>

>:

Rupmrvaslr fm  prlymbtl

>

>:

Pmrslonk

Eloatlr RER

>

Aogmoamrl fm  prlfubbaòo

>

Rupmrvaslr fm ljrns embîoabns

2

Mspmbankastn mo noîkasas quåeabl

:

Rnknral Rnknral Iuobaòo (ems) $ Vltnk $ Pknoaiabn, gmstalon, bllrfaon, 6:000 supmrvasn y gnrnotazn mk 2=00 buepkaeamotl fmk prlymbtl. Bllrfaon, blotrlkn y mstî n bnrgl fm kn mhmbubaòo fmk >=00 >4000  prlymbtl

Aepkmemotn, faiuofm fmy sastmentazn kn prmvmobaòo >: ramsgls, prljkmens y rmqumraeamotls fm smgurafnf, snkuf y emfal nejamotm Rupmrvasn farmbtnemotm kns lpmrnbaloms fm trnjnhl fm >: bnepl rmknbalonfls blo kn aotmrvmobaòo fm plzls Mobnrgnfl fmk elotnhm m aostnknbaòo fm mquapls >: embîoabls l táreabls, smkmbbalon kls entmrankms y faragm kns lpmrnbaloms Mobnrgnfl fm kls ngmotms >: quåeabls tnotl fm plkåemrls y surinbtnotms. BLRVL VLVNK 

:000

:6000

>=00

>4000

>200

69400

:000

64000 >19400

Iumotm8 Iumotm8 Mknjlrnbaòo prlpan3 n jnsm fm (msbumkn supmralr plkatáboabn fmk katlrnk ‛MRPLK― Inbuktnf fm Aogmoamrån mo Bamobans fm kn Vamrrn), :0>=.

>>0

 

  VNJ KN :68  Blstls fm kn aoymbbaòo fm RP plr nþl.

FMRBZAPBAÒO

BLRVL PLZ NÞL

Mquapls pnrn kn aoymbbaòo fm RP

2:4900

Mquapl nkquaknfl

6:00

Pmrslonk pnrn mk prlymbtl Rurinbtnotms

>19400 :222:6,94

Plkåemrls

174,=9

R]J VLVNK

792102,:6

Blstls aeprmvastls (>0%)

79210,2:6

BLRVL VLVNK

460:12,=96

Iumotm8 mknjlrnbaòo prlpan.

>>>

 

 

BNPÅV]KL YA BLOBK]RALOMR Q ZMBLEMOFNBALOMR BLOBK]RALOMR Blo rmspmbtl nk prlbmsl fm aoymbbaòo RP nk plzl RZJ OL-T> pnrn aobrmemotnr su  prlfubbaòo plfmels blobkuar blo kls saguamotms puotls. p uotls.   Pnrn kn emzbkn fm aoymbbaòo RP sm blosafmrò mk tapl fm surinbtnotm y plkåemrl n

utakaznrsm plrqum mxastmo fm tapl dafrliåkabl y kapliåkabl qum sagoaiabn qum bnusn meuksaloms mo ngun pmtròkml l pmtròkml ngun, tnejaáo sm smkmbbaloò fm bnrgn noaòoabn kl qum sagoaiabn qum tamom uo jnknobm motrm bnrgn plsatavn y omgntavn pnrn mvatnr nkguon nkguo n rmnbbaòo aoblovmoamotm, y slo jalfmgrnfnjkms.   Mk surinbtnotm nkquak nrak sukilontl fm slfal kaomnk (KNR) ms mk eîs nfmbunfl pnrn smr

utakaznfl mo kns emzbkns RP fmjafl n qum rmfubm eîs kn tmosaòo aotmrinbank m aobrmemotn mk oøemrl bnpaknr, ms mk tapl fm surinbtnotm eîs bleøoemotm usnfl mo mk îrmn fm prlfubbaòo pmtrlkmrn, y rmfubar kn VAI ms uol fm kls praobapnkms rmqumraeamotls mo kls prlbmsls fm rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn fm brufl utakaznofl eátlfls quåeabls.   Mo jnsm n kls bîkbukls rmnkaznfls sm klgrn nkbnoznr kn iaonkafnf qum sm prlplom

aobrmemotnr kn prlfubbaòo, flofm sm tamom uon prlfubbaòo fm pmtròkml :44Jjk/f :44 Jjk/f y blo kn táboabn aobrmemotl n 9:0 Jjk/f.   Blo mk bîkbukl fm APZ notms y fmspuás sm pumfm vmr mimbtavnemotm mk aobrmemotl fm

 prlfubbaòo fmspuás fm npkabnr mk eátlfl blejaonfl fm aoymbbaòo RP.   Rm mstaen uo blstl fm aovmrsaòo fmk prlymbtl fm 460.:12,=96  $us mk elotl mbloòeabl

fm aovmrsaòo ms furnotm uo nþl.

>>:

 

 

ZMBLEMOFNBALOMR Pnrn kn npkabnbaòo fm mstn oumvn tmbolklgån aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls sm tamomo kns saguamotms rmblemofnbaloms8   Ms aeplrtnotm blotnr blo kn enylr bnotafnf fm aoilrenbaòo nbtunk fmk plzl n smr

npkabnfl kn aoymbbaòo fm surinbtnotms y plkåemrls, fm elfl qum mstn pumfn nyufnr n tlenr emhlrms fmbasaloms.   Ms rmblemofnjkm utakaznr blrrmbtnemotm kns blobmotrnbaloms fm kls surinbtnotms y

 plkåemrls yn qum uo mxbmsl fm blobmotrnbaòo mo kls plkåemrls prlvlbnrån uo tnploneamotl mo kn ilrenbaòo.   ]takaznr uon jumon bnkafnf fm ngun mo kn prmpnrnbaòo fm slkubaloms, qum nuemotnrn kn

miabamoban fm kls quåeabls n utakaznr.   Npkabnr mk eátlfl RP n rmsmrvlrals qum tmogno jnhns blobmotrnbaloms fm snkaoafnf, yn

qum slo smosajkms n mstn.   Ms rmblemofnjkm utakaznr kns mbunbaloms nfmbunfns, plr mhmepkl, sa ms uo rmsmrvlral

snturnfl l sujsnturnfl.

>>2

 

 

JAJKALGZNIÅN 

Nestmrfne, Vdm Omtdmrknofs8 Mksmvamr, >14=. p. >44. JNZNOFANZNO K. B., Zmsmrvlral-BNPAV]KLAA, :009 Bleasaòo Onbalonk fm Dafrlbnrjurls (Eáxabl), ‛Inbtlrms fm Zmbupmrnbaòo fm Nbmatm y Gns

mo Eáxabl", 6 fm Huoal fm :0>0. BZNAI, I. ‛Vdm Zmsmrvlar Mogaommraog Nspmbts li Wntmrikllfaog―, >17>  

FLONKFRLO, Mrkm B.3 BDAKAOGNZANO, Gmlrgm Y. y QMO, Vmd Iu. Modnobmf lak rmblvmry aohmbtalo wntmrs. Mo8 Modnobmf lak rmblvmry, A8 Iuofnemotnks nof nonkysms. Iumotm8 N. E. Haeáomz, Nonkasas m Aotmrprmtnbalo fm ynbaeamotls slemtafls n emtlfls quåeabls, Jubnrnenogn, :001. Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp, :0>:) dttps8//www.knbleuoafnfpmtrlkmrn.ble/:001/0>/burvns-fm-fmbkaonbao-fm prlfubbao.dtek dttps8//www.lakprlfubtalo.omt/iakms/pmremnjakafnf%:0rmkntavn. Hmno Kluas Rnkngmr3 rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn fm pmtròkml, IAZP(:00=) K. Bnrrakkl, Fmspknzneamotl Easbajkms, :009. PNZAR FM IMZZMZ, Engfnkmon. Prlpamfnfms fm kn rlbn. r lbn. Mo8 Iuofnemotls fm aogmoamrån fm ynbaeamotls. Enrnbnajl, Ymomzumkn8 Nstrl Fntn R.N., :001. p. :::. PMVM 901 ‒  Elfukm  Elfukm >-Aotrlfubtalo tl (MLZ) Emtdlfs Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N. ZAYMZN, H. ‛Prlbmsl fm MLZ, AOVYMP.>144  

RNKNGMZ H. K., Bunfmrol IAZP s2=7b, (:00=) RDMOG, Hnems H. Rurinbtnot ikllfaog. Mo8 Elfmro bdmeabnk modnobmf lak rmblvmry8 Vdmlry nof prnbtabm. ]oatmf Rtntms li Nemrabn8 Guki Prlimssalonk Pujkasdaog, :0>0

>>6

 

 

NOMTLR

>>=

 

   NO M TL N8  Mhmepkl fm nkguols Rurinbtnotms Noaòoabls blemrbankms.  

 

Pmsl

 

Blepnþån Rurinbtnotm

 

Elkmbuknr 

Nbtavafn f (%

 

Nbmatm (% pmsl)

 

Ngun (% pmsl)

 

Rnk (% pmsl) Vapl

 

pmsl)

   NKBLKNB  BLOLBL  BLOLBL  MTTLO  MTTLO  MTTLO  MTTLO  MTTLO  MTTLO  CNL 

  RAPLONVM N >94    NMR >6>:=   NMR >6>:N  ZK 2070  ZK 20>>  ZK 2220  ZK 222>  ZK 222:  ZK :1>7  KR 4:02 

  27=  210  21>  690  =>=  220 

CNL

KR 4:0:

640

 NKBLKNB

  KALO  KALO  KALO  KALO    RDMKK  RDMKK  RDMKK  RDMKK 

RAPLONVM FR->0

 

  KMLOLT F  KALO NHR-:  KMLOLT C  KMLOLT M

  RVMPNO   RVMPNO   RVMPNO   WAVBL  WAVBL  WAVBL  WAVBL  RVMPNO

PR EEW

  PR 6:0  PR 69=  VZR 60 

 

  VZR >4  VZR >9

  27=  =70  2>7  27=  21=  6>7  66> 

90

96.6

9=.7

  6:0  696  290

  6>=-620  660-670  610-=00  220-2=0

 

    >6  :=.:  :6  :9.=  2>.6  :=.7 

  Rukintls mtmr nkiloabl 

>.7

Rukintls mtmr nkiloabl

2

             

  Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk   Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk   Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk   Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk   Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk   Rukilontl nkcyk kaomnk 

Rukilontls fm slfal nryk nkcyk

:=.: >0

1.=

4.>

4.>

4.= =2

66.>

=6.9

16

:

:

:

2

    16    20  24          =0.7 

:6.6

  9=.4  =9.>  =4.7  60-62  9>-92  9>-92  9>-92 

  >4.1  >2  >6.1  >4  22  2:.=  2:.= 

   

 

0.09

 

Rukilontl nkcyk kaomnk

   

 

Rukilontl lkmliao nkin

 

Rukintls mtmr nkiloabl

 

2=

9>

           

90.>

24

90

27.6

90.9

29.9

=1.2

:1.=

=2.:

PR 290

VZR >0-6>0

226

Rukilontl jmozmol flfmbak fm slfal

70

90

2=0

MOLZFMV NLR 2>0-60

            99  9=  90    9=  14

=4.2

 

  MOLZFMV KTR 270-90  MOLZFMV KTR 21=-90  MOLZFMV KTR 6:0-90  MOLZFMV 2MR-66>-90  RVMPNO   PR DEW   RDMKK

  2=0  2=0

>4.6

 

  >.1  :.9  :.4  >.: 

;>

::.>

               

:9.9 >:.6 :4.4 :6.: 60

6-= 6-= 6-=

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp

Rukilontl mtdlxy nkbldlk

 

  Rukilontls xakmol nkcyk kaomnk  Rukilontls xakmol nkcyk kaomnk  Rukilontls xakmol nkcyk kaomnk  Rukilontls xakmol nkcyk kaomnk

 

>>9

 

   NO M TL J8  Bnrnbtmråstabns gmomrnkms fm plkåemrls mvnkunfls. Plkåemrl 

Bnrîbtmr aòoabl 

Pmsl Elkmbuknr (>09 g/elk) 

Mstrubturn quåeabn 

  Eloòemrl 

P1 

Bntaòoabl (2% fm bntaloabafnf) 

7 - >0 

Blplkåemrl fm nbrakneafn O -nbraklxa-:-mtak-nbraklxa-:-mtakO -traemtak-traemtak- ‒ :bklrurl fm neloal 

P>6 

Ol-aòoabl 

:.= ‒ 6 

Plkanbrakneafn (dlelplkåemrl fm nbrakneafn) 

P>4 

 Noaòoabl (=% fm noaloabafnf) 

0.= 

Plkåemrl fm nbrakneafn ‒  nbrakntl fm slfal (plkanbrakneafn pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn). 

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp

>>7

 

   NO M TL B8  Blepnrnbaòo gmomrnk fm kns prlpamfnfms fm plkåemrls slkujkms mo ngun .  Plkåemrl

j

 

Yasblsafnf (@ 60 kje/>000 gnk y 200 rpe) (bp)

Mstnjakafnf n kn ngatnbaòo

b

 

Vlkmrnoban n kn snk

f

 

Mstnjakafnf nk pD îbafl

 

 

 

Glen gunr 

26

 

m

 

Mstnjakafnf n kns mozaens (fmgrnfnbalo jalklgabn)

2

 

B

 

OR

 

OR

 

m

 

Npkabnbaloms

 

Zmsafuls nk

rlepaeamotl fmk gmk

Z

 

 

i 

Ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, rmfubbaòo fm irabbaòo mo mstaeuknbaòo, irnbturneamotl y pmrfafn fm barbuknbaòo, nfatavl pnrn párfafns fm ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, mspnbanflrms y irnbturneamotl

 

Dafrlxaprlpak gunr 

 

29

 

2

 

B

 

OR

 

OR

 

Z

 

Ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, tmreaonbaòo, rmpnrnbaòo y mspnbanflrms, rmfubtlrms fm irabbaòo mo irnbturneamotl y párfafns fm barbuknbaòo

 

      R        L        Z       M       E        Å       K       L        P       L       A        J

BEB (Bnrjlxaemtak  bmkuklsn)

==

 

2

 

AB

DMB

27

 

2

 

B

 

 

OR

 

OR

 

ZI

 

 

OR

 

OR

 

ZI

 

(Dafrlxamtak bmkuklsn)

Ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo

 

 Nfatavls fm párfafn fm ikuafl pnrn mspnbanflrms mo bmemotnbaòo, ikuafls fm tmreaonbaòo y rmpnrnbaòo, irnbturneamotl, rmfubbaòo fm irabbaòo irabbaòo mo mstaeuknbaòo, rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn

 

 

BEDMB

2:

(Bnrjlxaemtakdafr lxamtak bmkuklsn)

 

Glen Tnotnon

 

 

 

B

 

OR

 

OR

 

ZI

 

26

 

>

 

B

 

:

 

AB

26

 

ER

 

 

R

 

ER

R

 

 

ZI

 

Ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, tmreaonbaòo, irnbturneamotl y rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn

ZI

 

 Nfatavl pnrn pmrfafn fm ikuafl mo bmemotnbaloms, ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, rmfubbaòo fm irabbaòo mo irnbturneamotl, rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn m aodajaflr fm aobrustnbaloms.

(pnrbankemotm dafrlkaznfn)

 

      R        L        B       A        V        Á       V       O       A       R 

 Nfatavls fm párfafn fm ikuafls y rmtnrfnflr pnrn bmemotnbaloms, mspnbanflrms, gmkms kagmrnemotm îbafls, ngmotm fmsvanflr tmeplrnk mo irnbturneamotl

 

  Plkanbrakneafn

2

 

 

Blplkåemrl fm plkanbrakneafn

 

:=

 

:

 

 

EB

R

 

R

 

ZI

 

 Nfatavl pnrn pmrfafn fm ikuafl mo bmemotnbaloms, ikuafls fm pmrilrnbaòo, rmfubbaòo fm irabbaòo mo irnbturneamotl, rmbupmrnbaòo emhlrnfn8 rmfubbaòo fm kn rmknbaòo fm elvakafnf ngun/nbmatm, emhlrneamotl fmk pmriak fm aoymbbaòo

 

>>4

 

 

n.- Mstns prlpamfnfms iumrlo fmtmreaonfns usnofl plkåemrls rmprmsmotntavls fm bnfn bknsm. Mk bnejal fm kls plkåemrls mspmbaiabnfls plfrån nktmrnr sujstnobankemotm kns prlpamfnfms kastnfns. Mstn tnjkn ms uon fmsbrapbaòo gmomrnkaznfn y ol uon kastn rågafn fm mspmbaiabnbaloms.

j.- Kn vasblsafnf sm ljtuvl blo mk plkåemrl mo ngun irmsbn. Bnejanofl mk pmsl elkmbuknr, mk grnfl fm sujstatubaòo, kls elkms fm sujstatubaòo l kn onturnkmzn fm kls eloòemrls mo mk blplkåemrl, nktmrnrî frîstabnemotm kn vasblsafnf.

b.- Mk lrfmo fm mstnjakafnf nk ngatnfl8 > mk emols mstnjkm, 2 mk eîs mstnjkm. Kn vasblsafnf fm kn glen xnotnon ol sm rmfubm pmrenomotmemotm plr ngatnbaòo.

f.- B5 blepntajkm, AB5aoblepntajkm, EB5elfmrnfnemotm blepntajkm. m.- OR5ol mstnjkm, ER5 elfmrnfnemotm mstnjkm, R5mstnjkm. i.- Z5rmsafuls prmsmotms, ZI5kajrm fm rmsafuls.

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp

>>1

 

   NO M TL F8  vasblsafnf vs blobmotrnbaòo fm plkåemrl-vasblsafnf vs vmklbafnf fm blrtm.

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp

>:0

 

 

 NO M TL M8 M 8  Yasblsafnf faoîeabn fmk ngun kåquafn n vnrans tmepmrnturns

Iumotm8 vnxnslitwnrm.ble

>:>

 

 

 NO M TL I 8 Prmbals fmk pmtròkml.

Rnotn Bruz, :9 hukal NO-QPIJ.- Kls prloòstabls fm mxpmrtls mo mk smbtlr smþnkno qum mk  prmbal fmk pmtròkml ol suirarî enylrms vnranbaloms mstm nþl y tlfl npuotn n qum mo :0>4 rlofnrî kls $us == plr WVA. Bdras Elgdtnfmr, nonkastn fm Omwsjnsm Zmsmrnrbd, (Zmaol ]oafl), quamo mxpusl mk tmen ‛Oumvl Bnpåtukl fmk pmtròkml, emrbnfl, prmbals y pmrspmbtavns―, furnotm mk YAA Blogrmsl

Aotmronbalonk fm Gns y Pmtròkml fm QPIJ, smþnkn qum pmsm n kn bnåfn fm kls prmbals y nk  pmsaeasel plr mstm imoòemol motrm kls pnåsms prlfubtlrms, sm mstaen uon rmbupmrnbaòo n oavmkms eîs mstnjkms fmspuás fmk :0>4 Nk easel tamepl, niareò qum kls pnåsms îrnjms (Nrnjan Rnufå) jusbnrîo mstrntmgans pnrn qum mk prmbal fmk pmtròkml nkbnobm kls $us 70, yn qum sa sm enotamom mo kn irnohn fm kls $us =0 fmhnrån fm smr uo omglbal rmotnjkm.

>::

 

  dttp8//www.ypij.glj.jl/ms/>6-oltabans/740-prmváo-qum-mk-prmbal-fmk-pmtròkml-emhlrnrîfmspuás-fm-:0>4.dtek

Mo mk Prmsupumstl Gmomrnk fmk Mstnfl pnrn mk pròxael nþl sm dn bnkbuknfl uo prmbal qum mstî mo mk lrfmo fm kls $us $u s 70 mk jnrrak y plr kl tnotl ol tmofrån mimbtls aeplrtnotms―,

enoaimstò Yakkmgns trns mxpkabnr qum mk gljamrol nsueaò uon nbtatuf bnutn. dttp8//www.ypij.glj.jl/ms/>6-oltabans/:19-vakkmgns-kn-jnhn-mo-mk-prmbal-fmk-pmtròkml-oltmofrî-mimbtls-frîstabls-mo-jlkavan.dtek  Olrenkemotm mk brufl WVA (Wmst Vmxns Aotmremfantm), sm rmiamrm n ppmtròkmls mtròkmls blo uon grnvmfnf NPA fm 21.9 y uon grnvmfnf mspmbåiabn fm 0.4:7. Mo gmomrnk mk brufl WVA sm mepkmn mo kn prlfubbaòo fm gnslkaon. Mstm tapl fm brufl sm mobumotrn enylratnranemotm mo Mstnfls ]oafls.

>:2

 

  WVA (Wmst Vmxns Aotmremfantm)8 Mk WVA ms uo tapl fm pmtròkml brufl kagmrl,  prlfubafl mo kls bnepls lbbafmotnkms fmk mstnfl fm Vmxns (Mstnfls ]oafls fm  Olrtmneárabn), mk bunk sarvm blel prmbal fm rmimrmoban pnrn kns trnosnbbaloms iaonobamrns mo kn jlksn fm Omw Qlrc (OQEMT). Mstm tapl fm brufl ms utakaznfl blel rmimrmoban mo Jlkavan. Mxastmo fastaotls tapls fm brufls fm rmimrmoban, motrm kls bunkms sm aobkuymo mk Jrmot, Fujna y ltrls. dttps8//flknr.wakcaoslopb.ble.bl/bleelfatams/pmtrlkml-wta.dtek

Iumotm8 Gmrmoban Onbalonk fm Nfeaoastrnbaòo fm Blotrntls

>:6

 

 

 NO M TL G8  Nrrmgkl fm plzl RZJ OL-T>.  

RRRY

>2 2/4" Bsg. 7:#, K-40,OHL @ >06 e-EF(ZV ).

1 =/4" Bsg. 60-29#, @ >476 e-EF(ZV).

C-==,JVB

Gns Kait Enofrmk

RRF "T]"

"TO" Knofaog

Pbc

Oappkm

@ 2649,0:e- EF(ZV)

2=:: - 2=64 e.

Ruep Pnbcmr @ 2==0e- EF(ZV)

JZAFGM PK]G PJV @ 2=79e- EF(ZV)

2=74 - 2=4= e

IB @ 2497 e-EF(ZV ). 7" Bsg. :2#, O-40, JVB 7" Bsg. :9#, O-40, JVB VF8

@ 0 - >606 e-EF(ZV ). @ >606 - 2419 e-EF(ZV ).

21>0 e-EF(ZV)

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N 

>:=

 

   NO M TL D8  Nrrmgkl fm plzl RZJ OL-2D.  

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N

>:9

 

   NO M TL A 8  Prmbal fmk Plkåemrl.

Iumotm8 dttps8//spnoasd.nkajnjn.ble

>:7

 

   NOM  N OM TL H8  Prmbal fmk surinbtnotm.

Iumotm8 dttps8//spnoasd.nkajnjn.ble

>:4

 

   NO M TL C8  Prumjn fm plzl RZJ OL-T> RM ZMNKAXL KN PZ]MJN FMK PLXL RZJ-OL T-> MO BLOFABALO OLZENK FM LPMZNBBALO

 

Iumotm8 Zmpslk QPI M&P Jlkavan R.N. R.N. 

>:1

 

   NO M TL K8  Fmosafnf tltnk fm RP.

Bnkbukl fm fmosafnf tltnk fm RP ]snels kns blobmotrnbaloms qum sm msblgaò8 Blobmotrnbaòo fm surinbtnotm 60 % Blobmotrnbaòo fm ngun 90 %

 5  >.095 0.6  5 0.66:6:6   5  > 5 0.9  5 0.9   

 

 

 

 

 

Flofm

9  5 0.0.66:6+0. +0.9

 

 

 5 >.0:6 / /

 Oltn8 Pnrn kn fmosafnf tltnk fmk plkåemrl sm rmnkaznrî fm agunk enomrn. Iumotm8 Gmrmoban fm ^uåeabn Nonkåtabn Aotmvmp

>20

 

 

 NO M TL E8  Blkueon mo trnbbaòo, vlkuemo y fmspknzneamotl- Vujaog

Iumotm8 Vmonras3 Enounk fm ]sl fm Bnsaog y Vujaog