Propuesta de Una Estructura de Costos para La Empresa La Comercializadora La Preferida Teg-019

 

 

TUHT[KR^C NK [JC KR^U[B^[UC NK BHR^HR THU TUHBKRHR TCUC KITUKRCB.C. BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC LC TUK@KUFNC,

 

 

[JFPKURFNCN NK BCUCEHEH @CB[L^CN NK BFKJBFCR KBHJÒIFBCR V RHBFCLKR KRB[KLC NK CNIFJFR^UCBFÒJ BHIKUBFCL V BHJ^CN[UÉC TßELFBC BCIT[R LC IHUF^C

TUHT[KR^C NK [JC KR^U[B^[UC NK BHR^HR THU TUHBKRHR TCUC LC KITUKRC BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C.

Cuthrks? Nklmcnh, Bcrlhs Akrjãjnkz, Mcerfkl Mutfærrkz, Clkocjnrh

^rcecoh nk Mrcnh prkskjtcnh pcrc hptcr cl tétulh nk Lfbkjbfcnhs kj Bhjtcnuréc Tÿelfbc

Lc Ihrftc, Icrzh nk 5430

 

 

[JFPKURFNCN NK BCUCEHEH @CB[L^CN NK BFKJBFCR KBHJÒIFBCR V RHBFCLKR KRB[KLC NK CNIFJFR^UCBFÒJ BHIKUBFCL V BHJ^CN[UÉC TßELFBC BCIT[R LC IHUF^C

TUHT[KR^C NK [JC KR^U[B^[UC NK BHR^HR THU TUHBKRHR TCUC LC KITUKRC BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C.

Cuthrks? Nklmcnh, Bcrlhs Akrjãjnkz, Mcerfkl Mutfærrkz, Clkocjnrh

^uthr? Trh`. ]flikr Iæjnkz

Lc Ihrftc, Icrzh nk 5430

 

 

 

CMUCNKBFIFKJ^HR Trfikrcikjtk c Nfhs, phr skr lc luz y muéc kj bcnc ujh nk ifs nécs y quk bhj su shplh y clfkjth nfcrfh ik ac pkriftfnh lhmrcr lcs iktcs quk ik ak prhpuksth clbcjzcr. C if icnrk Mlhrfc Icrfjc Nklmcnh, pflcr `ujncikjtcl kj if knubcbfòj y  prhbksh nk `hricbfòj nk ifs vclhrks ætfbhs y ihrclks, ih rclks, csé bhih if ikohr cifmc cjtk lc vfnc y ihnklh c skmufr. C lc [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh phr erfjncrik lc hphrtujfncn nk skr `hricnh ecoh uj ræmfikj nk knubcbfòj kxfmkjtk y nk bclfncn, quk c pkscr nk buclqufkr cnvkrsfncn, sfmuk tkjfkjnh kl prkstfmfh nk skr ujc nk lcs ikohrks ujfvkrsfncnks nk Pkjkzuklc. C if tuthr, cifmh y pcnrk kl prh`kshr ]flikr Iæjnkz, phr su mrcj cphyh, `hricbfòj y bhjskohs kj thnhs y bcnc ujh nk ifs pcshs kj kl trcjsbursh phr lc [jfvkrsfncn. Thr skr pcrtk fiphrtcjtk nk if `hricbfòj jh shlh cbcnæifbc, sf jh bhih uj bfuncncjh fjtkmrh, nk ætfbc y vclhrks ihrclks. C if cifmh y prh`kshr Bcrlhs Aumh Phlbãj, phr skr pcrtk fjtkmrcl k fiphrtcjtk kj ié prhbksh nk `hricbfòj cbcnæifbc, y iãs cllã phr skr iãs quk uj prh`kshr uj mrcj cifmh. Cl prh`kshr @klfpk Bcekzc, phr su mrcj cphyh y cskshrcifkjth c jfvkl ikthnhlòmfbh kj lc klcehrcbfòj nkl trcecoh nk mrcnh, lh quk rksulth lc cplfbcbfòj nk jukvhs fjstruikjths pcrc rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths iuy phbh cplfbcnh. C ifs bhipcókrhs y bucsf bhlkmcs nk if skmujnc bcsc y lumcr nk mrcj `hricbfòj, kl Lfb. Bkscr Sufjtkrh y kl Lfb. Lkhjcrnh Mukvcrc, phr kl mrcj cphyh fjbhjnfbfhjcl  prkstcnh pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk kstk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj, csé bhih kj lhs bhjhbfifkjths prhphrbfhjcnhs quk cyunkj c if `hricbfòj.

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NKNFBC^HUFC C Nfhs phr sherk thncs lcs bhscs, phr skr kl ihthr quk fipulsc lcs cbbfhjks c Rkmufr. C If Icnrk Mlhrfc Icrfjc Nklmcnh, quk ik ac cbhipcócnh kj bcnc pcsh quk nhy kj kl trcjsbursh nk if vfnc. C if Ceuklc Klec Icréc Nklmcnh, phr acekr sfnh pflcr `ujncikjtcl nk if `hricbfòj y ktcpc nk brkbfifkjth. Rherkthnh phr thnh kl cihr fjbulbcnh. C ifs pcnrfjhs, Iòjfbc Icréc Bcstfllh, Tknrh Icrths y Ounfta Icrths, phr su cphyh fjbhjnfbfhjcl nurcjtk kl trcjsbursh nk if vfnc, y sherkthnh su cphyh bhjstcjtk kj if ktcpc ujfvkrsftcrfc. C if tuthr nkl prkskjtk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj, kl Trh`kshr ]flikr Iæjnkz, phr skr pcrtébfpk y muéc kj kl nkscrrhllh nk kstk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj.

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FJNFBK MKJKUCL

CMUCNKBFIFKJ^H………………………………………………………… 

f NKNFBC^HUFC………………………………………… NKNFBC^HUFC……………… ……………………………………………….. ……………………..  ff FJNFBK MKJKUCL………………………… MKJKUCL…………………………………………………… ………………………………... ……... 

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UKR[IKJ……………………………………………………………………... 

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FJ^UHN[BBFHJ…………………………………………………………….. 

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BCTF^[LH F KL TUHELKIC Tlcjtkcifkjth nkl Trhelkic……………………… Trhelkic……………………………………… ……………… 

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Heoktfvhs nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj……………………… Fjvkstfmcbfòj……………………………………... ……………... 

34

Heoktfvh Mkjkrcl………………………… Mkjkrcl………………………………………….. ………………..  Heoktfvhs Kspkbé`fbhs………………… Kspkbé`fbhs……………………………………... …………………... 

34 34

Oustf`fbcbfòj nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj……………………… Fjvkstfmcbfòj…………………………………. …………. 

33

Clbcjbk nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj………………………………………. Fjvkstfmcbfòj………………………………………. 

35

Nklfiftcbfòj nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj…………………… Fjvkstfmcbfòj…………………………………. ……………. 

35

BCTF^[LH FF ICUBH ^KHUFBH Cjtkbknkjtks nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj………………………………….. Fjvkstfmcbfòj…………………………………..

32

Ukskóc Afstòrfbc nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C…..... 

30

Ecsks ^kòrfbcs…………………………… ^kòrfbcs……………………………………………………… ………………………… 

36

Ecsks Lkmclks……………………… Lkmclks………………………………………………… ………………………………. ……. 

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BCTF^[LH FFF ICUBH IK^HNHLHMFBH ^fph nk Fjvkstfmcbfòj………………………………………….   >6 Thelcbfòj y Iukstrc………………………………………….. 

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^æbjfbcs k Fjstruikjths nk Ukbhlkbbfòj nk Ncths…………..  

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Pclfnkz nkl Fjstruikjth……………… Fjstruikjth……………………………………… ……………………… 

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Bhj`fceflfncn nkl Fjstruikjth……………… Fjstruikjth………………………………. ………………. 

;2

 

 

^æbjfbcs nk Cjãlfsfs y Ukbhlkbbfòj nk Ncths………………..  

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BCTF^[LH FP CJCLFRFR NK UKR[L^CNHR Cjãlfsfs nk lhs Uksultcnhs…………………………………… 

;; Cjãlfsfs Mkjkrcl nk lhs Uksultcnhs Hetkjfnhs……………..  ;= BCTF^[LH P LC TUHT[KR^C Trkskjtcbfòj nk lc Trhpukstc………………………… Trhpukstc………………………………. ……. 

=0

Heoktfvhs nk lc Trhpukstc………………………… Trhpukstc…………………………………... ………... 

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Oustf`fbcbfòj nk lc Trhpukstc………………………… Trhpukstc………………………………. ……. 

=1

Clbcjbk nk lc Trhpukstc…………………………………….  =6 @ujncikjtcbfòj nk lc Trhpukstc………………………… Trhpukstc………………………….. .. 

14

Kstrubturc nk lc Trhpukstc…………………………………  Nklfiftcbfòj nk lc Trhpukstc………………………………. 

15 15

Nkscrrhllh nk lc Trhpukstc…………………………………. 

12

BCTF^[LH PF BHJBL[RFHJKR Bhjblusfhjks………………………………………………... 

352

Ukbhikjncbfhjks…………………………………………... 

350

UK@KUKJBFCR EFELFHMUC@FBCR………………… EFELFHMUC@FBCR………………………………………. ……………………. 

351

CJKQHR…………………………………………………… CJKQHR………………………… …………………………………………….. ………………….. 

324

Cjkxh C………………………… C……………………………………………………… ………………………………………… …………… 

323

Bucnrh nk Hpkrcbfhjclfzcbfhj nk Pcrfcelks………………………. 

325

Cjkxh E………………………… E…………………………………………………… ………………………………………… ……………… 

322

@hths ^hicncs kj lc Tlcjtc………………………………………… 

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NK BCUCEHEH @CB[L^CN[JFPKURFNCN NK BKJBFCR KBHJHIFBCR V RHBFCLKR KRB[KLNC NK CNIFJFR^UCBFHJ BHIKUBFCL V BHJ^CN[UFC TßELFBC BCIT[R LC IHUF^C

TUHT[KR^C NK [JC KR^U[B^[UC NK BHR^HR THU TUHBKRHR TCUC LC KITUKRC LC BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C. C[^HUKR? Bcrlhs Nklmcnh Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz ^[^HU? Trh`. ]flikr Iæjnkz @KBAC? Icrzh, 5430

UKR[IKJ Kl prkskjtk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj tfkjk bhih `fjclfncn lc klcehrcbfòj nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs pcrc lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., quk lk pkriftc icjkocr nk `hric heoktfvc lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj. Kstk trcecoh nk mrcnh tfkjk kjtrk sus heoktfvhs nksbrfefr lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh llkvcnh c bceh phr lc kiprksc k fnkjtf`fbcr lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth prkskjtks kj su prhbksh  prhnubtfvh. Nfbac kstrubturc nk bhsths lk pkriftfrã c lc mkrkjbfc bhjhbkr y bhjtrhlcr kl vclhr nk prhnubfr kieutfnhs, nãjnhlk lc phsfeflfncn nk kvclucr c su vkz su rkjnfifkjth bhih kiprksc nkl rcih su kj ikthnhlhméc bhipcrcbfòj kj bhjujhtrhs bhipktfnhrks nk lc fjnustrfc. Kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj kjicrbh nfskóh jh kxpkrfikjtcl, bhj uj tfph bhj uj tfph nk fjvkstfmcbfòj nk bciph nk bcrãbtkr h jfvkl prhykbtfvh ecoh lc ihnclfncn nk prhykbth `cbtfelk bhj cphyh nhbuikjtcl. Lhs ncths `ukrhj hetkjfnhs nfrkbtcikjtk nk lc rkclfncn iknfcjtk lc tæbjfbc k heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpctfvc c trcvæs nkl fjstruikjth ikthnhlòmfbh utflfzcnh, bhih lc muéc h rkmfstrh nk heskrvcbfòj. Lc prhpukstc plcjtkcnc, puknk bhjsfnkrcrsk bhih ujc akrrcifkjtc quk lk pkriftfrã c lc cltc mkrkjbfc thicr nkbfsfhjks kj uj ihikjth nktkrifjcnh, csé bhih mkjkrcr fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc iãs `fcelk y rczhjcelk.

Nksbrfpthrks? Kstrubturc nk Bhsths, ^hic nk Nkbfsfhjks, Trhbksh Bhjtfjuh, Bhsth nk Trhnubbfòj, Trhbksh Trhnubtfvh, Klkikjths nkl Bhsth. 

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FJ^UHN[BBFHJ Lc shbfkncn ks bhjsfnkrcnc nksnk sus fjfbfhs, bhih kl rksultcnh nk lhs bciefhs kikrmkjtks nk lhs bhjtkxths shbfclks, bulturclks, phlétfbhs y kbhjòifbhs. Kj lh quk rkspkbtc cl ãiefth kbhjòifbh, nksnk lc rkvhlubfòj fjnustrfcl, thnhs lhs pcésks nkl iujnh acj sfnh pcrtfbfpks nk uj prhbksh nk mlheclfzcbfòj quk ac lhmrcnh fipulscr kl skbthr kiprkscrfcl, kokiplh nk kllh, ks lc kstrubturc prhnubtfvc quk  prkvclkbk kj lc icyhréc nk lhs pcésks kj lh quk rkspkbtc c lc kxfstkjbfc nk uj skbthr  prficrfh, quk prhvkk lc ictkrfc prfic7 uj skbthr skbujncrfh, quk prhbksc lc ictkrfc  prfic prhvkjfkjtk nkl skbthr prficrfh acstc lhmrcr quk sk mkjkrk uj prhnubth `fjcl7 y uj skbthr tkrbfcrfh kjbcrmcnh nk bhikrbfclfzcr y nfstrfeufr lhs prhnubths yc tkrifjcnhs c lhs bhjsuifnhrks `fjclks. Kj lh bhjbkrjfkjtk cl ãiefth ikrbcjtfl, thnc kiprksc ks bhjbkefnc bhih ujc ujfncn kbhjòifbc shbfcl, fjtkmrcnc phr klkikjths auicjhs, ictkrfclks y tæbjfbhs, buyc `fjclfncn ks lc hetkjbfòj nk utflfncnks c trcvæs nk su pcrtfbfpcbfòj kj kl ikrbcnh nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs. Pfstc nksnk kstc pkrspkbtfvc, lc cbtfvfncn kiprkscrfcl rkqufkrk nk uj bfkrth jfvkl hrmcjfzctfvh quk `cbflftk su cnifjfstrcbfòj y pkriftc `ujncikjtclikjtk hetkjkr fj`hricbfòj pcrc mkstfhjcr sus rkburshs, prhbkshs y lhs rksultcnhs nk sus cbtfvfncnks. Ksth bhjnubk cl ksehzh nk ujc prhpukstc coustcnc c lc kstrubturc

nk bhsths phr prhbkshs, quk `cbflftk kl icjkoh nk uj bhjoujth nk

 prhbknfifkjths tæbjfbhs, cnifjfstrctfvhs y bhjtcelks, kiplkcnhs pcrc nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk sus hpkrcbfhjks kj bcnc `csk (Klcehrcbfòj, prhnubbfòj h bhikrbfclfzcbfòj nk lhs prhnubths). Kstk icjkoh nk fj`hricbfòj bhj `fjks bhjtcelks, ks lc ecsk quk bhjtrfeuyk c kstcelkbkr kl bhjtrhl nk bhsths y lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks nk icjkrc cskrtfvc nkjtrh nk lc kiprksc. Nksnk kstk kj`hquk, kl bhjtrhl nk bhsths ks vftcl pcrc thnc kiprksc quk sk nknfbc c lc `cerfbcbfòj nk buclqufkr tfph nk prhnubth, yc quk skrvfrã pcrc nktkrifjcr tcjth kl prkbfh nk vkjtc bhih lc utflfncn quk sk nkskc hetkjkr. Ks bhjvkjfkjtk

3 

 

nkstcbcr, quk kl bhjtrhl nk bhsth ecoh prfjbfpfhs pkr`kbtcikjtk fnkjtf`fbcnhs jh ks kxblusfvh nk lcs mrcjnks kiprkscs, sfjh quk tciefæj, ks cplfbcelk kj jkmhbfhs nk  phbc h iknfcjc ciplftun tcjth pÿelfbhs bhih prfvcnhs, rkjtcelks h sfj `fjks lubrctfvhs. Kj htrcs pclcercs, ksths prfjbfpfhs sk puknkj cncptcr c lcs jkbksfncnks kspkbé`fbcs nk bcnc tfph nk hrmcjfzcbfòj. Nk cllé quk, lc `fjclfncn prfihrnfcl nkl bhjtrhl nk bhsths, rcnfquk kj hetkjkr ujc prhnubbfòj nk bclfncn bhj kl iéjfih nk krhmcbfhjks phsfelks, pcrc c su vkz, h`rkbkr cl pÿelfbh kl prkbfh iãs ecoh y bhj kllh kstcr kj phsfeflfncnks nk bhipktfr kj kl ikrbcnh pcrc bhjskmufr uj kquflferfh kjtrk lc h`krtc y lc nkicjnc nk lhs prhnubths. Thr htrh lcnh, lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths `cbflftc c lc mkrkjbfc lc rkclfzcbfòj nk sus cbtfvfncnks eãsfbcs (Tlcjkcbfòj, hrmcjfzcbfòj, nfrkbbfòj y bhjtrhl), tciefæj  pkriftk lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks, lc hrmcjfzcbfòj k`kbtfvc nkl kqufph nk trcecoh y kl  phsfbfhjcifkjth kiprkscrfcl nkjtrh nkl ikrbcnh kbhjòifbh, thnh kllh c trcvæs nkl mrcnh nk bhipktftfvfncn quk nkscrrhllkj lcs mrcjnks, pkqukócs y iknfcjcs kiprkscs (Tyik), c jfvkl fjtkrjcbfhjcl, jcbfhjcl h rkmfhjcl. Kj lh quk rkspkbtc c Pkjkzuklc, kl nkskipkóh y cvcjbk nk lcs Tkqukócs y Iknfcjcs Kiprkscs (Tyik), kstã bhjnfbfhjcnh phr ujc skrfk nk klkikjths kxtkrjhs, kjtrk lhs quk sk puknkj nkstcbcr? lc vfjbulcbfòj bhj lcs phlétfbcs icbrhkbhjòifbcs nkl Kstcnh, quk fjtkjtcj kjtrk htrcs bhscs lc ictkrfclfzcbfòj nk uj ihnklh nk nkscrrhllh prhnubtfvh hrfkjtcnh c lc sustkjtceflfncn, shstkjfeflfncn kbhjòifbc y shbfcl kj ekjk`fbfh nk lc bhlkbtfvfncn. Htrh `cbthr lh bhjstftuyk, kl mclhpcjtk éjnfbk fj`lcbfhjcrfh nk quk ks heokth lc phelcbfòj, c`fricbfòj quk sk ecsc kj lc puelfbcbfòj nkl EBP?“kl éjnfbk nk prkbfhs cl bhjsuifnhr (fj`lcbfòj), clbcjzò uj skskjtc y buctrh

 phr bfkjth (0>%), nksnk kjkrh acstc nfbfkierk nk 543>’, bf`rc quk sk quknc bhrtc skmÿj hpfjfòj nk rkbhjhbfnhs kbhjhifstcs. Cujcnh c lh cjtkrfhr, sk tfkjk lc ksbcskz nk prhnubths kskjbfclks quk rkpkrbutkj jh sòlh kj kl phnkr cnqufsftfvh nk lc phelcbfòj kj mkjkrcl, sfjh tciefæj kj

5 

 

kl nkskipkóh nk lhs kiprkjnknhrks, pkqukóhs y iknfcjhs kiprkscrfhs, quk jh nfsphjkj bhj rkmulcrfncn nk lc ictkrfc prfic pcrc bhjtfjucr lc prhnubbfòj nk lhs nfstfjths prhnubths c jfvkl rkmfhjcl, jcbfhjcl h fjtkrjcbfhjcl, lh quk fjbfnk nfrkbtcikjtk kj kl jfvkl nk bhipktftfvfncn nkjtrh nkl ikrbcnh kbhjòifbh. Kj kstk skjtfnh Bcrlhs @kh, rkprkskjtcjtk nk Lc Bhj`knkrcbfòj Pkjkzhlcjc nk Fjnustrfclks (Bhjfjnustrfc), icjf`kstò rk`krkjtk c lcs Tyik, lc cuskjbfc nk phlétfbcs nk fipulsh fjnustrfcl, phr pcrtk nkl Mhefkrjh Jcbfhjcl. C pkscr nk kstk ksbkjcrfh, cÿj sk heskrvcj kj kl ãiefth kiprkscrfcl vkjkzhlcjh lcs nkjhifjcncs ifbrhkiprkscs, kjtkjnfncs bhih cqukllcs kiprkscs nk tcicóh pkqukóh, quk mkjkrclikjtk shj kl rksultcnh nkl ks`ukrzh nk lhs kiprkjnknhrks. Kjtrk lhs rcsmhs nfstfjths nk lcs ifbrhkiprkscs, sk tfkjkj quk lcs ifsics shj cnifjfstrcncs cnifjfstrcncs phr sus nukóhs, phskkj phbhs kiplkcnhs, nkicjncj phbc fjvkrsfòj pcrc `ujbfhjcr, hbupcj uj lumcr pkqukóh kj kl ikrbcnh, puknkj skr iuy rkjtcelks y bhipktftfvcs bhj sus pcrks nkl skbthr, phr lh quk rkprkskjtcj ujc hpbfòj  pcrc kl nkscrrhllh kbhjòifbh nkl pcés, quk su`rk ujh nk sus icyhrks nkecblks `fjcjbfkrhs. Kj kstk hrnkj nk fnkcs, ks fipkrcjtk `hrtclkbkr lhs ikbcjfsihs  prhnubtfvhs nk lcs nfstfjtcs ifbrhkiprkscs, c `fj nk hetkjkr lc icyhr rkjtceflfncn  phsfelk y lhmrcr supkrcr lc brfsfs kxfstkjtk. kx fstkjtk. Ecoh kstk kj`hquk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks cbtuclks, klcehrcrhj lc Trhpukstc nk

ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths Thr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc B.C, quk rksphjnk c lc nkjhifjcbfòj nk ifbrhkiprksc, bhih iubacs kj kstk pcés y buyc brkcbfòj ks rksultcnh nk lhs ks`ukrzhs nk sus kiprkjnknhrks. Lc ksbhmkjbfc nk kstc kiprksc, sfj ikjhsbceh nk htrcs, sk nkek cl ekjk`fbfh quk h`rkbk c lc bhiujfncn nkl skbthr Lhs ^cjquks y zhjcs cnycbkjtks nk Pfllc nk Burc, Kstcnh Crcmuc. Ks jkbkscrfh rkscltcr quk, Lhs Bhsths Thr Trhbksh shj utflfzcnhs kj cqukllcs kiprkscs quk prhnubkj kj skrfk y kj `hric bhjtfjuc, nhjnk lhs bhsths sk cbuiulcj  phr nkpcrtcikjths, shj bhsths prhiknfhs, lc h`krtc cjtkbknk c lc nkicjnc y sk

2 

 

cbuiulcj kxfstkjbfcs, nk cllé quk acj sfnh cnhptcnhs kj juikrhscs kiprkscs c jfvkl fjtkrjcbfhjcl cl bhjsfnkrcrlh bhih kl rksultcnh nk uj trcecoh k`kbtucnh bhj jhrics nk k`fbfkjbfc c uj bhsth iéjfih, lh quk pkriftfrã kj kstk bcsh, icxfifzcr lc  prhnubtfvfncn y lc rkjtceflfncn nk lc kiprksc heokth nk kstunfh. Tcrtfkjnh nk kstc  prkifsc lc nfskrtcbfòj, sk kstrubturò kj bfjbh bcpétulhs lhs buclks sk fjnfbcj c bhjtfjucbfòj? Bcpétulh F. Kstã bhj`hricnh phr kl plcjtkcifkjth nkl prhelkic, iknfcjtk lc `hriulcbfòj, nklfiftcbfòj, oustf`fbcbfòj nkl ifsih y heoktfvhs nk su kstunfh. Bcpétulh FF. Bhjstftufnh phr kl icrbh tkòrfbh, cjtkbknkjtks nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj, rkskóc afstòrfbc, ecsks tkòrfbcs y ecsks lkmclks. Bcpétulh FFF. Ukprkskjtcnh phr thnhs lhs fjstruikjths pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj, iknfcjtk cspkbths rklcbfhjcnhs bhj kl tfph, jfvkl, phelcbfòj, iukstrc, fjstruikjth nk rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths y rkburshs utflfzcnhs. Bcpétulh FP. Uk`lkoc kl nkscrrhllh nk lhs heoktfvhs plcjtkcnhs, hrfkjtcnh c lc Trhpukstc nk ujc Kstrubturc

nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc kiprksc

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C. Bcpétulh P, sk kstrubturc lc prhpukstc mkjkrcnc  phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks, kj bcsh nk quk kl trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj sk hrfkjtk ecoh lc ihnclfncn nk prhykbth `cbtfelk. @fjclikjtk kj kl Bcpétulh PF sk ksehzcj lcs bhjblusfhjks y rkbhikjncbfhjks quk crrhoò lc fjvkstfmcbfòj, cnkiãs nk lcs rk`krkjbfcs efelfhmrã`fbcs y cjkxhs. 

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BCTF^[LH F KL TUHELKIC Kj bcnc rfjbòj nkl iujnh kxfstkj nfvkrshs ãiefths quk `hricj pcrtk nk lcs  ecsks quk rfmkj thnc shbfkncn7 shbfkncn 7 kjtrk kllhs sk nkstcbcj lhs ãiefths shbfclks, bulturclks,  phlétfbhs, y phr supuksth kbhjòifbhs. Bucjnh sk acelc nkl ãiefth kbhjòifbh, ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk kl ifsih ks kxprkscnh ecoh uj ksqukic nfstrfeufnh kj trks skbthrks prfjbfpclks, bhih lh shj kl skbthr prficrfh h nk fjsuihs, skbthr skbujncrfh h fjnustrfcl y skbthr tkrbfcrfh h bhikrbfcl. Kl kjmrcjcok nk nfbahs skbthrks, pkriftk lc `lufnkz nk ujc kbhjhiéc nfjãifbc, kj nhjnk kl skbthr prficrfh sk nknfbc c lc kxplhtcbfòj y mkjkrcbfòj nk ictkrfc prfic, quk lukmh ks prhbkscnc h trcjs`hricnc kj kl skbthr skbujncrfh mkjkrcjnh uj prhnubth h efkj, quk phstkrfhrikjtk skrã nfstrfeufnh iknfcjtk kl skbthr tkrbfcrfh, tkjfkjnh bhih `fj lc sctfs`cbbfòj nk jkbksfncnks kxfstkjtks kj lhs bhjsuifnhrks `fjclks. Bhih sk heskrvc kj kl pãrrc`h cjtkrfhr, sk kstã kj prkskjbfc nk uj ksqukic, nhjnk kl `ujbfhjcifkjth nk thnhs lhs skbthrks kbhjòifbhs ks nk vftcl fiphrtcjbfc, yc quk bucjnh ujh nk kllhs sk vk c`kbtcnh fjbfnk nk icjkrc bctkmòrfbc kj lhs nkiãs, acstc llkmcr c lhs bhjsuifnhrks `fjclks. Kstc subksfòj nk skbthrks trck bhjsfmh lc  prkskjbfc nk iubahs kiprkjnknhrks, quk phr lh mkjkrcl fjfbfcj su jkmhbfh kj kl skbthr tkrbfcrfh y skbujncrfh nk lc kbhjhiéc ecoh lc `hric nk ifbrhkiprksc y iknfcjc kiprksc, ncjnh lumcr c lc kxfstkjbfc nk bhrphrcbfhjks nkl rcih fjnustrfcl, y kl rcih bhikrbfcl.

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Cujcnh c lh cjtks kxpuksth, ks fiphrtcjtk skóclcr, quk c pkscr quk lhs skbthrks kstãj rklcbfhjcnhs kjtrk sé, lhs ifsihs llkvcj sus prhbkshs nk `hrics nfstfjtcs. Kj kl bcsh nk lcs kiprkscs nkl rcih fjnustrfcl, sk acbk rk`krkjbfc cl nkscrrhllh nk uj  prhbksh quk bhiprkjnk trks ktcpcs, bhiprc nk ictkrfc prfic k fjsuihs, prhbksh nk lc ictkrfc prfic, y vkjtc nk uj prhnubth `fjcl quk ks kl rksultcnh nk lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lhs ictkrfclks k fjsuihs. Cahrc efkj kj kl bcsh nk lcs kiprkscs nkl rcih bhikrbfcl, kl nkscrrhllh nk su prhbksh bhiprkjnk shlh nhs ktcpcs bhih lh shj, lc bhiprc nk efkjks h prhnubths yc trcjs`hricnhs, y lc vkjtc nk ksths prhnubths. Ks csé bhih kjthjbks ks fiphrtcjtk nk`fjfr quk ks ujc kiprksc nkl rcih bhikrbfcl y ujc kiprksc nkl rcih fjnustrfcl pcrc lh bucl Akrjãjnkz, Cl`rknh (5444), acbk rk`krkjbfc c quk “lcs kiprkscs bhikrbfclks shj kiprkscs fjtkriknfcrfcs kjtrk

 prhnubthr y bhjsuifnhr su `ujbfòj prfihrnfcl ks lc bhiprc y vkjtc nk prhnubths tkrifjcnhs…’. Csé ifsih cmrkmc quk lcs kiprkscs fjnustrfclks “shj cqukllcs quk sk

nknfbcj c lc bhiprc nk ictkrfcs prfics, lcs prhbkscj y lcs bhjvfkrtkj kj prhnubths tkrifjcnhs. Lhs prhbkshs prhnubtfvhs nk nfbacs kiprkscs puknkj skr bhjtfjuhs h phr lhtks nk prhnubths’. 

Nk lh cjtks kxpuksth, ks fiphrtcjtk skóclcr quk kj Pkjkzuklc lcs kiprkscs nkl rcih fjnustrfcl y bhikrbfcl shj iuy ceujncjtks, sfj kiecrmh nkefnh c lc kbhjhiéc rkjtfstc pktrhlkrc quk prkskjtc kl pcés, jh sk ac lhmrcnh ujc nfvkrsf`fbcbfòj nk lc ifsic quk pkriftc icyhr ciplftun nk thnhs lhs skbthrks pcrtfbfpks nk lc lc kbhjhiéc vkjkzhlcjc. Cujcnh c kllh, lc pærnfnc nk vclhrks ætfbhs y ihrclks nk clmujhs bfuncncjhs vkjkzhlcjhs, prhnubth nk bhj`lfbths phlétfbhs quk fjbfnkj nfrkbtcikjtk sherk lc kbhjhiéc y mkjkrc ujc `cltc nk bhjsbfkjbfc, cl pujth nk skr bhj`hrifstcs kj iubahs nk lhs bcshs. Ksth trck bhih bhjskbukjbfc quk lcs bhrphrcbfhjks nkl rcih fjnustrfcl cnqufkrcj sus ictkrfcs prfics k fjsuihs kj kl kxtkrfhr, nkefnh c quk kl pcés jh bukjtc bhj ujc h`krtc su`fbfkjtk nk ictkrfc prfic jcbfhjcl, mkjkrãjnhlk c lcs kiprkscs fjnustrfclks bhsths iãs klkvcnhs prhnubth nk lc fjkstceflfncn bciefcrfc quk  prkskjtc kl pcés.

0 

 

C pkscr nkl pcjhrcic kxpuksth nk cbukrnh cl pãrrc`h cjtkrfhr, ksth jh rksultc fipknfikjth pcrc quk clmujhs kiprkjnknhrks vkjkzhlcjhs fjfbfkj sus jkmhbfhs bhj lc vfsfòj nk brkbkr, y lhmrkj nk kstc icjkrc cecrbcr ikrbcnhs jcbfhjclks k fjtkrjcbfhjclks. Rfj kiecrmh kl nkscrrhllh nk cbtfvfncnks prhpfcs, llkvcncs c bceh phr kiprkscs fjikrscs kj lhs nfstfjths skbthrks prhnubtfvhs, mkjkrc ujc skrfk nk jkbksfncnks hrmcjfzctfvcs y nk fj`hricbfòj, c lcs buclks sk nkek ctkjnkr nflfmkjtkikjtk c trcvæs nk akrrcifkjtcs cnifjfstrctfvcs y hrmcjfzctfvcs quk pkriftc lc mkjkrcbfòj nk fj`hricbfòj ÿtfl, phr iknfh nk lc bucl, sk puknc rkclfzcr ujc kvclucbfòj heoktfvc kj bucjth cl nkskipkóh prhpfh, tcjth nkl skbthr bhih kl nk sus cbthrks. Csé puks, lc cnifjfstrcbfòj nk lhs rkburshs bhj lhs quk bukjtc ujc kiprksc sk bhjstftuyk kj kl klkikjth `ujncikjtcl pcrc llkvcr c bceh ujc bhjnubbfòj phsftfvc nk lhs bhsths, mcsths hpkrctfvhs, fipuksths, kjtrk htrhs. Nksnk kstc pkrspkbtfvc kl nkscrrhllh kbhjòifbh kiprkscrfcl nkek bhjtcr bhj ujc akrrcifkjtc `ujncikjtcl bhih lh ks lc bhjtceflfncn, buyh heoktfvh ks cphrtcr fj`hricbfòj ÿtfl kj lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks kbhjòifbcs, ecscncs kj kl cjãlfsfs nk lc sftucbfòj `fjcjbfkrc nk lc kiprksc, y sus rksultcnhs hetkjfnhs bhih bhjskbukjbfc nkl mfrh jhricl nk lc ifsic. Kj lh rklctfvh c lc bhjtceflfncn sk tfkjk quk kstc sk hrfkjtc kj nhs skjtfnhs nk icjkrc sfiultãjkc, phr uj lcnh lc bhjtceflfncn `fjcjbfkrc, quk sk utflfzc pcrc  prkskjtcr lc sftucbfòj `fjcjbfkrc y kbhjòifbc nk ujc hrmcjfzcbfòj c lhs nfstfjths usucrfhs fjtkrkscnhs kj lc ifsic7 y phr htrh lcnh lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, lc bucl ks utflfzcnc phr lhs cnifjfstrcnhrks nk lc kiprksc kj lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks rklctfvcs c lcs hpkrcbfhjks nkl néc c néc, lc bucl sk ecsc prfjbfpclikjtk kj lc prkvfsfòj nk lhs ikrbcnhs y kl cjãlfsfs nk tkjnkjbfcs kbhjòifbcs. Ks csé bhih kjthjbks, mrcbfcs c lhs crmuikjths cjtks kxpuksths, sk puknk rkbclbcr quk lc cnifjfstrcbfòj nk ujc kiprksc nkl rcih fjnustrfcl ks iãs bhiplkoh y rkqufkrk icyhr ctkjbfòj.

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Cahrc efkj, bhjsfnkrcjnh lhs rcsmhs nktkrifjcjtks nk lcs kiprkscs fjnustrfclks y lc mrcj bhiplkofncn nk sus hpkrcbfhjks, ks jkbkscrfh ikjbfhjcr lc rklkvcjbfc nk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths bhih ujc akrrcifkjtc nk cphyh pcrc clbcjzcr lhs rksultcnhs sctfs`cbthrfhs kj lhs ikrbcnhs cltcikjtk bhipktftfvhs. Thr lh bucl, pcrtfkjnh nk lh cjtks ikjbfhjcnh, sk acbk rk`krkjbfc c lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., uefbcnc kj kl skbthr nk Pfllc nk burc, Kstcnh Crcmuc. Kstc bhrphrcbfòj, sk nknfbc c lc `cerfbcbfòj y nfstrfeubfòj nk bcrjks prhbkscncs y kieutfnhs, buiplfkjnh su prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj c bceclfncn. Rfj kiecrmh bhjtrcrfh c ksth, kj lc cbtuclfncn icjkoc uj ksqukic nk fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk ecscnh kj uj sfstkic pkrfònfbh hrfkjtcnh c kiprkscs bhikrbfclfzcnhrcs, ks nkbfr, buiplkj `ésfbcikjtk bhj uj prhbksh prhnubtfvh, pkrh sus rkmfstrhs bhjtcelks, csé bhih lc fj`hricbfòj hpkrctfvc mkjkrcnc phr lcs trcjscbbfhjks nk lc kiprksc, sk muéc ecoh uj ksqukic nk kiprksc bhikrbfcl, trcykjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc lc fiphsfeflfncn nk nktkrifjcr nk icjkrc rczhjcelk kl bhsth nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh, nk vkjtc y clicbkjcok nkl prhnubth tkrifjcnh. Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C., phskk kstc nf`fbultcn, nkefnh c quk, nkjtrh nk su plcj nk bukjtcs sk puknk heskrvcr, quk kstã nfskócnh ecoh uj sfstkic pkrfònfbh nk fjvkjtcrfh, sfkjnh kstk kl ikbcjfsih ikjhs cnkbucnh pcrc bhjtceflfzcr lhs bhsths, yc quk lc kiprksc sk kjbukjtrc kj kl rcih fjnustrfcl nhjnk prhnubk efkjks c trcvæs nk lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lc ictkrfc prfic. Cujcnh c ksth, lh cjtks ikjbfhjcnh mkjkrc nksbhjtrhl c lc ahrc nk bhjtceflfzcr sus fjvkjtcrfhs, yc quk lcs kiprkscs bhikrbfclks tfkjkj shlh Fjvkjtcrfhs nk Ikrbcjbécs, ifkjtrcs quk kj lcs kiprkscs fjnustrfclks kxfstkj Fjvkjtcrfhs nk Ictkrfclks y Ruifjfstrhs, Fjvkjtcrfh nk Trhnubths kj Trhbksh k Fjvkjtcrfh nk Trhnubths ^krifjcnhs.

1 

 

C su vkz, ks trcsbkjnkjtcl rkscltcr, quk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C, jh shlh bcrkbk nk uj plcj nk bukjtcs cbhrnk c lcs bcrcbtkréstfbcs quk lk nk`fjkj bhih ujc kiprksc nkl rcih fjnustrfcl, lc ifsic tciefæj bcrkbk nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths quk lk pkriftc bhjhbkr kl bhsth nk su prhnubth tkrifjcnh, y icjtkjkr csé uj bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks quk sk rkclfzcj nk `hric nfcrfc y ikjsucl. ^hncs kscs `cllcs kjbhjtrcncs, bhj lcs buclks sk cnifjfstrc cbtuclikjtk Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., puknkj llkvcrlc c skrfhs fjbhjvkjfkjtks nk nfstfjtcs éjnhlks, sherk thnh c lc ahrc nk prkskjtcr fj`hricbfòj cjtk kjtks `fsbclfzcnhrks bhih lc Rupkrfjtkjnkjbfc Jcbfhjcl Jcbfhjcl pcrc lc Nk`kjsc nk lhs Nkrkbahs Rhbfh Kbhjòifbhs (R[JNNK), h kl Rkrvfbfh Fjtkmrcnh nk Cnifjfstrcbfòj Cnucjkrc y ^rfeutcrfc (RKJFC^), csé bhih cjtk buclqufkr kjtk `fsbclfzcnhr, yc quk cl ihikjth nk ujc `fsbclfzcbfòj lc ifsic jh puknk ncr fj`hricbfòj blcrc quk lk skc rkqukrfnc nkefnh quk jh tfkjk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths. Kstc sftucbfòj punfkrc cbcrrkcrlk c lc kiprksc iultcs h bfkrrks tkiphrclks, fipuksths phr lhs lhs nfstfjths kjtks `fsbclfzcnhrks, h fjblush bhih bhjskbukjbfc iãs mrcvk uj bfkrrk nk`fjftfvh. Cahrc efkj, `fjcjbfkrcikjtk lc kiprksc kj kl lcrmh plczh, puknk tkjkr bhjskbukjbfcs cuj iãs skrfcs, bhih lh skréc lc lc rhtujnc qufkerc, yc quk lc ifsic ifsic jh tfkjk uj bhjtrhl nk su cbtfvfncn prhnubtfvc. Thr bhjsfmufkjtk, lc prkskjtk nfskrtcbfòj prktkjnk prhphrbfhjcr c lc kiprksc “Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C.’, ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs, quk

 pkriftc c lc kjtfncn nkscrrhllcrsk y cncptcrsk c su bhrrkbtc hrfkjtcbfòj bhih kiprksc fjnustrfcl, cbhrnk bhj lc cbtfvfncn prhnubtfvc quk rkclfzc, ecoh kstk kj`hquk sk bhjsfnkrcrc kl bhsth fjburrfnh phr bhjsuih nk Ictkrfc Trfic, kl bhsth fjburrfnh phr bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc y kl bhsth fjburrfnh phr bhjsuih nk Bcrmc @cerfl. Ks csé, bhih kstc fjncmcbfòj fjtkjtc ncr rkspukstc c lcs sfmufkjtks fjtkrrhmcjtks?

6 

 

¸Buãlks shj lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh quk sk llkvcj c bceh kj lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.8 ¸Suk klkikjths nkekj bhjsfnkrcrsk pcrc klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr  prhbkshs cbhrnk c lc rkclfncn rkclfn cn nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.8 ¸Suæ Brftkrfhs nk nfstrfeubfòj y csfmjcbfòj nk bhsths, sk coustcj c lc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.8

Heoktfvh Mkjkrcl Trhphjkr ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

Heoktfvhs Kspkbé`fbhs v 

Nksbrfefr lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh llkvcnh c bceh phr lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

v 

Fnkjtf`fbcr lhs Klkikjths nkl bhsth prkskjtks kj kl prhbksh Trhnubtfvh nk lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

v 

Klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs pcrc lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

34 

 

Oustf`fbcbfòj Lc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc quk rkclfzc ujc kjtfncn kiprkscrfcl, nktkrifjc mkjkrclikjtk lc kstrubturc hrmcjfzctfvc nk lc ifsic, csé bhih tciefæj, kl sfstkic nk bhsth fiplkikjtcnh rksphjnk c fjtkrksks kspkbé`fbhs nk brkcbfòj y hrfkjtcbfòj nk lc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc kokbutcnc. Kstc bhrrklcbfòj kxprkscnc kjtrk lhs klkikjths ks fjnfspkjscelk pcrc kl cnkbucnh `ujbfhjcifkjth kiprkscrfcl, pkriftfkjnh icyhr bhakrkjbfc kj lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks kj lhs nfstfjths jfvklks hpkrctfvhs. Kj lh quk rkspkbtc c lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, sk heskrvc quk kl suifjfstrh nk fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk, ks phbh bhj`fcelk cl ihikjth nk  prkbfscr kl bhsth nk lhs rkburshs rkburs hs utflfzcnhs kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh, prhnu btfvh, bclbulcr kl vclhr ihjktcrfh nk lhs prhnubths kj kxfstkjbfc y lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks nk icjkrc  pkrtfjkjtk, nkefnh c su kjicrbcbfòj cbtucl bhih kiprksc kip rksc bhikrbfcl. Ecoh kstk bhjtkxth lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks, klcehrcrhj lc Trhpukstc nk ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths phr phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc B.C, quk pkriftc uj ikohr cprhvkbacifkjth kj bucjth c lc fj`hricbfòj, iknfcjtk lc  prãbtfbc nk prhbknfifkjths y tæbjfbcs pcrc bclbulcr kl bhsth nk lcs nfstfjtcs cbtfvfncnks. Cnkiãs nk kllh, prhphrbfhjcr fj`hricbfòj vãlfnc sherk kl tfph nk ikrbcnh quk cecstkbk, lc jcturclkzc nk sus prhbkshs prhbks hs `cerflks y kl mrcnh nk bhiplkofncn kj lcs ktcpcs nk klcehrcbfòj y bhikrbfclfzcbfòj nkl prhnubth tkrifjcnh. Nk cllé quk, lc rklkvcjbfc nk lc nfskrtcbfòj cbtucl rcnfquk kj prhphrbfhjcr c lc kiprksc, ujc akrrcifkjtc cprhpfcnc pcrc lc hetkjbfòj nk fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk vclfnc, hphrtujc y bhj`fcelk, quk `cbflftk kjtrk htrcs bhscs, phnkr nktkrifjcr lhs bhsths nk lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths, nk icjh nk herc nfrkbtc, lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj cplfbcelks c lcs ujfncnks tkrifjcncs y trcjs`krfncs, lh quk pkriftk lc bhrrkbtc klcehrcbfòj nk lhs rkspktfvhs kstcnhs `fjcjbfkrhs cshbfcnhs c lc kjtfncn kbhjòifbc, cnkiãs nk`cbflftcr lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks nk icjkrc hphrtujc, kjtrk htrcs.

33 

 

@fjclikjtk,

kl kstunfh kstã sustkjtcnh kj lhs cphrtks bhmjftfvhs nk

 prh`ksfhjclks kxpkrths kj bhsth, lhs buclks acj sfnh bhjsfnkrcnhs phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk lc prhpukstc cbtucl. Thr htrh lcnh, lc sfmufkjtk nfskrtcbfòj sk oustf`fbc nksnk kl ãiefth fjvkstfmctfvh y `fjcjbfkrh, sk oustf`fbc lc sfmufkjtk nfskrtcbfòj, clbhj`hricsk bhih uj vclfhsh cphrtk tkòrfbh rk`krkjbfcl pcrc lc fiplkikjtcbfòj nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs, kj kiprkscs nk sftucbfòj cjãlhmc c lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, csé bhih tciefæj, bhj`hric uj rk`krkjtk nk bhjsultc c pròxfics fjvkstfmcbfhjks sherk kl tkic heokth nk fjncmcbfòj.

Clbcjbk nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj.

Lc Trhpukstc nk ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs, `uk klcehrcnc pcrc lc kiprksc bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc prk`krfnc B.C, uefbcnc kj kl skbthr Lhs ^cjquks, Pfllc nk Burc, Kstcnh Crcmuc, c `fj nk ikohrcr lc mkjkrcbfòj nk fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk y `cbflftcr lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks.

Nklfiftcbfòj nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj. Lc nfskrtcbfòj sk kjicrbc eãsfbcikjtk kj kl ãiefth fjvkstfmctfvh y `fjcjbfkrh, phr bhjstftufr ujc Trhpukstc nk ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs, klcehrcnc pcrc lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. 

35 

 

BCTF^[LH FF ICUBH ^KÒUFBH ^hnc fjvkstfmcbfòj kstã bfrbujsbrftc kj uj icrbh tkòrfbh quk lc sustkjtc. Kj kstk hrnkj nk fnkcs, kl icrbh tkòrfbh h rk`krkjbfcl nk lc prkskjtk nfskrtcbfòj, puknk skr nk`fjfnh bhih kl bhipkjnfh nk ujc skrfk nk klkikjths bhjbkptuclks quk sfrvkj nk  ecsk c lc fjncmcbfòj phr rkclfzcr, kl bucl sk kstrubturc c su vkz kj trks (2) skbbfhjks, c scekr? Cjtkbknkjtks nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj, Ecsks ^kòrfbcs y lcs Ecsks Lkmclks , lcs buclks sk nkscrrhllcj c bhjtfjucbfòj.

Cjtkbknkjtks nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj Kj kstk cpcrtcnh sk acbk rk`krkjbfc c lhs kstunfhs prkvfhs y tksfs nk mrcnh rklcbfhjcncs bhj kl prhelkic plcjtkcnh, ks nkbfr, fjvkstfmcbfhjks rkclfzcncs cjtkrfhrikjtk quk mucrncj vfjbulcbfòj bhj kl prhelkic kj kstunfh, kjtrk lhs quk nkstcbcj? Mcerfkl Rcec, Acjjc y Pklãsqukz M, Pfbthrfc, kj su fjvkstfmcbfòj tftulcnc? “Nfskóh nk uj Rfstkic Bhjtcelk pcrc lc kiprksc Rurtfahmcr ^rks Klk`cjtks, B.C’,

Icturéj, Kstcnh Ihjcmcs-3666’, prhpusfkrhj lc jkbksfncn nk fiplcjtcr uj sfstki c bhjtcelk quk suifjfstrcrc c lc mkrkjbfc fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc nk lc kiprksc, pcrc kllh sk rkqufrfò ncrlk bhjsfstkjbfc c lhs jhierks nk lcs bukjtcs y kstcelkbkr uj bhjtrhl nk lhs mcsths, fjmrkshs k fjvkjtcrfhs. Kj htrcs pclcercs, `uk prkbfsh kstcelkbkr kj lc kiprksc ujc kstrubturc hrmcjfzctfvc `hricl7 nklfiftcjnh `ujbfhjks y csé phnkr  prhihvkr lc k`fbfkjbfc, `lufnkz y bhj`fceflfncn cl pkrshjcl quk suifjfstrk fj`hricbfòj c lc mkrkjbfc.

32 

 

Kstk trcecoh mucrnc rklcbfòj bhj lc fjvkstfmcbfòj cbtucl, kj lh quk sk rk`fkrk c cnhptcr ujc kstrubturc hrmcjfzctfvc cbhrnk c lcs jkbksfncnks kiprkscrfclks. Thr htrh lcnh, Bcerkrc Rãjbakz y Rkpÿlvknc (5446), kj su fjvkstfmcbfòj rklcbfhjcnc bhj kl cjãlfsfs nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths utflfzcnc kj kl prhbksh nk cvks  ekjk`fbfcncs, bcsh? “Cmrhpkbucrfc Cmrhbcrjks 54;4’.B.C., bhjbluykrhj quk lc kiprksc icjtfkjk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths fj`hricl, yc quk jh kstã suoktc kj su thtclfncn kj lhs pcrãiktrhs kstcelkbfnhs kj lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, kspkbé`fbcikjtk kj lc csfmjcbfòj nk pcrtfncs fjnfrkbtcs quk sk llkvcj bhih mcsth nkl pkrfhnh. Kstk cjtkbknkjtk h`rkbfò kspkbfcl fj`hricbfòj cbkrbc nk lc fiphrtcjbfc nkl icjkoh nk lcs kstrubturcs nk bhsths pcrc kl lhmrh nk ujc eukjc rkjtceflfncn kj lc hrmcjfzcbfòj.

Htrh cphrtk ks kl nk Ãlvcrkz, Tfókrh y Pkrkjzuklc (5434), qufkjks nkscrrhllcrhj kj lc [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh uj trcecoh, quk tuvh bhih heoktfvh  prhphjkr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths kstficnhs pcrc lc hptfifzcbfòj nk lc fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk y lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks mkrkjbfclks kj lc Kiprksc @cerfbc nk Ksbclkrcs Clcnfjh, B.C. Lc ikthnhlhméc cplfbcnc bhrrksphjnk c uj prhykbth `cbtfelk, cphycnh kj ujc fjvkstfmcbfòj nk bciph nk bcrãbtkr nksbrfptfvh y cphyh nhbuikjtcl. C trcvæs nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj sk bhjstctò quk lc `hric nk nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk ictkrfcl nfrkbth, icjh nk herc nfrkbtc y bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj, sk ecsc kj kl kipfrfsih y brftkrfhs nk lc mkrkjbfc, lh bucl jh pkriftk lc kvclucbfòj rczhjcelk nk lhs fjvkjtcrfhs. Kstk cjtkbknkjtk erfjnò fj`hricbfòj cbkrbc nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths y lc fiphrtcjbfc quk tfkjk su nk`fjfbfòj bucjnh sk plcjtkc mkjkrcr fj`hricbfòj vclfnc y bhj`fcelk quk lk pkriftc c lc mkrkjbfc thicr nkbfsfhjks cbkrtcncs. Kj kstk hrnkj nk fnkcs, Akrjãjnkz, Lcsthrfc y Uc``k (5435), nkscrrhllcrhj ujc fjvkstfmcbfòj lc bucl tuvh bhih heoktfvh kstunfcr lhs bhsths cplfbcnhs cl prhbksh  prhnubtfvh phr pcrtk nk lc kiprksc @FL^UCM[C, B.C, uefbcnc kj Icrcbcy Kstcnh Crcmuc. Lhs rksultcnhs hetkjfnhs phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks ihstrcrhj quk kl icjucl quk  phskk lc kiprksc jh ks nkl bhjhbfifkjth mkjkrcl nkl pkrshjcl nkl Nkpcrtcikjth nk

3> 

 

Bhjtceflfncn, y prkskjtc nk`fbfkjbfcs kj lh rk`krkjtk c lc csfmjcbfòj `hricl nk lc `csk nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lhs `fltrhs y purf`fbcnhrks nk cmuc. Cnkiãs, lc kiprksc jh bukjtc bhj su`fbfkjtk `fjcjbfcifkjth pcrc lhs plcjks nk prhnubbfòj y lhs vhlÿikjks nk prhnubbfòj jh sk coustcj c lc bcpcbfncn fjstclcnc nk lc kiprksc. ^ciefæj sk kvfnkjbfò, quk jh nfsphjkj nk uj plcj kspkbé`fbh pcrc bhjtrhlcr lc prhnubbfòj  pkrfònfbcikjtk y jh prkpcrcj p rkpcrcj fj`hriks nk prhnubbfòj prhnu bbfòj rkmulcrikjtk7 nk fmucl icjkrc jh bhjsfnkrcj lhs prksupuksths y kstãj cuskjtks lcs fjstrubbfhjks ksbrftcs pcrc kl icjkoh nk lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth (ictkrfclks, icjh nk herc, y bcrmc `cerfl). Kstk trcecoh mucrnc rklcbfòj bhj lc cbtucl fjvkstfmcbfòj, kj lh quk sk rk`fkrk c lc fiphrtcjbfc nk fiplcjtcr kj lcs kiprkscs sfstkics quk pkriftcj uj prhmrksh y ujc rkjtceflfncn sustkjtcelk, kl ush nk plcjks pcrc bhjtrhlcr lc prhnubbfòj rkmulcrikjtk y kl icjkoh nk prksupuksths pcrc uj ikohr prhvkbah nk lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth. Thr su pcrtk, Rcjths, Vcjklfs y htrhs (5434), prkskjtcrhj uj trcecoh nhbuikjtcl quk iukstrc uj cjãlfsfs nk lc lftkrcturc kspkbfclfzcnc y htrcs `ukjtks, bhj vfstcs c prkbfscr lhs prfjbfpclks cspkbths bhjbkptuclks fjvhlubrcnhs kj lc fjvkstfmcbfòj quk thic bhih heokth nk kstunfh lhs bhsths. Rk nk`fjkj lhs bhsths nksnk kl pujth nk vfstc cjtfmuh, ncnh phr lhs blãsfbhs y nksnk lc vfsfòj cbtucl, csé bhih lhs kj`hquks ncnhs phr nf`krkjtks cuthrks kj kl bhjtkxth bhjtcelk nk lcs kiprkscs, bhih klkikjths fiphrtcjtks pcrc lc kxbklkjbfc y bclfncn kiprkscrfcl. Kstk cjtkbknkjtk cphrtò fj`hricbfòj rklkvcjtk pcrc kl prkskjtk kstunfh, yc quk h`rkbfò ujc vcrfkncn nk tærifjhs sherk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths y sus cplfbcbfhjks quk kjrfqukbfkrhj kl vhbceulcrfh utflfzcnh nurcjtk kl prhbksh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj. @fjclikjtk, htrh cphrtk kj ekjk`fbfh cl Rfstkic nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs lh suifjfstrc kl trcecoh nk mrcnh rkclfzcnh phr Ecrrkth, @cefhlc k Afnclmh, Lflfcjc, tftulcnh? “Trhpukstc nk Cbuiulcbfòj nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Kiprksc Ecrhfn nk Pkjkzuklc, R. C’, sfkjnh su heoktfvh mkjkrcl? Trhphjkr uj sfstkic nk cbuiulcbfòj

nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs cncptcnhs c lhs rkqukrfifkjths nk lc kiprksc Ecrhfn nk

3; 

 

Pkjkzuklc, R. C. Lc bhjblusfòj c lc bucl llkmcrhj lhs cuthrks nk kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj `uk c lc cnhpbfòj phr pcrtk nk lc kiprksc nkl sfstkic prhpuksth y csé kstcelkbkr cnkbucncikjtk jfvklks nk rksphjsceflfncn c lhs mkrkjtks nk nkpcrtcikjth h léjkcs nk  prhnubbfòj. Lh kxpuksth cjtkrfhrikjtk mucrnc mu crnc rklcbfòj bhj kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj, nkefnh c quk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B. C rkqufkrk nk uj Rfstkic nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs, puks ks ujc bhipcóéc nk prhnubbfòj buyh prhnubth sk klcehrc icsfvcikjtk h kj uj prhbksh bhjtfjuh.  

Ukskóc Afstòrfbc nk Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Lc “Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.’, ks ujc kiprksc kst celkbfnc kj lc

zhjc fjnustrfcl Lhs ^cjquks, Pfllc nk Burc, Kstcnh Crcmuc.Lc kjtfncn jcbk bhih bhjskbukjbfc nk lc lc ujfòj nk lhs cbbfhjfstcs Blcrh Uhikrh, Oulfh Bkscr y Blcrh Uhikrh, @rfnc _cy, bhjstftuykjnh nfbac kiprksc iknfcjtk nhbuikjth prkskjtcnh cjtk kl Ukmfstrcnhr Ikrbcjtfl Trfikrh nk lc Bfrbujsbrfpbfòj Ounfbfcl nkl Kstcnh Crcmuc, ecoh kl jÿikrh26, ^hih 64-C kj `kbac nk 52 nk Icyh nk 5443. Thstkrfhrikjtk lc oujtc nfrkbtfvc nk cqukllc kjtfncn ikrbcjtfl, rkclfzc lc nksfmjcbfòj nk su bhifscrfh, akbah quk quknò fjsbrfth kj kl Ukmfstrh Ikrbcjtfl Trfikrh ecoh kl jÿikrh =0, ^hih =2-C kj `kbac nkl 4; nk Rkptfkierk nkl cóh 544=. Iãs cnklcjtk bhih bhjskbukjbfc nk lc eukjc rkjtceflfncn quk lc kiprksc mkjkrò, lc  oujtc nfrkbtfvc nkbfnk y cprukec rkclfzcr uj cuikjth nk bcpftcl , akbah quk quknò fjsbrfth kj kl Ukmfstrh Ikrbcjtfl Trfikrh ecoh kl jÿikrh 56, ^hih >6-C kj `kbac nk 32 nk Oulfh nkl 5434. Kj Oulfh nkl 5434, lc Oujtc Nfrkbtfvc nk Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, ks rkklkbtc pcrc uj jukvh pkrfhnh bhiprkjnfnh kjtrk 5434-543;, trcs kl vhth `cvhrcelk nk lc thtclfncn nk sus cbbfhjfstcs, kstc cscielkc thih cbth ourénfbh, sfkjnh cskjtcnc ecoh kl jÿikrh 56, ^hih >6-C, bhj `kbac nkl 32 nk Oulfh nk 5434, kj kl Ukmfstrh Ikrbcjtfl Trfikrh nk lc Bfrbujsbrfpbfòj Ounfbfcl nkl Kstcnh Crcmuc.

30 

 

@cerfbcjnh bhih prhnubbfòj prfjbfpcl, Ociòj nk Kspclnc nk bkrnhs csé bhih vcrfcnhs tfphs nk kieutfnhs, lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., ac sfnh ujc kiprksc lénkr kj kl ikrbcnh, quk sk uefbc kj kl rcih nk pkqukóc y iknfcjc kiprksc. Lc ifsic c lh lcrmh nk sus cóhs ac bhjskmufnh uj prhmrksh phsftfvh y uj nkscrrhllh sustkjtcelk, pkriftfkjnh ujc ciplftun nk lc ifsic. Bhih kiprksc nkl skbthr nk clfikjths, icjkoc mrcjnks kstãjncrks nk bclfncn c lc ahrc nk `cerfbcr sus prhnubths, lh bucl acbk quk su rkbhjhbfifkjth kj kl ikrbcnh skc iãs rãpfnh. C su vkz, icjtfkjk ujc eukjc h`krtc kj kl ikrbcnh, bhjtcjnh bhj ujc bcpcbfncn nk clicbkjcok nk 24.444 Gm nk kieutfnhs y bcrjks prhbkscncs y  prkpcrcncs kstcelks sfj rk`rfmkrcr, ifkjtrcs quk q uk su bcpcbfncn nk prhnubbfòj fjstclcnc cbtucl ks nk 24.444 gm y su bcpcbfncn rkcl nk prhnubbfòj ks nk 5;.044 Gm. Kj lc cbtuclfncn lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., bukjtc bhj klkikjths y `cbthrks quk yc jh lc bcrcbtkrfzcj bhih ujc kiprksc nkl rcih bhikrbfcl, sfjh iuy  phr kl bhjtrcrfh, mrcbfcs c lhs prhmrkshs hetkjfnhs rksultcjtks nk ujc rkjtceflfncn sustkjtcelk, ac lhmrcnh brkbkr acstc kstcelkbkrsk bhih ujc kiprksc nkl rcih fjnustrfcl. Ksth mkjkrc kjthjbks, lc jkbksfncn quk sus prhbkshs skcj ikohr kstunfcnhs bhj kl `fj nk hetkjkr uj prhmrksh bhjstcjtk y bhjsfstkjtk, cncptãjnhsk c lhs bciefhs quk prkskjtc uj brkbfifkjth kbhjòifbh.

Ifsfòj Nkscrrhllcr, Trhnubfr, bhikrbfclfzcr y nfstrfeufr kieutfnhs y bcrjks  prhbkscncs quk icjtkjmcj uj kstãjncr nk bclfncn òptfih, cprhvkbacjnh lhs rkburshs nk `hric k`fbfkjtk y k`fbcz lhmrcjnh csé supkrcr c lc bhipktkjbfc y mkjkrcjnh uj clth vclhr pcrc jukstrhs cbbfhjfstcs, jukstrhs trcecocnhrks y jukstrhs blfkjtks.

3= 

 

Pfsfòj Lc Kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk ac kstcelkbfnh bhih ifsfòj kl kstcr prkskjtk kj kl ikrbcnh nk clfikjths, h`rkbfkjnh prhnubths lénkrks bhj clths kstãjncrks nk bclfncn, fjjhvcnhrks y jutrfbfhjclks, quk prhphrbfhjkj uj clth vclhr cmrkmcnh phr pcrtk nk lhs blfkjtks.

Pclhrks nk lc Kiprksc  Jukstrhs vclhrks jhs nk`fjkj phr skr ahjksths bhj bh j jukstrc blfkjtklc kj erfjncr lc ikohr bclfncn kj jukstrhs prhnubths nk kieutfnhs y bcrjks prhbkscncs, csé bhih lc fjtkmrfncn, kl rkspkth y kl bhiprhifsh quk bcnc trcecocnhr icjtfkjk pcrc llkvcr c bceh uj prhbksh quk mkjkrc uj prhnubth nklfbcnh phr su bhjsuih auicjh. C su vkz lc shlfncrfncn kj bucjth c prkbfhs pcrc quk thncs lcs pkrshjcs tkjmcj cbbksh c jukstrhs prhnubths.

Kstrubturc Hrmcjfzctfvc nk lc Kiprksc Lc kstrubturc hrmcjfzctfvc nk lc kiprksc ks vkrtfbcl y kj kllc sk nksbrfekj bcnc ujc nk lcs ujfncnks okrcrquécs suprkics. Kj lc pcrtk supkrfhr nk æstcs, sk vfsuclfzcj léjkcs quk rkprkskjtcj lc bhiujfbcbfòj nk cuthrfncn y rksphjsceflfncn quk kxfstk kjtrk kllcs y lcs nkiãs okrcrquécs nk cbukrnh c lcs `ujbfhjks quk buiplkj.

31 

 

@fmurc 3. Hrmcjfmrcic Cbtucl nk lc Kiprksc Oujtc Nfrkbtfvc

Mkrkjtk Mkjkrcl

Mkrkjtk nk Tlcjtc

Cnifjfstrcbfhj

Pkjtcs Pkj tcs

Trhnubbfhj

Ukburshs Auicjhs

@ukjtk? Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. (5432)

Ecsks ^kòrfbcs Rkmÿj Ecvcrksbh (5440) “lcs ecsks tkòrfbcs tfkjkj quk vkr bhj lcs tkhrécs quk  erfjncj cl fjvkstfmcnhr kl cphyh cph yh fjfbfcl nkjtrh nkl bhjhbfifkjth nkl heokth nk kstunfh, ks nkbfr, bcnc prhelkic phskk clmÿj rk`krkjtk tkòrfbh’.(p.;4). Kj htrcs htrcs pclcercs, lcs  ecsks tkòrfbcs jh shj iãs quk kl sustkjth sherk kl bucl kl fjvkstfmcnhr fjvk stfmcnhr sk cphyc pcrc p crc lhmrcr csé lc pukstc kj prãbtfbc nk bcnc ujh nk lhs klkikjths quk bhj`hricj kl bciph quk sk nkskc cehrncr. Cahrc efkj bhjsfnkrcjnh quk kl kstunfh acbk rk`krkjbfc c lc  prhpukstc nk uj Rfstkic nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., c bhjtfjucbfòj sk prkskjtcj ujc skrfk bhjbkpths, prhphsfbfhjks y kj`hquks quk cphycj lc nfskrtcbfòj cbtucl.

Bhjtceflfncn Rkmÿj kl Bhiftæ nk ^krifjhlhméc nkl Fjstftuth Cikrfbcjh nk Bhjtcnhrks Tÿelfbhs (5441), nk`fjk lc bhjtceflfncn bhih “kl crtk nk rkmfstrcr, blcsf`fbcr y rksuifr, nk

icjkrc sfmjf`fbctfvc y kj tærifjhs ihjktcrfhs, trcjscbbfhjks quk shj, kj pcrtk cl ikjhs, nk bcrãbtkr `fjcjbfkrh, csé bhih nk fjtkrprktcr lhs rksultcnhs hetkjfnhs’.(p.1) 

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Thr htrh lcnh Luquk nk Lãzcrh (5441) nk`fjk lc bhjtceflfncn bhih, “lc bfkjbfc quk

tfkjk phr heokth kl kstunfh bucjtftctfvh y buclftctfvh nkl pctrfihjfh nk lc kiprksc, tcjth kj su cspkbth kstãtfbh bhih kj kl nfjãifbh, bhj lc `fjclfncn nk lhmrcr lc nfrkbbfòj cprhpfcnc nk lcs rfqukzcs quk lh fjtkmrcj.(p.1) Cphycnh kj lcs nk`fjfbfhjks cjtkrfhrks, sk puknk skóclcr quk lc bhjtceflfncn ks lc  ecsk sherk lc bucl sk bfifkjtcj lcs nkbfsfhjks mkrkjbfclks kj lc kiprksc, csé bhih lcs nkbfsfhjks `fjcjbfkrcs. Cujcnh c ksth sk acbk rk`krkjbfc c quk lc bhjtceflfncn tfkjk bcrcbtkréstfbcs quk lc nk`fjkj bhih uj crtk, y c su vkz bhih ujc bfkjbfc, kj kl bucl lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks bhjsfnkrcj quk ks uj crtk kj kl skjtfnh nk quk, rkqufkrk scmcbfncn nk oufbfh y bhjhbfifkjths ciplfhs c trcvæs nkl kstunfh fjtkjsfvh, ifkjtrcs quk phr htrc pcrtk sk bhjsfnkrc bfkjbfc, kj kl skjtfnh nk quk ks rfmurhsc, icjkoc iknfbfhjks, y sk rklcbfhjc bhj htrcs bfkjbfcs, tclks bhih lc kstcnéstfbc h lc kbhjhiéc. Nkefnh c kstc nfvkrsfncn nk bhjbkpths, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks acbkj rk`krkjbfc c nhs nk`fjfbfhjks, nk lc bhjtceflfncn, phr uj lcmh sk bhjsfnkrc bhih kl crtk nk rkmfstrcr, blcsf`fbcr, y rksuifr kj `hric sfmjf`fbctfvc y kj tærifjhs ihjktcrfhs, lcs hpkrcbfhjks y akbahs nk bcrãbtkr `fjcjbfkrh. Thr htrh lcnh, lc bhjtceflfncn sk bhjsfnkrc bhih ujc bfkjbfc, lc bucl pkriftk iknfr lc rfqukzc nk ujc kiprksc nksnk su brkcbfòj y bhih lc ifsic puknk bciefcr bhj kl  pcsh nkl tfkiph.

Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsths Lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsth, sk hbupc nk lc blcsf`fbcbfòj, cbuiulcbfòj, bhjtrhl y csfmjcbfòj nk bhsth. Kj kstk skjtfnh, Bacrlks ^. Ahrjmrkj (5434) kj su herc “Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsth uj kj`hquk Mkrkjbfcl’, rkbclbò lc fiphrtcjbfc nk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsth kj lc nfrkbbfòj cl pkriftfr suifjfstrcr fj`hricbfòj vclfhsc c lc cnifjfstrcbfòj, cyuncjnh bhj kllh c lc plcjkcbfòj y bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks.

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Fmuclikjtk Thlfikjf (3666), kxprksò quk lc bhjtcefl fncn nk bhsths ks “ujc tæbjfbc h iæthnh pcrc nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk uj prhykbth, prhbksh h prhnubth utflfzcnh phr lc icyhr pcrtk nk lcs kjtfncnks lkmclks nk ujc shbfkncn, h kspkbé`fbcikjtk rkbhikjncnh phr uj mruph cuthrfzcnh nk bhjtceflfncn’.  

Nkl ifsih ihnh Jkujkr (366>), nk`fjk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths bhih “ lc `csk kiplkcnc pcrc rkbhmkr, rkmfstrcr y cjclfzcr lc fj`hricbfòj rklcbfhjcnc bhj lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj y kj ecsk c nfbac fj`hricbfòj thicr nkbfsfhjks rklcbfhjcncs bhj lc  plcjkcbfòj y bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks’.  Thr htrh lcnh Lcjm (5442) kxplfbc quk “ lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, nksnk kl pujth

nk vfstc nk lc `cerfbcbfòj, ks lc rcic h lc skbbfòj nk lc bhjtceflfncn brkcnc pcrc hbupcrsk kskjbfclikjtk nk lhs `cbthrks nk lc prhnubbfòj". C su vkz cmrkmc quk "Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsths buiplk lhs sfmufkjtks heoktfvhs?  

Bhjtrhl nk lhs Mcsths

 

@focbfòj nk Trkbfhs

 

@focr lcs jhrics h phlétfbcs nk hpkrcbfòj h kxplhtcbfòj"

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½

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@fjclikjtk Bkbfl Mufllkspfk (5444), plcjtkc quk? Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, ks lc cplfbcnc c lcs cbtfvfncnks `cerébclks, ks kl  prhbknfifkjth pcrc llkvcr lhsphrbhsths nk nkprhnubbfòj ujc nhelky `fjclfncn7 nktkrifjcr kl bhsth ujfncn lhs crtébulhsbhjprhnubfnhs `cbflftcr nfvkrscs blcsks nk bhipcrcbfhjks bhj lcs buclks sk ifnk lc kokbubfòj prhnubthrc.

^hicjnh kj bhjsfnkrcbfòj lcs cjtkrfhrks nk`fjfbfhjks, sk puknk nk`fjfr lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths bhih ujc tæbjfbc quk ks cplfbcnc c lhs prhbkshs quk llkvcj c bceh kj lcs kiprkscs nkl rcih fjnustrfcl, bhj kl heoktfvh nk cjclfzcr, iknfr y bucjtf`fbcr lcs hpkrcbfhjks rkclfzcncs ecoh uj prhbksh prhnubtfvh, tkjfkjnh bhih `fj

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kl nktkrifjcr kl bhsth phr ujfncn nk lhs crtébulhs quk jcbkj bhih bhjskbukjbfc nk nfbah prhbksh.

Bhsth Kj lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths kxfstk uj fjnubthr h klkikjth iknfcjtk kl bucl sk  puknk bclbulcr kl vclhr nk ujc nktkrifjcnc cbtfvfncn, efkj skc nk prhnubbfòj, bhikrbfh h skrvfbfhs. Kstk klkikjth rkbfek kl jhierk nk bhsths. Cl rkspkbth Mcylk (3666),plcjtkcquk? Kl bhsth ifnk kl scbrf`fbfh kbhjòifbh kj kl quk sk acyc fjburrfnh pcrc clbcjzcr lc iktc nk ujc hrmcjfzcbfòj. Kj kl bcsh nk uj prhnubth, kl bhsth rkprkskjtc lc iknfbfòj ihjktcrfc nk lhs rkburshs quk sk acycj uscnh bhih lhs ictkrfclks, nk herc yihjktcrfh lhs bhsthsquk fjnfrkbths, kl bcsh nk uj skrvfbfh, kl bhsth lcksicjh kl scbrf`fbfh sk acyckjakbah pcrc  prhphrbfhjcr kl skrvfbfh. (p.;) C su vkz Thlfikjf (3666), fjnfbc quk kl bhsth sk nk`fjk bhih “kl vclhr

scbrf`fbcnh pcrc cnqufrfr efkjks y skrvfbfhs, quk sk ifnk nk `hric ihjktcrfc iknfcjtk lc rknubbfòj nk cbtfvhs h cl fjburrfr kj pcsfvhs kj kl ihikjth quk sk hetfkjkj  ekjk`fbfhs’.(p.33) 

Tcrtfkjnh kjthjbks nk kstcs nk`fjfbfhjks, sk puknk kxphjkr, quk kl bhsth kstã bhjstftufnh phr lcs nfstfjtcs fjvkrsfhjks k`kbtucncs bhj kl `fj nk klcehrcr uj efkj h  prkstcr uj skrvfbfh, bhjvfrtfæjnhsk csé kj ujc `ukjtk nk iknfbfòj kjtrk kl vclhr kbhjòifbh phr kl bucl sk bhikrbfclfzc y kl icrmkj nk utflfncn h ekjk`fbfh clbcjzcnh. Nfbah nk htrh ihnh, ks kl nkskiehlsh nk nfjkrh quk sk llkvc c bceh bhj kl heoktfvh nk rkclfzcr ujc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc quk mkjkrk uj lubrh, pkriftfkjnh hetkjkr ujc mcjcjbfc h ekjk`fbfh sherk kl ifsih. Cahrc lc blcsf`fbcbfòj nkl bhsth, skmÿj Icllh y htrhs (5444), rksphjnk c lhs klkikjths quk lh `hricj, cl ihikjth nk bãlbulh, c su phsfelk csfmjcbfòj iknfctc h

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fjiknfctc yc lc vcrfcbfòj nkl jfvkl nk cbtfvfncn (prhnubbfòj h vkjtc). Kj lh rk`krkjtk c lhs klkikjths quk lh `hricj, sk heskrvc c su vkz ujc jukvc cmrupcbfòj? Bhsth Trficrfh h Nfrkbth (`hricnh phr kl ictkrfcl, htrhs suifjfstrhs nfrkbths y kl bhsth nk lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc, jkbkscrfh pcrc klcehrcr uj prhnubth)7 Bhsths nk Trhnubbfòj h Fjnustrfcl (fjbluyk kl bhsth nk lhs ictkrfclks, nk lc icjh nk herc y htrhs bhths nk `cerfbcbfòj fjnfrkbths, sfkjnh utflfzcnhs jhriclikjtk bhih brftkrfh nk vclhrcbfòj nk lcs kxfstkjbfcs). Fmuclikjtk, sk tfkjk kl Bhsth nk Nfstrfeubfòj (rklctfvhs c lc bhikrbfclfzcbfòj y kjtrkmc nk lhs prhnubths c lc blfkjtklc)7 sk bhjsfnkrcj quk shj bhjsuifnhs kj kl  pkrfhnh quk sk rkclfzcj7 lhs Bhsths nk Cnifjfstrcbfòj y Mkjkrclks(csfmjcnhs phr cnifjfstrcbfòj, nfrkbbfòj y `fjcjbfcbfòj nk lhs prhbkshs nk prhnubbfòj y vkjtc)7 y lhs Bhsths nk Kiprksc h Bhsths ^htclks(shj lhs bhsths bhiplkths nkl pkrfhnh quk sk hetfkjkj phr cmrkmcbfòj nk lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj, nfstrfeubfòj, cnifjfstrcbfòj, nfrkbbfòj, mkjkrclks y `fjcjbfkrhs). Bhj rklcbfòj cl ihikjth nk bãlbulh, lhs bhsths sk nfvfnkj kj? Bhsth Ukcl (bclbulcnh c pcrtfr nk bhjsuihs rkclks kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nurcjtk uj pkrfhnh nk tfkiph)7 y Bhsth Kstãjncr (Bclbulcnh c pcrtfr nk lhs bhjsuihs prknktkrifjcnhs, c uj  prkbfh kstãjncr prk`focnh pcrc uj pkrfhnh `uturh). Nk cbukrnh c su phsfelk csfmjcbfòj iknfctc h fjiknfctc, kl bhsth sk blcsf`fbc kj nhs? Bhths Nfrkbths k Fjnfrkbths. Lhs  prfikrhs, rk`krfnhs c iknfhs h `cbthrks ` cbthrks bhjsuifnhs bh jsuifnhs kj kl prhbksh prh bksh phr uj prhnubth, h  phr uj bkjtrh h skbbfòj nk bhsth sherk lhs quk sk puknk bclbulcr prãbtfbcikjtk su iknfnc tæbjfbc y kbhjòifbc7 lhs skmujnhs, fj`luykj kj kl bhjsuih nk `cbthrks h iknfhs nk prhnubbfòj y shj bclbulcnhs phr nfstrfeubfòj. Kj lh bhjbkrjfkjtk, c lc vcrfcbfòj nkl jfvkl nk cbtfvfncn (prhnubbfòj h vkjtc),  puknkj skr? Bhsths @fohs (cqukllhs quk sk icjtfkjkj fjvcrfcelks pcrc uj pkrfhnh nk tfkiph y jfvkl nk cbtfvfncn nk lc kiprksc)7 Bhsths Pcrfcelks (shj cqukllhs quk vcrécj kj `ujbfòj nkl vhluikj nk prhnubbfòj h vkjtc)7 Bhsths Rkif`fohs (sk prhnubkj phr lc

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jkbksfncn nk cuikjtcr lhs iknfhs nk prhnubbfòj kj `hric nfsbrktc fiplfbcjnh ujc nfsbhjtfjufncn kj lc `ujbfòj nk bhsths. Ru vcrfceflfncn sk nkscrrhllc nkjtrh nk ujhs fjtkrvclhs, prhnubfæjnhsk ujc `ujbfòj c sclths)7 y phr ÿltfih sk kvfnkjbfcj lhs Bhsths Rkifvcrfcelks (tfkjkj lhs nhs ctrfeuths nk rklcbfòj rkspkbth c lc vcrfcbfòj nk lc vcrfcelk `ujncikjtcl, kl jfvkl nk cbtfvfncn nk lc prhnubbfòj y vkjtc). Kj kstk hrnkj nk fnkcs, lc ciplfc blcsf`fbcbfòj nk Bhsth suifjfstrcnc phr Icllh y htrhs (5444), `cbflftc lc cnkbucnc blcsf`fbcbfòj y cjãlfsfs nk lhs nfvkrshs bhiphjkjtks cshbfcnhs bhj lc prhnubbfòj y bhikrbfclfzcbfòj nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs, lh quk fjbfnfrã c su vkz kj lc bclfncn nk lhs prhnubths, lc prhnubtfvfncn y lc `focbfòj nkl prkbfh nk vkjtc. Thr bhjsfmufkjtk sk buiplfréc kl heoktfvh prfjbfpcl nk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, nk bhiujfbcr fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc y jh `fjcjbfkrc c lc cnifjfstrcbfòj c k`kbth nk kokrbkr lc plcjkcbfòj, bhjtrhl, kvclucbfòj nk rkburshs y `cbflftcr lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks bkrtkrcs y rklkvcjtks.

Bhsth [jftcrfh Kl prhbknfifkjth nk kstficr kl bhsth thtcl ujftcrfh ks fiphrtcjtk, skmÿj lh skóclcnh phr Akrjãjnkz (544;), phrquk rksfnk kj lc vclhrcbfòj quk sk suklk acbkr  pcrc kstcelkbkr kl prkbfh nk vkjtc nkl crtébulh quk sk prhnubk. Aceftuclikjtk sk kstfic cjtks nk quk sk rkclfbk lc prhnubbfòj y kjtrkmc nk prhnubths, y sk lks fnkjtf`fbc bhih bhsths kstãjncr, lhs quk nkekj k`kbtucrsk kj bhjnfbfhjks jhriclks nk `cerfbcbfòj nkl prhnubth. ^fkjkj ujc fiphrtcjbfc nkstcbcnc kj kl prhbksh nk  plcjkcbfòj nk lc prhnubbfòj p rhnubbfòj y kj kl prhbksh nk n k bhjtrhl, yc quk qu k fiplfbcj ujc bhjnubtc jhrictfvc y skóclcj bucl nkek skr kl ks`ukrzh kiplkcnh pcrc lhmrcr lh quk nkefkrc skr bhih prhpòsfth nk lc prhnubbfòj nk lc kiprksc. Nk cbukrnh c lh kxpuksth phr Akrjãjnkz (544;), kj fj`krkjbfc nk lhs cuthrks, sk bhjsfnkrc quk kl bhsth ujftcrfh nkpkjnkrã nkl bhsth y rkjnfifkjth nk lcs ictkrfcs  prfics, kl bhsth nk n k lhs sclcrfhs, lc k`fbfkjbfc nk lc icjh nk herc, her c, lhs ekjk`fbfhs nk lc

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kspkbfclfzcbfòj prhnubtfvc y kl prksupuksth nk mcsths. Lc kstficbfòj nkl bhsth ujftcrfh pkriftk cl kiprkscrfh nfskócr prksupuksths nk hpkrcbfòj nk lc kiprksc, csé bhih kstcelkbkr kl prhmrcic tkjtctfvh nk prhnubbfòj. Cnkiãs `cbflftc klcehrcr lc  phlétfbc nk prkbfhs, sfj crrfksmcrsk c tkjkr pærnfncs, cnkiãs nk fjnfbcr lh quk bukstc  prhnubfr uj crtébulh kj lc kiprksc kj kstunfh. kstunfh . Bhj rkspkbth cl bãlbulhnkl bhsth `foh ujftcrfh, sk puknk k`kbtucr nk vcrfcs `hrics. Rk puknk thicr kl thtcl nk lhs bhsths `fohs rkclfzcnhs kl iks cjtkrfhr. Kstc bcjtfncn sk nfvfnkj kjtrk kl jÿikrh nk prhnubths klcehrcnhs kj kl ifsih iks h phr lc bcjtfncn nk prhnubths quk sk kstfic sk lhmrcrcj prhnubfr nurcjtk kl iks quk sk  prhmrcic. Kstk ks uj bãlbulh nkl bhsth `foh ujftcrfh iuy skjbfllh, sfj kiecrmh, jh ks kl ÿjfbh tfph nk bãlbulh.

Rfstkics nk Bhsths nk Trhnubbfòj [jc vkz cbuiulcnh lhs bhsths phr nkpcrtcikjths, ãrkcs, h bkjtrhs nk bhsths, ks jkbkscrfh csfmjcr tclks krhmcbfhjks c lhs prhnubths h skrvfbfhs, c trcvæs nk uj sfstkic nk bhsths, lhs buclks c oufbfh nk Mcylk (3666), puknkj skr phr òrnkjks kspkbé`fbcs, prhbksh bhjtfjuhs y phr hpkrcbfhjks. Fmuclikjtk, lc ifsic cuthrc skóclc quk lhs sfstkics nk bhths phr òrnkjks kspkbé`fbcs h nk prhbkshs sk bhjsfnkrcj lhs nhs kxtrkihs, ifkjtrcs quk kl sfstkic nk bhsths phr hpkrcbfhjks bhjstftuyk kl pujth fjtkriknfh. Lc sklkbbfòj kjtrk ujh y htrh sfstkic nkpkjnkrã nk lc jcturclkzc nk lc cbtfvfncn. C bhjtfjucbfòj sk nksbrfek bcnc ujh nk lhs sfstkics? c)  Bhstkh phr Hrnkjks Kspkbf`fbcs? Kj kstk sfstkic lhs bhsths sk csfmjcj phr òrnkjks nk trcecoh h nk prhnubbfòj. Kjtkjnfæjnhsk phr òrnkjks nk trcecoh uj bhjtrcth, ujfncn nk prhnubbfòj, h lhtk quk tkjmc quk skr kokbutcnh pcrc sctfs`cbkr lcs jkbksfncnks nk lhs blfkjtks. Ks nk mrcj utflfncn pcrc cqukllcs hrmcjfzcbfhjks quk prhnubkj efkjks h skrvfbfhs ecsãjnhsk kj lhs

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rkqukrfifkjths kspkbé`fbhs nkl blfkjtk. Csé ifsih, shj `ãbflikjtk fnkjtf`fbcelks lhs bhsths utflfzcnhs phr bhjbkpth nk ictkrfclks y icjh nk herc. Lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths shj cplfbcnhs uscjnh ujc tcsc n bhsths fjnfrkbths h tcsc  prknktkrifjcnc. @fjclikjtk kl bhstkh phr hrnkj nk trcecoh ks cprhpfcnh kj kl bcsh nk kiprkscs quk klcehrcj nf`krkjtks bhiphjkjtks pcrc kl fjvkjtcrfh. Nk kstc `hric, bcnc hrnkj nk trcecoh rkbfek bcjtfncnks vcrfcelks nk tclkjth y nk ctkjbfòj, phr lh quk kl bhsth ujftcrfh phr bcnc hrnkj ks nf`krkjtk, kl bucl ks bclbulcnh ujc vkz quk sk tkrifjk. Kstk tfph nk sfstkic sk heskrvc nk `hric mrã`fbc kj lc @fmurc 5.

@fmurc 5 Rfstkic nk Bhstkh phr Òrnkjks Kspkbé`fbcs

@ukjtk? Trh`. ]flikr Iæjnkz (5433). [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh

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 e) Bhstkh phr Trhbkshs? Ks uj sfstkic k`kbtfvh pcrc lcs kiprkscs quk utflfzcj iæthnhs nk prhnubbfòj bhj ecsks kj léjkcs nk kjscielks bcpcbks nk brkcr uj `luoh bhjtfjuh nk prhnubths. Ks phr kllc quk ujc vkz `fjclfzcnh kl prhbksh, lhs trcecocnhrks trcjs`fkrkj lcs ujfncnks cl clicbæj nk prhnubths tkrifjcnhs, puksth quk ksths  prhnubths jh `ukrhj klcehrcnhs pcrc uj blfkjtk kspkbf`fbh. Thr tcjth, thncs lcs ujfncnks nk ujc léjkc kspkbé`fbc nk prhnubths shj fnæjtfbcs. Thr htrc pcrtk, kl bhstkh  phr prhbkshs p rhbkshs suphjk s uphjk lc kxfstkjbfc kx fstkjbfc nk uj `luoh skbukjbfcl nk uj nkpcrtcikjth c htrh c iknfnc quk lcs ujfncnks cvcjzcj kj kl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj. Lhs bhsths nkl  prhbkscifkjth fjbrkikjtcj kl bhsth nk n k lcs ujfncnks c iknfnc quk sk nksplczcj nks plczcj kjtrk nkpcrtcikjths kj bcnc ujh nk kllhs sk nkscrrhllc ujc tcrkc kspkbé`fbc. Thr ÿltfih, lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths, icjh nk herc nfrkbtc y lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj kstficnhs sk cbuiulcj pcrc bcnc nkpcrtcikjth c lh lcrmh nk bfkrth pkrfhnh mkjkrclikjtk nk uj iks. Cl `fjcl nkl pkrfhnh lhs bhsths nkpcrtcikjtclks sk nfvfnkj kjtrk kl jÿikrh nk ujfncnks prhnubfncs pcrc hetkjkr kl bhsth ujftcrfh. Kl sfstkic nk bhsths phr prhbkshs sk cprkbfc kj lc `fmurc 2.

@fmurc 2 Rfstkic nk Bhstkh phr Trhbkshs

Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths, Icjh nk herc Nfrkbtc Bhsths Fjnfrkbths

Nkpcrtcikjth

Nkpcrtcikjth

Nkpcrtcikjth

C

E

B

Crtébulhs ^krifjcnhs 

@ukjtk? Mcylk (3666)  e)  Bhstkh phr hpkrcbfhjks? rkprkskjtc uj iæthnh fjtkriknfh, bhj bcrcbtkréstfbcs nk lhs sfstkics nk bhstkh phr prhbkshs y hrnkjks kspkbé`fbcs. Kj kstk bcsh lhs bhsths sk csfmjcj pcrc lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths c lhs lhtks nk prhnubbfòj sfiflcrks c lhs nkl sfstkic nk bhstkh phr òrnkjks kspkbé`fbcs. Ifkjtrcs quk lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc y lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `ãerfbc sk cplfbcj c thncs lcs

5= 

 

ujfncnks `ésfbcs quk pcscj c trcvæs nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks, utflfzcjnh uj shlh bhsth ujftcrfh prhiknfh nk bhjvkrsfòj pcrc lc hpkrcbfòj. Kstk sfstkic sk utflfzc kj  prhbkshs nk icju`cbturc nhjnk lcs bcrcbtkréstfbcs bhiujks prkvclkbkj sherk lcs fjnfvfnuclks. Thr lh tcjth kstk sfstkic sctfs`cbk lcs jkbksfncnks nk uj  prhnubthr, buyhs prhnubths rkvfstkj vcrfcbfhjks v crfcbfhjks nk uj shlh s hlh nfskóh n fskóh y rkqufkrkj rkq ufkrkj nk ujc skbukjbfc vcrfcjtk nk hpkrcbfhjks kstcjncrfzcncs. Kj bhjskbukjbfc, sk puknk c`fricr quk lcs hrmcjfzcbfhjks puknkj csfmjcr sus bhsths phr buclqufkrc nk ksths sfstkics, c `fj nk nktkrifjcr lhs bhsths ujftcrfhs kj `hric rczhjcnc y cnkbuãjnhsk c lc jcturclkzc nk lc prhnubbfòj h nkl skrvfbfh. Nk cllé quk ksths sfstkics puknkj skrvfr nk icrbh h ecsk pcrc `hriclfzcr kl icjkoh nk lhs bhsths hrfmfjcnhs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh quk rkclfzc lc kiprksc kj kstunfh.

Klkikjths nkl Bhsth ^hnh prhbksh prhnubtfvh kipfkzc y tkrifjc kj uj hrnkj kstcelkbfnh. C iknfnc quk kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh prhmrksc, lh quk `uk ictkrfc prfic sk cprhxfic cahrc c skr uj prhnubth tkrifjcnh. Lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths kj kiprkscs icju`cbturkrcs sk kj`hbc, prfjbfpclikjtk, c lc vclucbfòj nk fjvkjtcrfhs nk prhnubths kj prhbksh y nk prhnubths tkrifjcnhs. Tcrc kllh, ks jkbkscrfh nktkrifjcr lhs klkikjths nk bhsth nk prhnubbfòj fjburrfnhs kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh. Ksths c oufbfh nk ^hrrks (5445) y nk Thlfikjf y htrhs (5445), shj trks? ictkrfc prfic, icjh nk herc y bhsths fjnfrkbths. C bhjtfjucbfòj sk kxplfbc bhj nktcllk bcnc ujh nk kllhs.

51 

 

@fmurc > Klkikjths nkl Bhsth Ictkrfclks

Htrhs Bhsths nk Icju`cbturc Fjnfrkbths

Fjnfrkbths

Nfrkbths

Nfrkbths

Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths

Icjh nk Herc

Bhsths Fjnfrkbths nk @cerfbcbfòj

Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc

@ukjtk? Thlfikjf y Htrhs (5445)

Ictkrfclks Ksths, kj ctkjbfòj c lh kxpuksth phr Thlfikjf, rkprkskjtcj kj iubacs hbcsfhjks kl  phrbkjtcok iãs klkvcnh nk lhs klkikjths quk bhiphjkj kl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj nk uj crtébulh. Kj lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk kstk, thnh kl ictkrfcl quk fjtkrvfkjk kj lc klcehrcbfòj nk uj crtébulh ks fiphrtcjtk y lh fnkcl skréc bhjhbkr kxcbtcikjtk, lhs tfphs y bcjtfncnks quk ceshrek bcnc crtébulh. Tcrc ksth ks jkbkscrfh, skmÿj kl cuthr blcsf`fbcr lhs ictkrfclks kj?

c)  Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths? shj thnhs cqukllhs fnkjtf`fbcelks kj lc  prhnubbfòj nk n k uj prhnubth tkrifjcnh, kokiplh? icnkrc pcrc p crc `cerfbcr ` cerfbcr ujc u jc bcic. Iknfcjtk lhs sfmufkjtks kokiplhs sk phnrã tkjkr ujc vfsfòj iãs blcrc nk lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths7 kl cbkrh ks `ujncikjtcl pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk klkbtrhnhiæstfbhs kjtrk htrhs.  e)  Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths? shj thnhs cqukllhs ictkrfclks quk jh shj fnkjtf`fbcelks kj lc prhnubbfòj nk uj prhnubth, bhih kl pkmcikjth kj lc `cerfbcbfòj nk lc bcic, ecrjfbks kj lc bhjstrubbfòj nk iukelks, klkbtrhnhs pcrc shlncr lcs pcrtks kj lc `cerfbcbfòj nk iukelks nk cbkrh, aflhs kj lc icju`cbturc nk trcoks kjtrk htrhs.

56 

 

b)  Ruifjfstrhs nk @cerfbc? shj lhs ictkrfclks bhj lhs quk sk klcehrcj lhs prhnubths, pkrh quk jh puknkj skr bucjtf`fbcnhs nk ujc icjkrc kxcbtc bhih cbkftks y luerfbcjtks uscnhs kj kl icjtkjfifkjth nk lcs icqufjcs trcphs y cskrréj pcrc kl icjtkjfifkjth nkl ãrkc nk trcecoh kjtrk htrhs. (p.33;). Bhj kstc blcsf`fbcbfòj sk fjbluykj thnhs lhs tfphs nk ictkrfclks quk nkekj kstcr nkefncikjtk rkmfstrcnhs kj lc kstrubturc nk bhsths, nk tcl icjkrc quk cl ihikjth nk bclbulcr kl bhsth ujftcrfh, kstk skc rkclikjtk kl quk bhrrksphjnk.

Icjh nk Herc Rkmÿj lh kxprkscnh phr Mcrbéc (5443), “ks kl ks`ukrzh `ésfbh y ikjtcl mcstcnh phr  pcrtk nkl pkrshjcl pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk uj prhnubth’.(p.=0). prhnu bth’.(p.=0). Kstk klkikjth  nk bhsth,

cujquk nk iãs `ãbfl bhjtrhl quk lhs ictkrfclks, jhriclikjtk rksultc nf`ébfl phnkr cplfbcr c lcs ujfncnks prhnubfncs kl bhsth nk lc lcehr kiplkcnc phr bcnc ujc nk lcs  pkrshjcs quk fjtkrvfkjkj kj lc klcehrcbfòj nkl nk l prhnubth. Thr lh tcjth skmÿj kstk cuthr, sk prkskjtcj nhs tfphs nk icjh nk herc?

Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Rk bhjsfnkrc bhih tcl, cqukllc quk ac fjtkrvkjfnh nfrkbtcikjtk kj lc klcehrcbfòj nkl prhnubth, ks nkbfr, cqukllc icjh nk herc kspkbfclfzcnc quk acbk phsfelk lc trcjs`hricbfòj nkl ictkrfcl kj uj crtébulh nk ikohr y `ãbfl icjkoh, h kj htrcs  pclcercs quk acbk phsfelk lc trcjs`hricbfòj trcjs`hr icbfòj nkl ictkrfcl c prhnubth tkrifjcnh.

Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc Ks cqukllc quk jh fjtkrvfkjk nfrkbtcikjtk kj lc `cerfbcbfòj nkl prhnubth. Kj kokiplh nk ksth sk nkjhtcj c lhs trcecocnhrks quk sk nknfbcj cl trcjsphrtk fjtkrjh nk lhs ictkrfclks, supkrvfsfòj, kjbcrmcnhs nk icjtkjfifkjth y htrhs. Rk bhjsfnkrcrcj

24 

 

bhih bhsths quk sk nkekrãj bcrmcr c lc hrnkj nk prhnubbfòj, lcs ohrjcncs pcmcncs c bcnc ujh nk lhs trcecocnhrks sfkiprk y bucjnh su lcehr acyc sfnh nfrfmfnc c lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lhs ictkrfclks. Tcrc kllh sk nkekrã tkjkr kj bukjtc lhs sfmufkjtks `cbthrks? c)  Lc nurcbfòj iãxfic nk lc ohrjcnc nk trcecoh lc bucl nkek skr lc sfmufkjtk? Tcrc kl pkrshjcl herkrh? Hbah (1) ahrcs nfcrfcs h bucrkjtc y buctrh (>>) ahrcs skicjclks, sf sk trctc nk trcecoh nfurjh, ks nkbfr, ohrjcnc bhiprkjnfnc kjtrk lcs ;?44 c.i. y lcs =?44 p.i. Thr htrc pcrtk, shj sfktk (=) ahrcs nfcrfcs h bucrkjtc (>4) ahrcs skicjclks sf sk trctc nk trcecoh jhbturjh, h skc, bhiprkjnfnh kjtrk lcs =?44 p.i. y lcs ;?44 c.i.  e)  Rk bhjsfnkrcrc bhih pcrtk fjtkmrcjtk nkl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj thnhs lhs  pcmhs quk sk acmcj c lhs trcecocnhrks nfrkbtc h fjnfrkbtcikjtk k`kbtÿkj ujc lcehr `cerfl, bhih ks kl bcsh nk lcs prkstcbfhjks shbfclks pcmcncs c lhs trcecocnhrks quk nkokj nk prkstcr sus skrvfbfhs pcrc lc kiprksc.

Bcrmc @cerfl h Bhsths Fjnfrkbths nk @cerfbcbfòj Mcrbéc (5443) acbk rk`krkjbfc c lc bcrmc `cerfl, bhj lc sfmufkjtk nk`fjfbfòj Ks kl tkrbkr klkikjth nkl bhsth y kl iãs bhiplkoh pcrc su bhrrkbtc cplfbcbfòj. Lh rkprkskjtcj lhs nkskiehlshs kj lhs quk fjburrkj lcs kiprkscs pcrc lc icrbac jhricl nk lc `ãerfbc, lhs buclks jh puknkj nfstfjmufrsk blcrcikjtk bhih lhs nhs prfikrhs. Ks fiphrtcjtk skóclcr, quk lc bcrmc `cerfl, ks uj bhsth fjnfrkbth yc quk jh puknk skr bcrmcnc c lhs prhnubths `cerfbcnhs phr bucjth sk trctc nk pcmhs phr skrvfbfhs mkjkrclks, csé bhih pcmhs pcrc ekjk`fbfhs nk thnc lc prhnubbfòj.

Tlcj nk Bukjtcs Rkmÿj Hrtfz (5446) nk`fjk cl plcj nk bukjtcs bhih “lfstcnh nk bukjtcs quk ujc

kiprksc ac nktkrifjcnh utflfzcr pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk sus prhbkshs bhjtcelks, lh quk nkpkjnkrã nk lc jcturclkzc nk lcs cbtfvfncnks kbhjòifbcs quk rkclfbk’. 

23 

 

Nk cbukrnh kjthjbks c lh kxpuksth phr Hrtfz, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks nk`fjkj kl plcj nk bukjtcs, bhih cqukllc akrrcifkjtc bhjtcelk quk pkriftk lc hrmcjfzcbfòj, nfstrfeubfòj y rkmfstrh nk lc fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc, csé bhih nk lcs trcjscbbfhjks quk sk rkclfzcj kj ujc kjtfncn, lc bucl nk cbukrnh cl ruerh, tcicóh, y tfph nk kiprksc quk skc nfsphjnrã nk uj plcj bhjtcelk c lc iknfnc nk sus jkbksfncnks y cbhrnk c sus bcrcbtkréstfbcs. Ks fiphrtcjtk cbhtcr, quk nfbahs plcjks bhjtcelks sk llkvcj c bceh bhj kl `fj nk cuthictfzcr kl rkmfstrh nk lc fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk y `fjcjbfkrc, bhj kl heokth nk rknubfr kl tfkiph kj kl quk kstc lcehr sk llkvc c bceh, y pkriftfr tkjkr uj hrnkj nk lc fj`hricbfòj nk lc kiprksc, csé bhih nk su prhbksh, mkjkrcjnh bhih rksultcnh ujc ikohr thic nk nkbfsfhjks.

Kstrubturc nk Bhsths Lc kstrubturc pkriftk lc bhj`fmurcbfòj nk klkikjths rklcbfhjcnhs k fjnkpkjnfkjtks kjtrk sé y, c su vkz, lc nfstrfeubfòj y hrnkj nk lcs pcrtks fiphrtcjtks quk bhiphjkj uj thnh. Cl rkspkbth, Ksbclhjc (s.`) nk`fjk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths bhih “kl nktcllk nk bcnc ujc nk lcs krhmcbfhjks quk sk acbkj pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk

uj efkj h skrvfbfh, nktcllk kl bucl sk bhjvfkrtk kj fj`hricbfòj pcrc lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths’ (p.53).

Kj kstk skjtfnh, phr iknfh nk ujc cnkbucnc kstrubturc nk bhsths lcs kiprkscs  phskkj ujc akrrcifkjtc quk lks pkriftc, pk riftc, kjtrk htrhs cspkbths, ikohrcr su bcpcbfncn nk  prhnubbfòj, kvclucr lc bcpcbfncn nk vkjtcs, nktkrifjcr lc rkjtceflfncn nk uj  prhnubth, plcjkcr utflfncnks y hetkjkr fj`hricbfòj vkrcz v krcz pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks.

25 

 

Tcrc Mutfærrkz Mutfærrkz (5443), lc kstrubturc kstrubturc nk bhsths bhjsfstk kj “lc

kxprksfòj

juiærfbc quk `hriulc, phr ruerhs, lc bcjtfncn nk nfjkrh quk sk krhmc pcrc hetkjkr uj nktkrifjcnh prhnubth phr ujfncn’ (p.33). Cnfbfhjclikjtk kl cuthr skóclc quk “kstc

kxprksfòj juiærfbc, pkriftk kvclucbfhjks y bhipcrcbfhjks sf sk kxprksc kj bf`rcs rklctfvcs (phrbkjtcoks)7 lh bucl lcs acbkj c su vkz bhjvkrtfelks c heoktfvhs y iktcs nk trcecoh bhj prhmrcics nk ikohrc bhjtfjuc’ (p.33). Ksth qufkrk nkbfr quk lc kstrubturc

nk bhsths jh ks iãs quk kl iknfh pcrc bhipcrcr lhs rksultcnhs y nktkrifjcr sf sk acj buefkrth lhs prhpòsfths bhj rkspkbth c lhs ruerhs fjvhlubrcnhs kj lc klcehrcbfòj nk  efkjks h prkstcbfòj nk skrvfbfhs. Nk fmucl icjkrc Nkllcikc (3661), lc bhjbfek bhih “ujc akrrcifkjtc nk

bãlbulh ictkiãtfbh, quk kstã bhjbkefnc pcrc nktkrifjcr kl bhsth quk sk hbcsfhjc kj lc  prhnubbfòj nk uj efkj h kj lc prkstcbfòj nk uj skrvfbfh’ (p.3). @fjclikjtk,  Mcylk (3666), kxprksc, kj tærifjhs sfiflcrks, quk “sk trctc nk uj bhjoujth hrmcjfzcnh nk

brftkrfhs y prhbknfifkjths pcrc lc blcsf`fbcbfòj, cbuiulcbfòj y csfmjcbfòj nk bhsths kj kl prhbksh nk icju`cbturc, bhj kl `fj nk h`rkbkr fj`hricbfòj pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks y kl bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks’.  

Kj bhjblusfòj sk puknk c`fricr, quk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths ks ujc akrrcifkjtc `ujncikjtcl pcrc quk ujc kiprksc vclhrk cnkbucncikjtk lhs efkjks y skrvfbfhs quk h`rkbkj, nkefnh c quk fnkjtf`fbc, nk`fjk, ifnk, rkphrtc y cjclfzc lhs nfvkrshs klkikjths nk lhs bhsths, cshbfcnhs bhj lc prhnubbfòj y bhikrbfclfzcbfòj nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs, y c su vkz, bucjtf`fbc kl nkskipkóh, lc bclfncn nk lhs prhnubths y lc  prhnubtfvfncn.

Pkjtcocs y Nksvkjtcocs nk ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsth Kl ush nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, hthrmc nfvkrshs ekjk`fbfhs c lcs hrmcjfzcbfhjks quk cspfrcj icjkocr k`kbtfvcikjtk lhs ruerhs h klkikjths rkqukrfnhs

22 

 

 pcrc bcnc efkj h skrvfbfhs. Tcrc kllh, sk kxphjk c bhjtfjucbfòj clmujcs nk lcs vkjtcocs iãs rklkvcjtks skóclcncs phr Nkllcikc (3661), Ksbclhjc (s.`) y Mcylk (3666) v 

Cjãlfsfs nkl bhiphrtcifkjth nk lhs bhsths

v 

Bhjhbkr lc pcrtfbfpcbfòj nk lhs nfstfjths `cbthrks kj lc kstrubturc nk lhs bhsths

v 

Iknfr kl mrcnh nk cprhvkbacifkjth nk lc bcpcbfncn nk prhnubbfòj fjstclcnc y kvclucbfòj nk lc bcpcbfncn nk vkjtcs

v 

Nktkrifjcbfòj nk lc rkjtceflfncn nk bcnc léjkc nk prhnubths y plcjkcifkjth nk lcs utflfncnks y bhjskbukjtk cjãlfsfs nk lcs vcrfcbfhjks

v 

Thsfeflftc ujc bhipktkjbfc scjc y uj ikohrcifkjth nk lhs sfstkics nk bhsths, cyuncjnh cl cuikjth nk lc k`fbfkjbfc kiprkscrfcl, yc quk lhs prkbfhs rksphjnkj c kstrubturcs nk bhsths bhjhbfncs phr lhs kiprkscrfhs.

v 

Ruifjfstrc ncths sherk lc rkjtceflfncn nk léjkcs nk prhnubbfòj.

v 

Tkriftk iknfr kl k`kbth kj lhs bhsths, nk lcs phlétfbcs nk rkstrfbbfhjks y bciefcrfc.

v 

H`rkbk cnkiãs, lc phsfeflfncn nk kvclucr lc prhnubbfòj y iknfr lc k`fbfkjbfc kj kl icjkoh nk lhs `cbthrks prhnubtfvhs. Kj k`kbth sk tfkjk kjthjbks, quk lcs kstrubturcs nk bhsths shj ujc akrrcifkjtc

quk pkriftkj bhjhbkr lhs bhsths fjburrfnhs kj lc prhnubbfòj nk uj efkj h kj lc  prkstcbfòj nk uj skrvfbfh, lh bucl lk `cbflftc y lk pkriftk c lc mkrkjbfc thicr nkbfsfhjks iãs cbkrtcncs rk`krkjtk c lc prhnubbfòj, rkjtcs, nkscrrhllh nk bhsths, cnifjfstrcbfòj nk lhs rkburshs y c lcs phlétfbcs y kstrctkmfcs bhikrbfclks.

2> 

 

Ukjtceflfncn Kstk tærifjh kstã cshbfcnh bhj kl rkjnfifkjth quk puknk mkjkrcrsk phr lc kokbubfòj nk ujc cbtfvfncn nktkrifjcnc quk pkriftc nfsphjkr nkl bcpftcl nk trcecoh su`fbfkjtk pcrc nkscrrhllcr lcs hpkrcbfhjks, csé bhih tciefæj erfjnk uj ekjk`fbfh rczhjcelk c lc kiprksc. Nk kstc icjkrc, kl cjãlfsfs nk lc rkjtceflfncn ac bhjnubfnh c quk sk kstunfkj lhs bhiphrtcifkjths nk lhs bhsths y mcsths pcrc kstcelkbkr cqukllcs cbbfhjks quk pkriftcj su ifjfifzcbfòj y icxfifzcbfòj nk lc utflfncn, pkrh sfj c`kbtcr lc bclfncn. Kj kstk skjtfnh, sk prkskjtc ujc nk`fjfbfòj cphrtcnc phr Rãjbakz (5445) kj lc quk bhjbfek c lc rkjtceflfncn bhih “ujc ihbfòj quk sk cplfbc c thnc cbbfòj

kbhjòifbc kj lc quk sk ihvflfzcj ujhs iknfhs, ictkrfclks, auicjhs y `fjcjbfkrhs bhj kl `fj nk hetkjkr ujhs rksultcnhs’. Nk cllé quk s k cplfbc cl phrbkjtcok nk rkjtceflfncn quk sk hetfkjk phr kl ush nk lhs rkburshs hrmcjfzcbfhjclks kj lc  prhnubbfòj. Csé ifsih, Cbhstc (5445), sk rk`fkrk c kllc bhih “lc rklcbfòj quk kxfstk kjtrk lc utflfncn y lc fjvkrsfòj jkbkscrfc pcrc lhmrcrlc’. Cnkiãs cmrkmc quk “lc rkjtceflfncn

ifnk lc k`kbtfvfncn nk lc mkrkjbfc nk ujc kiprksc, nkihstrcnc phr lcs utflfncnks hetkjfncs nk lcs vkjtcs rkclfzcncs y lc utflfzcbfòj nk lcs fjvkrsfhjks, su bctkmhréc y rkmulcrfncn ks lc tkjnkjbfc nk lcs utflfncnks’. 

Tcrtfkjnh nk kstcs nk`fjfbfhjks kxpukstcs cjtkrfhrikjtk, sk puknk kxprkscr quk lc rkjtceflfncn jh ks iãs quk ujc iknfnc phr lc bucl sk puknk nktkrifjcr sf lc fjvkrsfòj quk sk ac nk k`kbtucr h`rkbk uj ekjk`fbfh cbkptcelk h nk lh bhjtrcrfh lc kokbubfòj nkl prhbksh mkjkrc pærnfncs. Ks phr kllh quk ks ujh nk lhs cspkbths quk ujfnhs bhj lhs bhsths bhjstftuyk lhs prfjbfpclks rkths nk ujc hrmcjfzcbfòj pcrc lhmrcr  pkricjkbkr kj kl ikrbcnh.

2; 

 

Ictrfz NH@C Nk cbukrnh c lh kxpuksth phr Lkxfjmthj (543;), kstcelkbk quk uj cjãlfsfs NH@C, h Ictrfz NH@C sk nk`fjk bhih “ujc akrrcifkjtc kiprkscrfcl quk sk utflfzc pcrc

cjclfzcr lc sftucbfòj cbtucl nkl jkmhbfh, pcrc phstkrfhrikjtk phnkr nk`fjfr lcs kstrctkmfcs quk skmufrã kj kl `uturh, csé bhih lc bhrrkbtc y k`fbcz thic nk nkbfsfhjks’.  ^hicjnh bhih ecsk lh kxpuksth phr Lkxfjmthj, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks bhjsfnkrcj lc ictrfz NH@C, bhih ujc akrrcifkjtc kiprkscrfcl lc bucl pkriftk kvclucr lc sftucbfòj h pcjhrcic cbtucl kj lc quk sk kjbukjtrc ujc bhrphrcbfòj7 bhj kl `fj nk phnkr rkclfzcr ujc rktrhclfikjtcbfòj c lc kiprksc, kiprksc, pcrtfkjnh nk lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk sus nkeflfncnks, hphrtujfncnks, `hrtclkzcs y cikjczcs. Cujcnh c lh cjtks ikjbfhjcnh ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr, quk lcs hphrtujfncnks y cikjczcs shj cqukllhs `cbthrks kxtkrjhs quk fjbfnfrãj jkmctfvc h phsftfvcikjtk kj lc kjtfncn kbhjòifbc, ifkjtrcs quk lcs nkeflfncnks y `hrtclkzcs shj `cbthrks fjtkrjhs quk nk`fjkj y bcrcbtkrfzcj c lc kjtfncn.

20 

 

Ecsks Lkmclks Bhih lh kxprksc Icrtfjs (5442) “Lc `ujncikjtcbfòj lkmcl h ecsks lkmclks sk

rk`fkrk c lc jhrictfvc ourénfbc quk sustkjtc kl kstunfh. Nksnk lc Bcrtc Icmjc, lcs Lkyks Hrmãjfbcs, lcs rkshlubfhjks, nkbrkths, kjtr k htrhs’ (p.;;). Kj lc prkskjtk fjvkstfmcbfòj sk acbk ush nk lcs ecsks lkmclks quk sustkjtcj lc klcehrcbfòj nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs pcrc lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C.

Bhjstftubfòj nk lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc (BUEP) (3666) Lc Bhjstftubfòj nk lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc bhih iãxfic ksbclc nk phnkr bhiprkjnk bfkrths klkikjths kj nfvkrshs Crtébulhs quk `ujncikjtcj kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj.

Crtébulh 335.^hncs lcs pkrshjcs puknkj nknfbcrsk lferkikjtk c lc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc nk su prk`krkjbfc, sfj iãs lfiftcbfhjks quk lcs prkvfstcs kj kstc Bhjstftubfòj y lcs quk kstcelkzbcj lcs lkyks, phr rczhjks nk nkscrrhllh auicjh, skmurfncn, scjfncn, prhtkbbfòj nkl ciefkjtk u htrcs nk fjtkræs shbfcl. Kl Kstcnh prhihvkrã lc fjfbfctfvc prfvcnc, mcrcjtfzcjnh lc brkcbfòj y oustc nfstrfeubfòj nk lc rfqukzc, csé bhih lc prhnubbfòj nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs quk sctfs`cmcj lcs jkbksfncnks nk lc phelcbfòj, lc lfekrtcn nk trcecoh, kiprksc, bhikrbfh,pcrc fjnustrfc, sfj rcbfhjclfzcr pkroufbfh nk ysurkmulcr `cbultcn pcrc nfbtcrk iknfncs plcjf`fbcr, lc kbhjhiéc fipulscr kl nkscrrhllh fjtkmrcl nkl pcés. Kl crtébulh 335 sk rklcbfòj bhj lc prkskjtk fjvkstfmcbfòj, yc quk kl ifsih acbk ikjbfòj quk lhs bfuncncjhs nk lc Ukpÿelfbc phnrãj nknfbcrsk lferkikjtk c lc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc nk su prk`krkjbfc, lh bucl ks uj nkrkbah plkjh sherk lc kbhjhiéc. Thr htrh lcnh acbk ikjbfòj nkl Nkekr nkl Kstcnh nk `hikjtcr y prhihvkr lc fjfbfctfvc prfvcnc, lh bucl shphrtc kj uj icrbh lkmcl kl nkrkbah quk bcnc bfuncncjh  phskk nk kiprkjnkr su prhpfh pr hpfh jkmhbfh, y hetkjkr ekjk`fbfhs c trcvæs nk n k æl.

2= 

 

Crtébulh 33>. Kl flébfth kbhjòifbh, lc kspkbulcbfòj, kl cbcpcrcifkjth, lc usurc, lc “

bcrtklfzcbfòj y htrhs nklfths bhjkxhs, skrãj pkjcnhs skvkrcikjtk nk cbukrnh bhj lc lky.’  Nk cbukrnh c lh kstcelkbfnh kj kl crtébulh 33> nk lc bcrtc icmjc, acbk rk`krkjbfc c lc cplfbcbfòj nk pkjcs nk cbukrnh c lc lky sherk cqukllhs flébfths kbhjòifbhs tclks bhih kspkbulcbfòj, cbcpcrcifkjth, usurc y buclqufkr htrh nklfth bhjkxh. Mucrnc rklcbfòj bhj kl prkskjtk trcecoh, yc quk kl crtébulh sk rk`fkrk c pkjcs quk puknkj skr cplfbcncs sherk buclqufkr skbthr prhnubtfvh nk lc jcbfòj, cecrbcjnh csé kl skbthr kj kl bucl fjtkrvfkjk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., kl bucl ks nkl rcih fjnustrfcl.

Crtébulh 33=. ^hncs lcs pkrshjcs tkjnrãj nkrkbah c nfsphjkr nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs nk bclfncn, csé bhih c ujc fj`hricbfòj cnkbucnc y jh kjmcóhsc sherk kl bhjtkjfnh y bcrcbtkréstfbcs nk lhs prhnubths y skrvfbfhs quk bhjsuikj7 c lc lfekrtcn nk klkbbfòj y c uj trcth kquftctfvh y nfmjh. Lc lky kstcelkbkrã lhs ikbcjfsihs jkbkscrfhs pcrc mcrcjtfzcr kshs nkrkbahs, lcs jhrics nk bhjtrhl nk bclfncn y bcjtfncn nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs, lhs prhbknfifkjths nk nk`kjsc nkl pÿelfbh bhjsuifnhr, kl rkscrbfifkjth nk lhs ncóhs hbcsfhjcnhs y lcs scjbfhjks bhrrksphjnfkjtks phr lc vfhlcbfòj nk ksths nkrkbahs. Cbhrnk bhj lh kstcelkbfnh kj kl crtébulh 33= nk lc Bhjstftubfòj nk lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc, sk acbk ikjbfòj quk thnhs lhs bfuncncjhs tfkjkj kl nkrkbah nk nfsphjkr nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs nk bclfncn, csé bhih c ujc fj`hricbfòj sherk kl bhjtkjfnh, bcrcbtkréstfbc y bhiphsfbfòj nk lhs prhnubths h skrvfbfhs quk lhs ifsihs kstãj bhjsuifkjnh. Thr htrh lcnh ikjbfhjcj quk lc lky sk kjbcrmcrc nk kstcelkbkr lhs ikbcjfsihs jkbkscrfhs pcrc mcrcjtfzcr lhs nkrkbahs cjtkrfhrikjtk ikjbfhjcnhs, csé bhih lcs jhrics nk bhjtrhl nk bclfncn y bcjtfncn nk efkjks y skrvfbfhs y lcs scjbfhjks bhrrksphjnfkjtks phr vfhlcbfòj nk kstk nkrkbah.

21 

 

Kj kl bcsh nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., phr skr ujc kiprksc nkl rcih fjnustrfcl nknfbcnc c lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk clfikjths kieutfnhs, nkek icjtkjkr kstãjncrks nk bclfncn òptfihs pcrc lhs ifsihs, csé bhih jhrictfvcs kj rklcbfòj c scjfncn y icjfpulcbfòj nk clfikjths, quk shj kstcelkbfncs phr lc lky.

Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh nk Pkjkzuklc (36;1) (BBP) Kl Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh kj Pkjkzuklc, nfbtc c jfvkl jcbfhjcl lhs lfjkcifkjths quk rfmkj thnhs y bcnc ujh nk lhs cbths nk bhikrbfh, csé bhih lcs helfmcbfhjks quk nkekj buiplfr lcs pkrshjcs jcturclks y ourénfbcs quk lh rkclfbkj. Ks fiphrtcjtk cbhtcr quk kl Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh kstã nkjtrh nk lc ks`krc nkl Nkrkbah Trfvcnh.

Crtfbulh 3. “Kl Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh rfmk lcs helfmcbfhjks nk lhs bhikrbfcjtks kj sus hpkrcbfhjks ikrbcjtflks y lhs cbths nk bhikrbfh, cujquk skcj kokbutcnhs phr jh bhikrbfcjtks’. 

Crtfbulh 5. Rhj cbths nk bhikrbfh, yc nk pcrtk nk thnhs lhs bhjtrctcjtks, yc nk pcrtk nk clmujhs nk kllhs shlcikjtk?

3.  Lc bhiprc, pkriutc h crrkjncifkjth nk bhscs iukelks akbac bhj ãjfih nk rkvkjnkrlcs, pkriutcrlcs, crrkjncrlcs h suecrrkjncrlcs kj lc ifsic `hric h kj htrc `hric nfstfjtc7 y lc rkvkjtc, pkriutc h crrkjncifkjth nk kstcs ifsics bhscs (…) 

Kj ksths crtébulhs cjtkrfhrikjtk ikjbfhjcnhs, sk kstcelkbk nk `hric blcrc quk kl Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh nk Pkjkzuklc, ks qufkj rfmk lhs cbths nk bhikrbfh y nc ujc kxtkjsc lfstc nk blcsf`fbcbfhjks y bcrcbtkréstfbcs nk nfbahs cbths quk sk rknubk kj quk shj cbths quk bhjsfstkj kj lc trcjs`krkjbfc h pkriutc nk uj efkj, h lc prkstcbfòj nk uj skrvfbfh, sfkiprk tkjfkjnh kj bukjtc bhih heoktfvh prfjbfpcl kl lubrh h mcjcjbfc.

26 

 

Crtfbulh 25. ^hnh bhikrbfcjtk nkek llkvcr kj fnfhic bcstkllcjh

su

bhjtceflfncn,

lc

bucl

bhiprkjnkrã

helfmcthrfcikjtk, kl lferh nfcrfh, kl lferh icyhr y kl lferh nk fjvkjtcrfhs. Thnrã llkvcr cnkiãs, thnhs lhs lferhs cuxflfcrks quk kstficrk bhjvkjfkjtks pcrc kl icyhr hrnkj y blcrfncn nk sus hpkrcbfhjks. Kl crtébulh cjtks ikjbfhjcnh nkl Bònfmh nk Bhikrbfh, sk bhjtkiplc lc helfmcbfòj  phr pcrtk nk thnhs lhs bhikrbfcjtks nkl pcés kj llkvcr su bhjtceflfncn kj kl fnfhic bcstkllcjh, y c su vkz lc helfmcthrfkncn quk tfkjkj lhs ifsihs nkl icjkoh nk lhs lferhs y cuxflfcrks eãsfbhs nk lc fj`hricbfòj bhjtcelk y `fjcjbfkrc. Ksth sk rkclfzc bhj kl heokth nk tkjkr uj bhjtrhl sherk lhs cbths nk bhikrbfh rkclfzcnhs.

Jhrictfvc Lkmcl Rherk lc Nktkrifjcbfòj Nk Bhsths vfmkjtk kj Pkjkzuklc  Ukskóc Afstòrfbc

Lc Lky Hrmãjfbc nk Trkbfhs Ousths sk h`fbfclfzc bhj lc puelfbcbfòj nkl fjstruikjth lkmcl kj lc Mcbktc J´ >4.2>4 bhj `kbac nkl 52 nk kjkrh nk 543>, nhjnk sk kstcelkbk quk kj jfjmÿj bcsh, kl icrmkj nk mcjcjbfc nk bcnc cbthr nk lc bcnkjc nk bhikrbfclfzcbfòj kxbknkrã nk trkfjtc (24) pujths phrbkjtuclks nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths nkl efkj h skrvfbfh. Lukmh lc ikjbfhjcnc lky ks rk`hricnc phr nkbrkth  prksfnkjbfcl J¿ 3.>0=, kl bucl ks puelfbcnh ecoh lc Mcbktc J¿ 0.3;0 bhj `kbac 36 nk jhvfkierk nk 543>, bhj bciefhs sustcjbfclks c lcs ctrfeubfhjks y clbcjbk nk lc lky. Lc Lky kstcelkbk lc brkcbfòj nk lc Rupkrfjtkjnkjbfc Jcbfhjcl pcrc lc Nk`kjsc nk lhs Nkrkbahs Rhbfh Kbhjòifbhs (Rujnnk) quk tfkjk nkjtrh nk sus ctrfeubfhjks lc rkbthréc, supkrvfsfòj y `fsbclfzcbfòj kj ictkrfc nk kstunfhs, cjãlfsfs, bhjtrhl y rkmulcbfòj nk bhsths, cnkiãs nk lc nktkrifjcbfòj kj bucjth iãrmkjks nk mcjcjbfcs. Csfifsih, kl hrmcjfsih phskk lc phtkstcn nk `focr lhs prkbfhs iãxfihs nk lc bcnkjc nk prhnubbfòj h fiphrtcbfòj, nfstrfeubfòj y bhjsuih, nk cbukrnh c su fiphrtcjbfc

>4 

 

kbhjòifbc y su bcrãbtkr kstrctæmfbh, kj ekjk`fbfh nk lc phelcbfòj. Cl fmucl quk, tfkjk kl nkekr nk kokbutcr lhs prhbknfifkjths nk supkrvfsfòj, bhjtrhl, vkrf`fbcbfòj, fjspkbbfòj y `fsbclfzcbfòj pcrc nktkrifjcbfòj, kjtrk htrcs `ujbfhjks. Lc lkmfslcbfòj, phr htrc pcrtk, fjnfbc quk lc Rujnnk bukjtc bhj uj Ukmfstrh ßjfbh nk Tkrshjcs quk Nkscrrhllcj Cbtfvfncnks Kbhjòifbcs (Uupnck), nk bcrãbtkr  pÿelfbh y cbbksfelk c thnhs lhs pcrtfbulcrks. Lc jhrictfvc rkbclbc quk lc fjsbrfpbfòj kj kl Uupnck ks rkqufsfth fjnfspkjscelk, c lhs `fjks nk phnkr rkclfzcr cbtfvfncnks kbhjòifbcs y bhikrbfclks kj kl pcés.

IKNFNCR TUKPKJ^FPCR Lc Lky Hrmãjfbc nk Trkbfhs Ousths nktkrifjc quk sf nurcjtk lc fjspkbbfòj h `fsbclfzcbfòj sk nktkbtcj fjnfbfhs nk fjbuiplfifkjth nk lc jhric quk pkriftcj bcuscr lksfhjks mrcvks c lc bhlkbtfvfncn, sk bhjtkiplcj vcrfcs iknfncs prkvkjtfvcs bhih kl bhifsh. ^ciefæj kstã prkvfstc lc hbupcbfòj tkiphrcl nk lhs kstcelkbfifkjths h efkjks fjnfspkjscelks pcrtc kl nkscrrhllh nk lc cbtfvfncn kbhjòifbc, kl bfkrrk tkiphrcl nkl lhbcl, suspkjsfòj tkiphrcl nk lfbkjbfcs, pkrifshs h cuthrfzcbfhjks kiftfncs phr kl Rujnnk y coustk coustk fjiknfcth nk lhs prkbfhs nk efkjks nkstfjcnhs c bhikrbfclfzcr h skrvfbfhs c prkstcr.

RCJBFHJKR Kl fjstruikjth ourénfbh `foc bhih scjbfhjks c qufkjks fj`rfjocj lc lky ujc iultc bclbulcnc kj [jfncnks ^rfeutcrfcs, lc suspkjsfòj tkiphrcl kj kl Uupnck, hbupcbfòj tkiphrcl bhj fjtkrvkjbfòj nk clicbkjks, nkpòsfths, fjnustrfcs, bhikrbfhs, trcjsphrtk nk efkjks, phr uj lcpsh nk acstc 314 nécs. Cnkiãs kstcelkbk kl bfkrrk tkiphrcl nk clicbkjks, nkpòsfths h kstcelkbfifkjths phr uj plczh nk acstc 314 nécs. Csé ifsih, bhjtkiplc lc blcusurc nk

>3 

 

kstcelkbfifkjth, nkpòsfth, clicbkjks nknfbcnhs cl bhikrbfh, bhjskrvcbfòj nk efkjks, bhj`fsbcbfòj nk efkjks y lc rkvhbcthrfc nk lfbkjbfcs, pkrifshs h cuthrfzcbfhjks.

BUF^KUFHR LKMCLKR TCUC LC NK^KUIFJCBFHJ NKL TUKBFH NK PKJ^C RKMßJ LC R[TKUFJ^KJNKJBFC JCBFHJCL TCUC LC NK@KJRC NK LHR NKUKBAHR RHBFH KBHJÒIFBHR (R[JNNK) Kl fjstruikjth ourénfbh bhih lh ks lc Lky Hrmãjfbc nk Trkbfhs Ousths kj su crtébulh 5 kstcelkbk lhs suokths nk cplfbcbfòj quk rkmulc lc jhric kl bucl sk trcjsbrfek nk icjkrc sfmufkjtk? Sukncj suokths c lc cplfbcbfòj nk lc prkskjtk Lky, lcs pkrshjcs jcturclks y ourénfbcs nk nkrkbah pÿelfbh h prfvcnh, jcbfhjclks h kxtrcjokrcs, quk nkscrrhllkj cbtfvfncnks kbhjòifbcs kj kl tkrrfthrfh nk lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc, fjblufncs lcs quk sk rkclfzcj c trcvæs nk iknfhs klkbtròjfbhs. Rk kxbkptÿcj cqukllcs quk phr lc jcturclkzc  prhpfc nk lc cbtfvfncn quk qu k kokrzcj sk rfocj phr jhrictfvc lkmcl kspkbfcl. Bhj `ujncikjths kj kl crtébulh 5 nk lc ikjbfhjcnc, lky sk nkjhtc lc fiphrtcjbfc nk lc mkrkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc nk cplfbcr lcs jhrics quk kj kllc sk kxprksc yc quk lc kjtfncn kbhjòifbc sk kjbukjtrc ecoh kstk ræmfikj fiphsftfvh. Kjtrk lhs klkikjths rkscltcjtks quk kstc jhric trck c bhlcbfòj sk kvfnkjbfc lh rk`krkjtk cl icrmkj nk mcjcjbfc iãxfih lh bucl kxprksc kj su crtébulh 25 nk lc sfmufkjtk icjkrc? Kl icrmkj iãxfih nk mcjcjbfc skrã kstcelkbfnh cjuclikjtk, ctkjnfkjnh brftkrfhs bfkjté`fbh, phr lc R[JNNK, thicjnh kj bhjsfnkrcbfòj lcs rkbhikjncbfhjks kicjcncs nk lhs Ifjfstkrfhs nkl Thnkr Thpulcr bhj bhipktkjbfc kj lcs ictkrfcs nk Bhikrbfh, Fjnustrfcs y @fjcjzcs. Kj jfjmÿj bcsh, kl icrmkj nk mcjcjbfc nk bcnc cbthr nk lc bcnkjc nk bhikrbfclfzcbfòj kxbknkrã nk trkfjtc (24) pujths phrbkjtuclks nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths nkl efkj h skrvfbfh.’ 

>5 

 

Ecoh kstk ifsih lfjkcifkjth, lc prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc J¿ 442/543>

kiftfnc phr lc R[TKUFJ^KJNKJBFC JCBFHJCL TCUC LC NK@KJRC NK LHR NKUKBAHR RHBFH KBHJÒIFBHR, iknfcjtk Mcbktc H`fbfcl J¿ >4.2>4 bhj `kbac 52 nk kjkrh nk 543> kstcelkbk  lhs brftkrfhs bhjtcelks mkjkrclks pcrc lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk prkbfhs ousths. Kj kl crtébulh 5 nk lc ikjbfhjcnc prhvfnkjbfc nkstcbc lh sfmufkjtk? Lftkrcl 0. Lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj fjblufrãj? bhsths nk cnqufsfbfòj nk ictkrfclks y ictkrfcs prfics y lhs bhsths nk bhjvkrsfòj h trcjs`hricbfòj, pcrc ncrlk c lhs prhnubths h skrvfbfhs su bhjnfbfòj nk tkrifjcnhs h prkstcnhs. Kj buclqufkr bcsh, sk fjbluykj y sk rkbhjhbkj kjtrk lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj sòlh kj lc iknfnc kj quk sk fjburrcj y skcj jkbkscrfhs pcrc llkvcr lhs prhnubths h skrvfbfhs c su bhjnfbfòj nk tkrifjcnhs h prkstcnhs. Lftkrcl =. @hricj pcrtk nk lhs bhsths nk cnqufsfbfòj nk ictkrfclks y ictkrfcs prfics? kl prkbfh h vclhr nk bhiprc nk lhs ictkrfclks7 crcjbklks nk fiphrtcbfòj, mcsths nk fiphrtcbfòj (skmurh nk `lktk icrétfih, clicbkjcifkjth prficrfh, ktb.) y htrhs fipuksths (jh rkbupkrcelks)7 trcjsphrtk, y icjkoh nk ictkrfclks7 clicbkjcifkjth y htrhs bhsths nfrkbtcikjtk ctrfeufelks c lc cnqufsfbfòj nk ictkrfclks, prhnubths tkrifjcnhs y skrvfbfhs. Kj buclqufkr bcsh, lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths nk cnqufsfbfòj nkekrã buiplfr bhj lc rkmulcbfòj kstcelkbfnc kj ictkrfc nk  prkbfhs nk trcjs`krkjbfc. Lftkrcl 1. @hricj pcrtk nk lhs bhsths cqukllhs prkskjtks kj lc bhjvkrsfòj h trcjs`hricbfòj? icjh nk herc nfrkbtc7 bhsths fjnfrkbths nk prhnubbfòj `fohs (nfstrfeubfòj kj ecsk c lc bcpcbfncn jhricl nk trcecoh nk lhs iknfhs nk prhnubbfòj)7 nk prhnubbfòj vcrfcelks (nfstrfeubfòj kj  ecsk cl jfvkl rkclbhsths nk ushFjnfrkbths nk lhs iknfhs nk prhnubbfòj)7 y bhsths fjnfrkbths nk prhnubbfòj ifxths (lhs quk phskkj ujc phrbfòj `foc y htrc vcrfcelk). 3>. Lhs trfeuths, lcs nhjcbfhjks y lfekrclfncnks lhs (sfb) mcsths phr iukstrcs sfj vclhr bhikrbfcl y htrhs kmrkshs, c brftkrfhs nk lc R[JNNK jh `hricj pcrtk nkl bhsth. 3;. Kl Fipuksth cl Pclhr Cmrkmcnh (FPC) rkprkskjtcrã uj bhsth, bucjnh kstk jh puknc skr rkbupkrcnh h trcslcncnh bhj`hrik c lcs lkyks rkspkbtfvcs, y nfbac sftucbfòj jh skc fiputcelk cl suokth nk cplfbcbfòj.’  Ks nk acbkr jhtcr quk, lc lky nk Hrmãjfbc nk Trkbfhs Ousths fjbhrphrc kj lhs

>2 

 

lftkrclks cjtkrfhrikjtk trcjsbrfths, lhs ifsihs klkikjths bhjtcelks quk sk trcecocrhj y nkscrrhllcrhj kj lc prfikrc skbbfòj nkl prkskjtk fj`hrik lhs buclks kstãj bhj`hrik c lhs prfjbfpfhs bhjtcelks nk cbkptcbfòj mkjkrcl kj Pkjkzuklc (PKJ-JF@), lhs buclks shj lc ecsk pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths lc bhipcóéc, lc vkrncnkrc nf`krkjbfc sk nkstcbc kj kl prkskjtk lftkrcl nkl crtébulh kj bukstfòj nhjnk skóclc quk?

Lftkrcl 35. Lhs suokths nk cplfbcbfòj fjbhrphrcrãj c lc kstrubturc nk bhsths nk prhnubbfòj nkl efkj h prkstcbfòj nkl skrvfbfh, nktkrifjcnc bhj`hrik c lc prkskjtk prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc cqukllhs mcsths cokjhs c lc  prhnubbfòj, mcsths nkl kokrbfbfh akbahs kj kl pcés, bcuscnhs kj kl kokrbfbfh, bhjsfnkrcnhs jhriclks y jkbkscrfhs pcrc lc rkclfzcbfòj nk sus hpkrcbfhjks iknulcrks. Kj jfjmÿj bcsh lc bcjtfncn nk mcsths cokjhs c lc  prhnubbfòj fjbhrphrcnhs c lc kstrubturc nk bhsths kxbknkrã nkl nhbk bhj bfjbh næbfics phr bfkj (35,;%) nkl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj nkl efkj h nk lc  prkstcbfòj nkl skrvfbfh nkl nk l kokrbfbfh nktkrifjcnc cjtks nk lc fjbhrphrcbfòj nk lhs mcsths cokjhs c lc prhnubbfòj. Nfbah lftkrcl, fjbhrphrc uj jukvh klkikjth quk sk cnfbfhjc c lc kstrubturc nk bhsths bhj kl `fj nk bclbulcr lc mcjcjbfc nk 24 pujths phrbkjtuclks ikjbfhjcnhs cjtkrfhrikjtk, y lhs nkjhifjc bhih mcsths cokjhs c lc prhnubbfòj quk jh shj iãs quk cqukllcs krhmcbfhjks rkclfzcncs phr lc kjtfncn kbhjòifbc quk jh shj nfrkbtcikjtk ctrfeufelks c lc prhnubbfòj h klcehrcbfòj nkl prhnubth, kj kstk pujth ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk c`fjks bhjtcelks lhs mcsths cokjhs c lc prhnubbfòj sfmukj sfkjnh mcsths nkl pkrfhnh quk pcscrcj phr uj prhbksh nk bfkrrk cl `fjclfzcr kl kokrbfbfh bhjtcelk y jh sk bcpftclfzcrcj c lhs fjvkjtcrfhs, rkclfzcnc nfbac cblcrcthrfc kjthjbks nf`krkjbfcrkihs ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths bhjtcelk quk sk rkmfrã phr lhs prfjbfpfhs nk bhjtceflfncn mkjkrclikjtk cbkptcnhs kj Pkjkzuklc y ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths `fsbcl lc bucl sk nktkrifjcrc skmÿj kstcelkzbc lc lky, sus rkspkbtfvhs rkmlcikjths y  prhvfnkjbfcs. Kl iãxfih c fjbhrphrcr phr bhjbkpth nk mcsths cokjhs c lc prhnubbfòj kj lc kstrubturc nk bhsths `fsbcl sk rkclfzcrc cplfbcjnh kl 35,;% cl bhsth nkl efkj

>> 

 

icju`cbturcnh bclbulcnh skmÿj lc lkmfslcbfòj nk bhsths nktkrifjk, sfj fjbfnkjbfcs bhjtcelks yc quk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths `fsbcl shlh sk uscrc pcrc nktkrifjcr kl prkbfh nk vkjtc ousth bhih lh fjnfbc lc prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc 442. Ecoh kstk kspkbtrh, lc prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc 442 rkbclbc lc prãbtfbc nk cnkbucr lc kstrubturc nk bhsths ecoh uj sfstkic rkcl, ks nkbfr, quk kj kl bhsth nk icju`cbturc jh nkek kxfstfr klkikjths nk bhsths kstficnhs, c scekr quk kl sfstkic rkcl csfmjc lhs bhsths cl prhnubfrsk kj bucjth c icjh nk herc y ictkrfclks nfrkbths,  pkrh kl bhsth fjnfrkbth nk `cerfbcbfòj sk jhriclfzc j hriclfzc ctrcvksò nk ujc tcsc nk csfmjcbfòj  prknktkrifjcnc quk pkriftk lc cplfbcbfòj ujf`hrik nk nfbacs krhmcbfhjks nf`frfkjnh kstk ihjth kj lc icyhréc nk lhs bcshs nkl ihjth rkcl, phr lh bucl sk coustc ksc nf`krkjbfc nkjhifjcnc sherk h sue cplfbcbfòj nk lc tcsc prknktkrifjcnc c `fj nk kxprkscr lc fj`hricbfòj kj tærifjhs rkclks. C bhjtfjucbfòj sk trcjsbrfek kl crtébulh 2 nk lc ikjbfhjcnc prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc 442? Kl bhsth cshbfcnh c lc kstrubturc “

nk bhsths nk lc prhnubbfòj nk uj efkj h lc prkstcbfòj nk uj skrvfbfh skrã kl bhsth rkcl nk prhnubbfòj nktkrifjcnh kj `ujbfòj nkl crtébulh skmujnh nk kstc prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc.’  Thr iknfh nk lc lkmfslcbfòj vfmkjtk lcs `òriulcs nk bãlbulh nkl bhsth cbkptcncs shj fnæjtfbcs c lc nk lhs prfjbfpfhs nk bhjtceflfncn nk cbkptcbfòj mkjkrcl kj Pkjkzuklc bhih lh ks kl iæthnh Trfikrh kj Rclfr (TKTR) y Bhsth Trhiknfh Thjnkrcnh (BTT), ksth sk vk rk`lkocnh kj kl crtébulh ; sk trcjsbrfek c bhjtfjucbfòj? Kj lc cnkbucbfòj nk lcs kstrubturcs nk bhsths nkl crtébulh 2 nk lc prkskjtk  prhvfnkjbfc cnifjfstrctfvc skrãj brftkrfhs nk cplfbcbfòj lcs `òriulcs nk bãlbulh nkl bhsth kstcelkbfncs kj lhs Trfjbfpfhs nk Bhjtceflfncn nk Cbkptcbfòj Mkjkrcl kj lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc. Kstcs `òriulcs kstcelkbkj? 3.  Bucjnh skc phsfelk fnkjtf`fbcr lhs bhsths cshbfcnhs c bcnc crtébulh kspkbé`fbh prhnubfnh h skrvfbfh prkstcnh, sk nkek utflfzcr helfmcthrfcikjtk lc fnkjtf`fbcbfòj kspkbé`fbc nk bhsths. 5.  Bucjnh rksultc fiprcbtfbcelk lc csfmjcbfòj nk bhsths c bcnc crtébulh kspkbé`fbh prhnubfnh h skrvfbfh prkstcnh, sk puknkj utflfzcr lhs

>; 

 

sfmufkjtks iæthnhs nk sklkbbfòj nk kxfstkjbfc `fjcl? Trfikrh kj Kjtrcr, Trfikrh kj Rclfr (TKTR)7 h Bhsth Trhiknfh Thjnkrcnh (BTT). 2.  Rk nkek utflfzcr lc ifsic `òriulc nk bhsth pcrc thnhs lhs fjvkjtcrfhs nk ujc ifsic jcturclkzc y ush sfiflcr. Tuknkj oustf`fbcrsk nf`krkjtks `òriulcs nk bhsth pcrc fjvkjtcrfhs nk jcturclkzc y ush nf`krkjtks, ecoh lcs bhjnfbfhjks kstcelkbfncs kj lhs pcrãmrc`hs cjtkrfhrks. Rk nkek cplfbcr kl trctcifkjth nk `hric bhjsfstkjtk ujc vkz klkmfnc ujc `òriulc nk bhsth.

Ecsks Jhrictfvcs Cbtuclikjtk kj Pkjkzuklc, lhs Trfjbfpfhs nk Bhjtceflfncn Mkjkrclikjtk Cbkptcnhs (TBMC) shj lhs PKJ-JF@, lhs buclks shj ujc cnhpbfòj nk lcs Jhrics Fjtkrjcbfhjclks nk Fj`hricbfòj @fjcjbfkrc (JFF@). Tcrc lcs rkclfncnks kbhjòifbcs vkjkzhlcjcs, ksths kstãj bhipuksths phr? 3) lcs JFF@ JFF@ MK, 5) lc JFF@ TVIKR bhj lc muéc nk Ifbrh- TVIK y 2) Ehlktfjks nk Cnhpbfòj (EC-PKJ JFF@). Ksths prfjbfpfhs kj bhjoujth cl oufbfh prh`ksfhjcl nkl bhjtcnhr, bhj`hricj ujc ecsk tæbjfbc pcrc lc rkclfzcbfòj nk lhs prhbkshs nk rkbhjhbfifkjth, iknfbfòj (fjfbfcl y phstkrfhr) y rkvklcbfòj nk lc fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc fjakrkjtk c ujc kjtfncn. Kj lc skbbfòj 3 nk lc JFF@ pcrc lcs TVIKR sk kxplfbc blcrcikjtk buãl ks kl brftkrfh nk ksths prfjbfpfhs pcrc blcsf`fbcr c ujc kiprksc bhih ujc pkqukóc y iknfcjc kjtfncn (TVIK) “3.5 Lcs pkqukócs y iknfcjcs kjtfncnks shj kjtfncnks quk?

 Jh tfkjkj helfmcbfòj pÿelfbc nk rkjnfr bukjtcs, y (e) puelfbcj kstcnhs `fjcjbfkrhs bhj prhpòsfth nk fj`hricbfòj mkjkrcl pcrc usucrfhs kxtkrjhs. Rhj kokiplhs nk usucrfhs kxtkrjhs lhs  prhpfktcrfhs quk jh kstãj fiplfbcnhs kj Lc mkstfòj nkl jkmhbfh, lhs cbrkknhrks cbtuclks h phtkjbfclks y lcs cmkjbfcs nk bclf`fbcbfòj brknftfbfc’ (p.3>)   ^hncs cqukllcs kjtfncnks quk buiplcj bhj kstcs 5 bcrcbtkréstfbcs, kstcrãj kj lc helfmcbfòj nk rkbhjhbkr, iknfr y rkvklcr lc fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc bhih lh nfbtk lc

>0 

 

 JFF@ pcrc lcs TVIKR. Kstk ks kl bcsh nk lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, puksth quk kstc jh phskk jfjmujc helfmcbfòj pÿelfbc nk rkjnfr bukjtcs, bhih skréc kl bcsh nk lcs kjtfncnks `fjcjbfkrcs h kj bclfncn nk prkstcifstcs, jf bhtfzc kj  ehlscs nk vclhrks, ktb.7 V kiftk sus kstcnhs `fjcjbfkrhs (KK@@) cjuclikjtk bhj ihtfvh nk fj`hricbfòj mkjkrcl.

JFF@ Tcrc lcs TVIKR Rkbbfòj 32? Fjvkjtcrfhs Kstc skbbfòj ks nk prfjbfpcl fiphrtcjbfc pcrc kl prkskjtk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj, yc quk, kj kllc sk kxplfbc bucl ks kl icjkoh quk nkek ncrsk c lhs fjvkjtcrfhs, kl bucl ks fjnfspkjscelk pcrc lc bhrrkbtc nktkrifjcbfòj, fjtkrprktcbfòj y csfmjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths rklcbfhjcnhs c bcnc prhbksh. “32.1 Lhs bhsths nk trcjs`hricbfòj nk lhs fjvkjtcrfhs

fjblufrãj lhs bhsths nfrkbtcikjtk rklcbfhjcnhs bhj lcs ujfncnks nk prhnubbfòj, tclks bhih lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc. ^ciefæj fjblufrãj ujc nfstrfeubfòj sfstkiãtfbc nk lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk prhnubbfòj vcrfcelks h `fohs, kj lhs quk sk acyc fjburrfnh pcrc trcjs`hricr lcs ictkrfcs prfics kj prhnubths tkrifjcnhs. Rhj bhsths fjnfrkbths nk prhnubbfòj `fohs lhs quk  pkricjkbkj rklctfvcikjtk bhjstcjtks, bhj fjnkpkjnkjbfc nkl vhluikj nk prhnubbfòj, tclks bhih lc nkprkbfcbfòj y icjtkjfifkjth nk lhs knf`fbfhs y kqufphs nk lc `ãerfbc, csé bhih kl bhsth nk mkstfòj y cnifjfstrcbfòj nk lc plcjtc. Rhj bhsths fjnfrkbths vcrfcelks lhs quk vcrécj nfrkbtcikjtk, h bcsf nfrkbtcikjtk, kl nk vhluikj nk prhnubbfòj,  tclks bhih lhs ictkrfclks y lcbhj icjh herc fjnfrkbtc.’(p.15) Kj kstk pãrrc`h lc jhric kxplfbc kl rkbhjhbfifkjth nk lhs bhsths ctrfeufelks c lhs  prhbkshs prhnubtfvhs, quk kstcrécj bhipuksths phr lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbth, fjnfspkjscelks pcrc ncr c lhs prhnubths sus buclfncnks prfjbfpclks, lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc, quk skréc kl rkbursh auicjh nfrfmfnh c lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lhs ictkrfclks kj  prhnubths tkrifjcnhs, y lc bcrmc `cerfl, quk skrécj lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths kj lhs quk sk fjburrk pcrc ncr c lhs prhnubths tkrifjcnhs sus buclfncnks, lhs buclks sk blcsf`fbcj kj

>= 

 

`fohs y vcrfcelks nkpkjnfkjnh nk su bciefh kj rklcbfòj cl jfvkl nk prhnubbfòj, y lhs buclks nkekj skr nfstrfeufnhs nk `hric sfstkiãtfbc y lòmfbc.

>1 

 

BCTF^[LH FFF ICUBH IK^HNHLÒMFBH Kj bucjth cl Icrbh Ikthnhlòmfbh sk rk`fkrk, Crfcs (5440) plcjtkc quk puknk skr nksbrfth bhih kl “Bhjoujth nk pcshs, tæbjfbcs y prhbknfifkjths quk sk kiplkcj  pcrc `hriulcr y rkshlvkr prhelkics’ (p.30). Thr htrh lcnh ^cicyh y ^cicyh (5442)

nk`fjkj kl icrbh ikthnhlòmfbh bhih “[j prhbksh quk, iknfcjtk kl iæthnh bfkjté`fbh, prhburc hetkjkr fj`hricbfòj rklkvcjtk pcrc kjtkjnkr, vkrf`fbcr, bhrrkmfr h cplfbcr kl bhjhbfifkjth’. Bhj ecsk c lcs nk`fjfbfhjks cjtkrfhrks, sk puknk c`fricr quk

kl icrbh ikthnhlòmfbh, ks fjtkrprktcnh bhih uj bhjoujth nk `cbks, tæbjfbcs y

 prhbknfifkjths, quk rkqufkrkj nkl cjãlfsfs nkl fjvkstfmcnhr, pcrc `hriulcr y rkshlvkr r kshlvkr lc prhelkiãtfbc plcjtkcnc. Kj htrcs pclcercs, kl icrbh ikthnhlòmfbh ks lh quk pkriftfrã lc bhiprkjsfòj nkl kstunfh y sus nfvkrscs fjtkrprktcbfhjks skmÿj lc bhjbkpbfòj nk iujnh nk sus fjtkrcbtucjtks. Nksnk kstc bhjjhtcbfòj, ks jkbkscrfh cblcrcr quk kj kl ãrkc nk lcs Bfkjbfcs Kbhjòifbcs y Rhbfclks thnc fjvkstfmcbfòj rkqufkrk buiplfr bhj uj prhbknfifkjth ikthnhlòmfbh kl bucl mkjkrk rksultcnhs y shlubfhjks sherk lc prhelkiãtfbc plcjtkcnc c lc fjstftubfòj heokth nk kstunfh. Kstk cspkbth ks kl quk sk nkjhifjc icrbh ikthnhlòmfbh nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj, kl bucl kstã bhj`hricnh phr lhs sfmufkjtks cspkbths? ^fph nk fjvkstfmcbfòj, phelcbfòj y iukstrc, tæbjfbcs k fjstruikjths pcrc lc rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths.

>6

 

Tcrc k`kbths nk nfbah kstunfh y nk cbukrnh bhj lc jcturclkzc nk lc prhelkiãtfbc  plcjtkcnc, csé bhih tciefæj kj `ujbfòj nk lhs heoktfvhs, lc prkskjtk fjvkstfmcbfòj `uk nkscrrhllcnc iknfcjtk uj nfskóh jh kxpkrfikjtcl, bhj uj tfph nk fjvkstfmcbfòj nk bciph nk bcrãbtkr h jfvkl prhykbtfvh ecoh lc ihnclfncn nk prhykbth `cbtfelk, bhj cphyh nhbuikjtcl. Rkmÿj Tcllklc y Icrtfjs (5440), kl nfskóh jh kxpkrfikjtcl ks “cqukl quk sk rkclfzc sfj icjfpulcr kj `hric nklfekrcnc jfjmujc vcrfcelk. Kl

fjvkstfmcnhr jh sustftuyk fjtkjbfhjclikjtk lcs vcrfcelks fjnkpkjnfkjtks. Rk heskrvcj lhs akbahs tcl y bhih sk prkskjtcj kj su bhjtkxth rkcl’. (p.60). Cahrc efkj nk

cbukrnh c Uciérkz (3661), lc fjvkstfmcbfòj nk bciph bhjsfstk kj? Lc rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths nfrkbtcikjtk nk lc rkclfncn nhjnk hburrk lhs akbahs, sfj icjfpulcr h bhjtrhlcr vcrfcelks. Kstunfc lhs `kjòikjhs shbfclks kj su ciefkjtk jcturcl. Kl fjvkstfmcnhr jh icjfpulc lcs vcrfcelks nkefnh c quk ksth acbk  pkrnkr kl ciefkjtk nk jcturclfncn kj kl bucl sk icjf`fkstc y nkskjvuklvk kl akbah. (p.6=) Rfkjnh csé nk cbukrnh c lh cjtkrfhr, tkjkihs kjthjbks quk Aurtcnh nk Ecrrkrc

(5444), nk`fjk kl jfvkl prhykbtfvh bhih “kl quk fjtkjtc prhphjkr shlubfhjks c ujc sftucbfòj nktkrifjcnc. Fiplfbc kxplhrcr, nksbrfefr, kxplfbcr y prhphjkr cltkrjctfvcs nk bciefh, y jh jkbkscrfcikjtk kokbutcr lc prhpukstc’. 

[jc vkz llkmcnh cl jfvkl nk fjvkstfmcbfòj , tkjkihs quk nk cbukrnh cl Icjucl nk ^ksfs nk Mrcnh nk kspkbfclfzcbfòj y ickstréc y tksfs nhbthrclks nk lc [jfvkrsfncn Tkncmòmfbc Kxpkrfikjtcl Lfekrtcnhr (@KN[TKL, 5442), kxprksc quk lc ihnclfncn nk  prhykbth `cbtfelk ks “lc fjvkstfmcbfòj , klcehrcbfòj y nkscrrhllh nk ujc prhpukstc nk

uj ihnklh hpkrctfvh vfcelk pcrc shlubfhjcr prhelkics, rkqukrfifkjths h jkbksfncnks nk hrmcjfzcbfhjks h mruphs shbfclks7 puknk rk`krfrsk c lc `hriulcbfòj nk phlétfbcs,  prhmrcics, tkbjhlhmécs, iæthnhs h prhbkshs’. (p.30) 

Nk cbukrnh kjthjbks, c thnh lh kxpuksth cjtkrfhrikjtk, pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk kstc prhpukstc, sk llkvò c bceh phr pcrtk nk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks kl prhbksh nk

;4

 

rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths nfrkbtcikjtk nk lc rkclfncn hetkjfæjnhsk csé nk `hric nfrkbtc nk lc hrmcjfzcbfòj sfj icjfpulcbfòj clmujc. Nfbahs ncths c su vkz, sfrvfkrhj nk cphyh kj lh quk `uk phstkrfhrikjtk kl nkscrrhllh nk lc prhpukstc nk uj sfstkic nk bhsths phr prhbkshs pcrc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. , pcrc lh bucl sk rkclfzò ujc rkvfsfòj nhbuikjtcl y efelfhmrã`fbc , bhj kl `fj nk hetkjkr fj`hricbfòj jkbkscrfc pcrc kstcelkbkr kl shphrtk tkòrfbh nk lc lc fjvkstfmcbfòj fjvkstfmcbfòj

y csé ciplfcr ciplfcr y prh`ujnfzcr lhs bhjhbfifkjths

rklcbfhjcnhs bhj lc tkiãtfbc, lh bucl pkriftfò ujc ikohr muéc cl kjtkjnfifkjth y nkscrrhllh nk lc prhpukstc nkl sfstkic nk bhsths phr prhbkshs.

Thelcbfòj y Iukstrc Thelcbfòj Rkmÿj Tclkllc y Icrtfjs (5440), lc phelcbfòj jh ks iãs quk “kl bhjoujth nk ujfncnks nk lcs quk sk nkskc hetkjkr lc fj`hricbfòj y sherk lcs quk sk vcj c mkjkrcr bhjblusfhjks’. 

C lhs k`kbths nk clbcjzcr lhs heoktfvhs nk lc prkskjtk fjvkstfmcbfòj, lc phelcbfòj bhrrksphjnfkjtk c kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj sk bhj`hriò phr nfkbfjukvk nfkbfjukvk (5;) pkrshjcs quk lcehrcj kj lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

Iukstrc Lc iukstrc rkprkskjtc uj bhjoujth nk fjnfvfnuhs rkprkskjtctfvhs nk lc thtclfncn nkl ujfvkrsh heokth nk kstunfh, rkujfnhs bhih ujc rkprkskjtcbfòj vãlfnc y nk fjtkræs  pcrc lc fjvkstfmcbfòj nk su bhiphrtcifkjth, skmÿj Uciérkz (3666) 

;3

 

Lc iukstrc nk kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj kstuvh bhj`hricnc phr lc ifsic bcjtfncn nk klkikjths quk bhj`hricj lc phelcbfòj, ks nkbfr , sk utflfzò kl 344% nk lc phelcbfòj,  pcrc lh bucl jh sk utflfzò jfjmÿj tfph nk iukstrkh, blcsf`fbãjnhsk csé bhih ujc iukstrc bkjscl. Rkmÿj Uciérkz (3666?;1) “Lc iukstrc bkjscl ks cqukllc nhjnk thncs lc ujfncnks nk fjvkstfmcbfòj shj bhjsfnkrcncs bhih iukstrc’.

^æbjfbcs k Fjstruikjths nk Ukbhlkbbfòj nk Ncths Lc rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths sk rk`fkrk cl prhbksh nk hetkjbfòj nk fj`hricbfòj kipérfbc quk pkriftc lc iknfbfòj nk lcs vcrfcelks kj lcs ujfncnks nk cjãlfsfs, c `fj nk hetkjkr lhs ncths jkbkscrfhs pcrc kl kstunfh nkl prhelkic h cspkbth nk lc rkclfncn shbfcl ihtfvh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj. Rkmÿj Crfcs (544>) “Lcs tæbjfbcs shj pcrtfbulcrks y kspkbé`fbcs nk ujc nfsbfplfjc,  phr lh quk sfrvkj nk bhiplkikjth cl iæthnh, kl bucl phskk uj bcrãbtkr mkjkrcl’. Lc cplfbcbfòj nk ujc tæbjfbc bhjnubk c lc hetkjbfòj nk fj`hricbfòj, lc bucl nkek skr mucrncnc kj uj iknfh ictkrfcl nk icjkrc quk lhs ncths pukncj skr rkbupkrcnhs,  prhbkscnhs, cjclfzcnhs k fjtkrprktcnhs phstkrfhrikjtk. (p.0;) Ncncs lcs bcrcbtkréstfbcs nk kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj, lcs tæbjfbcs k fjstruikjths quk sk bhjsfnkrcrhj bhjvkjfkjtks pcrc lc rkbhlkbbfòj nk lhs ncths y csé hetkjkr fj`hricbfòj rklkvcjtk `uk lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpcjtk. Lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc ks bhiÿjikjtk utflfzcnc phr quk pkriftk bhjhbkr lc rkclfncn quk rhnkc kl prhelkic c  pcrtfr nk lhs skjtfnhs. Nk cbukrnh kjthjbks bhj lh kxpuksth cjtkrfhrikjtk tkjkihs quk, Crfcs (544>) kxprksc quk “lc heskrvcbfòj bhjsfstk kj vfsuclfzcr h bcptcr iknfcjtk lc vfstc, kj

`hric sfstkiãtfbc, buclqufkr akbah, `kjòikjh h sftucbfòj quk sk prhnuzbc kj lc jcturclkzc h kj lc shbfkncn, kj `ujbfòj nk ujhs heoktfvhs nk fjvkstfmcbfòj

;5

 

 prkkstcelkbfnhs’ (p.0=). Thr lh tcjth, c trcvæs nk kllc sk punh pkrbfefr lcs bhjnfbfhjks

cbtuclks nk lc kiprksc kj lh rklctfvh c lc plcjf`fbcbfòj y prhnubbfòj nk kieutfnhs. Lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc `uk nk tfph kstrubturcnc lc bucl ks nk`fjfnc phr Crfcs (544>) bhih “lc quk sk kokbutc kj `ujbfòj nk uj heoktfvh, pkrh sfj ujc muéc  prknfskócnc quk kspkbf`fquk bcnc ujh nk lhs cspkbths quk nkekj skr heskrvcnhs’(p.01), Kj bucjth cl fjstruikjth nk rkbhlkbbfòj nk ncths sk utflfzò uj

rkmfstrh nk heskrvcbfòj h muéc nk heskrvcbfòj, nfskócnh pcrc rkclfzcr cjhtcbfhjks rklcbfhjcncs bhj kl heokth nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj. Kstk fjstruikjth sfrvk pcrc plcsicr bhj icyhr `cbflfncn, lhs acllczmhs kjbhjtrcnhs kj kl prhbksh fjncmcthrfh.

Pclfnkz nkl Fjstruikjth Lc vclfnkz sk rk`fkrc cl mrcnh kj quk uj fjstruikjth ifnk lc vcrfcelk quk  prktkjnk kvclucr. Rkmÿj Iæjnkz (5442) 360) ks “kl mrcnh kj quk ujc prukec ifnk lh quk sk prhphjk iknfr. Nfbah nk htrc icjkrc, kstcelkbkr lc vclfnkz nk ujc prukec fiplfbc nksbuerfr lh quk ujc prukec ifnk’ (p.360).

Nkefnh c quk lc rkclfzcbfòj nkl fjstruikjth sk bkjtrò kj lc ^æbjfbc nk Heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc nk tfph kstrubturcnc, lc vclfnkz nkl fjstruikjth pcrc lc fjvkstfmcbfòj sk nk`fjk bhih ujc vclfnkz fjtkrjc, yc quk lc heoktfvfncn y vkrcbfncn nkl ifsih sk ncj rkspukstc iknfcjtk lcs tkhrécs yc kstcelkbfncs.

Bhj`fceflfncn nkl Fjstruikjth [j fjstruikjth ks bhj`fcelk kj lc iknfnc kj quk su cplfbcbfòj kj nhs fjstcjtks nf`krkjtk nk tfkiph mkjkrc ncths sfiflcrks, skmÿj Akrjãjnkz y htrhs (5440) “sk rk`fkrk cl mrcnh kj quk su cplfbcbfòj rkpktfnc cl ifsih suokth u heokth prhnubk rksultcnhs fmuclks’ (p.2>0).

;2

 

^æbjfbcs nk Cjãlfsfs nk Ncths [jc vkz rkbhpflcnhs lhs ncths phr iknfh nk lcs tæbjfbcs k fjstruikjths nfskócnhs pcrc ksth, ks jkbkscrfh prhbkscrlhs, skmÿj Crfcs (544> ), “ujc vkz k`kbtucnc lc rkbhlkbbfòj nk lhs ncths sk prhbknk c klkmfr lcs tæbjfbcs quk pkriftcj uj  prhbkscifkjth ifjubfhsh y sfstkiãtfbh quk kvftk lc phsfeflfncn nk kxblufr fj`hricbfòj rklkvcjtk sherk kl prhelkic’(p.=5). Tcrc kl cjãlfsfs nk ncths hetkjfnhs nk lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc, lhs ifsihs `ukrhj kstunfcnhs ecoh lc tæbjfbc buclftctfvc, lc bucl sk rk`fkrk c lhs cspkbths nk bclfncn, vclhr h phjnkrcbfòj nk uj heokth, fjnfvfnuh h kjtfncn, tkjfkjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc kl skrvfr nk icrbh pcrc kvfnkjbfcr lhs bciefhs sustcjbfclks kj kl heokth nk kstunfh.

;>

 

BCTF^[LH FP CJCLFRFR NK UKR[L^CNHR Cjãlfsfs nk lhs Uksultcnhs Kstk bcpétulh c nkscrrhllcr kstã bkjtrcnh kj lhs ncths rkbhmfnhs nkl fjstruikjth quk `uk cplfbcnh nk cbukrnh c lhs heoktfvhs plcjtkcnhs. Lc prkskjtcbfòj y cjãlfsfs nk lhs rksultcnhs bhrrksphjnk c lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpcjtk, kj lc bucl sk  punfkrhj pkrbfefr lhs akbahs nfrkbtcikjtk nk lc rkclfncn. r kclfncn. Lhs ncths hetkjfnhs nk lc tæbjfbc nk heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc, `ukrhj hrmcjfzcnhs iknfcjtk uj fjstruikjth quk sk ecsò kj uj rkmfstrh h muéc nk heskrvcbfòj nk tfph kstrubturcnc, kj lc bucl sk kxphjk uj cjãlfsfs ecscnh kj ujc ictrfz NH@C, quk  pkriftc bhjhbkr lcs nkeflfncnks, hphrtujfncnks, `hrtclkzcs `h rtclkzcs y cikjczcs nk lc kiprksc.

Uksultcnhs nk lc Heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y Tcrtfbfpcjtk Lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpcjtk, `uk nkscrrhllcnc nk icjkrc k`kbtfvc, lhmrcjnh uj kjmrcjcok kjtrk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks y lcs lcehrks nfcrfcs nk lc kiprksc, kj nhjnk kxfstfò phr pcrtk nk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks ujc fjtkrcbbfòj nfrkbtc bhj lhs prhbkshs nk prhnubbfòj, lhs nkpcrtcikjths, lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth utflfzcnhs kj lc klcehrcbfòj nkl prhnubth `fjcl, y kl pkrshjcl nk lc kiprksc7 pkriftfkjnh bhjhbkr c lhs ifsihs lhs ncths

jkbkscrfhs

pcrc

k`kbtucr

;; 

uj

cjãlfsfs

nfcmjòstfbh.

 

Tcrc rkclfzcr kl fjstruikjth nk rkmfstrh nk heskrvcbfòj kstrubturcnc, sk sfmufò lhs lfjkcifkjths kstcelkbfnhs prkvfcikjtk kj kl bucnrh nk hpkrcbfhjclfzcbfhj nk vcrfcelks, pcrc lh bucl sk nkscrrhllò ujc ictrfz NH@C, nhjnk sk nksbrfefkrhj lcs nkeflfncnks, hphrtujfncnks, `hrtclkzcs y cikjczcs kjbhjtrcncs kj bcnc étki

;0 

 

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC @KBAC 

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Trhbksh nk @cerfbcbfòj Nkeflfncnks Nkjtrh nk lcs nkeflfncnks heskrvcncs sk puknk kjuikrcr 3.  Cujquk lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., ks bctclhmcnc phr sus bcrcbtkréstfbcs bhih ujc kjtfncn nkl rcih Fjnustrfcl, kj lc ifsic sk heskrvò lc cplfbcbfòj nk uj nk`fbfkjtk bhjtrhl fjtkrjh kj bucjth cl skmufifkjth nkl nkscrrhllh nk sus hpkrcbfhjks, y ush nk sus rkburshs. Vc quk, c pkscr quk kl prhbksh sk buiplk `ésfbcikjtk kj thncs sus

43 Nk Hbtuerk Nkl 543;

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

ktcpcs, kl ifsih jh ks llkvcnh tkòrfbcikjtk, ks nkbfr, su prhbksh jh ks rkmfstrcnh, y jh sk tfkjk uj bhjtrhl kj bucjth c lc bcjtfncn nk ictkrfclks quk utflfzcj kj

cl

lc klcehrcbfòj nkl prhnubth, csé bhih tciphbh sk tfkjk bhjtrhl kj bucjth c lc bcjtfncn nk ahrcs quk

24 nk

rkqufkrk bcnc prhnubth, ksth ecscnh kj quk lc kiprksc

Hbtuerk

jh tfkjk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths.

Nkl 543; 

5.  Lc icjkrc kj quk sk nkscrrhllc kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nkefnh c su phbc cuthictfzcbfòj tfkjnk c skr lkjth. Rf  efkj

acbkj

ush

nk

icqufjcrfcs

kj

bfkrths

nkpcrtcikjths pcrc kokbutcr c bceclfncn bcnc ktcpc nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh, cuj kj clmujhs nkpcrtcikjths Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

ks uj prhbksh iuy runfikjtcrfh, lh bucl mkjkrc quk iubacs nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks sk acmcj nk `hric icjucl.

;= 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Hphrtujfncn Cl fjfbfh nk lc fjvkstfmcbfòj, fjbursfhjcjnh nkjtrh nk lc  plcjtc kj lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk kjbhjtrò ujc bhipcóéc quk ac tkjfnh uj brkbfifkjth prhmrksfvh kj lhs ÿltfihs cóhs nksnk quk kjtrò kj kl ikrbcnh, lhmrcjnh csé pcscr nk skr ujc sfiplk bhikrbfclfzcnhrc, bhj uj prhbksh nk bhiprc

43 Nk

y vkjtc c ujc fjnustrfc quk c trcvæs nk lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lc

Hbtuerk

ictkrfc prfic `cerfbc sus prhnubths y lhs vkjnk, pkriftfkjnh

Nkl

csé cecrbcr icyhrks ikrbcnhs pcrc bhipktfr bhj htrhs

543;

`cerfbcjtks nkl rcih.

cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

@hrtclkzcs Nkjtrh nk lcs `hrtclkzcs kjbhjtrcncs phnkihs kjuikrcr? 3.  Nkjtrh nk su prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj, heskrvcihs hrnkj, y nfsbfplfjc kj bucjth c lc icjfpulcbfòj nk

Hbtuerk

icqufjcrfcs, y uj eukj buiplfifkjth nk lcs

Nkl

jhrictfvcs nk skmurfncn, lh quk acbk quk kl prhbksh

543; 

nk `cerfbcbfòj sk nkscrrhllk nk `hric skmurc y bhj`fcelk pcrc sus trcecocnhrks.

5.  Kl bhiprhifsh, lc ihtfvcbfòj y kl blfic lcehrcl quk icjtfkjk kl pkrshjcl quk lcehrc lcehrc nkjtrh nk lc plcjtc. Kl ifsih sfkjnh uj rksultcnh nk lc eukjc rklcbfòj Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

quk sk icjtfkjk kjtrk sus supkrfhrks y kl rksth nkl  pkrshjcl. Ukbhrncjnh Ukbhrn cjnh csé quk kl æxfth nk lcs kiprkscs kj kl sfmlh QQF jh sk ecsc kj uj trcecoh crnuh y nurh, sf jh kj lc ihtfvcbfòj quk bcnc trcecocnhr tfkjk nkjtrh nk sé.

;1 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

43 Nk

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

Hbtuerk

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Cikjczcs Lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. ks ujc

Nkl

fjnustrfc kj brkbfifkjth, sfj kiecrmh, c pkscr nk acekr brkbfnh

543;

c jfvkl nk fj`rckstrubturc y hrmcjfzcbfhjclikjtk, icjtfkjk

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

iubacs `cllcs kj lc cplfbcbfòj nk bhjtrhlks fjtkrjhs, kl rkmfstrh nk fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc y kl skmufifkjth nk sus hpkrcbfhjks nfcrfcs, lh bucl puknk mkjkrcr bhih bhjskbukjbfc kj kl lcrmh

24 nk Hbtuerk Nkl

 plczh uj fipknfikjth pcrc quk lc ifsic sk puknc skmufr Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

kxpcjnfkjnh.

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Nkpcrtcikjths Trhnubtfvhs

543; 

Nkeflfncnks Nkjtrh nk lcs nkeflfncnks heskrvcncs kj kstc ãrkc sk puknkj

43 Nk Hbtuerk

kjuikrcr lcs sfmufkjtks?

Nkl

3.  Cujquk lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc,

543;

B.C., bukjtc bhj ; nkpcrtcikjths prhnubtfvhs Mcerfkl

Cl

Akrjãjnkz

kstcelkbfnhs (Bhrtk, Ikzblcnh, Kieutfnh, Ahrjkcnh, Kipcquktcnh) y hrmcjfzcnhs kj lc plcjtc, sk punh heskrvcr quk nkjtrh nk lhs ifsihs jh sk llkvc uj

24 nk

rkmfstrh nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks quk kokbutcj, csé bhih

Hbtuerk

tciphbh tfkjkj bhjhbfifkjth kxcbth nk lc bcjtfncn nk

Nkl

ictkrfc prfic quk nkekj uscrkj bcnc ujh nk kllhs, c su

543; 

vkz tkjfkjnh nksbhjhbfifkjth tciefæj, nk lc bcjtfncn nk ahrcs ahierk quk rkqukrfrãj kj bcnc ujh nk lhs Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

nkpcrtcikjths pcrc trcjs`hricr kl prhnubth.

;6 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC 5.  Nkefnh c quk lc kiprksc jh phskk nkjtrh nk su fj`rckstrubturc bhrrkcs trcjsphrtcnhrcs, kl trcslcnh nk lhs ictkrfclks kj prhbksh nk uj nkpcrtcikjth c htrh sk acbk nk `hric iuy runfikjtcrfc phr iknfh nk lhs trcecocnhrks. 2.  Thr htrh lcnh, cqukllhs nkpcrtcikjths quk shj iuy

43 Nk

runfikjtcrfhs

mkjkrcj

pkrnfncs

nk

ictkrfclks

Hbtuerk

hbcsfhjcnhs phr lc `hric icjucl kj lc quk sk kokbutcj

Nkl

lcs lcehrks kj lhs ifsihs, nhjnk sk heskrvc ujc icyhr

543;

tkjnkjbfc c bhiktkr krrhrks phr pcrtk nk lhs trcecocnhrks nk lcs ãrkcs, quk sk trcnubkj kj pærnfncs quk lc kiprksc

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

jh cprhvkbac kbhjòifbcikjtk jf rkmfstrc. >.  Nkefnh c quk lc fj`rckstrubturc nk lc plcjtc kj kl cóh

Hbtuerk

543; kjtrh kj bhjstrubbfòj, ac mkjkrcnh kj kl ÿltfih

Nkl

cóh quk lhs nkpcrtcikjths nk bhrtk y kipcquktcnh

543; 

lcehrkj kj ujc ifsic ãrkc, lh bucl ihikjtãjkcikjtk acbk quk kl prhbksh pcrc ciehs skc iãs lkjth

Hphrtujfncn Lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., ac lhmrcnh tkjkr ujc cuth-shstkjfeflfncn kj kl tfkiph, llkmcjnh c brkbkr c jfvkl nk fj`rckstrubturc

y hrmcjfzctfvcikjtk,

nkscrrhllcjnh ; nkpcrtcikjths prhnubtfvhs bhih shj? Bhrtk, Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

Ikzblcnh, Kieutfnh, Ahrjkcnh, Kipcquktcnh.

04 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC @hrtclkzcs Nkjtrh nk lcs `hrtclkzcs kjbhjtrcncs kj lhs nkpcrtcikjths  prhnubtfvhs, vclk lc pkjc nkstcbcr lc eukjc bhiujfbcbfòj y kjtkjnfifkjth kjtrk kl pkrshjcl nk bcnc nkpcrtcikjth, lh bucl mkjkrc icyhr `lufnkz c lc ahrc nk trcslcncr lc ikrbcjbéc nk uj nkpcrtcikjth c htrh.

Cikjczcs Nkefnh c quk lhs nkpcrtcikjths jh shj cnifjfstrcnhs jf 43 Nk

supkrvfscnhs, y jh kiftkj fj`hricbfòj hphrtujc k fiphrtcjtk,

Hbtuerk

 punfkrc ksth bhjllkvcr, c quk kj uj lcrmh plczh, lc kiprksc lc

Nkl 543;

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. sk kj`rkjtk c ujc sftucbfòj brétfbc kj kl nkscrrhllh jhricl nk sus hpkrcbfhjks.

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

Ãrkc c Heskrvcnc? Clicbæj nk Ictkrfcs Trfics. Nkeflfncnks

Hbtuerk

Cl heskrvcr kl ãrkc nk clicbæj nk ictkrfc prfic sk punh

Nkl

cprkbfcr?

543; 

3.  Lhs kspcbfhs nhjnk sk uefbcj lcs ictkrfcs prfics jh bãrjfbcs, tclks bhih bhjnfikjths h cnftfvhs, jh kstãj nkefncikjtk fnkjtf`fbcnhs, lh quk acbk nf`ébfl lc thic `ésfbc nkl ifsih, pcrc kl pkrshjcl quk jh kstã rklcbfhjcnh bhj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh.

Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

03 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC 5.  Htrc nkeflfncn, lc bhjstftuyk lc cuskjbfc nk uj kjbcrmcnh h rksphjscelk nkl clicbæj

cnkiãs nk

 pkriftfrsk kl lferk cbbksh nk lhs trcecocnhrks c lc zhjc nk clicbæj, sfj bhjtrhl clmujh, lh quk nf`fbultc lc csfmjcbfòj nk rksphjsceflfncn phr `cltcs fjoustf`fbcncs nk fjvkjtcrfhs. 43 Nk

2.  @fjclikjtk, lc cuskjbfc nkl icjkoh nk tcroktcs nk

Hbtuerk

rkqufsfbfòj nk ictkrfclks y rkmfstrh nk lcs trcjscbbfhjks

Nkl

ks htrc nkeflfncn yc quk jh pkriftk prkbfscr nk icjkrc

543;

rãpfnc y heoktfvc lhs fjsuihs cplfbcnhs kj lc `cerfbcbfòj nk lhs prhnubths.

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

Hphrtujfncn Nkjtrh nk lcs hphrtujfncnks kjbhjtrcncs, sk skóclcj lcs sfmufkjtks quk

Hbtuerk Nkl

3.  Kj ksths ihikjths sk rkclfzcj trcecohs nk bhjstrubbfòj

543; 

nk jukvcs bcvcs, lh bucl pkriftfrã c iknfcjh plczh kvftcr uscr kl ifsih kspcbfh `ésfbh pcrc icjtkjkr lc ictkrfc prfic, icjtkjkr sthbg nk fjvkjtcrfhs y uscrlh kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh, lhmrcjnh csé ujc ciplfcbfòj nk lc fj`rckstrubturc nk lc plcjtc. 5.  Htrh pujth fiphrtcjtk c rkscltcr ks quk lc kiprksc bukjtc bhj uj `luoh bhjstcjtk nk ictkrfc prfic phr pcrtk Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

nk sus prhvkknhrks lh bucl mcrcjtfzc lc klcehrcbfòj nk sus prhnubths.

05 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC @hrtclkzcs

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

Kjtrk lcs `hrtclkzcs kjbhjtrcncs sk tfkjkj? 3.  Lc tfpf`fbcbfòj nk lhs fjvkjtcrfhs (nk kspkbfks y nk  prhbknkjbfc bãrjfbc), lh bucl pkriftk uj eukj trctcifkjth kj bucjth cl icjkoh y bhjskrvcbfòj nk lhs

43 Nk

rkspkbtfvhs tfphs nk fjvkjtcrfh. Csé ifsih, kl ush nk

Hbtuerk

bcvcs rk`rfmkrcncs tcjth kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh bhih

Nkl

kj kl icjtkjfifkjth nk lhs jfvklks nk fjvkjtcrfhs nk

543;

fjsuihs bãrjfbhs nkskcnhs, sk fjtkrprktc bhih uj ush

Cl

k`fbfkjtk nk lhs kspcbfhs nk lc kiprksc, ks nk acbkr jhtcr quk kstc prãbtfbc jh fj`luyk kj ujc nksikohrc nk lc bclfncn thtcl nkl prhnubth. prhnubth. 

24 nk Hbtuerk

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

Nkl

5.  ^ciefæj sk kvfnkjbfò kj kl tfkiph nk pkricjkjbfc kj lc kiprksc, lc rkbkpbfòj nk lc ictkrfc prfic, lc bucl ks

543; 

 pkscnc y bhjstctcnc bhjtrc `cbturc y lc hrnkj nk pknfnh, cl ihikjth nk su rkbkpbfòj lh bucl pkriftk bhjstctcr quk lcs bcjtfncnks rkqukrfncs nk fjsuihs. 2.  @fjclikjtk sk puknk cbhtcr bhih `cbthr phsftfvh, pcrc kl `ujbfhjcifkjth nk lc kiprksc, lc utflfzcbfòj nk ujc Tlcjtc nk Kjkrméc Klæbtrfbc, quk mcrcjtfzc phr tfkiph nktkrifjcnh kl suifjfstrh klæbtrfbh kj lcs ãrkcs  prhnubtfvcs, lh bucl `cvhrkbk kl prhbksh bhjtfjuh nk `cerfbcbfòj y kl icjtkjfifkjth òptfih nk lc ictkrfc Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

 prfic quk jkbksftc skr rk`rfmkrcnc.

02 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Cikjczcs

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

3.  Nkefnh c prkifscs kxtkrjcs tclks bhih kl tfph nk bciefh quk cbtuclikjtk sk icjkoc kj kl ikrbcnh vkjkzhlcjh pcrc lc cnqufsfbfòj nk nfvfscs, csé bhih lcs cltcs tcscs nk fj`lcbfòj, punfkrc ksth mkjkrcr c lcrmh  plczh prhelkics c lc ahrc nk quk lc kiprksc lc

43 Nk

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. cnqufkrc su ictkrfc

Hbtuerk

 prfic.

Nkl

5.  Thr htrh lcnh kl ikrbcnh kj Pkjkzuklc kstã

543;

bhjnfbfhjcnh phr klkikjths kxtkrjhs prhpfhs nk lc Cl 24 nk

nfjãifbc nkl bhjtkxth kbhjòifbh y phlétfbh nkl pcés, Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

Hbtuerk

kjtrk lhs quk sk nkstcbcj, kl cuikjth prhmrksfvh nk lhs fjsuihs, lcs iknfncs nk kxprhpfcbfòj prcbtfbcncs kj Pkjkzuklc kj lhs ÿltfihs cóhs, lc ceultcnc rk`hric lkmcl

Nkl

quk hrfmfjc uj jukvh kjthrjh jhrictfvh y lhs coustks

543; 

bhjskbutfvhs

nk

lhs

prhbkshs

fjtkrjhs

nk

lcs

hrmcjfzcbfòj, kjtrk htrhs quk rkprkskjtcj clkrtcs  pkricjkjtks kj lc lfiftcbfòj h cbtucbfòj kiprkscrfcl.

Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

0> 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Ãrkc c Heskrvcnc? Trhnubth kj Trhbksh

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

Nkeflfncnks Kjtrk lcs nkeflfncnks heskrvcncs sk puknkj kjuikrcr 3.  Lc `cltc nk ush nk akrrcifkjtcs, bhih uj fj`hrik nk  prhnubbfòj, rkspkbth c ujfncnks kj prhbksh, rkprkskjtc 43 Nk

ujc nksvkjtcoc cl ihikjth nk nktkrifjcr kl mrcnh nk

Hbtuerk

tkrifjcbfòj nk lhs klkikjths y kl bhsth fjburrfnh kj lhs

Nkl

ifsihs, cnkiãs nk fipknfr bucjtf`fbcr quk bcjtfncn nk

543;

rkburshs cuj ks jkbkscrfh fiplkikjtcr pcrc lc bulifjcbfòj nk lc prhnubbfòj.

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

5.  Nkefnh c quk lc mkrkjbfc jh bucjtf`fbc, jf rkmfstrc sus bhsths, fiphsfeflftc lc vclhrcbfòj nkl fjvkjtcrfh nk

Hbtuerk

 prhnubths

Nkl

kj

prhbksh,

lh

quk

rkprkskjtc

ujc

 prhelkiãtfbc cl ihikjth nk nkihstrcr, cjtk uj kjtk

543; 

`fsbclfzcnhr lcs krhmcbfhjks fjburrfncs y lhs iãrmkjks nk mcjcjbfcs skmÿj lh kstcelkbfnh kj lc lky. 2.  Ukvfscjnh kl plcj nk bukjtcs nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk punh heskrvcr quk kl ifsih kstã  ecoh uj sfstkic pkrfònfbh hrfkjtcnh c kiprkscs nkl rcih bhikrbfcl, sfkjnh kstk kl ikbcjfsih ikjhs cprhpfcnh pcrc bhjtceflfzcr Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

lhs bhsths yc quk lc

kiprksc sk kjbukjtrc kj kl rcih fjnustrfcl.

0; 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Hphrtujfncn Nkefnh c quk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. kj ksths ihikjths fjvfkrtk kj lc ciplfcbfòj nk lc plcjtc (kspkbé`fbcikjtk kj lc bhjstrubbfòj nk bcvcs nk rk`rfmkrcbfòj quk skrãj nkstfjcncs c lc bhjskrvcbfòj nk lc prhnubbfòj jh tkrifjcnc quk sk mkjkrc phr lc prhnubbfòj pukstc kj prhbksh), ksth pkriftfrã quk lc lc bcpcbfncn nk prhnubbfòj

43 Nk

sk ciplfæ, ciplfæ,

nãjnhlk lc phsfeflfncn c lc kiprksc nk trcjs`hricr icyhr

Hbtuerk

bcjtfncn nk ictkrfc prfic.

Nkl

@hrtclkzcs Kjtrk

543;

lcs

`hrtclkzcs

kjbhjtrcncs

kj

lc

kiprksc

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc B.C, pcrc kstk ruerh sk puknk Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

cbhtcr 3.  Nkefnh c quk lc plcjtc tfkjk ujc eukjc nfstrfeubfòj nk lcs icqufjcrfcs, ksth mkjkrc mkjkrc quk su prhnubbfòj pukstc

Hbtuerk

kj prhbksh tkjmc ujc ikohr `lufnkz kj lcs nf`krkjtks

Nkl

ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh, bhiplktcjnh bcsf kj su

543; 

thtclfncn lc ifsic y nkocjnh cl `fjcl iuy phbc bcjtfncn nk prhnubbfòj jh tkrifjcnc.

Cikjczcs Lc jh vclhrcbfòj bhjtcelk nkl fjvkjtcrfh nk prhnubths kj  prhbksh phr pcrtk nk lc mkrkjbfc, puknk nf`fbultcr lc bhiprhecbfòj y nkihstrcbfòj nk lhs rkburshs kbhjòifbhs fjburrfnhs, brftkrfhs uscnhs kj lc csfmjcbfòj nkl prkbfh nk vkjtc y iãrmkjks nk mcjcjbfcs cjtk uj kjtk `fsbclfzcnhr.  Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

00 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Trhnubth ^krifjcnh Nkeflfncnks 3.  Nkefnh c quk lc kiprksc, jh rkclfzc rkmfstrhs jf skmufifkjth nk sus cbtfvfncnks nfcrfcs nkjtrh nk lc  plcjtc7 ksth mkjkrc quk kl bhsth nkl prhnubth tkrifjcnh jh puknc skr iknfnh bhj `fceflfncn.

43 Nk Hbtuerk

5.  Vc quk lc kiprksc bcrkbk nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, kl

Nkl

 prkbfh nk vkjtc nkl prhnubth ks `focnh kj ecsk cl prkbfh

543;

nk ikrbcnh.

Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

24 nk

2.  Rk heskrvh quk kj lcs bcvcs nk rk`rfmkrcbfòj nhjnk sk clicbkjc kl prhnubth tkrifjcnh, jh kxfstk lc prkskjbfc nk ujc pkrshjc kjbcrmcnc nk su busthnfc, acbfkjnh quk

Hbtuerk

kl ifsih, skc iãs susbkptfelk c aurths y pærnfncs nk

Nkl

 prhnubths.

543; 

Hphrtujfncn Nkefnh c quk kl prhnubth tkrifjcnh nk lc kiprksc Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc Lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., icjtfkjk uj eukj kstãjncr nk bclfncn, kl ifsih ks ujc nk lcs icrbcs prk`krfncs y iãs eusbcncs phr sus bhjsuifnhrks, lh quk pkriftk tkjkr ujc  eukjc rkbkpbfòj nk blfkjtks kj kl ikrbcnh nhjnk sk nkskjvuklvk. Ksth pkriftfréc, quk cl kxpcjnfrsk lc kiprksc  punfksk mkjkrcr eukjc rkbkptfvfncn phr pcrtk nk jukvhs Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

bhjsuifnhrks, fiphsfeflftcjnh csé quk kjbukjtrk ecrrkrcs quk jh pkriftcj su eukj nkskipkóh kj kl ikrbcnh.

0= 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC @hrtclkzcs Kl prhnubth tkrifjcnh quk h`rkbk lc kiprksc Lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., icjtfkjk ujc kxbklkjtk bclfncn, sfkjnh ksth phsfelk mrcbfcs cl buiplfifkjth nk lcs jhrics scjftcrfcs y nk afmfkjk, phr pcrtk nk lhs trcecocnhrks kj

43 Nk

bcnc ujc nk lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj.

Hbtuerk

Cikjczcs

Nkl

Nkefnh c quk kl prkbfh nk vkjtc nkl prhnubth tkrifjcnh ks

543;

`focnh kj ecsk cl ikrbcnh y jh c ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths nhjnk sk nkiukstrkj thnhs lhs nkskiehlshs fjburrfnhs, ksth punfkrc trckr prhelkics pcrc lc kjtfncn bhj kjtks `fsbclfzcnhrks tclks

Cl 24 nk

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

bhih kl RKJFC^ h lc R[JNNK, mkjkrcjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc iultcs y kj kl pkhr nk lhs bcshs uj bfkrrk

Hbtuerk

tkiphrcl.

Nkl 543; 

Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Ictkrfclks Nkeflfncnks 3.  [jc nk lcs nkeflfncnks quk sk ac kjbhjtrcnh, ks lc mrcj bcjtfncn nk pærnfncs quk hetfkjkj phr jh cprhvkbacr thnc su ictkrfc prfic cl 344%, ksth ecsãjnhsk kj quk lc kjtfncn jh cprhvkbac lhs nkspkrnfbfhs nk ictkrfclks nfrkbths y fjnfrkbths quk sk mkjkrcj phr kl prhbksh  prhnubtfvh, lh bucl

lks bfkrrc lcs phsfeflfncnks

cbtuclikjtk nk hetkjkr uj ekjk`fbfh c trcvæs nk lc vkjtc Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

nkl ifsih.

01 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC 5.  Htrh pujth c rkscltcr shj lcs prhphrbfhjks nk ictkrfc  prfic quk sk utflfzcj kj lc klcehrcbfòj nk lhs prhnubths, lcs buclks c pkscr nk skr kstcelkbfncs c trcvæs nk ujc `òriulc ksbrftc, ac mkjkrcnh uj nkskquflferfh nkefnh c jh kxfstfr ujc fjstrubbfòj kxcbtc phr nkpcrtcikjth nk lcs bcjtfncnks nk ictkrfc prfic c uscr, tkjfkjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc quk kj iubahs bcshs lc ictkrfc prfic

43 Nk

bãrjfbc skc cmrkmcnc kipérfbcikjtk, ks nkbfr sfj kl ush

Hbtuerk

nk ujc ujfncn nk iknfnc rklctfvc cl prhbksh quk sk kstã

Nkl

rkclfzcjnh.

543; Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

2.  Cujcnh c lh cjtks ikjbfhjcnh, sk punh heskrvcr quk cujquk sk rkclfzc lc iknfbfòj nk fjmrknfkjtks bhih bhjskrvcjtks, cnftfvhs, y bhjnfikjths c lc ahrc nkl

24 nk

 prhbksh nk

Hbtuerk

`cerfbcbfòj, lhs ifsihs jh tfkjkj

skmufifkjth jf rkmfstrhs nk bucjth ac sfnh su bhjsuih

Nkl

kxcbth, yc quk jh sk cplfbc kl ush nk ahocs nk

543; 

rkqufsfbfhjks nk ictkrfclks tcjth nfrkbths bhih fjnfrkbths, mkjkrcjnh kj hbcsfhjks quk nkjtrh nkl clicbæj nk ictkrfc prfic jh sk rkclfbk nk icjkrc hphrtujc lc bhiprc nk nfbahs ictkrfclks, phr `cltc nk fj`hricbfòj y uj plcj quk pkriftc cjtfbfpcr su cnqufsfbfòj.

Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

06 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Hphrtujfncn Nkefnh c quk lc kjtfncn hpkrc kj uj rcih nk clfikjths pcrc kl bhjsuih auicjh kj kl bucl bhiprc mrcjnks pfkzcs nk bkrnh quk shj nk iuy eukjc bclfncn, lc kiprksc tfkjk lc hphrtujfncn nk phnkr prhnubfr c su vkz sueprhnubths pcrc lc vkjtc, h efkj vkjnkr thnhs lhs nkspkrnfbfhs c skbthrks fjnustrfclks nknfbcnhs c lc prhnubbfòj nk clfikjths pcrc cjficlks efkj skcj nhiæstfbhs h nk mrcjoc, hetkjfkjnh csé fjmrkshs cnfbfhjclks c

43 Nk

lhs quk sk mkjkrcj phr lc vkjtc nk sus prfjbfpclks prhnubths.

Hbtuerk Nkl 543;

@hrtclkzcs Kjtrk lcs `hrtclkzcs acllcncs pcrc kl ruerh nk ictkrfclks, sk Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

 puknk nkstcbcr 3.  Lc eukjc bclfncn nk lc ictkrfc prfic prfjbfpcl quk ks

Cl

trcjs`hricnc phr lc kiprksc, yc quk lc ifsic ks bctclhmcnc bhih prhnubth bãrjfbh nk prfikrc.

24 nk Hbtuerk

5.  Kl ush nk htrhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths nk eukjc bclfncn,

Nkl

nhjnk sk puknkj ikjbfhjcr kspkbfcs y bhjnfikjths

543; 

bhih? lc scl, kl czÿbcr, coé pfbcjtk, coh kjtkrh, cbkftujcs rkllkjcs, pfikjtòj, coh kj phlvh, `æbulc nk pcpc, fjmrknfkjtk kstrkllc (jh nfvulmcnh phr rczhjks nk  prhtkbbfòj nk lc bclfncn nkl prhnubth). Thr htrh lcnh tciefæj uscj cnftfvhs quk cyuncj c lc trcjs`hricbfòj y bhjskrvcbfòj nkl prhnubth phr uj tfkiph iãs  prhlhjmcnh, nk lhs buclks acbk ush nk bhlhrcjtks, Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

rkmulcnhrks nk pA, cjtfhxfncjtks y bhjskrvcnhrks quk skrãj nksbrfths bhj icyhr nktcllk kj lc prhpukstc.

=4 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Cikjczcs Kj lhs ÿltfihs iksks lc kiprksc ac tkjfnh quk rkkiplczcr ujh nk sus ictkrfclks nfrkbths bhih lh krc lcs trfpcs nkl bkrnh, lc bucl pcsh nk skr ujc trfpc nk bkrnh jcturcl c ujc crtf`fbfcl, lh quk phnréc mkjkrcr ujc nfsthrsfòj kj kl scehr nk prhnubths `fjclks tclks bhih kl bahrfzh h lc sclbafbac quk rkqufkrkj nk kstk ictkrfcl pcrc thicr su `hric y bhipcbtcrsk, mkjkrcjnh csé bhih rksultcnh uj rfksmh c quk lhs bhjsuifnhrks bhrrfkjtks nkl

43 Nk

 prhnubth eusqukj htrcs cltkrjctfvcs.

Hbtuerk

Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Icjh nk Herc

Nkl 543; Cl

Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

Nkeflfncnks Nkjtrh nk lcs nkeflfncnks kjbhjtrcncs kj kstk cspkbth, sk puknk ikjbfhjcr

24 nk

3.  Lc `cltc nk bhjtrhl, y kl nksbhjhbfifkjth quk tfkjk lc

Hbtuerk

kiprksc sherk kl tfkiph rkqukrfnh pcrc lc klcehrcbfòj

Nkl

nk lhs prhnubths.

543; 

5.  Lc kiprksc kj nfvkrscs hphrtujfncnks, jh ac bhjtcnh bhj `luoh nk bcoc su`fbfkjtk pcrc pcmcr lc jòifjc c tfkiph c sus trcecocnhrks, lh bucl sk rk`lkoc bhih ujc nkeflfncn hbcsfhjcnc phr lc `cltc nk plcjf`fbcbfòj quk nkek tkjkr lc kiprksc.

Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

=3 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Hphrtujfncn Acbfkjnh skmufifkjth nkl tfkiph rkcl quk bhjsuik lc klcehrcbfòj nk bcnc prhnubth, y llkvcjnh rkmfstrh nk lc kstficbfòj nkl tfkiph jkbkscrfh pcrc klcehrcr bcnc ujfncn nk  prhnubth, lc kiprksc lhmrcréc icxfifzcr su k`fbcbfc, trcykjnh bhih rksultcnh kl `cerfbcr icyhr bcjtfncn nk kieutfnhs kj kl ikjhr tfkiph phsfelk, nãjnhlk hphrtujfncn nk rkclfzcr ujc icyhr h`krtc cl ikrbcnh y acstc phsfelkikjtk phsfbfhjcrsk kj

43 Nk

ikrbcnhs kj lhs quk cÿj jh acyc fjmrkscnh.

Hbtuerk

@hrtclkzcs

Nkl 543; Cl

Kjtrk lcs `hrtclkzcs heskrvcncs kj lc plcjtc pcrc kl ruerh nk icjh nk herc sk puknk nkstcbcr? Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

3.  Kl bhiprhifsh quk tfkjkj lhs trcecocnhrks nk lhs nfvkrshs nkpcrtcikjths bhj lc kiprksc, kokbutcjnh sus lcehrks bhj eukjc nfsphsfbfòj y sherkthnh icjtkjfkjnh

24 nk

ujc bhiujfbcbfòj hptfic kjtrk kllhs, lh quk mkjkrc uj

Hbtuerk

blfic hrmcjfzcbfhjcl cikjh pcrc trcecocr.

Nkl 543; 

5.  C su vkz kl eukj buiplfifkjth phr pcrtk nk lhs trcecocnhrks nk lcs jhrictfvcs nk scjfncn k afmfkjk cl ihikjth nk icjfpulcr kl prhnubth kj bcnc ktcpc nkl  prhbksh prhnubtfvh.

2.  Lc prkpcrcbfòj nkl pkrshjcl rksphjscelk nkl prhbksh  prhnubtfvh, kj nhjnk sk puknk heskrvcr quk lhs Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

trcecocnhrks kstãj cltcikjtk rklcbfhjcnhs bhj lcs cbtfvfncnks nk prhnubbfòj.

=5 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC Cikjczcs Nkefnh c lcs `cllcs nk lc kiprksc kj bucjth c lc  plcjf`fbcbfòj nk lc ifsic, y cl rkmfstrh nkl tfkiph jkbkscrfh  pcrc `cerfbcr7 phnréc rksultcr c lcrmh plczh pkrounfbfcl acstc kl  pujth nk llkvcr c lc kjtfncn c prhnubfrlk clths jfvklks nk  pkrnfnc. Ksth sk ncréc bhih bhjskbukjbfc nk lc iclc cnifjfstrcbfòj quk sk llkvc kj lc ifsic, mkjkrcjnh csé ujc

43 Nk

cikjczc pcrc sus trcecocnhrks

Hbtuerk Nkl

Ãrkc c Heskrvcr? Bcrmc @cerfl

543; Cl

Nkeflfncn Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

Nkjtrh nk lcs nkeflfncnks nkeflfncnks kjbhjtrcncs kj kstk klkikjth nkl bhsth, ks fiphrtcjtk skóclcr

24 nk

3.  Lcs mrcjnks pærnfncs quk sk mkjkrcj kj lc kiprksc, c

Hbtuerk Nkl

bcusc nkl nksbhjhbfifkjth c lc ahrc nk fnkjtf`fbcr sus

543; 

bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj, tkjfkjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc `fjcl quk nfbahs bhsths fjnfrkbths jh skcj rkmfstrcnhs h quk lhs fnkjtf`fqukj bhih uj mcsth, lh bucl fipcbtc jhtcelkikjtk su icrmkj nk mcjcjbfc. 5.  Bhsths fjnfrkbths bhih lhs mcsths mkjkrclks kj bucjth c luz h cmuc uscnc kj lc plcjtc, csé bhih mcsths phr bhjbkpth nk cphrtks pctrfihjfclks y mcsths nk nkprkbfcbfhjks nk lcs icqufjcrfcs, shj llkvcnhs c mcsths Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

nk cnifjfstrcbfòj.

=2 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

Bcrlhs Nklmcnh

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC 2.  Vc quk lc kiprksc jh cprhvkbac kj su thtclfncn lhs rkburshs quk tfkjk, ksth punfkrc mkjkrcr uj k`kbth jkmctfvh pcrc lc ifsic, nhjnk lc bcjtfncn nk prhnubths `cerfbcnhs sk nfsifjuyc, y skc lfiftcnc, acbfkjnh quk lhs bhsths `fohs quk `hricj pcrtk nk lc bcrmc `cerfl fipcbtkj nk icjkrc iãs jhtcelk kj lc kjtfncn, yc quk cl jh phskkr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths quk lk pkriftc vfsuclfzcr lhs klkikjths nkl ifsih, jh sk thicj lcs

43 Nk

nkbfsfhjks jkbkscrfcs quk punfkrcj rkqukrfr c lc ahrc nk

Hbtuerk

coustks kj sus prkbfhs nk lc prhnubbfòj `fjcl.

Nkl 543; Cl

Hphrtujfncn Lcs hphrtujfncnks heskrvcncs pcrc kstk ruerh sk puknkj Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

kjuikrcr kj 3.  Rf lc kiprksc lhmrc icxfifzcr lhs rkburshs quk tfkjk, y acbk

24 nk

ush

nk

akrrcifkjtcs

mkrkjbfclks

bhih

Hbtuerk

 prksupuksths, h fj`hriks nk prhnubbfòj, quk lk pkriftcj p kriftcj

Nkl

kvclucr kl nkskipkóh nk klkikjths nkl bhsth tcj

543;

skjsfelks bhih lh ks lc bcrmc `cerfl, punfkrc ksth trcnubfrsk kj icyhrks ekjk`fbfhs pcrc lc ifsic. 5.  Cl tkjkr fj`hricbfòj `fjcjbfkrc hphrtujc cbkrbc nk lc bcrmc `cerfl, lcs nkbfsfhjks nk lc kiprksc punfkrcj skr iãs cbkrtcncs kj bucjth lhs coustks quk sk jkbksftkj acbkr cl bhsth nk vkjtc nkl prhnubth, quk bhj ujc eukjc cnifjfstrcbfòj nk rkburshs punfkrc rksultcr ekjk`fbfhsh Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

 pcrc lc kiprksc hbcsfhjcjnh quk kl ifsih nfsifjuyc, hetkjfkjnh icyhr prhvkbah.

=> 

 

@KBAC

FJPKR^FMCNHU

UKMFR^UH NK HERKUPCBFHJ KR^U[B^[UCNC @hrtclkzc

Bcrlhs 43 Nk

Nklmcnh

Hbtuerk

Lc bcrmc `cerfl tfkjnk c skr kl klkikjth iãs bhiplkoh sherk Mcerfkl Akrjãjnkz

Cl

thnh c lc ahrc nk su kstficbfòj, y ks kl klkikjth nkl bhsth iãs skjsfelk c tkjkr vcrfcbfhjks quk puknkj rksultcr jkmctfvcs h `cvhrcelks pcrc lc kjtfncn. Nk skmufr prhnubfkjnh nk lc `hric kj lc quk cbtuclikjtk lh acbk lc kiprksc, sfj bhjhbkr ncths y

24 nk

rkmfstrhs kxcbths sherk sus bhsths fjnfrkbths, puknk trckr bhih

Hbtuerk Nkl 543;

`hrtclkzc c rkscltcr.

Cikjczcs

Nkl 543;

Kj kl ruerh cjclfzcnh nk bcrmc `cerfl, jh sk heskrvh jfjmujc

nkskjlcbk uj pcjhrcic `fjcjbfkrh kj kl quk lc ifsic jh puknc Clkocjnrh Mutfærrkz

skmufr hpkrcjnh.

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

=; 

 

BCTF^[LH P TUHT[KR^C Trhpukstc nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbksh pcrc lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

TUKRKJ^CBFHJ [jc vkz bulifjcnh kl prhbksh nk cjãlfsfs k fjtkrprktcbfòj nk lhs ncths hetkjfnhs, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks lhmrcrhj bhjhbkr c `hjnh kl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj quk sk nkscrrhllc kj lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ks phr kllh, quk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks iknfcjtk kl sfmufkjtk bcpétulh prktkjnkj nkscrrhllcr lc prhpukstc `cbtfelk bhj lc bucl sk eusbc ncr rkspukstc c lc prhelkiãtfbc  prkskjtcnc phr lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., tkjfkjnh bhih heoktfvh prfjbfpcl klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs quk bhjtkiplk lhs trks klkikjths prfjbfpclks bhih lh shj Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths, Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc y Bhsths Fjnfrkbths nk @cerfbcbfòj, lhs buclks acj nk nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj nk uj efkj h skrvfbfh. Lhs bhsths nk ictkrfclks nfrkbths shj cqukllhs quk puknkj skr fnkjtf`fbcnhs kj bcnc ujfncn nk prhnubbfòj, ifkjtrcs quk lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc sk rk`fkrk c lhs sclcrfhs eruths h thtcl nk csfmjcbfhjks, pcmcnhs c bcnc ujh nk lhs trcecocnhrks fjvhlubrcnhs kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh.

=0

 

Thr htrh lcnh kl tkrbkr klkikjth bhjhbfnh bhih Bcrmc @cerfl h Bhsths Fjnfrkbths nk @cerfbcbfòj, sk nk`fjk bhih cqukllhs bhsths jh nfrkbths, lhs buclks jh puknkj skr ctrfeufnhs cl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj h nkpcrtcikjths nk icjkrc kspkbé`fbc. [jc vkz bhjhbfnh ksths klkikjths ks fiphrtcjtk rkbclbcr, quk cl cmrupcrlhs y kjmrcjcrlhs kj ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, cyuncrécj c lc kiprksc c ikohrcr sus prhbkshs fjtkrjhs y hpkrctfvhs, erfjnãjnhlk csé fj`hricbfòj hphrtujc pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks.

HEOK^FPHR NK LC TUHT[KR^C Mkjkrcl Trhphjkr ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths phr Trhbkshs pcrc lc Kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., bhj kl `fj nk prkskjtcrlk ujc akrrcifkjtc cnifjfstrctfvc quk lk suifjfstrk fj`hricbfòj jkbkscrfc pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks, y cyunk c ikohrcr su prhbksh prhnubtfvh.

Kspkbé`fbhs   Nksbrfefr lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh kxfstkjtks kj lc Kiprksc lc

½

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.   Fnkjtf`fbcr lhs klkikjths nkl Bhsth kxfstkjtks kj thnh kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh

½

nk lc kiprksc.    Klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, phr prhbksh bhjtfjuh, quk sfrvc bhih

½

akrrcifkjtc c lc

mkrkjbfc pcrc su thic nk nkbfsfhjks kj nktkrifjcnhs

ihikjths.

==

 

O[R^F@FBCBFHJ Lc bhjtceflfncn mkjkrcl sk kjbcrmc nk blcsf`fbcr, rkmfstrcr k fjtkrprktcr lcs trcjscbbfhjks kbhjòifbcs quk ncj hrfmkj c lc fj`hricbfòj jkbkscrfc pcrc lc  prkpcrcbfòj

pkrfònfbc nk lhs kstcnhs `fjcjbfkrhs, nhjnk sk rkscltc kl rksultcnh nkl

 pkrfhnh kbhjòifbh sherk kl quk sk fj`hric, prhpfh nkl mfrh jhricl j hricl nk lc kiprksc, y lc sftucbfòj `fjcjbfkrc nk lc ifsic cl bfkrrk nkl kokrbfbfh kbhjòifbh. Kstc bhjtceflfncn eusbc sctfs`cbkr jkbksfncnks nk nfvkrshs usucrfhs tclks bhih cbrkknhrks, fjvkrsfhjfstcs, oujtc nk cbbfhjfstcs, kjtks `fsbclfzcnhrks, h buclqufkr htrh usucrfh quk kstæ rklcbfhjcnh bhj lc kiprksc, h tkjmc lc fjtkjbfòj nk acbkrlh. Rfmufkjnh bhj lh cjtkrfhrikjtk kxpuksth, ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk kj ujc kjtfncn nkl rcih fjnustrfcl nhjnk kxfstk ujc mrcj vcrfkncn nk prhnubths `cerfbcnhs, ks jkbkscrfh kl ush jh shlh nk lc bhjtceflfncn `fjcjbfkrc, sfjh tciefæj nk ujc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, quk pkriftc lc skmrkmcbfòj nk lhs nkskiehlshs (ictkrfclks, icjh nk herc, bcrmc `cerfl) quk acbk lc kiprksc kiprksc pcrc prhnubfr efkjks nkstfjcnhs c lc vkjtc. Rf efkj lc bhjtceflfncn mkjkrcl prhphrbfhjc fj`hricbfòj nk lcs trcjscbbfhjks, kstc phr sé shlc jh ks su`fbfkjtk pcrc lhmrcr uj bhjtrhl sherk kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk ujc fjnustrfc. Ks phr kllh quk surmk lc jkbksfncn, nk cplfbcr y kxpcjnfr lhs prhbknfifkjths mkjkrclks nk lc bhjtceflfncn, nk tcl `hric quk skc phsfelk nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk  prhnubfr y vkjnkr bcnc crtébulh, lhs phsfelks coustks quk rkqufkrcj kj su prhbksh  prhnubtfvh h kj lhs prkbfhs `fjclks nk lhs prhnubths, y hrfkjtcr lc kiprksc acbfc ujc  eukjc cnifjfstrcbfòj nk lhs rkburshs bhj lhs quk bukjtk. Thr kjnk, pcrc quk lc ifsic  puknc kokrbkr uj bhjtrhl sherk su prhbksh nk `cerfbcbfòj, y tkjmc fj`hricbfòj hphrtujc pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks, sk acbk jkbkscrfh kl ush nk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, bhj kl `fj nk bhjhbkr lcs bf`rcs nktcllcncs nkl bhsth nk lhs ictkrfclks, lc icjh nk herc y lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj.

=1

 

Tcrc lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., kl kstcelkbfifkjth nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs lk pkriftfrã hrmcjfzcr su prhbksh prhnubtfvh y sctfs`cbkr sus jkbksfncnks nk rkbhlkbbfòj y cjãlfsfs nk lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj bhj bklkrfncn y bhj bfkrth mrcnh nk bhj`fceflfncn c `fj nk pkriftfr lc `focbfòj nk prkbfh nkl  prhnubth tkrifjcnh. Thr kjnk, sk prhbknk bhj lc prhpukstc nk klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr  prhbkshs, lc bucl pkriftc c lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., lc nktkrifjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj nk ujc icjkrc tæbjfbc y cbhrnk bhj lhs  prfjbfpfhs nk bhjtceflfncn nk cbkptcbfòj mkjkrcl (PKJ-JF@). (PKJ-J F@).

CLBCJBK NK LC TUHT[KR^C Lc prhpukstc prhphrbfhjcrc c lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., ujc akrrcifkjtc mkrkjbfcl pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks kj lc prhnubbfòj nk kieutfnhs y bcrjks prhbkscncs. Nkefnh c quk lc kiprksc bcrkbk nk uj plcj nk bukjtcs y rkmfstrhs hrfkjtcnhs cl rcih fjnustrfcl sherk kl quk hpkrc, csé bhih lc cuskjbfc nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, kl clbcjbk nk lc prhpukstc cecrbh nksnk lc nksbrfpbfòj nk bcnc ujc nk lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lc ifsic, lh bucl `uk phsfelk mrcbfcs c lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpctfvc nk bcnc ujh nk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks kj lhs nfstfjths nkpcrtcikjths prhnubtfvhs. Kstc pcrtfbfpcbfòj kj kl prhbksh nk `cerfbcbfòj, pkriftfò c su vkz fnkjtf`fbcr lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth prkskjtks kj bcnc ujh nk sus prhnubths, lhs buclks fecj sfkjnh fjbhrphrcnhs cl ifsih nk ujc icjkrc kipérfbc phr pcrtk nk lhs trcecocnhrks. Nkefnh c lc `cbflfncn nkl prhbksh `ésfbh bhj kl quk sk kokbutcj lcs lcehrks kj lc kiprksc, sk lhmrh kl rkbhjhbfifkjth nk thnhs sus klkikjths nkl bhsth, hrfkjtcjnh csé kl nfskóh nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths, c skr ujc kstrubturc phr prhnubth ecoh ujc ikthnhlhméc nk ceshrbfòj y cbuiulcbfòj nk bhsths, kiplkcnc kj uj sfstkic nk `cerfbcbfòj nkjhifjcnh prhbksh bhjtfjuh.

=6

 

Ks fiphrtcjtk cbhtcr, quk nkefnh cl rksmucrnh nkl skbrkth nk `ãerfbc nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk kjbhjtrò bhih ujc lfiftcjtk kl nksbhjhbfifkjth nk ujh nk sus ictkrfclks nfrkbths, kl bucl `uk fnkjtf`fbcnh bhj kl jhierk nk fjmrknfkjtk kstrkllc, nkefnh c quk lc kiprksc sk rkskrvc kl nkrkbah c nfvulmcrlh.

@[JNCIKJ^CBFHJ NK LC TUHT[KR^C Kstc prhpukstc kstã `ujncikjtcnc prfihrnfclikjtk kj ujc nk lcs jhrics kstcelkbfncs phr kl Fjtkrjctfhjcl Cbbhutfjm Rtcjncrn Ehcrn (FCRE), ecoh kl jhierk nk Jhrics Fjtkrjcbfhjclks nk Fj`hricbfòj @fjcjbfkrc kj kspkbfcl kj lc Rkbbfòj 32 nk lc JFF@ pcrc TVIKR (5446) “Fjvkjtcrfhs’. Kl prhpòsfth nk kstc skbbfòj ks kl

trctcifkjth bhjtcelk nk lhs fjvkjtcrfhs, quk kvfnkjtkikjtk nkek bhjtkiplcr su vclucbfòj. Bhj rkspkbth c lc prhpukstc kstc skbbfòj cyunh bhih ecsk pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk lc ifsic, yc quk, kj lc kjtfncn jh kxfstk ujc vclhrcbfòj nk sus fjvkjtcrfhs, hbcsfhjcjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc kl nksbhjhbfifkjth nk lhs bhsths nk  prhnubbfòj nk bcnc prhnubth nfsphjfelk nfsp hjfelk pcrc lc vkjtc. Thr htrh lcnh, clmh kskjbfcl pcrc `ujncikjtcr lc prhpukstc shj lcs nk`fjfbfhjks nk quk ks lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths. Nfbacs nk`fjfbfhjks nk cbukrnh c lcs ecsks tkòrfbcs bhjsultcncs sk kstcelkbkj kj kl sfmufkjtk hrnkj? Lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsth, sk hbupc nk lc blcsf`fbcbfòj, cbuiulcbfòj, bhjtrhl y csfmjcbfòj nk bhsth. Kj kstk skjtfnh, Bacrlks ^. Ahrjmrkj (5434) kj su herc “Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsth uj kj`hquk Mkrkjbfcl’, rkbclbò lc fiphrtcjbfc nk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsth kj lc nfrkbbfòj cl pkriftfr suifjfstrcr fj`hricbfòj vclfhsc c lc cnifjfstrcbfòj, cyuncjnh bhj kllh c lc plcjkcbfòj y bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks.

14

 

Fmuclikjtk Thlfikjf (3666), kxprksò quk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths ks “ujc tæbjfbc h iæthnh pcrc nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk uj prhykbth, prhbksh h prhnubth utflfzcnh phr lc icyhr pcrtk nk lcs kjtfncnks lkmclks nk ujc shbfkncn, h kspkbé`fbcikjtk rkbhikjncnh phr uj mruph cuthrfzcnh nk bhjtceflfncn’.  

Nkl ifsih ihnh Jkujkr (366>), nk`fjk lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths bhih “lc `csk

kiplkcnc pcrc rkbhmkr, rkmfstrcr y cjclfzcr lc fj`hricbfòj rklcbfhjcnc rklcbfhjcnc bhj lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj y kj ecsk c nfbac fj`hricbfòj thicr nkbfsfhjks rklcbfhjcncs bhj lc  plcjkcbfòj y bhjtrhl nk lcs hpkrcbfhjks’. 

Thr htrh lcnh Lcjm (5442) kxplfbc quk “ lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, nksnk kl pujth

nk vfstc nk lc `cerfbcbfòj, ks lc rcic h lc skbbfòj nk lc bhjtceflfncn brkcnc pcrc hbupcrsk kskjbfclikjtk nk lhs `cbthrks nk lc prhnubbfòj". C su vkz cmrkmc quk "Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsths buiplk lhs sfmufkjtks heoktfvhs?  

Bhjtrhl nk lhs Mcsths

 

@focbfòj nk Trkbfhs

 

@focr lcs jhrics h phlétfbcs nk hpkrcbfòj h kxplhtcbfòj"

½

½

½

@fjclikjtk Bkbfl Mufllkspfk (5444), plcjtkc quk? Lc Bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths, ks lc cplfbcnc c lcs cbtfvfncnks `cerébclks, ks kl  prhbknfifkjth pcrc llkvcr lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj bhj ujc nhelk `fjclfncn7 nktkrifjcr kl bhsth phr ujfncn nk lhs crtébulhs prhnubfnhs y `cbflftcr nfvkrscs blcsks nk bhipcrcbfhjks bhj lcs buclks sk ifnk lc kokbubfòj prhnubthrc. ^hicjnh kj bhjsfnkrcbfòj lcs cjtkrfhrks nk`fjfbfhjks, sk puknk nk`fjfr lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths bhih ujc tæbjfbc quk ks cplfbcnc c lhs prhbkshs quk llkvcj c bceh kj lcs kiprkscs nkl rcih fjnustrfcl, bhj kl heoktfvh nk cjclfzcr, iknfr y bucjtf`fbcr lcs hpkrcbfhjks rkclfzcncs ecoh uj prhbksh prhnubtfvh, tkjfkjnh bhih `fj

13

 

kl nktkrifjcr kl bhsth phr ujfncn nk lhs crtébulhs quk jcbkj bhih bhjskbukjbfc nk nfbah prhbksh.

KR^U[B^[UC NK LC TUHT[KR^C Lc prhpukstc sk `hriulc thicjnh kj bhjsfnkrcbfòj lcs cuskjbfcs quk prkskjtc lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., kj lh rk`krkjtk c fj`hricbfòj hphrtujc y `fcelk kj kl nkscrrhllh nk sus hpkrcbfhjks, csé bhih lc `hric kj quk bclbulcj sus bhsths, sfkjnh kstc ujc icjkrc kipérfbc. Cnkiãs sk thih c bhjsfnkrcbfòj lcs jkbksfncnks kbhjòifbcs nk lc kiprksc, buyc rksphjsceflfncn rkbck sherk lc mkrkjbfc. Thr htrc pcrtk, pcrc kl nkscrrhllh nk lc prhpukstc, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks sk ecscrhj kj lhs rksultcnhs nk lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpctfvc nkjtrh nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh  pcrc lc hrmcjfzcbfòj nk bcnc b cnc ujh nk lhs klkikjths klki kjths nkl bhsth, csé bhih tciefæj pcrc lc skmrkmcbfòj nk bcnc ujh nk lhs prhnubths kj rklcbfòj c lhs nfstfjths nkpcrtcikjths  prhnubtfvhs phr lhs buclks sk trcslcncj. Thr htrh lcnh sk thih bhih kokiplh pcrc lc  ecsk nk bãlbulh lc rkbktc nkl Ociòj O ciòj nk Kspclnc y lc bcjtfncn ikjsucl kj gflhmrcihs g flhmrcihs quk lc kiprksc prhnuoh kj kl iks nk Kjkrh nkl cóh kj bursh, csé bhih lc jhifjc nkl iks nk Kjkrh y sus mcsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj fjburrfnhs.

NKLFIF^CBFHJ NK LC TUHT[KR^C Lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., `cerfbc ujc mrcj vcrfkncn nk  prhnubths kieutfnhs tclks bhih ociòj nk kspclnc, nk pfkrjc, `fcierk, sclbafbacs y bahrfzhs nk coh y pfbcjtk. Rfj kiecrmh nkefnh c kstc mrcj nfvkrsfncn nk prhnubths, y c quk lc kstrubturc bhsths sk kjicrbc kj ujc kstrubturc phr prhnubths, sk thicrc shlh kl prhnubth prfjbfpcl quk lks nkoc ikohr icrmkj nk mcjcjbfc, kl bucl ks kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc.

15

 

NKRCUUHLLH NK LHR HEOK^FPHR NK LC TUHT[KR^C C bhjtfjucbfòj sk prkskjtc kl bhjtkxth nkl ihnklh kj kl bucl lc pcrtfbfpcbfòj ks lc  ecsk kj quk sk sustkjtc lh quk sk prhphjk, cnkiãs nk bhjtcr bhj lhs klkikjths  eãsfbhs pcrc su ikohr fiplkikjtcbfòj. 3.  Nksbrfefr lcs ktcpcs nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh kxfstkjtks kj lc Kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Cl ihikjth nk klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, ks prfihrnfcl bhjhbkr kl tfph nk kiprksc kj kl quk sk kstã fjbursfhjcjnh. Kstk bhjhbfifkjth prkvfh, pkriftfrã bhjhbkr `cbthrks bhih? kl rcih nhjnk sk nkscrrhllc lc kiprksc, bhih kstã hrmcjfzcnc fjtkrjcikjtk, lc nfstrfeubfòj nk sus nfstfjths nkpcrtcikjths y lcs lcehrks quk sk kokbutcj kj bcnc ujh nk kllhs. Bcnc `cbthr cjtks ikjbfhjcnh ks kskjbfcl pcrc phnkr hrmcjfzcr lc kstrubturc nk bhsths cbhrnk cl mfrh jhricl quk nkskipkóc lc kiprksc. Kj tcl skjtfnh, bucjnh sk trctc nk ujc fjnustrfc nkl rcih nk lhs kieutfnhs, sk acbk iãs kxfmkjtk kl hrnkj, yc quk kj kstk tfph nk kiprksc, lc cbuiulcbfòj nk bhsths quk tfkjk bcnc prhnubth ks nfstfjtc, lh bucl bhjllkvc c quk tæbjfbcikjtk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths sk kiplkk phr prhnubth

NFCMUCIC NK @L[OH NK TUHN[BBFHJ (TCU^K F)   Bcrjk Klcehrcbfòj nk ocihjks Ukbkpbfòj Nk Ictkrfc Trfic

Tkscnh

Bhrtk y Nksprkscnh

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

12

Bcrjk Klcehrcbfòj nk bahrfzh, sclbafbac y ihrtcnklc

 

NFCMUCIC NK @L[OH NK TUHN[BBFHJ (TCU^K FF)

TUHBKRHR NK LC BCUJK NK BKUNH NKTCU^CIKJ^HR TUHN[B^FPHR TUFJBFTCL

NK^CLLK OCIHJ KRTCLNC

IK_BLCNH KIE[^FNH AHUJKCNH KITCS[K^CNH

OCIHJ TFKUJC OCIHJKR

@FCIEUK NK COH

BAHUF_H

TFBCJ^K

RCLBAFBACR

PFKJC

LKVKJNC? Lhs Ukbtãjmulhs nk bhlhrks nfvkrshs rkprkskjtcj lhs nkpcrtcikjths phr lhs buclks  pcscj bcnc ujh nk lhs prhnubths.

Lhs Ukbtãjmulhs nk bhlhr elcjbh, sfmjf`fbc quk kl prhnubth, jh sk prhbksc kj kl nkpcrtcikjth.

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) NKRBUFTBFHJ NKL TUHBKRH TUHN[B^FPH Lc kiprksc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., fjfbfc su prhbksh prhnubtfvh bhj lc nksbcrmc y pksh nk lc ictkrfc prfic kj lc zhjc nk nksbcrmc, lc bucl ks rkbfefnc y supkrvfscnc phr lc mkrkjtk nk plcjtc. [jc vkz pkscnh thnhs lhs ictkrfclks bãrjfbhs, sk  prhbknk bhj su trcslcnh c lcs bcvcs nk rk`rfmkrcbfòj pcrc su clicbkjcifkjth. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk lc ictkrfc prfic bãrjfbc llkmc c lc kiprksc nk nhs `hrics? kl bhbafjh kjtkrh sfj òrmcjhs y lc pfkrjc nk bhbafjh.

Thstkrfhrikjtk, sk lk nc fjfbfh cl

 prhbksh nk trcjs`hricbfòj, trcslcncjnh iknfcjtk uj bcrrfth bcnc ujc nk kstcs pfkzcs

1>

 

nksnk kl clicbæj acstc kl

prfikr nkpcrtcikjth nk lc plcjtc quk ks Bhrtk y

Nksprkscnh. Kj kstk nkpcrtcikjth quk ks thtclikjtk runfikjtcrfh sk bhlhbc kl ictkrfcl bãrjfbh sherk nhs ikshjks rkbtcjmulcrks, y bhj uj bubafllh sk prhbknk c nksaukscr lcs pfkzcs nk bcrjk, nkphsftcjnh kj vcrfcs bkstcs lhs nkspkrnfbfhs. [jc vkz blcsf`fbcncs lcs pfkzcs nk bcrjk, sk nkphsftc lc ictkrfc prfic bãrjfbc nksaukscnc kj lhs nf`krkjtks bcrrfths iknfcjtk lhs buclks sk trcslcncrc c lhs nfvkrshs nkpcrtcikjths  pcrc bhjtfjucr bhj kl prhbksh. Lc ictkrfc prfic bãrjfbc nkstfjcnc c lc prhnubbfòj nk lhs ocihjks, ks trcslcncnc cl nkpcrtcikjth nk ikzblcnh, nhjnk sk prhbknk kj prfikr lumcr c ihlkr lc bcrjk kj ujc icqufjc nkjhifjcnc Ihlfjh Fjnustrfcl icrbc Clficstkr7 lc bcrjk ihlfnc sk vc vcbfcjnh kj htrh bcrrfth bhj kl `fj nk skmufr bhj kl skmujnh pcsh kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk ikzblcnh, kl bucl sk ecsc kj prhbkscr lc bcrjk bhj cnftfvhs kspkbfclks quk lhs trcecocnhrks phr su bhlhr elcjbh lk ncj kl jhierk nk “bafbac’. ^hnhs ksths ictkrfclks

sk bhlhbcj nkjtrh nk ujc icqufjc nk jhierk tuielkr icrbc Clficstkr, kj lc bucl sk nkocj ciehs ictkrfclks nfrkbths kj uj lcpsh nk trks nécs. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk lc icqufjc tuielkr tfkjk ujc bcpcbfncn nk ;4.444 GM, y kstã uefbcnc kj ujc bcvc nk rk`rfmkrcbfòj kspkbfcl pcrc kstk nkpcrtcikjth. [jc vkz bulifjcnh kl lcpsh nk lhs trks nécs, sk prhbknk c rktfrcr ujc ikzblc thtclikjtk ahihmæjkc. Kstc ikzblc ks rktfrcnc nk lc icqufjc y vcbfcnc kj bcrrfths pcrc trcslcncrlc cl nkpcrtcikjth nk kieutfnh pcrc skmufr su prhbksh. [jc vkz kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk kieutfnh, sk vcbéc lc ikzblc nk lhs ocihjks kj ujc icqufjcrfc nk jhierk ikzblcnhrc h ecbak, kj lc bucl sk prhbknk c cmrkmcrlk lhs nfvkrshs bhjnfikjths y cnftfvhs. Trkvfh c ksth kl pkrshjcl nkl nkpcrtcikjth nk kieutfnh prhbknk c bhrtcr bhj tfokrcs lcs trfpcs plãstfbcs nhjnk sk vc c vcbfcr lc ikzblc c kieutfr, y sk skllc kj uj kxtrkih bhj ujc mrcpc fjnustrfcl. [jc vkz bulifjcnh kl prhbksh kj lc ikzblcnhrc, sk prhbknk c vcbfcr lc ikzblc kj bcnc ujc nk lcs trfpcs plãstfbcs, lcs buclks sfmukj kj ujc bhrrkc trcjsphrtcnhrc acstc ujc icqufjc skllcnhrc quk sk kjbcrmc nk skllcr kl kxtrkih lferk. [jc vkz bulifjcnh kl lhtk nk

1;

 

 ehlscs llkjcs, kstcs sk bhlhbcj ujc c ujc nkjtrh nk lhs ihlnks nk cluifjfh quk lk ncrãj lc `hric bhrrksphjnfkjtk (rkbtcjmulcr h hvclcnc). [jc vkz llkjh thnhs lhs ihlnks sk prhbknkj c bhlhbcr kj thrrks iòvflks bkrrãjnhlcs c prksfòj. [jc vkz bulifjcnh thnh kl prhbksh nk kieutfnh, sk trcslcncj lcs thrrks iòvflks cl nkpcrtcikjth nk ahrjkcnh, nhjnk sk prhbknkrã c su bhbbfòj. Iknfcjtk ujc mrÿc klæbtrfbc sk prhbknk c klkvcr bcnc thrrk iòvfl y sk trcslcncj c uj tcjquk, kl bucl bhjtfkjk cmuc c 15 ´ B, nhjnk shj suikrmfncs nurcjtk sfktk ahrcs, bhbfjcjnh c ecóh nk icréc. Cbth skmufnh iknfcjtk lc mrÿc shj scbcncs bcnc ujc nk lcs thrrks y shj llkvcncs c htrh tcjquk bhj cmuc c tkipkrcturc ciefkjtk 5=´ B, suikrmfæjnhlcs nurcjtk vkfjtk ifjuths pcrc uj prfikr kj`rfcifkjth. Lukmh nk acekr `fjclfzcnh kl prhbksh kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk ahrjkcnh, sk kxtrckj bcnc ujc nk lcs thrrks nkl tcjquk c tkipkrcturc ciefkjtk, y shj llkvcncs icjuclikjtk c ujc bcvc rk`rfmkrcjtk c ujc tkipkrcturc nk 31´ B pcrc uj skmujnh kj`rfcifkjth bhj ujc nurcbfòj nk nhbk ahrcs. Tcscncs lcs nhbk ahrcs, sk scbc bcnc thrrk nk lc bcvc rk`rfmkrcjtk, sk cerk bcnc ihlnk y sk kxtrckj bcnc ujc nk lcs pfkzcs nk ociòj, pcrc lukmh phstkrfhrikjtk skmufr bhj kl prhbksh nk kipcquktcnh. Vc kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk kipcquktcnh, sk bhlhbc bcnc pfkzc nk ociòj sherk uj iksòj mrcjnk rkbtcjmulcr, nhjnk sk prhbknk c bhlhbcrlk lcs ktfquktcs, pcrc bulifjcr kl prhbksh bhj kl trcslcnh nkl prhnubth nk `hric icjucl cl clicbæj nk prhnubths tkrifjcnhs. Kj kl bcsh nk lc `cerfbcbfòj nk lhs bahrfzhs y lc sclbafbac, lc ictkrfc prfic bãrjfbc sk llkvc cl nkpcrtcikjth nk kieutfnhs, nhjnk c trcvæs nk ujc icqufjc nk ihlfjh uefbcnc kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk kieutfnh, sk prhbknk c ihlkr lhs bhrtks nk bcrjk. [jc vkz ihlfnhs, lc ictkrfc prfic bãrjfbc ks trcslcncnc c lc icqufjc ikzblcnhrc h ecbak, nhjnk sk prhbknk c rkclfzcr bcnc ujh nk lhs tfphs nk bahrfzh quk sk `cerfbcj y lc sclbafbac. Kj kl bcsh nk lhs bahrfzhs nk coh sk cplfbcj bhjnfikjths tclks bhih scl nk

10

 

burc, coh ihlfnh, `æbulc nk pcpc, kjtrk htrhs, csé bhih cnftfvhs tclks bhih trfphlf`hs`cth nk shnfh, krfthecrth nk shnfh, bcriéj nk bhbafjfllc y htrhs cnftfvhs. Kj kl bcsh nk lhs bahrfzhs pfbcjtks sk cmrkmcj lhs ifsihs bhjnfikjths y cnftfvhs quk sk uscj pcrc kl bahrfzh nk coh, bhj lc nf`krkjbfc quk kl pfbcjtk llkvc uj bhjnfikjth ics quk ks kl coé pfbcjtk. Ifkjtrcs Ifkjtrcs pcrc lc `cerfbcbfòj nk lc sclbafbac, sk prhbknk kj lc lc ikzblcnhrc h ecbak c bhlhbcr lc bcrjk bhj scl nk burc, hlkhrrksfjc nk sclbafbac, krfthecrth nk shnfh, trfphlf`hs`cth nk shnfh, kjtrk htrhs cnftfvhs y bhjnfikjths. [jc vkz quk kstc ikzblc ks bulifjcnc, lc ifsic sk prhbknk iknfcjtk htrh tueh c llkjcr lcs trfpcs nk bkrnh lcs buclks shj cicrrcncs iknfcjtk icqufjcs mkjkrcjnh tfrcs nk bahrfzh y sclbafbac rkspkbtfvcikjtk. [jc vkz quk sk bulifjc kstk prhbksh, bcnc tfrc ks bhlhbcnc kj uj bcrrfth, pcrc phstkrfhrikjtk trcslcncrlcs cl nkpcrtcikjth nk ahrjkcnh. [jc vkz kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk ahrjkcnh, sk prhbknkj c iktkr nhs bcrrfths nk tfrcs nk bahrfzh kj bcnc ahrjh, nhjnk tkjnrãj quk ahrjkcrsk kj uj lcpsh nk buctrh ahrcs c =>´ B. Ks fiphrtcjtk ikjbfhjcr quk kl ahrjh bukjtc bhj ujc bcpcbfncn nk >4.444 Gm. Vc bulifjcnh kstk prhbksh, sk prhbknk cerfr lcs pukrtcs nkl ahrjh, pcrc trcslcncr lhs bcrrfths nk tfrcs nk bahrfzh c lcs bcvcs rk`rfmkrcjtks c 31 ´ B. Lukmh nk acekr bulifjcnh kl prhbksh kj kl nkpcrtcikjth nk ahrjkcnh, sk prhbknk c kipcquktcr kl prhnubth y phjkrlk su rkspkbtfvc ktfquktc, pcrc kipcquktcr kl ifsih, sk prhbknk c cmrkmcr lhs bahrfzhs kj ehlscs plãstfbcs, kj ujc prkskjtcbfòj nk 34 Gm  phr ehlsc, ifkjtrcs quk lc sclbafbac sk kipcquktcj kj ujc prkskjtcbfòj nk ujc bcoc  phr 35 pcquktks nk 144 1 44 mrcihs bcnc ujh. @fjclfzcnh kl prhbksh nkl nkpcrtcikjth nkp crtcikjth nk kipcquktcnh, lhs bahrfzhs y lcs sclbafbacs shj llkvcnhs nk `hric icjucl cl clicbæj nk prhnubths tkrifjcnhs.

1=

 

5.  Fnkjtf`fbcr lhs klkikjths nkl Bhsth kxfstkjtks kj thnh kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lc kiprksc. Kj ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths sk bhjtkiplcj trks klkikjths prfjbfpclks tclks bhih ictkrfclks nfrkbths, icjh nk herc nfrkbtc y bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj.

Ksths

klkikjths cjtks ikjbfhjcnhs vcj c nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk prhnubbfòj nk uj efkj, y  pkriftfrã hrmcjfzcr lc bhiphsfbfòj nkl ifsih. Kj kl bcsh nk lhs bhsths nk lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths, su `ãbfl rkbhjhbfifkjth mkjkrc quk pukncj skr fnkjtf`fbcnhs kj bcnc ujfncn nk prhnubbfòj h ctrfeufnhs c uj nkpcrtcikjth h prhbksh kspkbf`fbh. Tcrc kl nkscrrhllh nkl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk punfkrhj heskrvcr k fnkjtf`fbcr lhs sfmufkjtks ictkrfclks nfrkbths?

IC^KUFCLKR NFUKB^HR Kj kl bcsh nk lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., sk  puknkj nfstrfeufr kj buctrh tfphs nk ictkrfclks nfrkbths, lhs buclks sk nkjhifjcj? Ictkrfc Trfic Bãrjfbc, Bhjnfikjths, Cnftfvhs y ictkrfcl nk kipcquk.

Ictkrfc Trfic Bãrjfbc 3.  Bkrnh Bhiplkth sfj Òrmcjhs 5.  Bcrjftc nk Uks 2.  Tfkrjc nk Bkrnh ( Tkrjfl) >.  Kiulsfòj nk Bukrh ;.  Tcjzc 0.  Bcbaktk sfj blcsf`fbcr

11

 

=.  Icsbcrc

Bhjnfikjths 3.  Rcl Uk`fjcnc 5.  Czÿbcr 2.  Coh kj Thlvh >.  @æbulc nk Tcpc ;.  Clifnòj nk yubc 0.  Cfslcnh nk Rhyc =.  Coé Tfbcjtk 1.   Jukz Ihsbcnc 6.  Coh Jcturcl 34. Tfifkjtc Elcjbc 33. Tfifkjtc Jkmrc 35. Hlkhrrksfjc nk Rclbafbac (Rcehrfzcjtk)

Cnftfvhs 3.  Krfthrecth nk Rhnfh 5.  ^rfphlf`hs`cth nk Rhnfh 2.  Mlutcicjh Ihjhshnfbh >.  Mclficx ;.  Rcl nk Burc 0.  Bhjnfikjth BAU Acjskj =.  Bcrehxf Iktfl Bklulhsc 1.  Cleuifjc 6.  Bcriéj nk Bhbafjfllc 34. Auih Lfqufnh 33. Rbcjprh

16

 

35. Bcrrcmkjfjc IT330 32. Nkxtrhsc 3>. Bhlhr Bcrifj

IC^KUFCL NK KITCS[K 3.  Ehlsc Tlãstfbc 5.  @hlfh Tlãstfbh 2.  Ktfquktc >.  ^rfpc

ICJH NK HEUC Kl bhsth nk lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc sk rk`fkrk c thnhs lhs sclcrfhs pcmcnhs c lhs trcecocnhrks phr lc lcehr quk rkclfzcj kj bcnc ujfncn nk prhnubbfòj nktkrifjcnc h kj uj nkpcrtcikjth kspkbé`fbh. Ks fiphrtcjtk skóclcr quk kstk bhsth nk icjh nk herc nfrkbtc jh ks iãs quk kl thtcl nk csfmjcbfhjks pkrbfefncs phr bcnc trcecocnhr, sfj kl nksbukjth nk lcs nknubbfhjks bhrrksphjnfkjtks skmÿj lcs lkyks. 3.  Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs 5.  Ahrcs Kxtrcs 2.  Ehjh Jhbturjh >.  Nécs nk Nksbcjsh ;.  Ehjh nk Csfstkjbfc 0.  Ekjk`fbfhs Rhbfclks =.  Htrcs Csfmjcbfhjks

64

 

BHR^HR FJNFUKB^HR NK @CEUFBCBFHJ (BCUMC @CEUFL) Lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj h bcrmc `cerfl, sk nk`fjkj bhih lhs bhsths jh nfrkbths nk lc `ãerfbc quk jh puknkj skr ctrfeufnhs cl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj nk `hric nfrkbtc, nkefnh c su nf`ébfl rkbhjhbfifkjth. Thr lh bucl jh phnrã skr ctrfeufnh cl  prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj prhnub bfòj h nkpcrtcikjths prhnubtfvhs p rhnubtfvhs nk icjkrc nktcllcnc nkt cllcnc h kspkbf`fbc. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk ks kl klkikjth nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths iãs bhiplkoh phr su rkbhjhbfifkjth y iknfbfòj. 3.  Nkprkbfcbfòj nk lcs Icqufjcrfcs 5.  Mucjtks nk Lctkx 2.  Mhrrhs Sufrÿrmfbhs >.  ^cpc Ehbcs ;.  Bcocs nk Bcrtòj 0.  Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs, ^htcl nk Csfmjcbfhjks nkl Rupkrvfshr =.  Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs, ^htcl nk Csfmjcbfhjks nkl Mkrkjtk nk Tlcjtc 1.  Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs, ^htcl nk Csfmjcbfhjks Tkrshjcl nk Lfipfkzc nk Tlcjtc 6.  Icjtkjfifkjth nk lcs Icqufjcs 34. Bhjsuih nk Kjkrméc Klæbtrfbc 33. Bhjsuih nk Cmuc 35. Cphrtks Tctrhjclks, Rkmurh Rhbfcl Helfmcthrfh (RRH), Tkrnfnc Fjvhlujtcrfc nk Kiplkh (TFK), @hjnh nk Cahrrh Helfmcthrfh pcrc lc Pfvfkjnc (@CHP). 32. Crtébulhs nk Lfipfkzc

63

 

2. 

Klcehrcr ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths, phr prhbksh bhjtfjuh, quk sfrvc bhih akrrcifkjtc c lc

mkrkjbfc pcrc su thic nk nkbfsfhjks kj nktkrifjcnhs

ihikjths. C bhjtfjucbfòj sk prkskjtc ujc prhpukstc nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths pcrc skr cplfbcnc kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lc kiprksc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Kj kstk cpcrtcnh h heoktfvh, sk kjuikrcrcj ujc skrfk nk prhbknfifkjths pcrc klcehrcr lc kstrubturc nk bhsths, kj lc bucl bhih prfikr tòpfbh sk trctcrcj lhs  pcrãiktrhs ecoh lhs buclks sk tfkjk plcjtkcnh kl `ujbfhjcifkjth nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths, lhs buclks buclks vcj nk cbukrnh c lcs ecsks tkòrfbcs quk `ukrhj kxpukstcs kj bcpétulhs cjtkrfhrks, csé bhih lc fj`hricbfòj rkbhlkbtcnc c trcvæs nk lc heskrvcbfòj nfrkbtc y pcrtfbfpctfvc hetkjfnc nk lc kiprksc. Ks csé kjthjbks, bhih c trcvæs nk lc kvclucbfòj nk ciehs cspkbths ikjbfhjcnhs kj kl pãrrc`h cjtkrfhr, sk hetfkjk lc ecsk pcrc lc rkclfzcbfòj nk bãlbulhs. Kj kl bucnrh juikrh 3 sk kxphjnrãj lhs pcrãiktrhs nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths pcrc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

65

 

Bucnrh 3 Tcrãiktrhs nk lc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths pcrc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.

Cspkbths nk

Bhikjtcrfhs

Kvclucbfòj Kl sfstkic nk fjvkjtcrfh cplfbcnh pcrc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. ks kl bhjtfjuh, yc quk kl jkmhbfh icjtfkjk ujc prhnubbfòj bhjstcjtk, nhjnk sk acbk jkbkscrfh kl skmufifkjth cl fjstcjtk nk lhs ihvfifkjths nk sus fjvkjtcrfhs. fjvkjtcrfhs. C su vkz, lc kiprksc nkek icjtkjkr Rfstkic nk Fjvkjtcrfh

uj rkmfstrh bhjtfjuh pcrc bcnc crtébulh nkl fjvkjtcrfh,

(Bhjtfjuh)

 efkj skc bhiprcs y bhjsuihs nk ictkrfclks nfrkbths, fjvkjtcrfh cshbfcnh c lc prhnubbfòj y vkjtc nk  prhnubths tkrifjcnhs. Lhs rkmfstrhs bhjstcjtks kj lc kiprksc pkriftkj tkjkr nfsphjfelk y hphrtujc lc fj`hricbfòj cshbfcnc c lhs fjvkjtcrfhs.

Iæthnh nk

Kl sfstkic quk kiplkc lc kiprksc ks kl sfstkic nk

Cbuiulcbfòj nk Bhsths  prhnubbfòj phr prhbkshs, yc quk nk cbukrnh c lh ( Thr Trhbkshs) heskrvcnh, lc kiprksc prkskjtc bcrcbtkréstfbcs quk lc nfrkbbfhjcj cl ush nk kstk sfstkic nk prhnubbfòj .

62

 

Cspkbths nk

Bhikjtcrfhs

Kvclucbfòj Kstcs bcrcbtkréstfbcs prkskjtcncs phr lc kiprksc sk kjuikrcj bhih? 3.  Lc prhnubbfòj heskrvcnc ks ahihmæjkc, yc quk  prkskjtc skfs prhnubths quk tfkjkj prhbkshs Iæthnh nk

sfiflcrks.

Cbuiulcbfòj nk Bhsths 5.  Kl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj ks bhjtfjuh nk prfjbfpfh c ( Thr Trhbkshs)

`fj, nhjnk bhjstcjtkikjtk lhs nkpcrtcikjths  prhnubtfvhs kstãj hpkrcjnh. 2.  Kl prhnubth tkrifjcnh jh ks `cerfbcnh skmÿj kspkbf`fbcbfhjks h kxfmkjbfcs nk lhs bhjsuifnhrks. Kl tfph nk bhsths cbuiulcnh kj lc kiprksc ks bhstkh rkcl. Kl ifsih bhjsfstk kj lc csfmjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths

^fph nk Bhsth

rkclikjtk fjburrfnhs nurcjtk lc klcehrcbfòj nk uj efkj.

Cbuiulcnh

Cujcnh c ksth, kl ifsih ks rkbhikjncnh kj lc

(Ukcl)

 prhvfnkjbfc j´ 442 nk lc Rupkrfjtkjnkjbfc Jcbfhjcl nk Trkbfhs Ousths (R[JNNK). Kl uscnh phr lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., ks kl kj`hquk acbfc lhs bhsths phr ceshrbfòj, yc quk sk

Kj`hquk nk Bhsths

fjbhrphrcj thnhs lhs bhsths nk prhnubbfòj, tcjth

(Ceshrbfòj)

vcrfcelks bhih `fohs cl prhnubth. Thr htrc pcrtk, lhs bhsths phr ceshrbfòj shj lhs pkriftfnhs kj lc bhjtceflfncn vkjkzhlcjc. Lc kiprksc vclhrcrc su prhnubbfòj tkrifjcnc y lhs ictkrfclks cl bhsth prhiknfh. Kstk iæthnh phjnkrc kl

Iæthnh nk Pclhrcbfòj

bhsth phr ujfncn thicjnh kj bukjtc lcs ujfncnks

(Trhiknfh)

kxfstkjtks nk pkrfhnhs cjtkrfhrks y lcs ujfncnks bhiprcncs h prhnubfncs kj kl pkrfhnh cbtucl.

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz.

6>

 

E. 

Kj kl skmujnh tòpfbh, Nkefnh c quk lc plcjtc llkvc uj sfstkic nk fj`hricbfòj cnifjfstrctfvh y bhjtcelk nfrkbbfhjcnh c kiprkscs nkl rcih bhikrbfcl, sk plcjtkc c bhjtfjucbfòj uj jukvh plcj nk bukjtcs. Kl ifsih kstã klcehrcnh kj bfjbh jfvklks quk pkriftc skpcrcr lcs bukjtcs prfjbfpclks nk sus rkspkbtfvcs suebukjtcs, cl ifsih tfkiph ks uj nfskóh sfiplk y `lkxfelk pcrc `cbflftcr su cplfbcbfòj kj lc kiprksc. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk lc fjtkjbfòj nk ksth ks skpcrcr lhs mcsths nk lhs bhsths.

Bucnrh 5 Tlcj nk Bukjtcs Mkjærfbh Trhpuksth nkl Mruph nk Bhsths BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C. Tlcj nk bukjtcs Bònfmh nk lc bukjtc nksnk? ; acstc? ;.2.3.46 Jfvkl Bònfmh Nksbrfpbfòj 3 ; Bhsths nk Trhnubbfòj y Pkjtc 5 ;.3 Bhsths nk Trhnubbfòj 2 ;.3.3 Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths > ;.3.3.43 Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths ; ;.3.3.43.443 Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfc Bãrjfbc ; ;.3.3.43.445 Bhjsuih nk Bhjnfikjths ; ;.3.3.43.442 Bhjsuih nk Cnftfvhs ; ;.3.3.43.44> Bhjsuihs Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk (…) 

(…) ;.3.5  ;.3.5.43 ;.3.5.43.443 ;.3.5.43.445 ;.3.5.43.442 ;.3.5.43.44> (…)  (…)  2 ;.3.2 > ;.3.2.43 ; ;.3.2.43.443

2 > ; ; ; ;

(…)  Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs Ahrcs Kxtrcs Ehjhs Jhbturjhs Nécs nk Nksbcjsh (…)  Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Bcrmc @cerfl (BF@) Bhsths Thr Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths y Htrhs Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths

6;

 

BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C. Tlcj nk bukjtcs Bònfmh nk lc bukjtc nksnk? ; acstc? ;.2.3.46 Jfvkl Bònfmh Nksbrfpbfòj ; ;.3.2.43.414 Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks nk Lfipfkzc ; ;.3.2.43.46= @cltcjtks nk Ictkrfclks ; ;.3.2.43.466 Ikrics nk Ictkrfclks (…)  (…)  (…)  > ;.3.2.45 Bhsths phr Bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc ; ;.3.2.45.443 Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs ; ;.3.2.45.445 Ahrcs Kxtrcs ; ;.3.2.45.442 Ehjhs Jhbturjhs ; ;.3.2.45.44> Nécs Nksbcjsh ;

;.3.2.45.466 (…)  > ;.3.2.42 ; ;.3.2.42.443 ; ;.3.2.42.445 ; ;.3.2.42.442 ; ;.3.2.42.466 (…)  (…)  > ;.3.2.4> ; ;.3.2.4>.43 ; ;.3.2.4>.45 (…)  (…)  (…) 

> ; ; ; ;

;.3.2.4; ;.3.2.4;.443 ;.3.2.4;.445 ;.3.2.4;.442 ;.3.2.4;.44> (…)  (…)  > ;.3.2.40 ; ;.3.2.40.443 ; ;.3.2.40.445 ; ;.3.2.40.442 ; ;.3.2.40.44>

Htrcs Csfmjcbfhjks

(…) 

Rkrvfbfhs Klkbtrfbfncn Cmuc Ukpcrcbfhjks y Icjtkjfifkjth Htrhs Rkrvfbfhs (…) 

Nkprkbfcbfhjks y Cihrtfzcbfhjks nk Tlcjtc Nkprkbfcbfhjks Trhpfkncn, Tlcjtc y Kqufph nk Tlcjtc Cihrtfzcbfhjks Tòlfzc nk Rkmurh nk Tlcjtc (…)  Cphrtks Tctrhjclks Cphrtk RRH Cphrtk TFK Cphrtk @CHP Cphrtk FJBK (…) 

Cpcrtcnhs Lcehrclks Cpcrtcnhs [tflfncnks Cpcrtcnhs Pcbcbfhjks Cpcrtcnhs Ehjh Pcbcbfhjcl Cpcrtcnhs Mcrcjtéc Trkstcbfhjks Rhbfclks

60

 

BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C. Tlcj nk bukjtcs Bònfmh nk lc bukjtc nksnk? ; acstc? ;.2.3.46 Jfvkl Bònfmh Nksbrfpbfòj ; ;.3.2.40.44; Htrhs Cpcrtcnhs Lcehrclks (…)  (…)  (…)  > ;.3.2.4= Htrhs Bhsths Fjnfrkbths Lcehrclks ; ;.3.2.4=.443 Trfic phr Ictrfihjfh ; ;.3.2.4=.445 Trfic phr Afoh ; ;.3.2.4=.442 Trfic phr Trh`ksfhjcl ; ;.3.2.4=.44> ßtflks Ksbhlcrks ; ;.3.2.4=.44; @fkstcs Fj`cjtflks ; ;.3.2.4=.440 Ehjh nk Clfikjtcbfòj ; ;.3.2.4=.44= Ahjhrcrfhs Rkrvfbfhs nk Cskshréc Lkmcl ; ;.3.2.4=.441 Ehjh nk Trhnubbfòj cshbfcnh c lc Icjh nk Herc Fjn. ; ;.3.2.4=.466 Htrhs Bhsths Fjnfrkbths Lcehrclks (…)  (…)  (…)  > ;.3.2.41 Fjsuihs y Nhtcbfòj pcrc ^rcecocnhrks ; ;.3.2.41.443 Nhtcbfòj nk [jf`hriks c lhs ^rcecocnhrks ; ;.3.2.41.445 [sh nk Kqufphs nk Trhtkbbfòj Tkrshjcl ; ;.3.2.41.442 [sh nk Kqufphs nk Trhtkbbfòj Fjtkmrcl ; ;.3.2.41.44> Bhjsuih nk Crtébulhs nk Afmfkjk y Rcjfncn ; ;.3.2.41.44; Bcpcbftcbfòj nk ^rcecocnhrks Fjnfrkbths ; ;.3.2.41.440 Bcpcbftcbfòj nk ^rcecocnhrks Nfrkbths ; ;.3.2.41.44= Ahjhrcrfhs Trh`ksfhjclks Rkrvfbfh Iknfbh Tlcjtc ; ;.3.2.41.441 Ahjhrcrfhs Trh`ksfhjclks Rkmurfncn Fjnustrfcl ;   ;.3.2.41.446 Htrhs Bhsths nk Fjsuihs y Nhtcbfòj (…) (…)  (…)  pcrc ^rcecocnhrks 5 2 > ; ; ;

;.5 ;.5.3 ;.5.3.43 ;.5.3.43.443 ;.5.3.43.445 ;.5.3.43.442 (…)  (…)  5 ;.2 2 ;.2.3

Bhsths Cplfbcnhs Bhsths Cplfbcnhs Bhsths Cplfbcnhs cl Trhbksh Trhnubtfvh Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Cplfbcnhs c lc Trhnubbfòj Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Cplfbcnc c lc Trhnubbfòj Bcrmc @cerfl Cplfbcnc c lc Trhnubbfòj (…)  Bhsths nk Pkjtcs Bhsths nk Pkjtcs

6=

 

Jfvkl > ; > (…) 

BHIKUBFCLF_CNHUC LC TUK@KUFNC, B.C. Tlcj nk bukjtcs Bònfmh nk lc bukjtc nksnk? ; acstc? ;.2.3.46 Bònfmh Nksbrfpbfòj ;.2.3.43 Bhsth nk Pkjtc nk Trhnubths ^krifjcnhs ;.2.3.43.443 Bhsths nk Trhnubths @cerfbcnhs y Pkjnfnhs ;.2.3.46 Htrhs Bhsths nk Pkjtcs (…)  (…) 

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz (5430) B. 

Bhih tkrbkr tòpfbh, sk afzh jkbkscrfh nfsphjkr nk uj lfstcnh nk prhnubths y nk lc prhnubbfòj nk bcnc iks, kxprkscnhs kj gflhmrcihs. Tcrc kllh sk klcehrcrhj lfstcnhs nk prhnubths y su prhnubbfòj csfmjcjnh lcs kstcnéstfbcs nk  prhnubths mkjkrcnhs kj kl iks quk tfkjkj bhiÿjikjtk kl jhierk nk Ukphrtk nk Trhnubbfòj Ikjsucl. Kstk rkphrtk cjtks ikjbfhjcnh, sk acbk pcrc trks bctkmhrécs nk prhnubths kieutfnhs, kl ociòj, lhs bahrfzhs y lcs sclbafbacs. [jc vkz klcehrcnc bcnc lfstc, nkekj skr bcrmcncs lcs kstcnéstfbcs nk  prhnubbfòj, h kj htrcs pclcercs lc prhnubbfòj mkjkrcnc kj kl pkrfhnh, lc bucl tkjnrã vcrfcbfhjks bcnc iks. Kj bucjth c lc ikthnhlhméc nk cplfbcbfòj, lc ifsic puknk skr nkbfnfnc phr kl usucrfh. Lc lfstc nkek bhjtkjkr kl jhierk nkl  prhnubth y kl jÿikrh nk gflhmrcihs quk sk s k mkjkrh kj nfbah iks. Lhs lfstcnhs nk lhs kieutfnhs prhnubfnhs ikjsuclikjtk sk prkskjtcj kj kl

bucnrh 2.

61

 

Bucnrh 2. Lfstcnh nk Trhnubth Kieutfnh Ociòj, Bahrfzh, Ikjsucl. Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ociòj, Bahrfzh, Rclbafbac Ukphrtk nk Trhnubbfòj Ikjsucl Kxprkscnh kj (Gflhmrcihs) ^fph nk Trhnubth Kjkrh 5430 Ociòj Ociòj nk Kspclnc 3.;44 Gm @fcierk ;44 Gm ^htcl Ociòj 5.444 Gm Bahrfzh 044 Gm

Bahrfzh nk Coh Bahrfzh Tfbcjtk

>44 Gm

^htcl Bahrfzh

3.444 Gm

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) E. 

Kj kl bucrth tòpfbh, sk ac nk klcehrcr lhs lfstcnhs nk lc bhiphsfbfòj nk lc ictkrfc prfic csé bhih lhs bhsths fjburrfnhs. Tcrc lc prhnubbfòj nk lhs kieutfnhs, sk acbk jkbkscrfh lc utflfzcbfòj nk bfkrtcs ictkrfcs prfics, quk  efkj puknkj skr ictkrfcs prfics cplfbcncs c lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lhs  prhnubths y cl kipcquk nk lhs ifsihs. Tcrc rkclfzcr kstk lfstcnh nk bhiphsfbfòj nk ictkrfclks, sk ecscrc sherk lc ecsk nkl lfstcnh nk prhnubbfòj cjtkrfhrikjtk kxpuksth, kj nhjnk sk nkek ihstrcr lc ujfncn nk iknfnc nk lhs ictkrfclks tcjth pcrc lc bhiprc bhih pcrc su bhjsuih. Lhs prkbfhs kstficnhs shj kl bãlbulh quk sk acbk nk bcnc ictkrfc prfic phr bcnc ujfncn nk iknfnc bhjsuifnh nkl ifsih. Kj kl bucnrh juikrh > sk  prkskjtcrc lc lfstc nk lhs bhsths ujftcrfhs uj ftcrfhs nk lcs nf`krkjtks nf `krkjtks ictkrfcs prfics csé bhih sus kxfstkjbfcs cl fjfbfh nkl iks nk Kjkrh, y kj kl bucnrh juikrh ; lcs

66

 

bcjtfncnks `ésfbcs nk ictkrfclks quk sk bhjsuikj phr bcnc

prhnubth

tkrifjcnh, cshbfcnh thnh cl rkphrtk nk prhnubbfòj ikjsucl.

Bucnrh >. Bhsths [jftcrfhs nk lhs Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths y Kxfstkjbfcs nkl Fjvkjtcrfh nk Ictkrfc Trfic.

Ictkrfc Trfic Ictkrfc Trfic Bãrjfbc Bcrjftc nk Uks Ukbhrtks nk Bkrnh Kiulsfòj nk Bukrh Tcjzc Bcbaktk sfj Blcsf`fbcr Icsbcrc nk Bkrnh TLA Bhjbkjtrcnh Bhjnfikjths Rcl Uk`fjcnc Czubcr Coh kj Thlvh @kbulc nk Tcpc Clifnhj nk Vubc Cfslcnh nk Rhyc Cof Tfbcjtk  Jukz Ihsbcnc Coh Jcturcl

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Bhsths Ihjktcrfhs nk lhs Ictkrfclks Kxfstkjbfcs Fjvkjtcrfhs nk Ictkrfc Trfic cl Fjfbfh Gm Bhsth ^htcl (Kxfstkjbfc) Es / Gflhmrcih

Es. 5.;=2.03>,;>

0.141

2=1,42

Es.25.=05.444,44

;4.444

0;;,5>

Es.30.>50.2;4,44

>;.444

20;,42

Es.

513.342,65

3>.012

36,3>

Es.

;;.4>0,5;

634

04,>6

Es.

>3.44=,=5

341>

2=,12

Es.

03.554,33

3.521

>6,>;

Es.

2>.013,;3

3.134

36,30

Es.

;;.2;1,54

3.644

56,3>

Es.

5>.04=,14

604

5;,02

Es.

>>2.123,01

1.444

;;,>1

Es.

150.61=,4;

=.0;4

341,34

Es.

02.454,44

544

23;,34

Es.

;=.4=0,54

314

23=,46

Es.

35.1;>,0;

3;

1;0,61

Es.

3;6.4=0,56

225

>=6,3;

344

 

Bucnrh > (Bhjtfjucbfòj)

Ictkrfc Trfic Bhjnfikjths Tfifkjtc Elcjbc Tfifkjtc Jkmrc Hlkhrrksfjc nk Rclbafbac Rcl nk Burc Cnftfvhs Krfthecrth nk Rhnfh ^rfphlf`hs`cth nk Rhnfh Mlutcicjh Ihjhshnfbh Mclficx Bhjnfikjths BAU Acjskj Bcrehxf Iktfl Bklulhsc Cleuifjc Bcriéj nk Bhbafjfllc Auih Lfqufnh Rbcjprh Bcrrcmkrfjc Nkxtrhsc Bhlhr Bcrifj

Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk ^rfpc Bclferk 3=x344 (its) ^rfpc Bclferk 20/21 (its)

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Bhsths Ihjktcrfhs nk lhs Ictkrfclks Kxfstkjbfcs nk Fjvkjtcrfhs nk Ictkrfc Trfic Gm Bhsth ^htcl (Kxfstkjbfc) Es / Gflhmrcih Es.

31.>13,=1

52

142,;0

Es.

54.35>,6;

51

=31,=;

Es.

052.>12,56

=4

1.640,64

Es.

3;.16>,4=

314

11,24

Es.

03.=;5,==

3=;

2;5,1=

Es. Es.

06.543,53 23.151,13

24; 36>

550,16 30>,4=

Es.

22;.160,=2

Es.

363.5>>,10

161

535,6=

Es.

315.243,03

66=

315,1;

5244

>04,52 23=0,52

Es. ;11.020,;4 Es. =.24;.256,44

3.03;

54=,66

3.5=6

Es.

3=6.163,>1

55=

=65,>=

Es.

52;.31>,66

263

043,;4

Es.

206.60>,51

004

;04,;;

Es.

54.23=,=1

>>=

>;,>;

Es.

341.6>5,;>

14

3.203,=1

Es.

505.;60,62

3.144

3>;,16

Es.

235.=46,5>

5.2;4

322,4=

343

 

Bucnrh > (Bhjtfjucbfòj)

Ictkrfc Trfic Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk Ehlscs nk 3 Gm (ujn) Ehlscs nk 3; Gm (ujn) ^rfpc pcrc @fcierk (its) ^rfpc Tcrc Kspclnc (its) Mrcpcs pcrc Ocihjks (ujn) Mrcpcs pcrc Bahrfzh (ujn) @hlfh Tlcstfbh T/ Rclbafbac 5Gm (ujn) Ktfquktcs pcrc Bahrfzh (ujn) Ktfquktcs pcrc Ocihjks (ujn) Ktfquktcs pcrc Rclbafbac 144 Mr (ujn) Bcocs nk Bcrthj (ujn) Bfjtc nk Kieclcok (ujn nk 3444 its)

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Bhsths Ihjktcrfhs nk lhs Ictkrfclks Kxfstkjbfcs nk Fjvkjtcrfhs nk Ictkrfc Trfic Gm Es / Bhsth ^htcl (Kxfstkjbfc) Gflhmrcih Es.

0.5>3,;4

;.;44

3,32

Es.

>.63=,;;

2.644

3,50

Es.

>0.415,13

2.25=

32,1;

Es.

>;.;1>,=4

2.>24

32,56

Es.

54.624,44

52.444

4,63

Es.

302.053,3>

60.=04

3,06

Es.

56.4=6,=5

05;

>0,;2

Es.

35.6=;,44

=.;44

3,=2

Es.

5;=.4;4,44

6=.444

5,0;

Es.

>13.>3;,46

12.444

;,14

Es.

323.4=3,;4

2.044

20,>3

Es.

31;.;61,10

34.444

31,;0

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz.(5430)

345

 

Bucnrh ; Bcjtfncnks @ésfbcs nk Ictkrfclks quk Bhjsuik bcnc Trhnubth Kieutfnh

Ictkrfc Trfic Ictkrfc Trfic Bcrjfbc Ukbhrtks nk Bkrnh Bcrjftc nk Uks Bcbaktk Rfj Blcsf`fbcr  Kiulsfòj nk Bukrh Icsbcrc Tcjzc Cmuc TLA Bhjbkjtrcnh Bhjnfikjths Rcl Uk`fjcnc  Jukz Ihsbcnc Coh Jcturcl Clifnòj nk Vubc Tfifkjtc Elcjbc Coé Tfbcjtk Cfslcnh nk Rhyc Rcl nk Burc Cnftfvhs Krfthecrth nk Rhnfh ^rfphlf`hs`cth nk Rhnfh Mlutcicjh Ihjhshnfbh Mclficx Cleuifjc Rbcjprh Bcrifj nk Bhbafjfllc Bcrrcmkrfjc Bhjnfikjth Bar Acjskj Nkxtrhsc Bhlhr Bcrifj ^htcl Bhjsuih Ictkrfc Trfic Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfc Trfic Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Kjkrh nkl 5430 Ociòj Ociòj Bahrfzh Bahrfzh ^htcl Es phr Kspclnc @fcierk Nk Co Coh Tfbcjtk Bhjsuih Gflhmrcih 3.;44 Gm ;44 Gm 044 Gm >44 Gm 2644 3>44 3444 044 0644 Es. 0;;,5> 3444 044 3044 Es. 2=1,42 044 044 Es. 04,>6 =14 ;54 3244 Es. 20;,42 ;44 >44 644 Es. 2=,12 =;4 044 32;4 Es. 36,3> 5344 >44 644 044 >444 Es. 4,02 >44 >44 Es. >6,>;

^htcl Bhjsuih Ictkrfclks Nf Nfrkbths Es. Es. Es.

>.;53.3;0,44 04>.1>1,44 20.56>,44

Es. Es. Es.

>=>.;26,44 2>.4>=,44 5;.126,44

Es. Es.

5.;54,44 36.=14,44

1;,5 0

;5,>

1; 5 35;

01 3,50

564,0 6,50 35;

Es. Es. Es.

36,30 Es. 1;0,61 Es. >=6,3; Es.

;.;0=,64 =.62;,02 ;6.162,=;

316,0

>44

;44 34

>44 1 354

3>16,0 31 354

Es. Es. Es.

341,34 Es. 142,;0 Es. 23=,46 Es.

303.45;,=0 3>.>0>,41 21.4;4,14

30,1

0,1

34

1

316,0 >3,0

Es. Es.

23;,34 Es. 11,24 Es.

;6.=>5,60 2.0=2,51

2,0 5>

2,5 0,1 34,>

> 34 3;

2,5 1 35

3> >1,1 2=,>

Es. Es. Es.

2;5,1= Es. 550,16 Es. 30>,4= Es.

>.6>4,31 33.4=5,52 0.320,55

31 354

54

3; ;4 ;4

35 >4 >4

0; 534 64

Es. Es. Es.

54=,66 Es. >04,52 Es. 043,;4 Es.

32.;36,2; 60.0>1,24 ;>.32;,44

354 >1

5,>

2,;

5,1

351,= >1 54

Es. Es. Es.

2.3=0,52 Es. ;04,;; Es. 535,6= Es.

>41.=14,14 50.640,>4 >.5;6,>4

>1 3,;

Es. Es.

>;,>; Es. 3.203,=1 Es.

5.313,04 5.4>5,0=

544>;,40

Es.

33.652,13 Es.

0.066.666,23

4 244

Es. Es.

32,1; Es. 32,56 Es.

2.61=,44

54 4 304

Es. Es. Es.

322,4= Es. 3,32 Es. 3,06 Es.

5.003,>4 5=4,>4

044 5>

Es. Es.

4,63 Es. 3,=2 Es.

;>0,44 >3,;5

144 14 3;

Es. Es. Es.

5,0; Es. 20,>3 Es. 31,;0 Es.

5.354,44 5.635,14 5=1,>4

3666

Es.

552,56 Es.

35.13=,;5

Es.

0.=35.130,12

316,0

54 >1 3,; =0;4,2

25>5

;456,;

>352,50

^rfpc pcrc @fcierk (its) ^rfpc Tcrc Kspclnc (its) 244 ^rfpc pcrc Bahrfzhs (its) 34 34 Ehlsc 3 Gm Mrcpcs Bahrfzhs (ujn) 14 14 Mrcpcs pcrc Ocihjks (ujn) 044 Ktfquktc pcrc Bahrfzh (ujn) 35 35 Ktfquktcs Ocihjks (ujn) 044 544 Bcocs nk Bcrthj (ujn) >4 >4 Bfjtc Kieclcok (ujn nk 3444 its) 2 0 0 ^htcl Bhjsuih Ictkrfcl Kipcquk 3;>2 5>4 341 341 ^htcl Bhsth Fjburrfnh phr Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfc Trfic

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

342

 

Rfmufkjnh bhj kl bucrth tòpfbh rk`krkjtk c lc ictkrfc prfic, ujc vkz quk kj lhs bucnrhs cjtkrfhrks sk ac kxprkscnh lcs kxfstkjbfcs nk lcs Ictkrfcs Trfics c fjfbfh nk Kjkrh nkl 5430 bhj lhs bhsths ujftcrfhs nk bcnc ujh (Bucnrh >), y kl bhjsuih `ésfbh nk bcnc ictkrfc prfic phr prhnubth (Bucnrh ;), sk prhbknkrã cahrc c lc cplfbcbfòj nk lhs bhsths nk lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths c lc prhnubbfòj. Kstc cplfbcbfòj nk lhs bhsths nk lc ictkrfc prfic, rkprkskjtc kl ihjth quk sk ac nk llkvcr c lc bukjtc nk Fjvkjtcrfh nk Trhnubths kj Trhbkshs Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths, y su nktkrifjcbfòj jh ks iãs quk lc iultfplfbcbfòj nk lc bcjtfncn prhnubfnc nk bcnc  prhnubth tkrifjcnh phr kl bhsth ujftcrfh nk bcnc ujh nk n k lhs ictkrfclks nfrkbths. Tcrc kllh kj kl bucnrh juikrh 0 sk kxprkscrc nfbah bclbulh pcrc kl prhnubth klkmfnh phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks quk `uk ikjbfhjcnh cjtkrfhrikjtk kj lc nklfiftcbfòj nk lc prhpukstc, kl bucl ks kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc, quk jhs ncrã bhih rksultcjtk lhs Bhsths Fjburrfnhs  phr Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths pcrc kstk kieutfnh.

34>

 

Bucnrh 0 Cplfbcbfòj nk Bhsths nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths pcrc kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc

Ictkrfc Trfic Ictkrfc Trfic Bcrjfbc Ukbhrtks nk Bkrnh Kiulsfòj nk Bukrh Cmuc Bhjnfikjths Rcl Uk`fjcnc  Jukz Ihsbcnc Clifnhj nk Vubc Cfslcnh nk Rhyc Rcl nk Burc Cnftfvhs Krfthecrth nk Rhnfh ^rfphlf`hs`cth nk Rhnfh Mclficx Cleuifjc

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfc Trfic Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Thr Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths (Tcrc 3.;44 Gm nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc) Ociòj Bhsths Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Kspclnc [jftcrfhs ^htclks 2.644,44

Es.

0;;,5> Es.

5 .;;;.>20,44 5.;;;.>20,44

=14,44

Es.

20;,42 Es.

51>.=52,>4

5.344,44

Es.

4,02 Es.

3.252,44

1;,54

Es.

36,30

Es.

3.025,>2

0,44

Es.

1;0,61

Es.

;.3>3,11

316,04

Es.

341,34

Es.

54.>6;,=0

316,04

Es.

23;,34

Es.

;6.=>5,60

Es.

3 .>12,>> 3.>12,>>

30,14

11,24

2,04

Es.

2;5,1=

Es.

3.5=4,22

5>,44

Es.

550,16

Es.

;.>>;,20

31,44

Es.

54=,66

Es.

2.=>2,15

354,44

Es.

>04,52

Es.

;;.55=,04

34;

 

Bucnrh 0 (Bhjtfjucbfòj)

Ictkrfc Trfic Cnftfvhs

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ictkrfc Trfic Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Thr Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths (Tcrc 3.;44 Gm nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc) Ociòj Bhsths Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Kspclnc [jftcrfhs ^htclks

Bcriéj nk Bhbafjfllc

354,44

Bcrrcmkrfjc

>1,44

Nkxtrhsc

>1,44

Es. 2.3=0,52 Es. ;04,;; Es. >;,>;

3,;4

Es. 3.203,=1

Bhlhr Bcriéj ^htcl Bhsths nk Gm kj Trhbksh Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk

213.3>=,04

Es.

50.640,>4

Es.

5.313,04

Es.

5.4>5,0=

Es.

2.>4=.6>>,5;

Es.

2.61=,44

Es.

;>0,44

Es.

3.;64,44

Es.

3.>;0,>4

Es.

;;,01

Es.

=.02;,41

Es. =.0;4,24

>>;,>=

>4,44

Es. 32,56 Es. 4,63 Es. 5,0; Es. 20,>3

2,44

Es. 31,;0

^rfpc Tcrc Kspclnc (its)

244,44

Mrcpcs pcrc Ocihjks (ujn)

044,44

Ktfquktcs (ujn)

044,44

Bcocs nk Bcrthj (ujn) Bfjtc Kieclcok (ujn nk 3444 its) Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Ict. Kipcquk

Es.

Es. 3.;>2,44

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

340

>,6;

 

K. 

Bhih qufjth tòpfbh, sk prhbknkrã c lc klcehrcbfòj nk lc jhifjc nk plcjtc, bhrrksphjnfkjtk cl iks nk Kjkrh nkl 5430. Pclk lc pkjc nkstcbcr, quk kstk  prhbknfifkjth nkek kokbutcrsk iknfcjtk kl Bhhrnfjcnhr nk Ukburshs Auicjhs. Tcrc lc klcehrcbfòj nk lc jhifjc nk plcjtc, nkek blcsf`fbcrsk kj Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc (IHN), Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc (IHF). C su vkz, lc jhifjc rk`krfnc c lc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc nkek Blcsf`fbcrsk kj kl pkrshjcl quk rkclfzc sus lcehrks kj plcjtc. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr, quk lcs jhifjcs, rkqufkrkj quk kxfstcj lhs bciphs nk lh quk rkclikjtk nkvkjmcrc kl trcecocnhr y lhs bhsths ctrfeufelks nfrkbtcikjtk c lc prhnubbfòj lhs buclks sk acrãj kj ecsk cl thtcl nk Csfmjcbfhjks quk pkrbfek bcnc trcecocnhr. C bhjtfjucbfòj kj kl bucnrh = sk prkskjtc kl thtcl nk csfmjcbfhjks y nknubbfhjks nk lc jhifjc nk plcjtc.

34=

 

Rfmufkjnh bhj kl qufjth tòpfbh rklcbfhjcnh c lc icjh nk herc, ujc vkz bclbulcnc lc jhifjc nkl iks bhj sus rkspkbtfvcs csfmjcbfhjks y nknubbfhjks, sk prhbknk c bclbulcr lhs pcsfvhs lcehrclks lhs buclks sk nfvfnkj kj? cphrtks pctrhjclks, y cpcrtcnhs lcehrclks. Ks fiphrtcjtk rkscltcr quk ciehs pcsfvhs lcehrclks tcjth pcrc lc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc bhih pcrc lc Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc `hricj pcrtk nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl, nk cbukrnh c lh kstcelkbfnh kj lc pcrtk tkòrfbc.

Cphrtks Tctrhjclks v 

Rkmurh Rhbfcl Helfmcthrfh (RRH), 33% Ufksmh Iãxfih, kstcelkbfnh skmÿj lc Lky nk Rkmurh Rhbfcl Helfmcthrfh (5441).  

v 

Tkrnfnc Fjvhlujtcrfc nk Kiplkh (TFK) 5%, kstcelkbfnh kj lc Lky nk Rkmurh Rhbfcl Helfmcthrfh (5441). 

v 

@hjnh nk Cahrrh Helfmcthrfh nk Pfvfkjnc (@CHP) 5%, kstcelkbfnh kj lc Lky nk Uæmfikj Trkstcbfhjks nk Pfvfkjnc y Aceftcn (5435).  

v 

Fjstftuth Jcbfhjcl nk Bcpcbftcbfòj Knubctfvc (FJBK) 5%, kstcelkbfnh kj lc Lky nkl Fjstftuth Jcbfhjcl nk Bcpcbftcbfòj y Knubcbfòj Rhbfclfstc (5441).  

Cpcrtcnhs Lcehrclks v 

[tflfncnks 

v 

Pcbcbfhjks 

v 

Ehjh Pcbcbfhjcl 

v 

Mcrcjtéc Trkstcbfhjks Rhbfclks h Cjtfmükncn.  

346

 

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   R    K    B   %    J   5    F

   4    3    3

   )    0    3    4    5    (  .   z   k    n   j    ã   j   r   k    A  ,   z   k   r   r    æ    f    t   u    M  ,   h    n   c   m    l   k    N

   =   3   6   6   >    1   6   2   2   2   0   6  .    5    6  .    >    3  .    ;    0  .    2    3  .    2    ;  .    5    1  .    =    2  .    2  .    4    6  .    0    >  .    1    4  .    2    6  .    >    6    5    >    F    1    1    0    >    =  .    3    ;    =    5    3    3  .    5  .    0    0    2    =    0    2    >    6    1    >    >    3    1    3    4    B   >    2    ;    ;    3    6    6    6    2    5    4    5    4    4  .    0  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    6  .    ;  .    =  .    5  .    3  .    =  .    5  .    5    3  .    2  .    5   3   3   3   3    3   3   3   5   3   3   5   >    1  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -     P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P   P    R   z    K   r   k    n   c   h   h   l    L   c    n   h   c   j   k    l    n   r    l   z   c   c    t   b    f   c   k    l   c   c   C   k   c   u   z    l    t   z    f   j   s   r   c    f   r   o    ^   j   q   h   k   j   h   r   r    t   c   c   k   h   t   r    N   s    e   e   k   h   o    l    l   c   r   k   j   i   k    n   c   h   n   c   I   H   u   I  j    T   A   K   h   u   E   l   z   i  c   c    f   r    ^   u   T   j   h   r    M   h   r   s    @   f   h   j    I   R   ?   c   c   c    l   h   r   y    f   s    J   ^   j   j   c   k   r    l   r   k   j   r    n    f   k    l    J    t    M   c   k    l   c   h   m   j   c   c   h   j    f   u   k    l    f    `   s   v   k   c   c    t   j   c   s   c   r    f   r   m   b    n   f    l   h   j   k    f    e   s    n    l   c   r   c   i   c   f    l    f   u   f    f   u   f    f   u    ]   I   K   L   L   C   M   N   V   N   L   N   I   P   @    F    N  .  .    H    H  .  .

   I

   I

 

 

   >    >    >    >    >    >    >    s    4    k    n  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    j    c    s    n    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    h    f    k    c    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    b    ü   f    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    c    m    N    t    f    s    t    ;    k    r    j    T    C    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    s  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    k    s    4    1    1    1    1    1    1    n    c    4    4    4    4    4    1    4    c    f    4    0    0    0    0    0    0    n    n    0    f    l    4    3    3    3    3    3    3    3

  c    t   j   c    l    T   k    n   s   k   r   h    n   c    o   c    e   c   r    ^  .    C  .    B  ,   c    n    f   r   k    `   k   r    6    T   c   h    l   r   c    n   r   c   h   u    n    B   c   z    f    l   c    f   b   r   k   i   h    B   c    l   k    n   s   k    l   c   r   h    e   c    L   s   h    n   c    t   r   c   p    C

   f    t    0    [    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    l    c    s    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    j    >    >    >    >    >    >    >    c    h    h    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    f    f    j    b    N    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    h    c    E    b    4    c    2    P

   0    3    4    5    l    k    n    h    r    k    j  .    K    C  .    k    n    B   s  ,    k    c    I    n    f    l    r    c    k    `    s    k    r    k    t    T   j    k    c    l    f    n    c    r    j    h    h    n    p    s    k    c   z    r    f    l    r    h    c    f    B    b    r    k    s    k    l    i   c    h    r    B   h    e    c    L    s    h    n    c    t    r    c    p    C

   3    3    3    3    3    3    3    s    k    s    4  ,    0  ,    0  ,    4  ,    0  ,    0  ,    4  ,    j    c    5    ;    ;    5    ;    ;    5    h    4    ;    ;    4    ;    ;    4    f    f    b    N    >    >    >    >    >    >    >    c    b    ;    c    3    P

   >    4  ,    4    3    4  .    5

   =    2    2    1    2    3  ,    2  ,    1  ,    ;  ,    2  ,    >    1    4    >    1    4    4    5    0    4    0  .    5  .    4  .    2  .    =  .    5    ;    2    5    =

   =    0    5  ,    5  ,    0    0    2    ;    3    >    3  .    3

     2    4  ,    1    4    0    3

             2    =    =    =    =    2  ,    0  ,    0  ,    0  ,    0  ,    2    0    0    3    0    1    0    3    6    0    4  .    3  .    >  .    1  .    3  .    5    >    5    3    0

   2    =    2  ,  ,    ;    2    5    2    5    2  .  .    6    2    5

   5    4  ,    >    4    1

             =    2    2    2    2    0  ,    2  ,    2  ,    1  ,    2  ,    3    2    1    ;    2    >    1    4    >    1    4    4    5    6    4  .    5  .    3  .  .    3    2

       2    =    6    0  ,  ,    5    0    3    0    0    >    0  .    0  .    3

   3    4  ,    5    4    >

             4    5    5    3    2    4    1  ,    =  ,    6  ,  ,  ,    3    4    >    3    4    5    ;    1    0    5    =    ;    5    3    0    >    5    5

       0    4    ;  ,    0  ,    ;    ;    ;    =    4    0    3    6  .

 

 

   >  

   3

 

   s    k    j  .    s    b    h    f    4    5    5    4    5    5    4    4    4    2    5    4    =    >    >    c    f    f    n   b    5    N   C   c    b    c    P    n    c    k    =    s    k    n    ;    6    4    4    4    6    0    5    6    =    4    =    c    n   ü    4    3    0    ;    ;    4    3    >    =    1    f    >    ;    0    ;    m    ;    2    5    >    ;    3    5    6    ;    5    N    f    t    j    C

   4    >    >    4    5    3    6    =

   >    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    2    =    =    5    =    2    0    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    1    0    3    6    0    2  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    4    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    4    3    >    5    3    2    2    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    5    >    4    =    >    2    l    4  .    >    >    >    >    >    >    >    >    ;    4    h    c  .    0    >    ;  .    1    5    f    1    r    3    3

   3    3    3

   r    m    c    t    k    l    c    j    R   F

                                 3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    =    2    2    2    2    =    ;    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    2    2    2    2    0  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    >    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    0    2    2    1    2    0    l    1    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    3    2    1    =    2    0    h    c    h  .    l    f    r    i   2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    >    1    >    2    5  .    0    ;    0   u    c    3    l    r    b    h    l    c    c    R   J                                  B    4    5    2    ;    2    0    1    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    4    k  ,    5  ,    3  ,    5  ,    >  ,    2  ,    3  ,  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    ;  ,    0    n    h    l    c    ;    >    6    0    6    1    ;    ;    )    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    j    n    1    1    0    >    3    2    3    k    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    0    c    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    5    1    s    l  .    =  .    2  .    0  .    ;  .    0  .    ;  .  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    5  .    5    c    k    ;    3    ;    2    5    1    >   u   i   5    >    4

   E   R   k    R

                             4    4    4    4    4    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    h    4    3    3    3    3    3    3    b    3  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,    4  ,  ,    3  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    f    4    4    4    4    4    s    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    4    4    4    ;    4    c    >    1    >    >    >    >    >    >    >    E   0  .    4  .    ;  .    2  .    4  .  .    0  .    0  .    0  .    0  .    0  .    0  .    0  .    ;    5    ;    >    3    =    h    6    6    6    6    6    6    6    6    n    l    k   u    R

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   5

       (  .    >   z    4   k    4  ,    >  ,    ;    n    4    4    2   j    4  .  .    ;    4    =    ã    6

   3    5    3    3    2    5    3   k   j   r                    A

 ,   z

  k    =    3    6    6    >    1    6    2    2    2    0    6   r    6    3    0    3    ;    1    2    2    6    >    4    6    6    >   r    5    >    ;    2    2    5    =    2    4    0    1    2    5    5  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    >    5    æ    F    1    3    ;    1    =    5    0    3    3    >    =  .  .  .    0    f    2    =    0    2    >    6    1    >    >    3    1    4    3    t    B   0    >    4  .    2  .    ;  .    ;  .    3  .    6  .    6  .    6  .    2  .    5  .    4  .    5  .    4   u    5    2    3    0    5    5    5    6    ;    =    5    3    =    5  .  .    5    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    5    3    3    5    >    1    M   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -    ,    P   P   P   P   P   P   P    P    P   P   P   P   P    P   h    R    n   z    K   c    r   k   c    h   h    l    L   m   c    n   c    n   h    n   r    l   z   k   c   j   c    t    C   b    f    l    c    l   c    k   k   c   u   z    l    t   z    f   h    t   j   s   c    ^   l   r    r    o    f   j   q   h    l   k   k   c   j   h   r   r    t   c   k    l   r    N   s    e   c    o    n   c    H   r   h   j   c   k   k    K   j   i    e   k   c   h   u    I    E    n    N    T   h   z    i   c   u   r    l   c   j    ^    A   f   u    T    I    h    r    M   h   r   s    f   ?   j    I   R   c   c   h   h    l   r   c   y    @    l    f   s   r    J   ^   j   j   r    l   c   k   j   r   k    n    f   k    l    J    M   c   k    l   c   h   m   j   c   c   h   j    t    k    l    f   u    f    `   s   v   k   i   f   c   c    f   c   r   m    t   s   c   r    f   j   r    n    f    l   h   b    f    e   s    l    f   j    n   c   c   c   u    f    l   u    f    f   k    ]   I   K    L    L    C   M    N    V   N   L    N   I   P   u    F    N  .  .    @    H    H  .  .    I    I

 

 

 

[jc vkz kokbutcnh thnhs lhs bãlbulhs fjakrkjtks c lc jhifjc nk lc plcjtc,  prhbknkihs c lc cplfbcbfòj cplfbcbfò j nk lhs bhsths nk lc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc c lc Trhnubbfòj. Kstc csfmjcbfòj jh ks iãs quk kl ihjth nk jhifjc quk sk llkvc c lc bukjtc nk Fjvkjtcrfh nk Trhnubths kj Trhbkshs Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc. Kj kstk bcsh, bhih lc kstrubturc nk bhsths c rkclfzcr sk kjicrbc kj ujc kstrubturc  phr prhnubth kj nhjnk bcnc ujh nk lhs trcecocnhrks nk plcjtc fjtkrvfkjkj kj lc trcjs`hricbfòj nk lc ictkrfc prfic, lc csfmjcbfòj ecscrc sus bãlbulhs kj thicr kl thtcl nk csfmjcbfhjks nk lc jhifjc nk plcjtc bhrrksphjnfkjtk c lc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc, nfbah ihjth sk nfvfnfrã kjtrk trkfjtc nécs, tkjfkjnh bhih rksultcnh kl sclcrfh nfcrfh y kstk c su vkz sk nfvfnfrã kjtrk lcs hbah ahrcs nk lc ohrjcnc lcehrcl bhj kl `fj nk hetkjkr kl sclcrfh phr ahrc. Ks fiphrtcjtk ikjbfhjcr nhs cspkbths `ujncikjtclks lhs buclks shj? 3.  Kj lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C., jh sk kokbutcj phr lhs ihikjths trcecohs kj ohrjcncs jhbturjcs phr lh bucl thnc lc ohrjcnc lcehrcl ks bhjsfnkrcnc bhih ohrjcnc nfurjc. 5.  Lc `hriulc ikjbfhjcnc kj kl pãrrc`h cjtkrfhr, jhs ncrã bhih rksultcnh lc vclhrcbfòj nk bcnc ahrc ahierk quk sk trcecoc kj lc plcjtc. Tcrc ikohr flustrcbfòj nk lc ifsic sk nkstcbc c bhjtfjucbfòj?

                           

335

 

[jc vkz hetkjfnh kl Rclcrfh Nfcrfh, sk prhbknk c bclbulcr kl Rclcrfh phr Ahrc.                        

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) Cahrc efkj, ujc vkz hetkjfnc lc vclhrcbfòj phr bcnc ahrc ahierk, sk prhbknk c kstficr lcs ahrcs trcecocncs ikjsuclikjtk phr lhs trcecocnhrks. Tcrc kstficr nfbacs ahrcs, sk iultfplfbcrcj lc bcjtfncn nk ahrcs nk lc ohrjcnc lcehrcl nfurjc (hbah ahrcs)  phr lc bcjtfncn nk nécs quk trck uj iks (trkfjtc nécs). Kj lc sfmufkjtk flustrcbfòj sk kxplfbc bhj iãs nktcllk?               

[jc vkz hetkjfnc lc bcjtfncn nk ahrcs, sk prhbknk c cshbfcr lcs ifsics kj ujc rkmlc nk trks, eusbcjnh lc rklcbfòj kxfstkjtk kj lhs gflhmrcihs quk sk prhnubkj ikjsuclikjtk nk thnhs lhs prhnubths kieutfnhs kj rklcbfòj c lc thtclfncn nk ahrcs nkl iks quk sk rkqufkrkj pcrc prhnubfr bcnc prhnubth. Kj kstk bcsh sk thicrc bhih  ecsk pcrc kstk bãlbulh kl thtcl nk gflhmrcihs nk thnhs lhs prhnubths `cerfbcnhs, acbfkjnh lc rklcbfòj shlh bhj kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc quk `uk kl prhnubth ksbhmfnh phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks.                                   

332

 

            

   

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. Kl rksultcnh hetkjfnh `uk nk 354 ahrcs. Ksth qufkrk nkbfr quk lc bcjtfncn nk ahrcs utflfzcncs kj kl iks pcrc prhnubfr 3.;44 gflhmrcihs nk ociòj nk kspclnc ks nk 354 ahrcs ahierk. Rfmufkjnh bhj lc csfmjcbfòj nk lc icjh nk herc nfrkbtc, ks fiphrtcjtk cahrc rkbclbcr, quk nkefnh c quk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths ks kjscielcnc phr prhnubth, sk  prhbknkrã c acbkr a cbkr lc rklcbfòj kxfstkjtk kjtrk lcs bcjtfncnks nk ahrcs ahierk quk shj rkqukrfncs pcrc prhnubfr lc bcjtfncn nk gflhmrcihs thtcl bhrrksphjnfkjtks cl prhnubth ksbhmfnh phr lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks (Ociòj nk Kspclnc), kj rklcbfòj c lhs gflhmrcihs  prhnubfnhs phr bcnc prkskjtcbfòj nkl prhnubth kstcelkbfnh kj lc rkbktc nkl ifsih(lc  prkskjtcbfòj nkl Ociòj nk Kspclnc prkskjtk kj lc rkbktc ks nk 2=,;4 Gm, Bcoc nk ; ujfncnks nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc nk =,; Gm bcnc ujh. Tcrc ksth kj lc sfmufkjtk flustrcbfòj sk ihstrcrc bhih `uk su bãlbulh?                                   

       

            

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz

33>

 

Kl rksultcnh `uk nk 2 ahrcs, lh bucl qufkrk nkbfr, quk pcrc prhnubfr bcnc bcoc nk ; ujfncnks nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc nk =,; gm bcnc ujh, h 2=,;4 gm nk ociòj, shj jkbkscrfcs 2 ahrcs ahierk phr bcnc ujh. Rfkjnh ksth csé, sk prkskjtc kj kl bucnrh juikrh 34 lcs bcjtfncnks nk ahrcs bhjsuifncs phr kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc, csé bhih kl thtcl nk Bhsth Fjburrfnh phr Bhjbkpth nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc.

Bucnrh 34 Bcjtfncn nk Ahrcs Bhjsuifncs phr kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc, y Bhsths Fjburrfnhs phr Bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Bhjsuih nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc kj kl Iks nk Kjkrh 5430 Trhnubth Kieutfnh

I.H.N

^crf`c phr Ahrc Ahierk Es p/ Ahrc Ahierk

Ociòj nk Kspclnc Es >3;, 24 p/ Ahrc Ahierk

Ahrcs Ahierk

^htcl Bhjsuih I.H.N

354 Ahrcs

Es >6.120,44

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) @.  Bhih skxth tòpfbh, sk kstcelkbkrã, kl bhjtrhl bhjtcelk nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc. Klkikjths quk bhj`hricj lc bcrmc `cerfl, bhih lhs Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths, lc Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc, lhs cphrtks pctrhjclks, Cpcrtcnhs Lcehrclks shj pcrtfncs quk phr kxbklkjbfc sk bhjtrhlcj c pcrtfr nk bãlbulhs quk  prkvfcikjtk sk kokbutcj kj ahocs nk bãlbulh rkspkbtfvcikjtk. Rfj kiecrmh, jh thncs lcs pcrtfncs nk bcrmc `cerfl puknkj skr bhjtrhlcncs nk kstc icjkrc, yc quk c vkbks rkqufkrkj uj bhjtrhl cnifjfstrctfvh h bhjtcelk skmÿj skc kl bcsh.

33;

 

Thr kokiplh? bhjsuih nk luz klæbtrfbc, cmuc h tklæ`hjh nkpkjnkrã nk su `cbturc, ihtfvh phr kl bucl jh jcbk lc jkbksfncn nk acbkr ahocs nk bãlbulh cpcrtk. Ks phr kllh, quk lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks utflfzcrcj lhs ikbcjfsihs nk bhjtrhl y ahocs nk bãlbulh quk bhjsfnkrkj bhjvkjfkjtks pcrc bhiplktcr lc ahoc nk Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc, lc bucl phskk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Ukclikjtk Fjburrfnc kj kl iks. Kj kl bucnrh juikrh 33 sk iukstrc lc ahoc nk bãlbulh pcrc lc Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc.

330

 

Bucnrh 33 Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc Iks nk Kjkrh nkl 5430 Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Bhsths Fjburrfnhs nk Bcrmc @cerfl Iks nk Kjkrh nkl 5430 Bhsths Fjburrfnh nk Bcrmc @cerfl Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths y Htrhs

Bcjtfncn (Kxprkscnh Es)

Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Fjnfrkbths Fjnfrkbths Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks nk Lfipfkzc Bhsths Fjburrfnhs Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc Ruklnhs y Rclcrfhs Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc Ehjh Csfstkjbfc Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc Ehjf`fbcbfhj Kspkbfcl Icjh nk Herc Fjnfrkbtc Bhsths Fjburrfnhs phr Rkrvfbfhs Rkrvfbfhs (Klkbtrfbfncn) Cmuc Bhrrfkjtk Bhjtrhl nk Bclfncn Ukpcrcbfhjks y Icjtkjfifkjth Nkprkbfcbfhjks y Cihrtfzcbfhjks Trhpfkncn Tlcjtc y Kqufph Nkprkbfcbfhj nk Icqufjcrfc Cphrtks Tctrhjclks Cphrtk cl Rkmurh Rhbfcl Helfmcthrfh (R.R.H) Cphrtk phr Tkrnfnc Fjvhlujtcrfc nk Kiplkh (T.F.K) Cphrtk @hjnh nk Cahrrh Helfmcthrfh nk Pfvfkjnc (@CHP) Cphrtk Fjstftuth Jcbfhjcl nk Bcpcbftcbfhj Knubctfvc (FJBK) Cpcrtcnhs Lcehrclks Cpcrtcnh pcrc Ehjh Pcbcbfhjcl

Es.

2;0.614,56

Es.

3;4.52>,5;

Es.

354.2;4,44

Es.

6.444,44

Es.

3;.444,44

Es.

>;.3>3,46

Cpcrtcnh pcrc Pcbcbfhjks Cpcrtcnh pcrc Mcrcjtfc Trkstcbfhj Rhbfcl Cpcrtcnh pcrc [tflfncnks Fjsuihs y Nhtcbfhj pcrc lhs ^rcecocnhrks Nhtcbfhj nk [jf`hriks Bhiprc Kqufphs nk Trhtkbbfhj Tkrshjcl Bhjsuih Crtfbulhs nk Afmfkjk y Bclfncn Ahjhrcrfhs Trh`ksfhjclks Trh`ksfhjclks Rkrvfbfh Iknfbh nk Tlcjtc ^htcl Bhsths Fjburrfnhs nk Bcrmc @cerfl

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

33=

Es.

-

Es.

0=.166,>;

Es.

5;4.144,44

Es.

>3=.==3,1=

Es.

54.4;=,>>

Es.

2.0>0,13

Es.

2.6;4,=3

Es.

2.6;4,=3

Es.

30.>03,56

Es. Es.

6.0=;,04 >3.3;2,55

Es.

25.655,;=

Es.

32>.01=,20

Es.

>;.=14,44

Es.

0=.604,35

Es.

2;.444,44

Es.

3.1>1.>55,=1

 

[jc vkz bclbulcnh kl thtcl nk bhsth fjburrfnh nk bcrmc `cerfl, sk prhbknkrã c nktkrifjcr kl `cbthr nk prhrrctkh nk lc ifsic. Kstk `cbthr nk bcrmc `cerfl, ks kl vclhr phrbkjtucl quk ac nk skrvfr pcrc nfstrfeufr lc bcrmc `cerfl cbuiulcnc kj lc  prhnubbfòj. Kj kstk bcsh, lc bcrmc `cerfl sk ac nk nfstrfeufr kj bcnc ujh nk lhs nfstfjths prhnubths kieutfnhs quk `cerfbc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ks csé bhih kjthjbks, pcrc bhjskmufr kstk `cbthr nk prhrrctkh nk bcrmc `cerfl, sk thicrc bhih ecsk nk bãlbulh h fjnubthr kl bhsth fjburrfnh phr bhjbkpth nk bhjsuih nk lhs Bhsths Trfihs, lhs buclks kstãj bhj`hricnhs phr lc suic nk kl bhsth fjburrfnh phr bhjbkpth nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths, y kl Bhsth Fjburrfnh phr bhjbkpth nk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc. Kj kl bucnrh juikrh 35 sk kxplfbc c nktcllk kl bãlbulh y nktkrifjcbfòj nk kstk `cbthr nk prhrrctkh. p rhrrctkh.

Bucnrh 35 Bclbulh nkl @cbthr nk Trhrrctkh nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Nktkrifjcbfhj nkl @cbthr nk Trhrrctkh nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Kjkrh nkl 5430 Nktcllk nk lhs Bhsths Trfihs Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Es. 0.=35.130,32 Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Es. 66.0=3,63 ^htcl Bhsths Trfihs Es. 0.135.>11,4> Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc Es. 3.1>1.>55,=1 ^htcl Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc Es. 3.1>1.>55,=1 ^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj Es. 1.004.634,15

@cbthr? ( Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc/ Bhsths Trfihs)

Es.

4,5=3251;641

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) [jc vkz nktkrifjcnh kl `cbthr nk prhrrctkh nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl, puknk skr csfmjcnh c lc prhnubbfòj. Tcrc kstc csfmjcbfòj sk prhbknkrã c iultfplfbcr kl `cbthr nk prhrrctkh nk lc bcrmc `cerfl, phr lhs bhsths prfihs nk bcnc prhnubth. [jc vkz nktkrifjcnh kl bhjsuih nk bcrmc `cerfl, phstkrfhrikjtk sk prhbknkrã c suicr

331

 

bcnc ujh nk lhs klkikjths nkl bhsth bhjtkjfnh kj bcnc prhnubth, bhj kl `fj nk hetkjkr kl bhsth thtcl nkl prhnubth. Kj kstk bcsh kj kl bucnrh 32 sk ihstrcrc bhih `uk lc csfmjcbfòj nk lc bcrmc `cerfl pcrc kl Ociòj nk Kspclnc.

Bucnrh 32 Csfmjcbfòj nk Bhjsuih nk Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc Kjkrh nkl 5430 Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Bhjsuih nk Bcrmc @cerfl pcrc kl Ocihj nk Kspclnc Kjkrh nkl 5430 Nktcllk nk lhs Bhsths Trfihs Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Es. 2.>3;.;=6,22 Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc ( 354 Ahrcs x Es >3;, 24 p/ahrc) Es. >6.120,44 ^htcl Bhsths Trfihs Es. Es. Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc (@cbthr nk B.@. x Bhsths Trfihs) ^htcl Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc ^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj

@cbthr? ( Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc)

2.>0;.>3;,22

6>4.500,50 Es.

6>4.500,50

Es.

>.>4;.013,;6

Es. 4,5=3251;641

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) [jc vkz rkclfzcnh, kl bãlbulh nkl `cbthr nk prhrrctkh prhrr ctkh nk bcrmc `cerfl csé bhih su  phstkrfhr csfmjcbfòj c lc prhnubbfòj, c lhs `fjks nk nktkrifjcr sf lc ifsic `uk bhrrkbtcikjtk csfmjcnc sk prhbknkrã c acbkr ujc bhiprhecbfòj nk lc bcrmc `cerfl csfmjcnc. Kstc bhiprhecbfòj bhjsfstfrã kj iultfplfbcr lhs bhsths rkclks nk bcrmc `cerfl ceshrefnhs phr bcnc prhnubth kieutfnh, y bhrrhehrcr quk kj k`kbth lc suic nk kllhs bhjbukrnc bhj kl ihjth c nfstrfeufr nk lc bcrmc `cerfl cbuiulcnc. Tcrc kllh kl bucnrh juikrh 3>, iukstrc lc bhiprhecbfòj nk lc csfmjcbfòj nk lc bcrmc `cerfl.

336

 

Bucnrh 3> Bhiprhecbfòj nk lc Csfmjcbfòj nkl Bhjsuih nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Bhiprhecbfhj nk lc Csfmjcbfhj nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Kjkrh nkl 5430 Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc ^hnhs lhs Trhnubths Es. 3.1>1.>55,=1 Es. 1.004.635,15 Es. 3.1>1.>55,=1 Bhsths ^htcl nk lc Trhnubbfhj 4,5=3251;641 @cbthr? (Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc/Bhsths Trfihs) Ictkrfc Trfic Es. 2.>3;.;=6,52 Es. 650.=>>,24 Ocihj nk Kspclnc Es. 3.36>.>2>,05 Es. 25>.41>,50 Ocihj nk @fcierk Bahrfzh nk Coh Es. 3.501.2=>,;5 Es. 2>>.3>0,5= Es. 12>.>51,4; Es. 550.>4>,36 Bahrfzh Tfbcjtk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Ocihj nk Kspclnc Es. >6.120,44 Es. 32.;53,62 Es. 30.035,43 Es. >.;4=,23 Ocihj nk @fcierk Bahrfzh nk Coh Es. 36.62>,54 Es. ;.>41,=5 Bahrfzh Tfbcjtk Es. 32.516,>4 Es. 2.04;,=6 ^htcl Bcrmc @cerfl Csfmjcnc Es. 3.1>1.>55,=1 Nf`krkjbfc kj Nfstrfeubfhj nk lc Bcrmc @cerfl Es. -

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) [jc vkz Bhiprhecnc lc csfmjcbfòj nk lc bcrmc `cerfl pcrc lc prhnubbfòj, sk  puknk heskrvcr kl kjmrcjcok nk lhs trks klkikjths nkl bhsth bhih lh shj lhs Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths, lc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc y lc Bcrmc @cerfl. Lc suic nk nfbahs klkikjths cjtks ikjbfhjcnhs ncrã bhih rksultcnh kl Bhsth thtcl nk lc  prhnubbfòj. Kj kstk bcsh, kj kj kl bucnrh juikrh juikrh 3; y 30 sk prkskjtcrc prkskjtcrc kl kjscielcok kjscielcok nk lc kstrubturc nk bhsths nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Kstc kstrubturc sk acrã thicjnh bhih ecsk ecsk pcrc su prkskjtcbfòj, lc rkbktc y thnhs thnhs lhs ncths hpkrctfvhs, bhih lcs jhifjcs nk plcjtc, y lhs bhsths fjburrfnhs nk bcrmc `cerfl ` cerfl quk `ukrhj prhphrbfhjcnhs phr lc kiprksc c lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks. 

354

 

Bucnrh 3; Kstrubturc nk Bhsths Tcrc lc Klcehrcbfòj nk 3.;44 Gm nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc kj prkskjtcbfòj nk >4 Bcocs nk ; ujfncnks nk Ociòj bhj pksh nk =,;4 Gm b/u Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Ocihj Kspclnc Bcocs nk ;ujn nk =,;4 Gm Gm kj Trhbksh? =0;4,2 Trhnubbfhj nkl Iks 3.;44 Gm / >4 Bcocs ^htcl Gm Fjburrfnhs pcrc 3.;44 Gm nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc =.0;4,24 Gm Ictkrfc Trfic

%

Gm

Ukbhrtk nk Bkrnh

;4,61

2644,44

Es.

0;;,5>

Es.

5.;;;.>20,44

Kiulsfhj bukrh

34,54

=14,44

Es.

20;,42

Es.

51>.=52,>4

5=,>;

5344,44

Es.

4,02

Es.

3.252,44

11,05

0=14,44

Es.

>36,34

Es.

5.1>3.>15,>4

;6.=>5,60

 Cmuc ^htcl Bcrjks?

Bhsth

^htcl Es

Bhjnfikjths y Cnftfvhs  Cfslcnh nk Rhyc

5,>1

316,04

Es.

23;,34

Es.

Bcrrcmkjfjc

4,02

>1,44

Es.

;04,;;

Es.

50.640,>4

Bcrifj nk Bhbafjfllc

3,;=

354,44

Es.

2.3=0,52

Es.

213.3>=,04

 Clifnhj nk Vubc

5,>1

316,04

Es.

341,34

Es.

54.>6;,=0

Krfthrecth nk Rhnfh

4,4;

2,04

Es.

2;5,1=

Es.

3.5=4,22

^rfphlf`hs`cth nk Rhnfh

4,23

5>,44

Es.

550,16

Es.

;.>>;,20

Rcl Uk`fjcnc

3,33

1;,54

Es.

36,30

Es.

3.025,>2

Rcl nk Burc

4,55

30,14

Es.

11,24

Es.

3.>12,>>

Mclficx

4,5>

31,44

Es.

54=,66

Es.

2.=>2,15

 Cleuifjc

3,;=

354,44

Es.

>04,52

Es.

;;.55=,04

Jukz Ihsbcnc

4,41

0,44

Es.

1;0,61

Es.

;.3>3,11

Nkxtrhsc

4,02

>1,44

Es.

>;,>;

Es.

5.313,04

Bhlhr Bcrifj

4,454

3,;44

Es.

3.203,=1

Es.

5.4>5,0=

^htcl Bhjnfikjths y Cnf.

33,21

1=4,24

Es.

;00.>03,1;

344,44

3;44,44

Es. Es. Es.

2.>4=.6>>,5; 5.5=3,60 5.5=3,60

244 [jn

32,56

Es.

5,00

[jfncnks

B/[

Es. Es.

2,43 5.5==,02

^htcl Bhjsuih I.H.N Es.

22,55

^htcl Es /Ecbak ^htcl Es/ Gm Rue^htcl Bhsth ^rfpc

Ictkrfcl nk Kipcquk Bcoc Mrcpcs Bfjtc Ktfquktc

>4 Bcoc 044 Mrcpcs 2 its 044 ktfquktc

^htcl Bhjsuih Ictkrfclks nk Kipcquk

Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc

0;4,11

261=,44

^H^CL

20,>3 4,;0 31,;0 4,0;

       

3.>;0,>4 220,44 ;;,01 264,44

 

>.;34,4>

^htcl Bhjsuih nk Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths

Ahrcs Ah Ahierk Thr Bcoc 354 Ahrcs

^crf`c Ah Ahrcs ^htcl Bh Bhjsuih Ahierk Icjh nk Herc Nfrkb Es. >3;,24 Es. >6.120,44

^htcl Bhsths Trfihs Bcrmc @cerfl (B ( B.F.@) Bhsths Fjn. @cerfbcbfhj

Es.

5.234,1;

^htcl Bhjsuih Bcrmc @cerfl (B.F.@) Es.

05=,44

@CB^HU  

Bhsths Trfihs (p/gm)

4,5=3251;63 Es.

5.234,1;

^htcl Bhjsuih Bcrmc @cerfl Es.

05=,44

^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj nk 3 Bcoc Bcoc nk ;ujn nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc nk =,; Gm

Es.

5.62=,1;

Bhsth [jftcrfh phr Bcnc [jfncn nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc nk =,;Gm Es.

;1=,;=

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430) 

353

 

Bucnrh 30 Kstrubturc nk Bhsths Tcrc lc Klcehrcbfòj nk 3.;44 Gm nk Ociòj nk Kspclnc kj prkskjtcbfòj nk >4 Bcocs nk ; ujfncnks nk Ociòj bhj pksh nk =,;4 Gm b/u Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C. Nktkrifjcbfhj nkl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj 3 Bcoc nk ;ujn nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc nk =,;4 Gm Bcnc ujc Bhsths nk Trhnubbfhj Ictkrfclks Nfrkbths Icjh nk Herc Nfrkbtc Bcrmc @cerfl Cbuiulcnc ^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj phr 3.;44 Gm nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc ^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj phr 3 Bcoc nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc ^htcl Bhsth nk Trhnubbfhj phr [jfncn nk Ocihj nk Kspclnc nk =,; Gm

@ukjtk? Nklmcnh, Mutfærrkz, Akrjãjnkz. (5430)

Es. 2.>3;.;=6,22 Es.

>6.120,44

Es.

6>4.500,50

Es. >.>4;.013,;6 Es.

5.62=,35

Es.

;1=,>5

355

 

BCTF^[LH PF BHJBL[RFHJKR Lc fiplkikjtcbfòj nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs quk pkriftc fnkjtf`fbcr, bucjtf`fbcr y csfmjcr nk icjkrc bhakrkjtk thnhs lhs rkburshs fjvkrtfnhs kj lc prhnubbfòj nk efkjks, phr pcrtk nk lc kiprksc, rkqufkrk nk clmujcs kstrctkmfcs h rkbhikjncbfhjks pcrc su kokbubfòj, ks phr kllh, quk c bhjtfjucbfòj sk ncrãj c bhjhbkr lcs bhjblusfhjks y rkbhikjncbfhjks quk sk lk prkskjtcj c lc kiprksc "Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C.". Kj kstk hrnkj nk fnkcs, sk puknk bhjblufr lh sfmufkjtk?

3.  Lc kiprksc "Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C." lc bucl sk kjbukjtrc nkjtrh nk lhs pcrãiktrhs nk lcs fjnustrfcs icju`cbturkrcs, prkskjtc nf`fbultcnks brétfbcs pcrc nktkrifjcr y bucjtf`fbcr nk icjkrc iktònfbc lc csfmjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths fjburrfnhs kj kl prhbksh nk `cerfbcbfòj.

5.  Kj lc kiprksc sk icjtfkjk uj rkmfstrh jh bhjtcelk nhjnk csfmjcj lhs bhsths nk icju`cbturc rklcbfhjcnhs c lhs prhnubths, bhj ecsk c lc kxpkrfkjbfc k fjtufbfòj kbhjòifbc pcrc lhs klkikjths iãs nfstfjtfvhs bhih lh shj lc ictkrfc prfic y icjh nk herc nfrkbtc, lh quk prhvhbc lc hifsfòj nk clmujhs htrhs klkikjths quk jh sk cprkbfcj nk icjkrc tcj `ãbfl bhih shj lhs bhsths fjnfrkbths nk `cerfbcbfòj.

2.  Lc kiprksc "Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C." jh bukjtc bhj uj sfstkic nk csfmjcbfòj nk bhsths fjnfrkbths quk lk pkriftc kstficr bhj icyhr kxcbtftun lc fjbfnkjbfc nk lhs bhsths sherk lhs iãrmkjks nk utflfncn.

352 

 

>. 

Lc kiprksc "Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C." cbtuclikjtk cbuiulc sus bhsths

 ecoh kl sfstki sfstkicc pkrfònf pkrfònfbh. bh. Kstk Kstk sfstki sfstkicc nk cbuiul cbuiulcbfò cbfòjj nk bhsths suifjfstrc suifjfstrc fj`hricbfòj  ecstcjtk lfiftcnc lfiftcnc nkl bhsth nkl prhnubth nurcj nurcjtk tk uj uj pkrf pkrfhn hnhh y jkbk jkbksf sftc tc quk quk sk sk rkcl rkclfbk fbkjj ujc ujc skrfk nk coustks cl `fjcl nkl pkrfhnh pcrc nktkrifjcr kl bhsth nk lhs prhnubths tkrifjcnhs, lhs buclks bucl ks shj rkclfzcnhs rkclfzcnhs kj kl sfstkic nk bhjtceflfncn `fjcjbfkrc.

;. 

Lcs cbtfvfncnks fjvhlubrcncs kj kl prhbksh nk prhnubbfòj jh kstãj

nkefncikjtk fnkjtf`fbcncs y nhbuikjtcncs, lh bucl nf`fbultc kl rkmfstrh, bhjtrhl y cbuiulcbfòj nk lhs bhsths phr nkpcrtcikjth. 0. 

Cl fnkjtf`fbcr lcs cbtfvfncnks rkclfzcncs y klkikjths quk fjtkrvfkjkj kj kl prhbksh

nk prhnubbfòj kj lc kiprksc heokth nk kstunfh, pkriftk kl ihjfthrkh nk lhs rkburshs kiplkcnhs suifjfstrcjnh fj`hricbfòj kskjbfcl pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks mkrkjbfclks. =. 

Lc fiplcjtcbfòj nk ujc kstrubturc nk bhsths phr prhbkshs lk pkriftk c lc kiprksc

ujc ikohr csfmjcbfòj nk lhs bhsths quk fjtkrvfkjkj kj lc prhnubbfòj lk cphrtc iãs fj`hricbfòj sherk lcs cbtfvfncnks quk rkclfzc lc kiprksc, pkriftfkjnh bhjhbkr buãlks cmrkmcj vclhr y buãlks jh, nãjnhlk lc phsfeflfncn nk rknubfr h klfifjcr kstcs ÿltfics, cl  pkriftf  pkri ftfrr rklcb rklcbfhjc fhjcrr lhs lhs bhsths bhsths bhj sus bcusc bcuscs, s, lh lh bucl bucl ks ks nk mrcj cyun cyuncc pcrc pcrc mkstf mkstfhjcr hjcr iko ikohr hr lhs bhsths. [jc vkz cjclfzcnc, y heskrvcnc lc prhelkiãtfbc prkskjtcnc phr lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, sk puknk ikjbfhjcr kl mrcj phtkjbfcl quk tfkjk su prhnubth, csé bhih lc kjtfncn nk skmufr phr lc skjnc nkl brkbfifkjth hrmcjfzcbfhjcl. C pkscr nk lc `cltc nk cplfbcbfòj nk akrrcifkjtcs bhjtcelks y mkrkjbfclks pcrc cyuncr c lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks, sk puknk nkstcbcr quk lc kiprksc ac lhmrcnh ujc cuthshstkjfeflfncn kj kl ikrbcnh, clmh quk kj sus bhjnfbfhjks cbtuclks c jfvkl nk hrmcjfzcbfòj csé bhih kl pcjhrcic phr kl bucl ctrcvfksc Pkjkzuklc kj ksths ÿltfihs cóhs ks nfmjh nk cnifrcr, puks c pkscr nk

35> 

 

llkvcr thnh uj prhbksh nk `hric kipérfbc, ac lhmrcnh icjtkjkrsk kj kl ikrbcnh quk sk nkskjvuklvk. Rfj kiecrmh, jfjmujc kjtfncn lhmrc sherkvfvfr tcjth tfkiph, sf hpkrc kipérfbcikjtk sfj bhjhbkr sus bf`rcs, phr lh bucl c lcrmh plczh kl cnifjfstrcr ujc kiprksc fjnustrfcl bhih ujc ehnkmc punfkrc llkvcr c lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C c lc rhtujnc qufkerc.

Cujcnh c kllh, nkjtrh nkl pcjhrcic fjtkrjh kjbhjtrcnh kj lc kiprksc, sk puknk ikjbfhjcr lc `cltc nk bhjtrhlks fjtkrjhs, bhih nk hpkrcbfhjks eãsfbcs. Lc kiprksc icjkoc kipérfbcikjtk lc prhnubbfòj nk sus kieutfnhs, y icjkoc uj sfstkic pkrfònfbh nk fjvkjtcrfh pcrc bhjtceflfzcr su fj`hricbfòj y trcjscbbfhjks, lh quk ks pcrtk nkl bkjtrh nkl  prhelki  prhe lkicc quk `uk kjbhj kjbhjtrcn trcnh, h, nkefnh nkefnh c quk kl kl sfstkic sfstkic nk fjvkj fjvkjtcrf tcrfhh pkrfònfb pkrfònfbhh ks kl fnkcl fnkcl  pcrc kipr kiprkscs kscs nkl rcih bhik bhikrbf rbfcl, cl, jh nkl rcih fjnu fjnustrf strfcl. cl. Iuy cpcrt cpcrtkk nkl sfst sfstkic kic bhjtcelk, lc ifsic nksbhjhbk lhs bhsths fjburrfnhs phr bhjsuihs nk ictkrfclks nfrkbths, icjh nk herc nfrkbtc y bcrmc `cerfl, lh quk mkjkrc quk lc kiprksc jh tkjmc fj`hricbfòj rczhjcelk y bhj`fcelk pcrc lc thic nk nkbfsfhjks, trcykjnh bhih bhjskbukjbfc quk `fokj kl prkbfh kj ecsk cl vclhr rczhjcelk quk sk kjbukjtrk kj kl ikrbcnh.

Lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths ks ujc `csk ciplf`fbcnc nk lc bhjtceflfncn mkjkrcl nk ujc kjtfncn fjnustrfcl, quk prhphrbfhjc nk `hric rãpfnc c lc mkrkjbfc ncths k fj`hricbfòj rklctfvc c lhs bhsths nk prhnubfr h vkjnkr bcnc crtébulh, `cbflftcjnh csé lc prkpcrcbfòj nk ujc skrfk nk fj`hriks nk lhs buclks ecscj lcs nkbfsfhjks nk lc mkrkjbfc.

Nurcjtk kl nkscrrhllh nk kstc fjvkstfmcbfòj sk punh vkrf`fbcr quk tcj cbkrtcnhs shj lhs bhjhbfifkjths kj bucjth c lc bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths. Rk kspkrc quk kl sfmufkjtk trcecoh kspkbfcl nk mrcnh puknc skrvfr bhih muéc c lc kiprksc pcrc kl lhmrh nk thnhs sus heoktfvhs y brkbkr nk `hric shlfnc.

35; 

 

UKBHIKJNCBFHJKR [jc vkz bhjblufnh kl prkskjtk trcecoh nk fjvkstfmcbfòj, lhs fjvkstfmcnhrks nkskcj kj ecsk c lc kstrubturc nk bhsths prhpukstc kj kl trcecoh, csé bhih kj ecsk c thnhs lhs rksultcnhs u heskrvcbfhjks hetkjfnhs nk lc pcrtfbfpcbfòj y heskrvcbfhjks nfrkbtcs kj kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh nk lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, kjuikrcr clmujcs rkbhikjncbfhjks pcrc lc ifsic. 3. 

Lc kstrubturc nk bhsths kstcelkbfnc cbtuclikjtk sk kjicrbh ecoh uj bhstkh

rkcl pcrc lhs bãlbulhs phr prfikrc vkz nk lc ifsic. Rfj kiecrmh sk rkbhifkjnc c lc kjtfncn rkclfzcr kj kl trcjsbursh nk sus hpkrcbfhjks ujc trcjsfbfòj cl bhstkh kstãjncr. 5. 

Rk rkbhifkjnc tkjkr uj icyhr rksmucrnh nk lhs fjvkjtcrfhs kxfstkjtks, yc quk

lhs ifsihs bcrkbkj nk busthnfc, acbfæjnhlhs vuljkrcelks c aurths y `cltcjtks nk ictkrfclks. 2. 

Rk rkbhifkjnc rkkstrubturcr kl bctclhmh nk bukjtcs kstcelkbfnh kj kl sfstkic

bhjtcelk quk icjkoc lc Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, ksth bhj kl `fj nk quk lc ifsic kipfkbk c icjkocr sus rkmfstrhs bhjtcelks ecoh uj sfstkic nk fjvkjtcrfh bhjtfjuh. Kstk sfstkic nk fjvkjtcrfh lk pkriftfrã c lc kjtfncn bhjhbkr lc nfsphjfeflfncn nk sus fjvkjtcrfhs nk `hric fjiknfctc. >. 

Kl nkspkrnfbfh mkjkrcnh phr kl prhbksh prhnubtfvh cbtuclikjtk lc

Bhikrbfclfzcnhrc lc Trk`krfnc, B.C, lh nkskbac. Nkefnh c quk ksths ictkrfclks puknkj skrvfr nk ictkrfc prfic pcrc htrcs fjnustrfcs, sk rkbhifkjnc lc cpkrturc nk uj fjvkjtcrfh nk nkspkrnfbfhs bhj kl `fj nk vkjnkr lhs ifsihs c kiprkscs fjnustrfclks nknfbcncs c prhnubfr clfikjths pcrc cjficlks. ;. 

Kj lhs iksks pròxfihs c skptfkierk u hbtuerk, sk rkbhifkjnc c lc kjtfncn lc

rkclfzcbfòj nk uj prksupuksth ickstrh, quk lk sfrvc nk akrrcifkjtc pcrc plcjf`fbcr thnhs sus fjmrkshs, mcsths y bhsths. Kstc akrrcifkjtc lk pkriftfrã ujc ikohr thic nk

350 

 

nkbfsfhjks, y `hrtclkbkrã c lc kjtfncn yc quk lc ifsic pkriftfrã cjtfbfpcr cbbfhjks quk nkecj skr thicncs cjtk sftucbfhjks nktkrifjcncs.

35=

35= 

 

UK@KUKJBFCR EFELFHMUC@FBCR 3.  Thlfikjf , Uclpa (3666) Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsths ^krbkrc Knfbfhj, Knfthrfcl Ib Mrcwafll. 5.  Mcylk Ucyeurj, L. (3666) Bhjtceflfncn y Cnifjfstrcbfòj nk Bhsths, Rkxtc Knfbfòj, Knfthrfcl Ib Mrcwafll. 2.  [jfvkrsfncn Tkncmòmfbc Kxpkrfikjtcl Lfekrtcnhr Icjucl nk ^rcecohs nk

Mrcnh nk Kspkbfclfzcbfòj y Ickstréc y ^ksfs Nhbthrclks , >tc Knfbfòj (5434).Bcrcbcs? (5434).Bcrcbc s? Cuthr. >.  Tcllklcs y Icrtfjs (5440), Ikthnhlhméc nk lc Fjvkstfmcbfòj Bucjtftctfvc, Knfthrfcl @knupkl, 5nc Knfbfòj. ;.  Ecvcrksbh Icrfjc (5440), Curc. Trhbksh Ikthnhlòmfbh kj lc

Fjvkstfmcbfòj, ;tc Knfbfòj. 0.  ^hrrks Mcerfkl (5444), Bhjtceflfncn, Bhsths y Trksupuks Trksupuksths ths 2rc Knfbfòj. =.  Mcrbfc Bhlfj, Oucj (5443). Bhjtceflfncn nk Bhsths 2rc Knfbfòj, Knfthrfcl IB Mrcwafll. 1.  Lky nk Bhsths y Trkbfhs Ousths  (Nkbrkth j¿ 044).(5432, Jhvfkierk 53). Mcbktc H`fbfcl nk lc Ukpÿelfbc Ehlfvcrfcjc nk Pkjkzuklc j¿ >42>4. 6.  @fnfcs, Crfcs (544>).Kl Trhykbth nk Fjvkstfmcbfòj ;tc Knfbfòj, Knfthrfcl Kpfstkik. 34. Rcefjh Bcrlhs(3665), Kl Trhbksh nk Fjvkstfmcbfòj, Knfthrfcl Tcjcph. 33. @fnfcs M Crfcs. Kl Trhykbth nk Fjvkstfmcbfòj... 2rc Knfbfòj. 35. Luquk Nk Lczcrh, Kjrfquk. Fjtrhnubbfòj cl kstunfh nk lc Bhjtceflfncn . Kn. Mrc`crtk, Bcrcbcs.

351

 

32. ^akhnhrk Lcjm. (3600). Icjucl nkl Bhjtcnhr nk Bhsth. Knfthrfcl [tkac

3>. Ahrjmrkj, B7 Nctcr, R y @hstkr, M. (544=). Bhjtceflfncn nk bhsths? [j

Kj`hquk Mkrkjbfcl. Ikxfbh. Tkcrshj Knubctfhj. 3;. Mcerfkl Rcec, Rcec, Acjjc y Pklcsqukz, Pklcsqukz, M, Pfbthrfc.(5440). Pfbthrfc.(5440). Nfskóh nk uj Rfstkic Bhjtcelk pcrc lc Kiprksc Rurtfahmcr ^rks Klk`cjtks, B.C. uefbcnc kj Icturfj Kstcnh Ihjcmcs. ^rcecoh Kspkbfcl nk Mrcnh [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh, Lc Ihrftc, Crcmuc. 30. Bcerksc, Rcjbakz Rcjbakz y Rkpulvknc. (5446). Cjclfsfs nk lc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths [tflfzcnc kj kl prhbksh nk Cvks ekjk`fbfcncs, Bcsh Cmrhpkbucrfc Cmrhbcrjks 54;4, B.C. ^rcecoh Kspkbfcl nk Mrcnh [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh, Lc Ihrftc, Crcmuc. 3=. Clvcrkz, Tfókrh y Pkrkjzuklc. (5434). Trhphjkr ujc Kstrubturc nk Bhsths Kstficnhs pcrc lc Hptfifzcbfhj nk lc Fj`hricbfhj Bhjtcelk y lc ^hi nk Nkbfsfhjks Mkrkjbfclks kj lc Kiprksc @cerfbc nk Ksbclkrcs Clcnfjh, B.C. ^rcecoh Kspkbfcl nk Mrcnh [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh, Lc Ihrftc, Crcmuc. 31. Akrjcjnkz, Lcsthrfc y Uc``k (5435). Kstunfcr lhs Bhsths Cplfbcnhs cl Trhbksh Trhnubtfvh phr pcrtk nk lc Kiprksc @FL^UCM[C, B.C. uefbcnc kj Icrcbcy, Icrcbcy, Knh. Crcmuc. Crcmuc. ^rcecoh Kspkbfcl Kspkbfcl nk Mrcnh [jfvkrsfncn [jfvkrsfncn nk Bcrceheh, Lc Ihrftc, Crcmuc.

356

 

CJKQHR

324 

 

Cjkxh C Bucnrh nk Hpkrcbfhjclfzcbfhj nk Pcrfcelks

323 

 

  s   k    l    e   c    f   r   c    P   k    n   j   h    f   b   c   z    f    l   c   j   h    f   b   c   r   k   p    H   k    n   h   r    n   c   u    B

 

 .    C  .    B  ,   c    n    f   r   k    `   k   r    T   c    l   c   r   h    n   c   z    f    l   c    f   b   r   k   i   h    B   c   s   k   r   p   i    K   c    l   c   r   c   p   s   h   s   k   b   h   r   p   r   h   p   s   h    t   s   h   b   k    n   c   r   u    t   b   u   r    t   s   k   c   j   u   r   k   j   h   p   h   r    T   ?    l   c   r   k   j   k    M   h   v    f    t   k    o    e    H

  s   h   j   k   t   j    f    ò   s   j   ò    f   b   c   k   c   b   i  v   k   b    f    n   c   v   j   u   r   k   c   r   b   r   s   é   k    æ   t    ^   s    e   u    e   s   j   H   -    M   -    H    F

  j   j    ò    f    ò    f   b   c   k   b   v    n   c   v   r   k   c   r   k   s   é    e   u    e   s    H   -    M   -    H

  s   i    3 5 2 > ;     k    t     É

   0 = 1  

  s   k   r   h    n   c   b    f    n   j    F

  s   k   j   h    f   s   j   k   i    f    N

  k    l    e   c    f   r   c    P

  c   s   h   v   i   f    f   r    t   j    T   b   u   ò    f   c   n   b   h   s   h    f   k   h   c    n   r   r   b   b   h   c   k   T   f    t   j   r   r    f   c   s   e    T   h   c   j   i    I    t    @   k   r   k   k   j   k   s   ^    n   k   n   j   i   h   t   h    t   c   h    æ    t   b   b   s   b   r   c   k   u   u   i  p   c   b   h   h    l   k   h   r    n   r    n   r    C    N    T    T    T   -   -   -   -     h   s   k   b   h   h   r   v    t    T   f   b      l   u   k   n    n   h   s   r   c   T   p   c    t    K

  c   r    e   l    f   r   s    H    e   k   c    l   k   @   c   n    f   r   h   c    t   c   c   k   j   r   m   c    I    I    B   -   -   -     h    t   s   h    B    l   k   h    n   s   s   k   b   h   v   h   h    t   r    f    t   j    T   k   l   b   u    n   i   k   k   h    l   r   K   j   k   T

  h   v   h    f   s    t   k   b     b   n   h   r   u    T   h   r    T

  c    l    l   k   k    n   n   c   s    l   c   h   v   c   p   r    t   c   f   h    t   b   k   u    n    C  .   c   s    n   z   c    B   c   f    l   h    l   r    l  ,   c   r   p   c    f    f   c   b    n   s    e   h   r    f    f   k   s   r   r   k   r   k   k   b   b   p   i   `   s   k   h   r   r   i  h   k    N  p   K   B   T

 

  c    t   s   k   u   p   h   r    T

   l   k    n   s   h   h   t    t   s

    s   h   b    f    `    é   b   k   p   s    K   s   h   v    f    t   k    o    e    H

 

  j   k   h    B   i   k    l    K

   l   h   k   s   c    n   l   k   k   r   k    n   b   s    l   c   h   h   h   j    n   c   r    t   r   k   c   k   p   j   u   l   z    t    n   f   k   j   c   c   h   l   b   k    l   c   i   p   u  .    f   v   c   k   f   r   j   b    l    t    t   b   f   h    C   c   r   r   k   f   s   h  .  .    l   b   b   k   k   k   n   r   s   t   u   k    B    C  .   c   c   n   n   c   h   p   n   i  ,   z    l   h   h   c   j    f    B   r    l   r    n   u   h   h  ,   k   r   c   c    f   c   p   B   v   f   b   r   u   r    f   b   c    t   c   b    n   c    f   k   h   q   s   s   `   r    f    `   b   r    f   k   h   k   k   h   s   u   k   r    t    t   r   k   h   r   b   p   T   e    t    n   i   `   j   s   c   k   s   h   h   h   r   r   r   h   k   c   l      n F    B  p   i   k   l    K   h   b   p   B   T

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