Propuesta de Mejora de Seguridad Industrial en El Proceso de Costura para Incrementar La Productividad en La Empresa Industria Nettalco S.A

 

 —Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhb Kittbdem U.B‗  U.B‗ 

^IUYGIK   Betubdgikti dbs hkjustrhbs tixthdis nusebk uk gètmjm y tèekhebs qui dis pirghtb idivbr su emgpiththvhjbj ik id girebjm. Km mnstbkti, id prmyietm ji hkvisthobehõk thiki emgm mnfithvm gifmrbr db siourhjbj y sbduj jid trbnbfm ik id ârib ji emklieehmkis, igprisb hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B, jijhebjm b db tixthd irçb y ji emklieehmkis, unhebjm ik Dhgb  ―  ―Sirö. Sirö. Emklieehmkb y i ixpmrtb xpmrtb rmpb ji tifhjm ji bdomjõk, pbrb edhiktis ji mtrms pbçsis, smk dçjiris ik dms siogiktms ji girebjm.  Betubk emgm "emktrbet gbkulbeturis", emklieehmkbg emklieehmkbgms ms ji beuirjm bd jhsiòm y ispiehlhebehmkis ji ebjb edhikti, ik id ârib ji emklieehmkis ikemktrbgms jilhehikehbs ik db siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm. Smr dm tbktm, lui kieisbrhm ribdhzbr uk jhbokõsthem jhbokõsthem jid ârib y bsç bsç eribr kuivbs istrbtiohbs. istrbtiohbs. Db gitmjmdmoçb b uthdhzbrsi is ji thpm jmeugiktbd pmrqui si ribdhzb ik id duobr ji dms `ie`ms, uthdhzbkjm tèekhebs ji hkvisthobehõk emgm iktrivhstbs, mnsirvbehõk. Db prmpuistb b ribdhzbr is lbethndi y si bfustb b db kieishjbj jid ârib ji emklieehmkis. Id jid prmyietm pirghthrâ hkerigiktbr db jigbkjb, gifmrbs jid sirvhehm, gifmris ik prmjueehõk, igpdibjms ebpbeis y sbthslie`ms emk su trbnbfm, gifmr edhgb dbnmrbd, ilhehikehb y ebdhjbj.

Sbdbnrbs edbvis6 prmjueehõk, prmjueehõk, ilhehikehb, ebdhjbj, siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm

 

 

BNUZ^BEZ  ^bhsi ymur emgpiththvikiss hk t`i gbrait. @mwivir, t`i risibre` prmfiet bhgs tm hgprmvi meeupbthmkbd `ibdt` bkj sblity hk t`i bppbrid brib, b emgpbky Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B, jijhebtij tm tixthdi bkj bppbrid, dmebtij hk Dhgb-Siru. Ht gbkulbeturis bkj ixpmrts emttmk lbnrhe edmt`hko, lmr edhikts hk mt`ir emuktrhis, wi bri dibjirs hk t`i gbrait siogikts. _i bet bs "emktrbet gbkulbeturis", wi gbai beemrjhko tm t`i jishok bkj spiehlhebthmks ml ibe` edhikt, hk t`i edmt`hko brib wi lhkj jilhehikehis hk sblity bkj `ibdt` bt wmra. Z`irilmri, ht wbs kieissbry tm ebrry mut b jhbokmshs ml t`i brib bkj t`us t `us eribti kiw strbtiohis. Z`i git`mjmdmoy tm ni usij hs ml b jmeugiktbry typi niebusi ht hs ebrrhij mut bt t`i seiki ml t`i ivikts, ushko hkvisthobthvi tie`khquis sue` bs hktirvhiws, mnsirvbthmk. Z`i prmpmsbd tm ni gbji hs libshndi bkj bjfusts tm t`i kiijs ml t`i edmt`hko brib. Z`i prmfiet whdd bddmw hkeribshko jigbkj, sirvhei hgprmvigikts, nittir prmjuethmk, ebpbndi bkj sbthslhij igpdmyiis wht` t`ihr wmra, b nittir wmra ikvhrmkgikt, illhehikey bkj qubdhty.

Aiywmrjs6, prmjuethmk, illhehikey, qubdhty, sblity bkj `ibdt` bt wmra

 

 

H.

HKZ^MJYEEHÕK

2.2 ^ibdhjbj Srmndigâtheb  B dm dbrom ji istbs ödthgbs jèebjbs ddbs bs bethvhjbjis hkjustrhbdis y su eriehghiktm `bk prmjuehjm uk likõgikm privikehmkhstb, bquid qui kms `b pirghthjm tmgbr ik emkshjirbehõk dms pidhorms b dms qui ybeik ixpuistms dms igpdibjms ji jhliriktis sietmris pbrb privikhr eubdquhir ilietm bjvirsm y b su viz irrbjhebr beehjiktis qui puijbk jifbr ji sbdjm db pirjhjb ji ukb vhjb. Db MHZ (Mrobkhzbehõk Hktirkbehmkbd jid Zrbnbfm, 2802) ik su pmrtbd HDMUZBZ  ― eiktrbd  ― eiktrbd ji istbjçsthebsgbkhlhistb tbgnhèk qui db siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm smk prhkehphms nâshems ji db dbnmr jieikti y ik orbk gijhjb dbs emkjhehmkis y ixhoikehbs tbktm lçshebs emgm giktbdis jinik sir privikhjbs pbrb idhghkbr id emstm smehbd, smehbd y iemkõghem qui dms beehjiktis ji trbnbfm prmjueik, nusebkjm qui dms duobris ji trbnbfm sibk siourms.

 Bd nusebr ukb gifmr emkjhehõk dbnmrbd d bnmrbd ik id GYKJM y ik pbçsis jisbrrmddbjms km shigpri dmorbk su mnfithvm, pmr iddm db MHZ nuseb uk jisbrrmddm smstikhndi y pmdçtheb hktirkbehmkbd qui pirghtb istbndieir kmrgbs edbrbs y ridbehmkbjbs istrhetbgikti emk db siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm qui bsiourik id emktrmd ji dms rhioms riodbgiktbjm y ifieutbjm b trbvès ji db pdbkhlhebehõk emrrietb jisbrrmddbkjm ukb eudturb ji privikehõk y gifmrbghiktm. Ik pbçsis ji Dbthkmbgèrheb db lbdtb ji hkspieehõk y bpdhebehõk ji diyis ji siourhjbj ik id trbnbfm `bk prmvmebjm beehjiktis y jisbstris pbrb dms trbnbfbjmris qui ripireutik ji gbkirb jhrietb ik su sbduj, bsç emgm ik db prmjuethvhjbj jhrietb ji db igprisb.

 

 

Luikti6 Istbjçsthebs (HDMUZBZ, >320) 

Ik id Sirö db prmndigâtheb istâ emkeiktrbjb ik id gbkifm emrrietm ji db privikehõk, istbkjbrhzbehõk y bpdhebehõk ji dms prhkehphms ji siourhjbj ik id trbnbfm, qui hkeduyi b tmjms dms betmris jiktrm jid gbrem ji db diy, is jiehr igpdibjm y igpdibjmr bjigâs ji tmjb bquiddb pirsmkb qui si ikeuiktri jiktrm ji db igprisb bsç sib b trbvès tr bvès ji db tireirhzbehõk. Id trbnbfbjmr jini emkmeir sus jirie`ms y mndhobehmkis emktikhjms ik db diy y id igprisbrhm thiki qui ribdhzbr uk Uhstigb ji Oisthõk ji db Uiourhjbj y Ubduj ik id trbnbfm sioök bd thpm ji mrobkhzbehõk qui gbkthiki, khvid ji rhisom y kögirm ji trbnbfbjmris. Jini ixhsthr b su viz id jisim y ebpbehjbj pbrb pmjir hkstbdbr dbs berijhtbehmkis kieisbrhbs jiktrm jid gbrem ji siourhjbj ik id trbnbfm qui puijb erieir y jisbrrmddbr db db igprisb , ik Sirö db gherm y piquiòb igprisb riehni mrhiktbehõk orbtuhtb pbrb id bsismrbghiktm ji db hgpdigiktbehõk ji oisthõk ji siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm

 

, bjigâs si `b eribjm db diy K¶ >8?05, Diy ji Uiourhjbj y Ubduj ik id Zrbnbfm bquiddb qui rioudb y thiki emgm prhkehpbd mnfithvm db prmgmehõk ji db eudturb privikthvb , emktbkjm bsç emk db pbrthehpbehõk jid istbjm, igpdibjmris, bjigâs ji ddivbrsi b ebnm id rmd j ji i lhsebdhzbehõk y emktrmd p pmr mr pbrti jid omn omnhirkm. hirkm. Dms beehjiktis dbnmrbdis sioök GHKZ^B b jhehignri jid >3>3 riohstrb jiktrm ji dbs ebtiomrçbs eubkthlhebndis b dms omdpis pmr mnfitms emk id gbymr pmreiktbfi ji hkehjikehb (22.59%), siouhjbgikti si ikeuiktrb dbs ebçjbs ji pirsmkbs b khvid (23.3>3 db hkjustrhb gbkulbeturirb `b shjm db bethvhjbj iemkõgheb emk gbymr khvid ji beehjiktis dbnmrbdis y beehjiktis gmrtbdis pmr iddm si rihtirb db hgpmrtbkehb ji db eudturb ji privikehõk qui pirghtb ivhtbr isti thpm ji jisbstris qui tirghkbk ripireuthikjm ik db prmjuethvhjbj ji db igprisb.

Luikti6 (GZSI, >3>3) 

 

  Luikti (GZSI, >3>3) 

Dms lbetmris qui hkeurrik pbrb qui ixhstbk beehjiktis ik id ârib ji emsturb ji ukb igprisb puijik sir jhvirsms1 b emkthkubehõk, si guistrb gijhbkti uk jhborbgb ji Hs`habwb ukb sirhi ji pmshndis ebusbs pmr dbs eubdis si oikirbk gbymrgikti dms beehjiktis ik uk ârib ji emsturb ji ukb igprisb hkjustrhbd, pirfujhebkjm bsç jhrietbgikti bd emdbnmrbjmr beehjiktbjm i hkjhrietbgikti db prmjuethvhjbj ji db igprisb.

 

Ik isti jhborbgb ji Hs`habwb, oikirbjm gijhbkti id gètmjm emkmehjm ji dbs < G si dmorbk jitirghkbr dbs ebusbs pmtikehbdis ik sihs jhliriktis bspietms jiktrm jid ârib ji emsturb ji ukb igprisb hkjustrhbd. Dbs ebusbs qui si ddiobrmk b jitirghkbr gijhbkti isti jhborbgb ji Hs`habwb smk dms shouhiktis6 Sdbk ji siourhjbj ik id ârib ji emsturb jisbetubdhzbjm, hkilhehikti supirvhshõk ji siourhjbj ik id ârib, lbdtb ji ebpbehtbehõk pbrb id gbkifm ji `irrbghiktbs, hkbjieubjb iromkmgçb ik id ârib ji trbnbfm, hkeugpdhghiktm jid SGB ji dbs gâquhkbs ji emsir, bsç emgm qui id pirsmkbd km si bjbptb bd trbnbfm nbfm prishõk.

Luikti6 Idbnmrbehõk prmphb

 

JHBO^BGB J I SB^IZM SB^IZM >?

2>3.33%

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233.33% 233.33%

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03.33%

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> >3.33%

-5

3.33%

  Luikti6 Idbnmrbehõk prmphb

Gijhbkti id jhborbgb ji Sbritm `igms pmjhjm emkeduhr qui dbs prmndigâthebs qui smk gâs ridivbktis pbrb qui ixhstbk beehjiktis ik id ârib ji emsturb smk6 Sdbk ji siourhjbj ik id ârib ji emsturb jisbetubdhzbjm, hkilhehikti supirvhshõk ji siourhjbj ik id ârib, lbdtb ji ebpbehtbehõk pbrb id gbkifm ji `irrbghiktbs, hkbjieubjb iromkmgçb ik id ârib ji trbnbfm1 dms eubdis jitirghkbk id 09.>3% ji dms beehjiktis1 ghiktrbs qui dbs shouhiktis ebusbs6 Hkeugpdhghiktm jid SGB ji dbs gâquhkbs ji emsir, bsç emgm qui id pirsmkbd km si bjbptb bd trbnbfm nbfm prishõk, jitirghkbk id 2:.03% ji dms beehjiktis meurrhjms ik id ârib ji emsturb.

 

2.> Bktieijiktis 2.>.2 Hktirkbehmkbdis Shem Z.G, ^bgçriz E.F (>322) "Jhbokmsthem i hgpdigiktbehõk ji uk shstigb hktiorbd jid tbddir ji emsturb eribehmkis Gbrobrhtb" (tishs ji thtudbehõk) Id sietmr tixthd ieubtmrhbkm ik db èpmeb eubkjm dbs orbkjis `behikjbs tikçbk ukbs hgpmrtbktis luiktis ji hkorism smnri dbs erçbs ji rinbòms ji mvifbs. Id isquhdbjm y dbvbjm ji dbkb mrhohkbrmk dbs prhgirbs hkeurshmkis ik id ebgpm ji tifhjm. Dbs prhgirbs hkjustrhbs tixthdis qui surohirmk si jijhebrmk b db emklieehõk ji dbkb. Db hktrmjueehõk jid bdomjõk hkhehb ik db prhgirb jèebjb ji 2833 emkshjirâkjmsi ji dms bòms 93. Emkthkubkjm dbs tikjikehbs hktirkbehmkbdis ji emksugm ji lhnrbs tixthdis, pbrb id emksugm ji db riohõk bnbreõ lhnrbs kbturbdis (bdomjõk y dbkb), brthlhehbdis y shktèthebs (berçdhem, kydmk, pmdhèstir) uthdhzbjbs pbrb lb lbnrhebr nrhebr `hdbjm `hdbjmss y tifhjms ik ikebghkbjms ebghkbjms

tbktm bd

girebjm dmebd y db ixpmrtbehõk.  B ebusb ji db prmtieehõk brbkeidbrhb ik db jèebjb ji 2883, emgm ristrheehõk b dbs hgpmrtbehmkis, sunshjhms bd erèjhtm, priehms gçkhgms, ite., id sietmr km `hzm gbymris isluirzms pbrb hkerigiktbr dms khvidis ji prmjuethvhjbj y ebdhjbj. Ik id bòm ji 288>, id runrm tixthd, hkshsthõ ik db ifieuehõk ji gijhjbs ji prmtieehõk pbrb db hkjustrhb kbehmkbd, smnritmjm b bquiddbs jisthkbjbs b jitikir

db emgpi emgpitikehb tikehb ji jisdibd sdibd tbd emgm db hgpmrtbehõk ji rmpb usbjb

smnritmjm ji Is Istbjms tbjms Ykhjm Ykhjms. s. B eb ebusb usb ji iddm si emkshouhõ hkemrpmrbr db tbsb ji sbdvboubrjhbs iquhvbdikti bd :3% smnri db nbsi jid brbkeid priistbndiehjm pr iistbndiehjm..  B prhkehphms ji dms d ms 83, hkorisbrmk hkjustrhbs tixthdis emk pdbktbs ji emklieehõk prmphbs, ebgnhbkjm ji lmrgb shokhlhebthvb id iktmrkm ji db emklieehõk kbehmkbd gifmrbkjm dbs prâethebs oirikehbdis y trbyikjm kuivbs istrbtiohbs ji emgirehbdhzbehõk emgirehbdhzbehõ k y viktbs. (Shem & ^bgçriz, >322)

 

 Bdgbe`i. S.L. Ebdjirõk. L.G1 Jçbz. E. S(>325) ‗Hkvisthobehõk y bkâdhshs jid sietmr tixthd y su hgpbetm iemkõghem, smehbd emk dbs prmtieehmkis hgpdigiktbjbs pmr id omnhirkm b db rmpb rmpb ji visthr jisji i idd bòm >330 - >32> (tishs pb pbrb rb mptbr orbjm ji hkoikhirm ji emgi emgirehm rehm ji ixtirhmris ) Id Omn Omnhirkm hirkm ji Ieubjmr, gi gijhbkti jhbkti Emgixh (Emksifm ji Emgirehm Ixtirhmr i Hkvirshmkis), eriõ gijhbkti db ^ismduehõk km. 99>, gijhjbs qui pirghtik prmtioir db prmjueehõk kbehmkbd rilirikti b dbs prikjbs ji visthr i hgpdigiktbkjm prmorbgbs qui pmshnhdhtik tikir uk emktrmd ik emkfuktm emk hksthtuehmkis emgm id U^H (Uirvhehms ji ^iktbs Hktirkbs) y id UIKBI (Uirvhehm Kbehmkbd ji Bjubkb jid Ieubjmr) ji dbs lbeturbs ji viktbs y jmeugiktms ji hgpmrtbehõk ji jhe`bs girebkeçbs y id HKIK2 qui pbrthehpb ik db virhlhebehõk ji dbs kmrgbs ji ithquitbjm. Id >330, dbs hgpmrtbehmkis ji rmpb tuvhirmk jhliriktis blietbehmkis pbrb id beeism ji sus prmjuetms, pirm b su viz si vhm rildifbjm id hkerigiktm ji db gbkm ji mnrb y prmjueehõk kbehmkbd qui guistrb uk bugiktm, pirm bök km `bk tikhjm uk ripukti pbrb su sbdhjb ik bd ixtirhmr, emgm ukb lmrgb ji eribr gbymr eriehghiktm emgirehbd y iemkõghem bd p pbçs. bçs. Betubdgikti db gbkulbeturb eribjb b gbkm si emkshjirb ji gifmr ebdhjbj ik id ixtirhmr emk gbymr vbdmr pbrb dms edhiktis, dm eubd si guistrb emgm ukb mpmrtukhjbj ji hkorism b dms girebjms hktirkbehmkbdis. hktirkbehmkbdis. Ui riemkmei db lmrgb ik qui `bk blietbjm b dms hgpmrtbjmris ji rmpb ji visthr istbs gijhjbs ji prmtieehõk jurbkti dms ödthgms ehkem bòms, `behikjm bdushõk jisji id omnhirkm jid Srishjikti Ie. ^blbid Emrrib jisji id >330 `bstb id >32>, y b su viz emkmeir sh `bk dmorbjm risudtbjms pmshthvms pbrb db hkjustrhb gbkulbeturirb kbehmkbd, emgm id `bnir bprmvie`bjm istbs ristrheehmkis m bök pirgbkiei db emgpitikehb emk brtçeudms ixtrbkfirms. (Bdgbe`i & S, >325)

Uâke`iz. I.U(>328) —Jhbokmsthem ji db oisthõk ji siourhjbj y sbduj meupbehmkbd ik dbs pygis jid sietmr tixthd ji Ebktmk Bgnbtm( tishs pbrb id orbjm ji hkoikhirm emgirehbd) Yk idivbjm kögirm ji beehjiktis dbnmrbdis ik id sietmr gbkulbeturirm riprisiktb uk prmndigb qui thiki hgpdhebehmkis tbktm smehbdis emgm iemkõghebs, yb qui gue`ms ji istms bemktiehghiktms jisignmebk ik ukb hkebpbehjbj tigpmrbd m pirgbkikti ik dms trbnbfbjmris y b db viz blietbk ji gbkirb

 

jitirghkbkti ik id busikthsgm dbnmrbd, dm qui edbrbgikti btiktb emktrb db prmjuethvhjbj igprisbrhbd. Dbs emksieuikehbs ji km hkjbobr prmlukjbgikti dbs ebusbs ji istb prmndigâtheb, puijik jisignmebr ik bemktiehghiktms bök pimris ik id luturm, ji beuirjm b db MHZ (>329). Id sietmr tixthd, eireb ji 2:.333 puistms ji trbnbfm jhrietms i hkjhrietms, is ukb ji dbs hkjustrhbs qui gbymr igpdim oikirb ik id ebktõk Bgnbtm, (HKIE, >323). Km mnstbkti, db edbshlhebehõk b db eubd isti sietmr pirtikiei emk 509? bemktiehghiktms bd bòm, istâ unhebjm emgm ik id sioukjm duobr emk gbymr çkjhei ji beehjiktbdhjbj dbnmrbd, (HIUU >32328) FBKKI^, Lirkbkjm y ^BGÄ^IV, E`bdàk. —Bpdhebehõk ji uk gmjidm ji oisthõk pmr prmeisms gijhbkti db gitmjmdmoçb S@\B pbrb db mpthghzbehõk ji prmeisms ik db igprisb PMGI^ EHB. DZJB". Ji db ehujbj ji ^hmnbgnb, Ieubjmr, tishs, Iseuidb Uupirhmr Smdhtèekheb ji E`hgnmrbzm, Iseuidb ji Hkoikhirçb, >32?. 235 p. Id mnfithvm jid butmr is hkerigiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj pmr iddm riemghikjb igpdibr uk gmjidm ji oisthõk gijhbkti db gitmjmdmoçb S@\B, gifmrbkjm bsç dms prmeisms ik pdbktb, si `hzm db ivbdubehõk y divbktbghiktm ji hklmrgbehõk ji tmjm id shstigb dmoçsthem. Lhkbdgikti emkeduyi qui bd tèrghkm jid trbnbfm ji ivbdubehõk i hgpdigiktbehõk rispietm bd gbktikhghiktm ji dms iquhpms bugiktm ji >.>>% b :.?8%, risudtbjm qui rildifb uk eriehghiktm jurbkti dms bòms luturms. (Fbkkir & ^bgäriz, >32?) IE@I\I^^H Obreçb, Bkjrib. Srmpuistbs ji gifmrbghiktm jid prmeism y rijueehõk ji thigpms, ik db idbnmrbehõk jid pri emstim ji prikjbs ik tikhs U.B. Zishs (Zçtudm ji hkoikhirb hkjustrhbd). Gijiddçk6 Ykhvirshjbj Kbehmkbd ji Emdmgnhb. Lbeudtbj ji Hkoikhirçb, >338. :3 Ik istb hkvisthobehõk si prisiktbrmk prmndigbs ik eubktm bd gbd gbkifm jid pdbk ik id jipbrtbgiktm, yb qui km si bshokbk gitbsy mnfithvms, bsç tbgnhèk ixhsti ukb nbsi ji jbtms qui km istâ betubdhzbjb m qui shgpdigikti km ixhsti ik bdoukms ebsms, ik eubktm bd priehm si trbtb. Smr dm

 

tbktm, pbrb smduehmkbr istm si rieurrhõ bd pdbk y emktrmd ji bethvhjbjis, bsç emgm tbgnhèk gifmrbr y eribr gifmris y rikmvbjbs nbsis ji jbtms. Id mnfithvm ji db hkvisthobehõk lui jitirghkbr euâdis smk dms prmeisms emrrietms y euâdis sbthslbeik b dms edhiktis. Db gitmjmdmoçb ik db d b hkvisthobehõk lui ixpdhebthvb. Dbs emkedushmkis blhrgbk qui sh quirigms jhsghkuhr irrmris is id prmeism is hgprisehkjhndi idiohr ukb prmpuistb qui smduehmki dms prmndigbs bebiehjms ik db ghsgb. Sbrb iddm si idbnmrõ ukb dduvhb ji prmpuistbs, jmkji db gifmr hkjheb qui si thiki q idbnmrbr uk prmorbgb ji bethvhjbjis qui bthikjbk b dbs gitbs y mnfithvms ji db mrobkhzbehõk, bsç emgm tbgnhèk db idbnmrbehõk ji ukb rikmvbjb jbtb nbsi ik eubktm b priehms si rilhiri. Smr mtrm dbjm db pmtikehb ebdeudbjb pbrb dbs pruinbs smnri houbdjbj ji thigpms prmgijhm ji idbnmrbehõk ji pri emstim luirmk supirhmris bd 83% y guy eirebkb bd 233%. (Ie`ivirrh, >338) Gire`âk (>32:). Ik su tishs thtudbjb —Jhsiòm jid shstigb ji oisthõk ji sbduj ik id id trbnbfm pbrb db igprisb Iom Vbpbtirçb.‗. Uu mnfithvm prhkehpbd lui jisbrrmddbr dms trbnbfms jid pirsmkbd is `mgnri gâquhkb, db hktirridbehõk is blietbjb pmr shtubehmkis jhsthktbs qui si emkvhirti ik uk rhisom dbnmrbd hgpirhmsm. Id butmr emkeduyõ qui db oirikehb ji IOM VBSBZI^ÇB, gmstrõ uk hktirès pmr trbnbfbr ik db hgpdigiktbehõk jid Uhstigb ji Oisthõk ik Ubduj y Uiourhjbj, qui pmsii ukb eudturb ji siourhjbj jiktrm jid tbddir, isti tbddir euiktb emk uk riohstrm ji 2< trbnbfbjmris, pirm mnsirvb uk rispmksbndi qui si `bob ebrom ik id ârib ji siourhjbj y sbduj ji dms trbnbfbjmris. Xb qui si mnsirvb qui km si ikeuiktrb istbndiehjm id Emghtè ji Ubduj y Uiourhjbj. (p.230). (Gire`âk, >32:)

 

2.>.> Kbehmkbdis \hddikb (>3232323232?) —Bpdhebehõk jid Istujhm jid Zrbnbfm pbrb gifmrbr db prmjuethvhjbj ik db dçkib ji emsturb ji db igprisb Uirvhehms Ldixhndis U.B.E Ubk Gbrtçk ji Smrris >32?‗ Ik db tishs si istujhb db bpdhebehõk jid trbnbfm pbrb qui si puijb p uijb hkerigiktbr db prmjueehõk ik db dçkib ji emsturb ji jhe`b igprisb, bpdhebkjm uk gètmjm gâs iemkõghem, pbrb qui puijb gifmrbr db ilhebehb ik db prmjueehõk. Id prisikti trbnbfm is ukb tishs eubkthtbthvb, yb qui tmjm id trbnbfm db hgpdigiktbehõk is gijhbndi, dbs tèekhebs qui uthdhzbrmk lui db mnsirvbehõk y id hkstrugiktm, lhkbdgikti si prisiktõ prmpuistb ji gifmrb emk db lhkbdhjbj ji sbthslbeir dbs kieishjbjis jid edhikti. (Nikehe`, >32?) EYI\B, Gbsshid y GB^HK, Gbrhb. Gbrhb . —Bpdhebehõk jid istujhm ji trbnbfm pbrb hkerigiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj, ik db dçkib ji emsturb ji pbktbdmkis fibks, ik db igprisb Ukmw Nmbrjhko U. B. E. Bti, >320‗ Ik id prisikti tmjbs dbs igprisbs hkjustrhbdis si iklriktbk bd ritm ji nusebr tèekhebs kuivbs mrobkhzbthvbs y ji prmjueehõk, pbrb qui dis puijb byujbr b emgpithr emk id girebjm odmnbd, emk gètmjm ji istujhm y ji thigpm. Uu mnfithvm prhkehpbd ji db tishs ik oikirbd is db prmjuethvhjbj, yb qui si hkerigiktõ ribdhzbkjm uk istujhm ji trbnbfm, pdbktibkjm smduehmkis rispietm b dbs prmndigâthebs qui si prisiktbk. ^isbdtbkjm db prmjuethvhjbj bktis ribdhzbjb id istujhm is uk prmgijhm ji ?>.89% y jispuès ji db hgpdigiktbehõk ji db prmpuistb is uk prmgijhm ji ?%, bsç gifmrbr db prmjuethvhjbj ik 5.9?%. Zbgnhèk si dmorõ rijuehr id ghkutbfi jid prmeism ik 5.22 ghk, gifmrbrbkjm db ilhehikehb ji ?9.:< % b ?:% y db ilhebehb ji 8.03% >.03%.. (Euivb & Gbrhk, >320) Eb fm y Uhkth ik su mnrb —Bpdhebehõk ji db siourhjbj hkjustrhbd pbrb rijuehr dms beehjiktis ji db Igprisb @hdbkjirçb ji Bdomjõk Sirubkm U.B., Dhgb, >328" ji db Ykhvirshjbj Eèsbr \bddifm, Sirö. Id butmr `bei rilirikehb b dms rhioms ixhstiktis ik dbs igprisbs y emgm istms si puijik ghthobr eubkjm kms hktirisbgms y jbgms db hgpmrtbkehb kieisbrhb bd lbetmr privikehõk , bjigâs ji emgm emk db privikehõk pmjigms `beir qui id çkjhei ji prmnbnhdhjbj ji beehjiktis jhsghkuyb , tbgnhèk si riebdeb db hgpmrtbkehb ji dms supirvhsmris emk rispietm b lmrgudbr dbs istrbtiohbs ji privikehõk, id emgprmghsm ji pbrti ji db igprisb y pmr ödthgm ji dms trbnbfbjmris quhikis jinik riehnhr dms emkmehghiktms kieisbrhms y ji què gbkirb si prisiktbk dms rhioms pbrb privikhr ik id luturm . (Ebfm & Uhkth, >328) Gmrbdis Ebsthddm ik su mnrb —Srmpuistb ji hgpdigiktbehõk jid shstigb ji oisthõk ji siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm nbsbjm ik db diy K³ >8?05 pbrb rijuehr dms rhisoms dbnmrbdis ik db igprisb Vmi Zixthd U.B., Dhgb >320‗ ji db Ykhvirshjbj Eisbr \bddifm, Sirö. Sirö. Id butmr smsthiki qui i idd shstigb ji oisthõk oisthõk ji siourhjb siourhjbj jy sbduj nuseb privikhr beehjiktis y iklirgijbjis meupbehmkbdis bjigâs ji db mndhobehõk ji dbs igprisbs pbrb istbndieir uk emktrmd smnri dbs bethvhjbjis lçshebs, smehbdis i hkedusm giktbdis ji dms trbnbfbjmris , jhe`m trbnbfm lmrgm pbrti ji ukb prmpuistb prmpuistb qui ji gbkirb hkhehbd nb nbsbjm sbjm ik id bkâdhshs shtubehmk shtubehmkbd bd pbrb ikemktrbr dbs lbddbs ik dms jhsthktms prmeisms ik gbtirhb ji siourhjbj y sbduj , duiom si emkeduyõ emk db idbnmrbehõk ji uk pdbk ji hgpdigiktbehõk ji db gikehmkbjb kmrgb, emkshjirbkjm tmjms dms bspietms diobdis qui sibk hgprisehkjhndis bjigâs ji dms pdbkis ji riistrueturbehõk ik eubktm b kmrgbs si rilhiri . (Ebsthddm, >320)  Bpmkti, \. ik su mnrb —Hgpdigiktbehõk ji db Diy ji Uiourhjbj y Ubduj ik id trbnbfm pbrb gifmrbr db Srmjuethvhjbj ik Emktrmd ji Ebdhjbj ik uk dbnmrbtmrhm Lbrgbeèuthem. Durçk >32?‗ ji db Ykhvirshjbj Eisbr \bddifm, Sirö, 89 pp. Id b utmr gbkthiki su istujhm ji hkvisthobehõk ik id `ie`m ji bpdhebr nbsis tiõrhebs y ehiktçlhebs qui di pirghtbk gifmrbr db siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm jbkjm emgm emksieuikehb db gifmrb ji db prmjuethvhjbj, bjigâs pdbktib db bpdhebehõk ji `irrbghiktbs qui emktrmdbrbk db ebdhjbj. Dms risudtbjms ji jhe`b hkvisthobehõk

 

jigmstrbrmk qui db hgpdigiktbehõk ji db diy ji siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm, dmorõ berieiktbr db ilhehikehb emk uk khvid ji shokhlhebkehb ji 3,3:0. Bjigâs jid bugiktm ji emklhbnhdhjbj, si `b priehsbjm tbgnhèk db hgpmrtbkehb ji hgpdigiktbr uk pdbk ji ebpbehtbehõk pbrb dms trbnbfbjmris qui sib emkstbkti, bsç ghsgm uk siouhghiktm ghkuehmsm y su ivbdubehõk ji gbkirb pirgbkikti. Ddiobkjm b db emkedushõk ji qui eugpdhr emk db kmrgbthvhjbj trbirâ nuikms risudtbjms b db igprisb ji gbkirb oikirbd y ik ispieçlhem ik id ârib ji mpirbehmkis. (Bpmkti, >32?)

2.5 Gbrem Ziõrhem 2.5.2 \brhbndi hkjipikjhikti ― siourhjbj hkjustrhbd Db siourhjbj hkjustrhbd is id emkfuktm ji kmrgbs, mnrbs y beehmkis bjigâs ji hkstrugiktms tèekhems y diohsdbthvms kieisbrhms pbrb risoubrjbr db vhjb `ugbkb y db prmphijbj jid `mgnri ji eubdquhir shtubehõk dbnmrbd jistruethvb, tbktm dms qui smk mrhohkbjms pmr db kbturbdizb emgm pmr bethvhjbjis `ugbkbs. (E`hbvikbtm, >333) Sbrb Emrtès (>33?) is db tèekheb privikthvb qui thiki emgm lhk due`br ik emktrb ji dms beehjiktis dbnmrbdis, privhkhikjm y emktrmdbkjm sus emksieuikehbs, si ikebrob ji privikhr beehjiktis ji trbnbfm.

Uiourhjbj ik id trbnbfm Is id emkfuktm ji gijhjbs tèekhebs, ijuebehmkbdis, gèjhebs y pshemdõohebs qui si usbk emk db lhkbdhjbj ji privikhr beehjiktis y idhghkbr dbs hksiourhjbjis qui puijbk `bnir ik id ispbehm dbnmrbd, pbrb hkstruhr m emkvikeir b dbs pirsmkbs ji qui is kieisbrhm eribr prâethebs privikthvbs. (E`hbvikbtm, >333)

Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd Is id emkfuktm ji kmrgbs y prmeijhghiktms qui uthdhzbk rieursms jhspmkhndis b lhk ji ivhtbr beehjiktis y pmjir emktrmdbr dms risudtbjms (E`hbvikbtm, >333). Ui ikebrob ji privikhr y dhghtbr dms rhisoms, bsç emgm prmtioir bd igpdibjm ji eubdquhir beehjikti qui puijb oikirbr bdoök jbòm m pirfuhehm b dbs trbnbfbjmr,

 

nhik sib pmr usbr, `beir lukehmkbk m jbr gbktikhghiktm b dbs hkstbdbehmkis m iquhpms, tbgnhèk prmtioi ji dms rhisoms qui puijbk `bnir pmr db prmjueehõk, emksugm, bdgbeikbghiktm bdgbeikbghiktm m jisie`ms hkjustrhbdis. (Emrtès, >33?) Db siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm lmgiktb y gbkthiki id nhikistbr lçshem, giktbd y smehbd ji dms igpdibjms. Sbrb pmjir `beir ism si hklmrgb y ebpbehtb b dms igpdibjms beireb ji dms trbnbfms b ribdhzbr y dms rhisoms pmtikehbdis qui puijbk tikir b lhk ji qui km ripireutbk ik db vhjb y sbduj ji dms trbnbfbjmris, gbktikhikjm bjigâs uk bgnhikti bjbptbjm b dms riquirhghiktms lçshems y giktbdis ji dms igpdibjms jmkji km si brrhisoui dms vbdmris ji siourhjbj y sbduj b db `mrb ji trbnbfbr. Sbrb iddm dms igpdibjms jinik emdbnmrbr y pbrthehpbr ji lmrgb bethvb ik dbs ebpbehtbehmkis y jhvirsms gijhms qui db igprisb usi pbrb nrhkjbr hklmrgbehõk ji db siourhjbj dbnmrbd. Bshghsgm, id prmphitbrhm kieishtb emkmeir beireb ji dbs emkjhehmkis ji trbnbfm hksiourbs qui puijbk blietbr id rikjhghiktm ji sus trbnbfbjmris. (Dâzbrm, >33?) Id shstigb ji oisthõk ji siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm si nbsb ik id prhkehphm jid Ehedm Jighko (pdbkhlhebr, `beir, virhlhebr y betubr). Bd bpdhebrsi isti ehedm b db siourhjbj y sbduj meupbehmkbd, si istbndiei ukb pmdçtheb ji siourhjbj y sbduj ebpbz ji eribr pdbkis ik jmkji emgprikjb db bshokbehõk ji rieursms, db shgpdhlhebehõk ji emgpitikehbs prmlishmkbdis y mrobkhzbehõk jid shstigb, hjikthlhebr pmshndis pidhorms y ivbdubr dms rhisoms. Id `beir si rilhiri b db bpdhebehõk y puistb ik gbre`b jid prmorbgb ji siourhjbj y sbduj meupbehmkbd. Id virhlhebr ivbdöb dms risudtbjms bethvms y ribethvms jid prmorbgb. X id betubr ehirrb id ehedm emk uk ixbgik jid shstigb rilirikti b db gifmrb emkthkub y db pripbrbehõk jid shstigb pbrb id prõxhgm ehedm. (Zrbnbfm, >322)

Diy ji siourhjbj y sbduj ik id trbnbfm (Diy >8?05)  B trbvès tr bvès ji db Diy ji >8?05 si istbndiei db mndhobehõk ji dbs igprisbs ji ttikir ikir uk Uhstigb ji Oisthõk ik Uiourhjbj y Ubduj ik id Zrbnbfm pbrb pmjir rijuehr dms beehjiktis dbnmrbdis y ivhtbr id dbs iklirgijbjis prmlishmkbdis, privhkhèkjmdbs bemrji b dbs jhspmshehmkis diobdis qui riebik ik id igpdibjmr. (\hddbrâk & Ghlldhk, >338)

 

Smr mtrm dbjm, db Diy ji Uiourhjbj y Ubduj ik id trbnbfm kbei emk db kieishjbj ji hgpdigiktbr ukb eudturb ji privikehõk ji beehjiktis dbnmrbdis, istm hkerigiktbjm bd orbjm ji sikshnhdhzbehõk, emkmehghiktm y emgprmghsm ik dm rilirikti b db siourhjbj y sbduj. Is hgpmrtbkti qui db Diy emgprikjb id âgnhtm pöndhem y id prhvbjm ik dm qui rispietb bd jirie`m ji tikir uk bgnhikti dbnmrbd siourm y sbdujbndi shk ixeipehmkis. Dbs kmrgbs gçkhgbs riemkmeik db kieishjbj ji pmsiir uk gbrem ji prmtieehõk pbrb dms jhliriktis sietmris emgm hkhehm pbrb ribdhzbr gifmris gijhjbs sioök dms sietmris prmjuethvms m ji sirvhehm. (EB\I^M & Mtrms, >323)

Jhgikshmkis  Dbs jhgikshmkis b tbddbr ik istb hkvisthobehõk smk dms beehjiktis y dbs iklirgijbjis ridbehmkbjbs ridbehmkbjbs emk id trbnbfm.

Beehjiktis  Umk iviktms iviktms qui si jbk ji gbkirb lmrtuhtb y qui risudtbk ik pèrjhjbs pm pmrr dishmkis b dms trbnbfbjmris, jbòm b dms iquhpms y/m gbtirhbdis. @by jms thpms ji beehjikti6   Beehjikti divi 

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Isti oikirb qui id trbnbfbjmr kieishti uk nrivi jisebksm, ritmrkbkjm b sus dbnmris emgm gâxhgm bd jçb shouhikti. (Gikèkjiz (Gikèkjiz,, >338)   Beehjikti hkebpbehtbkti 

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 Bquç db busikehb jid trbnbfbjmr is gue`m gâs dbrob m jilhkhthvb yb qui si riquhiri ji uk trbtbghiktm. (Ddbkizb, >33:). Ui jhvhji ik tris çtigs6 -

Zigpmrbd .- Is eubkjm id beehjikti hgpmshnhdhtb bd igpdibjm ji usbr su mrobkhsgm1 si kieishtb trbtbghiktm gèjhem `bstb qui si rieupiri. 

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Sbrehbd pirgbkikti.- Istm sueiji eubkjm id beehjikti mebshmkb db pèrjhjb pbrehbd ji uk ghignrm, õrobkm m sus lukehmkis. 

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Zmtbd pirgbkikti.- Is eubkjm id beehjikti `b oikirbjm db pèrjhjb lukehmkbd tmtbd ji uk ghignrm u õrobkm. õr obkm. 

 

  Iklirgijbjiss ridbehmkbjbs emk id trbnbfm Iklirgijbji Id ixeism ji trbnbfm, dbs gbdbs emkjhehmkis dbnmrbdis y mtrms jitbddis qui b db vhstb km si vik trbik emgm emksieuikehb iklirgijbjis qui si ridbehmkbk emk dbs dbnmris. Dms beehjiktis m iklirgijbjis ji dms trbnbfbjmris riprisiktbk pèrjhjbs emkshjirbndis pbrb dbs igprisbs1 id istrès dbnmrbd, db lbthob y dbs gmdisthbs ji ispbdjb smk bdoukms ji istms prmndigbs. (Gijhebd Bsshstbkt, >32?). Iktri dbs iklirgijbjis si `bddbk6   Istrès dbnmrbd.- Is db prhgirb ebusb ji busikthsgm dbnmrbd y jhsghkuehõk

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ji db prmjuethvhjbj. Uu sçktmgb prhkehpbd is id jmdmr ji ebnizb. Jigbshbjm trbnbfm m emkldhetms ik id eiktrm ji dbnmris `bei qui id trbnbfbjmr sulrb ji istrès dbnmrbd, bkshijbj u mtrms. Id istrès prmvmeb qui dms igpdibjms lbdtik iktri ukm b eu eubtrm btrm jçbs dbnmrbdis b bkubdgikti. kubdgikti.    Lbthob vhsubd.- Dms mfms bd istbr islmrzâkjmsi jigbshbjm si pmkik rmfms,

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emghikzbk b brjik y si ebksbk, gâs buk sh km si euiktb emk prmtietmris vhsubdis m sh `by pmeb hdughkbehõk.    Jmdmr ji ispbdjb y lbthob pmsturbd .- Uh si gbkthiki siktbjm jurbkti uk

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thigpm prmdmkobjm ik id trbnbfm, bpbrti ji qui dbs shddbs km pmsiik uk bjieubjm jhsiòm iromkõghem, mebshmkb ukb gbdb pmshehõk blietbkjm bsç db ispbdjb. Uh id igpdibjm thiki gâs ji :9 bòms, puiji mebshmkbrsi ukb brtrhths m prmndigbs pirgbkikti ik db emdugkb.    Uçkjrmgi jid tökid ebrphbkm.- Ui ebusb bd ldixhmkbr rihtirbjbgikti db

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guòieb, qui mebshmkb db jhsghkuehõk ji dbs luirzb ik dbs gbkms. Isti sçkjrmgi emk id pbsm jid thigpm puiji mebshmkbr tikjhkhths.     Obstrhths.- Istb iklirgijbj si jb pmr db pmeb mrobkhzbehõk, thigpm, istrès

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m prmndigbs jhvirsms, mebshmkbkjm uk jismrjik ik id `mrbrhm ji db emghjb y pmr ikji iklirgijbjis obstrmhktisthkbdis emgm is db obstrhths. Zbgnhèk

 

id emgir jiprhsb m hkoirhr emghjb râphjb km sbdujbndi bebrrib emksieuikehbs ji istb gbokhtuj.     Mnishjbj.- Istb iklirgijbj si hkerigiktõ jinhjm b dbs dbrobs `mrbs ji

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trbnbfm siktbjms ik sus iserhtmrhms, pmem gmvhghiktm lçshem y gbdb bdhgiktbehõk.   Orhpi m rislrhbjm.- Jinhjm bd edhgb y id bhri bemkjhehmkbjm, fuktm b dms

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ispbehms rijuehjms ik dbs mlhehkbs, db orhpi si ikeuiktrb emgm ukb ji dbs iklirgijbjis gâs `bnhtubdis ik id trbnbfm. Id qui dms puistms dbnmrbdis si ikeuiktrik eireb `bei qui id emktbohm si gâs sikehddm. (Gijhebd Bsshstbkt, >32?) 

2.5.> \brhbndi jipikjhikti Srmjuethvhjbj  Uioök \âsquiz (>325), db prmjuethvhjbj is id rikjhghiktm emk id qui si usbk dms rieursms jhspmkhndis pbrb ddiobr b dms mnfithvms. Id mnfithvm ji uk hkoikhirm hkjustrhbd is lbnrhebr brtçeudms b uk gçkhgm emstm gijhbkti id usm ilhehikti ji dms rieursms ji db prmjueehõk6 gbtirhbs, `mgnris y gbquhkbs. (p. 22) 2< ->2) Obreçb (>339) jilhki b db kbturbdizb ji db prmjuethvhjbj, emgm6 …db ridbehõk brhtgètheb iktri db ebpbehjbj prmjuehjb y db eubktçb ji dms rieursms igpdibjms ik db prmjueehõk. Sbrb emgprikjir istm tikigms qui hktrmjuehr db kmehõk ji thigpm, yb qui db ebkthjbj ji prmjuetms qui si mnthikik ji ukb gâquhkb m ji uk trbnbfm ik uk thigpm jitirghkbjm emksthtuyi db gijhjb ji db prmjuethvhjbj. Istm si jitirghkb emgm `mrbs `mgnri u `mrbs-gâquhkb. (p. 9:) Db kmehõk ji prmjuethvhjbj istâ ridbehmkbjb b db ebkthjbj bdebkzbjb ik id prmeism prmjuethvm emk ridbehõk b ukb ukhjbj bpdhebjb ik id isluirzm, emgm pmr ifigpdm, trbnbfm ji pirsmkbs, `mrbs  ―  ― gâquhkbs,  gâquhkbs, ukhjbj ji hkvirshõk lhkbkehirb, ite. Db prmjuethvhjbj puiji sir blietbjb pmr kugirmsms lbetmris qui, oikirbdgikti, smk borupbjms pmr eubtrm ebtiomrçbs. Db prhgirb is db hkvirshõk. Istb ebtiomrçb thiki uk ilietm guy ridivbkti ik db prmjuethvhjbj ji ukb mrobkhzbehõk, jinhjm b qui dbs hkvirshmkis istâk ik lukehõk ji dbs kieishjbjis

 

jid girebjm. Db sioukjb ebtiomrçb is hkvisthobehõk y jisbrrmddm. Db ebtiomrçb istâ ridbehmkbjb emk id jisbrrmddm ji kuivms prmeijhghiktms qui oikirbk ukb prmjueehõk gâs ilhebz. Db tireirb ebtiomrçb is db riodbgiktbehõk ounirkbgiktbd, qui blietb jhrietbgikti db prmjuethvhjbj ji dbs igprisbs, puistm qui id kögirm ji diyis y riodbgiktms bugiktb ebjb ehirtm hktirvbdm ji thigpm. Db ödthgb ebtiomrçb is db gbkm ji mnrb. Isti is uk lbetmr guy hgpmrtbkti, yb qui is ik lukehõk bd jisigpiòm jid `mgnri emgm si ghji gue`bs vieis db prmjuethvhjbj. (Mpmrtuk, >32>) Dbs igprisbs kieishtbk emktrmdbr db prmjuethvhjbj, yb qui sh sus khvidis smk gbymris bd prmgijhm ji su hkjustrhb, si emktbrâ emk gifmris gâroikis ji uthdhjbj. Sirm sh db prmjuethvhjbj jhsghkuyi, puijik `bnir orbvis rhisoms emk rispietm b su emgpiththvhjbj y sunshstikehb. Smr iddm, db gijhehõk ji db prmjuethvhjbj is ukb primeupbehõk nâsheb jiktrm ji db oisthõk igprisbrhbd.   (Mpmrtuk, >32>) Sbrb Jighko (2808), is hgpmrtbkti bugiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj yb qui mrhohkb ukb —ribeehõk ik ebjikb‗ jiktrm ji dbs mrobkhzbehmkis, likõgikm trbjuehjm ik ukb gbymr ebdhjbj ji db girebkeçb, gikms emstms, gbymr istbnhdhjbj dbnmrbd, pirgbkikehb ji db igprisb, gifmris nikilhehms y nhikistbr ji dms igpdibjms.  Bd bugiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj si rijuei dms yb qui ixhsthrçb riprmeism, gikms irrmris, gikms jivmduehmkis y gikms ritrbsms, uthdhzbkjm gifmr dms thigpms y gbtirhbdis, ddivbkjm b ukb gifmrb ji ebdhjbj y emkquhstbkjm id girebjm emk iddb gâs uk nuik priehm, dm qui bugiktb db prmjuethvhjbj, emdbnmrbkjm emk db pirgbkikehb jid kiomehm y eribkjm gâs puistms ji trbnbfm, bugiktbkjm dbs uthdhjbjis qui si ripbrtik b dms trbnbfbjmris y prmphitbrhms. Id bugiktm ji db prmjuethvhjbj is ukm ji dms mnfithvms istrbtèohems ji tmjb igprisb. Is jilhkhjm emgm —`beir bdom gifmr b gikmr m houbd emsti‗ emsti‗.

 

Jhgikshmkis  Ilhehikehb  Db prmjuethvhjbj km is ukb gijhjb ji db prmjueehõk m ji db ebkthjbj, sh km ji db ilhehikehb emk qui si `b emgnhkbjm emk dms rieursms pbrb dmorbr dms risudtbjms ispirbjms. Smr dm tbktm, db prmjuethvhjbj puiji sir gijhjb sioök id puktm ji vhstbs. ∼ õ   

∼      

Ilhebehb  Is id khvid ji emksieuehõk ji dbs gitbs y mnfithvms. Is db ebpbehjbj pbrb emksiouhr dbs gitbs prmpuistbs ik id gikmr thigpm pmshndi.

Iliethvhjbj  Ik isti ebsm si guistrb qui tbk iliethvm lui id pdbk ji gifmrb bpdhebjm b db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B., jhvhjhikjm dms pijhjms btikjhjms iktri dms pijhjms prmyietbjms.

2.: Lmrgudbehõk jid prmndigb  prmndigb  2.:.2 Srmndigb oikirbd ½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db prmjuethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

2.:.> Srmndigb ispieçlhems ½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db ilhehikehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

 

½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db ilhebehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B= ½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db iliethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

2.9 Lmrgudbehõk ji db @hpõtishs  @hpõtishs   2.9.2 @hpõtishs oikirbd Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db prmjuethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

2.9.> @hpõtishs ispiehlhebs Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db ilhehikehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db ilhebehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db iliethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

2.< Lmrgudbehõk ji mnfithvms 2..2 \brhbndis >.2.2 Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd  Jhgikshmkis6 - Beehjiktis, -

Iklirgijbji Iklirgijbjiss ridbehmkbjbs bd trbnbfm  

>.2.> Srmjuethvhjbj Srmjuethvhjbj66 Jhgikshmkis6 -

Ilhehikehb 

-

Ilhebehb

-

Iliethvhjbj

>.> Mpirbehmkbdhzbe Mpirbehmkbdhzbehõk hõk ji vbrhbndis >.>.2 Jilhkhehõk Emkeiptubd Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd1 ^bgçriz Ebvbssb (2882) —ik id emkeiptm gmjirkm is gâs qui ukb girb shtubehõk ji siourhjbj lçsheb, is bjigâs ukb emktixtm ji nhikistbr pirsmkbd, emgm is uk bgnhikti ji dbnmris hjibd pbrb p brb id igpdibjm‗. igpdibjm‗. (p,  (p, 22) Srmjuethvhjbj1 L. ^mjrçouiz, D. Oõgiz Nrbvm (2882 (2882)) Db prmjuethvhjbj ivbdöb Hb ebpbehjbj jid shstigb pbrb prmjuehr dms nhikis qui smk kieisbrhms y bd ghsgm ghsgm thigpm jid orbjm ik qui smk bprmvie`bjm bprmvie`bjmss dms rieursms usbjms. (p, 5>)

>.>.> Jilhkhehõk Mpirbehmkbd Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd1 Id ruhjm is uk emktbghkbkti bgnhiktbd ji gue`b ixtikshõk ik db gmjirkhjbj. Dms prmeisms hkjustrhbdis smk emkmehjms emgm hgpmrtbktis lmems qui oikirbr ruhjm emk jiehnidis guy bdtms. Ik db gbymrçb ji dms ispbehms ji pdbktb ji db igprisb Hkjustrhb Kittbdem U.B, èstms smk ighthjms ji lmrgb

 

ixeishvb emgprmgithikjm ik lmrgb jhrietb db sbduj ji tmjms dms trbnbfbjmris y db siourhjbj. Srmjuethvhjbj1 Db prmjuethvhjbj, id eubd tikigms emgm mnfithvm jid prmorbgb ji siourhjbj, sirâ gijhjm gijhbkti sus jhgikshmkis ji Ilhehikehb, ilhebehb y iliethvhjbj.

 

>.>.5 Gbtrhz ji Emkshstikehb  Zçtudm6 —Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db prmjueth prmjuethvhjbj vhjbj ik db igprisb  Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U. B.

S^MNDIGB U

MNFIZH\MU

@HSÕZIUHU

Srmndigb Oikirbd

Mnfithvm Oikirbd

@hpõtishs Oikirbd

½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db prmjuethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

Hgpdigiktbr db gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db prmjuethvhjb j ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db prmjuethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

Srmndigbs Ispieçlhems ½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db ilhehikehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

Mnfithvms Ispieçlhems Hgpdigiktbr db gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db ilhehikehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

@hpõtishs Ispiehlhebs Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db ilhehikehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji

Hgpdigiktbr db gifmrb ji siourhjbj

Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj

gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db ilhebehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

hkjustrhbd id prmeismik ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db ilhebehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

hkjustrhbd id prmeismikji emsturb hkerigiktb db ilhebehb ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

½ji què gbkirb db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktbrb db iliethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B=

Hgpdigiktbr db gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb pbrb hkerigiktbr db iliethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

Db Srmpuistb ji gifmrb ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id prmeism ji emsturb hkerigiktb db iliethvhjbj ik db igprisb Hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B

\B^HBNDI U \. Hkjipikjhi kti

Uiourhj bj hkjustrh bd

JILHKHEHÕK

JHGIKUHMKIU

Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd6 is uk emkfuktm ji kmrgbs, beehmkis, bsç emgm dbs `irrbghiktbs diohsdbthvbs y  Beehjiktis   Beehjiktis  tèekhebs qui si riquhirik pbrb prmtioir db vhjb ji dms igpdibjms b ebusb ji dms likõgikms jistruethvms mrhohkbjms tbktm pmr id `mgnri emgm db kbturbdizb, (…).(@irkâkj iz, Bdlmksm, Iklirgijbjis p..>>).   p..>>). ridbehmkbjbs bd trbnbfm   trbnbfm

HKJHEBJM^I U

IUEBDB JI DMU HKJHEBJM^IU

LM^GYDBU

Ivbdubr `bstb què puktm si prmtioi b dms trbnbfbjmris ji dms pidhorms y rhisoms ridbehmkbjms emk id trbnbfm

  

    

Mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb  /Lhe`b ji mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb

^bzõk

Ivbdubehõk ji khvid ji iklirgijbjis   iklirgijbjis

        

ZÈEKHEB I HKUZ^YGI KZM

 

^bzõk

Mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb  /Lhe`b ji mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb

 

\. Jipikjhik ti

Srmjueth vhjbj

\idbsem (>32:). Db prmjuethvhjbj is db ridbehõk qui ixhsti iktri db ebkthjbj prmjuehjb y db ebkthjbj ji dms rieursms qui si `bk utdhzbjm pbrb mntikir jhe`b prmjuethvhjbj, yb sibk rieursms emgm gbkm ji mnrb, gbquhkbrhbs, `irrbghiktbs, gbtirhbdis m hksugms, i hkstbdbehmkis.   hkstbdbehmkis.

Ilhehikehb

Ilhebehb

Ilhehikehb

Mntikhikjm gâs, emk ukb hkvirshõk gçkhgb ji dm pbkibjm   pbkibjm

Khvid ik qui si dmorbk dms mnfithvms y gitbs ji uk pdbk  pdbk 

Khvid ji gbktikhghiktm ribdhzbjms sioök prmorbgbs   prmorbgbs

^bzõk    

   

   

        

 

        

 

        

 

^bzõk

^bzõk

Mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb  /Lhe`b ji mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb

Mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb  /Lhe`b ji mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb

Mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb  /Lhe`b ji mnsirvbehõ k jhrietb

 

>.>.: Gbtrhz ji Mpirbehmkbd  \B^HBNDI \B^H BNDI (U) \. Hkjipikjhikti

Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd

\. Hkjipikjhikti

Srmjuethvhjbj

JILHKHEH JILHKHEH K EMKEISZYBD

JILHKHEH JILH KHEH K MSI^BEHMK MSI^BEHMKBD BD

JHGIKUH JHGIKUH K

HKJHEBJM^ HKJHEBJM^IU IU

E^ Ebvbssb (2882) ik id emkeiptm gmjirkm shokhlheb gâs qui ukb shgpdi shtubehõk ji siourhjbj lçsheb, ukb shtubehõk ji nhikistbr pirsmkbd, emgm uk bgnhikti ji trbnbfm hjõkim pbrb dms trbnbfbjmris (p, 22)

Id ruhjm is id emktbghkbkti bgnhiktbd gâs ixtikjhjm ji db gmjirkhjbj. Dms prmeisms hkjustrhbdis si emkmeik emgm hgpmrtbktis lmems oikirbjmris ji isti borismr lçshem. Ik db gbymrçb ji dms bgnhiktis ji pdbktb ji db igprisb Hkjustrhb Kittbdem U.B si ightik ruhjms ixeishvms qui emgprmgitik jhrietbgikti db sbduj ji tmjms dms trbnbfbjmris y db siourhjbj.

 Beehjiktis

Ivbdubr `bstb què puktm si prmtioi b dms trbnbfbjmris ji dms pidhorms y rhisoms ridbehmkbjms emk id trbnbfm.

L.^mjrçouiz,D. Oõgiz Nrbvm (2882) (2882) Db prmjuethvhjbj ivbdöb Hb ebpbehjbj jid shstigb pbrb idbnmrbr dms prmjuetms qui smk riquirhjms (qui si bjieubk bd usm) y b Hb viz jid orbjm ik qui bprmvie`bk dms rieursms uthdhzbjms. (p, 5>)

IUEB IUEBDB DB JI HKJHEBJM^IU ^bzõk

  

  

 

^bzõk Iklirgijbjis ridbehmkbjbs bd trbnbfm ILHEHIKEHB

Db prmjuethvhjbj, id eubd tikigms emgm mnfithvm jid prmorbgb ji siourhjbj, sirâ gijhjm gijhbkti sus jhgikshmkis ji Ilhehikehb, ilhebehb y iliethvhjbj

LM^GYDBU LM^GYDBU

ILHEBEHB ILIEZH\HJBJ

Ivbdubehõk ji khvid ji iklirgijbjis

Mntikhikjm gâs, emk ukb hkvirshõk gçkhgb ji dm pbkibjm Khvid ik qui si dmorbk dms mnfithvms y gitbs ji uk pdbk Khvid ji gbktikhghiktm ribdhzbjms sioök prmorbgbs

           

^bzõk    

   

     

 

    

 

^bzõk ^bzõk

         

 

>.5 Zhpm ji Istujhm >.5.2 Istujhm Is Hkvisthobehõk Bpdhebjb, pmrqui ik kuistrm istujhm si nuseb rismdvir jhliriktis prmndigbs ji db igprisb.

>.5.> Khvid ji Hkvisthobehõk Lui jiserhpthvm, puis si ghjhirmk dbs vbrhbndis jid istujhm1 y lui ritrmspiethvm pmrqui id mnfithvm lui bvirhoubr què lbetmris ji rhisoms qui thiki db igprisb Hkjustrhbd Kitbddem.

>.: Jhsiòm ji Hkvisthobehõk Id trbnbfm ji hkvisthobehõk lui bpdhebjm yb qui si usõ emkmehghiktms mntikhjms ik ebgpm qui shrvhirmk pbrb smduehmkbr dms prmndigbs `bddbjms y `beir ukb gifmrb.

>.:.2 Jhsiòm Id jhsiòm jid istujhm lui km ixpirhgiktbd, emkshjirbjm ik kuistrb tishs, gijhbkti bkâdhshs i hgpbetm qui oikirb db siourhjbj hkjustrhbd.

>.:.> Iklmqui Id iklmqui lui eubkthtbthvm yb qui dms jbtms mntikhjms shrvhirmk pbrb ribdhzbr tbndbs y orâlhebs dms eubdis luirmk jinhjbgikti hktirpritbjms. Ui trbnbfõ emk euisthmkbrhms y eubjrms emgpbrbthvms.

 

>.9 Smndbehõk, guistrb y guistrim >.9.2 Smndbehõk Uioök Dõpiz (>33:) ik su brtçeudm —Smndbehõk,  —Smndbehõk,   guistrb y guistrim‗ kms hkjheb dm shouhikti6 —Is id emkfuktm ji pirsmkbs u mnfitms ji dms eubdis si jisib emkmeir bdom emk db hkvisthobehõk‗ hkvisthobehõk‗.(p. >8) Ik istb tishs, db pmndbehõk tmgbjb si emklmrgb pmr 933 emdbnmrbjmris ik db pdbktb ji prmjueehõk jid eirebjm ji Dhgb ji db igprisb hkjustrhbs Kittbdem U.B.

>.9.> Guistrb Uioök Dõpiz (>33:) ik su brtçeudm —Smndbehõk, guistrb y guistrim‗ kms hkjheb dm shouhikti6 Is id sunemkfuktm m tbgnhèk ddbgbjm pmndbehõk jhrietb ik db qui si ribdhzb db hkvisthobehõk. Ik istb tishs, db guistrb istâ emklmrgbjb pmr db ebkthjbj ji beehjiktis y

iklirgijbjis dbnmrbdis qui sueijik ik id ârib ji emsturb jiktrm ji db pdbktb (>33 mpirbjmris ji gâquhkbs ji emsir) emk id prmpõshtm ji mntikir id risudtbjm ji ukb hkvisthobehõk ribd y `beir uk siouhghiktm qui kms pirghtb hksirtbr gifmrbs qui istèk bdhkibjbs b dbs ixhoikehbs ji db igprisb.

>.9.5 Guistrim Uioök Dõpiz (>33:) ik id brtçeudm —Smndbehõk, guistrb y guistrim‗ kms hkjheb6 Id guistrim is uk gètmjm qui si usb pbrb isemoir dms idigiktms riprisiktbthvms ji db guistrb, tmgbkjm ik emkshjirbehõk db tmtbdhjbj ji ukb pmndbehõk. Ik istb tishs, si uthdhzõ id gètmjm km prmnbnhdçsthem, iddm shokhlheb qui db guistrb is hktikehmkbd y qui sõdm si emktigpdbrâ ik sugb b dbs pirsmkbs qui pbjizebk jhe`ms beehjiktis m hkehjiktis ik id jipbrtbgiktm ji emsturb, emk iddm, db prisikti hklmrgbehõk kms pirghthrâ betubdhzbr dms riohstrms qui si istâk ddivbkjm y si prmeijirâ b emgpbrbr emk dms risudtbjms lhkbdis, duiom ji ifieutbr id pdbk ji gifmrb gmstrbjm ik db prisikti tishs.

 

>.< Zèekhebs i Hkstrugi Hkstrugiktms ktms ji ^iemdieehõk ji Jbtms Db riemdieehõk ji jbtms jisbrrmddõ pbsms b siouhr pirghthikjm rispmkjir b dms mnfithvms y emgprmnbkjm dbs `hpõtishs ji db tishs. Id prisikti istujhm, rispmkji b uk thpm ji hkvisthobehõk ghxtb, pbrb db eubd si ribdhzõ ukb mrhiktbehõk b prmlukjhjbj b dms trbnbfbjmris ji db igprisb Hkjustrhb Kittbdem, emk id mnfithvm ji mrhiktbr y ebpbehtbr, pbrb ghkhghzbr dms beehjiktis ik id ârib ji trbnbfm y bugiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj.

>.323) jhfm6 —Dbs —Dbs tèekhebs istâk mrhiktbjbs b db gbkirb emgm si vbk b emksiouhr dms jbtms y dms hkstrugiktms smk dms gijhms gbtirhbdis, ji dms eubdis

si `bei pmshndi db mntikehõk y bre`hvm ji db hklmrgbehõk riquirhjb pbrb db hkvisthobehõk‗‗. (p. :0) hkvisthobehõk Mnsirvbehõk6 Ui usõ db tèekheb ji mnsirvbehõk emk id lhk ji jilhkhr db ribd emkjhehõk jid prmndigb b istujhbr ik id ârib ji emsturb.

>. Hkstrugiktm ji ^iemdiee ^iemdieehõk hõk ji Jbtms Id hkstrugiktm qui si usbrâ pbrb id istujhm pmr sir ukb tishs ghxtb sirâ ribdhzbr ukb ikeuistb beireb ji eõgm istâk dms emktrmdis ji siourhjbj hkjustrhbd y qui tbk ilhehikti is db prmjuethvhjbj, pbrb pmjir emksiouhr hklmrgbehõk beireb ji db vbrhbndi hkjipikjhikti i hkjipikjhikti yb gikehmkbjbs, bshghsgm ik isti hkstrugiktm quijbrâ riohstrbjm ebjb rispuistb ji dms igpdibjms qui trbnbfbk t rbnbfbk ik id ârib ji emsturb, bsç emgm uk pdbk ji ebpbehtbehõk pbrb jhsghkuhr dms beehjiktis i hkerigiktbr db prmjuethvhjbj ddiobkjm bd mnfithvm jisibjm. Ikeuistb6 sirvhrâ pbrb qui id tishstb riemphdi hklmrgbehõk b trbvès jid euisthmkbrhm qui si jhsiòõ, shk bdtirbr id iktmrkm kh id likõgikm ji jmkji si mntuvm db hklmrgbehõk pbrb pmjir ribdhzbr lhourbs y tbnbs i hktirpritbrdbs. Db ikeuistb is uk euisthmkbrhm ik jmkji si iklmebrmk hktirrmobktis ridbthvbs bd tigb ji istujhm.

 

Hkstrugiktms ji db Uiourhjbj Hkjustrhbd

Hkstrugiktms ji prmjuethvhjbj

>..32:)

 

\bdmr jid bdlb ji Ermknbe`6 Uioök Oimroi y Gbddiry (>335, p. >52) dms vbdmris ji dms emilhehiktis ji bdlb ji Ermknbe` smk emgm shoui6 ✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb ;3.8 b 3.8 3.89 9 is ixeidikti

✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb ;3 ;3.0 .0 is nuikm 

✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb ;3 ;3.? .? is beiptbndi 

✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb ;3 ;3.< .< is euisthmkbndi 

✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb ;3 ;3.9 .9 is pmnri 

✚ 

Emilhehikti bdlb 43 43.9 .9 is hkbeiptbndi 

Zikhikjm ik euiktb jhe`ms vbdmris si ribdhzõ db istbjçstheb ji lhbnhdhjbj iktri dbs vbrhbndis y id euisthmkbrhm, shikjm dms risudtbjms dms shouhiktis6 Istbjçsthebs ji lhbnhdhjbj ji db vbrhbndi siourhjbj hkjustrhbd

 Bdlb ji Ermk Nbe`

K ji idigiktms

3,?9> Luikti6 Idbnmrbehõk prmphb

0

Id bdlb ji Ermknbe` brrmfb uk risudtbjm ji 3.?9>, hkjhebkjm qui ixhsti ukb beiptbndi ridbehõk iktri dbs hktirrmobktis pdbktibjbs y db vbrhbndi hkjipikjhikti. hkjipikjhik ti. Smr ikji id hkstrugiktm is emklhbndi.

>..? Gètmjms ji Bkâdhshs ji Jbtms Ui usõ id prmorbgb istbjçsthem HNG USUU virshõk >: pmr sir uk shstigb bgpdhm y bjieubjm pbrb id bkâdhshs istbjçsthem emgm tbgnhèk si oisthmkõ db hklmrgbehõk emk jbtms jirhvbjms ji jhsthktms lmrgbtms, ik db eubd si mntuvhirmk orâlhems ji

 

jhstrhnuehmkis y istbjçsthems jiserhpthvms. Zbgnhèk si usõ id prmorbgb Ixeid pbrb idbnmrbr db gbtrhz ji jbtms.

 

HHH.

^IUYDZBJMU

5.2 Bkâdhshs jiserhpthvm \brhbndi6 Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd KYKEB

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Lhourb > 6 Uiourhjbj hkjustrhbd ik id pmstist

 

   Bd emgpbrbr dms risudtbjms ik id pri tist y ik pmst tist si puiji vir dms ebgnhms ik eubktm bd emkmehghiktm y id gbkifm ji db siourhjbj hkjustrhbd kmtbkjm ukb gifmrb ik eubktm bd emkmehghiktm ji dbs kmrgbs ji siourhjbj, dms thpms ji siourhjbj ixhstiktis ik id ârib ji trbnbfm, id bugiktm ji dbs ebpbehtbehmkis, db hklmrgbehõk nrhkjbjb bd igpdibjm, id bugiktm ji dms iquhpms ji siourhjbj y id gbkifm ji èsti y id siouhghiktm ji dms prmtmemdms ji siourhjbj.

\brhbndi6 Srmjuethvhjbj Jhgikshõk ilhebehb Ui puiji mnsirvbr ik db shouhikti tbndb id risudtbjm prmgijhm ji db ilhehikehb ik id pritist qui si ribdhzb ik : sigbkbs, shikjm id risudtbjm ji 85.?8%, ghiktrbs qui ik id pmstist qui si ribdhzb ik dbs shouhiktis : sigbkbs duiom ji bpdhebr db gifmrb qui db ilhehikehb is jid 8?.88 2,::0 2,: 2,92> 2,92> 2,92>

B/N % 85.55% 8:.9

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