Propiedades Constitutivas de Las Sustancias

 

@cs Vrkpiblclbs Mkhstitutivcs y Vrkpiblclbs Mk`igctivcs lb `cs ]ustchmics

Mkhmbptks?

  ]bgÿh @kyk` @kyk`cc (1632), lbjihb `cs prkpib prkpiblclbs lclbs Mkhstitut Mkhstitutivcs ivcs lb `cs sustchmics sustchmics mkek cqub``cs qub lbpbhlch lb `c hcturc`bzc lb `cs pcrtåmu`cs lisub`tcs. Vkr bobep`k? vismksilcl, lbhsi lbh silc lcl, l, mkhlu mkhlumt mtiv ivil ilcl cl b` b`ém émtr trim imc, c, bt btm. m. Cså Cså mkek mkek tc tcea eaié iéhh bxp`i bxp`imc mc `c `css Vrkpi Vrkpibl blcl clbs bs mk`igc mk` igcti tivcs vcs k mk` mk`bmt bmtivc ivcss lb `cs sustchmic sustchmics, s, ebhmik ebhmikhchl hchlkk qub skh `cs qub lbpbhlb lbpbhlbhh lb` hÿebrk lb pcrtåmu`cs (ek`ému`cs, ãtkeks k ikhbs) lisub`tcs bh uhc mchtilcl jioc lb sk`vbhtb y hk lb `c hcturc`bzc lb bstcs pcrtåmu`cs. Bstcs skh? Lbsmbhsk lb `c prbsiýh lb vcpkr  Cuebhtk lb `c tbepbrcturc lb bau``imiýh Liseihumiýh lb` puhtk lb mkhgb`cmiýh Vrbsiýh Kseýtimc.

Mcrcmtbråstimcs?

  ]bgÿh () lbsmriab `cs mcrcmtbråstimcs lb `cs prkpiblclbs mkhstitutivcs mkek? c) Lbhsi Lbhsilcl? lcl? Lbh Lbhsilcl silcl 5 ecsc/ ecsc/vk`ueb vk`uebhh Muchlk llks ks sustchmics sustchmics sb ebzm`ch, ebzm`ch, `c suec suec lb sus ecscs pcrmic`bs bs bquivc`bhtb c `c ecsc tktc` lb` sistbec. ]ih beacrgk, `ks vk`ÿebhbs qub kmupcach pkr sbpcrclk publbh vcricr c` ebzm`crsb, kasbrvãhlksb uh vk`uebh lijbrbhtb c `c suectkric lb `ks vk`ÿebhbs ihimic`bs.  a) Mkhlumtivilcl b`émtrimc? cqub``cs sustchmics (sk`utks) qub bh lisk`umiýh cmuksc cmuk sc skh s kh mkhlumtkrbs lb `c b`bmtrimilcl sb lbhkeihch b`bmtrk`itks, pkr tchtk, skh lisk`umikhbs b`bmtrk`åtimcs.  B`bmtrk`itks jubrtbs liskmicmiýh mkep`btc (HcM`, HcKN, N1]K161 U  

]bgÿh ]ãhmnbz (1616), sbóc`c sbóc`c qub ncy trbs såeak` såeak`ks ks lijbrbhtbs lijbrbhtbs pcrc rbprbsbhtcr rbprbsbhtcr `c

mkhlumtivilcl b`émtrimc? ύ (gribgk? sigec), D (dcppc) y ν (gceec). Bh bstb tutkric`, usceks b` såeak`k ]igec. @c jýreu`c lb `c mkhlumtivilcl b`émtrimc, tceaiéh ``ceclc mkhlumtchmic bspbmåjimc, bs `c siguibhtb? ύ 

5

3

 p

  Lkhlb σ (rnk) bs `c rbsistbhmic bspbmåjimc.

  Qklrågubz (1613), bxp`imc `c jýreu`c lb vismksilcl lb `c siguibhtb jkrec?

Z 

5

²  p

Z Zismksilcl Mihbeãtimc ² Zismksilcl lihãeimc  p lbhsilcl

Jýreu`cs lb `cs Vrkpiblclbs Mk`igctivcs?

  ]bgÿh Vérbz (1637), sbóc`k qub `cs Jkreu`cs lb `cs prkpiblclbs mk`igctivcs skh?

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V

Lbsmbhsk lb `c prbsiýh lb vcpkr? V 5sV6

Lbsmbhsk lb `c prbsiýh lb vcpkr.s Jrcmmiýh ek`cr lb` sk`utk.V6Vrbsiýh lb vcpkr lb`

lisk`vbhtb purk.

 

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Csmbhsk bau``ksmkpik? \ 5 Db e

\ Csmbhsk bau``ksmýpimk (¿M k D).

Db Mkhstchtb bau``ksmýpimc (D·dg·ek`-3). e Ek`crilcl lb` sk`utk (ek`·dg-3).

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Lbsmbhsk mriksmýpimk? \ 5 Dm e

\ Lbsmbhsk mriksmýpimk (¿M k D).

Dm Mkhstchtb mriksmýpimc (D·dg·ek`-3). e Ek`c`ilcl lb` sk`utk (ek`·dg-3).

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Vrbsiýh kseýtimc? Z 5 h Q \

 Vrbsiýh kseýtimc (cte).

Z Zk`uebh lb lisk`umiýh (@). h Ek`bs lb sk`utks (ek`).Q Mkhstchtb lb `ks gcsbs (6,6>1 cte·@·ek`-3·D-3). \ \bepbrcturc cask`utc (D).

Ectbric`bs y bquipks bep`bclks?

  C`guhk C`guhkss lb `ks ectbric`bs ectbric`bs y bquipks bep`bclks bep`bclks pcrc `cs prkpiblclbs prkpiblclbs mkhstituti mkhstitutivcs vcs y mk`igctivcs skh `cs siguibhtbs?   ]bgÿh ]bgÿh Vct Vctiók iók (163 (1631), 1), ebhmik ebhmikhc hc `ks ihs ihstru truebh ebhtks tks eãs mkeuhb mkeuhbss pcrc pcrc `c eblilc eblilc lb lbhsilclbs?

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B` lbhsåebtrk, qub pbreitb `c eblilc lirbmtc lb `c lbhsilcl lb uh `åquilk B` pimhýebtrk, qub pbreitb `c eblilc prbmisc lb `c lbhsilcl lb sý`ilks, `åquilks y

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gcsbs @c ac`chzc nilrkstãtimc, qub pbreitb mc`mu`cr lbhsilclbs lb sý`ilks.

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@c ac`chzc lb Eknr (vcrichtb lb ac`chzc nilrkstãtimc), qub pbreitb `c eblilc  prbmisc lb `c lbhsilcl lb `åquilks

  Eurmic (166>), lbjihb `k siguibhtb?   @ks mkhlumt mkhlumtåebt åebtrks, rks, skh `ks cpcrct cpcrctks ks uuti`i ti`izclks zclks pcrc eblir `c mkhlumtivilc mkhlumtivilcll b` b`émtri émtrimc. mc. Aãsimce Aãsi mcebht bhtbb `ks mkh mkhlumt lumtåeb åebtrk trkss skh ihs ihstru truebh ebhtks tks mkepubs mkepubstks tks pkr lks p`cmcs p`cmcs lb uh ectbric` bspbmic` (p`ctihk, titchik, håqub` rbmuaibrtk mkh krk, grcjitk, btm.), uhc jubhtb c`iebhtclkrc y uh sbmtkr k bsmc`c lb eblimiýh. Muchlk bs cp`imclc uhc lijbrbhmic lb  pktbhmic` bhtrb `cs p`cmcs lb` mkhlumtåebtrk, bstb eilb `c mchtilcl lb mkrribhtb qub mkek mkhsbmubhmic pcsc pkr b``cs.   Ncy eumnks tipks lb mkhlumtåebtrks y `ks vc`krbs lb `c mkhlumtivilcl skh lbpbhlibhtbs lb `c gbkebtråc lb `c mb`lc lb mclc cpcrctk. Bs pkr b``k qub mclc uhk eilb uhc mkhlumtivilcl bspbmåjimc `c muc` bs b` prklumtk lb `c mkhlumtivilcl rbc`ebhtb eblilc eu`tip`imclc pkr `c mkhstchtb lb `c mb`lc lb` eisek. Bstc mkhstchtb bs `c rb`cmiýh qub ncy bhtrb `c listchmic c `c muc` sb bhmubhtrch sus p`cmcs y `c supbrjimib lb `cs eisecs.   ]bgÿh Widi Widipblic pblic (1616), uh kseýebt kseýebtrk brc c uh cpcrctk cpcrct k qub sb bep`bc bep`bcac ac pcrc eblir `c  prbsiýh kseýtimc kseýtimc    bht bhtrb rb uhc uhc sk`umiýh  sk`umiýh   y urkh br sk`vbhtb sk`vbhtb? ? cmtuc`ebhtb tceaiéh sb lbhkeihc kseýebtrk c `ks cpcrctks uti`izclks pcrc lbtbreihcr `c ksek`crilcl lb ksek`crilcl lb `cs sk`umikhbs, bs lbmir, `cs mkhmbhtrcmikhbs bjbmtivcs lb sk`utks qub mcusch `c prbsiýh kseýtimc, c`guhks lb `ks muc`bs hk bep`bc bep`bchh eblilcs lb prbsiýh kseýt kseýtimc imc sihk ktrcs ktrcs prkpiblclbs  prkpiblclbs mk`igctivcs  mk`igctivcs  qub mkhlumbh c rbsu`tclks eãs bxcmtks.   Krti Krtizz (163 (1632), 2), e echijbst chijbstýý `ks rbcmtivks rbcmtivks y Ectbr Ectbric`bs ic`bs uti`izclks uti`izclks bh b` b` ``cakrct cakrctkrik krik sbgÿh sbgÿh b`  puhtk lb bau``imiýh y lbsbhsk bh b` puhtk lb mkhgb`cmiýh?   Cuebhtk lb` puhtk lb bau``imiýh? 

Ectbric`bs?

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1 skpkrtbs uhivbrsc`bs. 1 pihzcs lb trbs lblks mkh hubz. 3 rbjrigbrchtb @ibaig. 3 tbreýebtrk. 3 tbreýebtrk lijbrbhmic`. 3 ectrcz ac`ýh 3 oubgk lb mkhbxikhbs pcrc lbsti`cmiýh 1 ectrcmbs br`bhebybr. 3 pcrri``c b`émtrimc.

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3 akeac pcrc rbmirmu`cr cguc

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Qbcmtivks?

bti`éhg`imk`  Cguc lbsti`clc 

  Lbsmbhsk bh b` puhtk lb mkhgb`cmiýh? 

Ectbric`?

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Jrcsmk Lbwcr (tbrek) lb 3 @ 3 tuak lb bhscyk grchlb mkh tcpýh 3 tuak lb bhscyk pbqubók mkh tcpýh 3 tbreýebtrk lb -36 c 336 ¿M 3 cgitclkr pcrc b` tuak pbqubók

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Qbcmtivks? 1 g lb urbc cguc lbsti`clc k lbs-ikhizclc sc` lb ebsc nib`k

Ecrmnc chc`åtimc lb `cs Vrkpiblclbs Mk`igctivcs?

  ]bgÿh Hkgubr Hkgubrcc ((1613), 1613), lbhktc qub `c jkrec chc`åtimc chc`åtimc lb lbekstrcr lbekstrcr bstc prkpiblcl prkpiblcl bs uti`izchlk uti`i zchlk `c `by lb Qcku`t Qcku`t pcrc  pcrc bxprbscr bxprbscr `c prbsiýh lb vcpkr lb` sk`vbhtb bh juhmiýh lb `c  prbsiýh lb vcp vcpkr kr llb` b` sk`vbhtb purk y lb `c jrcmmiýh jr cmmiýh ek`cr lb` sk`vbhtb, sk `vbhtb, mkek pklbeks vbr  bh `c siguibhtb bmucmiýh?

Lýhlb? 

V3? Vrbsiýh lb vcpkr lb `c sk`umiýh.

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x3? Jrcmmiýh ek`cr lb` sk`vbhtb.

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V6? Vrbsiýh lb vcpkr lb` sk`vbhtb purk.

Mcablblbstcmcr, c eblilcvcqub `c jrcmmiýh ek`cr lb` sk`vbhtb sb ncmb eãs pbqubóc, `c  prbsiýh vcpkr lbqub `c sk`umiýh liseihuybhlk liseihuybhlk. .

 

Mã`mu`ks tåpimks lb `cs prkpiblclbs Mkhstitutivcs?

  Gutiérrbz (163 g lb c`ueihik; σ 5 1,7 g/me= g/me= Z 5 ecsc / σ Z 5 :6> g/ 1,7 g/me= Z 5 112 me=   a) Lks p`cmcs pcrc`b`cs p`chcs muclrclcs mkh liebhsikhbs lb :6me x :6me. @c pb`åmu`c lb cmbitb mkh bspbskr lb 31,2 ee bxistb bhtrb `cs lks p`cmcs, `c p`cmc supbrikr qub sb eubvb c 1,2 e/s rbquibrb uhc jubrzc lb 9.>3 H pcrc echtbhbr `c vb`kmilcl y `c p`cmc ihjbrikr bs bstcmikhcric. Lbtbreihcr `c vismksilcl lihãeimc lb` cmbitb bh Vkisb y `c vismksilcl mihbeãtimc lb` cmbitb bh ]tkdbs si `c grcvblcl bspbmåjimc lb` cmbitb bs 6,92. 3br Vcsk? Katbhmiýh lb Lctks lb` prka`bec.

Crbc p`cmc5 (:6 me )5 6.=: e

1

]bpcrcmiýh bhtrb `cs p`cmcs5 31.2 ee 5 6.6312 e Zb`kmilcl lb `c p`cmc supbrikr5 1.2

e s

 

Jubrzc cp`imclc c `c p`cmc supbrikr5 9.>3 H Ycmbitb5 6.92  1lk Vcsk? Licgrcec lb` sistbec

=br Vcsk? Chã`isis prb`ieihcr.

 

Vcrc katbhbr `c vismksilcl lihãeimc sb bep`bc `c bmucmiýh 3, pcrc bstk, priebrk sb lbab chc`izcr b` pbrji` lb vismksilcl qub sb gbhbrc c` ekvbr `c p`cmc supbrikr c uhc mibrtc vb`kmilcl, cså lb bstc echbrc sb publb katbhbr `c rb`cmiýh bhtrb `c vcricmiýh lb vb`kmilcl lb` cmbitb y su bspbskr. @ubgk sb mc`mu`c b` bsjubrzk mkrtchtb gbhbrclk pkr `c jubrzc. Cp`imclc y mkh bstk yc sb publb lbtbreihcr `c vismksilcl lihãeimc. Jihc`ebhtb, eblichtb b` usk lb `c bmucmiýh 1 sb publb lbtbreihcr `c vismksilcl mihbeãtimc.