Pronunciation Drills, P D's by Trager & Henderson

Vowels I i, iy, e, ey I

GROUP V

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PRONUNCIATION DRILL 9 1. VOWELS I i, iy I

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Words in Contrast This is a very important section. Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "short i sound" ii, as in live; the second word has the "long e sound" fiy/, as in leave.

pit, Pete sick, seek slip, sleep grits, greets

live, leave sit, seat ship, sheep mitt, meet

rid, read chip, cheap lip, leap hit, heat

sin, seen

gyP. jeep

fit, feet

dip, deep

I

Sentences 1. Potato chips are cheap.

2. Did they fit his feet?

3. Please sit in this seat.

-I. I leave the house where I live at five o'clock.

:). Did he say "living" or "leaving"?

27

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VOWELS I iy, i I

2.

Words in Contrast N ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds.

The first word has the "long e sound" liyl, as in leave; the second word has the "short i sound" Iii, as in live.

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leave, live cheek, chicken eat, it lead, lid deed, did

he'd, hid ease, is tease, 'tis he's, his Gene, gin

steal, still we'll, will feel, fill kneel, nil green, grin

meal, mill deep, dip bean, bin these, this peat, pit

Sentences

1_

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

He's been eating his meals at the mill. Is the steel strike still on? Which of these women did he see? She didn't meet the three children-she missed them. Is it easy?

3. VOWELS I e, ey I Words in Contrast

This is a very important section. Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "short e sound" lei, as in let; the second word has the "long a sound" leyl, as in late. pet, pate bet, bait led, laid N ed, neighed fed, fade

, I

let, late met, mate wet, wait pepper, paper bread, braid

debt, date pen, pain get, gate wreck, rake west, waste

Sentences 1. They get ten days' vacation. 12. On what date was the debt paid?

28

red, raid den, Dane Ed, aid ebb, Abe special, spatial

13. Your weight is greater when you're wet. 14. Did they say "pepper" or "paper"? :wel sounds. ... .erond word

L ... ".

I

4. VOWELS ley, e I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds. The first word has the "long a sound" leyl, as in late; the second word has the "short e sound" leI, as in let. late, let stayed, stead Yale, yell James, gems main, men

raid ~Dane ~ aid

r

jl;O.

Abe

pcial, spatial

age, edge taste, test lace, less quail, quell aches, X

wade, wed chased, chest tale, tell waste, west

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11 '....'" "

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Sentences 15. 16. 17. 18.

'O&irs of words ."borte sound" . as in late.

wage, wedge phase, fez sale, sell spatial, special

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They went to bed late. Jane said they'd already met her. Did she take the dress with less lace? They stayed instead of us.

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5. VOWELS I i, iy, e, ey I Review Sentences Review sentences 1-18, which you have practiced in PD 9. Practice sentences 19-22, which have words with all the sounds you have been "tudying. A. Sentences with I i I and I iy I 1. Potato chips are cheap. 2. Did they fit his feet? 3. Please sit in this seat. 4. I leave the house where I live at five o'clock. 5. Did he say "living" or "leaving"? 29

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

·.. t

~

't.",

II( "'.".

He's been eating his meals at the mill. Is the steel strike still on? Which of these women did he see? She didn't meet the three children - she missed them. Is it easy?

B. Sentences with I e I and I ey I 11. They get ten days' vacation. 12. On what date was the debt paid? 13. Your weight is greater when you're wet. 14. Did they say "pepper" or "paper"? 15. They went to bed late. 16. Jane said they'd already met her. 17. Did she take the dress with less lace? 18. They stayed instead of us.

C. Sentences with / i, iy, e, ey / 19. Will we stay? Yes, we'll stay. 20. They said we might get rain this evening. 21. Did they feel better? 22. They feel better than they felt yesterday.

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30

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GROUP VI

Complex Vowels I aw, ow, uw I

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 10 '.' 1. THE COMPLEX VOWEL I aw I Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words with the "au sound" lawl, as in house. house out hour our noun about how ~'

power down doubt now town mouse cloudy

south cow towel found sound thousand ground

mouth proud around ounce pound amount round

Sentences 1. "Around" and "about" are not nouns.

2. I doubt that he's downtown.

3, How much is a pound of ground round? (steak)

.VOTE: Many Americans say lrewl instead of lawl, and find the lat­ ter sound artificial.

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2. THE COMPLEX VOWEL / ow / Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know.

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know 0 no nose coat November hold

go so old don't won't over those

close clothes home whole telephone moment chose

Ohio show both Oklahoma told only though

Sentences

4. Rose and Joan don't know yet. " 5. Oh, did Joe go home? 6. Both those cars are pretty old.

3. THE COMPLEX VOWEL / uw / Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long 00 sound" luw/, as in two. too two to do afternoon you

soon who whom whose food move

prove proof choose spoon loose lose

shoe through soup group tooth blue

Sentences 7. Do you have a loose tooth? 8. I'm moving to another room this afternoon. 9. Whose group do you belong to?

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4. THE COMPLEX VOWEL I uw I Words Frequently Used ..xmd" low/,

The words listed below, like the words in 3, have the luwl sound, but when it is spelled with the letter u, it is conventionally named the "long u sound." The letter u also represents the sounds Iyuwl, and the condi­ tions under which the Iyl sound is present before the luwl are explained below in the Note, and illustrated in 5. Practice the following common words containing the "long u sound" luw/, as in rule, or lyuw/, as in use, few. rule Q,

y

":/'

U

June July Tuesday

"I'i

knew news beauty beautiful usually

excuse me music fruit review human

suit

juice use (n., use (v., used to

,.i.

Sentences 10. We used to have quite a few arguments about music. 11. Ruth had some fruit juice in her room. 12. Who will tell the students the news? NOTE: Read This with Your Teacher's Help:

Many Americans pronounce "long u" as follows: Iyuwl = initially and after Ib, f, m, p, vi and Ik, g, hi; luwl = after the other consonant sounds Ie, d, j, 1, n, r, s, s, e, z/. Many other speakers of English, particularly in the American South, have two types of "long u" distributed as follows: Iyuwl = Initially, after Ib, f, m, p, vi, Ik, g, hi, Id, 1, n, s, t/; luwl = after the remaining consonant sounds Ie, j, r, s, e, z/. This means that words like Tuesday, new, and suit are pronounced with either the luwl sound or the Iyuwl sound, depending on the region.

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Some other speakers have a sound we write IwI! after all the consonant sounds in all words with the "long u" sound. These regional variations are all acceptable. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

33

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oj,

5. THE SOUNDS I uw, yuw I Words in Contrast N ow you will practice some words which have the sound luw/: either the "long 00 sound," as in too, or the type of "long u sound," as in rule; and the sound lyuw/, the other type of "long u sound," as in use and few.

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In the words in Column 1 below, all speakers use luw/; in the words in Column 2, speakers of English use luwl or Iyuw/, according to the part of the country they come from; in the words in Column 3, all speakers use Iyuw/.

>"

r . ...

_

...

,

1

2

3

luwl

I(y)uwl

Iyuwl

ew 1

00,0

U,

too do soon who zoo

chew June juice rule true

U,

ew 2

U,

Tuesday due new enthusiasm student

use pupil beauty few review

ew 3

music excuse argue human usually

It follows that some speakers, but not all, have a contrast in the follow­ ing few pairs of words:

do, due

gnu,knew

too, Tuesday

loot, lute

All speakers have a contrast in pairs like the following: who, hue coo, Q

whose, hues fool, fuel moo, mew

lafter Ie, j, rl 2after Id, 1, n, s, t, 91 linitially, and after other consonants

34

who'll, Hugh'll pooh, pew mood, mewed

whom, Hume

coot, cute

The important thing to remember when you have a word with a "long u sound" is this: pronounce "long u" as Iyuwl at the beginning of a word and after b, c, f, g, h, m, p, and v. .. ..ither the . .:de; and mdfew. 're words in :0 the part ~ speakers

II

6. COMPLEX VOWELS I aw, ow I Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "ou sound" lawl, as in house; the second word has the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know. SOW,4 so how, hoe

noun, known blouse, blows rouse, rose

now, no loud, load out, oat

now's, knows scowled, scold

.

w

.

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PRONUNCIATION DRILL 11 7. VOWELS low, ah I Words in Contrast

:.n the follow­

!:1ume .:te

:-';ow you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first has the "long 0 sound" lowl, as in know; the second word has the "aw sound" lahl, as in saw. so, saw coat, caught toll, tall low, law woke, walk choke, chalk oat, ought

coat, call owe, awe boat, bought cold, called ode, awed mode, Maude

Joe, jaw droll, drawl oaf, off goes, gauze coast, cost loan, lawn pose, paws

phone, fawn scroll, scrawl hole, hall close, clause row, raw slow, slaw

'-female swine," Isawl

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Sentences 13. 14. 15. 16.

A local phone call costs ten cents. Now's the time to show us how. Do cows cause tuberculosis? Now, Paul, drive downtown slowly.

8. VOWELS law, ah I

.

Words in Contrast

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The "ou sound" lawl, as in house, and the "aw sound" l'Jh/, as in saw, are not at all similar in sound. Occasionally, however, there is confusion be­ tween lawl and lah/, partly because of the complexity of the English spell­ ing system.

....

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ only in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "au sound" lawl as in house; the second word has the Haw sound" lahl, as in saw. ,"

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sow, saw allow, a law mouse, moss tout, taught brown, brawn sows, saws found, fawned

cloud, clawed bout, bought loud, laud souses, sauce down, dawn louse, loss

fowl, fall cow, caw cows, cause pound, pawned row 6 , raw howl, hall

9. VOWELS I aw, ow, uw I Words in Contrast Say the conventional names of the complex vowels law, ow, uw/, and then the key words. 5Some Americans say Isawzl instead of Isaws/. 6"noisy disturbance or quarrel," Iraw/.

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Phonemic Symbol

1. 2. 3. 4.

lawl lowl luwl luwl or Iyuwl

Key Words

Conventional Name

the the the the

ou sound long 0 sound long 00 sound long u sound

house, now hope, coat, no soon, too, do rule, use, few

We have used the symbol/(y)uwl as a cover symbol to mean the sound uwl whether or not it was preceded by the Iyl sound, and whether it was represented in the spelling by 00, by u, or by some other letters. - in saw, are

·nfusion be­ nglish spell­

,,~ their vowel . the second

Now you will hear some groups of words which differ only in their vowel sounds: one of each group of three words has the "ou sound" law/, as in house; another word has the "long 0 sound" low/, as in hope; the other word has the "long u sound" I(y)uw/, as in rule or use. new, no, now whose, hose, house (v.) sue, so, sow

mow 7 , moo, mows road, rude, rowed

sues, sews, sows who, hoe, how ruse, rose, rouse

Sentences 17. 18. 19. 20.

Who drove you downtown? I doubt that you know the rules. Do you know how to get to school? "Food" and "nose" are nouns.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 12 10. VOWELS I u, uw I Words in Contrast . ow, uw/, and

Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "short 00 sound" lui, as in put and good; the sec­ ond word has the "long 00 sound" /uw/, as in too. '''cut grass with a sickle or machine," Imowl '-a pile of hay; a storage place for hay," Imaw/.

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-----~---

pull, pool look, Luke book, rebuke Toots, toots

l

t

full, fool could, cooed soot, suit look, leukemia

stood, stewed should, shoed foot, refute wooden, wound

wood, wooed hood, who'd put, impute

You have already studied the "short 00 sound" lui. Although this sound does not occur in very many words, the words in which it does occur are very frequently used. put good book woman

foot could should would

wood wool took look

stood push pull full

Sentences 21. Would some good food put you in a good mood? 22. Ruth should move to a good rooming house. 11. VOWELS I aw, ow, uw, (y)uw I Review Sentences Review the sentences you practiced in PD 10, 11, and 12. A. Sentences with I aw I 1. "Around" and "about" are not nouns. 2. I doubt that he's downtown. 3. How much is a pound of ground round? (steak) B. Sentences with I ow I 4. Rose and Joan don't know yet. 5. Oh, did Joe go home? 6. Both those cars are pretty old.

C. Sentences with I uw / 7. Do you have a loose tooth? 8. I'm moving to another room this afternoon. 9. Whose group do you belong to?

38

t

. -00. wooed .xi. who'd _:. impute

-

, . this sound ioes occur

D. Sentences with I (y)uw I 10. We used to have quite a few arguments about music. 11. Ruth had some fruit juice in her room. 12. Who will tell the students the news? E. Sentences with I aw, ow, uw, (y)uw I 13. A local phone call costs ten cents. 14. Now's the time to show us how. 15. Do cows cause tuberculosis? 16. Now, Paul, drive downtown slowly. 17. Who drove you downtown? 18. I doubt that you know the rules. 19. Do you know how to get to school? 20. "Food" and "nose" are nouns. 21. Would some good food put you in a good mood? 22. Ruth should move to a good rooming house .

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Vowels before Irl

GROUP VII

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.()J PRONUNCIATION DRILL 13 t. THE SOUND lihrl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long e-r sound" :hr/, as in ear. ear hear here near

tear I dear year weary

rear merely fear interfere

Shakespeare

cheerful

superior

beer

...·OTE: There are many dialects of English that lingUists call "r-Iess" :.ecause they do not have Irl except before vowels. Such dialects are "outhern British (Received Standard), and parts of New York City, New . -:gland. and the coastal Southern U.S. Imitate your teacher's pronun­ ._.on, keeping in mind that it may not match the transcription given

-.e. 'liquid from the eye," Itihr/.

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Sentences 1. Keep the earphones nearer, dear. 2. Shakespeare's King Lear showed here last year.

2. THE SOUND f

em f

Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "long a-r sound"

I'

-.

lehr/, as in air.

air hair care stairs

"0,

their there where wear

fare fair Mary tear (v.)

various

chair

spare

Claire

Sentences

'1,1

3. Where are the stairs? 4. Careful! Don't tear it on that chair.

3. THE SOUND f ohr f Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "o-r sound" lohr/, as in four. 1

four fourteen pour more

'f

I

2

door floor store pork

3

or for fork morning

4

horse war warm short

Sentences

5. This store has four floors. 6. George just bought a four-door Ford.

42

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It

NOTE: Many speakers have the vowel l'Jhl in all the words in columns 1, 2, 3, and 4. Some other speakers have that vowel in the words in Col­ umns 1 and 2, and the "short 0 sound" I'J/, as in boss, in the words in Columns 3 and 4 and similar words. Such speakers have a contrast be­ tween horse and hoarse, morning and mourning, war and wore. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

"..r

sound"

There is considerable difference in pronunciation of these words in various parts of the United States. Some have lohl in Columns 1 and 2, and l'Jhl in Columns 3 and 4; other speakers may have lohl in all these words, or l'Jhl in all.

4. THE SOUND luhrl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words with the "long u-r sound" luhr/, as in sure. sure cure pure

poor you're your

Moore curious Jury

tour tourist insurance

Sentences 7. Tourists should be sure to drink pure water. 8. Be sure to check your life insurance.

- sound" lohr/, .vOTE: Many speakers pronounce your, poor, and other words spelled with 00 and u, with the same vowel sound which you practiced in the previous section on the sound lohr/. They are often the same speakers who use two different vowels in words like store and horse. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation.

5. THE SOUND la(h)rl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "a-r sound" lar, ahr/, as in are.

43

1

are

R March large car

far heart hard army par

4

3

2

yard bar barred parking farm

tomorrow sorry orange Florida Oregon

A speaker from the New York City area says larl or lahrl in all these words. Some speakers say farl or IJrf in the words in Column 4, like sorry. New England speech characteristically has fre(h)rl for la(h)rf, as in park the car. Imitate your teacher's pronunciation. Sentences

f' .....

,

9. Park the car in the back yard. 10. Florida and Oregon are pretty far apart.

6. THE SOUND la(h)rl Words Frequently Used Practice the following common words containing the "ur sound" far, ahr/, as in were. were thirteen thirty Thursday her worry

learn person sir girl nervous burn

worse worst first early work world

skirt shirt hurry verb , ,thorough earth

Sentences 11. Were the little girls with her, sir? 12. Learn the first thirty verbs thoroughly.

44

-

7. VOWELS BEFORE Irl Words in Contrast

.... in all these

like sorry. . as in park

a'! ...

~

The vowel sounds before r which you have studied in 1-6 of Group VII are reviewed below. The contrasts are those made in one variety of standard Northeastern speech. Remember that there are many correct ways of pronouncing American English, and that there are very many differences, from region to region, in the pronunciation of the simple and complex vowels before r. Listen, then repeat. First repeat each column (1, 2, etc.), then repeat each line (1, 2, etc.). 1 lihrl

L ear

2. peer 3. mere 4. sear ), tear (n.)

2 lehrl

3 lohrl

air pair mare Sarah tear (v.)

oar pour more sore tore

4 luhrl

poor moor tour

5

la(hjrl

are par mar Saar tar

6 Ia(hjrl

..J

err2 purr myrrh sir tum

Sentences

;,()UJldft/ar, ahr/,

: 3. The girls were wearing scarves and earmuffs and their

warmest coats.

:4. We're parking your car over there.

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 14 '1. SOUNDS I ar, ihr I Words in Contrast you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: first word has the "ur sound" lar, ahr/, as in were; the second word the "long e-r sound" lihr/, as in ear.

" f'lW

_

-0

pronounced le(h)r/,

45

her, here worry, weary purr, peer were, we're

purse, pierce err, ear myrrh, mere

bird, beard sir, seer burr, beer shirr, sheer

fur, fear word, weird stir, steer

Sentences

'- .

..

,

15. We're always here on Thursday, sir. 16. Herbert's girl friend lives near here. 17. Is this your first year at Burlington University?

9.

SOUNDS Jar, ehr J

Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ in their vowel sounds: the first word has the "ur sound" far, ahrf, as in were; the second word has the "long a-r sound" lehr/, as in air. err, air were, wear hurry, hairy

stir, stair stirred, stared cur, care

her, hair purr, pair burr, bear

whir, where fur, fare

Sentences 18. We're wearing their shirts. 19. Is it thirty years since we were there? 20. Here's where we were working.

10. SOUNDS J a(h)r, a(h)r, o(h)rl Words in Contrast Now you will hear some pairs of words which differ only in their vowel sound: the first word has the "ar sound" far, ahr/, as in are; the second word has the "ur sound" far, ahr/, as in were. are, err heart, hurt

46

far, fur bard, bird

star, stir carve, curve

hard, heard

\

eird

·er

Now you will hear some other pairs of words: the first word has the "or sound" lor, ohr/, as in pore; the second word has the "ur sound" lar, ahr/, as in were.

pour, purr hoard, heard born, burn

sport, spurt oar, err torn, turn

warm, worm for, fur war, were

store, stir coarse, curse

Sentences

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21. "Are" and "were" are parts of the verb to be. 22. Are the girls learning any more German? 23. George and Charles were warmly dressed. ir \'owel sounds: ~ second word

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11. VOWELS BEFORE Irl

,:

Review Sentences

t

where ;are

Review the sentences which you studied in PD 13 and 14.

•...

Sentences with I ihr I 1. Keep the earphones nearer, dear. 2. Shakespeare's King Lear showed here last year.

, ,

1,

Sentences with I ehr I 3. Where are the stairs? 4. Careful! Don't tear it on that chair. C. Sentences with I o(h)r I 5. This store has four floors. 6. George just bought a four-door Ford.

Illv in their vowel .' are; the second

~~

heard

Sentences with I uhr I 7. Tourists should be sure to drink pure water .

S. Be sure to check your life insurance. Sentences with I a(h)r I 9. Park the car in the back yard. 10. Florida and Oregon are pretty far apart. (

'.

47

F. Sentences with / a(h)r I 11. Were the little girls with her, sir? 12. Learn the first thirty verbs thoroughly. G. Sentences with vowels before I r I 13. The girls were wearing scarves and earmuffs and their warmest coats. 14. We're parking your car over there.

-. ' r

- .. "

-~.

--"'- .

.....,

,",

H. Sentences with I ar, ihr I 15. We're always here on Thursday, sir. 16. Herbert's girl friend lives near here. 17. Is this your first year at Burlington University? 1. Sentences with I ar, ihr, ehr I 18. We're wearing their shirts. 19. Is it thirty years since we were there? 20. Here's where we were working.

J. Sentences with I ar, o(h)r, a(h)r I 21. "Are" and "were" are parts of the verb to be. 22. Are the girls learning any more German? 23. George and Charles were warmly dressed .

,.~

48

.

GROUP VIII

:heir

Grammatical Endings, Stress, Intonation

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 15 I. GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS :. nglish has very few grammatical suffixes. Adverbs, conjunctions, ;Jrepositions, and exclamations do not have grammatical suffixes. Some idjectives, but not all adjectives, have suffixes for comparison: -er farl :')r the comparative degree, and -est listl for the superlative degree­ -:ch. richer, richest; poor, poorer, poorest. Nouns and verbs may have _-:ammatical endings, and pronouns have different forms and endings.

Pronouns \11 pronouns have a subject form, an object form, and two possessive :orms. Listen, then repeat.

49

I

,

Subject Form

,

I you he she it who we they

-,

Object Form

me you him her it who(m) us them

1st Possessive Form

2nd Possessive Form

my your his her its whose our their

mine yours his hers whose ours theirs

Here are sentences which use all four forms of the pronouns. 1. I put my money on the table, and John asked me if it was mine. '-

.

",

2. 3. 4. 5.

You put your money on the table, and John asked you if it was yours. She put her money on the table, and John asked her if it was hers. We put our money on the table, and John asked us if it was ours. They put their money on the table, and John asked them if it was theirs.

, III-

Nouns Most nouns have a singular form, a plural form, a singular possessive form, and a plural possessive form.

Singular

..

1i

, 'It

cat dog judge wife man

Plural

cats dogs judges wives men

Singular Possessive

Plural Possessive

cat's dog's judge's wife's man's

cats' dogs' judges' wives' men's

The plural ending s, and the possessive endings's and s' of the same noun are all pronounced alike. The noun suffixes -s, -'s, and os' are pro­ nounced in one of three different ways (Is, iz, z/) depending on the last sound of the noun. For example: the s in cats, eat's, eats'is pronounced lsi; the s in dogs, dog's, dogs' is pronounced Iz/; the s in judges, judge's, judges' is pronounced liz!.

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Noun Suffixes

,uive

The pronunciation of the noun suffixes (-s, -'s, os, is determined by the

last sound of the noun. In Column 1 below, the sounds followed by lsi

are listed, together with key words; in Column 2 below, the sounds fol­

lowed by It:zl are listed, together with key words; in Column 3 below,

the sounds followed by Izi are listed, together with key words.

• Lms. : was mine. . t was yours. ; :t was hers. . :t was ours. .~m if it was

I.;·

.if

possessive

.,-! s' of the same and -s' are pro­ .:ing on the last

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Column 2 litel

after p, pe, t, te, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, etc.

after s, se, ce, z, ze, x, (t)ch, (d)ge lsI IzI lsi Il.l leI Ijl

!pl maps, tapes, stamps It I seats, lights, satellites Ikl checks, headaches, snakes fl roofs, staffs, photographs, coughs, Ralph's 81 months, laths

..

.Yil

Column 1 lsi

;..

,.

uses (n.). places. taxes uses (v.), Liz's, quizzes ashes, wishes garages matches, Rich's, niches judges', edges

"

Column 3

ii:;~

Izl

after vowel spellings, and b. be, d, de, g. gue, ve, the, m, me, n, ne, ng, 1, Ie, r, re

NI Ibl Idl Igl Iv! 161

ties, Joe's clubs, Abe's Ed's, cathodes eggs, plagues wives', waves lathes, clothes

Iml names, claims Inl

fans, Anne's

IfJl songs, kings' III

smiles, walls

Irl car's, ears

;t

,w"

.

~bs

'I'te verb "to be" has these forms: be, am, is, are, being, been, was, were. other verbs have a maximum of five different forms. (Tenses and are really phrases of 2 to 4 words, one of which words is one of lilt five different forms below.) ~s

51

p'

1. Common form

.

walk sing beat lie wish knit

2. 3rd singular form

3. Present participle form

walks sings beats lies wishes knits

walking singing beating lying wishing knitting

4. Past form

walked sang beat lay wished knitted

5. Past participle

walked sung beaten lain wished knitted

...

-.

-.

".

r· : : -

,

Practice the pronunciation of the verb suffix for the 3rd singular form, used after he, she, it, and singular nouns and pronouns as in he says, she has, it does, who is, the man sings. The pronunciation of the verb suffix os, -es is identical with the pronunciation of the noun suffixes which you studied previously. It is pronounced one of three different ways (with Is, k, z/) depending on the last sound of the common form of the verb. For example: the s in walks, beats, knits is pronounced lsi; the s in sings, lies is pronounced Iz/; the es in wishes is pronounced Ik/. Verb Suffixes The pronunciation of the "third singular verb suffix," spelled -s or -es, is always Is, z, kl added to the common form of the verb. There are only four verbs in English which do not follow this rule. I am - he is

I do - he does I say - he says I have - he has All the other regular verbs are in three classes: Column 1 has verbs with final sounds followed by lsI; Column 2 has verbs with final sounds followed by Ik/, and Column 3 has verbs with final sounds followed by Iz/, all with key words. Repeat the key words.

52

Column 1 lsi

Column 2 lirz/

after p, pe, t, te, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, etc.

after s, se, ce z, ze, sh, x, (t)ch, , (d)ge

-iple

~ed

:g ·.:en , -hed :ted

P-l1ar form, -. he says, : the verb xes which ... ays (with : the verb.

...

Column 3

Iz/

Ibl Idl Igi

-s or -es,

•.j

after vowel spellings, and

b, be, d, de, g, gue,

ve, the, m, me, n, ne,

ng, 1, Ie, r, re

NI

~ed

lsI notices, increases, kisses IzI uses, oozes, buzzes lSI rushes, cashes IiI rouges ItI reaches, itches Ijl changes, obliges

Ip! helps, stops, wipes ItI wants, fits, rotates Ikl works, takes, checks IfI laughs, coughs, rebuffs leI froths

Ivl 161

ties, knows, sees grabs attends, decides drags, begs lives, arrives bathes, breathes

1m! InJ

IIJI III Ir!

I

seems, times means, learns longs for, sings smiles, calls hears, cares, remembers

.. this rule.

Verbs Ending in oed

I

.is verbs with

:ina! sounds - followed by

:\1any verbs called "regular verbs" have oed as their past ending, or-d if the verb already has an e as its last letter. This ending is pronounced ti or !dl in the same syllable with the verb, unless the last letters of the verb are t, d, te, or de . As in verb suffixes, the regular verbs fall into three classes: Column 1 has verbs with final sounds followed by lidI, Column 2 has verbs with final sounds followed by Itl, Column 3 has verbs with final sounds fol­ lowed by Id/. Say the key words.

I

•

53

Column 1

Column 2

/i:d/

It!

after t, te, d, de

..

after p, pe, t(ch}, k, ke, f, fe, ph, gh, th, s, se, x, sh

ItI wanted, fitted, seated, waited, expected, delighted, rested, rotated, completed Idl needed,attended, added, crowded, decided, faded

Ipl helped, stopped, wiped lei reached, itched Ikl checked, worked, asked, talked, smoked, baked IfI laughed, coughed, rebuffed 191 frothed lsi noticed, increased, kissed, dressed, taxed Is/. rushed, cashed

· ... •

·

"~j

.•

Column 3 Idl

after vowel spellings and all other voiced consonants:

b, be. (d}ge, g, gue,

v, the, m, me, n, ne,

ng, 1. Ie, r, re

"

i

NI Ibl

Ijl Igi Ivl 161

tied, allowed grabbed judged dragged, begged lived, arrived bathed, breathed

1m!

Inl IIJI 11/

Irl Iii

named. claimed learned, cleaned longed for smiled. called heard, cared, remembered rouged I

'Some speakers pronounce this word with /j/, not IiI.

54

PRONUNCIATION DRILL 16 \:. ke, .... x, sh

2. STRESS

.,iped

Stress Patterns

•

•

~i,

Stress means "loudness." In English, there are four grades of stress. Often, a small difference in the stress pattern makes a large difference in the meaning. Here are the names of the four grades of stress, and two ways to repre­ sent them: Names of Stress

Accent Symbol

Dot Symbol

Weak (quiet) Tertiary (loud) Secondary (louder)

Primary (loudest)

•

,

••

,

•

,..

Here is a well-known example of two different stress patterns on the same phrase:

•

•

1. White House

The president lives in the White House.

• •

2. white house

The family lives in the white house.

••

White House

••

white house

Stress Patterns on Words lbered

Below are the five most frequent stress patterns. They consist of Primary Stresses and Weak Stresses. Notice the occurrence of the vowels lal and /tI in weak syllables.

•.

yes no

•after• city

•• before enough

•.

• •

company possible

•

••

another

together

55

1

"

man good fast

believe result above

little saying added

consider tomorrow believing

• usual happily gathering

Here are some other stress patterns consisting of one Primary Stress and one or more Weak Stresses:

•

•••

America American Republican

•••

•

•

, ':--­

~

experIence especially material

•••

•

•

immediately imaginative conditionally

• • •

passionately practicable amicable

Other Stress Patterns on Words Earlier in this Pronunciation Drill, you practiced stress patterns con­ sisting of Primary and Weak Stresses. Many words have one Primary Stess, one Tertiary Stress, and some Weak Stresses:

•

"'d /

Words Frequently Used

ners?

Below are some verbs ending in Ibd/, Ijd/, Igd/, /vd/, and J6d/ in the past tense form. Practice these words containing final consonant clusters.

l

• ~.

I

robbed rubbed grabbed described

engaged judged urged obliged

lagged bragged begged hugged

believed lived received arrived

breathed bathed smoothed

Sentences 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

This criminal robbed a bank. Dr. Black charged $5.00 for that treatment. We begged them to stay with us. He received the letter when he arrived. She stood beside the window and breathed the fresh air.

the third

139

ik.1 I til It LJdUIL; \ [311 I LlltU lIJlt;~

12. CONSONANTS' md, nd, IJd ,

.j ~~

Words Frequently Used

1 '>

Below are some verbs ending in 'md/, Imi/, and /fJdl in the past tense form. Practice these words ending in consonant clusters.

-1

1

seemed dreamed named warmed

learned cleaned turned rained

:"1i

longed (for) belonged clanged banged

~ ~

'il

-'"

":-~

..~

l,

Sentences

I

11. They seemed to enjoy the movie very much. 12. He learned English when he returned to the United States. 13. The little boy banged the door.

.:~

, ,

'¥

Q

13. CONSONANTS I zd, ld, rd I

"

.~:.i;

Words Frequently Used

'1 are regularly spelled oC. not rob cop

smock fox cost

long cloth office often

The "long 0 sound" is regularly spelled oCe, oa, ow, and ou.

151

$i!IJ

note, robe, cope, smoke

boat, coat, throat, soap

bowl, sow, grow, know

soul, shoulder

oCe: oa:

ow: ou:

.1,11*

,~,

Notice the differences in spelling and pronunciation in the pairs of words below:

t~ ~

I' ~

,",

Short

0

not rob cop smock fox cost cloth

Longo

~

..

note robe cope smoke

folks

coast

clothe

,~

~

~

4

~

1

5. THE SHORT AND LONG u SOUNDS AND THE SHORT 00 SOUND

~

.'

4

The spelling of the "short u sound" la/, as in but; the "long u sounds" luwl or Iyuw/, as in who and cute; and the "short 00 sound" lui, as input.

•.-.

There is not really a regular spelling for the "short u sound." It is usual­ ly spelled uC, ou, or o.

,.,,!

uC: ou: 0:

~

cut, us, tub, run, rush, rub, mud, much, luck country, double, enough, trouble, rough, tough come, some, govern, nothing, other, brother, mother, love, glove, done, does, month, son, front, money

. :~

•

'1:

-~ ~~

,~

There are also several spellings for the "long u sounds." They are spelled uCe (or another vowel), ew, ui, or o. uCe: ew: ui: 0:

152

June, July, use, usually, music, human news, knew, few

fruit, juice, suit who, move, prove

"

"

~"~

~uc

t

•

_ "_ _ _~~"W"'"K~

•

-==____

"~.

__ ..__ . ._ .~

~

. ._ ___

Other spellings are used in Tuesday, beauty, beautiful. The luI sound, as in took, is spelled with ooC or uC. ooC: uC:

took, cook, book, shook, look, good, stood, hood, wood, foot put, pull, bull, full, bush, push, cushion, butcher

6. SPELLING OF VOWEL SOUNDS FOLLOWED BY r Spelling of lihr/, as in here; lehr/, as in air; lohrl or lohr/, as in four; luhr/, as in tour; lahr/, as in part; and lahrl as in girl. lihrl is spelled ear, eer, or ere. ear: eer: ere:

ear, clear, dear, fear cheer, beer, queer, career merely, here, adhere, interfere

lehrl is spelled air, are, ear, ere, or eir. air: are: ear: ere: eir:

air, pair, chair, fair, stairs fare, care, share, rare wear, bear, pear, tear there, where their, heir

lohrl and lohrl are spelled or, oor, our, or ar: or: oor: our: ar:

d

1

• 1t

I

J

or, for floor, door four, pour war, warm

luhrl is spelled ure, oor, our. ure is usually pronounced Iyuhr/.

9D-

ure: oor: our:

sure, cure, pure poor, boor your, tour

153

'14"01ll:'I1_L ~